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Graduate Studies
Academic Guidelines and Graduate School Policies 2011-2012
PDF version of Graduate Catalog
Academic Integrity Policy
Western Illinois University is dedicated to the discovery and communication of knowledge. The University can best function and accomplish its objectives in an atmosphere where high ethical standards prevail. For this reason, and to insure that the academic work of all students will be fairly evaluated, the University strongly condemns academic dishonesty. Please refer to the complete policy at wiu.edu/policies/acintegrity.php.
Academic Requirements and Satisfactory Progress
The passing grades in graduate courses are A, B, C, and S (satisfactory). Courses with the grades of D, F, U (unsatisfactory), I (incomplete), W (withdrawal), X (audit), or XU (unsatisfactory audit) cannot be used to satisfy any of the requirements of a graduate degree. Students may not enroll in graduate courses on a pass/fail basis. Grade points are determined by equating the grade for each semester hour as follows: A with 4, B with 3, C with 2, D with 1, and F with 0. The average is computed by dividing the total number of grade points earned by the total number of graduate credits attempted. Hours for grades of S and U are not considered in calculating a GPA. (Grades of S and U are only awarded in a limited number of courses; courses for which S and U grades apply are noted in departmental course offerings.) An audited course may not be repeated for credit. Courses taken for undergraduate credit may not be repeated for graduate credit.
Admission to candidacy for a degree and the awarding of such a degree depends upon the maintenance of a minimum grade point average of 3.0 (B) or higher in all graduate work attempted. No substitutions may be made on the degree plan for courses in which the student earns grades below B. No course for which a student has received a grade of C or better may be repeated for credit unless the course is more than six years old. No course for which a student has received a grade of D or below may be used to satisfy degree requirements.
A course may not be used to satisfy the requirements of more than one degree unless the student is enrolled in an integrated baccalaureate/master's degree program.
A graduate degree will not be awarded to a student who earns grades of C, D, F or U in more than six semester hours of graduate-level work in a program requiring 30 to 46 semester hours, or more than nine semester hours of such work in a program which requires 47 or more hours with the exception of the Counseling program which allows no more than 6 semester hours of grades lower than C. With the approval of the departmental graduate committee, courses that are outdated, (more than six years old), will not be counted against the maximum allowable hours of grades of C or lower once an extension of time has been granted.
Admission to Candidacy and Degree Plans
Admission to candidacy in a doctoral program occurs when a student has completed all of the requirements for the degree up to and including qualifying assessment; the student is said to be a candidate for the doctoral degree at this time.
After at least nine semester hours of graduate work at the University have been completed and before the completion of 15 semester hours, the student must file the Graduate Degree Plan. Graduate Degree Plans can be obtained from the School of Graduate Studies or online at wiu.edu/grad. The completed degree plan should be filed with the chair of the departmental graduate committee who will then forward the document for approval to the School of Graduate Studies.
Once a student's Graduate Degree Plan has been approved by the graduate school, changes in the degree program can only be made by petition. Petition forms may be obtained in the School of Graduate Studies or online at wiu.edu/grad and, upon completion, submitted to that office. A student who re-enters the University after an absence of three or more years, excluding summer sessions, must re-submit his or her Graduate Degree Plan based on the current catalog unless permission is obtained from the dean of the college in which he or she is enrolled and from the School of Graduate Studies to use the original Graduate Degree Plan.
Master's and Specialist
After at least nine semester hours of graduate work at the University have been completed and before the completion of 15 semester hours, the student must apply for candidacy for the graduate degree. Application forms, titled Graduate Degree Plan, can be obtained from the School of Graduate Studies or online at wiu.edu/grad. The completed Graduate Degree Plan should be filed with the chair of the departmental graduate committee who will then forward the application for approval to the School of Graduate Studies. All academic deficiencies must be removed before the student is admitted to candidacy and the student must have at least a 3.0 grade point average on all graduate coursework. Approval of the degree plan signifies admission to degree candidacy.
In determining the student's qualifications for candidacy, the graduate school may: (a) approve the application, (b) defer action until certain specified requirements are met, or (c) refuse the applicant's request.
Once a student's Graduate Degree Plan has been approved by the graduate school, changes in this degree program can only be made by petition. Petition forms may be obtained in the School of Graduate Studies or online at wiu.edu/grad and, upon completion, submitted to that office. A student who re-enters the University after an absence of three or more years, excluding summer sessions, must re-submit his or her Graduate Degree Plan based on the current catalog unless permission is obtained from the dean of the college in which he or she is enrolled and from the School of Graduate Studies to use the original Graduate Degree Plan.
Application for Graduation and Commencement
All students must file a formal application for graduation. Deadlines for submitting the application for graduation are as follows: Spring Semester, March 10; Summer Session, June 10; and Fall Semester, October 10. Applications received after these dates will be automatically moved to the next semester. Application forms can be found at wiu.edu/grad.
Degrees are conferred in December, May, and August. Commencement ceremonies are held in May (Macomb and Quad Cities campuses) and December (Macomb campus only). Students wishing to attend commencement must indicate this on the application for graduation. All students completing graduation requirements will be issued a diploma.
Catalog Use
A student who re-enters the University after an absence of three or more years, excluding summer sessions, must meet the requirements of the current catalog unless he or she receives written approval from the dean of the college in which he or she is enrolled to continue under an earlier catalog. This written permission must be filed in the Office of Graduate Studies prior to the submission of a Graduate Degree Plan.
Change of Grade
When an error has been made in computing the student's final grade, the reported grade may be changed by the instructor. The student may initiate the procedure for the change by contacting the instructor. The change should be reported to the School of Graduate Studies no later than the end of the third week of the next semester. The form for requesting a change of grade can be obtained from the department chair. The department chair and academic dean countersign the form for information purposes only and forward it to the School of Graduate Studies. After the change of grade has been approved by the School of Graduate Studies, copies will be sent to the Office of the Registrar.
Course Prerequisites/Corequisites
Prerequisite: a course that must be completed prior to enrollment in a particular course. Prerequisite may also refer to acceptable class standing, prior academic standing, permission of instructor, departmentally determined competencies, or other departmental requirements.
Corequisite: a course that must be taken simultaneously with another course.
Note: It is the responsibility of the student to comply with the prerequisites/corequisites as stated in the University catalog and course syllabus for all courses he/she plans to take. Instructors may withdraw a student who does not meet course prerequisites/corequisites at any time from course registration through the 100 percent refund/credit period by sending the student written notification (e-mail or letter) with a copy to the Registrar. The written notification must include the reason why the student is being withdrawn from the course and must allow the student five working days to respond to the instructor to determine if the prerequisites/corequisites have been or will be satisfied. After the five working days, unless otherwise notified by the instructor, the Registrar will drop the course from the student's schedule and send an updated schedule confirmation. Departments have the opportunity to designate specific course sections as having enforced prerequisites. During registration, these courses will be identified on STARS and students who do not meet the requirements will be deleted prior to the first day of class.
Courses and Credit Requirements
Courses numbered 500 and above are graduate courses. Only those advanced undergraduate courses on the 400-level listed in this catalog may be taken for graduate credit. In order for graduate credit to be earned for these 400-level courses, work in addition to that which is done for undergraduate credit must be completed. No more than one-half of the semester hours counted for the graduate degree may be earned in courses below the 500 level.
Specific credit requirements for the completion of degrees are listed under each graduate program description. Hours earned in courses taken to satisfy deficiencies in the undergraduate program are not counted toward the total degree requirements.
Following each course title in the ensuing pages, the number in parentheses represents the credit allotment for the course in terms of semester hours.
Western Illinois University offers students and faculty the opportunity to explore experiments in learning which lie outside the existing traditional curriculum structure. Faculty may propose new and innovative courses (475G/675) for presentation to students on a trial basis. The appropriate department chairperson should be contacted for additional information about experimental courses. Course content taken under experimental course numbers (475G/675) may not be repeated. No more than six semester hours of credit earned in a combination of 475G and 675 may be used in any graduate degree program.
Overseas Study 679, a course available to all departments, facilitates the registration and tracking of students who enroll for study outside the U.S. Prerequisites for this course are approval of the study abroad coordinator and the department chairperson. No more than six semester hours of Overseas Study 679 may be applied to a graduate degree.
Only doctoral students are eligible to enroll in courses numbered 700 and above
Document Policies
A transcript of a student's record received by WIU from another university or college will not be forwarded to a third institution. The student should request another transcript from the original institution.
Admission test scores for the GRE, GMAT, and MAT are not forwarded to another university. The student should request test scores directly from Educational Testing Service (GRE or GMAT) or Pearson Education Incorporated (MAT).
Final Examinations
Each candidate for a graduate degree may be required to take a final oral and/or written examination. It may be required by the department or departments involved (see the relevant departmental section), or by the Graduate Council in special cases.
If the examining committee decides that the student has failed to pass the written and/or oral examination, it makes one of three possible decisions: (a) the candidate should not receive the graduate degree, (b) the candidate should be required to take additional courses before appearing for re-examination, or (c) the candidate should be re-examined after an interval of at least three months.
Full-time/Part-time Enrollment
Full-time enrollment is nine semester hours of credit during any regular semester (fall or spring) or six semester hours of credit during the summer term. The maximum load for a graduate student during any regular semester (fall or spring) is 15 semester hours or nine semester hours during the summer term. Exceptions may be permitted by the School of Graduate Studies.
