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Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Vol. 4, by Edward Gibbon, [1788], at sacred-texts.com
As soon as Belisarius was delivered from his foreign and domestic enemies, he seriously applied his forces to the final reduction of Italy. In the siege of Osimo, the general was nearly transpierced with an arrow, if the mortal stroke had not been intercepted by one of his guards, who lost, in that pious office, the use of his hand. The Goths of Osimo, *_0023 four thousand warriors, with those of Faesulae and the Cottian Alps, were among the last who maintained their independence; and their gallant resistance, which almost tired the patience, deserved the esteem, of the conqueror. His prudence refused to subscribe the safe conduct which they asked, to join their brethren of Ravenna; but they saved, by an honorable capitulation, one moiety at least of their wealth, with the free alternative of retiring peaceably to their estates, or enlisting to serve the emperor in his Persian wars. The multitudes which yet adhered to the standard of Vitiges far surpassed the number of the Roman troops; but neither prayers nor defiance, nor the extreme danger of his most faithful subjects, could tempt the Gothic king beyond the fortifications of Ravenna. These fortifications were, indeed, impregnable to the assaults of art or violence; and when Belisarius invested the capital, he was soon convinced that famine only could tame the stubborn spirit of the Barbarians. The sea, the land, and the channels of the Po, were guarded by the vigilance of the Roman general; and his morality extended the rights of war to the practice of poisoning the waters, 105 and secretly firing the granaries 106 of a besieged city. 107 While he pressed the blockade of Ravenna, he was surprised by the arrival of two ambassadors from Constantinople, with a treaty of peace, which Justinian had imprudently signed, without deigning to consult the author of his victory. By this disgraceful and precarious agreement, Italy and the Gothic treasure were divided, and the provinces beyond the Po were left with the regal title to the successor of Theodoric. The ambassadors were eager to accomplish their salutary commission; the captive Vitiges accepted, with transport, the unexpected offer of a crown; honor was less prevalent among the Goths, than the want and appetite of food; and the Roman chiefs, who murmured at the continuance of the war, professed implicit submission to the commands of the emperor. If Belisarius had possessed only the courage of a soldier, the laurel would have been snatched from his hand by timid and envious counsels; but in this decisive moment, he resolved, with the magnanimity of a statesman, to sustain alone the danger and merit of generous disobedience. Each of his officers gave a written opinion that the siege of Ravenna was impracticable and hopeless: the general then rejected the treaty of partition, and declared his own resolution of leading Vitiges in chains to the feet of Justinian. The Goths retired with doubt and dismay: this peremptory refusal deprived them of the only signature which they could trust, and filled their minds with a just apprehension, that a sagacious enemy had discovered the full extent of their deplorable state. They compared the fame and fortune of Belisarius with the weakness of their ill- fated king; and the comparison suggested an extraordinary project, to which Vitiges, with apparent resignation, was compelled to acquiesce. Partition would ruin the strength, exile would disgrace the honor, of the nation; but they offered their arms, their treasures, and the fortifications of Ravenna, if Belisarius would disclaim the authority of a master, accept the choice of the Goths, and assume, as he had deserved, the kingdom of Italy. If the false lustre of a diadem could have tempted the loyalty of a faithful subject, his prudence must have foreseen the inconstancy of the Barbarians, and his rational ambition would prefer the safe and honorable station of a Roman general. Even the patience and seeming satisfaction with which he entertained a proposal of treason, might be susceptible of a malignant interpretation. But the lieutenant of Justinian was conscious of his own rectitude; he entered into a dark and crooked path, as it might lead to the voluntary submission of the Goths; and his dexterous policy persuaded them that he was disposed to comply with their wishes, without engaging an oath or a promise for the performance of a treaty which he secretly abhorred. The day of the surrender of Ravenna was stipulated by the Gothic ambassadors: a fleet, laden with provisions, sailed as a welcome guest into the deepest recess of the harbor: the gates were opened to the fancied king of Italy; and Belisarius, without meeting an enemy, triumphantly marched through the streets of an impregnable city. 108 The Romans were astonished by their success; the multitudes of tall and robust Barbarians were confounded by the image of their own patience and the masculine females, spitting in the faces of their sons and husbands, most bitterly reproached them for betraying their dominion and freedom to these pygmies of the south, contemptible in their numbers, diminutive in their stature. Before the Goths could recover from the first surprise, and claim the accomplishment of their doubtful hopes, the victor established his power in Ravenna, beyond the danger of repentance and revolt.
Vitiges, who perhaps had attempted to escape, was honorably guarded in his palace; 109 the flower of the Gothic youth was selected for the service of the emperor; the remainder of the people was dismissed to their peaceful habitations in the southern provinces; and a colony of Italians was invited to replenish the depopulated city. The submission of the capital was imitated in the towns and villages of Italy, which had not been subdued, or even visited, by the Romans; and the independent Goths, who remained in arms at Pavia and Verona, were ambitious only to become the subjects of Belisarius. But his inflexible loyalty rejected, except as the substitute of Justinian, their oaths of allegiance; and he was not offended by the reproach of their deputies, that he rather chose to be a slave than a king.
After the second victory of Belisarius, envy again whispered, Justinian listened, and the hero was recalled. "The remnant of the Gothic war was no longer worthy of his presence: a gracious sovereign was impatient to reward his services, and to consult his wisdom; and he alone was capable of defending the East against the innumerable armies of Persia." Belisarius understood the suspicion, accepted the excuse, embarked at Ravenna his spoils and trophies; and proved, by his ready obedience, that such an abrupt removal from the government of Italy was not less unjust than it might have been indiscreet. The emperor received with honorable courtesy both Vitiges and his more noble consort; and as the king of the Goths conformed to the Athanasian faith, he obtained, with a rich inheritance of land in Asia, the rank of senator and patrician. 110 Every spectator admired, without peril, the strength and stature of the young Barbarians: they adored the majesty of the throne, and promised to shed their blood in the service of their benefactor. Justinian deposited in the Byzantine palace the treasures of the Gothic monarchy. A flattering senate was sometime admitted to gaze on the magnificent spectacle; but it was enviously secluded from the public view: and the conqueror of Italy renounced, without a murmur, perhaps without a sigh, the well-earned honors of a second triumph. His glory was indeed exalted above all external pomp; and the faint and hollow praises of the court were supplied, even in a servile age, by the respect and admiration of his country. Whenever he appeared in the streets and public places of Constantinople, Belisarius attracted and satisfied the eyes of the people. His lofty stature and majestic countenance fulfilled their expectations of a hero; the meanest of his fellow-citizens were emboldened by his gentle and gracious demeanor; and the martial train which attended his footsteps left his person more accessible than in a day of battle. Seven thousand horsemen, matchless for beauty and valor, were maintained in the service, and at the private expense, of the general. 111 Their prowess was always conspicuous in single combats, or in the foremost ranks; and both parties confessed that in the siege of Rome, the guards of Belisarius had alone vanquished the Barbarian host. Their numbers were continually augmented by the bravest and most faithful of the enemy; and his fortunate captives, the Vandals, the Moors, and the Goths, emulated the attachment of his domestic followers. By the union of liberality and justice, he acquired the love of the soldiers, without alienating the affections of the people. The sick and wounded were relieved with medicines and money; and still more efficaciously, by the healing visits and smiles of their commander. The loss of a weapon or a horse was instantly repaired, and each deed of valor was rewarded by the rich and honorable gifts of a bracelet or a collar, which were rendered more precious by the judgment of Belisarius. He was endeared to the husbandmen by the peace and plenty which they enjoyed under the shadow of his standard. Instead of being injured, the country was enriched by the march of the Roman armies; and such was the rigid discipline of their camp, that not an apple was gathered from the tree, not a path could be traced in the fields of corn. Belisarius was chaste and sober. In the license of a military life, none could boast that they had seen him intoxicated with wine: the most beautiful captives of Gothic or Vandal race were offered to his embraces; but he turned aside from their charms, and the husband of Antonina was never suspected of violating the laws of conjugal fidelity. The spectator and historian of his exploits has observed, that amidst the perils of war, he was daring without rashness, prudent without fear, slow or rapid according to the exigencies of the moment; that in the deepest distress he was animated by real or apparent hope, but that he was modest and humble in the most prosperous fortune. By these virtues, he equalled or excelled the ancient masters of the military art. Victory, by sea and land, attended his arms. He subdued Africa, Italy, and the adjacent islands; led away captives the successors of Genseric and Theodoric; filled Constantinople with the spoils of their palaces; and in the space of six years recovered half the provinces of the Western empire. In his fame and merit, in wealth and power, he remained without a rival, the first of the Roman subjects; the voice of envy could only magnify his dangerous importance; and the emperor might applaud his own discerning spirit, which had discovered and raised the genius of Belisarius.
It was the custom of the Roman triumphs, that a slave should be placed behind the chariot to remind the conqueror of the instability of fortune, and the infirmities of human nature. Procopius, in his Anecdotes, has assumed that servile and ungrateful office. The generous reader may cast away the libel, but the evidence of facts will adhere to his memory; and he will reluctantly confess, that the fame, and even the virtue, of Belisarius, were polluted by the lust and cruelty of his wife; and that hero deserved an appellation which may not drop from the pen of the decent historian. The mother of Antonina 112 was a theatrical prostitute, and both her father and grandfather exercised, at Thessalonica and Constantinople, the vile, though lucrative, profession of charioteers. In the various situations of their fortune she became the companion, the enemy, the servant, and the favorite of the empress Theodora: these loose and ambitious females had been connected by similar pleasures; they were separated by the jealousy of vice, and at length reconciled by the partnership of guilt. Before her marriage with Belisarius, Antonina had one husband and many lovers: Photius, the son of her former nuptials, was of an age to distinguish himself at the siege of Naples; and it was not till the autumn of her age and beauty 113 that she indulged a scandalous attachment to a Thracian youth. Theodosius had been educated in the Eunomian heresy; the African voyage was consecrated by the baptism and auspicious name of the first soldier who embarked; and the proselyte was adopted into the family of his spiritual parents, 114 Belisarius and Antonina. Before they touched the shores of Africa, this holy kindred degenerated into sensual love: and as Antonina soon overleaped the bounds of modesty and caution, the Roman general was alone ignorant of his own dishonor. During their residence at Carthage, he surprised the two lovers in a subterraneous chamber, solitary, warm, and almost naked. Anger flashed from his eyes. "With the help of this young man," said the unblushing Antonina, "I was secreting our most precious effects from the knowledge of Justinian." The youth resumed his garments, and the pious husband consented to disbelieve the evidence of his own senses. From this pleasing and perhaps voluntary delusion, Belisarius was awakened at Syracuse, by the officious information of Macedonia; and that female attendant, after requiring an oath for her security, produced two chamberlains, who, like herself, had often beheld the adulteries of Antonina. A hasty flight into Asia saved Theodosius from the justice of an injured husband, who had signified to one of his guards the order of his death; but the tears of Antonina, and her artful seductions, assured the credulous hero of her innocence: and he stooped, against his faith and judgment, to abandon those imprudent friends, who had presumed to accuse or doubt the chastity of his wife. The revenge of a guilty woman is implacable and bloody: the unfortunate Macedonia, with the two witnesses, were secretly arrested by the minister of her cruelty; their tongues were cut out, their bodies were hacked into small pieces, and their remains were cast into the Sea of Syracuse. A rash though judicious saying of Constantine, "I would sooner have punished the adulteress than the boy," was deeply remembered by Antonina; and two years afterwards, when despair had armed that officer against his general, her sanguinary advice decided and hastened his execution. Even the indignation of Photius was not forgiven by his mother; the exile of her son prepared the recall of her lover; and Theodosius condescended to accept the pressing and humble invitation of the conqueror of Italy. In the absolute direction of his household, and in the important commissions of peace and war, 115 the favorite youth most rapidly acquired a fortune of four hundred thousand pounds sterling; and after their return to Constantinople, the passion of Antonina, at least, continued ardent and unabated. But fear, devotion, and lassitude perhaps, inspired Theodosius with more serious thoughts. He dreaded the busy scandal of the capital, and the indiscreet fondness of the wife of Belisarius; escaped from her embraces, and retiring to Ephesus, shaved his head, and took refuge in the sanctuary of a monastic life. The despair of the new Ariadne could scarcely have been excused by the death of her husband. She wept, she tore her hair, she filled the palace with her cries; "she had lost the dearest of friends, a tender, a faithful, a laborious friend!" But her warm entreaties, fortified by the prayers of Belisarius, were insufficient to draw the holy monk from the solitude of Ephesus. It was not till the general moved forward for the Persian war, that Theodosius could be tempted to return to Constantinople; and the short interval before the departure of Antonina herself was boldly devoted to love and pleasure.
