text:
Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Vol. 6, by Edward Gibbon, [1788], at sacred-texts.com
It was thus, about the middle of the thirteenth century, that the Romans called from Bologna the senator Brancaleone, 48 whose fame and merit have been rescued from oblivion by the pen of an English historian. A just anxiety for his reputation, a clear foresight of the difficulties of the task, had engaged him to refuse the honor of their choice: the statutes of Rome were suspended, and his office prolonged to the term of three years. By the guilty and licentious he was accused as cruel; by the clergy he was suspected as partial; but the friends of peace and order applauded the firm and upright magistrate by whom those blessings were restored. No criminals were so powerful as to brave, so obscure as to elude, the justice of the senator. By his sentence two nobles of the Annibaldi family were executed on a gibbet; and he inexorably demolished, in the city and neighborhood, one hundred and forty towers, the strong shelters of rapine and mischief. The bishop, as a simple bishop, was compelled to reside in his diocese; and the standard of Brancaleone was displayed in the field with terror and effect. His services were repaid by the ingratitude of a people unworthy of the happiness which they enjoyed. By the public robbers, whom he had provoked for their sake, the Romans were excited to depose and imprison their benefactor; nor would his life have been spared, if Bologna had not possessed a pledge for his safety. Before his departure, the prudent senator had required the exchange of thirty hostages of the noblest families of Rome: on the news of his danger, and at the prayer of his wife, they were more strictly guarded; and Bologna, in the cause of honor, sustained the thunders of a papal interdict. This generous resistance allowed the Romans to compare the present with the past; and Brancaleone was conducted from the prison to the Capitol amidst the acclamations of a repentant people. The remainder of his government was firm and fortunate; and as soon as envy was appeased by death, his head, enclosed in a precious vase, was deposited on a lofty column of marble. 49
The impotence of reason and virtue recommended in Italy a more effectual choice: instead of a private citizen, to whom they yielded a voluntary and precarious obedience, the Romans elected for their senator some prince of independent power, who could defend them from their enemies and themselves. Charles of Anjou and Provence, the most ambitious and warlike monarch of the age, accepted at the same time the kingdom of Naples from the pope, and the office of senator from the Roman people. 50 As he passed through the city, in his road to victory, he received their oath of allegiance, lodged in the Lateran palace, and smoothed in a short visit the harsh features of his despotic character. Yet even Charles was exposed to the inconstancy of the people, who saluted with the same acclamations the passage of his rival, the unfortunate Conradin; and a powerful avenger, who reigned in the Capitol, alarmed the fears and jealousy of the popes. The absolute term of his life was superseded by a renewal every third year; and the enmity of Nicholas the Third obliged the Sicilian king to abdicate the government of Rome. In his bull, a perpetual law, the imperious pontiff asserts the truth, validity, and use of the donation of Constantine, not less essential to the peace of the city than to the independence of the church; establishes the annual election of the senator; and formally disqualifies all emperors, kings, princes, and persons of an eminent and conspicuous rank. 51 This prohibitory clause was repealed in his own behalf by Martin the Fourth, who humbly solicited the suffrage of the Romans. In the presence, and by the authority, of the people, two electors conferred, not on the pope, but on the noble and faithful Martin, the dignity of senator, and the supreme administration of the republic, 52 to hold during his natural life, and to exercise at pleasure by himself or his deputies. About fifty years afterwards, the same title was granted to the emperor Lewis of Bavaria; and the liberty of Rome was acknowledged by her two sovereigns, who accepted a municipal office in the government of their own metropolis.
In the first moments of rebellion, when Arnold of Brescia had inflamed their minds against the church, the Romans artfully labored to conciliate the favor of the empire, and to recommend their merit and services in the cause of Caesar. The style of their ambassadors to Conrad the Third and Frederic the First is a mixture of flattery and pride, the tradition and the ignorance of their own history. 53 After some complaint of his silence and neglect, they exhort the former of these princes to pass the Alps, and assume from their hands the Imperial crown. "We beseech your majesty not to disdain the humility of your sons and vassals, not to listen to the accusations of our common enemies; who calumniate the senate as hostile to your throne, who sow the seeds of discord, that they may reap the harvest of destruction. The pope and the Sicilian are united in an impious league to oppose our liberty and your coronation. With the blessing of God, our zeal and courage has hitherto defeated their attempts. Of their powerful and factious adherents, more especially the Frangipani, we have taken by assault the houses and turrets: some of these are occupied by our troops, and some are levelled with the ground. The Milvian bridge, which they had broken, is restored and fortified for your safe passage; and your army may enter the city without being annoyed from the castle of St. Angelo. All that we have done, and all that we design, is for your honor and service, in the loyal hope, that you will speedily appear in person, to vindicate those rights which have been invaded by the clergy, to revive the dignity of the empire, and to surpass the fame and glory of your predecessors. May you fix your residence in Rome, the capital of the world; give laws to Italy, and the Teutonic kingdom; and imitate the example of Constantine and Justinian, 54 who, by the vigor of the senate and people, obtained the sceptre of the earth." 55 But these splendid and fallacious wishes were not cherished by Conrad the Franconian, whose eyes were fixed on the Holy Land, and who died without visiting Rome soon after his return from the Holy Land.
His nephew and successor, Frederic Barbarossa, was more ambitious of the Imperial crown; nor had any of the successors of Otho acquired such absolute sway over the kingdom of Italy. Surrounded by his ecclesiastical and secular princes, he gave audience in his camp at Sutri to the ambassadors of Rome, who thus addressed him in a free and florid oration: "Incline your ear to the queen of cities; approach with a peaceful and friendly mind the precincts of Rome, which has cast away the yoke of the clergy, and is impatient to crown her legitimate emperor. Under your auspicious influence, may the primitive times be restored. Assert the prerogatives of the eternal city, and reduce under her monarchy the insolence of the world. You are not ignorant, that, in former ages, by the wisdom of the senate, by the valor and discipline of the equestrian order, she extended her victorious arms to the East and West, beyond the Alps, and over the islands of the ocean. By our sins, in the absence of our princes, the noble institution of the senate has sunk in oblivion; and with our prudence, our strength has likewise decreased. We have revived the senate, and the equestrian order: the counsels of the one, the arms of the other, will be devoted to your person and the service of the empire. Do you not hear the language of the Roman matron? You were a guest, I have adopted you as a citizen; a Transalpine stranger, I have elected you for my sovereign; 56 and given you myself, and all that is mine. Your first and most sacred duty is to swear and subscribe, that you will shed your blood for the republic; that you will maintain in peace and justice the laws of the city and the charters of your predecessors; and that you will reward with five thousand pounds of silver the faithful senators who shall proclaim your titles in the Capitol. With the name, assume the character, of Augustus." The flowers of Latin rhetoric were not yet exhausted; but Frederic, impatient of their vanity, interrupted the orators in the high tone of royalty and conquest. "Famous indeed have been the fortitude and wisdom of the ancient Romans; but your speech is not seasoned with wisdom, and I could wish that fortitude were conspicuous in your actions. Like all sublunary things, Rome has felt the vicissitudes of time and fortune. Your noblest families were translated to the East, to the royal city of Constantine; and the remains of your strength and freedom have long since been exhausted by the Greeks and Franks. Are you desirous of beholding the ancient glory of Rome, the gravity of the senate, the spirit of the knights, the discipline of the camp, the valor of the legions? you will find them in the German republic. It is not empire, naked and alone, the ornaments and virtues of empire have likewise migrated beyond the Alps to a more deserving people: 57 they will be employed in your defence, but they claim your obedience. You pretend that myself or my predecessors have been invited by the Romans: you mistake the word; they were not invited, they were implored. From its foreign and domestic tyrants, the city was rescued by Charlemagne and Otho, whose ashes repose in our country; and their dominion was the price of your deliverance. Under that dominion your ancestors lived and died. I claim by the right of inheritance and possession, and who shall dare to extort you from my hands? Is the hand of the Franks 58 and Germans enfeebled by age? Am I vanquished? Am I a captive? Am I not encompassed with the banners of a potent and invincible army? You impose conditions on your master; you require oaths: if the conditions are just, an oath is superfluous; if unjust, it is criminal. Can you doubt my equity? It is extended to the meanest of my subjects. Will not my sword be unsheathed in the defence of the Capitol? By that sword the northern kingdom of Denmark has been restored to the Roman empire. You prescribe the measure and the objects of my bounty, which flows in a copious but a voluntary stream. All will be given to patient merit; all will be denied to rude importunity." 59 Neither the emperor nor the senate could maintain these lofty pretensions of dominion and liberty. United with the pope, and suspicious of the Romans, Frederic continued his march to the Vatican; his coronation was disturbed by a sally from the Capitol; and if the numbers and valor of the Germans prevailed in the bloody conflict, he could not safely encamp in the presence of a city of which he styled himself the sovereign. About twelve years afterwards, he besieged Rome, to seat an antipope in the chair of St. Peter; and twelve Pisan galleys were introduced into the Tyber: but the senate and people were saved by the arts of negotiation and the progress of disease; nor did Frederic or his successors reiterate the hostile attempt. Their laborious reigns were exercised by the popes, the crusades, and the independence of Lombardy and Germany: they courted the alliance of the Romans; and Frederic the Second offered in the Capitol the great standard, the Caroccio of Milan. 60 After the extinction of the house of Swabia, they were banished beyond the Alps: and their last coronations betrayed the impotence and poverty of the Teutonic Caesars. 61