Grade Appeals Policy
The purpose of the grade appeal policy is to ensure that grades represent a fair and consistent evaluation of student performance.
A graduate student who believes he/she was unjustly evaluated in a course must discuss the matter privately with the professor involved by the end of the second week of the regular semester (Fall or Spring) following the term in which the student received the grade in question. Grade appeal hearings are normally heard during the Fall/Spring semesters unless all parties agree to an earlier hearing. In the event the student is unable to contact the professor by the beginning of the third week of the regular semester, the student should contact the department chairperson in order to set up a meeting with the faculty member (or to meet with the department chairperson if the faculty member is no longer on campus). The complete grade appeal process can be found at wiu.edu/policies/gradeapp.php.
Graduate Committees–Departmental
Each department offering graduate work as a field of specialization has a graduate committee. Shortly after the student has been admitted to the School of Graduate Studies, and prior to his or her first registration, the student must consult the chair of his or her graduate committee or assigned academic adviser. Graduate committees have general supervision over the work of their department's degree students. Until the departmental graduate committee assigns the student to an adviser, the committee assumes responsibility for the student's general orientation and program of study.
Immunization Policy
Illinois state law and University policy require all enrolled students to provide written evidence, signed by a healthcare provider, of current immune status with respect to certain communicable diseases. Currently, the diseases to which all students must show immunity are measles, rubella, mumps, tetanus, and diphtheria. This policy is a requirement on the Macomb campus. Failure to comply with this policy will result in a processing fee being assessed and a hold on future registration.
Incomplete Grade Policy
A temporary grade of "I" (incomplete) indicates that the student has been unable to complete coursework due to circumstances beyond his or her control. A request for an incomplete grade at the graduate level may be approved at the discretion of the faculty member. Students failing to complete the required coursework within one year will receive a grade of "F." Faculty members may approve an extension of time for the incomplete. Some academic departments have automatically extended their capstone/exit option courses (i.e. thesis, applied project, etc.) and students should contact their academic adviser to identify courses with automatic extensions already in place. Completion of a graduate degree will not be allowed with incomplete grades posted Fall 2006 or after on the transcript.
Integrated Baccalaureate and Master's Degree Programs
An integrated baccalaureate and master's degree program provides the opportunity for outstanding undergraduates to earn both degrees in five years. Typically, a baccalaureate degree requires four years to complete and a master's degree requires an additional two years. However, the integrated degree programs are intended to be accomplished over a period of five years. In addition to allowing students to earn both degrees a year early, the integrated program may include additional opportunities to participate in a variety of experiential educational activities such as a master's project or thesis.
Please go to Integrated Programs for details and program offerings.
Notification to Students on Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974
Western Illinois University, in full compliance with the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974, shall make educational records available to students upon request. Likewise, in accordance with the law, individually identifiable educational records will not be released to other than authorized individuals without written consent of the student. Students have the right to file complaints with the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) Office concerning alleged failures by the institution to comply with the act.
The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) affords students certain rights with respect to their education records. These rights include:
1. The right to inspect and review the student's education records within 45 days of the day the University receives a request for access. Students should submit to the registrar, dean, or other appropriate official, written requests that identify the record(s) they wish to inspect. The University official will make arrangements for access and notify the student of the time and place where the records may be inspected. If the records are not maintained by the University official to whom the request was submitted, that official shall advise the student of the correct official to whom the request should be addressed.
2. The right to request the amendment of the student's education records that the student believes are inaccurate or misleading. Students may ask the University to amend a record that they believe is inaccurate or misleading. They should write the University official responsible for the record, clearly identify the part of the record they want changed and specify why it is inaccurate or misleading. If the University decides not to amend the record as requested by the student, the University will notify the student of the decision and advise the student of his or her right to a hearing regarding the request for amendment. Additional information regarding the hearing procedures will be provided to the student when notified of the right to a hearing.
3. The right to consent to disclosures of personally identifiable information contained in the student's education records, except to the extent that FERPA authorizes disclosure without consent. One exception that permits disclosure without consent is disclosure to school officials with legitimate educational interests. A school official is a person employed by the University in an administrative, supervisory, academic or research, or support staff position (including law enforcement unit personnel and health staff); a person or company with whom the University has contracted (such as an attorney, auditor, collection agent, or other service provider such as the National Student Clearinghouse or Credentials, Inc.); a person serving on the Board of Trustees; or a student serving on an official committee, such as a disciplinary or grievance committee or assisting another school official in performing his or her tasks. A school official has a legitimate educational interest if the official needs to review an education record in order to fulfill his or her professional responsibility. Upon request, the University may disclose education records without consent to another school in which a student seeks or intends to enroll.
4. The right to file a complaint with the U.S. Department of Education concerning alleged failures by the University to comply with the requirements by FERPA.
Western Illinois University considers the following categories to be directory information, and, as such, may release it to any or all inquirers in such forms as news releases, directories, or computer address lists: the student's name; school and home address; WIU email address; telephone number; major field of study; dates of attendance; full- or part-time status; classification; degrees, honors and awards received (including dean's list) and date granted; anticipated graduation date; most recent previous educational agency or institution attended; participation in officially recognized activities and sports; and, for members of athletic teams, weight and height.
Students who do not wish this information to be released may prevent such release by submitting an Exclusion of Directory Information Form to the Registrar. The request for exclusion of directory information will be honored indefinitely, however, it does not affect directory information already published or released. By requesting exclusion of directory information, students should be aware that all future requests for this information by anyone other than school officials with legitimate educational interests will be refused.
Oral English Proficiency Appeal
Students who have complaints concerning the oral English proficiency of faculty providing classroom instruction should contact the department chair or the immediate supervisor of the appropriate faculty member. The complaint should be as specific as possible and should include a written summary.
All complaints shall be investigated by the department chair including, but not limited to, classroom visitation. If the department chair finds the faculty member's oral English proficiency is satisfactory, he/she will notify the student.
Students may appeal the department chair's satisfactory evaluation of oral English proficiency to the appropriate dean who shall investigate the complaint. If the dean finds the faculty member's oral English proficiency is satisfactory, the dean will so notify the student. In the event of such a finding, the decision of the dean will be final.
If the department chair or dean finds the faculty member's oral English proficiency is unsatisfactory, a recommendation will be submitted to the academic vice president for consideration. The academic vice president will notify the student and the faculty member of his/her decision.
At all levels of this procedure, the student's identity will remain confidential.
Post-Baccalaureate Certificate Programs
Western Illinois University offers post-baccalaureate certificates in several disciplines. Please go to the post-baccalaureate certificates page for details and program offerings.
Repeatable Courses
Courses may not be repeated for credit unless the catalog course description specifies that the course is repeatable. This is not to be confused with retaking a previously passed course.
Research – Human Subjects
Any research that involves human subjects, whether funded or not, that is undertaken by WIU faculty, academic staff or students or supported by Western Illinois University, must be reviewed by the WIU Institutional Review Board (IRB). Prior to collecting any data from human subjects for research purposes or soliciting subjects for a research study, approval must be granted by the IRB.
A research protocol MUST be reviewed by the IRB under these guidelines if it meets the following criteria: 1) it involves human beings as subjects (this includes surveys and interviews); 2) it is research as defined by University guidelines; and 3) the intention to publish or disseminate results OR the POSSIBILITY of publishing or disseminating results exists. If a project meets these criteria, the protocol must be reviewed and must receive an exemption or approval through the expedited or full board review process. Additional information can be found atwiu.edu/sponsored_projects/compliance/index.php.
To be considered a resident, an adult student must be a bona fide resident of Illinois. In the case of adult students who reside with their parent(s), the student will be considered a resident if one of the parents has established and is maintaining a bona fide residence in Illinois.
Students residing in Indiana, Iowa, Missouri, and Wisconsin will be assessed the in-state rate for tuition.
This policy is reviewed annually and is subject to change without notice. For the complete policy, refer to the Residency Status Regulations at wiu.edu/board_of_trustees/regulations/residency.php.
Retaking Failed Courses
A student may repeat any credit course in which a failing grade (F) was received. Both the failing grade and the grade earned by repeating the course will appear on the transcript and will be used to calculate the student's grade point average.
Retaking Passed Courses
If a student decides that his/her mastery of a previously passed course will be improved by retaking the course, he or she may do so subject to the following conditions:
1. All grades received for each course retaken will appear separately on the transcript in addition to the original grade.
2. No honor points or credit toward graduation may be received for retaking a previously passed course.
3. Tuition and fees must be paid for all courses retaken.
4. The student must properly register to retake a course during registration or preregistration.
Previously passed courses are those for which any of the following grades have been received: A, B, C, D, or S. If a course graded S is retaken, the second grade (assuming successful completion) will also be an S since only S and U grades can be given for such courses. For all other previously passed courses, the grade on the transcript will reflect what the student has achieved by taking the course a second time.
Right of Academic Appeal
Graduate students have the right to appeal the implementation of any University regulation that relates to admission, academic standards, assistantships, or graduation by submitting a petition form (wiu.edu/graduate_studies/current_students/forms/petition.pdf) to the Graduate Council. Such appeals must be based upon the existence of unusual or extenuating circumstances that have prevented the student from achieving the normal University standard, and evidence of these unusual or extenuating circumstances must be presented with the appeal. Such appeals must be submitted to the Graduate School. The appeal process can be found at wiu.edu/grad.
