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U.S Slams China Over Snowden
The White House sharply dialed up international pressure Monday on Russia and Ecuador in the hunt for National Security Agency leaker Edward Snowden. Council on Foreign Relations Director for Latin America studies Julia E. Sweig joins The News Hub for analysis.
This transcript has been automatically generated and may not be 100% accurate.
... the the ... Hong Kong authorities requested additional information concerning the U S charges and evidence ... U S had been in communication with Hong Kong about these inquiries and we were in the process of responding to the request ... when we learned that Hong Kong authorities allowed ... the fugitive to leave Hong Kong we are just not buying that this was a technical decision by Hong Kong immigration official this is a deliberate choice ... by the government to release a fugitive ... despite a valid arrest warrant ... and that decision on questionable ... as a negative impact on the U S China relationship ... Jake I mean ripping into Hong Kong and China the daily press briefing today as the U S from ratchets up an international price and the hunt for NSA leak out and wouldn't Snowden will have back and so much mall ... right and right now on the New Saab good afternoon and welcome I'm Simon Constable ... joining us to discuss whether one house goes from here is Judy has won a kid who specializes in U S Latin America policy for the Council on Foreign life and she joins us now on the phone from Washington ... Juliet thank you Brian much for joining us today ... happy to be here Simon thank you to to do a wee wee on the Sunday might be considering heck would Olam has applied for asylum that's ... why the heck portal what's special about backcountry ... question added the government of Ecuador has ... been happening for the last two years Juliana Don's ended ... up with TV ... notoriety in it and that the in the UK ... and has put it fell forward ... and down a country that ... that Dom ... could come is potentially an island few ... noted he added ... I'm ready she defied the United States ... on The from the major issues related ... securities prior to the both of these events ... had to shut down um I've as security platform for her nap high-tech ... I've ... worked in Ecuador the United States operated there for about ten years ... there's a real difference between the two countries ... an Ecuadorean heaping on that for another opportunity to make a statement ... about its independence from Washington as to what other countries might be suitable places for Snowden to apply ... what you mean a lot of that and yet I mean Ecuador's deemed to be the only contender at the moment that the other of the F one might be Venezuela ... although I'm you in the last couple of gaping names floated about ... but not at the landing place and and frankly ... United different and better weather than to the Chavez died ... in a very low and delicate proper trying to reestablish some ... level of ... growth for it and I'm getting this feeling that the ... US Secretary its eighth Cherry did this with his counterpart a couple of weeks ago ... my it's the kind of had a pedicure impact that is really ... dont wanna provoked Washington so much at the moment ... that deal the other country ... the battle was on the with the potential cant that point ... but I know that he's getting bored I'm ... here to bid on board a flight ... from Moscow that would be taken to have an advantage can fit to another ... odd country and I would be quite ... high ... IQ but for ... similar reasons that some potential in bilateral to plummet we ... wanted ... to fight with Washington economic ... so ... this ... it's no doesn't end up going to Ecuador ... and you're saying that that that ... they might be quite receptive to handle while LeBas does the U S half to to push and pull to try and if you like Captain Kitty getting back ... with a foreign investor the Ecuadorian twenty one appeared to be fair has said that ... they would responsibly consider the application ... it's not clear that they will grant the Ecuador will grant the app then stick the application Ecuador's economy is ... very dependent on the United States forty three percent of its foreign trade ... in the United States under a tree ... um agreement that could actually feel that that ... that the legislation in fact that the US Congress to pass ... and reauthorize about everything month for the last ... I was ten years or so ... aam ... I ... would do I think was probably written that the authorization ... worry if you grant ... I aam ... note and file and Apple have lovely topic an unrelated to be present United States ... we still see soon enough thank you Brian much serious plight of the Council on Foreign Relations With parishioners time


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If you haven't seen the first series of Game of Thrones, or read the first book, you may not want to go any further.
If you have, well, enjoy! Poor Sean Bean. You wonder whether he just has bad luck, or simply enjoys ducking off from a shoot early to catch up with friends and family.
Sean Bean returns to 'Game of Thrones' [Jetpacks Go, via TDW]

subset: commoncrawl


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NEW YORK, April 12 (UPI) -- British actor Tom Riley says he tried to connect to the man behind the myth while playing the titular artist, architect, engineer and inventor in the new Starz drama series "Da Vinci's Demons."
Created by David S. Goyer, the show transports viewers to 15th century Florence and introduces them to the dashing, brilliant Leonardo Da Vinci.
Asked how essential it was for him to demonstrate the larger-than-life figure's humanity, Riley told United Press International in a recent telephone interview, "It was the most important thing."
"There was no way on Earth I was going to have the mind of Leonardo Da Vinci, no matter how many encyclopedias I read, or how many text books I went through. So, the only way in was to connect to the more human elements of him," the 32-year-old actor explained.
"I remember reading a biography called 'Flights of the Mind' about him that said very clearly at the end, one of the final things in his notebooks said, 'I have to go to the kitchen because my soup is getting cold.' And I just thought, here among all this incredible stuff, he was just a man. We look back and mythologize him, but he also was the guy who worried about the temperature of his dinner."
Riley, who previously starred in the popular miniseries "Lost in Austen," as well as episodes of "Marple," "Poirot," "Freezing" and "Monroe," and the stage productions of "Arcadia" and "The Vertical Hour," said the part of Da Vinci was so great he just assumed he would go to a better-known actor. In a way, he insisted, the belief he wouldn't be cast as the lead in "Da Vinci's Demons" took some pressure off him during the audition.
"It was a giant opportunity and I went into it feeling like I had nothing to lose and so I pushed it in various directions," he said.
David S. Goyer, the show's creator, said he saw hundreds of actors before deciding Riley was perfect for the part.
"If David knew instantly [I was right for the role,] he didn't make that clear. I had no idea," Riley laughed. "He kept making me do it different ways. Now he wants [a take] where Da Vinci is very, very charming. Now he wants one where he is tormented. And, so, I guess I gave him the full spectrum of what he had in mind."
So, what was it like playing a man who walked the fine line of genius and madness?
"Oh, brilliant! I also have to say, as the season continues, we push him to a place where he's closer to madness than sanity," Riley said. "It's an incredible challenge. It's a gift. They come along once in a blue moon, that kind of part."
In addition to affording him the opportunity to play such a fascinating, well-developed character, Riley said the job also gave him the welcome chance to collaborate again with his good friend and "Lost in Austen" co-star Elliot Cowan.
This time around, Cowan plays Lorenzo Medici, Da Vinci's patron. Cowan played Mr. Darcy to Riley's George Wickham in "Lost in Austen," a small-screen re-imagining of Jane Austen's "Pride and Prejudice." Their "Austen" co-star Hugh Bonneville also has a cameo in the pilot episode of "Demons."
"I have such affection for 'Lost in Austen!'" Riley exclaimed. "I met some of my best friends on that job. We live really near each other and hang out all the time. Elliott is one of them, so it was really nice to go back and play completely different roles."
Co-starring Laura Haddock, Lara Pulver and Blake Ritson, "Da Vinci's Demons" is to premiere Friday night on Starz. Goyer wrote the 8-part series, served as showrunner and directed the first two episodes. The screenwriter of the upcoming Superman movie "Man of Steel" also has worked on the big-screen, comic-book adaptations "The Crow: City of Angels," "Blade," "Blade II," "Blade: Trinity," "Batman Begins," "The Dark Knight," "Ghost Rider: Spirit of Vengeance" and "The Dark Knight Rises."


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Voice Vector Media, LLC
P.O. Box 70311
Fairbanks, AK 99707-0311
United States of America
Customer Service Email:
If you have any questions or problems during the order process, please email us so we can answer your questions or resolve the problems. However, please note that we cannot provide technical support on the installation of free voice-packs or custom recordings. Installation should be performed by your experienced Asterisk system administrator.


text:
SEA(4) NetBSD Kernel Interfaces Manual SEA(4) NAME sea -- Seagate/Future Domain ISA SCSI adapter card driver SYNOPSIS sea0 at isa? iomem 0xc8000 irq 5 scsibus* at sea? DESCRIPTION The sea driver provides support for the following SCSI controllers on ISA bus boards: ST01/02 Future Domain TMC-885 Future Domain TMC-950 SEE ALSO cd(4), ch(4), intro(4), scsi(4), sd(4), st(4) NetBSD 8.1 November 29, 1994 NetBSD 8.1
You can also request any man page by name and (optionally) by section:


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96 HASKINS & SELLS December The Alumni Reunes MR. ARTHUR MACARTHUR LOVI-BOND was the attraction which brought together a number of old-timers at Keen's Chop House, Saturday evening, November 5, 1927. Frank McNally was master of ceremonies, egged on by one S. George Hay. The occasion was designed to celebrate Mr. Lovibond's visit to his home shores after an absence of several years in Europe. The party was a huge success. The refreshments were delicious. Good-fellowship pervaded the gathering. The after-dinner remarks were reminiscent, and choice from the point of view of oratory. In many respects the party resembled a reunion of Haskins & Sells alumni. Gage Hills was there, looking well and happy. Fred Clark, slightly more rotund than of yore, seemed to be having a good time, but left early. A. T. Johnston looked the part of a Captain of Industry, which he is, notwithstanding the fact that he is entitled to be called "Major," which he wasn't. W. H. Masterson, of baseball fame, turned up from New Jersey where he "practices" insurance. Others, who no longer are footing cash books, were J . H. Ostberg, J . W. Patton, and John Sanderson. The remainder of the assemblage comprised J . W. Crowell, H . S. DeVault, D. H . Fetherston, J . H . Garrison, J . C. Heffer, J . M. Brennan, J . D. Anglin, E. T. Dissos-way, H. S. Frost, H. A. Hall, A. W. Kritz-berg, N. A. Nelson, T. S. Parker, A. H. Carter, C. E. Morris, W. H . Bell, L. E. Palmer, and J . R. Wildman. News Items Mr. J . A. Padon is to be congratulated upon his appointment as Dean of the School of Commerce and Finance which is being organized at Cascia Hall, Tulsa, Oklahoma. Cascia Hall is one of a number of schools operated by the religious order of Augustinian Monks. Mr. T. V. Barb has accepted an invitation to become associated with Northeastern University during the coming year in the capacity of instructor in corporation accounting. Northeastern University conducts evening schools of commerce and finance in Providence and other cities in New England under the direction of the Y. M . C. A. Mr. C. C. Croggon has been elected a trustee of the Maryland Association of Certified Public Accountants. Mr. T. V. Barb attended the Third New England Conference at Springfield, Massachusetts, on November 17 and 18, as a delegate of the Town Criers of New England. Mr. P. P. Rossman recently acquired the C. P. A. certificate of the State of Pennsylvania. Mr. R. W. Peters was admitted recently as a member of the American Institute of Accountants. Mr. T. N . Moir, of our New York Thirty-ninth Street office, also was admitted recently as a member of the American Institute of Accountants. An article by Mr. H. W. Ellis, of our New York Broad Street office, on "Interest on Investment, Rent, Taxes and Depreciation on Factory Buildings, as Factors in the Cost of Production" appeared in the Certified Public Accountant for October, 1927. PRESS OF WILLIAM GREEN, NEW YORK