A philosopher may pity and forgive the infirmities of female nature, from which he receives no real injury: but contemptible is the husband who feels, and yet endures, his own infamy in that of his wife. Antonina pursued her son with implacable hatred; and the gallant Photius 116 was exposed to her secret persecutions in the camp beyond the Tigris. Enraged by his own wrongs, and by the dishonor of his blood, he cast away in his turn the sentiments of nature, and revealed to Belisarius the turpitude of a woman who had violated all the duties of a mother and a wife. From the surprise and indignation of the Roman general, his former credulity appears to have been sincere: he embraced the knees of the son of Antonina, adjured him to remember his obligations rather than his birth, and confirmed at the altar their holy vows of revenge and mutual defence. The dominion of Antonina was impaired by absence; and when she met her husband, on his return from the Persian confines, Belisarius, in his first and transient emotions, confined her person, and threatened her life. Photius was more resolved to punish, and less prompt to pardon: he flew to Ephesus; extorted from a trusty eunuch of his another the full confession of her guilt; arrested Theodosius and his treasures in the church of St. John the Apostle, and concealed his captives, whose execution was only delayed, in a secure and sequestered fortress of Cilicia. Such a daring outrage against public justice could not pass with impunity; and the cause of Antonina was espoused by the empress, whose favor she had deserved by the recent services of the disgrace of a praefect, and the exile and murder of a pope. At the end of the campaign, Belisarius was recalled; he complied, as usual, with the Imperial mandate. His mind was not prepared for rebellion: his obedience, however adverse to the dictates of honor, was consonant to the wishes of his heart; and when he embraced his wife, at the command, and perhaps in the presence, of the empress, the tender husband was disposed to forgive or to be forgiven. The bounty of Theodora reserved for her companion a more precious favor. "I have found," she said, "my dearest patrician, a pearl of inestimable value; it has not yet been viewed by any mortal eye; but the sight and the possession of this jewel are destined for my friend." *_0024 As soon as the curiosity and impatience of Antonina were kindled, the door of a bed-chamber was thrown open, and she beheld her lover, whom the diligence of the eunuchs had discovered in his secret prison. Her silent wonder burst into passionate exclamations of gratitude and joy, and she named Theodora her queen, her benefactress, and her savior. The monk of Ephesus was nourished in the palace with luxury and ambition; but instead of assuming, as he was promised, the command of the Roman armies, Theodosius expired in the first fatigues of an amorous interview. !_0024 The grief of Antonina could only be assuaged by the sufferings of her son. A youth of consular rank, and a sickly constitution, was punished, without a trial, like a malefactor and a slave: yet such was the constancy of his mind, that Photius sustained the tortures of the scourge and the rack, !!_0024 without violating the faith which he had sworn to Belisarius. After this fruitless cruelty, the son of Antonina, while his mother feasted with the empress, was buried in her subterraneous prisons, which admitted not the distinction of night and day. He twice escaped to the most venerable sanctuaries of Constantinople, the churches of St. Sophia, and of the Virgin: but his tyrants were insensible of religion as of pity; and the helpless youth, amidst the clamors of the clergy and people, was twice dragged from the altar to the dungeon. His third attempt was more successful. At the end of three years, the prophet Zachariah, or some mortal friend, indicated the means of an escape: he eluded the spies and guards of the empress, reached the holy sepulchre of Jerusalem, embraced the profession of a monk; and the abbot Photius was employed, after the death of Justinian, to reconcile and regulate the churches of Egypt. The son of Antonina suffered all that an enemy can inflict: her patient husband imposed on himself the more exquisite misery of violating his promise and deserting his friend.
In the succeeding campaign, Belisarius was again sent against the Persians: he saved the East, but he offended Theodora, and perhaps the emperor himself. The malady of Justinian had countenanced the rumor of his death; and the Roman general, on the supposition of that probable event spoke the free language of a citizen and a soldier. His colleague Buzes, who concurred in the same sentiments, lost his rank, his liberty, and his health, by the persecution of the empress: but the disgrace of Belisarius was alleviated by the dignity of his own character, and the influence of his wife, who might wish to humble, but could not desire to ruin, the partner of her fortunes. Even his removal was colored by the assurance, that the sinking state of Italy would be retrieved by the single presence of its conqueror. But no sooner had he returned, alone and defenceless, than a hostile commission was sent to the East, to seize his treasures and criminate his actions; the guards and veterans, who followed his private banner, were distributed among the chiefs of the army, and even the eunuchs presumed to cast lots for the partition of his martial domestics. When he passed with a small and sordid retinue through the streets of Constantinople, his forlorn appearance excited the amazement and compassion of the people. Justinian and Theodora received him with cold ingratitude; the servile crowd, with insolence and contempt; and in the evening he retired with trembling steps to his deserted palace. An indisposition, feigned or real, had confined Antonina to her apartment; and she walked disdainfully silent in the adjacent portico, while Belisarius threw himself on his bed, and expected, in an agony of grief and terror, the death which he had so often braved under the walls of Rome. Long after sunset a messenger was announced from the empress: he opened, with anxious curiosity, the letter which contained the sentence of his fate. "You cannot be ignorant how much you have deserved my displeasure. I am not insensible of the services of Antonina. To her merits and intercession I have granted your life, and permit you to retain a part of your treasures, which might be justly forfeited to the state. Let your gratitude, where it is due, be displayed, not in words, but in your future behavior." I know not how to believe or to relate the transports with which the hero is said to have received this ignominious pardon. He fell prostrate before his wife, he kissed the feet of his savior, and he devoutly promised to live the grateful and submissive slave of Antonina. A fine of one hundred and twenty thousand pounds sterling was levied on the fortunes of Belisarius; and with the office of count, or master of the royal stables, he accepted the conduct of the Italian war. At his departure from Constantinople, his friends, and even the public, were persuaded that as soon as he regained his freedom, he would renounce his dissimulation, and that his wife, Theodora, and perhaps the emperor himself, would be sacrificed to the just revenge of a virtuous rebel. Their hopes were deceived; and the unconquerable patience and loyalty of Belisarius appear either below or above the character of a man. 117
*_0023 Auximum, p. 175. - M.
105 In the siege of Auximum, he first labored to demolish an old aqueduct, and then cast into the stream, 1. dead bodies; 2. mischievous herbs; and 3. quicklime. (says Procopius, l. ii. c. 27) Yet both words are used as synonymous in Galen, Dioscorides, and Lucian, (Hen. Steph. Thesaur. Ling. Graec. tom. iii. p. 748.)
106 The Goths suspected Mathasuintha as an accomplice in the mischief, which perhaps was occasioned by accidental lightning.
107 In strict philosophy, a limitation of the rights of war seems to imply nonsense and contradiction. Grotius himself is lost in an idle distinction between the jus naturae and the jus gentium, between poison and infection. He balances in one scale the passages of Homer (Odyss. A 259, &c.) and Florus, (l. ii. c. 20, No. 7, ult.;) and in the other, the examples of Solon (Pausanias, l. x. c. 37) and Belisarius. See his great work De Jure Belli et Pacis, (l. iii. c. 4, s. 15, 16, 17, and in Barbeyrac's version, tom. ii. p. 257, &c.) Yet I can understand the benefit and validity of an agreement, tacit or express, mutually to abstain from certain modes of hostility. See the Amphictyonic oath in Aeschines, de falsa Legatione.
108 Ravenna was taken, not in the year 540, but in the latter end of 539; and Pagi (tom. ii. p. 569) is rectified by Muratori. (Annali d'Italia, tom. v. p. 62,) who proves from an original act on papyrus, (Antiquit. Italiae Medii Aevi, tom. ii. dissert. xxxii. p. 999 - 1007,) Maffei, (Istoria Diplomat. p. 155 - 160,) that before the third of January, 540, peace and free correspondence were restored between Ravenna and Faenza.
109 He was seized by John the Sanguinary, but an oath or sacrament was pledged for his safety in the Basilica Julii, (Hist. Miscell. l. xvii. in Muratori, tom. i. p. 107.) Anastasius (in Vit. Pont. p. 40) gives a dark but probable account. Montfaucon is quoted by Mascou (Hist. of the Germans, xii. 21) for a votive shield representing the captivity of Vitiges and now in the collection of Signor Landi at Rome.
110 Vitiges lived two years at Constantinople, and imperatoris in affectu convictus (or conjunctus) rebus excessit humanis. His widow Mathasuenta, the wife and mother of the patricians, the elder and younger Germanus, united the streams of Anician and Amali blood, (Jornandes, c. 60, p. 221, in Muratori, tom. i.)
111 Procopius, Goth. l. iii. c. 1. Aimoin, a French monk of the xith century, who had obtained, and has disfigured, some authentic information of Belisarius, mentions, in his name, 12,000, pueri or slaves - quos propriis alimus stipendiis - besides 18,000 soldiers, (Historians of France, tom. iii. De Gestis Franc. l. ii. c. 6, p. 48.)
112 The diligence of Alemannus could add but little to the four first and most curious chapters of the Anecdotes. Of these strange Anecdotes, a part may be true, because probable - and a part true, because improbable. Procopius must have known the former, and the latter he could scarcely invent. Note: The malice of court scandal is proverbially inventive; and of such scandal the "Anecdota" may be an embellished record. - M.
113 Procopius intimates (Anecdot. c. 4) that when Belisarius returned to Italy, (A.D. 543,) Antonina was sixty years of age. A forced, but more polite construction, which refers that date to the moment when he was writing, (A.D. 559,) would be compatible with the manhood of Photius, (Gothic. l. i. c. 10) in 536.
114 Gompare the Vandalic War (l. i. c. 12) with the Anecdotes (c. i.) and Alemannus, (p. 2, 3.) This mode of baptismal adoption was revived by Leo the philosopher.
115 In November, 537, Photius arrested the pope, (Liberat. Brev. c. 22. Pagi, tom. ii. p. 562) About the end of 539, Belisarius sent Theodosius on an important and lucrative commission to Ravenna, (Goth. l. ii. c. 18.)
116 Theophanes (Chronograph. p. 204) styles him Photinus, the son-in-law of Belisarius; and he is copied by the Historia Miscella and Anastasius.
*_0024 This and much of the private scandal in the "Anecdota" is liable to serious doubt. Who reported all these private conversations, and how did they reach the ears of Procopius? - M.
!_0024 This is a strange misrepresentation - he died of a dysentery; nor does it appear that it was immediately after this scene. Antonina proposed to raise him to the generalship of the army. Procop. Anecd. p. 14. The sudden change from the abstemious diet of a monk to the luxury of the court is a much more probable cause of his death. - M.
!!_0024 The expression of Procopius does not appear to me to mean this kind of torture. Ibid. - M.
117 The continuator of the Chronicle of Marcellinus gives, in a few decent words, the substance of the Anecdotes: Belisarius de Oriente evocatus, in offensam periculumque incurrens grave, et invidiae subeacens rursus remittitur in Italiam, (p. 54.)