Student Responsibility
Students are responsible for knowing degree requirements and enrolling in courses that will enable them to complete their degree programs. It is also their responsibility to know the University regulations for the standard of work required to continue in the graduate school. Degree requirements are presented in this publication. Additional details about requirements and procedures are available from the School of Graduate Studies or at wiu.edu/grad.
Thesis/Dissertation Committees
The thesis committee shall be comprised of a minimum of three departmental faculty, of which one shall serve as chair. The chair must be a full member of the graduate faculty. Other committee members must be full or associate members of the graduate faculty. Additional graduate faculty can be added to the committee per departmental policy.
The dissertation committee composition is defined by each individual doctoral program. Contact the appropriate departmental chair/program director to determine membership rules for dissertation committees.
Thesis/Dissertation Preparation
WIU theses and dissertations reflect on the student, the department, and the University. Thus, it is in all our interests that they are of the highest quality and format. Format, style, method of presenting bibliographies, etc., vary among departments depending on the subject matter and field of the thesis/dissertation. In spite of the differences, however, some uniformity is expected in all theses/dissertations submitted. Guidelines for thesis/dissertation preparation can be found at wiu.edu/graduate_studies/thesis_and_dissertation/.
The original thesis/dissertation will be permanently housed in the University Archives and cataloged so that it will be available to researchers. A copy of the thesis will be available via interlibrary loan upon request.
Dissertations must be submitted electronically at www.etdadmin.com/wnill. Deadline for submission is the Friday before finals week. Dissertations submitted after this date will be considered for the next semester.
Theses may be submitted electronically at www.etdadmin.com/wnill or non-electronically directly to the WIU Library, however, the Graduate Council and School of Graduate Studies strongly encourages electronic submissions. Electronic submissions of theses will become required beginning Fall 2012. Deadline for submission of theses is the Friday before finals week. Theses submitted after this date will be considered for the next semester. More information can be found at wiu.edu/graduate_studies/thesis_and_dissertation/.
Time to Complete Degree/Revalidation of Courses
The work required for a graduate degree must be completed within six consecutive calendar years for master's and specialist students and eight consecutive calendar years for doctoral students, including transfer courses. Students may petition the Graduate Council for an extension of time for outdated courses. Evidence must show that such courses have been revalidated by examination or some other means as determined by the department. Transfer courses must be revalidated by instructors from the credit-granting institution. Graduate courses with grades of C or lower may not be revalidated. With the approval of the departmental graduate committee, courses which are outdated (more than six years old for master's and specialist degrees or more than eight years old for doctoral degrees) will not be included in the calculation of grade point average once an extension of time has been granted.
Transfer Credit
Transfer credits are approved by the School of Graduate Studies or the Graduate Council only after the degree plan has been approved. Petitions for transfer of graduate credit must be submitted to the School of Graduate Studies, and official transcripts recording the transfer courses must be sent directly from the registrar of that institution to the School of Graduate Studies. No course credit may be transferred unless the grade received was at least a B.
If approved by his or her department, a student may transfer a maximum of six semester hours of approved graduate credit from an accredited institution in a 30-hour degree program or nine semester hours in a degree program requiring 32 or more semester hours. Students may petition to the Graduate Council, with the approval of the adviser and the departmental graduate committee, for additional hours to be accepted from other accredited institutions.
Undergraduate Enrollment in Graduate-Level Courses
Under certain circumstances, an undergraduate student may enroll in graduate-level courses for either graduate or undergraduate credit. Regulations governing graduate course offerings for undergraduate credit are as follows:
1. The student must be of senior classification and in good academic standing.
2. The student must apply to take the course for undergraduate credit through the Office of the Registrar, Sherman 110, prior to enrolling in the course. A form, requiring the signatures of the adviser and the registrar, must be completed by the student.
3. The student must satisfy the prerequisites of the course.
4. No more than nine semester hours of graduate-level courses (numbered 500 and above) may be taken for undergraduate credit.
5. These courses may not be used for a future graduate program unless approved as a bridge course for integrated degree programs.
Regulations governing graduate course offerings for graduate credit are as follows:
1. The student must be of senior classification.
2. The student must fulfill prerequisites of the course.
3. The student must apply to take the course for graduate credit through the Office of the Registrar, Sherman 110. A form, requiring the signatures of designated authorities in the offices of the Registrar and Graduate Studies, must be completed by the student. The application form must be filed in the Graduate School prior to enrolling in the course.
4. The student must file a graduation application in the Office of the Registrar and an application for admission to the School of Graduates Studies prior to enrolling in graduate-level courses for graduate credit.
5. The student must have a grade point average of 3.00 or better if a first-semester senior and must meet admission requirements to graduate school if a second-semester senior.
6. The student may enroll in a maximum of three graduate-level courses for graduate credit unless an exception is made by the designated authority in the Graduate Studies Office.
Regulations regarding bridge course offerings for integrated degree programs are as follows:
1. The student must be of senior classification and have filed an application for graduation in the Office of the Registrar.
2. The student must have fulfilled all prerequisites for the course.
3. The student must have applied to the School of Graduate Studies and have been accepted into an integrated degree program.
4. A form must be completed by the student. This form requires the signatures of the undergraduate academic adviser, the graduate department chairperson, and designated authorities in the offices of the Registrar and Graduates Studies.
5. The completed form must be filed in the Office of Graduate Studies prior to enrolling in the course for bridge ("B") credit.
Variable Credit Courses
Courses with a variable credit designation, (e.g., Music 599, Seminar in Music [1–3, repeatable to 6]), may be taken for a different number of credit hours. Students should consult the course instructor or the department offering the course to determine the number of semester hours for which they may register. A variable credit course cannot be taken again unless it is clearly designated as repeatable.
Withdrawal Policy
A symbol of "W" on a student transcript indicates official withdrawal from a course. A student may withdraw from a course during the first ten weeks of a semester. After the first ten weeks, individual courses may not be dropped. For academic courses of an irregular length, the withdrawal date shall be 0.6 of the length of the course. Once final examinations have begun, a student may not withdraw from that term except for exceptional and documented reasons.
It is the student's responsibility to withdraw from a class using their STARS account. Any request for a late withdrawal must be submitted in writing with appropriate supporting documentation to the Graduate Council.
The full policy may be found online at wiu.edu/policies/withdraw.php.
Table of Contents
- General Information
- Campus and Facilities
- University Services
- Special Programs
- Admission
- Academic Guidelines
- Graduate School Policies
- Costs and Financial Assistance
- Programs of Study
- Integrated Baccalaureate/Master's Degrees
- Post-Baccalaureate Certificates
- Other Departments Offering Courses for Graduate Credit
- Index


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Go to college to gain knowledge and become a better human being. Do what you love, and the money will follow. In today's world, this dream needs a little substance.
The right college degree increases earnings potential through time. According to Bureau of Labor Statistics, the median income for workers with a bachelor's degree is $54,756, an associate's degree is $39,936 and a high school degree is $33,176. Student debt is having long-term impact that is crushing students and families; it is rapidly becoming our country's No. 1 financial concern.
Graduates with average student debt find life's necessities difficult to afford (groceries, rent, etc.) and non-necessities (vacations or eating out) virtually impossible to afford. For our young people, financial decisions made in the next few years will dramatically affect many of their basic choices during the next two decades.
As students prepare for the adventure of college, they need to be prepared to make the most of it. Now is the time for families to create realistic budgets and expectations for the college experience. Regardless of how interesting a major is, students must ask themselves some hard questions. Are you being realistic about what kind of salary you might receive when you graduate? What if you can't find a job with your degree?
While college graduates typically earn more than high school graduates, different majors may have different employment and earnings potentials. Humanities majors have higher unemployment rates and typically earn less.
After one selects a viable major, the next important piece to consider is debt payments and starting salary (www.bls.gov/bls/blswage.htm). Many graduates are convinced they will draw a high salary, and they ignore the 13 percent unemployment rate for this age bracket. Underemployment also is a concern.
With a gross salary of $45,000, a new graduate would take home about $2,500 a month. Typical loan repayment takes 10 years, requiring a monthly payment of $260. If payments drop to $200 monthly, the duration of loan repayment increases to 15 years. Conversely, if payments are 10 percent of the gross monthly salary, the loan would be repaid in six years. Automated payments can decrease the interest rate by 0.25 percent, saving an average of $500.
If the major of choice leads to a low-paying job, take that into consideration when borrowing money. The average humanities graduate earns $1,625 monthly (after taxes) with a monthly loan payment of $229. Contrast this to a computer-science graduate who earns $2,696 monthly and carries loan payments of $265 a month.
Be realistic and conservative as to what you will earn with your degree of choice. Look at majors that are in demand now and will be in demand in the future, such as engineering, computer science and nursing – or essentially anything that confers a bachelor of Science degree. A degree in arts or humanities might fit a personal preference, but consequences of student loans must be evaluated carefully.
email@example.com or 382-6461. Wendy Rice is family and consumer science agent for the La Plata County Extension Office.