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I have the original version of this game but i can't even install it, installer stop quickly and give me this error:
Interpreter: Executing non-function at line 24.
I try also the free demo version (that doesn't ask for an installing) but it freeze instantanely once loaded the game preferences so i can't even try to set any options there.
My Amiga is a Sam Flex 800 with 1 GB RAM and Radeon 9250 (AmigaOS 4.1 Update 2 + powerpc.library 16.41 in Libs)
Any idea ?
Is it possible to make some workaround for the Update 3 ?


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Pass It On
This story appears in the June 2000 issue of Entrepreneur. Subscribe »
In today's society, where constant change characterizes our oh-so-fervent economy, it is our youth who've happened upon the realization that they'd be a heck of a lot better off just working for themselves. With the dissolution of familiar industry, the unpredictable fate of large-firm employment and the tremendous influence technology has had on self-molded careers, the field of entrepreneurship has gotten some strong approval from the public. Tack on the fact that because the majority of this change has resulted from the innovative small-business sector, significant support has shifted toward the relevance of incorporating entrepreneurial knowledge and skills into our youth's academia.
And whilemost upper and middle class youth may be hand-fed all the tricks of the trade through informal parental debate at the good ol' dinner table, entrepreneurship has finally earned recognition as a skill that can be extremely helpful in life. A skill that, according to National Foundation for Teaching Entrepreneurship (NFTE) founder Steve Mariotti, every child has the right to know-which leads us to reacquainting you with the programs and higher educational institutions that are contributing to the overall growth of entreprenuerial learning and knowledge.
Entrepreneurship Programs
With business schools like the Babson Scool of Executive Education in Wellesley, Massachusetts, teaching undergrads and MBA students how to start business for the past 25 years, it's clear that teaching enrepreneurship is gaining credibility. As one of the first universities to actually formalize the curriculum and one of the few to have a separate department catering entirely to the field, Babson has remained committed to the cultivation of entrepreneurship even in the face of ridicule and speculation of the past.
"Frankly, we bet on this and we were right," says Steve Spinelli, director of Babson's Arthur M. Blank Center for Entrepreneurship. "We are fairly unique in that, by now most of the campus has embraced the field. There's a clamoring to be a part of it, from the accounting department all the way to the liberal arts people."
So, with head held high, Babson offers support to many of the exceptional nonprofit organizations that, like the aforementioned NFTE, have been spreading information about the power of business ownership to the fertile minds of low-income and at risk kids since 1987.
With programs in 26 states reaching out to about 8,000 children per year, the NFTE has forged partnerships with major supporters and additional university programs to provide less-fortunate youth with a more liberating career path. In spreading the gospel of hands-on entrepreneurship and utilizing trained college students to teach the tools for creating wealth in the marketplace, the NFTE recognizes its contribution to this national movement.
"[The entrepreneurial training market] has experienced the biggest boom in the history of educational efforts," explains Mariotti. "There's been a huge cultural change where the entrepreneur is portrayed much more positively and kids are now allowed to look up to [him or her]."
Along with NFTE, Students in Free Enterprise (SIFE) has also flourished with all of the extra attention paid to entrepreneurial activism. Founded in 1975, SIFE has worked in partnership with businesses and higher education to help college students take classroom-taught business skills and apply them to real-world situations. All in the name of free enterprise, SIFE students go from assisting budding entrepreneurs and mentoring at-risk youth to competing in annual International Community Outreach Competitions, in which teams are judged on how well they teach others the principles of free enterprise.
"Our students do a great job of positioning entrepreneurs as the kind of individuals that we think young people ought to aspire to be," says SIFE president and CEO Alvin Rohrs. "And the whole notion that you can teach business concepts has really changed. What used to be considered a vocational skill is now being accepted as an art and a science."
Supporting teams at more than 700 college campuses and universities in 48 states, SIFE accomplishes what California State University, Chico, SIFE advisor Curt DeBerg calls "social entrepreneurship." "By learning, practicing and then teaching the real-world applications of business," he says, "students learn as much-if not more-about free enterprise, while simultaneously being shown that they have an important place in the community."
And for the past seven years, with DeBerg's team completing hundreds of community outreach projects and winning last year's SIFE International Championships, the organization's overwhelming notoriety has even caused Chico's dean to consider implementing innovative entrepreneurship models into the university's formal curriculum. Reading, writing and arithmetic it's not, but in today's changing business climate, it may be just as important.
Teaching Business Skills
OK, so there may be a few of you out there who still believe entrepreneurs originate from some sort of mutant ilk-one in which truly headstrong gametes fuse to form biz-savvy zygotes that produce only naturally driven, go-getting offspring whose sole birthright is to launch business ventures, make a cool couple million, and buy a pro sports team just for front row seats. Well, people, that's not always the case.
While it's probably true that many of the most successful entrepreneurs inherently possess a generous dose of self-discipline and an exceptionally creative streak, it's also true that they can be roused, cultivated and nurtured. "I think it's irresponsible to say these skills can't be taught," says Mariotti. "To say that to highly at-risk children does them a great disservice. The basic life skills of business could literally save their lives, and the concept of ownership, particularly for people who were raised owning nothing, truly motivates them."
And when such skills are coupled with on-the-job experiences, hands-on projects and competitive events, like they are at the Distributive Education Clubs of America (DECA) national headquarters in Reston, Virginia, young students' entrepreneurial fires are stoked. Teaching how to market ideas, handle financing and understand risk provides students with the materials they need to make their dreams become realities. "What we teach is not necessarily creativity, because I don't think you can teach that," says Tim Coffey, DECA corporate development director. "And you can't teach someone to have an idea, but you can teach them what to do with it."
Such concepts as networking, writing business plans and organizing resources are also components that organizations like SIFE instill in their students, who in turn share them by teaching youth in the community. "Our tendency is to look at entrepreneurs as natural-born leaders, but the reality is, leadership and entrepreneurship are both highly teachable skills. We really just give up on a lot of people way too early," says Rohrs. "For anybody who's willing to take some component of risk, somebody's got to teach them exactly how to go do it."
"And there are a lot of people who, with some structure and direction, can be helped to create their own business ideas and plans," adds De Berg. "It's imperative we allow our students to get into the 'create mode' rather than the 'react mode.'"
Babson, too, goes through a "create" mode, specifically through its fusion of curriculum with reality-a concept that Spinelli calls "a clashroom technique"-via hatcheries open to students' ventures while they're still enrolled. "We never make up a case to illustrate a point," he maintains. "We always take it out of the real world."
"I love it when an entrepreneur says you can't teach entrepreneurship, and they've been successful for the past four decades," Spinelli continues. "That's when I ask, 'That's interesting, you haven't learned anything in 40 years about what you do?' And they say, 'No, no, no, no-I've learned quite a bit.' And then I counter with, "'Well, if you can learn it, we can teach it!'"
Success Stories
And it's not like the kids themselves aren't totally into this. According to the Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation, a private foundation in Kansas City, Missouri, that promotes the growth of entrepreneurship, a recent study found that seven out of 10 U.S. teens want to control their own destinies by becoming entrepreneurs. And according to a 1997 USA Today survey, in which young people were asked what they would do if they could devote one year to any occupation, 47 percent of women and 38 percent of men chose the career of entrepreneur.
"The whole issue of corporate mergers, downsizing and acquisitions has cautioned a lot of kids to quietly make the decision that they don't want that kind of life for themselves," explains Jim Hayes, president and CEO of Junior Achievement (JA) in Colorado Springs, Colorado. "They're determined to run their own business and control their own destiny."
So with over 110,000 classroom volunteers, many of whom are entrepreneurs themselves, the goal of JA is to inspire and expose kids of all academic levels and incomes to the benefits of free enterprise. "The important thing is to help kids understand that entrepreneurship is a very realistic path," adds Hayes. "Once they hear that, they get intrigued by the whole thing."
It was at age 12 that student James Carl joined the local JA program and started his first business. Now 16, he's gone on to launch a second venture, a stock brokerage company run from his home in Anaheim, California. Drawn to JA simply because, as Carl says, he wanted to see what it would take to start his own company, his present goals are to expand the brokerage and become as large as, if not larger than, J.P. Morgan-a pretty remarkable ambition for a teenager, wouldn't you say
As for the interest exuded by students from NFTE, the percentage of post high-school alumni who think of themselves as entrepreneurs is a whopping 83 percent, with a high percentage still running productive businesses. "The academia of entrepreneurship simply channels the drive and energy that is already within each individual," says NFTE alumnus Byron Bennett, 27, whose 2-year-old New York City start-up, Roommate Services Inc., expects 2000 sales to reach a whopping $1 million. "I definitely think it's important for youths to be given an early understanding of the business world. With such assets, they can overcome their fear and lack of understanding and begin identifying a path that will work best for them."
Former SIFE member and present advisory board member Roger Lopez, 22, agrees. "It's very important to learn the concepts of business at an early age," he says. "When you are a kid, that's the best time to learn the true entrepreneurial spirit because there is no greed for money, just the pure freedom of creativity-something most adults forget about."
At Babson, the commitment to entrepreneurial learning has become culturally ingrained in the surrounding community. Through annual consortiums and full-blown ceremonies, the school's entrepreneurial education staff showers past and present entrepreneurs with unlimited respect-almost to the point of full-on hero worship-through events such as Founder's Day, when great entrepreneurs are celebrated and elected to be placed in Babson's honorary Academy of Distinguished Entrepreneurs. Such commitment prompts Spinelli to pre-qualify students before their first day of class. "I tell them to walk through the Exhibit Hall," he says. "If they don't get goose bumps, I tell them to drop the course immediately."
Recent graduate Wendy Cohen, 21, has felt those kinds of goose bumps ever since taking a freshman-year Management Experience course. Acting as VP of marketing for an on-campus coffee shop called Café Babson, Cohen got her first real taste of the business world. Having considered entrepreneurship ever since she was in high school, it wasn't until she had the opportunity to experience it, and then later compose a business plan for her own original concept, that she realized how passionate she truly was about launching her very own business-a plus-size clothing business that caters only to teenagers.
Reaching Out
Now we're hoping that you all understand why such youthful cognizance should be at the very top of your to-do list. With such organizations ensuring so many of our youths' futures, it is extremely important that entrepreneurs and small business owners not only do their part in keeping such programs alive and kicking, but also take the steps to promote the integration of such knowledge into every elementary, secondary and post-secondary curriculum. Volunteering your advice, time or money to these kinds of organizations is just one way to keep the ball rolling in the right direction. "Educators are dying for somebody to come in, because the more viewpoints the kids are eventually exposed to, the broader their options are going to end up being," explains DECA's Coffey.
Contributing time as a judge for the many regional competitions held by each organization is another way experienced entrepreneurs can further these organizations. SIFE holds its regional competitions in 19 cities nationwide; DECA holds contests in every state; and JA has 168 offices around the country, all needing members to sit on the local boards.
And in the Babson community, you can volunteer your time as a mentor company. And, of course, becoming part of the angel group that contributes toward the seed fund always helps.
But it goes both ways, because the students receiving help are more than prepared to give back. SIFE students, for example, willingly assist with business plans, marketing strategies and even market surveys.
Clearly, as today's youth continue to embrace entrepreneurship, using educational priorities and volunteerism to support the growth of entrepreneurial learning and ideals becomes evermore critical in a world where self-sufficiency often begets economic success. Says JA's Hayes, "The more we can do to help kids understand this field, the better they'll be prepared to sustain it, take advantage of it and the more they will benefit from it as they grow older." How can we truly expect future generations to champion entrepreneurship if they don't know anything about it?
Live And Learn
Program: Junior
Achievement Inc.
Mission: To educate and inspire young people (grades K through 12) to value and understand free enterprise, business and economics in order to improve the quality of their lives
Contact: Junior Achievement, One Education Wy., Colorado Springs, CO 80906, (800) THE-NEW-JA, fax: (719) 540-6299, www.ja.org
Program: National
Foundation for Teaching Entrepreneurship (NFTE)
Mission: To teach low-income and at-risk young people the basics of starting and operating a small business
Contact: NFTE, 120 Wall Street, 29th Fl., New York, NY 10005, (212) 232-3333 or (800) 367-6383, fax: (212) 232-2244, www.nfte.com or email@example.com
Program: Students in Free
Enterprise (SIFE)
Mission: To provide college students the opportunity to establish free-enterprise community outreach programs that teach others how market economies and businesses operate
Contact: The Jack Shewmaker SIFE World Headquarters, Robert W. Plaster Free Enterprise Center, Jack Kahl Entrepreneurship Center, 1959 East Kerr St., Springfield, MO 65803-4775, main number: (417) 831-9505, University Relations: (800) 235-9585, Resource Development: (800) 677-SIFE, fax: (417) 831-6165, www.sife.org
Program: Distributive
Education Clubs of America (DECA)
Mission: To help students develop skills and competence in marketing, management and entrepreneurship
Contact: DECA , 1908 Association Dr., Reston, VA 20191, (703) 860-5000, www.deca.org, e-mail: email@example.com
Contact Sources
- Babson School of Executive Education, Babson College, Arthur M. Blank Center for Entrepreneurship, Wellesley, MA 02457
- Junior Achievement, 1613 E. Santa Anna St., Anaheim, CA 92805, firstname.lastname@example.com
- Reuben Williams, (530) 898-4824, email@example.com
- Roommate Services, (212) 807-7851, firstname.lastname@example.com
- Solar Flare Media, www.pvsi.com
- Stacie Power, (530) 895-3356, firstname.lastname@example.com
- Wendy Cohen, (516) 543-8704, firstname.lastname@example.com