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Adolf Eichmann
Otto Adolf Eichmann was a high-ranking Nazi and SS-Obersturmbannführer (Lieutenant Colonel). Due to his organizational talents and ideological reliability, he was tasked by Obergruppenführer Reinhard Heydrich to facilitate and manage the logistics of mass deportation to ghettos and extermination camps in Nazi-occupied Eastern Europe and worked under Ernst Kaltenbrunner until the end of the war. He was captured by Israeli Mossad agents in Argentina and indicted by Israeli court on fifteen criminal charges, including charges of crimes against humanity and war crimes. He was convicted and hanged.
- To sum it all up, I must say that I regret nothing.
- While awaiting trial in Israel, as quoted in LIFE magazine (5 December 1960)
- Adolf Hitler may have been wrong all down the line, but one thing is beyond dispute: the man was able to work his way up from lance corporal in the German Army to Führer of a people of almost eighty million. ... His success alone proved that I should subordinate myself to this man.
- As quoted in "The Eichmann Memoir" in The Personalist Volume XLII (1961)
- Whether they were bank directors or mental cases, the people who were loaded on those trains meant nothing to me.
It was really none of my business.
- As quoted in Religion and Public Education (1967) by Nicholas Wolterstorf
- I was never an anti-Semite. ... My sensitive nature revolted at the sight of corpses and blood... I personally had nothing to do with this. My job was to observe and report on it.
- As quoted in Consensus and Controversy: Defending Pope Pius XII (2002) by Sister Margherita Marchione, p. 71
- In einem kurzen Weilchen, meine Herren, sehen wir uns ohnehin alle wieder. Das ist das Los aller Menschen. Es lebe Deutschland. Es lebe Argentinien. Es lebe Österreich. … Ich werde sie nicht vergessen.
- In a short while, gentlemen, we'll meet each other, anyway. That's every human's fortune. Long live Germany! Long live Argentinia! Long live Austria! … I won't forget you.
- Before his execution in Jerusalem (1 June 1962); as quoted in Eichmann in Jerusalem (2004), S. 300
- Hätten wir 10,3 Millionen Juden getötet, dann wäre ich befriedigt und würde sagen, gut, wir haben einen Feind vernichtet. ... Ich war kein normaler Befehlsempfänger, dann wäre ich ein Trottel gewesen, sondern ich habe mitgedacht, ich war ein Idealist gewesen.
- If we would have killed 10.3 million Jews, then I would be satisfied and would say, good, we annihilated an enemy. ... I wasn't only issued orders, in this case I'd have been a moron, but I rather anticipated, I was an idealist.
- Post-war correspondence with Willem Sassen om Eichmanns Memoiren. Ein kritischer Essay (Zuerst 2001) Frankfurt/M.: Fischer TB, 2004 ISBN 3-5961-5726-9
Eichmann Interrogated (1983)
- Eichmann Interrogated: Transcripts from the Archives of the Israeli Police (1983) translated by Avner W. Less
- The war with the Soviet Union began in June 1941, I think. And I believe it was two months later, or maybe three, that Heydrich sent for me. I reported. He said to me: "The Führer has ordered physical extermination." These were his words. And as though wanting to test their effect on me, he made a long pause, which was not at all his way. I can still remember that. In the first moment, I didn't grasp the implications, because he chose his words so carefully. But then I understood. I didn't say anything, what could I say? Because I'd never thought of a ... of such a thing, of that sort of violent solution. ... Anyway, Heydrich said: "Go and see Globocnik, the Führer has already given him instructions. Take a look and see how he's getting on with his program. I believe he's using Russian anti-tank trenches for exterminating the Jews." As ordered, I went to Lublin, located the headquarters of SS and Police Commander Globocnik, and reported to the Gruppenführer. I told him Heydrich had sent me, because the Führer had ordered the physical extermination of the Jews. ... Globocnik sent for a certain SturmbannFührer Höfle, who must have been a member of his staff. We went from Lublin to, I don't remember what the place was called, I get them mixed up, I couldn't say if it was Treblinka or some other place. There were patches of woods, sort of, and the road passed through — a Polish highway. On the right side of the road there was an ordinary house, that's where the men who worked there lived. A captain of the (Ordnungspolizei) welcomed us. A few workmen were still there. The captain, which surprised me, had taken off his jacket and rolled up his sleeves, somehow he seemed to have joined in the work. They were building little wooden shacks, two, maybe three of them; they looked like two- or three-room cottages. Höfle told the police captain to explain the installation to me. And then he started in. He had a, well, let's say, a vulgar, uncultivated voice. Maybe he drank. He spoke some dialect from the southwestern corner of Germany, and he told me how he had made everything airtight. It seems they were going to hook up a Russian submarine engine and pipe the exhaust into the houses and the Jews inside would be poisoned.
I was horrified. My nerves aren't strong enough ... I can't listen to such things... such things, without their affecting me. Even today, if I see someone with a deep cut, I have to look away. I could never have been a doctor. I still remember how I visualized the scene and began to tremble, as if I'd been through something, some terrible experience. The kind of thing that happens sometimes and afterwards you start to shake. Then I went to Berlin and reported to the head of the Security Police.
- p. 75 - 76
- I'd like to say something about this last, about this last point of this terrible, terrible business. I mean Treblinka. I was given orders. I went to see Globocnik in Treblinka. That was the second time. The installations were now in operation, and I had to report to Müller. I expected to see a wooden house on the right side of the road and a few more wooden houses on the left; that's what I remembered. Instead, again with the same SturmbannFührer Höfle, I came to a railroad station with a sign saying Treblinka, looking exactly like a German railroad station — anywhere in Germany — a replica, with signboards, etc. There I hung back as far as I could. I didn't push closer to see it all. I saw a footbridge enclosed in barbed wire and over that footbridge a file of naked Jews was being driven into a house, a big... no, not a house, a big, one-room structure, to be gassed. As I was told, they were gassed with ...what's it called? ... Potassium cyanide... or cyanic acid. In acid form it's called cyanic acid. I didn't look to see what happened. I reported to Müller and as usual he listened in silence, without a word of comment. Just his facial expression said: "There's nothing I can do about it." I am convinced, Herr Hauptmann, I know it sounds odd coming from me, but I'm convinced that if it had been up to Müller it wouldn't have happened.
- p. 84
Die Welt memoirs (1999)
- Quotes from Eichmann notes for a memoir to be titled The False Gods published in Die Welt (12 August 1999) as translated in "Why? New Eichmann Notes Try to Explain" by Roger Cohen in The New York Times (13 August 1999)
- Obeying an order was the most important thing to me. It could be that is in the nature of the German.
- From my childhood, obedience was something I could not get out of my system. When I entered the armed services at the age of 27, I found being obedient not a bit more difficult than it had been during my life to that point. It was unthinkable that I would not follow orders.
- Now that I look back, I realize that a life predicated on being obedient and taking orders is a very comfortable life indeed. Living in such a way reduces to a minimum one's own need to think.
- I was sent to Treblinka, Minsk, Lemberg and Auschwitz. When I see the images before my eyes, it all comes back to me ... Corpses, corpses, corpses. Shot, gassed, decaying corpses. They seemed to pop out of the ground when a grave was opened. It was a delirium of blood. It was an inferno, a hell, and I felt I was going insane.
- I am certain, however, that those responsible for the murder of millions of Germans will never be brought to justice.
CBC report (2000)
- I witnessed the gruesome workings of the machinery of death; gear meshed with gear, like clockwork. It was the biggest and most enormous dance of death of all times.
- When I arrived at the place of the execution, the gunmen fired into a pit the size of several rooms. They fired from small submachine guns. As I arrived, I saw a Jewish woman and a small child in her arms in the pit. I wanted to pull out the child, but then a bullet smashed the skull of the child. My driver wiped brain particles from my leather coat.
- Because I have seen hell, death and the devil, because I had to watch the madness of destruction, because I was one of the many horses pulling the wagon and couldn't escape left or right because of the will of the driver, I now feel called upon and have the desire, to tell what happened.
- We shall meet again. I have believed in God. I obeyed the laws of war and was loyal to my flag.
- About this occurrence, I will jump to my death laughing, because the knowledge of having five million Jews on my conscience gives me a sense of great satisfaction.
About Eichmann
- The fearsome, word-and-thought-defying banality of evil.
- Hannah Arendt in Eichmann in Jerusalem (1963) Ch. 15
- Adolf Eichmann, the sinister figure who had charge of the extermination program, has estimated that the anti-Jewish activities resulted in the killing of 6 million Jews. Of these, 4 million were killed in extermination institutions, and 2 million were killed by Einsatzgruppen, mobile units of the Security Police and SD which pursued Jews in the ghettos and in their homes and slaughtered them by gas wagons, by mass shooting in antitank ditches, and by every device which Nazi ingenuity could conceive. So thorough and uncompromising was this program that the Jews of Europe as a race no longer exist, thus fulfilling the diabolic "prophecy" of Adolf Hitler at the beginning of the war. . . .
- Robert H. Jackson
- This is a sane man, and a sane man is capable of unrepentant, unlimited, planned evil. He was the genius bureaucrat, he was the powerful frozen mind which directed a gigantic organization; he is the perfect model of inhumanness; but he was not alone. Eager thousands obeyed him. Everyone could not have his special talents; many people were needed to smash a baby's head against the pavement before the mother's eyes, to urge a sick old man to rest and shoot him in the back of the head; there was endless work for willing hands. How many more like these exist everywhere?
- Martha Gellhorn in Eichmann and the Private Conscience, Atlantic Monthly, 1962
- The trouble with Eichmann was precisely that so many were like him, and that the many were neither perverted nor sadistic, that they were, and still are, terribly and terrifyingly normal. From the viewpoint of our legal institutions and of our moral standards of judgment, this normality was much more terrifying than all the atrocities put together, for it implied — as had been said at Nuremberg over and over again by the defendants and their counsels — that this new type of criminal, who is in actual fact hostis generis humani, commits his crimes under circumstances that make it well-nigh impossible for him to know or to feel that he is doing wrong.
- Hannah Arendt in Eichmann in Jerusalem (1963) Epilogue
- He complained regularly about death-camp quotas not being fulfilled, about the problems of getting all French Jews to the death camps, and about the intermittent failure of the Italians to cooperate.
As late as 1944, he played a leading, and open, role in the killing of Hungarian Jews, and in August of that year he reported that four million Jews had died in the death camps and another two million at the hands of the Nazis' mobile extermination units in Eastern Europe. At no point did he show the least compunction over the planning, organization and execution of what became known as the Holocaust.
- Roger Cohen in "Why? New Eichmann Notes Try to Explain" in The New York Times (13 August 1999)
- He is responsible because of the conspiracy and the plots for all that happened to the Jewish people — from the shores of the Arctic Ocean to the Aegean Sea, from the Pyrenees to the Urals.
- Gideon Hausner as quoted in The New York Times (27 June 1961)
- Mister death who signs papers
then eats
telegraphs simply: Shoot them
then eats
- Denise Levertov in "During the Eichmann Trial"
- Eichmann is thirty-four or thirty-five years old, a very active, adventurous man. He felt that this act against Jews was necessary and was fully convinced of its necessity and correctness, as I was.
- Rudolf Höss
- [to Leon Goldensohn, April 9, 1946]
- Nearly four decades after being buried in Israel's state archives, a rambling manuscript by Adolf Eichmann, the chief transport technician behind the Nazi death machine, was finally released to the public yesterday, reeking of mendacity, self-interest, and delusion.
Penned in jail as he awaited his execution, the man who dispatched hundreds of thousands of Jews to their deaths in the gas chambers ended his days trying to convince the world he was a mere Nazi underling, a lickspittle who was only obeying orders and who went to the gallows tortured by regret at having been dazzled and led astray by the Third Reich's leaders. ... time and again, he absolves himself of responsibility for the Nazi regime's horrendous crimes, painting a picture of himself as a nature-loving, simple, practical figure, who was brought up (in Austria, though he was German-born) to believe in discipline. He casts himself as a man who could not understand why his superiors kept embroiling him in death, instead of giving him the desk job he so coveted and clamoured for. A man who was horrified to witness the gassing of Jews in a mobile execution van. A man who loved his family, who made friends before the war with Jews and dissidents. ... Almost every chapter contains an explanation of how little authority that he — the head of the Gestapo section in Berlin whose job it was to locate, deport, and exterminate Jews — actually held.
SilverdaleInteractive.com © 2019. All rights reserved.

