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July 30, 2012
Continuous Quality Improvement Awards to be recognized Wednesday
Twelve awards will be given to finalists in four categories at the 2nd Annual Continuous Quality Improvement Awards Luncheon, to be held in the Conference Center Ballroom on Wednesday. All finalists in the categories of Distinguished Teaching Awards, Distinguished Full Professor Awards, Staff Employee of the Year, and Continuous Quality Improvement Team Awards will attend the luncheon to be recognized. As Columbus State readies for Reaffirmation of Accreditation in September, the team projects and individuals being celebrated at the luncheon will take center stage.
For the Distinguished Teaching Awards, faculty members are nominated by their students and reviewed by a committee of peers. Finalists are:
Reuel Barksdale, Associate Professor, Business Programs
Henry Bawden, Instructor, Interactive Media
Amy DiBlasi, Instructor, Business Office Applications
Jennifer Dragoo, Instructor, Developmental Education
Christine Evenson, Professor, Interpreter Education Program
Lydia Gilmore, Assistant professor, Business Management
Carolyn Kaufman, Associate professor, Psychology
Theresa Kegley, Instructor, Mathematics
Jon Lundquist, Associate professor, Interactive Media
Merideth Sellars, Instructor, Biological Sciences
The Distinguished Full Professor Awards highlight the stellar performances of Columbus State's finest professors. The finalists are:
Jeffrey Bates - Environmental Science, Safety and Health
Robert Fitrakis - Social Sciences
Thomas Habegger - Sport and Exercise Studies
Lisa Cerrato - Health Information Management Technology
James Taylor - Hospitality Management
Gerald Mueller - Mathematics
Tom Shanahan - Paralegal Studies
The Staff Employee of the Month Award recognizes those who excel as team players, go above and beyond, and most importantly, make a real difference to the Columbus State community. Finalists for the Staff Employee of the Year are:
Candice Spangler - Program Coordinator, Curriculum Management
Joel Mathias – Systems Administrator, Information Technology
Treschelle Kendrick - Program Coordinator , Human Resources
Tara Narcross – Supervisor, Transitional Workforce
Diane Jones - Office Associate, Admissions
Sabrina Ayers - Office Associate, Student Engagement and Leadership
Kellie Brennan - Director, Student Life
Shona Wainwright - Office Associate, Library
Billy Williams – Coordinator, Public Safety
James Smithhisler – PC Specialist, IT Support Services
Linda Reid - Office Associate, Business Programs
Tori Sims – Coordinator, Financial Aid
Finally, the Continuous Quality Improvement Team Awards recognize groups that have had the most impact on the college by incorporating the values and strategic goals set forth by the Board of Trustees. The finalists are:
The Colleague Training Team
The Biggest Learner Team
The Cougar Challenge 5K Team
The Generation One Trailblazers Team
Congratulations to all of the finalists in this year's awards. The winners will be profiled in upcoming issues of Update!
Casino will hire Columbus State grads first for food service
Hollywood Casino Columbus came to Columbus State to announce how it will work with the college to hire and train foodservice workers, giving priority to Columbus State students and graduates. See a video of Friday's news conference here!
Deadline near for employee fee waivers
The deadline for Employee/Dependent Fee Waivers for Autumn Semester is Wednesday, August 15. A Request for Fee Waiver form must be turned into Human Resources by 4:30 p.m. to guarantee that fee waivers will be processed before late fees are assessed.
You may also pay your fees first and then be reimbursed within 30 days from the start of the semester by completing the Request for Fee Waiver form and submitting an official payment receipt into Human Resources by September 28. If you have any questions, please contact Susan Thompson or call ext.2406.
Theatre Columbus State presents The Good Doctor, starting Wednesday
Neil Simon's classic comedy is on full display for Theatre Columbus State's production of The Good Doctor.
The Good Doctor is on stage at Nestor Hall Auditorium from Wednesday, August 1, through Saturday, August 4 at 8:00 p.m. nightly, with a 3:00 p.m. matinee on Thursday, August 2 . Admission is free. See a video preview on CSTV here: http://cstv.cscc.edu/the-good-doctor/.
Global Bridges program to share culture
The Diversity, Study Abroad and TRIO Programs department is seeking a dynamic group of students interested in understanding more about the world and each other while connecting via monthly activities. Over the course of two semesters, Global Bridges plans to explore, expand, and excite in order to build a true Global Bridge in the campus community. Students in the program will meet for three hours per month from September – May, and participate in culture sharing activities, team building events, community service, and participate in the Strive to Make a Difference Symposium at OSU. They will also receive a $100 scholarship for successful completion of the program in May. If you know a student who might benefit from this new program, please have them apply through Vanessa Kumar, International Student Specialist, at 287-5503. The deadline to apply is August 20.
HPC "Train the Trainer" raises SES scholarship funds
After the Train the Trainer fundraiser looking tired but happy are, front from left: Elizabeth Mitchum and Zac Homes, and back row from left: Don Laubenthal, Anne Justice, Mandi Cecil, Dawn Skedell, Tim Davis, Teresa Browning and Jason Apt.
The Sport & Exercise Studies-Human Performance Center "Train the Trainer" fundraiser benefitting the Dr. David W. Litt Scholarship Fund for SES Exercise Science students raised $750 July 26. The event allows HPC clients the opportunity to pay back their personal trainers while paying it forward for Columbus State Sport & Exercise Studies students. Clients scheduled a 30-minute personal training session for a minimum $10 donation.
In the event's first year, 2008, the SES-HPC raised $475 and the event total has grown yearly. Dr. David Litt died in January, 2008.
"Dr. Litt was a crucial visionary for the Sport & Exercise Studies Exercise Science program," said Mandy Cecil, HPC coordinator. "His ability to see the future of the exercise science industry helped develop the SES-Human Performance Center year after year."