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n the southwest corner of the main crossroads in the town of Canterbury, Connecticut, stands a gracious house. Although it resembles many other houses in the area in appearance, this house stands apart because of the unique role it played in promoting the educational opportunities of African Americans prior to the Civil War. Designated a National Historic Landmark in 1991, the house is open to the public as the Prudence Crandall Museum. It has changed little since events here in the early 1830s focused national attention on abolition and the rights of African Americans to a quality education.
At the intersection of 14th and Park Streets in Little Rock, Arkansas, stands a large high school. Although it may resemble other large urban high schools built in the 1920s, Central High School captured the attention of the nation in 1957, when nine African-American students attempted to integrate Little Rock's schools. In 1998, the building, already a National Historic Landmark, was designated as Central High School National Historic Site, a unit of the National Park System.
Canterbury, Connecticut, and Little Rock, Arkansas, are links in a chain of events representing the long struggle for equal educational opportunities for African Americans. This lesson plan highlights two important historic places and the role each played in testing the prevailing assumptions of the time regarding racial integration of schools. It also tells the story of conflict between the rule of law and the rule of the mob, and the importance of a free press in exposing social injustice.
About This Lesson
Getting Started: Inquiry Question
Setting the Stage: Historical Context
Locating the Site: Maps
Determining the Facts: Readings
Visual Evidence: Images
Putting It All Together: Activities
How the National Register
Central High School National Historic Site
This lesson is based on Little Rock Central High School and the Prudence Crandall Museum, two of the thousands of properties listed in the National Register of Historic Places. Both properties have been designated National Historic Landmarks.


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Schilling recovering after surgery for cancer
Former Red Sox ace and World Series hero Curt Schilling underwent surgery for an undisclosed form of cancer on Monday.
Shonda Schilling, who overcame cancer in 2001, posted the following message Monday on her husband's Facebook page.
"Curt is in recovery. Everything went well. [Tuesday] we meet with the oncologist for the next wave."
There's been no word yet from the Schilling family on how that meeting went, but Curt's daughter Gabby expressed optimism via Twitter on Tuesday morning.
"Dads surgery went really well! Now he's in recovery #GodBless."
Dads surgery went really well! Now he's in recovery #GodBless- Gabby Schilling (@GabbyS_chilling) February 10, 2014
Late Tuesday evening, Shonda tweeted, "Looking forward to opening day but this year has new meaning. Curt will be more then halfway done chemo and radiation."
Looking forward to opening day but this year has new meaning. Curt will be more then halfway done chemo and radiation- Shonda Schilling (@ShondaSchilling) February 12, 2014
In a statement last week through ESPN, the network for which he serves as a broadcaster, Schilling announced his cancer diagnosis.
In the days leading up to surgery, Schilling expressed thanks to his many well-wishers on both Facebook and Twitter.
"Overwhelmed at the well wishes, and prayers. Bless all of you. No pity or sympathy needed, I've been beyond blessed. I'm ready for this," Schilling tweeted on Feb. 7.
The 47-year-old Schilling won 216 games in the Major Leagues and was part of three World Series-winning teams -- the 2001 D-backs and the '04 and '07 Red Sox.
Schilling has maintained residence in the Boston area since the end of his playing days.


text: July 27, 2013 at 6pm to July 31, 2013 at 7pm – Time Square, NYC I'm heading back to NY in a week for a family reunion. I'll be there for a week, between the 25th, and the 1st of August. While I'm there, I would like to have a small, or even a large meetup, and s… Organized by Joe | Type: meetup!!, maybe, some, song, or, a, pinata, filled, with, my, hopes, and, dreams?


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Featured Amenities
Featured Amenities
Featured Amenities
Comfortable Accommodations
Enjoy free breakfast, WiFi, and more
Enjoy a free continental breakfast and catch up on the news with your free newspaper. Soak up some rays on our sundeck before cooling off in our outdoor pool. Free WiFi will keep you connected. All rooms at our hotel have sofa beds and suites are also available. Our pet-friendly hotel offers non-smoking and accessible rooms.
Sunny Attractions
Enjoy the views at Great Sand Dunes National Park and visit Bents Old Fort
Spend the day hiking, swimming, and enjoying the beautiful landscape at Great Sand Dunes National Park, just one of many nearby national parks. Visit Bents Old Fort, a living history museum that looks at life in a 19th-century fur trading post. Work on your handicap at Holly Dot Golf Course, a 27-hole course offering gorgeous views of the Greenhorn Mountains.
Hotel Amenities
Accessible Amenities
- The Following Features Are Not Available/Not Fully Accessible:
Bright Places to Meet
Our hotel features 1 meeting room, which can be arranged to accommodate 187 conference guests or 125 banquet guests. Plan your next meeting or special event with us. We also arrange great rates for groups — large or small.