subset: commoncrawl


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It's a proposal that has come up over and over again in President Obama's budget, and one that I hope will come up yet again. In my column in today's Tax Notes, I remind readers that this is a great idea whose time has (been overdue to) come: the proposal to limit itemized deductions–to either 28 percent (the President's version) or 15 percent (the more aggressive version suggested by CBO's budget options volume). I like it because it's a proposal to raise a lot of revenue (and reduce the deficit), yet by reducing a large tax expenditure in a progressive way.
How much revenue would the proposal likely raise? A lot. I refer to CBO estimates:
The CBO estimates the president's proposal would raise $293 billion over 10 years. A more ambitious version limiting itemized deductions to a 15 percent rate, as presented in the CBO's compendium of budget options, would raise $1.2 trillion over 10 years — in other words, equivalent to trimming overall tax expenditures [which are over $1 trillion per year] by about 10 percent through that one policy change alone.
A lot of people get confused about this proposal, thinking that it eliminates the tax subsidy for households above the limiting bracket, but it does far from that. It only limits the size of the subsidy so that the richest households don't get the biggest subsidies per level of the subsidized activities (in both percentage terms and dollar terms), which makes the proposal a very "progressive" way to reduce a (huge) tax expenditure. Right now the subsidy is a regressive one, because for any given level of subsidized activity, higher-bracket households get the biggest subsidies. I constructed the table above to make clearer how that upside-down subsidy works, and how the limit would level at least part of it–the upper end–out. These proposals would not get rid of the regressivity below the limiting bracket, however, which could only be achieved if we went all the way to converting the deduction to a (refundable) credit. Ideally, I would like to see all deductions converted to credits, but limiting deductions to 28 or 15 percent is a good step along that policy path.
And to counter arguments that this would kill the economic activities currently subsidized by the (full) itemized deduction, well, the evidence is actually very inconclusive about how much this tax subsidy actually makes a difference in the level of the subsidized activities (charitable giving, borrowing for homeownership), because it is always difficult to distinguish between real behavioral responses versus tax-strategic ones. Often these tax subsidies just reward behavior rather than influence it, or they encourage something that is not quite the lofty social goal that policymakers had in mind. As I point out in my column:
Assuming that the goal is in fact to encourage and steer resources to the activities that are subsidized, the case for the effectiveness of this particular form of subsidy depends on how much more responsive higher-income households are to the [price incentive] effect than are lower-income households. This is an empirical question that's difficult to answer from the data because high-income households with the biggest price subsidies are also those with the greatest income capacity (who might donate the most to charity or buy the largest houses regardless of the itemized deduction). And while the evidence that's out there shows some price responsiveness, it's not always clear that it's the type of responsiveness we would want. A larger charitable deduction might encourage more reported giving without increasing real giving, and a larger mortgage interest deduction might encourage people to buy larger houses rather than helping them to buy any house. And all of the deductions may merely reward behavior that would have taken place anyway.
So I put out my column as my strong endorsement of this proposal. The bottom line is that this is a way to raise substantial revenue from only higher-income households and would actually improve economic efficiency (reduce the distortions caused by the tax subsidies). It's a base-broadening, revenue-raising, deficit-reducing, yet government-shrinking proposal. It's consistent with the fiscal policy goals of both Democrats and Republicans. It would also be a piece of cake to implement, unlike other base-broadening proposals that have similar economic advantages. Why don't we just do it, finally?!!