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The Accounting Historians Journal Vol. 11, No. 1 Spring 1984 Richard Vangermeersch UNIVERSITY OF RHODE ISLAND A COMMENT ON SOME REMARKS BY HISTORIANS OF COST ACCOUNTING ON ENGINEERING CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE SUBJECT Abstract: M. C. Wells wrote in Accounting for Common Costs that engineering impacts on cost accounting had ended by 1910. This paper reports the results of a review of the Accountants' Index from 1920 through 1949 for engineering sources listed under the general category of the two sections of "Cost and Factory Accounting" and "Depreciation, Depletion, and Obsolescence." The results show that engineering sources on these topics peaked late during the decade that began in 1910 and did not become insignificant until the 1930s. Two studies in the history of cost accounting have commented on engineering literature and cost accounting topics. M. C. Wells re-ported that "whereas literally hundreds of articles and books on costing and accounting were published by engineers during the 30 years prior to 1910, very little was published after that date."1 Paul Garner wrote that "industrial engineers, rather than cost or general accountants, took a more active interest in costing prob-lems in the early development of the subject in this country."2 This author decided to investigate the cutoff date of engineering contri-butions to the accounting literature. The author's interest in this topic developed while conducting research on engineering input into accounting decisions of capital intensive firms. To establish the cutoff date of engineering contributions to accounting litera-ture, the author counted the engineering articles and books refer-enced in the "Cost and Factory Accounting" and the "Depreciation, Depletion, and Obsolescence" sections of the Accountants' index from 1920 through 1949. These two classifications of "Cost and Fac-tory Accounting" and "Depreciation, Depletion, and Obsolescence" are, in the author's view, the two most likely classifications within the Accountants' Index to include inputs from engineering journals and books. The study was limited to the Accountants' Index be-cause it is the focal point for literature search in accounting. How-ever, the engineering articles and books referenced by the Account-


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Amazing Zombie Defense is all about defending yourself against hordes of undead coming at you every night. However, when you're the only survivor struggling against waves of enemies who are getting stronger and stronger, your end is unevitable. The only imporatant question is HOW LONG can YOU survive?The game is a top-down arcade zombie shooter with tower defense elements. You're able to choose from nine different weapons and mount them onto auto turrets or set up defensive barricades to stay alive as long as you can. It's aimed at hardcore gamers who like to put their skills to the test, find optimal strategy, compare their score with world's best gamers using in-game leaderboards and try to reach the top!
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|Star Wars: Jedi - Fallen Order
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|Halo: The Master Chief Collection
|Fortnite: Chapter 2
|eFootball PES 2020


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Wonderfully scientific, applicable and well-presented addiction conference. Will attend next year. Thank you!
***** Five-star event
The C4 Recovery Staff is amazing -everyone works so hard to make sure it is a great experience for all attendees.
WSCAD 2016 was one of the best events I've ever attended. Looking forward to next year!
I look forward to this conference all year! It remains my very favorite! Thank you for making it a wonderful time of networking and education. It is now like a reunion for me.
This was a hot conference, and I don't mean the weather! (Palm Springs in June)
Top level instructors teaching "cutting edge" information at a beautiful and historic resort.
We find the relationships we build and the knowledge we gain from C4 Conferences are invaluable.
I thought this was one of the best conferences that I have attended in the past few years. It was very well planned and the accommodations/venue was simply the best! Overall EXCELLENT experience!
This is my FAVORITE conference, awesome attendees, wonderful breakouts, great exposure for our program.
C4 conferences are a part of our company's yearly schedule. We feel that you create the best conferences and we make it priority to attend as many as we can each year.
WCSAD is one of the highlights of my year, both professionally and personally.


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PR Queue Checker
by selene on Oct.26, 2018, under Portfolio
At ThinkNear, every commit must be reviewed before it is merged into the master branch. To do this, the submitter opens a pull request (PR) on GitHub, and assigns it to one of the code reviewers for that project. Reviewers ran into problems where one developer might be flooded with PRs while another had nothing, and where it was hard to stay on top of PRs from five or more different repositories. In 2015, I created the pull request checker tool to solve both problems, and have maintained it since then.
The PR Queue Checker takes a GitHub organization name, username, and a Github Personal Access Token. It uses these to query the GitHub API for open PRs among that organization's repositories, and displays them in a formatted list. The code is in a single HTML file that uses the jQuery and lodash libraries, allowing you to save the HTML file and load it locally.
UI and Integration Testing for a Full-Stack Javascript App (excerpt)
by selene on May.04, 2017, under Uncategorized
While developing our new full-stack Javascript app at ThinkNear, we needed to pick a technology for UI and integration testing.
For our Ruby apps, we use Capybara with RSpec and the Poltergeist bindings for PhantomJS. While the stack works, to simplify development and ramp-up time for new developers, we wanted a Javascript-based technology.
- Write tests in Javascript
- Compatibility with Jasmine
- Our unit tests are in Jasmine, so we'd prefer not to juggle multiple test syntaxes
- Supports ECMAScript6
- Can run headless on a Jenkins server
- As close to a real browser as possible
- Officially we only support Chrome, so a Chrome/Webkit browser is preferred over Firefox/Gecko
- Actively maintained, community support
Read the full post at the ThinkNear Engineering blog.
Advanced Angular UI Router: Nested Views (excerpt)
by selene on Jan.08, 2015, under Uncategorized
At ThinkNear, we have an in-house administrative dashboard that our ad operations team uses to set up and manage ad campaigns. The dashboard is an AngularJS frontend with a Ruby on Rails backend, with the ui-router plugin for permalinks and navigation. While ngNewsletter's Diving deep into the AngularUI Router was a helpful primer, while creating the system we found it didn't go deep enough. This post describes how we used ui-router's Nested Views feature to achieve the site layout we wanted.
Our object hierarchy goes Contract > Insertion Order > Campaign. We have many Contracts, Contracts can have many Insertion Orders, and Insertion Orders can have many Campaigns. Ad Ops often needed to reference one object while working on another. They preferred to open multiple tabs or browser windows and look at them side-by-side. They need an easy way to open multiple Contract tabs from the main list, and a good single-Contract view. They wanted to be able to use the back button to go up the hierarchy. And they wanted to be able to pass around short links to specific objects that loaded quickly.
Read the full post at the ThinkNear Engineering blog
Optimization – Choosing the right algorithm
by selene on Feb.12, 2013, under Blog
I was working on performance optimizations for a turn-based tactical RPG. There was a noticeable hang when showing the movement highlights after clearing a level, when characters could move freely over the whole map. After fixing the graphics bottleneck in movement highlighting, performance was greatly improved, but there were still occasional hiccups. I also received reports that sometimes ranged unit AIs would cause the game to hang for a while, sometimes long enough to trigger the Flash "unresponsive script" warning. Digging into the AI issue, I realized that both issues were caused by the pathfinding–or rather, how the pathfinding code was used.
A* is the gold standard algorithm for finding a path from one point to another point. We were using the Dauntless.be A* library, which is a nice solid implementation. The AI and highlighting shared a subsystem we called the Searcher. The Searcher let you specify criteria for tiles and would then find all tiles which matched those criteria. Many of the criteria were simple, like "Within X range of tile Y," or "Contains an enemy." One of the more complex criteria was "Can be reached from tile X within Y steps." These were the criteria used by the move highlighting. The criteria were applied like filters, in this order:
- Within range X of unit's current tile
- Can be walked on (not a rock or other barrier)
- Can be occupied (allied units can pass through each other while moving, but can't end their move on a tile occupied by another unit)
- Can be pathed to within X steps from unit's current tile
#4 used A* to find a path, then confirmed if the path length was short enough. When checking for a path from one tile to another, this makes perfect sense. The problem came from using it in aggregate.
This animation shows what happened when using the Searcher with the above criteria:
Orange highlights show path progress, beige highlights show candidate tiles, and green outlines show known-pathable tiles. Filter #1 limits the grid to all tiles within 5 steps of the center. Filters #2 and #3 find that all tiles in range can be walked on and occupied, which is the worst case for this algorithm. Finally, Filter #4, the pathfinding test, is applied to every tile from left to right, top to bottom. Since the filter was written in a way that considers just one tile at a time, when it looks at a new tile it forgets the intermediate paths it found for previous tiles.
So the problem is that the code is doing a lot of extra work when we want to check pathability all tiles within a range. If we were only checking a few tiles, testing for paths one tile at a time would make sense. With the average movement range of 5, we're checking 120 tiles, and that goes up drastically at the end of a level when the movement range restrictions are lifted. We need to revise the code so that it checks pathability for all tiles at once.
A* has a close cousin called Dijkstra's algorithm. Where A* is designed to find the single shortest path from X to Y, Dijkstra's is designed to find all the shortest paths from X to everything else. That's exactly what we want! Even better, you can quickly turn an A* implementation into Dijkstra's by making the heuristic always return 0. I also changed the loop end condition so that instead of finishing when it reached the "goal" tile, it finished when it ran out of tiles to consider. I then had the algorithm cache all the intermediate paths it found in a two-dimensional array for easy lookup and return that cache with the results. Finally, I rewrote the Searcher's pathability filter so it would check for the path cache, and either generate it or use it.
This animation shows the result of the changes:
The cache of known paths starts from the center and grows outwards in a rough circle, taking a fraction of the time needed by the old implementation. As a bonus, the caching sped up the AI when considering multiple goal types from the same starting location. It went from sometimes triggering the 15-second "unresponsive script" notice to a barely noticeable pause. A quick profiling check confirmed that the game was taking a tenth of the old time to calculate possible paths.
This kind of situation is why it's so important to understand algorithms. It's easy to look up pathfinding techniques online and conclude "A* is the best," without considering the context and usage. It also highlights the benefit of caching. Modifying the A* to cache all partial and complete paths, and look them up during its search, would get many of the performance improvements I saw. The benefit to using Dijkstra is that we don't waste time checking paths to areas that have been blocked off, saving CPU cycles.