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While LEDs are widely regarded as the star lighting technology of tomorrow, OLED - another emerging new technology - is also playing an increasingly conspicuous role in next-generation lighting. This is chiefly because both LED and OLED are solid-state lighting technologies, and as such are likely to massively surpass the luminous efficacy (efficiency) performance of fluorescent lights in the relatively near future; moreover, they do not involve the use of mercury and are capable of meeting the requirments of next-generation lighting in terms of eliminating ultraviolet rays, improved color rendition and added light adjustability.
Only a tiny number of OLED lighting products are currently available on a commercial basis, largely because the technology has not yet been developed to the point where it can compete with other common forms of lighting in terms of luminous efficacy or luminous flux performance. OLED lighting panels currently achieve luminous efficacy of 35-66 lm/W, levels which are far from ideal in comparison to mainstream lighting technologies; the goal for future development is to increase this figure to a level comparable to other energy-saving light bulb technologies, that is a luminous efficacy of 80 lm/W and a luminous flux approaching 1,000lm.
OLED lighting is still very much a fledgling industry. In order to expedite its development, many major nations have launched OLED lighting development plans, examples of which include the United States' Department of Energy (DOE) R&D Plan and Roadmap, Europe's OLED 100.eu plan, and Japan's Next Generation SSL (solid-state lighting) Plan. In the following report, Digitimes Research describes in detail the OLED plans, targets and schedules of each country or region.
Digitimes Research has also followed the progress of several manufacturers that have already begun to launch commercial OLED lighting products on the market. Examples include Philips, Osram, Panasonic and Lumiotec - companies that are also the world's most proactive developers of OLED lighting. Consequently, this Digitimes Research report also provides a detailed overview of the route that each of the major OLED lighting manufacturers is taking in terms of development progress, technology, commercial products and future goals, as well as the likely impact on the future of the OLED lighting industry, costs and the size of the market.
Chart 1: Comparison of the features of next-generation LED and OLED lighting technologies
Chart 2: Luminous flux and luminous efficacy of various types of lighting
Table 1: Different manufacturers progress on OLED panel development (I)
Table 2: Different manufacturers progress on OLED panel development (II)
Chart 5: OLED panel material cost drops, 2012-2020 (US$/square meter)
Chart 6: Target and deveopment goals for the OLED 100.eu plan
Chart 8: Results of the OLED lighting development undertaken as part of the OLED 100.eu project
Chart 9: Developmental strategies for Japan��s next generation of lighting
Chart 14: Structure of OLED at Philips, with product designs
Table 5: Comparison of the efficiency and lifespan of OLED light-emitting materials
Table 6: Comparison of light extraction structure efficiency
Chart 15: Comparison of methods of increasing OLED extraction rates
Table 7: Philips' OLED efficiency and light extraction effects on performance
Chart 17: Philips has collaborated with Konica Minolta to jointly sell OLED lighting panels
Chart 22: Flexible OLED lighting products under development by Osram
Chart 23: Osram developing transparent OLED lighting using transparent electrodes
Chart 24: Timeline of Panasonic's development of OLED lighting
Chart 26: Conventional ways of increasing the efficiency of OLED lighting
Chart 27: Panasonic's method of delivering high-efficiency OLED lighting
Chart 28: Panasonic is using Tazmo's slit coating technology
Chart 29: Panasonic is using in-line deposition to increase deposition speeds and bring material usage rates up to 70%
Chart 30: Specifications of OLED lighting panels marketed by PIOL
Chart 33: Timeline of Lumiotec's development of OLED lighting
Chart 34: Lumiotec's volume production facility for OLED lighting panels
Table 9: Comparison of film production processes for OLED light-emitting materials
Table 10: Specifications of Lumiotec OLED lighting already on the market
Chart 35: Overview of standard OLED lighting panels from Lumiotec
Chart 36: Lumiotec's short-term goals for developing OLED lighting panels
Chart 37: Different manufacturers' start dates for volume production of OLED lighting panels
Chart 38: Lumiotec's plans for the OLED lighting panel business
Chart 39: Comparison of luminous efficacy of OLED and other lighting (lm/W)
Chart 41: Global OLED lighting market forecast, 2010-2020 (US$m)


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News and Events: Press releases
Clock strikes midnight on promise by governments
Gender parity in primary and secondary education by 2005, and at all levels of education by 2015, is the key target for ensuring the Millennium Development Goal of gender equality and the empowerment of women (MDG 3). The target is also a precursor to the goal of achieving universal primary education by 2015 (MDG 2).
Yet nearly 115 million children, the majority of them girls, remain out of primary school, according to UNICEF, the lead agency in the UN Girls Education Initiative.
Gender Achievements and Prospects in Education (GAP) looks specifically at the continuing enrolment imbalances between girls and boys at the primary school level.
The report underlines that while only 46 countries world-wide have fallen short of the target, there are additional countries where the overall enrolment of children remains unacceptably low.
The exclusion of girls from school not only affects individual girls and their families, but also imperils wider development efforts, the report states, because educating girls is a proven element in social and economic development.
Education is a fundamental part of growing up, said UNICEF Executive Director Ann M. Veneman. Education of children, especially girls, is the cornerstone to national progress, because it leads to greater economic productivity, reduced infant and maternal mortality, and a greater likelihood that the next generation of children will go to school.
This is an achievable goal, as we know from the fact that so many countries have made strides in closing the gap, said UNICEF Deputy Executive Director Rima Salah, speaking from Beijing where the global advisory committee of the Girls Education Initiative is meeting in advance of UNESCOs yearly meeting on Education for All.
Among the 180 countries for which data were available, 125 countries 91 developing countries and 34 industrialized countries are on course to reach the gender target and have as many girls as boys in school by the end of 2005.
The reasons why children are denied an education include poverty, gender discrimination, poor governance and disease, including HIV/AIDS, as well as natural disasters and man-made emergencies.
Calling attention to the impact of HIV/AIDS on children, teachers and schools, Veneman also noted that UNICEFs campaign Unite for Children, Unite against AIDS shines a spotlight on those millions of children whose education has been affected by the global pandemic. Children, particularly girls, whose parents are living with HIV are often forced to leave school and go to work to support their families.
UNICEF called for specific steps to achieve universal primary education by 2015:
- Abolish school fees and other charges as national policy.
- Provide scholarships and other financial incentives for disadvantaged children.
- Cap school charges such as school uniforms, textbooks and other fees that act as barriers to education.
- Treat countries with low enrolment and attendance as emergency countries and offer them the same kind of immediate funding and technical support that is routinely provided in crisis situations.
- Use the school system as a way to deliver other essential services to children, such as good nutrition, immunization, and hygiene education.
To achieve universal primary education by 2015, enrolment must increase globally by an average of 1.3 per cent per year over the next ten years. Specific countries have much steeper advances to make. Benin, for example, must improve at a rate of 2.88 per cent per year, Eritrea must advance at more than 4 per cent per year, Nepal at 2.25 per cent, and Afghanistan at 3.9 per cent.
The report is the first step in an ongoing evaluation of the gender parity target and will lead to a comprehensive technical review. It contains extensive field reporting and country-by-country reports presented in multi-media format involving UN agencies, NGOs, donor countries and field offices. It puts special focus on 25 key countries that face the greatest challenges in getting children, especially girls, in school.
* * *
For nearly 60 years UNICEF has been the worlds leader for children, working on the ground in 157 countries to help children survive and thrive, from early childhood through adolescence. The worlds largest provider of vaccines for poor countries, UNICEF supports child health and nutrition, good water and sanitation, quality basic education for all boys and girls, and the protection of children from violence, exploitation, and AIDS. UNICEF is funded entirely by the voluntary contributions of individuals, businesses, foundations and governments.
Attn: Broadcasters: A video news package will be available at: http://www.thenewsmarket.com/
For further information, please contact:
Ikuko Yamaguchi, UNICEF Media / Geneva:
(+41) 22 909 5727 e-mail: email@example.com
Kate Donovan, UNICEF Media / New York:
(+1 212) 326 7452 e-mail: email@example.com
Charles Rycroft: UNICEF Beijing:
(+ 86-10) 6532-3131 Ext 1301 Cell: 13641290007