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I met this fellow last week. He is actually a fireman. And he was friendly enough to let me take his picture. I explained that it would end up in a wild edit and showed him some examples on the spot with my phone. He was cool with that. And here we are. Check out more like this at my Pinterest, Flickr, iPhoneArt, Instagram, or 500px collections.
What do you think? Ever met someone randomly and asked if you could take their picture? How'd that go? Let us hear from you in the comments.
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- Tech Trends w/ Tara: Instagram Web Profiles (lmulibrary.typepad.com)
- Abandoned boy meets Texas fireman who saved him (newsday.com)


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A natural revitalizer and rejuvenator
Amala (Emblica officinalis) is a wonder fruit and boon to mankind from Ayurveda. It has potential to perform multiple positive actions in the body. It improves general health, enhances resistance of body to various diseases. Looking to it other properties...
In nutshell, Amala nourishes all the body tissues and systems, keeps them healthy and well functioning.


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View from the Shelby Street Pedestrian Bridge over the flooded Cumberland River in Nashville, Tennessee. This panorama was shot Monday afternoon May 3, 2011 after 16"-20" of rain in 24 hours starting the afternoon of May 1, 2010. Unknown bystanders witness the crested banks. First Avenue, Second Avenue, and Third Avenue were underwater to the west and the NFL Tennessee Titan's Stadium had a reported 4 feet of water on the playing field to the east. The water rose a few more inches in the half hour I was up on the bridge. At that moment, the Cumberland River was at 52' above normal.
The United States is one of the most diverse countries on earth, jam packed full of amazing sights from St. Patrick's cathedral in New York to Mount Hollywood California.The Northeast region is where it all started. Thirteen British colonies fought the American Revolution from here and won their independence in the first successful colonial rebellion in history. Take a look at these rolling hills carpeted with foliage along the Hudson river here, north of New York City.The American south is known for its polite people and slow pace of life. Probably they move slowly because it's so hot. Southerners tend not to trust people from "up north" because they talk too fast. Here's a cemetery in Georgia where you can find graves of soldiers from the Civil War.The West Coast is sort of like another country that exists to make the east coast jealous. California is full of nothing but grizzly old miners digging for gold, a few gangster rappers, and then actors. That is to say, the West Coast functions as the imagination of the US, like a weird little brother who teases everybody then gets famous for making freaky art.The central part of the country is flat farmland all the way over to the Rocky Mountains. Up in the northwest corner you can find creative people in places like Portland and Seattle, along with awesome snowboarding and good beer. Text by Steve Smith.


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GroupDocs by GroupDocs Team
by via_web on
April 28, 2012
Filed under App DB, Productivity, Utilities, iPad Apps, iPhone Apps
GroupDocs is an online document management service that provides the means to store, sign, compare, convert, annotate, assemble and share files securely in the cloud. Document management should be simple but it can be frustrating. At GroupDocs we strive to create an online document management platform that is so straight forward to work with that practically everyone can use.
Developer Website: http://htto://groupdocs.com/


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Buyer?s Guide to skipping ropes
Incorporating skipping ropes and cables in workout routines provides great benefits, as we have already mentioned, skipping is a very efficient exercise.
- · Improve perception, because good coordination is required between feet and hands.
- · Contribute to the loss of weight when exercising effectively and constantly.
- · Develop speed and improve stamina.
- · Build up the abdominal, lumbar, hip and back muscles.
- · Strengthen the bone structure of the body.
When purchasing skipping ropes you should bear in mind some aspects, such as the possibility of adjusting the length of the rope or whether the handles of the accessory are weighted or not. The options to adjust the length of the rope are closely related to comfort when carrying out exercises. Some skipping ropes incorporate additional weight in the handles in order to increase the weight and, therefore, the intensity of workouts.


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Golden Mountain Park Cheat SheetThe link below points to a PDF document containing a lot of important phone numbers and addresses of local authorities, hospitals, parts stores and restaurants. Please print a copy of it to take along with you for visit to the park. Golden Mountain Park Cheat Sheet
If you would like to add a link to your organization to this page, please contact us using the information at the bottom of the page.
Participating Off Road Clubs and Sponsors
- Extreme Terrain Off Roading Club– Offering discounted Jeep parts to club members, anyone can join!
- Southern Four-Wheel Drive Association– Promoting responsible, family-friendly 4WD recreation!
- Scramblers Owners Association– For the enjoyment of Jeep CJ-8 Scrambler all around the southeast!
- North Amerixan XJ Associaton– Hosting off-roading events all around the country!
- Knoxville, TN Wrangler Club
- Ugly Off-Road
- Cumberland Off-Road
- DamnLocals 4×4 Club
- East Tennessee 4WD Club
- Middle Tennessee Trailruners 4WD Club
- Rattlerock 4-Wheel Drive Club
- Extreme Ridge Runners
- Rock Solid Jeep Club
- Rocky Top Trail Riders
- Scenic City 4WD Club
- Smoky Mountain Trail Runners
- Southeast Toyota Land Cruiser Association
- Knox Off-Road
- Franklin Country Off Road Club
- Carolina Off Road Extremists (CORE)
- Hardcore Jeepers (also includes Florida branch)
- High Clearance Offroad
- Ugly Off-Road
- Tribe of Crazies (TOC)- Email firstname.lastname@example.com
- Kentucky Krawlerswww.kentuckykrawlers.org


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I am pretty good at a couple of things, but I am REALLY good at nothing. In fact, I am kind of an expert. No matter how many things there are on my to-do list, I always like to spend at least one day off doing approximately none of them. Sure, I wake up thinking I will get a lot done, that I will get dressed and leave the house after I listen to this record, that this will be a short nap before grocery shopping, that I will be in a better state of mind to clean my room after watching every available episode of Bob's Burgers on Hulu. But none of this is true. Laziness is my raison d'être. Doing something is cool, but doing nothing is an art.
It was the summer between 7th and 8th grade that I discovered the beautiful world of nothing. My mom finally let me stay home by myself. It was a very exciting development in my life and, except for the two times that some Jehovah's Witnesses knocked on the door and I froze with terror (why?!), I felt like I was truly the queen of my castle. I need to point out that this was before everyone had computers, so I had to try a lot harder in order to masterfully do nothing. (You don't know how good you have it, being able to spend hours on Tumblr looking at pictures of One Direction, amiright?)
I would wake up between 11 AM and noon and eat a giant bowl of cereal while watching Whose Line Is It Anyway?, a British improv show that ran on Comedy Central pretty much all day, before switching to Saturday Night Live marathons all evening. These programs became the background noise for important non-tasks like reading magazines, sketching, and talking on the phone. I would bring all my "supplies" into the living room in the morning so that whenever I wanted to "change activities," I didn't need to stand up from the chair to do so. (This made my mom very mad when she came home from work, because everything was a mess.) I would spice things up by watching MTV or VH1–back then they played music videos–and when I talked on the phone with my best friend, it was important that we both watched the same thing so that we could talk about it, of course. Around four, I would get hungry and eat another bowl of cereal or my favorite snack ever, which is a piece of bologna or ham wrapped around a banana. It is important to note that at no point in the course of the day did I change into real clothes. Changing clothes is trying, and this is certainly not a piece about trying.
Then the summer Olympics started, and yeah, the Olympics are fun and whatever, but this particular year–1996, in Atlanta–was magical, because it was the year that the American gymnastics team, dubbed "The Magnificent Seven," won everything, INCLUDING OUR HEARTS, when Kerri Strug earned the team gold even though she had screwed up her ankle real bad. (Watch the video, it is amazing.) I got to watch it unfold at the same time as everyone else, so I was participating in this WORLD event that was designed to bring us all together. This allowed me to feel like I was being lazy in my house without missing out on life. I was engaging in current events. What I'm saying is, the Olympics are happening this month! Watch them! Watch them at your house, in your pajamas, with an assortment of snacks at your disposal. It is your Earthling duty.
Snacks are essential to doing nothing all day. If you like to cook, that's OK, because cooking for yourself counts more as "sustenance" than "activity." During the summer when I was 14, I discovered Great Chefs, which aired on the Discovery Channel between four and five in the afternoon, so by dinnertime, I was ready to experiment in the kitchen. Not that I was cooking the things I saw on TV, because I am not some kind of kitchen savant. It would just make me look in my refrigerator to see what actual foods I could put together. This is how I acquired my no-fail fish-cooking skills (add a shit-ton of butter, some garlic, and maybe a lemon if you have one). I also recommend that you keep the kitchen stocked with ice cream, at least two different kinds of cereal (one of them blatantly unhealthy), cookies, cheese (string cheese if you want to minimize your effort), soda, and milk (for the cookies and the cereal). For special occasions, get one of those Sara Lee chocolate layer cakes that you find in the refrigerated section in the grocery store, and a special occasion is anything you want it to be, because it's summer and you're the boss of you.
In the midst of not doing anything, you can always do something you love, which shouldn't really count. I mean stuff like reading your collection of comic books and old magazines from beginning to end, or watching an entire television series (I recommend X-Files). For instance, I recorded all my favorite music videos and live musical performances and then had to painstakingly update my records, which were loose pages of ruled binder paper stapled together detailing everything that was on each VHS tape. (OK, not that you would ever do this today, but I am just giving you A GLIMPSE INTO THE PAST!)
This is also a good time to start a variety of art projects, like making your own clothes, collaging, zines, etc. You might be thinking, wait, that's doing SOMETHING, and you'd be right, except you are not going to be very diligent about doing this. You'll roll out of bed at whatever hour and watch TV, and then take a long bath (because you've cut down bathing to twice a week), and then you'll make yourself a sandwich while experimenting with a variety of toppings (mayo and ranch dressing, YES!), and then you'll watch more TV, and then your parents will come home and be like, "What did you do?," and you'll say, "You know, stuff," and then your parents go to sleep and you make yourself a midnight snack (ice cream), and THEN you start working on your art project, and you do this until, like, 3 AM, when you go to bed. But there'll be other nights when you're out with your friends or there's a really good movie on TV or you have a crush that needs your undivided online attention, so by the end of the summer, your project probably won't be done but, like, you could've finished it if you wanted to, you know?
I don't get lazy summer days anymore. Now that I'm a grownup with a job, summer is just a time when I feel hotter as opposed to a time of freedom and fun. BUT I still get to enjoy my laziness one day a week and when I get home from work and when, say, I have to turn in a piece for Rookie but accidentally fall into a Wikipedia hole (sorry, editors). The thing is, and you knew this was coming: indulging in nothing can be fun, but don't let The Nothing take over your life! The best thing about doing nothing is doing it after you've spent a lot of time doing everything that needs to be done, because the truth is that after a few of my doing-nothing days, I started feeling a little guilty and blue, and that's no good. Although this helps light a fire under your butt, so it all works out, and thus is the magic of summer. You've worked SO hard all year, doing homework, writing papers, and putting up with other people's rules, and now you finally get a chance to just do you. Lazy summer days are all about being your own Destiny's Child and catering to you, 'cause you sure as hell deserve it. ♦