Simple Optimization – Finding Graphics Bottlenecks
by selene on Jan.28, 2013, under Blog
This post is about a time when I was able to use a profiler to very quickly find and fix the cause of a noticeable frame hiccup.
I was working on an isometric Flash game with turn-based battles on a grid. When you mouse over or select a movement or ability, the game highlights valid target tiles. After each battle, units can move freely about the battle map before continuing, without the per-turn movement limits. On larger maps, especially with ranged units or at the end of battle, there was a noticeable pause before the highlights appeared.
Since the symptoms were straightforward and easy to trigger, I broke out the Flash Builder profiler to see what exactly was going on. I loaded up a large map and defeated the enemies. I started capturing profiling data, then switched the active character–which recalculates the movement highlights–and stopped the capture after the highlights appeared.
Sorted by cumulative time, these were the first few results:
|Cumulative Time (ms)
|9855 (23.44%)
|6668 (15.86%)
|5051 (12.01%)
|5048 (12%)
|4846 (11.52%)
|4829 (11.48%)
[enterFrameEvent] and [render] are internal Flash constructs, as indicated by the bracketed names. [enterFrameEvent] is the root for all listeners attached to Event.ENTER_FRAME . [render] is what it sounds like, and is when objects on the display list are drawn to the screen.
Animation.update() and PSprite.update() are related functions that play through the sprite animations. They're pretty high on the cumulative time list, but they're a constant load–not what we're looking for, which is a noticeable pause.
Grid.highlightForAbility() and Tile.highlight() are clearly relevant, and they're ranked very high in terms of time usage. A closer look at Grid.highlightForAbility() reveals that it's spending most of its time in various highlighting functions.
|Cumulative Time (ms)
|3316 (49.73%)
|2823 (42.34%)
|317 (4.75%)
|212 (3.18%)
Drilling down further, each of those highlighting functions seem to be spending most of their time in Tile.highlight()
- Grid.highlightWalkableTiles() – 3316 ms
- Tile.highlightWalkable() – 2598 ms (78.35%)
- Tile.highlight() – 2596 ms(99.92%)
- Tile.highlightWalkable() – 2598 ms (78.35%)
Time to take a look at Tile.highlight(). Here are all its callees with more than 10 ms cumulative time:
|Cumulative Time (ms)
|693 (26.69%)
|397 (15.29%)
|303 (11.67%)
|45 (1.73%)
|IsoPrimitive.set stroke()
|18 (0.69%)
|IsoPrimitve.set fill()
|16 (0.62%)
All of these methods except AssetManager.createInstanceFromAsset() come from as3isolib, the graphics library we use for isometric display. It looks like every time a tile's highlight is set, a new isometric object is created for the highlight and added to the scene. The instantiation and adding account for about 50% of the total time spent in Tile.highlight(). Multiplied over our 770 calls to Tile.highlight(), that adds up! Looks like we found our culprit.
My solution was to remove instantiation entirely. I created a single isometric object for the overlay, with one BitmapFill. When highlighting a tile, I used BitmapData.copyPixels() to update the relevant section of the BitmapFill. Since I now only needed one master instance of each of the tile highlight textures, I had them pre-load during initialization. After these changes, the highlight functions spent a tiny fraction of their time in BaseTile.highlight():
- Grid.highlightAttackMoveTiles() – 1064 ms
- Tile.highlightAttackMoveable() – 3ms (0.28%)
- Tile.highlight() – 3 ms (100%)
- Tile.highlightAttackMoveable() – 3ms (0.28%)
Dungeons and Dragons: Warbands
by selene on Nov.15, 2012, under Portfolio
Dungeons and Dragons: Warbands is a mobile, social, turn-based squad tactics collectible miniatures game based on the tabletop Dungeons and Dragons: Warbands 4th edition rules. Players collect miniatures which they can assemble into squads and use to fight battles versus other squads. Players can fight versus AI opponents, or asynchronously against other players. Monetization revolves around collecting miniatures or purchasing consumable items for use during battles.
I worked on both the client-side front-end and server-side back-end. The front-end was created in Unity3D, using a mix of Unityscript and C#. The server backend used PHP, MySQL, and memcached and was structured similarly to the Heroes of Neverwinter backend. I came onto the project midstream to help overhaul the AI, which at the time was unsatisfyingly dumb. We improved the AI enough that we later had to tone it down for beginning players.
My major contribution to the project involved multiplayer functionality. The game was initially intended to be single-player only, and much of the code relied on that assumption. We embarked on an ambitious revision of the code that untangled that assumption, and streamlined and optimized the result. I adapted several systems, including the AI. I also wrote the server code necessary for multiple players, exposed the server-side API, and integrated that into the client.
The game was released for a soft-launch/beta in Canada on November 15, 2012 but has not yet seen a world-wide release.
Spiral Code Snippet
by selene on Jun.27, 2012, under Blog
I recently needed to make something spiral outwards on a grid. With a bit of experimentation, I found that the steps taken by the spiral always have a pattern like Left Up RightRight DownDown LLL UUU etc. Here's the snippet I came up with. You can change the starting direction and spiral direction by changing the values in the switch statement.
var currDir:int = 0; var stepsPerSide:int = 1; var currSteps:int = 0; var x:int = startX; var y:int = startY; while (notDone()) { doThingAt(x, y); switch(currDir) { case 0: x += 1; break; case 1: y += 1; break; case 2: x -= 1; break; case 3: y -= 1; break; } currSteps++; if (currSteps >= stepsPerSide) { currDir = (currDir + 1) % 4; if (currDir == 0 || currDir == 2) { ++stepsPerSide; } currSteps = 0; } }
Array shuffling
by selene on May.27, 2012, under Blog
Array shuffling or randomization is one of those things that's easy to get wrong in subtle ways.
The naive way looks something like this (Actionscript):
for (var i = 0; i < myArray.length; i++) { var swap = Math.random() * (myArray.length-1); var temp = myArray[i]; myArray[i] = myArray[swap]; myArray[swap] = temp; }
Understanding what's wrong with it requires a little bit of basic probability. Let's say you have a deck of 3 cards, ABC. How many ways can you arrange them? If we write them out, we find a total of 6 arrangements:
Writing them all out is fine for 3 cards, but what if you have a full deck of 52? Even 5 cards will be a headache. So let's use a bit of math. Here are the 5 card slots we have:
__ __ __ __ __
For the first slot, any of the 5 cards, ABCDE, can go in it. There are 5 choices for the first slot:
5 __ __ __ __
Once we've put a card in the first slot, there are 4 cards left. Any of them can go in the second slot. If we drew A first, then the second slot could be any of BCDE. If we drew B first, then ACDE are all possible, and so on:
5 x 4 __ __ __
Similarly, the third slot has 3 possible cards that can go in it:
5 x 4 x 3 __ __
And we can fill in the rest:
5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 = 120
You may recognize this as the factorial function, written as n!, where n is the first number. An ideal shuffle would have an equal chance of producing any of the n! possible arrangements. How does the naive method I showed above stack up?
For a size 5 array, there's an equal chance of any of the 5 elements being assigned to the first index:
5 __ __ __ __
For the second index, we pick another element from the whole array, meaning there's 5 possibilities:
5 x 5 __ __ __
In fact, for every index in the array, every element has an equal chance of being chosen:
5 x 5 x 5 x 5 x 5 = 3,125
3,125 is a lot more than 120, and since 3,125 / 120 = 26.041666…, there's no way to evenly divide the results. What happens is that multiple sequences of swaps will lead to the same arrangements, with some more common than others. e.g. if we start from ABCDE, both of these will arrive at BCDEA:
- Swap 0 and 1 — BACDE
- Swap 1 and 2 — BCADE
- Swap 2 and 3 — BCDAE
- Swap 3 and 4 — BCDEA
- Swap 4 and 4 — BCDEA
- Swap 0 and 4 — EBCDA
- Swap 1 and 0 — BECDA
- Swap 2 and 1 — BCEDA
- Swap 3 and 2 — BCDEA
- Swap 4 and 4 — BCDEA
What we really want is something that gives each arrangement exactly 1 chance of appearing. Here's some code that does the trick:
for (var i = 0; i < myArray.length; i++) { var swap = i + Math.random() * (myArray.length - i); var temp = myArray[i]; myArray[i] = myArray[swap]; myArray[swap] = temp; }
It goes through the array in order from 0 up to myArray.length, picking an element that hasn't been swapped each time. So the first element has n choices to swap with, the second element has n-1, and so on, just like we calculated. If we go through the array in reverse, we can simplify the calculation for what index to swap with, and get something called the Fisher-Yates shuffle:
for (var i = myArray.length-1; i >= 0; i--) { var swap = Math.random() * i; var temp = myArray[i]; myArray[i] = myArray[swap]; myArray[swap] = temp; }
If you need to shuffle an array, use the Fisher-Yates shuffle!
This blog post was prompted because I recently came across some shuffling code that produces very skewed results, even worse than the naive method:
for (var i = 0; i < myArray.length; i++) { var swapIndex = Math.random() * (myArray.length-1); var temp = myArray[swapIndex]; myArray.splice(swapIndex, 1); myArray.push(temp); }
Don't use this. Seriously. Out of curiosity, I wrote a Python script to test how badly skewed the results are. It runs this shuffle, the naive, and the Fisher-Yates 500,000 times on a 4-element array, and outputs what fraction of the time each arrangement comes up. I put up the results in a Google spreadsheet. You can see that Fisher-Yates' results are pretty much the ideal. The naive is somewhat distributed, but arrangements starting with 2 will come up more than others. And the last shuffle is quite terrible, with 1 having a 34% chance of being the first element. It also takes longer, since it has to rearrange the elements of the array with every swap.