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What's Good: TouchWiz 2.0 offers improvements over previous versions.
What's Bad: Battery life not great, and coverage is spotty at times.
Despite the smartphone push by carriers, featurephones remain an important element in the wireless industry. To that end, the Samsung Mythic is a great addition to the field, offering improvements in the TouchWiz user interface and an improved design that is similar to the Samsung Omnia II (without the added costs, I might add). Will the device deliver and provide a good user experience?
Design & Features
The Samsung Mythic ships with an AC adapter, a USB cable, an 8GB microSD card, and instruction manuals. Offering a 3.3-inch LCD display with 360 x 640 pixels, the device comes in at 4.49 inches tall by 2.06 inches wide by 0.5 inch thick. Weighing 3.8 ounces, the Mythic is thin and light enough to keep in the pocket without issue.
The Mythic sports a clean design that is somewhat reminiscent of the Omnia II. The left side of the device contains a volume rocker, while the 3.5mm headphone jack and the charging port can be found on the top and bottom of the device, respectively. The front of the device contains a physical send key, an end key, and a back key. The camera can be found on the back of the device.
Usability & Performance
Though it could be viewed as another touchscreen feature phone from Samsung and AT&T, the Mythic (and TouchWiz 2.0) improves upon other featurephones on the market. Complete with tabs and re-arrangeable menus, the Mythic offers a good level of customization. Like past iterations of TouchWiz, the widget bar can be found on the left, and widgets can be placed on the desktop. The Mythic offers features such as AT&T TV, AT&T Social Net, AT&T Music, and e-mail functionality.
The on-screen keyboard that ships with the Mythic can be used in portrait or landscape mode, and I came out with a mixed impression of it. The touchscreen is resistive, so it requires a certain level of pressure to use effectively. I found myself skipping letters simply because I wasn't pressing the keys hard enough. Though the device showed a bit of lag when migrating from menu to menu (or while typing), it's not a deal breaker.
The Samsung Mythic sports a 3.2-megapixel camera, and in my testing, image quality was good. It offers a self-timer, flash, auto focus, three quality settings, five color effects, six scene presets plus six shooting modes, five white balance presets, three exposure meters, macro focus, and three shutter sounds, along with a silent option.
Sporting an 1150 mAh battery, the Mythic has an estimated talk time of 3 hours, and in my testing, battery life was short. Thanks to 3G connectivity and a vibrant display, the battery life declines quickly. With moderate use encompassing text messaging, calling, e-mail, and web browsing, I was able to make it about 13 hours before the device powered down. With little to no use, the device lasted just over two days. As always, battery numbers will vary with the level of usage that they're subjected to between charging cycles, but the device should be fine for the average consumer. For those frequently away from the home or office, make sure to carry an additional charging solution.
I tested the Samsung Mythic in the Charlotte area, and call quality was good. Callers had no problem hearing me, and call quality was clear and trouble-free on my end as well. When I went to a known AT&T trouble area, I found calls to sound reasonably clear, though there was occasional fading. When testing the device in a busy grocery store, I was able to hear my callers without a problem. I successfully paired my Plantronics Voyager Pro Bluetooth headset to the device without issue, and callers were pleased with the clarity. The Mythic offers HDSPA connectivity, meaning that speeds were quite fast. CNN Mobile loaded in about 14 seconds, and the full PhoneDog homepage loaded in 42 seconds. Other data-intensive tasks such as AT&T TV or AT&T Navigation performed admirably throughout the testing. The Samsung Mythic offers GSM 850/900/1800/1900 MHz connectivity, and HSDPA in the 850/1900/2100 MHz bands.
While the Samsung Mythic is a nice improvement to TouchWiz devices of the past, the device isn't exactly "jaw dropping." That being said, it's a welcome addition to the featurephone lineup, and is a device that I can see several individuals carrying – particularly those that don't want to go with a smartphone. Expect the battery life to be less than desirable, but beyond that, it's a reasonably well-equipped device. Check it out at your local AT&T retail store.


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Wednesday, July 9, 2008
Jim Cramer And NASCAR: What A Mix
The "Mad Money" man is making a stop in NASCAR land and he has a pretty good supporting cast. Jim Cramer has his first broadcast TV network special on NBC this Sunday at 7PM Eastern Time.
The CNBC finance king is calling his special "The American Dream With Jim Cramer." This program was taped at Lowe's Motor Speedway a while back, and Cramer asked a lot of drivers to stop by and chat.
Kyle Busch, Jimmie Johnson, Carl Edwards, Casey Mears and Jeff Burton are featured in this special. Cramer talks about the ecomony and investing. He also addressed the gas price situation, retirement issues and securing a financial future.
This certainly seems like an interesting mix of topics and personalities. We will take a look at it and offer a post for comments after the show.
The Daly Planet welcomes comments from readers. Simply click on the comments button below and follow the easy instructions. The rules for posting are located on the right side of the main page and thanks for stopping by.
16 comments:
- PammH said...
I have NO idea who this guy is?? Can you fill us in, please?
- July 9, 2008 at 8:21 PM
- Karah-Leigh said...
He has a show on CNBC :)
I heard his interview today with Moody on Sirius after yours, which... I had no idea you did!
Usually on Wednesday afternoons I'm in the newsroom working on the paper, so I was like "Hey, that's my TV site dude!"
- July 9, 2008 at 8:25 PM
- Kiteman11 said...
Awesome interview on Moody's show.
- July 9, 2008 at 8:27 PM
- Daly Planet Editor said...
Thanks a lot, that crew is great.
Jim Cramer is the wild guy with sleeves rolled-up that hosts a very interactive CNBC show called Mad Money. He is very well-known and is trying to stretch his way over from the cable to the broadcast side of the big NBC world.
This is his first shot on NBC and it should be interesting to see how it worked with the drivers and a studio audience at LMS.
If you need more on Jim, just Google him or Mad Money.
- July 9, 2008 at 8:57 PM
- PammH said...
JD-you are making me LOL because my former boss used to extend my mmm's also!! Thanks for the update & he sounds like that show is worth tapeing! Could be very interesting!!:)
- July 9, 2008 at 9:22 PM
- Richard in N.C. said...
I think I would say Cramer is a lot like Kenny Wallace - but hyper.
- July 9, 2008 at 10:51 PM
- Kyle said...
Richard in N.C
Almost got it right.... Hyper and yells alot more then Kenny :)
If he sticks o his Mad Money style it will be a high energy show with lots of props. Well worth watching.
- July 10, 2008 at 12:14 AM
- bevo said...
Sorry but I can"t share the enthusiasm for him. All hat and no cattle as we say down here. Check YouTube sometime for his histrionics about Bear Sterns the day before they went belly_up.
- July 10, 2008 at 12:49 AM
- Anonymous said...
Bevo, thanks for injecting a little realism into this love-fest. The American eagerness to accept snake oil salesmen never ceases to amaze me. Judging by NASCAR fans' taste in broadcasters, they have a strong preference for flash, speed, and volume over substance. Cramer should fit right in.
Michigan fan
- July 10, 2008 at 2:22 AM
- Karen said...
Unfortunately, Cramer gets on my nerves. Will watch Sunday just to see how the drivers react to him though. May end up being funny after all.
- July 10, 2008 at 3:24 AM
- Jim Russell said...
Cramer knows his stuff. He ain't always right, and his goofy antics are an acquired taste. A little goes a long way. If you don't care about investing, his show won't be of interest at all.
The NBC special should be interesting, just to see the interaction.
- July 10, 2008 at 2:45 PM
- Anonymous said...
Goofy antics should include the masters of goofy antics, the waltrip brothers.
- July 10, 2008 at 6:43 PM
- Dot said...
Hi folks,
I feel like an idiot to ask this, but here goes. Is this show on CNBC or NBC on Sunday? I looked at the guide and could not find a listing on either so I could tape it. Yes, I did allow for the EDT vs PDT. It's 4:00 pm my time. I hope someone can help the lame one. Thanks.
- July 10, 2008 at 10:36 PM
- Lou,Kingston,NY said...
Hi Dot
JD says it is on NBC. It is in the first paragraph. Enjoy.
- July 10, 2008 at 11:57 PM
- Karen said...
dot said ...
I looked at the guide and could not find a listing on either so I could tape it. Yes, I did allow for the EDT vs PDT. It's 4:00 pm my time. I hope someone can help the lame one.
It's on at the same time 60 Minutes is on and it's on NBC.
- July 11, 2008 at 1:35 AM
- Dot said...
To Lou & Karen,
Thank you.
- July 11, 2008 at 9:43 PM


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News & Notes: Game 123
Tuesday, August 16, 2011 (7:05 p.m.) – Coca-Cola Field
TV: Time Warner Cable SportsNet HD 713
Radio: WWKB AM 1520, bisons.com
Buffalo Bisons (51-71, 5th(-17.5), North)
RHP Dylan Owen (5-6, 4.93)
Toledo Mud Hens (59-65, 4th(-19.0), West)
LHP Ramon Garcia (0-3, 4.38)
TODAY'S GAME: Tonight, the Buffalo Bisons host the Toledo Mud Hens in the first game of a four-game set at Coca-Cola Field (7:05 p.m.). The Herd has begun this 10-game homestand with a two-game series split with Syracuse and a four-game split with Durham. Buffalo is 30-34 at home this season with just eight more games at Coca-Cola Field in 2011.
VS. THE HENS: Remarkably, this is the first meeting between the Bisons and Mud Hens this season. Buffalo has played 164 games since their last meeting with Toledo, July 26, 2010 at Fifth Third Field. The Bisons were 2-6 against the Mud Hens last season with a split of the four games at Coca-Cola Field.
DEALIN' DYLAN: RHP DYLAN OWEN will make his 17th start for the Bisons this season. The righty lost his last start on August 10 against Syracuse after yielding five earned runs in 5.1 innings. Owen ranks third on the Herd staff with 73 strikeouts in 95.0 innings of work.
SMOOTH AS: INF JOSH SATIN had three hits in five at-bats in last night's doubleheader. The rookie has hit in 20 of his 23 games at Triple-A since being promoted from Binghamton on July 22. Combined with his time at Double-A, Satin is hitting .327 (139-425) this year with 41 doubles, 12 home runs and 71RBI in 117 total games.
HOT BAT: INF ZACH LUTZ has hit in seven of nine games since being activated off the disabled list. The slugger has driven in a run in four of his last six games and is hitting .309 (51-167) with seven home runs and 19RBI in 47 total games. Lutz has a .333 (10-30) average with runners in scoring position.
HOMERING HERD: OF FERNANDO PEREZ hit his first Bisons home run in the second game of last night's doubleheader. He is the 21st different Bison to hit a home run for the club this year. In 2010, the Herd had 23 different batters go deep for the team. Buffalo has 87 total home runs on the season.
BISONS BITS: RHP JOHN LUJAN has made eight consecutive scoreless appearances out of the Bisons bullpen, spanning 9.1 innings of work…OF BUBBA BELL stole his team-high eight base last night.
METS UPDATE: The Mets (59-62) opened up a three-game series in San Diego last night with a 5-4 win over the Padres. Former Bisons C JOSH THOLE had three hits and three RBI to go along with his third home run of the season. OF LUCAS DUDA went deep for the second straight night. The Mets are in San Diego tonight at 10:05 p.m.