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Banana Fritter Batter Mix or แป้งทอดกล้วยแขก from Lobo is a readymade batter mix for deep fry banana. This batter mix is great for deep fry pumpkin, taro, sweet potato. Ingredients: Flour (rice, wheat, corn), sugar, shredded coconut, sesame seed, peanut, salt, leavening agent. Net weight 3 oz. Product of Thailand.
Copyright © 2004 - 2019 GroceryThai.com


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Category : Flow Chart.
Topic : Recruitment flow chart free template. Author : Tate Duffy.
Posted : Thu, Sep 12th 2019 23:09 PM.
Format : jpg/jpeg.
Pacestar Software has been in the business of providing standard setting diagramming tools for professional needs since 1990. Located in the scenic southwest desert near Phoenix, Pacestars management team has been at the cutting edge of Windows software development almost since the beginning. As the industry continues to grown and expanded, they have developed a unique ability to keep the product focused on customer requirements rather what is consider popular or the "in" thing at the time. This bottom line approach is reflected in their company name as well. Pacestar implies a focus on efficiency both in product development and in conducting business.


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- Page 1 Ultimate Ears triple.fi 10 Pro Earphones Review
- Page 2 Ultimate Ears triple.fi 10 Pro Review
- Page 3 Ultimate Ears triple.fi 10 Pro Review
Key Specifications
- Review Price: £229.99
As far back as 2006, we reviewed the Ultimate Ears super.fi 5 Pro earphones and were blown away by how good they sounded. The super.fi 5 Pros employed a dual driver design, where high and low frequencies were sent to different drivers, offering a full and rich sound, coupled with amazing clarity.
At the time we couldn't help wondering how anything could sound better than the super.fi 5 Pros, but a few months later the Shure E500PTHs raised the bar sky high and not just in the area of sound quality. There was no doubt that the E500PTHs blew the competition out of the water when it came to sound quality, but with a price tag of £420, you were going to have to be very wealthy and very serious about your music to buy a set.
The Ultimate Ears' triple driver offering, the triple.fi 10 Pros, begged the big question of whether Ultimate Ears can steal the crown back from Shure in the high-end earphone arena.
The triple.fi 10 Pros have a similar design to the dual drive super.fi 5 Pros, but the translucent blue and black finish is a definite improvement over the white and grey finish of the older set. Each unit is quite large and protrudes a fair way from your ear when inserted. Like the super.fis the triple.fis have a malleable section of cable which allows you to route the cabling over the top of your ears and down the back. The result is a solid, comfortable fit that should stay put once inserted.
One major improvement is the cabling. Whereas the cable on the super.fi 5 Pros was very thin and insubstantial, the triple.fi 10 Pros sport far thicker cabling, that feels like it could survive a decent amount of tugging, pulling and twisting. The cabling still isn't quite as heavy duty as that seen on Shure's earphones, but you'd have to be pretty rough to split or break it.
The triple.fi 10 Pros ship with a very nice metal carrying case with a brushed titanium finish to it. Yes it's a little bulky, but if you're buying very expensive earphones, it's worth keeping them in their case when you're not using them – after all, you don't want to pull them out of your bag and find that they've been crushed.
Unlike other sites, we thoroughly test every product we review. We use industry standard tests in order to compare features properly. We'll always tell you what we find. We never, ever accept money to review a product. Tell us what you think - send your emails to the Editor.


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Respected Sir,
I am interesting to read the book of Kriya Yoga to Arogyam, Atmaznanam.
I am requesting you to please send the above mentioned book to my address,. I will pay the costs whatever it is. My Residential Address is. Vemula Srinivasa Rao,. Door No. 15-1638, Gandhinagar 2nd lane, Srungavarapukota, Vizianagaram District. Andhra Pradesh.
I am very glad to study Sri Mahavtar Babaji vari boojs
I am learning Kriya Yoga Dhyanam. I am very interesting about to read the above book.


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This one little problem has been bugging me for 1 whole hour.
If I run this, I get:import java.util.Scanner; public class Project8 { public static void main(String[] args) { Scanner keyboard = new Scanner (System.in); String s1, s2; System.out.println("Enter a line of text. No punctuation please."); s1 = keyboard.next(); s2 = keyboard.nextLine(); System.out.println("I have rephrased that line to read:"); System.out.println("" + s2 + " " + s1); } }
-Enter a line of text. No punctuation please.
-What the hell
-I have rephrased that line to read:
- the hell What
I want the space in the rephrased line before "the" gone...How IS IT POSSIBLE TO REMOVE?


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Stoush brews over radical electricity transmission charge scheme
Major electricity users and most electricity companies are gearing up to challenge a radical new Electricity Plan changing the way they pay for access to the national grid.
Papers published on the Electricity Authority's website show a combination of confusion and opposition to the proposals, which the industry regulator unveiled in October, cutting through more than a decade of unresolved debate about the fairest way to carve up the cost of transmitting electricity around the country.
The transmission grid is managed by the state-owned monopoly Transpower.
In particular, South Island generators Meridian and Contact Energy – more recently joined by Genesis since it was made owner of the Tekapo hydro scheme under reforms in 2009 – have objected to earlier arrangements which meant they bore the full cost of the Cook Strait cable link.
Now, however, state-owned Meridian appears to be the only electricity generator not actively contesting the EA's proposals, which the authority says will share the costs of national electricity transmission at a lower overall cost than under the current regime.
The issue is acute because heavy investment to upgrade the grid means the transmission component of electricity bills is forecast to rise by 79 percent over the next decade. Transmission makes up around 7 percent of the average household power bill, but will rise to around 10 percent over the next 10 years.
"The overall effect on households' electricity bills will be a minor reduction in electricity costs relative to what they would otherwise have been," the authority said when it released its proposals.
Economic benefits over 30 years were calculated at $173.2 million, against $49.3 million from the proposals favoured by a slender majority by aTransmission Pricing Advisory Group, which the EA largely rejected, the EA suggested.
However, alarm at the implications of the proposed new approach has already seen the EA set back the consultation deadline twice, by four months, to March 1, with some players saying even that is too short a timeframe.
"All participants and end customers have been struggling to understand this important new feature," the executive director of the Major Electricity Users Group, Ralph Matthes, said in a letter to the authority's chairman, Brent Layton, dated November 5.
A string of similarly worried submissions came from other large players, including TrustPower, Mighty River Power and the Consumers Institute, while Auckland network company Vector accused the EA of "inadequate process and information".
Vector claims the EA has failed to set out alternatives to prove its scheme is the best option, or what its impacts on prices to consumers will be, "including wealth transfers between suppliers and consumers".
"The authority is in danger of concluding that the proposal is to the long term benefit of consumers even if consumers are made worse off," a November 13 letter from Vector chief executive Simon Mackenzie to Layton said.
"We are very concerned that the current process falls short of any reasonable definition of good regulatory practice."
Mr Matthes said MEUG members were viewing "with dismay" the impacts of the proposed changes, and suggested the EA had not understood them when they were first proposed.
TrustPower said their impact could be "tens of millions of dollars" annually and that the company had taken the unusual step of engaging international advisers on the complex plan.
Mighty River Power, which is preparing for possible partial privatisation and will need to disclose material risks in a prospectus, warned the proposal "in its entirety ... has very material implications for all generators and retailers".
That included MRP, "the one in five New Zealanders who are our customers, our geothermal joint venture partners, and New Zealand electricity consumers and participants in aggregate".
"The proposals also have the potential in our view to have adverse impacts on the wider economy," said chief executive Doug Heffernan in a November 9 letter to the EA.