So in conclusion, use the Fisher-Yates shuffle. It's fast and easy. Better yet, see if your language has a built-in array shuffle. Both PHP and Python do.
Dungeons and Dragons: Heroes of Neverwinter
by selene on Sep.18, 2011, under Portfolio
 Dungeons and Dragons: Heroes of Neverwinter was a turn-based RPG on Facebook based on a Dungeons and Dragons 4th edition. Players created a character, choosing one of 4 classes and races. They could then recruit other players' characters to form a full party and go on adventures. Each adventure consisted of several rooms, most containing a combat encounter. Combat was turn-based on a grid, using a simplified version of the D&D rules. When a character reached level 10, the player gained access to the Dungeon Builder, which allowed them to create their own levels by choosing and populating a dungeon layout. When another player used your character, you had the option to watch their progress as a spectator. You could chat with the player, and had access to some spectator-only buffs you could use to help out. Your character would also gain some gold from you spectating.
I worked on both the client-side front-end, and the server-side back-end. The front-end was primarily in Flash Actionscript 3, using the Gaia Flash Framework for high-level structure and as3isolib for the dungeon sections. I touched almost every system in the game and, focusing on the dungeons and combat gameplay. I was solely responsible for the abilities system, monsters, AI, adventure scoring, and tutorials, and made revisions to the buffs, looting, and spectator systems. I also did most of the Facebook API integration. When performance problems cropped up, I optimized the graphics and pathfinding. I took over the save/load and spectator systems when the original programmer was moved to another project and was responsible for fixing any synchronizing issues that came up, leading to a deep knowledge of the gameplay systems.
The server was written in PHP with MySQL, using memcached for caching. I was responsible for setting up the db tables for most systems as well as basic server API functionality for them. This included character status, adventure progress, and monster and other game data definitions. I also worked on the data import tools the designers used to define abilities, monsters, items, etc. I soon became the go-to server expert.
Sadly, the game did not do as well as was hoped, and Atari shuttered it in favor of Dungeons and Dragons: Warbands.
Guitar toy
by selene on Aug.22, 2010, under Blog, Lab
I was playing with the Flash Player 10 audio API and made a little guitar toy using Karplus-Strong synthesis.


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These last several months I've gotten distracted with other activities and obligations, which means my genealogy work got moved into the guilt pile of neglected projects I no longer made time for. Well, thank goodness I was invited to present at the Discover Your Roots conference again this year. Just as it did last year, being forced to immerse myself in the details of my research re-ignited the flame, so I'm back!!!
Up to this point, my most exciting and promising finds have been concerning my maternal grandfather's Cadignan ancestors from Francois, Martinique. In a previous post I had described the online odyssey that led to the discovery of records listing slaves freed after the emancipation decree of 1848. With just the click of a few buttons 15 Cadignans revealed themselves – and every one of them listed Francois as their birthplace and residence.
It took quite some time, but I deciphered the old French handwriting in the actes to the best of my ability and entered the information into this table. I was also able to draw up two family trees based on the information in the actes.
Every discovery leads to new knowledge – and more questions. These are the main answers I seek in regard to the actes d'individualite.
- Are the Jean Maries of actes 553 and 1487 the same person? (I'm pretty sure they are.)
- Are Gertrude and her children related to the other Cadignans, or did the enumerator arbitrarily give two distinct families the surname of Cadignan?
- It's very likely that one of these Cadignans is a direct ancestor of mine. My great-grandmother Josephine's estimated year of birth is 1891, which could mean one of these Cadignans was her grandparent (or parent?)…but who?!
Any other big questions I should add to the every-growing list?


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Hey everyone, here's a tutorial on how to draw Niagara Falls, specifically the Canadian Horseshoe falls. This amazing landmark is definitely on my list of places to visit some day!
DragoArt members upload artwork and drawing tutorials! They are also allowed to leave comments on tutorials, profiles, etc. Many more features, as well; it's way better than just being a boring guest! Register Now!


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Can you spot the bugs in this trailer for the HD remake of Oddworld: Stranger's Wrath for the PlayStation 3?
That's right, they're hanging out in the ammo slots for Stranger's critter-launching crossbow, one of the greatest first-person shooter weapons of all time. It shoots insects, chipmunks, small fuzzy ball creatures, and more, and it's never looked as good as it will once the game hits the PS3.
And when will that be? Redeveloper Just Add Water says they're in beta now, having completed updating all 83 characters in the game, tweaking the user interface, and overhauling most of the environmental textures and some of the geometry. They've even added some easter eggs and unlockable extras to sweeten the deal.
I love the original game like a fat kid loves ice cream (speaking from experience). With its stunning new look, Stranger's Wrath HD could be the most delicious bowl of ice cream ever, bugs and all.
Debut Trailer for Oddworld: Stranger's Wrath HD for PS3 [PlayStation Blog]


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March 3, 2002
Coach Mark Trakh
General Comments: I thought it was a great game, it was a great tournament for the West Coast Conference. Either team could've won this game. I told Chris and we both agreed that this game was just for the West Coast Conference championship -I really believe we're both in, if we're both not in the tournament it's a crime.
On Ashbaugh: Ashbaugh would not die easy, champions die hard and Ashbaugh was not about to let that game go. She hit big threes, freethrows, she did an outstanding job.
On SCU: They did an outstanding job as a team, it's hard to defend them because they run their patterns so well, they run 20 different sets and they run them so well. They play real well together, we're happy to come away with a win.
With Sarah, Damaris, Nadja Morgan, we executed, made some big shots. It was sure fun to watch.
Gruening really hurt us at their place so we knew we couldn't leave her. At their place Gruening and Ashbaugh hurt us with dribble penetration so we knew we couldn't allow that and we did a good job. We had to stop dribble penetration, we had to try to take Ashbaugh out of the game, she's just so smart. It worked most of the time but she just started taking over in the last ten minutes of the game.
We felt we had to stop Rhea and Butler and really do a good job on Ashbaugh and Gruening.
What he said to Damaris: With her lower back, she's been struggling defensively. We said we know you're hurting but you have to step up, you can't lose Gruening. I thought she really stepped up. She did a good job containing her [Gruening].
On the Freethrow that missed the rim: We were going to put our two big kids in, she was supposed to miss the freethrow, let them get the rebound, we were going to trap witn our two big kids, but she decided to she wanted to do a Shaquille O'Neal impression at that point.
On guarding Becki Ashbaugh: We tell her to pressure Becki Ashbaugh, so she pressured her and fouled her, so we said get off her, get off her! So she [Becki] comes back the next possession and hits a 3 and we're like, what are you doing? You've got to pressure her! So she looks at me and says you know, you're really confusing me. We couldn't figure out what to do with Becki Ashbaugh.
Nadja Morgan
My guards were getting me the ball so I had to take it strong to the hole. We knew that to win this game it had to be a combined team effort, and we had 5 people in double figures.
Santa Clara's a really good team, it would be a shame if they didn't get into the tournament.
We've been in the championship three of our four years and had yet to come up with that title, so this means a lot.
Sarah Richen
It's a dream come true. It was a goal early in the season but we had to take it one game at a time. We are undefeated in tournament play. It was an early goal but it turned into a reality, it feels really good.
Santa Clara
Coach Chris Denker
General Comments: That was a really good basketball game. I think the West Coast Conference is a real good basketball conference. I thought there were two good teams out there. I'm a big fan of Pepperdine, I think they've got a hell of a team. I think they're very good and we played hard, they were just a better team today. I'm not ashamed we lost to them.
I really love my team, the kids have tremendous heart, they play really really hard, they never say die, and I think they did that again today.
On the post-season: We're going to the NCAA tournament. We better. I'd like to see 64 teams that are better than us.
Look at the score of some of the [tournament] games. There are some high-caliber players and good coaching all up and down the league. This is a good conference. We deserve a couple of teams in the tournament. We're ready to keep playing, we're just hitting our stride.
One thing that's been quietly motivating our players all season is that we were picked 5th. To finish second in the regular season and then come out and play in the championship game, that says a lot for our kids. They have a lot of backbone, they did a good job.
Talking to Coach Trakh before the game: He came and shook my hand and said let's have fun, I think we should both be in.
We find out Sunday. It's going to be quite a week. My wife has a baby Thursday the 14th, it's truly March Madness. At 7:30 in the morning, a little boy, Christopher Quinn, our first.
On Nadja Morgan: I thought she made a big mistake not coming to Santa Clara. I think she's a really good player. You could tell early in the game she had her motor going, she was flying after rebounds. She's really strong, really aggressive, that's how she played all game long. One thing she doesn't do a tremendous amount is hit 17-footers and tonight she hit a couple, so you knew she was going strong.
G Becki Ashbaugh
The last minute, we were just trying to make the game last as long as possible, get a steal first or try to foul. Just try to get a quick shot or get a foul.
On only 2 shots first half: They were tyring to deny me the ball, get up and pressure, which Pepperdine likes to do a lot, so I was trying to move the ball around the first half and the second half I came out a little more aggressive.