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"Fujitsu PRIMEFLEX® vShape is an all-inclusive package with no hidden extras that is easy to deploy and support and by far the most reliable and dependable part of our infrastructure"
Jonathan Challis, National Systems Administrator, CRFCA
Established in 1908, the Reserve Forces' and Cadets' Associations (RFCAs) were originally formed to provide local support to the Territorial Force in every UK county. Over 100 years later the name has changed, the number of associations has reduced and the RFCA dependency has grown to provide administrative support to the reservists and cadets of all three armed services.
The CRFCA needed to upgrade its existing server infrastructure as the number of users had increased from 100 locally to 800 nationally.
Working with long-time partner ABS IT Services, the CRFCA deployed Fujitsu PRIMEFLEX® vShape, a combined server, storage and virtualisation solution.
Read the full CRFCA case study (334 KB/A4, 2 pages)
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Play Ball!
Time to play ball.
Grapefruit League opener is Saturday, the Yankees at Bright House Field. 1:05 p.m. First three games are against the Yankees, Sunday in Tampa and Monday in Clearwater again.
Gates open at 10:30 a.m. on Saturday. Phillies are in the midst of BP at that time. The enemy gets BP at 11:15 a.m. Infield: Phillies, 12:15 p.m.; Yankees, 12:30 p.m.
Just like opening day at Citizens Bank Park, Saturday's opener will be special. Three jumpers from US SOCOM will parachute into the park with the first ball. The US Coast Guard will provide a fly over following the Anthem sung by Lisa Casalino. MacDill AFB will provide the color guard. Newly elected Clearwater George Cretekos will throw out the first ball along with 7-year-old Jacob Breault.
Oh, Phillies baseball wouldn't be the same without Phillie Phanatic and he/she/it will be there. Phanatic needs spring training, too, you know.
Phillies Mural
From the time the gates open until the sixth inning on Saturday, fans can contribute to a large mural of Phillies history. It will be set up by Section 120. Paint brushes will be supplied.
The Mural is co-sponsored by the City of Philadelphia Mural Arts Program and the Phillies. The mural will tower nearly eight stories high, located on the side of a building at 200 South 24th Street at the base of the Walnut Street Bridge along the banks of the Schuylkill River.
Unveiling is being planned for Friday, August 10, during Toyota Alumni Weekend. Time is tentatively set for 12 noon. Many of the Phillies Alumni featured on the mural will be there.
Camp Notes
**Full camp of 167 minor leaguers will work out for the first time on Sunday. The 10 a.m. workout is open to the public.
**Souvenir store at Bright House Field will be open on Sunday from 10 a.m. until 2 p.m.
**John Brazer, Director, Publicity, and broadcaster Tom McCarthy, will have post-game radio show Sunday from Tampa on WBCB out of Levittown, PA (www.wbcb1490.com).
**WPHT 1210's Dom Giordano will broadcast live from Bright House Field on Monday and Tuesday, 9 a.m. until noon.
**A year ago, Phillies were 21-14 in spring training, drawing a record 157,201 at Bright House Field.
Spring Training Memories
Darren Daulton (C, 1983; 1985-97)
"I fell in love with Clearwater the first spring, 1981. I don't remember my uniform number. Heck, it might have been 125! I think Ken Dowell was my roommate. I was scared to death that first day but fit right in because everyone else in the clubhouse was scared. I enjoyed being able to work my rear end off while looking at palm trees. I thought I was in paradise. Conversely, I disliked looking at palm trees while working my rear end off."
More Alumni memories of spring training can be found at www.phillies.com/alumni.


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In addition to spectacular sunsets over one of the Great Lakes, visitors to Selkirk Shores State Park can expect outstanding fishing and popular hiking and biking trails that lead to a lush mix of meadows and woodlands.
In addition to spectacular sunsets over one of the Great Lakes, visitors to Selkirk Shores State Park can expect outstanding fishing and popular hiking and biking trails that lead to a lush mix of meadows and woodlands.
Take full advantage of the views! Bring your binoculars - the park is directly in the migration route for a wide variety of bird species. Or, pitch a tent and stay awhile. Campsites are available directly overlooking a bluff on Lake Ontario.
Small boats can be launched from the Pine Grove site into the Salmon River, while larger boats can be launched from the Mexico Point Boat Launch on the Little Salmon River.
Pet Policy: A maximum of two pets are allowed in campsites and day use areas unless prohibited by sign or directive (not permitted in cabins 29 & 30). Pets are to be supervised at all times and either be crated or on a leash not more than 6-feet in length. Proof of rabies inoculation shall be produced if requested by staff. Pets are not permitted in playgrounds, buildings, golf courses, boardwalks, pools and spray-grounds or guarded beaches (this does not apply to service animals).
2020 Camping Season:
Campsites - 132 Campsites, maximum 6 people per site.
Cabins - 26 Cabins (Minimum age of 21 required for rentals)
Campsites 1-47 and cabins 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 and 24 open until 10/25
*Please note within the camping season time frame, some loops/sites may open later or close earlier. For more details, please call the park or visit
Reserve through ReserveAmerica 800-456-2267
Most New York State Parks charge a vehicle use fee to enter the facility. Fees vary by location and season. A list of entry fees and other park use fees is available below. For fees not listed or to verify information, please contact the park directly.
The easy-to-use Empire Pass card is $80- and your key to all-season enjoyment with unlimited day-use entry at most facilities operated by State Parks and the State Dept. of Environmental Conservation including forests, beaches, trails and more. Purchase online or contact your favorite park for more information. Learn more about our Admission Programs including the Empire Pass.
New! Download this park's digital map to your iOS Apple and Android device.
Firewood source maps show a 50-mile radius from which untreated firewood may be moved to this campground. For more information see firewood restrictions.
Highlights of Selkirk Shores State Park:
What will you see? Plan your visit today!
Look and listen for these birds at our Park:
Everyone is a Steward: Be a Selkirk Shores State Park Hero!
For more information, please read our Trail Tips!
When you enter or leave Lake Ontario:
Ask a Naturalist!
Q: Are the snakes on the Lake shore and in the creek venomous?
A: No! The snakes are most likely to be garter snakes, one of the most frequently seen snakes in New York. Garter snakes are harmless, though you should always keep your distance from wildlife.
Q: Are the snakes by the water cotton mouths or copper heads?
A: No, they are most likely non-venomous northern water snakes. However, they can be aggressive and should be avoided.
Q: Are there any invasive species at Selkirk Shores State Park?
A: Unfortunately, yes. Purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria), frog's bit (Hydrocharis morsus-ranae) and forget-me-not (Myositis scorpiodes) are all exotic species which can be found in the park. These plants threaten marsh communities because they replace native plants and may be filling in the small pools that some birds use for nesting.
Key BCA Criteria:
- Migratory concentration site
- Diverse species concentration site
- Species at risk site
The Selkirk Shores BCA is part of Selkirk Shores State Park. It is located on Lake Ontario about 0.3 miles south of Port Ontario, which helps it support New York State species at risk. During spring migration Neotropical migratory songbirds concentrate along lake. The BCA supports assemblages of birds associated with marshes, forests and shrub/scrub including more than 80 species that have been confirmed as breeders. The BCA has supported at risk breeding marsh birds such as Pied-billed Grebes (threatened), American (special concern) and Least Bitterns (threatened), and Black Terns (endangered). Other regularly occurring species at risk include Osprey (special concern), Sharp-shinned Hawk (special concern), Common Tern (threatened) and Golden-winged Warbler (special concern).
Download a copy of the BCA map.