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Jurors to decide Granger's fate
One of the most high-profile capital murder trials in Beaumont's history has ended with a verdict of guilty for Jefferson County Courthouse shooter Bartholomew Granger, but sentencing the murderous "Mr. Hyde" may take longer than expected.
Granger seemed unmoved by the verdict Tuesday, April 30, but eventually shouted at prosecutors and jurors in open court on Wednesday and Thursday.
In an interview with The Examiner, prosecutor Pat Knauth said Granger went on a tirade of hate and apathetic disregard for those he was convicted of shooting and killing at the Jefferson County Courthouse on March 14, 2012.
"He was hollering, screaming, creating a scene in the court, which I thought he would do much earlier in the case, but he decided today — after he got convicted — would be the day," Knauth said a few hours after Wednesday's proceedings had ended.
After screaming at his attorneys before entering the courtroom, Granger eventually entered proceedings and the verbal lashing continued.
Judge Bob Wortham excused the jury and soon after, Granger's defense attorneys moved to question their client's sanity.
Granger was found to be competent after a psychological evaluation Thursday.
Knauth said Granger's outbursts will only delay an already likely end.
"He's got his 15 minutes of fame," Knauth said.
Bartholomew Granger was convicted after more than 40 family members, Beaumont Police Officers, attorneys and employees at a local business testified they were caught up in Granger's scheme to kill Claudia Jackson, his ex-wife; Samantha Jackson, his daughter; and Rebecca Richards, his wife.
All three women survived the shooting, despite Granger's best efforts to end the sexual assault trial in which Rebecca was set to testify against him.
Attorney David Diez said he was parked near Granger's vehicle and was entering the courtroom when he saw a gunman open fire in the streets of Beaumont.
"I looked toward the sound, directly across the street, and I saw what appeared to be a middle aged black man firing at a girl," he said.
Previous witnesses testified Granger said nothing as he approached his daughter, Samantha Jackson, in the middle of Milam Street and shot at her multiple times.
"She had her hands up and she was twisting like she was being hit repeatedly," Diez said.
Troy Soileau said he was at the courthouse doors near the smoking area when the shooting began. Soileau testified he saw Granger fire a volley of bullets into the courthouse doors as his other targets, Claudia Jackson and Rebecca Richards, tried to flee to safety.
As bullets whizzed by, shattering the courthouse glass, Soileau testified he hid behind a pillar and yelled for those in the area to take cover.
"I was screaming," he said. "I was talking, telling people to hide. Get inside."
Standing close enough to the courthouse revolving doors, Soileau said he saw Minnie Ray Sebolt, the only of Granger's victims to die that day, cut down by gunfire.
"Did her eyes meet your eyes?" Prosecutor Pat Knauth asked.
"They did," Soileau said.
"Did she respond to you?" Knauth asked.
"She didn't," Soileau answered.
Both Soileau and Diez testified they ran to Samantha Jackson's aid in the moments after the shooting. Despite being shot and run over by Granger's truck, they said she was responsive.
"I asked her if she was a Christian," Soileau said, describing his best attempts to comfort the severely wounded Jackson.
"We prayed, as best we could," he said.
Samantha Jackson was in a coma for months as a result of her injuries, but nonetheless testified against Granger, who she said methodically opened fire on her on March 14, 2012.
After opening fire in front of the courthouse, Beaumont police testified Granger made his way to RCI, a fabrication and pipe fitting company blocks away from the courthouse.
"He came in and said something like he was gonna kill everybody and that's when I realized I had a problem bigger than the one I had on my desk," said Edwin Hoag, who was working at the time.
Two other co-workers testified Granger used their cell phones to phone friends and family, and said Granger was bragging about his crime spree.
RCI employee Steve Nash said Granger — bleeding and slipping in and out of consciousness — presented him an opportunity to end the bloodshed.
"When he closed his eyes the third time, that's when I did what I had to do," Nash said.
Nash testified he gave Granger a swift and vicious kick to his testicles and wrestled the assault weapon from Granger's grasp, which they later found out was empty.
"When we got close to the door, we heard, 'Come in! Come in! Somebody's got him!'" said BPD SWAT Team Leader Scott Apple.
Granger was soon placed into custody and was treated for at least three gunshot wounds, police said.
"We placed him in some flex cuffs and called an ambulance," Apple said.
Other BPD officers who guarded Granger's hospital room testified Granger made incriminating statements, showing no remorse while recovering from his non-life-threatening wounds.
Officers testified Granger said he would rather enter prison as a murderer than a rapist.
Detective Frank Coffin, a hostage negotiator, testified Granger said "It's good to go to jail for something that's worth it."
Sentencing for Granger might not come until May 8, according to attorneys familiar with the case.
As of Thursday's proceedings, Granger was found to be competent to stand trial. Therefore, a jury has two options for Granger's punishment: life in prison without parole or the death penalty.
Deborah Ray Holst, the daughter of 79-year-old Sebolt, an innocent bystander cut down by Granger's gunfire while helping her friend get VA benefits, said she wants the death penalty for Granger.
"I'll be there with my mother's picture, and her face and my face would be the last thing he ever saw," she said.


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Wednesday, July 10, was C day in America. C for Coca-Cola. C for consumers. C for choice. It was the day that a powerful company in Atlanta felt compelled to return to Americans their national drink. When Coca-Cola announced last April that it was changing the taste of the world's most popular soda, it failed to foresee the sheer frustration and fury that the news would create. From Bangor to Burbank, from Detroit to Dallas, tens of thousands of Coke lovers rose up as one to revile the suddenly sweeter taste of their favorite beverage and demand old Coke back.
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Total posts: 9
Total posts: 1
Little face fuzz!
Short on man, long on his women. Enough to grab a good handful during ruff sex ha
Total posts: 2
100% love the long hair...if your's is longer than mine, bonus!
Mine is to my waist.
Short with goatie 😍
Prefer long but clean shiney shorter (over or on the collar) length is cute too. I don't like really short or shaven.
I like both as long as if the long haired guys keep it clean and well groomed. Then it's sexy.
Long hair plus facial hair are definite pluses
Total posts: 6
Total posts: 3
Long hair is a plus, but it's all good. Long, short, and bald. I had an old boy tell he had no hair becasue it was wore off. LOL
You are a very good looking man , I think if you'd cut your hair short you'd be exceptionally good looking!
Long on woman and short on a man. Short on a man is hot!
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The material on this site may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, or otherwise used, except with the prior written permission of Rodman Media.


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Worried about Lube Delivery? Just Roll With It
"We think the advantages of roll coating over other methods for lubricant delivery," he says, "relate to the precision and efficiency of the coating delivery system as opposed to spraying, curtain coating, misting, mopping or any of the other methods typically used to apply lube."
Roll coaters apply a broad range of lubricants, oils and drawing compounds to metallic stock prior to stamping or forming parts.
"Increased attention is being paid to the amount of emissions released into the factory environment," Weiland continues, "and here roll coating offers benefits. Roll coaters apply only to the substrate, negating overspray issues. Also, as lubricant and coating costs continue to increase, it becomes more important to precisely control lube delivery, and roll-coating machines do that."
Adjust to Material Thickness
Roll coaters have numbered settings that adjust to the thickness of the material being coated. That allows the use of these machines on a variety of substrates, from thin flexible sheeting to rigid heavy material.
"For example, the feed-gap openings on the roll coaters we manufacture adjust from nearly 0 in. thick to 12 in. thick," Weiland says, also noting that roll coaters can handle nearly any coil or sheet width. "Stampers often tell us that their parts usually measure, say, 12 by 18 in., but they may have a job that calls for part widths to 68 in. wide. A roll coater does not care if the piece going through is 18 in. wide and the next is 40 in."
Black Bros., he notes, has built roll coaters for material widths from 14 in. to 14.5 ft.
Other settings control the amount of lubricant applied to the material surface, with Weiland noting that machines provided by his company have been required to apply coatings in thicknesses from 5 to nearly 80 wet mils.
Ideal for Deep Drawing
Roll coaters can be used to apply wet and dry lubricants, making roll coating a viable option in deep drawing, which often utilizes dry lube and where uniform coating to prevent scratching during the draw is a must.
"We have installations in numerous deep-draw-forming facilities, everything from popsicle molds to kitchen sinks," Weiland says. "Uniformity, efficiency and speed are important to deep drawers, and roll coating addresses each of these issues."
The ability of roll coaters to consistently apply a set amount of lube removes guesswork, especially given that thickness measurements leave something to be desired. Even something like a weighstrip layout—placing a coupon on the processing line and measuring coating thickness—doesn't provide a continuous reading of the thickness across the entire coil.
Where stampers paint or mop to apply the coating, such application generally can't be controlled with much precision. That invites trouble in dry-lube applications, as excess lubricant can cause blanks to stick together or parts to stick to tooling, and compromise lubricant consistency during deep drawing. Other adverse results include reduced washability and accumulation of lube on tooling.
Function Inline
or Off to the Side
Roll coaters work on a variety of substrates, including stainless steel, and can adjust for material and coating thickness.
A roll-coating machine can reside in the press line or off to the side. When applying a wet lubricant, the stamper typically would place the roll coater immediately in front of the press with coil or sheet feeding through the roll coater and onward through the forming operation. In dry-lubricant applications, the roll coater typically locates offline, perhaps in a nearby corner where personnel run sheet or coil through and stack it nearby. Then the coil or pallet of prelubed sheets is picked up and transported to the press for stamping.
Roll-coating machines most likely incorporate their own lube reservoirs, with several methods available for lube to be supplied to the machines. Some roll coaters incorporate a 10,000-gal. tank, 55-gal. drum or 250-gal. tote, depending on lube needs. And the machines can automatically request more lube from lube-storage tanks via sensors and controllers on the roll coaters or incorporated into press controls. That means no downtime for lube replacement.
Lube can be reclaimed as well, as some stampers create a fountain where lube pumps into a reservoir on top of the coater, and as the lube is used, excess is captured and pumped back into the reservoir.
Works Best with Proper Lubricant
Of course, a lubricant-application system functions best given the proper lube for a part run and for the method of application. With this in mind, a good application-equipment supplier should work with stampers to match the lube, job and application system.
"Our typical stamping customer will provide a part size, its lube supplier and a desired outcome," says Weiland. "If we have experience with that particular lubrication vendor, we can be confident that our equipment can apply that lube properly. For a new lubricant or for a formulation on which we don't have data, we process sample parts at our facility. Then we can go back to the customer and say, 'Based on your materials, your lube and our roll coater, these are the results you can expect.'"
More than Just Lube Application
Besides lube application, roll coaters can perform other functions in the pressroom, as metalformers also find use for roll coating after forming, according to Weiland.
"Again, roll coating responds best to flat surfaces," he says. "So preformed or nonflat surfaces usually aren't good candidates for applying lubricant via roll coating. But you can use roll coaters on formed parts if your intent is to apply a controlled amount of material to a raised surface.
"A good example is a stamped number that goes on a telephone pole," Weiland continues. "You can stamp it, paint it and then run it through a roll coater to coat the embossed areas, or the numbers. This often is performed in signage manufacture." MF
See also: Black Bros. Co.
Related Enterprise Zones: Lubrication
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Yes, I'm hanging low and quiet. Nothing earth shattering or new being found on the journey right now, and life is keeping me busy outside of genealogy. But I had to log into ancestry.com tonight to reply to a message. Noticed there is a specific resource available on Ancestry that may be of interest to anyone researching the northwest Ohio region.
The lists of crews arriving at the port of Toledo from 1929 through November 1958 are now available through Ancestry. If you have a relative who worked the shipping industry along the St. Lawrence Seaway or on the Great Lakes, you may find your ancestor had a port of call in Toledo.
Link is here: http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=2139
The list shows the name of vessel, foreign port of embarkation, the crew names and their position, name of shipping company owning the vessel, and crew member's nationality.