Under the reign of Adrian, when the empire extended from the Euphrates to the ocean, from Mount Atlas to the Grampian hills, a fanciful historian 62 amused the Romans with the picture of their ancient wars. "There was a time," says Florus, "when Tibur and Praeneste, our summer retreats, were the objects of hostile vows in the Capitol, when we dreaded the shades of the Arician groves, when we could triumph without a blush over the nameless villages of the Sabines and Latins, and even Corioli could afford a title not unworthy of a victorious general." The pride of his contemporaries was gratified by the contrast of the past and the present: they would have been humbled by the prospect of futurity; by the prediction, that after a thousand years, Rome, despoiled of empire, and contracted to her primaeval limits, would renew the same hostilities, on the same ground which was then decorated with her villas and gardens. The adjacent territory on either side of the Tyber was always claimed, and sometimes possessed, as the patrimony of St. Peter; but the barons assumed a lawless independence, and the cities too faithfully copied the revolt and discord of the metropolis. In the twelfth and thirteenth centuries the Romans incessantly labored to reduce or destroy the contumacious vassals of the church and senate; and if their headstrong and selfish ambition was moderated by the pope, he often encouraged their zeal by the alliance of his spiritual arms. Their warfare was that of the first consuls and dictators, who were taken from the plough. The assembled in arms at the foot of the Capitol; sallied from the gates, plundered or burnt the harvests of their neighbors, engaged in tumultuary conflict, and returned home after an expedition of fifteen or twenty days. Their sieges were tedious and unskilful: in the use of victory, they indulged the meaner passions of jealousy and revenge; and instead of adopting the valor, they trampled on the misfortunes, of their adversaries. The captives, in their shirts, with a rope round their necks, solicited their pardon: the fortifications, and even the buildings, of the rival cities, were demolished, and the inhabitants were scattered in the adjacent villages. It was thus that the seats of the cardinal bishops, Porto, Ostia, Albanum, Tusculum, Praeneste, and Tibur or Tivoli, were successively overthrown by the ferocious hostility of the Romans. 63 Of these, 64 Porto and Ostia, the two keys of the Tyber, are still vacant and desolate: the marshy and unwholesome banks are peopled with herds of buffaloes, and the river is lost to every purpose of navigation and trade. The hills, which afford a shady retirement from the autumnal heats, have again smiled with the blessings of peace; Frescati has arisen near the ruins of Tusculum; Tibur or Tivoli has resumed the honors of a city, 65 and the meaner towns of Albano and Palestrina are decorated with the villas of the cardinals and princes of Rome. In the work of destruction, the ambition of the Romans was often checked and repulsed by the neighboring cities and their allies: in the first siege of Tibur, they were driven from their camp; and the battles of Tusculum 66 and Viterbo 67 might be compared in their relative state to the memorable fields of Thrasymene and Cannae. In the first of these petty wars, thirty thousand Romans were overthrown by a thousand German horse, whom Frederic Barbarossa had detached to the relief of Tusculum: and if we number the slain at three, the prisoners at two, thousand, we shall embrace the most authentic and moderate account. Sixty- eight years afterwards they marched against Viterbo in the ecclesiastical state with the whole force of the city; by a rare coalition the Teutonic eagle was blended, in the adverse banners, with the keys of St. Peter; and the pope's auxiliaries were commanded by a count of Thoulouse and a bishop of Winchester. The Romans were discomfited with shame and slaughter: but the English prelate must have indulged the vanity of a pilgrim, if he multiplied their numbers to one hundred, and their loss in the field to thirty, thousand men. Had the policy of the senate and the discipline of the legions been restored with the Capitol, the divided condition of Italy would have offered the fairest opportunity of a second conquest. But in arms, the modern Romans were not above, and in arts, they were far below, the common level of the neighboring republics. Nor was their warlike spirit of any long continuance; after some irregular sallies, they subsided in the national apathy, in the neglect of military institutions, and in the disgraceful and dangerous use of foreign mercenaries.
Ambition is a weed of quick and early vegetation in the vineyard of Christ. Under the first Christian princes, the chair of St. Peter was disputed by the votes, the venality, the violence, of a popular election: the sanctuaries of Rome were polluted with blood; and, from the third to the twelfth century, the church was distracted by the mischief of frequent schisms. As long as the final appeal was determined by the civil magistrate, these mischiefs were transient and local: the merits were tried by equity or favor; nor could the unsuccessful competitor long disturb the triumph of his rival. But after the emperors had been divested of their prerogatives, after a maxim had been established that the vicar of Christ is amenable to no earthly tribunal, each vacancy of the holy see might involve Christendom in controversy and war. The claims of the cardinals and inferior clergy, of the nobles and people, were vague and litigious: the freedom of choice was overruled by the tumults of a city that no longer owned or obeyed a superior. On the decease of a pope, two factions proceeded in different churches to a double election: the number and weight of votes, the priority of time, the merit of the candidates, might balance each other: the most respectable of the clergy were divided; and the distant princes, who bowed before the spiritual throne, could not distinguish the spurious, from the legitimate, idol. The emperors were often the authors of the schism, from the political motive of opposing a friendly to a hostile pontiff; and each of the competitors was reduced to suffer the insults of his enemies, who were not awed by conscience, and to purchase the support of his adherents, who were instigated by avarice or ambition a peaceful and perpetual succession was ascertained by Alexander the Third, 68 who finally abolished the tumultuary votes of the clergy and people, and defined the right of election in the sole college of cardinals. 69 The three orders of bishops, priests, and deacons, were assimilated to each other by this important privilege; the parochial clergy of Rome obtained the first rank in the hierarchy: they were indifferently chosen among the nations of Christendom; and the possession of the richest benefices, of the most important bishoprics, was not incompatible with their title and office. The senators of the Catholic church, the coadjutors and legates of the supreme pontiff, were robed in purple, the symbol of martyrdom or royalty; they claimed a proud equality with kings; and their dignity was enhanced by the smallness of their number, which, till the reign of Leo the Tenth, seldom exceeded twenty or twenty-five persons. By this wise regulation, all doubt and scandal were removed, and the root of schism was so effectually destroyed, that in a period of six hundred years a double choice has only once divided the unity of the sacred college. But as the concurrence of two thirds of the votes had been made necessary, the election was often delayed by the private interest and passions of the cardinals; and while they prolonged their independent reign, the Christian world was left destitute of a head. A vacancy of almost three years had preceded the elevation of George the Tenth, who resolved to prevent the future abuse; and his bull, after some opposition, has been consecrated in the code of the canon law. 70 Nine days are allowed for the obsequies of the deceased pope, and the arrival of the absent cardinals; on the tenth, they are imprisoned, each with one domestic, in a common apartment or conclave, without any separation of walls or curtains: a small window is reserved for the introduction of necessaries; but the door is locked on both sides and guarded by the magistrates of the city, to seclude them from all correspondence with the world. If the election be not consummated in three days, the luxury of their table is contracted to a single dish at dinner and supper; and after the eighth day, they are reduced to a scanty allowance of bread, water, and wine. During the vacancy of the holy see, the cardinals are prohibited from touching the revenues, or assuming, unless in some rare emergency, the government of the church: all agreements and promises among the electors are formally annulled; and their integrity is fortified by their solemn oath and the prayers of the Catholics. Some articles of inconvenient or superfluous rigor have been gradually relaxed, but the principle of confinement is vigorous and entire: they are still urged, by the personal motives of health and freedom, to accelerate the moment of their deliverance; and the improvement of ballot or secret votes has wrapped the struggles of the conclave 71 in the silky veil of charity and politeness. 72 By these institutions the Romans were excluded from the election of their prince and bishop; and in the fever of wild and precarious liberty, they seemed insensible of the loss of this inestimable privilege. The emperor Lewis of Bavaria revived the example of the great Otho. After some negotiation with the magistrates, the Roman people were assembled 73 in the square before St. Peter's: the pope of Avignon, John the Twenty-second, was deposed: the choice of his successor was ratified by their consent and applause. They freely voted for a new law, that their bishop should never be absent more than three months in the year, and two days' journey from the city; and that if he neglected to return on the third summons, the public servant should be degraded and dismissed. 74 But Lewis forgot his own debility and the prejudices of the times: beyond the precincts of a German camp, his useless phantom was rejected; the Romans despised their own workmanship; the antipope implored the mercy of his lawful sovereign; 75 and the exclusive right of the cardinals was more firmly established by this unseasonable attack.