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The study was performed to evaluate the hypothesis that the extremely obese manifest sleep disordered breathing with a preponderance of hypopneas and relative paucity of obstructive apneas.
Retrospective review of 90 adults with obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) matched for age and gender, comparing two groups, Group A: body mass index (BMI) < 35, Group B: BMI ≥ 45. Exclusion criteria: age < 18 years, pregnancy, ≥ 5 central apneas/hour, BMI ≥ 35 < 45.
Hypopnea/apnea ratio (HAR); secondary measures: obstructive apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), obstructive and central apnea indices, hypopnea index (HI), oxygen saturation (SpO2) nadir, end-tidal carbon dioxide tension (PetCO2), and presence of obesity-hypoventilation syndrome (OHS). Statistical methods: t-test for independent samples; Mann-Whitney, linear regression with natural log transformation, and Kruskal-Wallis χ2. Descriptive statistics were expressed as interquartile range, median and mean ± standard deviation, p < 0.05 considered significant.
Group A (n = 45): age = 50.6 ± 11.5 years, BMI = 28.9 ± 4 kg/m2; Group B (n = 45): age = 47.4 ± 12.7 years, BMI = 54.5 ± 8 kg/m2. HAR was significantly higher in Group B (38.8 ± 50.7) than Group A (10.6 ± 16.5), p = 0.0006, as was HI (28.7 ± 28.6 in B vs 12.6 ± 8.4 in A, p = 0.0005) and AHI (35.5 ± 33.8 vs 22 ± 23, p = 0.03), but not apnea index. HAR was significantly higher in Group B regardless of race, gender, or presence of OHS. The BMI was the only significant predictor of HAR (adjusted r2 = 0.138; p = 0.002) in a linear regression model with natural log transformation of the HAR performed for age, gender, race, BMI, and PetCO2.
Extremely obese patients manifest OSAHS with a preponderance of hypopneas.
Mathew R; Castriotta RJ. High hypopnea/apnea ratio (HAR) in extreme obesity. J Clin Sleep Med 2014;10(4):391-396.
Obesity is one of the major risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS),1 which may be defined as an apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) ≥ 5 apneas + hypopneas/hour of sleep, accompanied by symptoms of excessive sleepiness, difficulty sleeping, or non-refreshing sleep. The prevalence of obesity in the USA has increased by 33% during the last decade, with 40% of men and 55% of women aged 25 years or older being overweight or obese.2 OSAHS has a higher prevalence among obese subjects than among the general population.3 The prevalence of OSAHS (AHI ≥ 15) in obese (body mass index [BMI] ≥ 32-59 kg/m2) adults is 32%4 and is significantly higher in men with morbid obesity (BMI ≥ 39 kg/m2) with 40% having an apnea index > 20 apneas/hour.5 The prevalence of OSAHS among hospitalized patients has been reported to be 60% in the morbidly obese.6 Complete upper airway collapsibility is generally expected to occur in morbidly obese subjects with sleep disordered breathing, resulting in both apneas and hypopneas. However, different mechanisms may be involved in the pathophysiology of apneas with static upper airway obstruction in contrast to hypopneas with dynamic upper airway obstruction.7 Some patients have a distinct pattern of sleep disordered breathing characterized predominantly by hypopneas with a paucity of apneas. Based on the above and as a result of observations with nocturnal polysomnography (NPSG), we hypothesized that extremely obese patients manifest OSAHS with an unusual preponderance of hypopneas and paucity of apneas, possibly based on a different pathophysiology than that of less obese subjects.
Current Knowledge/Study Rationale: Different pathophysiological mechanisms may underlie the generation of apneas (static obstruction) and hypopneas (dynamic obstruction). These different mechanisms appear to be reflected in those with extreme obesity (BMI ≥ 45 kg/m2), who exhibit sleep disordered breathing with very high numbers of hypopneas and relatively few apneas.
Study Impact: This study confirms the high hypopnea/apnea ratio (HAR) in extremely obese subjects with obstructive sleep apnea. This is a consequence of very high BMI and is independent of gender, race or the presence of obesity-hypoventilation syndrome. This supports the possibility of different mechanisms in the generation of hypopneas and apneas, and may lead to specific goal-directed therapy aimed at those with hypopnea-dominated sleep disordered breathing.
The objective of our study was the comparison of the hypopnea/apnea ratio (HAR) in the extremely obese (BMI ≥ 45 kg/m2) with that in a less obese (BMI < 35 kg/m2) population, matched for age and gender. After obtaining permission (HSCMS-11-0178) from the Committee for the Protection of Human Subjects of the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, the study was conducted as a retrospective review of all adult NPSGs over an 18-month period (from June 1, 2009, to December 31, 2010) at an academic sleep disorders center accredited by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM). Among the 900 adult charts reviewed, we found 45 meeting our inclusion criteria for Group B, and then accepted the first 45 patients who were studied contemporaneously who met criteria for Group A matched for age and gender with Group B. All NPSGs were scored according to 2007 AASM guidelines8 by the same registered polysomnographic technologist and interpreted by a board-certified sleep specialist. The NPSGs were computerized, attended recordings (Rembrandt Manager System-Medcare, Amsterdam, Netherlands) with monitoring of EEG (C3/A2, C4/A1, Fp2/A1, Fp1/A2, O1/ A2, O2/A1), EOG (right and left), chin, anterior tibialis, and intercostal EMG, ECG, body position, nasal pressure (Pn), nasal-oral thermistor, thoracic, and abdominal excursion by respiratory inductance plethysmography, oxygen saturation by pulse oximetry (SpO2), continuous capnometry with end-tidal carbon dioxide tension (PetCO2), and continuous audio and video recordings by means of infrared cameras. Hypopneas were scored with ≥ 30% decrease in Pn ≥ 10 sec, accompanied by ≥ 4% decrease in SpO2. Alternative scoring of hypopneas by version 2.0.2 AASM criteria9 with 3% desaturation or arousal was additionally performed in 51 of the 90 subjects. Apneas were scored with ≥ 90% decrease in peak oro-nasal thermal sensor for ≥ 10 seconds. Apneas were classified as obstructive if respiratory effort continued and were classified as central if respiratory effort was absent.
The study population consisted of 90 adult patients who were diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnea with an AHI ≥ 5. The first 45 consecutive patients with BMI ≥ 45 kg/m2 were categorized as Group B, and another 45 consecutive patients with BMI < 35 kg/m2 matched for age and gender constituted Group A. We excluded patients below 18 years of age, patients with ≥ 5 central apneas/h, pregnant patients, and patients with BMI between ≥ 35 and < 45 kg/m2. The primary outcome measure was the comparison of hypopnea/apnea ratio (HAR) in the 2 study groups, and the secondary measures were the apneahypopnea index (AHI), obstructive apnea index (AI), hypopnea index (HI), SpO2 nadir, central apnea index (CAI), baseline PetCO2, peak PetCO2, percentage of sleep time with PetCO2 > 50 torr, and presence of obesity-hypoventilation syndrome (OHS), which was defined as (1) baseline awake PetCO2 > 45 torr, (2) BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2, (3) sleep disordered breathing (either obstructive sleep apnea or sleep related hypoventilation8 with ≥ 10 torr rise in sleep PetCO2 over wake value), and (4) absence of other causes of hypoventilation. Data were analyzed between groups using R software for statistical computing (version 3.0.2) with the t-test for independent samples, the Mann Whitney test, linear regression with natural log transformation, and Kruskal-Wallis χ2. Our results were expressed as interquartile range, median and mean ± standard deviation (SD). The statistical level of significance was defined as p < 0.05.
Age, weight, gender, and racial data are summarized in Table 1. The mean BMI in Group A was 28.9 ± 4 kg/m2 and in Group B was 54.5 ± 8 kg/m2 (p < 0.0001). The primary and secondary endpoint results are summarized in Table 2. The HAR was significantly higher (p = 0.0006) in Group B (38.8 ± 50.7) than in Group A (10.6 ± 16.5), as were the AHI (35.5 ± 33.8 vs 22 ± 23, p = 0.03) and HI (28.7 ± 28.6 vs 12.6 ± 8.4, p = 0.0005), but not the AI (6.7 ± 13.6 vs 11.2 ± 23.5, p = 0.25), as seen in Figures 1 and 2. The median HAR was 3.5 for Group A and 23 for Group B, with interquartile range (IQR) of 9.27 and 43.3, respectively (p < 0.0001 by Kruskal-Wallis χ2; p < 0.01 by Mann-Whitney test). The oxygen saturation (SpO2) nadir was lower in Group B (79.1% ± 7.1% vs 83.1% ± 6.7%, p = 0.007). The baseline PetCO2 was higher in Group B (43.2 ± 6.1 vs 40.7 ± 4.7, p = 0.04). The maximum PetCO2 in Group B was 53.7 ± 7.5 vs 50.9 ± 5.6 in Group A (p = 0.052). There were no significant differences in percentage of sleep time spent with PetCO2 > 50 torr or in CAI. As seen in Table 2, there were no significant differences in the sleep architecture, although the total sleep time was longer in Group A (p = 0.02). Specifically, there was no significant difference in REM sleep between the groups (p = 0.16). The amount of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) required to eliminate apneas and hypopneas was higher (p = 0.003) in Group B (13.2 ± 3.7 cm H2O) vs Group A (10.05 ± 2.4 cm H2O).
Baseline demographics
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Polysomnographic findings
There were significant differences in the AHI (p = 0.03), hypopnea index (p = 0.0007) and the hypopnea/apnea ratio (p = 0.0006) between groups. There was no significant difference in apnea index (p = 0.26). BMI, body mass index.
Apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) with composite apnea index and hypopnea index.There were significant differences in the AHI (p = 0.03), hypopnea index (p = 0.0007) and the hypopnea/apnea ratio (p = 0.0006) between groups. There was no significant difference in apnea index (p = 0.26). BMI, body mass index.
Hypopnea/apnea ratio (HAR) ± SEM in Group B subjects with extreme obesity (BMI ≥ 45 kg/m2) was significantly higher (p = 0.0006) than in those in Group A (BMI < 35 kg/m2). BMI, body mass index.
Hypopnea/apnea ratio.Hypopnea/apnea ratio (HAR) ± SEM in Group B subjects with extreme obesity (BMI ≥ 45 kg/m2) was significantly higher (p = 0.0006) than in those in Group A (BMI
Among the entire 90 subjects, there was no significant difference between men and women in HAR (29.7 ± 52.4 vs 19.8 ± 22.6. p = 0.25). Within the extremely obese Group B, the HAR was higher in men (55.3 ± 67.9) than women (25.5 ± 25.6), but this did not meet statistical significance (p = 0.07). There was a significantly higher HAR in Group B than Group A for men (55.3 ± 67.9 vs 8.4 ± 16.8, p = 0.0067), and of borderline significance in women (25.5 ± 25.6 vs 13.1 ± 16.6, p = 0.054). Thus, the preponderance of hypopneas over apneas was more robust in extremely obese men than women (Table 3). There was no significant difference in mean BMI between men (55.1 ± 8.5 kg/m2) and women (54.1 ± 7.9 kg/m2) in Group B or Group A (29 kg/m2 for both).
Subgroup differences in hypopnea/apnea ratio (HAR)
When racial characteristics were examined, there were more African Americans in Group B (51% vs 20%), and there was a significantly higher BMI in African Americans than Caucasians (47.8 ± 14.4 vs 37.4 ± 12.8 kg/m2, p = 0.0015), but there were no significant differences in the HAR between Caucasians and African Americans either for the whole population (21.7 ± 40.4 vs 33.4 ± 43.6, p = 0.235) or within Group B (40.4 ± 61.2 vs 42.2 ± 48.1, p = 0.92). The HAR was higher in Group B than Group A for all racial groups (Table 3), reaching statistical significance for Caucasians and African Americans. There were only 10 Hispanics (4 in Group A, 6 in Group B) and 2 Asians (both in Group A).