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King bounced back with a solid 10 over par 294 on day two to surge to a 7th place finish at the Richard Rendelman Invitational in North Carolina this week. John Scottled the surge on day two with a 5-under par 66, the low round of the tournament.
Senior Richard Powell led the team at the halfway mark with a hard fought 73 on the par 71 course. Powell followed up Mondays round with a 75 on Tuesday.
Sophomore John Scott and freshman Leenawat Numpituckchaikul endured a rough first round on Monday, firing a pair of 78s. Both improved on the second day - Scott with a 5 under total of 66 leaving him T-4th individually. And Numptituckchaikul with a 3 over par 74.
Sophomore Ross Maietta finished with rounds of 75 and 79. While Sophomore Taylor Gouge finished with 77 and 84.
The team will next hit the road for the Barton Intercollegiate in NC on March 18-19.


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UNESCO and Intel Broaden their Partnership to Focus on Teaching Science and Engineering
UNESCO Director-General Irina Bokova and the Vice President of Intel Corporate Affairs Group Shelly Esque signed a five-year Framework agreement on 13 April to build capacity in engineering and science worldwide, and harness information and communication technologies (ICTs) for educational advancement.
"We are longtime partners because there are strong synergies between Intel and UNESCO, combining new ideas and innovation with our policy drive for quality education," said Mrs Bokova after the signing at UNESCO Headquarters. "This agreement opens new opportunities. There is a crying demand today for knowledge, science, education and new technologies, and we need to help Member States gain the full benefit of this knowledge and innovation for driving their development." Ms Esque affirmed that UNESCO and Intel share similar goals, highlighting that the Framework agreement would open new doors.
UNESCO and Intel will work on improving and delivering learning tools on Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) for sustainable development, enhancing STEM capacities of universities, supporting the UNESCO Engineering Initiative through engineering education projects, and using ICTs in education policies and master plans. The agreement foresees a special focus on Africa, one of UNESCO's global priorities, together with gender.
The agreement also seeks to enhance the participation of girls, disadvantaged students and women in STEM. UNESCO and Intel will cooperate on specific projects targeting girls and women as part of UNESCO's Global Partnership for Girls' and Women, which was launched in 2011 and focuses on secondary education and adult literacy, especially in Africa and Asia.
Intel and UNESCO have been cooperating since 2004 when the first Memorandum of Understanding, focusing on developing guidelines to improve the quality of ICT teacher training programmes, was signed.


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Christmas ain't Christmas without the tree. But what if there's a lack of space cramping your holiday cheer?
Fortunately for you and your elfin apartment, redditor MickolasJae had the ingenious idea to construct his own makeshift monument to Christmas with nothing more than a blank wall and some lights. The more indolent of hall-deckers might scoff, but if you've been wondering how to utilize minimum space with maximum cheer, your answer's right here.


text: mIRC Crack v7.xx with Serial Keygen Full Free DownloadmIRC Crack v7.xx with Serial Keygen Full Free Download mIRC Crack v7.xx is popular Internet Relay Chat client used for sharing, communication and play with each other on mIRC Networks by individuals or organizations. It was created in 1995. It is considered to one the most popular IRC client for the Windows. It …Read More »


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Take a cue from Gen Y to improve member engagement.
Though the population at large might not define themselves by their technology preferences, Gen Y is the canary in the coal mine when it comes to understanding where all demographics are headed.
Tough you might see marketing to Millennials as a mysterious puzzle, the communications and product strategies you develop to reach Gen Y will lay the groundwork for the rest of your market while positioning your credit union as a progressive, channel-rich financial institution.
So, how do we leverage technology to engage credit union members?
According to Bank 2.0 author Brett King, we are an increasingly tech-focused society seeking instant gratification. He argues consumers gravitate toward rich and personal online experiences, a mobile wallet, robust social media, "branches of the future," touch-screen ATMs and personalized digital marketing. Te channels and tools members use to manage their financial lives, improving efficiency and convenience often at the expense of member intimacy, now have the power to engage members like never before. Consumers choose all of these channels at different times when they provide the most expedient means to achieve their goals.
King said that those financial institutions that classify the Internet, ATM and mobile phones as "alternative" channels will be playing catch-up for the next decade while pop-up intermediaries will progressively capture niche service opportunities. We will all come to expect personally relevant interactions in any retail experience and therein lies our opportunity.
Rule No. 1: It's All about Engagement. Offer services that allow expression and collaboration, invite dialogue and engage members of all ages in conversation. This can be done through message boards and blogs and social network sites. Blur the lines between your products and your marketing-make them seamless. Find ways to better interact and engage members through every payment channel: branches, ATMs, call centers, mail, online bill pay and more.
Rule No. 2: Be On-Demand as Well as Online. Establish ways members can interact with your credit union via online and mobile banking. This goes to the heart of access and convenience that all potential members demand and is a key component to compelling a greater cross section of your membership to regard your credit union as their primary financial institution.
Though online and mobile banking are essential services, do not neglect your branch. Consumers today don't visit a branch to get better service unless they feel that human interaction is a critical element of a specific solution.
Rule No. 3: Show the Credit Union Spirit of Social Responsibility. Gen Y and upwardly mobile women segments use corporate responsibility values to screen companies. Showing civic-mindedness is easy for credit unions. Promote your next Credit Unions for Kids fundraiser throughout your community. This is one of the best ways potential members can naturally discover your credit union.
Rule No. 4: Be Authentic. Gen Yers are extremely savvy, so don't give in to hype when you are marketing to them or any of your members for that matter. They will sniff out insincerity faster than you can deliver it. Give them the tools to make their own decisions by ensuring that data is easily available via your website or other channels. Allow the flow of information to go both ways. Invite feedback and engage them in dialogue, which does not have to be done exclusively online.
Don't be afraid of technology. Dive in, integrate your efforts and share experiences. By putting these strategies to work, you increase the chance of not only engaging Gen Y but also demonstrating the credit union difference to all audiences, ensuring your credit union is relevant today and in the future.
Samantha Paxson is vice president, marketing at CO-OP Financial Services.
800-782-9042 ext. 2570 or firstname.lastname@example.com
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Oil prices will fall as much as 30 percent by 2016 because of rising production and fuel efficient vehicles, according to a prediction from forecasting group Kiplinger.
The group projected that U.S. benchmark crude will cost $65 to $75 per barrel by 2016, compared with Tuesday's closing price of $95.32 on the New York Mercantile Exchange.
Other organizations, including investment banks and and research firms, also have forecast oil price declines, though other projections have been around $85 as a long-term price.
Kiplinger said rising U.S. production, coupled with lower U.S. consumption of petroleum products would push prices down.
"The U.S. is playing a major role in the shift," Kiplinger said in its weekly letter published Friday. "Domestic oil use is down 11% from its peak in 2005, thanks to more gas-sipping cars and trucks. Meanwhile, output is up 30% since 2008, the legacy of tremendous gains in drilling technology that have revitalized the U.S. as a major producer. The net effect is huge, equal to the infusion of 4 million barrels of newfound oil supplies a day."
The change would come as businesses large and small are increasingly turning to natural gas, which is cheap in the United States as a substitute for petroleum products, Kiplinger said.
Oil prices: Saudi Arabia remains key to oil prices, despite U.S. production surge
"In the U.S. and China, truck fleets will use more liquefied natural gas…and less diesel," according to a note from Kiplinger. "In the Middle East, new gas wells will feed power plants, freeing up more oil for export. And plastics makers will increasingly switch from oil to gas as a chemical feedstock."
Kiplinger predicted that natural gas prices would rise, because of increasing demand, from around $4 per million British thermal units today to between $5 and $6 in a few years.
But other factors could play a role in keeping oil prices high.
Members of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries already have begun to react to a growing world oil supply that could push down prices.
Though Saudi Arabia produced about 9.3 million barrels per day in April, the country has begun to tighten production to keep prices high, according to the Eurasia Group.