Had the election been always held in the Vatican, the rights of the senate and people would not have been violated with impunity. But the Romans forgot, and were forgotten. in the absence of the successors of Gregory the Seventh, who did not keep as a divine precept their ordinary residence in the city and diocese. The care of that diocese was less important than the government of the universal church; nor could the popes delight in a city in which their authority was always opposed, and their person was often endangered. From the persecution of the emperors, and the wars of Italy, they escaped beyond the Alps into the hospitable bosom of France; from the tumults of Rome they prudently withdrew to live and die in the more tranquil stations of Anagni, Perugia, Viterbo, and the adjacent cities. When the flock was offended or impoverished by the absence of the shepherd, they were recalled by a stern admonition, that St. Peter had fixed his chair, not in an obscure village, but in the capital of the world; by a ferocious menace, that the Romans would march in arms to destroy the place and people that should dare to afford them a retreat. They returned with timorous obedience; and were saluted with the account of a heavy debt, of all the losses which their desertion had occasioned, the hire of lodgings, the sale of provisions, and the various expenses of servants and strangers who attended the court. 76 After a short interval of peace, and perhaps of authority, they were again banished by new tumults, and again summoned by the imperious or respectful invitation of the senate. In these occasional retreats, the exiles and fugitives of the Vatican were seldom long, or far, distant from the metropolis; but in the beginning of the fourteenth century, the apostolic throne was transported, as it might seem forever, from the Tyber to the Rhone; and the cause of the transmigration may be deduced from the furious contest between Boniface the Eighth and the king of France. 77 The spiritual arms of excommunication and interdict were repulsed by the union of the three estates, and the privileges of the Gallican church; but the pope was not prepared against the carnal weapons which Philip the Fair had courage to employ. As the pope resided at Anagni, without the suspicion of danger, his palace and person were assaulted by three hundred horse, who had been secretly levied by William of Nogaret, a French minister, and Sciarra Colonna, of a noble but hostile family of Rome. The cardinals fled; the inhabitants of Anagni were seduced from their allegiance and gratitude; but the dauntless Boniface, unarmed and alone, seated himself in his chair, and awaited, like the conscript fathers of old, the swords of the Gauls. Nogaret, a foreign adversary, was content to execute the orders of his master: by the domestic enmity of Colonna, he was insulted with words and blows; and during a confinement of three days his life was threatened by the hardships which they inflicted on the obstinacy which they provoked. Their strange delay gave time and courage to the adherents of the church, who rescued him from sacrilegious violence; but his imperious soul was wounded in the vital part; and Boniface expired at Rome in a frenzy of rage and revenge. His memory is stained with the glaring vices of avarice and pride; nor has the courage of a martyr promoted this ecclesiastical champion to the honors of a saint; a magnanimous sinner, (say the chronicles of the times,) who entered like a fox, reigned like a lion, and died like a dog. He was succeeded by Benedict the Eleventh, the mildest of mankind. Yet he excommunicated the impious emissaries of Philip, and devoted the city and people of Anagni by a tremendous curse, whose effects are still visible to the eyes of superstition. 78
48 See the life and death of Brancaleone, in the Historia Major of Matthew Paris, p. 741, 757, 792, 797, 799, 810, 823, 833, 836, 840. The multitude of pilgrims and suitors connected Rome and St. Albans, and the resentment of the English clergy prompted them to rejoice when ever the popes were humbled and oppressed.
49 Matthew Paris thus ends his account: Caput vero ipsius Branca leonis in vase pretioso super marmoream columnam collocatum, in signum sui valoris et probitatis, quasi reliquias, superstitiose nimis et pompose sustulerunt. Fuerat enim superborum potentum et malefactorum urbis malleus et extirpator, et populi protector et defensor veritatis et justitiae imitator et amator, (p. 840.) A biographer of Innocent IV. (Muratori, Script. tom. iii. P. i. p. 591, 592) draws a less favorable portrait of this Ghibeline senator.
50 The election of Charles of Anjou to the office of perpetual senator of Rome is mentioned by the historians in the viiith volume of the Collection of Muratori, by Nicholas de Jamsilla, (p. 592,) the monk of Padua, (p. 724,) Sabas Malaspina, (l. ii. c. 9, p. 308,) and Ricordano Malespini, (c. 177, p. 999.)
51 The high-sounding bull of Nicholas III., which founds his temporal sovereignty on the donation of Constantine, is still extant; and as it has been inserted by Boniface VIII. in the Sexte of the Decretals, it must be received by the Catholics, or at least by the Papists, as a sacred and perpetual law.
52 I am indebted to Fleury (Hist. Eccles. tom. xviii. p. 306) for an extract of this Roman act, which he has taken from the Ecclesiastical Annals of Odericus Raynaldus, A.D. 1281, No. 14, 15
53 These letters and speeches are preserved by Otho bishop of Frisingen, (Fabric. Bibliot. Lat. Med. et Infim. tom. v. p. 186, 187,) perhaps the noblest of historians: he was son of Leopold marquis of Austria; his mother, Agnes, was daughter of the emperor Henry IV., and he was half- brother and uncle to Conrad III. and Frederic I. He has left, in seven books, a Chronicle of the Times; in two, the Gesta Frederici I., the last of which is inserted in the vith volume of Muratori's historians.
54 We desire (said the ignorant Romans) to restore the empire in um statum, quo fuit tempore Constantini et Justiniani, qui totum orbem vigore senatus et populi Romani suis tenuere manibus.
55 Otho Frising. de Gestis Frederici I. l. i. c. 28, p. 662 - 664.
56 Hospes eras, civem feci. Advena fuisti ex Transalpinis partibus principem constitui.
57 Non cessit nobis nudum imperium, virtute sua amictum venit, ornamenta sua secum traxit. Penes nos sunt consules tui, &c. Cicero or Livy would not have rejected these images, the eloquence of a Barbarian born and educated in the Hercynian forest.
58 Otho of Frisingen, who surely understood the language of the court and diet of Germany, speaks of the Franks in the xiith century as the reigning nation, (Proceres Franci, equites Franci, manus Francorum:) he adds, however, the epithet of Teutonici.
59 Otho Frising. de Gestis Frederici I., l. ii. c. 22, p. 720 - 733. These original and authentic acts I have translated and abridged with freedom, yet with fidelity.
60 From the Chronicles of Ricobaldo and Francis Pipin, Muratori (dissert. xxvi. tom. ii. p. 492) has translated this curious fact with the doggerel verses that accompanied the gift: -
Ave decus orbis, ave! victus tibi destinor, ave! Currus ab Augusto Frederico Caesare justo. Vae Mediolanum! jam sentis spernere vanum Imperii vires, proprias tibi tollere vires. Ergo triumphorum urbs potes memor esse priorum Quos tibi mittebant reges qui bella gerebant.
Ne si dee tacere (I now use the Italian Dissertations, tom. i. p. 444) che nell' anno 1727, una copia desso Caroccio in marmo dianzi ignoto si scopri, nel campidoglio, presso alle carcere di quel luogo, dove Sisto V. l'avea falto rinchiudere. Stava esso posto sopra quatro colonne di marmo fino colla sequente inscrizione, &c.; to the same purpose as the old inscription.
61 The decline of the Imperial arms and authority in Italy is related with impartial learning in the Annals of Muratori, (tom. x. xi. xii.;) and the reader may compare his narrative with the Histoires des Allemands (tom. iii. iv.) by Schmidt, who has deserved the esteem of his countrymen.
62 Tibur nunc suburbanum, et aestivae Praeneste deliciae, nuncupatia in Capitolio votis petebantur. The whole passage of Florus (l. i. c. 11) may be read with pleasure, and has deserved the praise of a man of genius, (Oeuvres de Montesquieu, tom. iii. p. 634, 635, quarto edition)
63 Ne a feritate Romanorum, sicut fuerant Hostienses, Portuenses, Tusculanenses, Albanenses, Labicenses, et nuper Tiburtini destruerentur, (Matthew Paris, p. 757.) These events are marked in the Annals and Index (the xviiith volume) of Muratori.
64 For the state or ruin of these suburban cities, the banks of the Tyber, &c., see the lively picture of the P. Labat, (Voyage en Espagne et en Italiae,) who had long resided in the neighborhood of Rome, and the more accurate description of which P. Eschinard (Roma, 1750, in octavo) has added to the topographical map of Cingolani.
65 Labat (tom. iii. p. 233) mentions a recent decree of the Roman government, which has severely mortified the pride and poverty of Tivoli: in civitate Tiburtina non vivitur civiliter.
66 I depart from my usual method, of quoting only by the date the Annals of Muratori, in consideration of the critical balance in which he has weighed nine contemporary writers who mention the battle of Tusculum, (tom. x. p. 42 - 44.)
67 Matthew Paris, p. 345. This bishop of Winchester was Peter de Rupibus, who occupied the see thirty-two years, (A.D. 1206 - 1238.) and is described, by the English historian, as a soldier and a statesman. (p. 178, 399.)
68 See Mosheim, Institut. Histor. Ecclesiast. p. 401, 403. Alexander himself had nearly been the victim of a contested election; and the doubtful merits of Innocent had only preponderated by the weight of genius and learning which St. Bernard cast into the scale, (see his life and writings.)
69 The origin, titles, importance, dress, precedency, &c., of the Roman cardinals, are very ably discussed by Thomassin, (Discipline de l'Eglise, tom. i. p. 1262 - 1287;) but their purple is now much faded. The sacred college was raised to the definite number of seventy-two, to represent, under his vicar, the disciples of Christ.
70 See the bull of Gregory X. approbante sacro concilio, in the Sexts of the Canon Law, (l. i. tit. 6, c. 3,) a supplement to the Decretals, which Boniface VIII. promulgated at Rome in 1298, and addressed in all the universities of Europe.
71 The genius of Cardinal de Retz had a right to paint a conclave, (of 1665,) in which he was a spectator and an actor, (Memoires, tom. iv. p. 15 - 57;) but I am at a loss to appreciate the knowledge or authority of an anonymous Italian, whose history (Conclavi de' Pontifici Romani, in 4to. 1667) has been continued since the reign of Alexander VII. The accidental form of the work furnishes a lesson, though not an antidote, to ambition. From a labyrinth of intrigues, we emerge to the adoration of the successful candidate; but the next page opens with his funeral.