Going into the game, I thought both teams were in the NCAA tournament. It's just disappointing to not get a WCC Champsionship. As far as the NCAA tournament, I think we definitely deserve to be in. You never know... we've played this waiting game before, but I don't think we've had a higher RPI and a better chance of getting into the tournament.


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Starring: Dean Paul Martin, Kevin Peter Hall, Mark Thomas Miller, Courtney Cox and Max WrightMisfits of Science was a teen-oriented fantasy adventure that set out to prove that outcasts and freaks could be TV heroes too. The "freaks" in this case were all young people with bizarre physical abilities, who were being studied by Los Angeles' Humanidyne Institute. Not content to become living laboratory experiments, they formed a team to fight crime and save the world!
Notable guest stars include: Larry Linville, June Allyson, Ray Walston and Dan Lauria.
Overall Set Quality (scale of 1-10): 8
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Editor's note: This story has been edited to correct the sequence of events surrounding the introduction of the Biometric Identification System for Access program.
Agencies have dreamed for years about deploying biometrics to the field. You can check out these photos of someone who resembles a much younger looking version of me leading a team of GCN Lab reviewers as we tested out a whole suite of biometric products trying to break into government service as far back as 2003. Those products had drawbacks, though, including vulnerabilities to hacking (especially those with software-based middleware), high numbers of false negatives and clunky form factors.
Biometrics is a Defense Department success story with a long history, according to Maggi Patton, PMD Chief at U.S. Army, PEO EIS, PM Installation Information Infrastructure - Communications and Capabilities. The Army, the Marine Corps and Special Operations Command have been using a variety of field biometric systems since before 9/11, she said.
The Army's Biometrics Automated Toolset, which captures fingerprints, iris patterns and facial images and compares them to an internal watch list, was field tested in Kosovo and then sent to Iraq with a
Marine Corps unit in 2003. Since then a variety of biometrics collection devices have been used in the field.
The Marine Corps just announced it is successfully deploying biometric scanners to Afghanistan that use a combination of facial, thumb and iris scanners to identify insurgents.
"The BESD [Biometric Enrollment and Screening Device] provides Marines the ability to identify friendly or neutral individuals' true identities while denying the enemy anonymity," Ilich Bello, Force Protection Systems Team senior program analyst, says in the Marines' announcement. "It supports the biometric enterprise requirement to capture forensic-quality rolled fingerprints, and meets Department of Defense and FBI standards."
The soldiers in the field are using a portable device to record the identities of people they meet and have enrolled over 19,000 persons of interest, including 300 who were placed on a watch list. Scans are compared against an internal biometric database to identify individuals encountered on the battlefield, the Marines said.
Sending biometrics out on patrol is a natural extension of the Army's Biometric Identification System for Access program started in 2005, in response to a suicide bomber that infiltrated a high-security U.S. military installation in Mosul, Iraq, in December 2004. The Army later developed a biometric base access control system to screen day workers, and that system won a GCN Award in 2010 after its successful deployment.
Deploying biometrics into the desert is even harder than in a typical climate. Silex Technology came across this years ago when trying to figure out why users of its biometric fingerprint scanners in Colorado were getting much worse results than those in California or Washington, D.C. It was because drier skin was hampering the scans, necessitating the creation of the Silex 51 scanner that could look beyond the first fingerprint layer and read the moister skin beneath, which earned it a good grade in lab testing. Presumably, any fingerprint scanner deployed to Iraq would have to make use of the deeper scan, since the humidity there is so low and the heat so high.
Even today, with many of the kinks worked out for biometric devices, there are always ways people come up with to bypass or trick biometrics, so we can never totally rely on them. A few years back, an artist figured out how to use World War I-era "dazzle paint" to trick scanners. Dazzle paint's effectiveness at camouflaging warships might have been dubious back in the day, but it worked well against modern facial scanners.
With the new portable scanners deployed to I, II and III Marine Expeditionary Forces, reports are that the program is working well, and helping to make soldier's jobs a little safer. That's great news, and we can only hope that the program continues and evolves. Scanners and the science of biometrics have come a long way in a short time, but still likely have a little ways to go.
Posted by John Breeden II on Aug 22, 2013 at 6:17 AM
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This Asian pumpkin or Kabocha has been used in many Thai and other Asian dishes for stir fry, steam, curry and also great for dessert. This pumpkin is high in fiber. It is rich in beta carotene, with iron, vitamin C, potassium, and smaller traces of calcium, folic acid, and minute amounts of B vitamins. Net weight 2-3 lb. Product of USA.
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This isn't role-playing as you generally associate it. There are no levels or perks here. Instead, this is role-playing in the strictest sense of the word, as a bunch of gamers act out the roles they've assumed in-game.
This is footage from a British ArmA II group, who not only went to the trouble of mocking up a fake TV news story, but even added fake news broadscast tickers and logos to go with it.
The opening is pretty hammy, but once the inevitable ambush kicks in, it all gets surprisingly entertaining/realistic and really sells just how serious a game ArmA II can be.
ArmA II is a military shooter from the developers behind the original Operation Flashpoint game. There's a third game in the series currently in development.
Arma 2: The Player News Report [Rock, Paper, Shotgun]


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I didn't want it on the poll because I thought far more deserving games were in contention. I do however believe we should cover KH at some point
I think he is talking about KH as a whole not KH1. There is nothing confusing story wise in KH1. Everything after the first game is a casserole of nonsense. Yes you can technically try and make sense of it but why on Earth would you put yourself through that hellfire.


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Bayer: improving people's lives through innovation
Some EUR 3 billion for research and development in 2012 / More than 600 patent applications submitted last year / Currently 35 clinical development projects in the pharmaceuticals pipeline / Five pharmaceutical products with approximate peak annual sales potential of more than EUR 5.5 billion / Strong CropScience pipeline with peak sales potential exceeding EUR 4 billion / Increasing significance of partnerships – more than 800 R&D collaborations
Leverkusen, November 14, 2012 – With numerous new products, the Bayer Group aims to help improve people's lives while exploiting billions in potential sales. "Innovation is the only way to address the global challenges that exist at the beginning of the third millennium," Management Board Chairman Dr. Marijn Dekkers said on Wednesday, addressing some 140 journalists at Bayer's "Perspective on Innovation 2012" press forum in Leverkusen. Dekkers explained that significant opportunities are presenting themselves for the innovation company Bayer as a result of trends such as population growth and demographic changes, ecology and sustainability. Bayer will therefore once again invest some EUR 3 billion in research and development this year alone. The Bayer Group employs nearly 13,000 research scientists worldwide, whose work resulted in more than 600 patent applications last year.
"To us, innovation always means generating value for our customers and society as a whole," Dekkers continued. "Our mission sums it up: 'Bayer: Science For A Better Life.' In other words, our scientific successes are intended to help improve people's lives." Bayer's research and development focuses on the life sciences – in other words, the health of people, animals and plants.
Positive development for advanced pharmaceutical projects
Bayer is currently seeing positive developments particularly with the new product candidates from its clinical Phase III pharmaceuticals pipeline. Dekkers said further crucial milestones had been reached here in the past months. Here he referred to recent progress made with the anticoagulant Xarelto™, the cancer drugs Stivarga™ and radium-223 dichloride (Alpharadin), the eye medicine aflibercept (VEGF Trap-Eye) and riociguat to treat pulmonary hypertension. Assuming Bayer is granted marketing authorization for these products, they have yearly sales potential of more than EUR 5.5 billion, the Bayer CEO said, estimating the potential for Xarelto™ alone at more than EUR 2 billion. Bayer's pharmaceutical pipeline is otherwise well stocked, too: the company currently has a total of 35 projects in clinical development.
According to Dekkers, Xarelto™ is approved in up to 120 countries worldwide depending on the indication. Since it was first licensed in 2008, Xarelto™ has been administered to more than two-and-a-half million patients worldwide in everyday medical practice, he said. In the Bayer Chairman's words, the medicine can prevent two out of three strokes in patients with atrial fibrillation, and – by contrast with other novel anticoagulants – needs only be taken once daily.
New ways to increase food production
Dekkers explained that plant health is a very important issue. He said the CropScience subgroup already offers a balanced portfolio of new products and product candidates, including Xpro™ and Luna™ to control fungal infections and the insecticide Sivanto™ for application primarily in fruits, vegetables and various field crops. Other products in the subgroup's portfolio are Votivo™ for biological protection against nematodes (small worms that damage roots) and a new variety from the FiberMax™ family of cotton seeds that offers both herbicide tolerance and insect resistance and thus helps to considerably improve harvest yields, Dekkers explained.
Dekkers highlighted the benefits of these innovations using the example of Xpro™, which last year already was used in roughly one quarter of the planting area in Germany for cereals. Xpro™ leads to higher yields of 5 percent on average – corresponding to 500,000 metric tons of cereals in Germany last year alone. "Allow me to give you a clear idea of just how much this is: to be able to transport this additional yield, a train would need 20,000 carriages and would stretch from Leverkusen to Frankfurt," said the Management Board Chairman.
In light of societal acceptance of biologically grown food products, biologicals will play a key role in the future of crop protection. Bayer is keen to be represented in this field from the beginning, Dekkers remarked. Essentially, the issue concerns microorganisms such as bacteria or their metabolites that are applied to crops. They act biologically on various species of plant pests. Although Bayer is already represented on the market with biological products such as the recently launched Votivo™ brand, the acquisition of AgraQuest now provides the company with an excellent starting point for further innovation.