We also evaluated the differences in HAR based on the presence or absence of OHS in these subjects (Table 3 and Figure 3). Among the 90 subjects in the study, 15 (16.7%) met criteria for OHS, 4 from Group A and 11 from Group B, with 8 males and 7 females. These consisted of 7 African Americans, 5 Caucasians, and 3 Hispanic subjects. The OHS subjects had a higher AHI (44 ± 38.8 vs 25.7 ± 26.6, p = 0.027; Figure 3), but there was no significant difference in HAR between OHS and non-OHS subjects, even when matched for BMI. Within the more obese Group B alone, there was also no significant difference in HAR between OHS and non-OHS subjects. The HAR was significantly higher in Group B for both the OHS (43.3 ± 52.8 vs 5.4 ± 6.2, p = 0.04) and non-OHS (37.3 ± 50.7 vs 11.1 ± 17.3, p = 0.007) subjects (Table 3). The oxygen saturation nadir was significantly lower in the OHS subjects (76.3% ± 6.25% vs 82.05% ± 7%, p = 0.004). As might be expected, subjects in the OHS group had a higher baseline (awake) PetCO2 (50 ± 5.4 vs 40.3 ± 3.8 torr, p < 0.0001), higher percentage of sleep time with PetCO2 > 50 torr (47.8% ± 34.6%, vs 8.35% ± 17.5%, p < 0.001), and higher maximum PetCO2 (61.2 ± 6.5 vs 50.65 ± 5.3 torr, p < 0.0001). While wake and sleep PetCO2 were recorded on all subjects, arterial blood gases were done on 17 patients, among whom those with OHS had higher arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2) awake (54 ± 18.9 vs 40.8 ± 4.9 torr, p < 0.05). The only significant difference in sleep architecture was a lower percentage of REM sleep in the OHS subjects (8.9% ± 9.2% vs 14.2% ± 8.1%, p = 0.036).
There was no significant difference in the hypopnea/apnea ratio (HAR) between groups (p = 0.37), but the AHI was higher in those with OHS (p = 0.027).
Apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) with composite apnea index and hypopnea index in obesity-hypoventilation syndrome (OHS) and non-OHS subjects.There was no significant difference in the hypopnea/apnea ratio (HAR) between groups (p = 0.37), but the AHI was higher in those with OHS (p = 0.027).
A linear regression model with natural log transformation of the HAR was performed for age, gender, race, BMI and baseline and peak PetCO2. The BMI remained the only significant predictor of HAR (adjusted r2 = 0.138; p = 0.002). We also rescored hypopneas according to the 2013 AASM Version 2.0.2 scoring criteria9 with 3% desaturation or arousal in 51 of these subjects: 25 in Group A and 26 in Group B. Using these scoring criteria, the HAR remained statistically higher in the extremely obese. The mean HAR was 12.99 ± 16.88 for Group A and 55.14 ± 92.64 for Group B (p = 0.02 with t-test). The median HAR was 7.08 for Group A and 23.67 for Group B, with IQR of 12.07 and 47.07, respectively (p < 0.01 by both Kruskal-Wallis χ2 and Mann-Whitney test).
In our study, very obese patients (BMI ≥ 45 kg/m2) with OSAHS, matched for age and gender with less obese (BMI < 35 kg/m2) subjects, manifested a significantly higher ratio of hypopneas to apneas (HAR). The preponderance of hypopneas over apneas may be due to different pathophysiological mechanisms of static and dynamic obstruction in the extremely obese. A difference between static and dynamic obstruction was shown by Farre and his group using a collapsible resistor model with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and different gases: air and 79% helium/21% oxygen (He-O2 or Heliox).7 Using the equation Vmax = (Pn − Pcrit)/Rup (where Vmax = maximal inspiratory airflow, Pn = nasal pressure, Pcrit = minimal intraluminal airway pressure to keep the collapsible segment open, Rup = upstream resistance and CPAPopt = optimal CPAP, the level at which flow limitation disappears and the airway is completely open), apneas occur due to static obstruction in the absence of flow and are dependent on the Pcrit. Hypopneas represent flow limitation due to dynamic obstruction associated with inspiratory flow and are dependent on CPAPopt − Pcrit = Rup (i.e., the additional increase in nasal pressure required to normalize breathing). In a study on patients with OSAHS, Farre et al. were able to modify the severity of dynamic obstruction by altering the density of the breathing gases and were able to lower CPAPopt and Rup significantly when they substituted He-O2 for air.7 Substituting He-O2 for air did not, however, change static obstruction (Pcrit) significantly. This suggests that different mechanisms may be involved in the generation of apneas and hypopneas. There have been additional prior data that suggest that Pcrit and Rup may be altered independently.10 This is consistent with our findings that a higher CPAP was required to eliminate sleep disordered breathing in the extremely obese Group B with hypopnea-dominant sleep disordered breathing.
Our findings might also be related to varying propensity toward oxygen desaturation in different weight groups with consequent effects on scoring hypopneas.11,12 Scoring rule changes that have been made over the years which place less emphasis on arousals and more emphasis on oxygen desaturations may lead to leaner patients with OSAHS having fewer or less severe oxygen desaturations with scorable hypopneas when compared to obese patients, presumably related to less ventilation/perfusion mismatch and higher functional residual capacity in the leaner patients, although they still present with the other cardinal features of flow reduction and arousal. This possibility is reflected in the fact that in our study the oxygen saturation nadir was significantly lower in the more obese Group B subjects. However, when we rescored the hypopneas using the 2013 AASM Version 2.0.2 scoring criteria with 3% desaturation or arousal, the higher HAR in the extremely obese remained statistically significant. This makes it unlikely that oxygen desaturation is the only determining factor, especially since these hypopneas could be scored with only arousals even without desaturation. In addition, this does not explain the relative paucity of apneas in this group. The technology utilized in our study (intercostal EMG and impedance plethysmography) has a limited capacity to distinguish between obstructive and central hypopneas, and it is possible that some hypopneas may have been of central origin. An algorithm to assist in distinguishing central from obstructive hypopneas has been reported,13 and this may be of use in future studies. The fact that all had significant obstructive apnea and those with central apnea were excluded should mitigate this possibility.
The HAR did not appear to be influenced by the presence or absence of hypoventilation. The HAR findings were the same for those with and without OHS, with no significant differences, so that OHS does not appear to be a fundamental part of the pathophysiological mechanism. The differences in baseline PetCO2 (40.75 ± 4.7 vs 43.3 ± 6.1 torr, p = 0.04) and maximum PetCO2 (50.9 ± 5.6 vs 53.7 ± 7.5 torr, p = 0.052) between groups A and B were of borderline significance, and there was no significant difference in the percentage of sleep time with PetCO2 > 50 torr. Caution must be advised regarding conclusions about OHS, however, because of the small numbers of OHS subjects in our study. The 15 OHS patients out of 90 OSAHS subjects (16.7%) in our study are consistent with the published data on OHS prevalence in obstructive sleep apnea patients. There is a calculated prevalence of 0.24% for OHS in the general population and 15.75% in patients with OSAHS based on prospective studies.14–17
The weight-dependent difference in HAR was more robust in men than women, and there was a trend toward higher HAR in men compared to women within the more obese Group B. Men have a higher Pcrit than women,18 but this should render men more susceptible to apneas rather than hypopneas preferentially. Gender differences in sleep disordered breathing are not explained by ventilatory chemoresponsiveness, post-hypoxic ventilatory drive or ventilatory response to hypocapnic hypoxia.19 Men have longer pharyngeal airway length than women,20 and this may lead to increased Rup, which might lead to increased susceptibility to dynamic obstruction with more hypopneas when the extra burden of extreme obesity is added. Our findings do not appear to be dependent on race or ethnic differences, but Asians and Hispanics were underrepresented in our population compared to Caucasians and African Americans.
The genioglossal muscle is the most important pharyngeal dilator muscle in humans, and it plays a major role in the pathogenesis of obstructive sleep apnea. There is increased genioglossal fatigability in non-obese patients with OSAHS, but genioglossal endurance in obese patients with OSAHS is indistinguishable from normal.21 This suggests that there may be different pathophysiological mechanisms involved in the development of OSAHS in the different weight categories. Perhaps preserved endurance of genioglossal muscle function in the extremely obese may allow more dynamic obstruction from high Rup without the complete collapse resulting in apnea. The retained genioglossal endurance may be an adaptation of the extremely obese to continued high Rup throughout the day, rather than only during sleep. In addition to adipose tissue deposition, weight gain can result in increased muscle mass in the upper airway,22 with larger percentage of muscle in the uvula in obesity.23 This might also cause a higher Rup with less effect on the Pcrit. These presumably adaptive changes of the obese may be more pronounced and/or consistent in the extremely obese because of greater demands to maintain upper airway patency throughout the day.
Our study reinforces our hypothesis that the extremely obese (BMI ≥ 45 kg/m2) have a distinctive pattern of severe sleep disordered breathing characterized by hypopneas rather than apneas. It appears to be different from the very mild sleep disordered breathing characterized by hypopneas and respiratory effort-related arousals seen in younger, leaner subjects because of its severity with high AHI and hypoxemia, yet also different from the more usual form of obstructive sleep apnea because of the relative paucity of apneas and abundance of hypopneas. The possibility of a distinctive pathophysiology of sleep disordered breathing in these extremely obese patients remains to be further explored. If these findings are confirmed, alternative therapeutic modalities might be developed to address this form of sleep disordered breathing.
This was not an industry supported study. Dr. Castriotta has served as a consultant/advisor for Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Texas and as a consultant and co-author with the AXDEV Group. Dr. Mathew has indicated no financial conflicts of interest. The work was performed at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston and Memorial Hermann Hospital-Texas Medical Center, Houston, TX.
The authors especially thank Bindu Akkanti, M.D. for essential, expert assistance with statistics; and also Elverez Allen, RPSGT and Amal Abuelheiga, BS, RPSGT for technical assistance in the Sleep Disorders Center at Memorial Hermann Hospital – Texas Medical Center. Author contributions: Both authors contributed to the data analysis, the interpretation of the data and the composition of the manuscript, and take responsibility for the integrity of the work.
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