72 The expressions of Cardinal de Retz are positive and picturesque: On y vecut toujours ensemble avec le meme respect, et la meme civilite que l'on observe dans le cabinet des rois, avec la meme politesse qu'on avoit dans la cour de Henri III., avec la meme familiarite que l'on voit dans les colleges; avec la meme modestie, qui se remarque dans les noviciats; et avec la meme charite, du moins en apparence, qui pourroit otre entre des freres parfaitement unis.
73 Richiesti per bando (says John Villani) sanatori di Roma, e 52 del popolo, et capitani de' 25, e consoli, (consoli?) et 13 buone huomini, uno per rione. Our knowledge is too imperfect to pronounce how much of this constitution was temporary, and how much ordinary and permanent. Yet it is faintly illustrated by the ancient statutes of Rome.
74 Villani (l. x. c. 68 - 71, in Muratori, Script. tom. xiii. p. 641 - 645) relates this law, and the whole transaction, with much less abhorrence than the prudent Muratori. Any one conversant with the darker ages must have observed how much the sense (I mean the nonsense) of superstition is fluctuating and inconsistent.
75 In the first volume of the Popes of Avignon, see the second original Life of John XXII. p. 142 - 145, the confession of the antipope p. 145 - 152, and the laborious notes of Baluze, p. 714, 715.
76 Romani autem non valentes nec volentes ultra suam celare cupiditatem gravissimam, contra papam movere coeperunt questionem, exigentes ab eo urgentissime omnia quae subierant per ejus absentiam damna et jacturas, videlicet in hispitiis locandis, in mercimoniis, in usuris, in redditibus, in provisionibus, et in aliis modis innumerabilibus. Quod cum audisset papa, praecordialiter ingemuit, et se comperiens muscipulatum, &c., Matt. Paris, p. 757. For the ordinary history of the popes, their life and death, their residence and absence, it is enough to refer to the ecclesiastical annalists, Spondanus and Fleury.
77 Besides the general historians of the church of Italy and of France, we possess a valuable treatise composed by a learned friend of Thuanus, which his last and best editors have published in the appendix (Histoire particuliere du grand Differend entre Boniface VIII et Philippe le Bel, par Pierre du Puis, tom. vii. P. xi. p. 61 - 82.)
78 It is difficult to know whether Labat (tom. iv. p. 53 - 57) be in jest or in earnest, when he supposes that Anagni still feels the weight of this curse, and that the cornfields, or vineyards, or olive-trees, are annually blasted by Nature, the obsequious handmaid of the popes.


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text:
Islets of Langerhans 2nd editionCover pagePosted by Md. Shahidul Islam Sat, October 18, 2014 21:49:59
- Comments(0)//isletbook.islets.se/#post5
The second edition of Islets of Langerhans has been published.
It includes fundamental background information as well as state of the art research.
It includes in depth and critical analysis of contemporary islet research
This book is a unique and thoughtful blend of critical background information and advances made in a multitude of areas of contemporary islet research.
It is an essential reference book, the first of its kind in many years, for professionals as well as for the beginners interested in the study of islet physiology and diabetes.
The book is unique in its breadth: it deals with anatomy, histology, ultra-structure, evolution and comparative anatomy, imaging, developmental biology, programming, apoptosis, mitochondrial function, metabolism, cellular signaling, electrophysiology, oscillation of hormone secretion, islets of model animals, immunology, proteomics, regenerative medicine, clinical advances, islet transplantation, and finally islet tumors. Individual chapters contributed by over a hundred experts and enthusiasts, not only provide a balanced view of the recent advances made in the respective fields, but also provide directions and thoughts for future research. Thanks to vivid and colorful illustrations, tables and sketches, the book as a whole, and the individual chapters make reading a pleasant experience.
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1415 pages, 49 chapters, 170 illustrations, 113 illustrations in color. Please click here to get your copy from Amazon.com


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In the vast San Francisco loft that Dropbox calls home, there's a Lego room, a life-size plastic shark, and a Golden Gate Bridge mosaic made from disassembled Rubik's Cubes. Chipper millennials who may or may not be worth millions of dollars zip by on scooters and Ripstiks. Coders dress in sneakers, untucked shirts, and ties, just to show how deeply they're submerged in their latest project. And if you wander into the cafeteria, you'll find a chef who once worked at Apple and Google.
There's even a music room, a glassed-in space that looks an awful lot like a recording studio. Ostensibly for "jamming" after a tough day of work, the room has long been a part of the Dropbox universe, and according to CEO Drew Houston, it gets upgraded each time the company moves offices, beefed up with real amps and instruments.
Houston is himself a musician, and he has an engineer's affection for musical hardware. "When I first got into guitar, I was terrible because I was just learning," he says. "But I had all the pedals."
And yet, since starting Dropbox in 2007, Houston and co-founder Arash Ferdowsi have taken the opposite approach to running their company. The pair set out to solve a simple, irritating problem and never got distracted. They didn't concern themselves with bells and whistles — or the equivalent of effects pedals. They focused on finding the most elegant way to sync files across devices, so you wouldn't have to email them to yourself. Instead of letting groovy digital stompboxes dazzle them, they practiced their scales and chords until they laid a seemingly unshakable foundation in the fundamentals.
The result is a product used by 175 million people — and a company valued at billions of dollars.
But after all that single-mindedness, Houston and Ferdowsi now want to let their baby sing. Today, at Dropbox's first-ever developers conference, the company is officially launching a new set of coding tools designed to push Dropbox into every corner of your digital life. Not content to stay sequestered inside the box, the company's co-founders are unveiling ways for developers to meld their service with every app on every device you own.
For the first five or so years of its existence, Dropbox was synonymous with its "magic folder." Save your files in the Dropbox folder on your computer, and they "magically" reappear in your Dropbox apps on your phone and tablet and in your Dropbox account on the web. Now, if developers take to the company's new tools, the service will escape the confines of this folder, fusing with third-party apps running on practically every computer and smartphone operating system.
Houston wants Dropbox to become the "spiritual successor to the hard drive." He says the hard drive needs to be replaced because so many of us are doing so much computing on devices that don't fit the traditional paradigm for working with files. Users don't interact with files on iOS, Android, or the web the way they do on PCs. Apps don't have "open" or "save" options that launch a separate window where you tap through a folder tree.
With its new Chooser and Saver options — the first of a planned family of features the company calls Drop-ins — developers can make Dropbox the "open" and "save" windows in their apps. (For now, the Chooser is available for iOS, Android, web, and mobile web. The Saver is just available for the web and mobile web to start, with other platforms to follow).
"Tom Cruise in Minority Report is not carrying around a thumb drive or logging into Gmail to pick up his attachment."—Dropbox CEO Drew Houston
For example, the much-hyped Mailbox email app — bought by Dropbox for a reported $100 million shortly after launching — will now be able to send attachments, which neither Apple's native iOS email app nor Google's iOS GMail app can do (except for photos, in the latter case). In the new version of Mailbox, tapping the paper clip icon at the bottom of the new message window opens a list of Dropbox files in the same way clicking the paper clip in the PC version of Gmail opens a window for browsing files. (Yahoo has already incorporated a version of the Chooser in the web version of its email app).
But Houston and company don't want to stop at files. In large part because mobile devices have spawned a less file-centric user experience, much of the data we generate and access doesn't have a separate life as a document. You don't play Angry Birds on your phone and then save your game as a ".ang" file. If Dropbox's gambit works, however, you will be able to pick up the game on your iPad where you left off playing on your Galaxy S4.
"Our dream is to be able to work across all of these walls," Houston says.
Dropbox may be in a unique position to do just that. For now, the company has no overarching obligations to Apple, Google, Facebook, or Microsoft. While pundits have recommended that some big tech company ought to snap up Dropbox while it's still relatively affordable, Dropbox is in a position where it can layer itself over competing operating systems while being beholden to none. Says Houston: "No engineer in Cupertino is thinking: 'How do I make this work with Android?'" Leave that thinking to Dropbox.
With something it calls Datastores, Dropbox says it's giving developers a way to make their apps truly cross-device and cross-platform. Datastores allow apps to write data about themselves into Dropbox from one device and read that data on another. At Dropbox's offices, developers showed Wired a simple drawing app they built as a proof-of-concept. When Ruchi Sanghvi, Dropbox's vice president of operations, drew a heart in the app on her iPad screen, the same heart appeared in near-realtime in a version of the app running on the web.
"Nobody talks of their content anymore as 'my files and folders,'" Sanghvi says. Instead, she says, we talk in terms of the content itself: photos, videos, music, games. Taken together, she says Datastores and Drop-ins transform Dropbox into a platform that enables a "pervasive data layer" — a way for all your digital stuff to follow you everywhere, regardless of device, operating system, or app.
"This is what's going to make the kinds of things like Minority Report possible," she says.
Of course, pervasive data in Minority Report powered a dystopian police state and creepily personalized advertising. But Sanghvi — who oversaw the development of Facebook's platform for third-party developers as the social network's first female engineer — says the company has no plans to leverage users' content.
"We essentially let users do what they want with their data wherever they want, however they want it. It's theirs," she says.
In Sanghvi's vision, Dropbox makes our data more ours than ever before. Take, say, an app for calorie-counting or keeping a to-do list. Today, the data generated in those apps tends to sit in isolation, cut off from the wider world beyond the app itself. Datastores give that data a home-away-from-home in Dropbox that the company says will provide a new measure of portability.