According to the Bayer CEO, CropScience is pursuing numerous promising projects in the areas of crop protection, biologicals and seed. With peak sales potential in excess of EUR 4 billion, these new products are expected to be introduced to the market between 2011 and 2016.
New approaches in innovation
Dekkers emphasized that Bayer has a unique starting position thanks to its extensive expertise with respect to the health of people, animals and plants. "Bayer is the only global company to combine all three under one roof". It is from this very position that Bayer is breaking new ground in terms of innovation too. Thanks to significant progress in the biosciences, there is a steady flow of new findings about fundamental cellular mechanisms in people, animals and plants, the Bayer Chairman said, explaining that these mechanisms can be very similar across various species and can thus enable new research approaches. Dekkers said Bayer has therefore created the framework its researchers need to work together on innovations – systematically and much more intensively across subgroup boundaries.
MaterialScience focuses on improving production processes
The central challenges of our time include not just health and nutrition, but also energy, resources and safety, Dekkers said. At Bayer MaterialScience, improvements to production processes are therefore one of the most important keys to greater sustainability, the Bayer CEO remarked. For instance, Bayer is converting its energy-intensive chlorine production to a process that lowers energy requirements by some 30 percent. "As this example shows, efficiency and cost-effectiveness go hand in hand in the long term. What's more, using less energy also improves our carbon footprint," Dekkers said. The same applies to gas phase phosgenation in the production of TDI, one of the precursors for polyurethanes, he added. Dekkers referred to the Dream Production project as a particularly fascinating and innovative development. Here the concentration of CO2 can be additionally reduced by using an innovative technology to convert it from a waste product into a raw material for plastics production.
Good opportunities through cooperation
Bayer sees good opportunities for developing numerous new and innovative products particularly in cooperation with research institutes and universities, as well as with start-up companies, explained Professor Wolfgang Plischke, whose responsibilities on the Board of Management of Bayer AG include the areas of innovation, technology and sustainability. The focus here is on the life sciences. "It is no longer possible for companies to achieve everything on their own. Cooperation agreements and alliances have now become an integral part of the innovation culture of all research-based companies," Plischke said.
One vital requirement is to structure these partnerships intelligently from the outset, Plischke remarked, explaining that the correct cooperation model needs to be found based on the objectives and skills of everyone involved. Each partner contributes specific expertise that will enable the joint goal to be achieved faster and more efficiently, the Management Board member said. He pointed out that the trend toward more research alliances is also reflected in the fact that external collaborations now account for nearly one quarter of the company's roughly EUR 3 billion annual research and development budget. Cooperation projects in the field of biology benefit from the lion's share of these funds, receiving more than two thirds of the total. Bayer possesses and is continuously expanding an excellent network comprising more than 800 partners in many countries around the world.
In this connection, Plischke listed numerous examples from the HealthCare subgroup. Last year, he said, the close to 7,500 research and development staff at Bayer HealthCare submitted 146 patent applications and were involved in 326 cooperation projects with universities, research institutes and other companies worldwide. "Partnerships can be formed at any point in the pharmaceutical value-added chain – from the initial idea through all stages of research and development to joint sales and marketing activities," continued Plischke. Bayer HealthCare maintains strategic partnerships in various areas – including mainly oncology, but also cardiovascular disease and women's health care.
Nearly 4,500 people work in research and development at CropScience. Last year they submitted 204 patent applications and 132 plant variety rights applications, and were involved in 420 collaborations around the world with universities, research institutes and other companies. "Our objective is to deliver the first or best solution for optimal yields for key crops worldwide," said Plischke. According to the Board member, this includes, for example, wheat – in which yields cannot be sufficiently increased with conventional methods to match world population growth. Developing a new variety takes a similar amount of time to producing a new drug – eight to 12 years. "A global network of plant breeders and cooperation projects with leading research institutes will help us in this respect," said Plischke. Bayer CropScience maintains alliances aimed, for example, at improving cotton seed or developing herbicides with new mechanisms of action.
Last year, the almost 1,000 research and development staff at Bayer MaterialScience submitted nearly 250 patent applications and were involved in 60 cooperation projects around the world with universities, research institutes and other companies. Plischke explained that "earthquake wallpaper" is an example of successful cooperation with diverse partners in the value-added chain. This innovation could play a key role in helping people in earthquake-prone regions to stay safe, Plischke said. He added that MaterialScience maintains several partnerships in the field of energy efficiency, including one collaboration that developed a modular and innovative streetlight concept. Simply by using efficient LED technology, it is possible to reduce energy consumption by up to 70 percent compared with conventional streetlights, Plischke remarked. Another example he mentioned was a new polyurethane insulation system for refrigerators that further significantly reduces thermal conductivity.
"Innovation safeguards our future"
"One thing is clear: we are committed to innovation. It is the only way to safeguard not only the company's future, but also – in more global terms – that of our planet's entire population," summed up Dekkers. However, he cautioned, innovation can only thrive under certain conditions. According to Dekkers, innovation is not just a matter of money – it also requires curiosity, a will to change and constant improvement. "This is something that needs to be taught and encouraged. Good training is therefore essential for each and every innovation location," Dekkers said. "However, it is also important for society to be open to new ideas. We must not live in a society that is afraid of taking risks and grasping opportunities." Dekkers said these abilities and attitudes must be promoted – a task that requires a combined effort by politicians, schools and industry.
Bayer: Science For A Better Life
Bayer is a global enterprise with core competencies in the fields of health care, agriculture and high-tech materials. As an inventor company, it sets trends in research-intensive areas. Bayer's products and services are designed to benefit people and improve the quality of life. At the same time, the Group aims to create value through innovation, growth and high earning power. Bayer is committed to the principles of sustainable development and acts as a socially and ethically responsible corporate citizen. In fiscal 2011, the Group employed about 112,000 people and had sales of EUR 36.5 billion. Capital expenditures amounted to EUR 1.7 billion, R&D expenses to EUR 2.9 billion. For more information, go to www.bayer.com.
Note to editors:
Also available on the Internet at www.press.bayer.com are:
- a transcript of the speech by Dr. Marijn Dekkers and the accompanying slides,
- a transcript of the speech by Professor Wolfgang Plischke and the accompanying slides.
Supplementary material at www.live.bayer.com:
- live broadcast of the press conference
- recording of the news conference (from approximately 3:00 p.m. CET)
TV editors can download or order updated film footage about Bayer free of charge at www.bayer-tv.com.
The new edition of the Bayer scientific magazine "research" is available at
Social media channel: www.socialmedia.bayer.com
Forward-Looking Statements
This release may contain forward-looking statements based on current assumptions and forecasts made by Bayer Group or subgroup management. Various known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors could lead to material differences between the actual future results, financial situation, development or performance of the company and the estimates given here. These factors include those discussed in Bayer's public reports which are available on the Bayer website at www.bayer.com. The company assumes no liability whatsoever to update these forward-looking statements or to conform them to future events or developments.


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BEREA, Ohio -- It's Brandon Weeden's job -- fair and square.
Weeden was named the Cleveland Browns' starting quarterback on Tuesday, ending a "competition" set up by first-year coach Rob Chudzinski, who wanted to push the QB to bring out the best in him.
"Brandon has earned this," Chudzinski said, "and that's extremely important to me that he did. He has gained my complete trust. He has gained his teammates' complete trust and this organization's trust. We're all behind him and we'll all be behind him to support him."
Chudzinski's announcement ends speculation about whether Weeden would beat out veteran Jason Campbell and start the season opener against Miami on Sept. 8. Weeden followed up a solid offseason with a strong training camp and two impressive preseason performances, completing 18 of 25 passes for 229 yards and three touchdowns in two exhibition wins.
Weeden, who started 15 games during a bumpy rookie season, was relieved to get the news but said it won't change him.
"It's exciting," he said. "I feel like I worked my tail off during the spring, through OTAs and up until this point. It's rewarding. Everyone in this locker room wants to be on this field and contribute to this team and win games. I still have a season to play. I'm not satisfied. I feel like I've got a lot of work to do and that's my mindset moving forward."
Chudzinski has been pleased with everything the 29-year-old Weeden has shown, and has been impressed with his development not only as a passer but a team leader. Chudzinski said it was vital for the Browns to go through the process of finding the right quarterback to lead the Browns, and waited until the week of Cleveland's third preseason game -- the unofficial dress rehearsal for the regular season -- to name Weeden the starter.
Last week, Chudzinski described the competition between Weeden and Campbell as "still close," even though it was apparent Weeden had solidified his standing with the team.
"Everything about this process was wanting to see how he reacted and how all the quarterbacks reacted," Chudzinski said. "I firmly believe that separates the great quarterbacks from the average quarterbacks -- how they react to different situations."
The Browns sent out mixed signals during the offseason about Weeden, with both CEO Joe Banner and general manager Michael Lombardi saying the former first-round pick needed to prove himself worthy of being a starter.
So far, Weeden has done that.
"I knew I had to impress the people who make the decisions," Weeden said. "That's for all 90 of us who are out here. My mindset was getting better, focus and do the things I needed to do to become a better player."
Weeden now believes everyone with the Browns is behind him.
"Absolutely," he said. "I feel like I have the support from players on up."
Meanwhile, Chudzinski said running back Dion Lewis will likely be placed on season-ending injured reserve after undergoing surgery to repair his broken left leg on Monday. Lewis broke his fibula on Thursday against Detroit.