Sanghvi imagines a future in which users could extract the information housed in Datastores from, for example, a fitness-tracking app, combine that with data from a healthcare app, and hand the result to a doctor. In this scenario, Dropbox doesn't just free apps from iOS- or Android-dependence. Instead of just letting you work on that spreadsheet from your office desktop at home on your iPad, Dropbox becomes a data liberator, a transparency tool that finally makes your personal, app-specific information independent.
Whether Dropbox realizes its dream of trans-app ubiquity depends on how well the company can sell developers on the power and possibilities of these new options. Every Dropboxer I asked insists that even the Apple borg isn't likely to block the kind of cross-platform utopia Dropbox envisions. The technical roadblocks would be complex to engineer, since the new Dropbox features operate purely on the app level, they say. Hindering harmony between iOS and Android would require hobbling Dropbox on iOS itself, which seems not worth the alienation.
"People are using these platforms to share and collaborate. They're going to need tools to do that," says Ferdowsi. "If Apple is going to ban tools that allow you to collaborate outside the ecosystem, I think that would end up hurting Apple."
In the meantime, Dropbox isn't satisfied to stay a handmaiden to other technologies, or other technology companies. Though employing only about 130 engineers, Houston and Ferdowsi have assembled a formidable technical team. The roster includes veterans of the key potential frenemies: Google, Facebook, Amazon, Apple, Microsoft. The inventor of the Python programming language works there.
Also, along with Sanghvi, who was acqui-hired when Dropbox bought her startup, Cove, her co-founder and fellow early-Facebooker also joined the company. Aditya Agarwal, vice president of engineering at Dropbox, was formerly the director of engineering at Facebook. When Agarwal joined, the whole company consisted of Mark Zuckerberg and about four or five other engineers. During Agarwal's time at Facebook, the number of users on the social network increased at least 100-fold, to more than a half-billion users. Agarwal says he decided to join Dropbox because he wanted to be a part of the next thing that he believed had the potential to become as big as Facebook. He wanted to be a part of the next billion-user platform. So he asked himself: "Do one billion people need this?"
The time is near when the "pervasive data layer" becomes an expected part of the fabric of everyday life.
He believes they do, and that Dropbox has the chops to embrace them all. "I hope our product is strong enough that everyone in the world will want to use it," Agarwal says.
But what happens if they do? What does Dropbox become if it transforms into what Drew Houston calls the "fabric that ties your stuff together"? What's in it for Dropbox?
To hear the founders tell it, the plan is refreshingly simple and easy to understand for a Silicon Valley striver. The more places Dropbox touches people, the more people will put stuff in their Dropboxes. And the more stuff you put in Dropbox, the more you come to rely on your pervasive data — the more likely you are to pay for more space. Dropbox doesn't say how many of its 175 million users are paying customers, though the company does say those users add 1 billion files to the service every day. Some of those people will need more space.
Still, storage is becoming ever-cheaper. To become the default place you put your stuff, Dropbox knows it has to be first and best. This means doing more than just storage. Becoming the default platform for every digital thing we make and consume isn't just an idealistic vision of the future. It's a business necessity.
"Tom Cruise in Minority Report is not carrying around a thumb drive or logging into Gmail to pick up his attachment," Houston says. The time is near, he believes, when the "pervasive data layer" becomes an expected part of the fabric of everyday life. It's just a question of which company builds the best loom for weaving that virtual tapestry. "It's going to work this way in the future. Why not us?"
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text:
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text:
March 28, 2007 -- Adding antidepressants to mood-stabilizing drugs may not help -- or hurt -- the treatment of bipolar depression, the depressive phase of bipolar disorder.
Researchers report that news online in The New England Journal of Medicine. They included Gary Sachs, MD, of Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School.
The study's results "indicate that careful management of mood-stabilizer medications is a reasonable alternative to adding antidepressant medication for treating bipolar depression," Sachs says in a news release from the National Institute of Mental Health.
Bipolar Depression Study
The study included 366 bipolar depression patients at 22 centers across the U.S.
First, the researchers made sure all of the patients were taking appropriate doses of mood-stabilizing drugs such as lithium. Next, they split the patients into two groups.
One group received an inactive sugar pill (placebo) in addition to their mood-stabilizing drugs.
Patients in the other group received one of two antidepressants -- paroxetine or bupropion -- along with the mood-stabilizing drugs.
Paroxetine is sold generically and under the brand name Paxil. Bupropion is sold generically and under the brand name Wellbutrin XL. The study doesn't specify whether the generic or brand-name versions were used.
Paroxetine and bupropion are commonly used with mood stabilizers to treat bipolar depression, but the FDA hasn't approved any antidepressant to treat the disorder, note Sachs and colleagues.
Both patient groups took their assigned drugs for up to 26 weeks.
During that time, the researchers counted how many in each group had eight consecutive weeks without major mood swings.
No Advantage Seen With Antidepressants
Adding antidepressants to the mood-stabilizing drugs didn't appear to affect the results.
About 23% of the antidepressant group met the study's benchmark (eight consecutive weeks without major mood swings), compared with 27% of the placebo group.
The difference was so small that it was not significant, the researchers note. They found no advantage for either antidepressant over a placebo.
However, the antidepressant group also had no more side effects or manic episodes than the group taking a placebo, the study shows.
'Surprising' Results
The findings "come as a surprise," since European studies have supported antidepressants' efficacy in treating bipolar depression, says an online editorial in The New England Journal of Medicine written by R.H. Belmaker, MD. Belmaker works at Ben Gurion University and Beersheva Mental Health Center in Beersheva, Israel.
Further studies are needed to see if some antidepressants are more helpful than others in treating bipolar depression, Belmaker says.
Sachs and colleagues also call for more research, especially long-term studies since their study was relatively short.
The study was funded by the National Institute of Mental Health. In the journal, Sachs and colleagues note financial ties to various drug companies; Belmaker says he has no potential conflicts of interest.
The study and editorial appear in the journal's "Online First" edition and will be published in its print edition on April 26.


text: James Kent was a two-sport star at Boston State College, making his mark as a football and lacrosse player. The offensive guard was a four-time New England Football Conference All-Star selection and an All-America Honorable Mention during his four-year career from 1971-74. He captained the 1974 squad to the NEFC championship, while being named the Warriors' Most Valuable Player as a senior. His athletic prowess wasn't limited to the gridiron, however, as he enjoyed a stellar senior campaign on the lacrosse field, earning All-Conference honors as well as team MVP accolades, while guiding Boston State as its captain. Following his playing career, the 1975 BSC graduate returned to the Warriors' football program patrolling the sidelines as an assistant coach for eight years, including Boston State's 1978 New England Football Conference championship run. Kent made the transition to UMass Boston as the Beacons Head Football Coach from 1984-93, overseeing UMass Boston's ascension from a club team to a varsity program during his tenure. He mentored the 1987 club team to an undefeated season and was honored as Coach of the Year in 1987 and 1989. His 1990 squad established itself as a significant force in the NEFC, setting 36 conference records and four NCAA standards, while finishing the season with a 5-4 mark.


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Avoid Overspending During the Holidays
Experts weigh in on common holiday-spending snafus, what to do about them and how to get ahead in the new year.
It's a cruel truth of monetary timing that the holidays fall at the end of the year—just in time to torpedo your annual budget. Family parties, gifts for your kids' teachers and seemingly endless shopping can result in huge bills. But careful strategizing can keep your spending out of the stratosphere. Here, the experts weigh in on common snafus, what to do about them and how to get ahead in the new year.
Mistake 1: Waiting until the last minute. Sprint around the mall in a procrastinator's panic and you'll spend twice as much as you intended. Think of early as the new black: Retailers want to be the first to get your money, and hitting those November sales means no springing for express shipping.
Mistake 2: Paying with plastic. People spend more when they use credit cards than when they're purchasing with cash. "You can't screw up if you only withdraw the amount you have available," says Mary Hunt, author of Debt-Proof the Holidays (DPL Press).
Mistake 3: NOT searching for coupon codes. Online shopping is great, but look for promotional codes before clicking "buy." Type a site's name and "coupon code" or "promo code" into a search engine. Bargainist.com and RetailMeNot.com, for example, list deals on free shipping and discounts. Also consider using cash-back portals such as ShopAtHome.com or Ebates.com, which reward you for ordering from certain stores, says Kelly Hancock, author of Saving Savvy (Worthy).
Mistake 4: Forgoing a list or budget. Heading to the mall without a list of giftees or a spending limit tempts budget-busting fate—it's too easy to grab just one more thing. Set a maximum amount per person or an overall budget for everyone, then stick to it. That includes stocking stuffers, so don't get waylaid by cutesy items near the checkout, says Hancock. Remember to factor in shipping costs if you're mailing gifts.
Mistake 5: Spending the same on each kid. Troubled by the thought of seeming to favor one sibling over another? Don't be. "Explain to your kids that they get what they need most," says Megan Poore, a financial planner in Austin, Texas. "And if what they need now happens to be more or less expensive than what their sibling needs, that's okay." Then resist rounding out your list with meaningless tchotchkes to make up a small difference.
Mistake 6: Purchasing individual items. "Choosing gifts one by one is more time-consuming and expensive than buying sets that can be divided," says Stephanie Ann, author of The Cheap Diva's Guide to Frugal and Fabulous Living (BookLocker.com). Buy a collection of ceramic bowls and fill them with baked goods, for example, or pick up a set of candles to split among your kids' teachers. Use mugs to package tea, cocoa or ground coffee. Wine is also available (and discounted) by the case—and makes a nice hostess gift.
Mistake 7: Buying all your presents. A handmade treat lets the recipient know you thought of her, and it usually costs less than something from a store. Consider giving homemade granola, a tin of cookies or spiced pumpkin bread. "In surveys we ask people if they prefer purchased gifts or something homemade, and homemade always comes out ahead," Hunt says.
Mistake 8: Overlooking entertaining costs. If you throw an annual holiday party, stock up on the basics early. Watch for sales on items you can freeze or keep in your pantry, such as canned pumpkin, frozen rolls and meat. "I always serve pork tenderloin over the holidays," Hancock says. "So by November, I'm already looking for specials." Also consider borrowing holiday-themed decor. "You don't need a matching set of everything," says Lisa Reynolds of the savings site RedPlum.com. "If you have 10 reindeer plates and your friend has 10 snowflake plates, you're all set."
Your Holiday Spending Plan for the Coming Year
Planning can make a world of difference to your holiday budget. Begin now for next year to avoid buyer's remorse.
Start saving in January. If you set aside $50 a month, you'll have nearly $600 to spend in December—without whipping out your credit cards. "We used to call that a Christmas club," says Mary Hunt, author of Debt-Proof the Holidays (DPL Press). Open an interest-earning savings account (find one at Bankrate.com) and have the money automatically transferred out of your checking account every payday. Start with $20 or $25 each cycle. (Just don't forget about it in December!)
Keep track of gift ideas. "I have a list on my phone of people for whom I buy gifts, and when inspiration comes to me—whether it's in January or June—I make a note of it," says Megan Poore, a financial planner in Austin, Texas. "Then when it's November or December, I actually know what I want to buy." Having recipients in mind throughout the year also comes in handy when you happen upon a great spring sale, for example.
Resist shopping the post-holiday sales (unless it works for you). Some people think they'll save by buying next year's supplies during this year's end-of-season blowouts. Not always true. "I can't anticipate what I'll want next year," says Hunt. "Invariably I buy stuff I don't use or don't like, and worst of all, I can't recall where I put it." If you can reliably select holiday cards or an on-clearance gift for your aunt ahead of time—and keep track of everything—the year-end sales may save you money. Otherwise, skip them.
Originally published in the November 29th, 2011, issue of Family Circle magazine.


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The only daughter(biological flesh and blood) of John f Howell.
John f Howell was the principal engineer of the Pinellas Plant
He was traveling to Oak Ridge,Ge Milwaukee,Ge Largo,Rocky Flats,Pantex,Los Alamos,Sandia National Lab for 40 years.
John f Howell has nine patents to his name.
John f Howell only kids(flesh and blood)are jeffory john Howell,James David Howell,Kathy Hoffman.
Jane Howell is the mother of Kathy,jeff and James David.
Jane Howell died in 1980.
John Howell died in 1995.


text:
Keystone Resort cancels Friday night skiing, dining due to weather
Keystone Resort announced today that evening on-mountain operations for Friday, Jan. 10, have been canceled due to high winds, freezing temperatures and wind-chill factors well below zero.
Lifts are scheduled to operate until 4 p.m. Friday. No mountaintop dining at the Alpenglow Stube or Der Fondue Chessel will take place this evening. On-mountain activities, including tubing, ski biking and the Kidtopia snowfort, also will close at 4 p.m.
Dining options across the Keystone Village, including Bighorn Steakhouse, Black Bear Grill, Luigi's pasta house and Kickapoo Tavern, will be open for dinner service. Guests can also enjoy alternative outdoor activities, such as the Lakeside and Dercum Square ice rinks.
Mountain operations are expected to resume on schedule Saturday, Jan. 11, with night-skiing operations scheduled until 8 p.m. and the terrain park remaining open until 6 p.m., plus regular dinner service at the resort's two signature mountaintop locations. Resort operations teams will continue to evaluate forecasts throughout the day Saturday and will make an announcement regarding any necessary changes as dictated by the weather.
Guest questions may be directed to the guest services desk at (970) 496-4587.
Start a dialogue, stay on topic and be civil.
If you don't follow the rules, your comment may be deleted.


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In Munich there is so much more than just the Oktoberfest or Lederhosen. The beautiful bavarian capital has much more to offer. A mixture of exclusive shopping, art, culture, indulgence and tradition makes this city unmistakable. Moreover, Germany's most cheerful residents live here.
1 Euro, € = 100 cents
110 Police
112 Fire brigade, Ambulance
Süddeutsche Zeitung
Münchner Merkur
Prinz (events)
Prinz (events)
Department stores and large shops are open from about 10am to 8pm Monday to Friday. Saturdays from 10am to 6pm (larger ones until 8pm). Grocery shops often open from 7am. The shops are closed on Sundays. A small selection of food is available in garages, at the central station and also at the airport.
1.5 million
City Hall (Rathaus)
Address: Marienplatz 2, 80331 Munich
Opening hours: Mon-Fri 9:30am-7:30pm,
Sat 9am-4pm,
Sun + public holidays 10am-2pm
Grand Central Station
Address: Bahnhofplatz 2, 80335 Munich
Opening hours: Mon-Sat 9am-8pm,
Sun + public holidays 10am-6pm
In Munich, it's the mix that makes the message. Old meets new, past meets present and future, the modern blends harmoniously with the traditional, bits and bytes with beer, business and leisure. For the visitor, there is never any shortage of sights to see or activities to engage in.
The Bavarian Metropolis with its 1.5 million inhabitants lies virtually at the centre of Europe.
Munich's origin goes back to an early settlement of monks from the Tegernsee Monastery which was called "ad Munichen" (the monks' home).
The situation leading to its later growth was treated by an act of violence of Henry the Lion, Duke of Bavaria from the House of Guelph. At that time the salt transports coming from Reichenhall and Hallein had to go over a bridge spanning the Isar River at Föhring north of Munich. The bridge passage was accompanied by a toll, and this traffic brought considerable revenue to the Bishop of Freising in whose territory Föhring was located. Henry the Lion had this bridge destroyed forcing the salt transports to use his new bridge a few miles upstream in ducal territory. On June 14, 1158, the new bridge, the market, the customs office and the mint at "Munichen" were approved by imperial decree thus in one fell swoop the monastic settlement assumed a completely different function. The rapidly prospering town was selected by the ruling family of the Wittelsbach in the middle of the 13th century as its Residence due to a territorial split and in 1294 it was granted a new municipal charter. During the reign of Emperor Ludwig the Bavarian – of the Wittelsbach family – the city extended its walls six fold and in 1504 it finally became the capital of the reunited Duchy of Bavaria. Under the 700 years of Wittelsbach reign as dukes, electors and kings Munich attained increasingly the reputation of being a European centre of culture.
Year after year, Munich takes gold in German city rankings. When asked where they would prefer to live, most Germans say Munich. The reason is simple: a magic combination of a vigorous economy and top-notch leisure time activities and outstanding cultural offerings.
Munich has come to be associated with the Oktoberfest, the Hofbräuhaus, the Olympic grounds and the Fasching carnival. However, Munich also has an international reputation as a metropolis of both, art and culture. Its music scene ranges from classical to jazz and pop and the many museums display impressive collections.
BMW Welt
MUCA Museum of Urban and Contemporary Art
ESO Supernova Planetarium
Hi- Sky Munich
Hey Minga
Alte Pinakothek
Pinakothek der Moderne
Museum Brandhorst
Haus der Kunst
BMW Museum
Allianz Arena & FC Bayern Experience Centre
Schloss Nymphenburg
Die Residenz
Deutsches Museum
NS Documentation Center (NS Dokumentationszentrum)
Olympiapark München
Bier- und Oktoberfest Museum
Neues Rathaus and Glockenspiel
Tierpark Hellabrunn (Munich's Zoo)
Altes Rathaus
Alter Peter (Peterskirche)
Englischer Garten
Munich offers a large selection of events when it comes to art, music, sports and traditional "fests" (parties). We have listed some important events below, but you can find more on:
Schwabing Christmas Market
Pink Christmas Market
Tollwood Winter Festival
Christmas Market at Marienplatz
Perhaps most people associate Munich with beer and there certainly are a lot of breweries and beer halls in the city. But don't miss Munich's classic high-calorie everyday cooking! Haxe is knuckle of pork and it tastes good together with sauerkraut and "Knoedel" (dumplings). We also recommend apple strudel and custard or a Dampfnudel (a kind of cream bun with chocolate or vanilla custard) for dessert.
35 milli(m)eter
Paulaner am Nockerberg
Nürnberger Bratwurst Glöckl am Dom
Das Weinheim
Savoy Schwabing
Aloha Poke
Schwarzreiter Tagesbar & Restaurant
Königlicher Hirschgarten
Park Café
Waldwirtschaft Großhesselohe
Paulaner im Tal
Käfer Café Kunsthalle
The café culture in Munich is rather exclusive. Particularly if you stick to the area around Marienplatz and Odeonsplatz. Most cafés are open from 10am and serve breakfast as well as warm meals.
Café am Beethovenplatz
Café Marais
Hard Rock Café Munich
Café Glockenspiel
Schmalznudel - Cafe Frischhut
Cotidiano - The Bakery Restaurant
Café Rischart
Café Fräulein
FORUM Restaurant - Café - Bar
Café Luitpold
Mary's Coffee Club
Aroma Kaffebar
Café Lotti
Two in one store and coffee
Café Schneewittchen
Football celebrities, musicians and media elite, Munich's nightlife is swarming with celebrities. The city offers a large selection of very trendy bars & nightclubs.
Falk's Bar
Schumann's Bar (near Hofgarten)
Cafe Cord
Harry Klein
089 Bar
Weinbar Griabig
Kilians Irish Pub
Ksar Barclub
Mister B.'s
Für Freunde
Cafe Kosmos
Gärtnerplatzviertel (Gärtnerplatz district)
NV Club
Call me Drella
Frisches Bier
Weinbar Griabig
No city break is complete without a good long stroll through the shops. Munich offers absolutely ideal conditions for a great big splurge: haute couture in the Maximilianstrasse, Theatinerstrasse, Residenzstrasse and Brienner Strasse, department and chain stores in the pedestrian precinct, trendy and flamboyant clothes between many galleries in such town districts as the Gärtnerplatz and Glockenbach area, Haidhausen or Schwabing, Bavarian local costumes, handicrafts and souvenirs in specialist shops, delicacies from all over the world at Dallmayr's or Käfer's, the leading delicatessens in Europe, or at the Victuals Market in the heart of the city. Another typical feature of Munich is the number of small shops that concentrate on a few articles, for example, umbrellas, felt, gloves, candles or wood carvings, and which are still to be found in the centre of town.
Munich's ultra-chic shopping area additionally covers Perusastrasse, Residenzstrasse, Brienner Strasse and Odeonsplatz. You will discover gems in the shop belonging to the Nymphenburg Porcelain factory (Odeonsplatz 1), which has been based in Munich for over 250 years. In the district of purveyors to the court, where not only the Bavarian king was a customer, you can go on a regal shopping expedition – from porcelain, jewellery and select delicacies to high-quality shoes and clothing.
The recently opened "Maximilianshöfe" – Maximilian's court yards - will also carry you off into the world of international design. You can take a break from shopping in the columned hall of the former "Marstall" – the royal stables, as a new restaurant has been established in the classified historical building.
Outside the old town centre, for example in Schwabing, Haidhausen, around the Gärtnerplatz and in the Glockenbach area, the shops – and the customers – are quite obviously more unconventional. The Gärtnerplatz and the Glockenbach district are also ideal shopping areas for gays and lesbians. Shop ateliers, boutiques and concept stores, with many cafés and bars in between that are open during the day, invite you to go shopping, to look and enjoy yourself.
Bargain-hunters are in their element at flea markets and designer outlets, or they amuse themselves in search of curiosities and crockery, junk and antiques at an old Munich institution, the street market-cum-funfair called the Auer Dult (in May, July/August and October).
Stachus Passagen: surprisingly stylish and central
The Pedestrian Area
Alter Hof / Platzl
Viktualienmarkt / victuals market
Sendlinger Straße / im Tal
Fünf Höfe
Leonardo Royal Hotel Munich
Hotel Excelsior
anna hotel by Geisel
Bayerischer Hof
Hotel Vier Jahreszeiten Kempinski
Hotel Müller München
Motel One
Haus International
Mandarin Oriental
Hotel am Platzl
Kings Hotel
A&O Hostels
Munich Airport (MUC) is about 40 kilometres north of the city. The quickest way to get there is by commuter train (S8 or S1), which take respectively 41 and 35 minutes from Hauptbahnhof. S1 starts running at 03.45 and there is one train every twenty minutes until 23.25. S8 starts its first journey at 03.18 and runs every twenty minutes until 00.38.
The Airport-City bus runs every twenty minutes from Hauptbahnhof (Busbahnhof, Arnulfstr.) and takes just over 40 minutes. Please notice, as the bus route goes via the Autobahn, there is heavy traffic every afternoon and it may take up to 2 hours to get to and from the airport. The first bus from the city centre leaves at 05.10 and the last one is at 19.50. Departures commence from MUC at 06.20 (start Terminal 2) and operates until 21.40. A taxi costs about € 60.
Website: www.munich-airport.de
More Information:
Internet café
Coffee Fellows
Adress: Schützenstr. 14, 80335 Munich
Tel: +49 89 59 94 68 18
More Information:
Tourist information
The tourist information at the town hall and the central station arrange hotel rooms, book city tours or give out city plans.
Address: Marienplatz 8 or Bahnhofsplatz 2
Website: https://www.muenchen.de/rathaus/home_en/Tourist-Office/Service/Tourist-Info.html
More Information:
M-WLAN: Free WiFi at Munich open spaces
M-WLAN is for residents and tourists - or simply for anyone with a mobile internet device. It's for free and it's fairly easy to use at many well-visited places - for example Marienplatz, Odeonsplatz, Stachus or Münchner Freiheit. Just accept the terms of service (TOS) and go. You don't even have to register. You can simple surf the internet for one hour before you're automatically logged off. If you want to browse a couple of more pages - no problem. Just log right back into M-WLAN.
More Information:
Rental bicycles
For 8 cents / minute you can discover Munich by bicycle. 1200 bicycles are available at central locations. To use them, you have to download the cost-free app "MVG more" and register once.
More Information:
Public Transport
There is a large network of underground, commuter trains and buses centered around Marienplatz and Karlsplatz/Stachus. It functions excellently in the inner city and is considerably easier than trying to get around by car. A day pass for the entire MVV network (Münchner Verkehrs- und Tarifverbund) costs € 13,00 and for the central city zone € 6,70. The "Munich City Tour Card" for € 12,90 gives you reductions in some hotels, shops and museums and is valid as a ticket for unlimited travel in the inner city.
Phone: +49 89 41 42 43 44
Website: www.mvv-muenchen.de
More Information:
All registered taxi drivers have a numbered identity card on display for passengers.
Taxi München eG.
+49 89 216 10
+49 89 45 05 40
More Information:
Stamps can be purchased from vending machines and in post offices, as well as in some kiosks. The main post office is on:
Address: Bahnhofplatz 1
More Information:
Country code: +49
Area code: (0)89
More Information:
220 volts
More Information:


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Even though Madonna doesn't really give a fuck, a Russian court dismissed a Trade Union of Russian Citizens' lawsuit alleging that the singer "traumatized" hordes of gyrating, screaming young people by speaking up for gay rights during a concert in St. Petersburg.
The city had made it illegal to "promote" homosexuality to minors in February, but six months later, Madonna was on stage diligently recruiting her global homsexual army. Bigoted Russians, predictably, panicked, and filed a 333 million ruble ($10.7 million) lawsuit against Madonna for exposing minors to "homosexual propaganda." Cooler heads prevailed in the Russian legal system, and, though Madonna did not deign attend her own trial and will not so much as comment on it, waved the Trade Union's lawsuit away, presumably with a flourish of the hand. I'm thinking that a Russian courtroom scene might be a good setting for Madonna's next video, which will begin with Judge Madonna dismissing the lawsuit and her dancers vogueing all the Russian theocrats out of the courthouse.
Lawsuit against Madonna dismissed in Russia [AP via Yahoo!]


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SYDNEY (Reuters) - Australia's first outbreak of a highly pathogenic bird flu virus in 15 years should be contained by a cull of 50,000 chickens, authorities said on Friday, although they do not know what caused the case at an egg farm in New South Wales state.
The Department of Primary Industries (DPI) said all chickens at the property in Maitland, 160 km (100 miles) north of Sydney, will be destroyed after the H7 virus was detected last week.
The H7 strain is highly pathogenic to birds but is not related to the H5N1 strain, which was first detected in 1997 in Hong Kong and has since caused hundreds of human deaths.
DPI Chief Veterinary Officer Ian Roth said the strain did not present any risks to food safety from poultry and eggs.
The owners of the infected farm have been quarantined as experts try to find the source of the virus, often wild birds.
"It generally spreads by the movement of birds from the farm and there certainly hasn't been any of those," Roth told Australian Broadcasting Corporation radio.
"We're in the process now of doing the tracing and also surveillance in the area, and so far the tracing looks quite good. There hasn't been much potential for spread," he said.
Australia's agriculture ministry reported the outbreak to the Paris-based animal health body OIE on Thursday.
Australia's Chicken Meat Federation said the industry produced around 1.12 million tonnes a year, worth around A$1.9 billion, with most used domestically and only around 5 percent exported.
Japan banned the import of poultry and eggs from Australia after the outbreak, the country's Ministry of Agriculture said in a statement late on Thursday.
Japan imported 0.9 tonnes of meat in 2011 and 1.9 tonnes in the two years before. Imports of eggs totaled 2.1 tonnes in the three years through last year. Japan is asking Australian authorities to provide more details about the outbreak, the statement said.
Chicken Meat Federation executive director Andreas Dubs said most exports were for pet food, while chicken feet were exported to some countries where they are eaten by humans.
The Australian government's official commodities forecaster expects about 41,000 tonnes of chicken to be exported in the financial year to June 30, 2013.
Major export destinations are Hong Kong, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, Vietnam and South Africa. Producers typically earn about A$1 ($1.03) per kilogram for chicken products.
Many countries, including Japan, have automatic measures to stop imports when there is an outbreak of avian influenza (AI) and they will be in discussions with Australian authorities to check if the outbreak is contained and exports can be restored.
"It is a fairly normal thing for countries, when you have an outbreak of AI, a number of countries have requirements that you are free of AI," Dubs said. "It is a short-term reaction. It is not really a longer-term concern for us."
South Korea, which imported 5.2 tonnes of Australian poultry last year, is conducting a review, an official said.
"The ministry is discussing whether to ban Australian poultry imports, though the volume is minimal. After reviewing the issue, we'll take appropriate safety and sanitary measures," said Chang Jae-hong, an official from the quarantine policy division at the South Korean agriculture ministry.
Hong Kong hasn't issued a ban on imports. China's quarantine bureau also has not issued a ban, but analysts said China is not a major poultry importer from Australia.
Australia faced an outbreak of a bird flu in February that led to a ban on Australian exports of poultry products to Japan, but that was not a highly pathogenic virus.
Most avian influenza viruses do not cause disease in humans. At least one type of H7 strain, the H7N7 subtype, can infect people and even kill, but the impact on humans usually tends to be mild, the World Health Organization said. ($1 = 0.9683 Australian dollars)
Reporting by Sybille de La Hamaide and Gus Trompiz in PARIS, Jane Wardell in SYDNEY, James Grubel in CANBERRA, Risa Maeda in TOKYO, Anne-Marie Roantree in HONG KONG, Jane Chung in SEOUL and Niu Shuping in BEIJING; Editing by Brian Love, John Mair, Aaron Sheldrick and Paul Tait


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Showing resources in...INDUSTRY Contract Services Clear All Filters
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October 29, 2009, 1:29 pm
Gardening for Facebook geeks
If only I'd known growing food was so easy: the FarmVille app on Facebook is apparently the new digital hangout, according to the New York Times. It's taking college kids away from their books and husbands away from their pregnant wives. All because they've gotta harvest their virtual soybeans.
No dirt, no bugs, no broken fingernails, no rotator-cuff injuries.
Of course, you can't tear up your FarmVille swiss chard and make a frittata out of it. But that's the only drawback I'm seeing.
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SAN FRANCISCO, Oct. 31 (UPI) -- The University of California will offer $5 million to help students in the country illegally pay college tuition, university President Janet Napolitano said.
"Let me be clear: UC welcomes all students who qualify academically, whether they are documented or undocumented," the former homeland security secretary said in a speech to the Commonwealth Club of California.
"Consider this a down payment -- one more piece of evidence of our commitment to all Californians. UC will continue to be a vehicle for social mobility," she told the audience of more than 500 Wednesday night.
Napolitano has encountered protests since she started her university job Sept. 30, with critics pointing to an increase in deportations while she ran the Department of Homeland Security under the Obama administration.
"I am setting aside $5 million -- right now, for this year -- to support these students with resources like trained advisers, student service centers and financial aid," she said.
The advisers on each of the public university system's 10 campuses will provide guidance on matters ranging from how to pursue legal U.S. residency to applying to graduate school, Napolitano said.
"They do merit special attention," she said of immigrant students. "Oftentimes, they are from families who are very poor and first-generation, so have no one out there to talk to them about student life."
Napolitano said she would also make $10 million available to support graduate and post-doctoral researchers.
Because of legislation signed by Gov. Jerry Brown two years ago, students at California's public colleges and universities who entered the country illegally as children can receive state and campus-based financial aid.
But those immigrants -- known colloquially "dreamers" after the stalled U.S. DREAM Act that would give permanent residency to certain young people who serve in the military or go to college for at least two years -- remain ineligible for federal loans and grants.
About 900 of the University of California's 230,000 students are thought to be "dreamers," university spokeswoman Dianne Klein told the Los Angeles Times.
The money for financial aid and graduate studies will come from discretionary accounts and not from tuition or the university's state-funded operating budget, Klein said.


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Censational Girl – DIY staircase
Stairs at Benetton's Oxford Circus store
Henna party with DesignAmour
Whether your staircase is the first thing your guests see when they enter your home or it's the staircase going down to your basement, nondescript should not come to mind. I wish I would have seen these staircases before I carpeted (yawn) my stairs. Oh well, a girl can dream can't she?
Make certain you check out the Censational Girl link. Her "before" is like so many Minnesota stairways; nothing really wrong or bad with her staircase, but a little DIY magic and her stairway is making a huge statement.
Door Sixteen offers up more inspiring staircase images in this post if you need more inspiration.


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I have one more anime figure to upload and she is from a show called Sugar Sugar Rune. I will be uploading a lesson on the main figure from the anime and or manga. Here is "how to draw Chocolat", step by step. I'm not going to make believe that I know what the series is about, so I had to actually read up a little to find out the story line. The series follows two best friends named Chocolat Meilleure and Vanilla Mieux. They are a couple of young witches that travel around in Magical World. They journey out into the world to find human boys so they can collect their human hearts. They do this because they where chosen as a pair to compete in a contest. Things soon take on a different meaning and as the story progresses, Chocolate and her best friend Vanilla must find a way to remain friends through the turbulence and struggles put on them from competing to see who will become the next queen of the Magical World. You will be drawing Chocolate, and despite her name, she has long red colored hair and a very baby like face. The lesson should be simple which means you will enjoy this tut. I will be back with some more drawing fun so stay tuned in, Adios amigos!
DragoArt members upload artwork and drawing tutorials! They are also allowed to leave comments on tutorials, profiles, etc. Many more features, as well; it's way better than just being a boring guest! Register Now!


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Black Cats secure safety
Gus Poyet got his miracle as Sunderland ensured their continued presence in the Barclays Premier League with a comfortable 2-0 victory over West Brom.
Just weeks after admitting they needed divine intervention when they slipped seven points off the survival pace, the 46-year-old Uruguayan saw his team secure a fourth successive top-flight win for the first time since December 2000 to end their fears.
The win means 18th-placed Norwich have only a purely mathematical chance of avoiding relegation as the season draws to a close on Sunday.
Jack Colback's third goal of the season got the home side off to the perfect start when he turned Marcos Alonso's near-post cross past goalkeeper Ben Foster.
But Sunderland were cruising 18 minutes later when Fabio Borini volleyed home his ninth of the campaign to give the home side breathing space.
Neither goalscorer may remain at the Stadium of Light next season with Colback out of contract and being linked with derby rivals Newcastle, and Borini wanted back at Liverpool after a hugely successful loan spell.
But if their goals prove to be their last meaningful contributions - Poyet has hinted talks with Colback could yet be reopened - they could not have been any more timely.
The Stadium of Light was rocking as the bulk of a crowd of 45,181 celebrated the great escape as if it were the trophy the club came so close to securing in the Capital One Cup final at Wembley in March.
Sunderland could even afford a glaring miss from substitute Jozy Altidore, who steered a 65th-minute shot wide with the goal at his mercy as a chance to kill off a resurgent West Brom came and went.
But for all the visitors made a game of it in the second half after a tepid first 45 minutes, they rarely looked like denying their hosts three more points to go with the 10 they had garnered from their last four games against Manchester City, Chelsea, Cardiff and Manchester United.
Poyet's men had manoeuvred themselves into a position of strength, albeit a precarious one, by virtue of an unlikely sequence of results, and they ran out knowing a point would be enough to leave the Canaries needing to beat Arsenal handsomely on Sunday and hope the Black Cats lost heavily at home to Swansea to eradicate a goal difference deficit of 13.
However, having dealt in unexpected twists for much of the season, the head coach was not prepared to leave anything to chance and sent his players out under orders to seal their own fate.
They could hardly have responded to Poyet's pleas any more emphatically as they took the game by the scruff of the neck and raced into a potentially decisive lead with barely half an hour gone.
Colback needed just 13 minutes to set the ball rolling, turning up on cue to stab Marcos Alonso's low cross past Ben Foster after Sebastian Larsson had slipped away from Claudio Yacob in midfield and picked out the full-back wide on the left.
Confidence coursed through red and white veins as Sunderland, once again led admirably by midfield enforcer Lee Cattermole, dominated.
A surging break out of defence and slide-rule pass from the former Middlesbrough and Wigan man allowed Adam Johnson to deliver a dangerous 23rd-minute cross which Steven Reid had to hack away.
But as Reid and fellow full-back found themselves repeatedly under pressure, the Black Cats were relentless and extended their lead with 31 minutes gone.
Larsson was once again the instigator with a delicate lofted pass to pick out Borini, who volleyed first-time past the advancing Foster to make it 2-0.
The Baggies offered little as an attacking force in return, and it was not until injury time the home goalkeeper Vito Mannone was called upon to make a meaningful save when he pushed away Saido Berahino's drive.
West Brom boss Pepe Mel attempted to shore up his team at the break, replacing Reid with Craig Dawson and Yacob with Youssouf Mulumbu, and they immediately had a more compact and coherent look to them.
They came close to dragging themselves back into the game when striker Victor Anichebe only just failed to connect with Dawson's driven cross as he slid in.
Poyet replaced Johnson and lone striker Connor Wickham with Liam Bridcutt and Jozy Altidore with 61 minutes as he looked to consolidate, but with the visitors pressing, it was Black Cats old boy Stephane Sessegnon who dragged a shot wide two minutes later.
Altidore somehow missed the target when it seemed easier to convert Colback's 65th-minute cross and full-back Santiago Vergini smashed a shot across the face of goal four minutes later, but the points - and safety - were already secure.
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