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Wedding date: June 1, 2013
Her story: Samantha Stern, 29, grew up in Baltimore. She is a graduate of the University of Maryland, College Park, and an operations manager at T. Rowe Price. She is the eldest daughter of Cindy and Jerry Stern.
His story: Mark Pilon, 29, was born in Michigan but grew up mostly in Lake Forest, Il. His parents, Larry and Shelley Pilon, live in Illinois. Mark came to Maryland after his mother read about McDaniel College (then Western Maryland College) in a booklet. He is also an operations manager at T. Rowe Price.
Their story: Samantha and Mark met in the summer of 2006 shortly after they both graduated from college. They played on the same softball team and were friends for two years before going out together in 2008. Their official first date was at Roy's in Harbor East, though they had gone out on an unofficial date once before that.
"It's so embarrassing what we ended up doing," says Samantha. "We went to Bill Bateman's [in Reisterstown]. It was right near work at the time," she says.
The proposal: Mark proposed on Friday, April 13, 2012, when they were getting ready to go to dinner with Samantha's grandmother. That's when Mark, who is an avid golfer, surprised Samantha with a golf glove he bought for her.
"He slides it onto my hand really fast, and I'm not even thinking. I'm like, 'Oh, cool golf glove.' " Samantha says. "And he goes, 'What's that?' and it's a slit [in the glove for a ring]. He just got down with my hand in a golf glove, and he proposed."
Before Mark and Samantha went to dinner, they stopped by Samantha's parents' house where a group of their friends and family gathered for a surprise engagement party that Mark coordinated.
"Her parents had a bar and food, and it was catered. We had a really cool time that day," says Mark.
The venue: About 200 guests attended the ceremony and reception at the Suburban Club in Pikesville. Samantha's mom had a vision of a modern wedding and helped with much of the decorating and planning.
Her dress: The bride wore an Augusta Jones strapless, lace trumpet-style gown with a scalloped, sweetheart neckline from Betsy Robinson's Bridal Collection in Reisterstown. She also wore a chapel-length veil and a silver beaded belt.
Bridesmaids' dresses: The bridesmaids wore floor-length black chiffon Bill Levkoff gowns from Betsy Robinson's Bridal Collection.
Men's apparel: The groom and groomsmen wore black tuxedos with cummerbunds, suspenders and bow ties from Tuxedo House in Timonium.
Decor: Dale Klietz from JJ Cummings Floral Co. of Baltimore used an all-white mixture of peonies, tulips, roses and calla lilies for the bouquets and centerpieces. Tall white candlesticks, gold charger plates and shimmery linens accented the tables. As a last-minute touch, Samantha's mom arranged to have strands of crystals hung from the ceiling above the dance floor.
Music: London Bridge, a band from Philadelphia-based entertainment company Events beyond Expectation, sang pop music to entertain the guests.
"People say they've never seen a bride like me who did not leave the dance floor one minute," Samantha says. "I battled one of the singers in a Nicki Minaj song."
"That was extremely entertaining," Mark says.
Samantha and Mark's first dance was to "You Are the Best Thing" by Ray Lamontagne.
Food: The couple worked with chef Chad Stein of the Suburban Club to create the menu, which included a french fry station, sliders and ice cream sandwiches. And the hit of the night, Samantha says, was the candied bacon.
"It was at the bars, and people were putting it on the burgers," she says.
Just wedded? Or planning your nuptials? Tell us about it. Email your wedding details and contact information to email@example.com.
More wedding info
For more coverage of bridal trends and wedding-planning adventures, go to baltimoresun.com/weddings.

subset: commoncrawl


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Front - 9.5x16 (AG20), 10x16.5 (IND20)
Rear - 12.4x28 (AG20), 420/70x24 (IND20)
Vertical, 4-cycle, EPA Tier Certified
Combustion System - Swirl chamber
Compression Ratio - 21.3:1
Steering - 5 (7.2 cc)
Main - 11.1 (16 cc)


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If you haven't checked it out yet, WoW Insider has started releasing a series of weekly Google Hangout videos. On the WoW Hangout, it's a group of us WoW Insider folks talking about different topics on a week to week basis. This week, we talked about Flex raids.
One of the questions posed was "Do you think it's going to be mandatory for players to run three sets of raids? Isn't that extreme?" I wanted to expand on my answers.
It all comes down to what you want out of this game. Over the years, there's been this mad rush to get your character as geared out as possible so that you can do all the harder and fun stuff. Flex adds a third potential raiding lockout that you and your raid group can take advantage of. I feel that a small percentage of people will actually do this and try to blitz through all three lockouts. However, we need to remember that Raid Finder and Flex will be gated on release day. I remember reading somewhere that Flex will be on a slightly faster timetable (Can't source it, so I may be incorrect).
It's not something you can simply queue into either like you would for Raid Finder.
If you actually do choose to run three raids a week, you should be able to get the armor and gear you need for your character quickly. That's three sets of "loot pools" to choose from. Eventually, you'll reach an equilibrium where there's no longer a purpose to running the Raid Finder. You'll be bouncing between Flex and Normal. After that, you'll (at minimum) have items that are at least equal to the Flex level of drops. Won't need to run that anymore, either. Your time should then be freed up to running just the Normal a week.
At least, that's under the generous assumption that the loot Gods are kind to you. Did you remember to make your monthly Murloc sacrifice to appease them?
I really think that once all of the raid lockouts are available, players in raid groups that are ahead of the curve won't be running all three week. Don't kill yourself running this.
Plus summer's here!
As for me, once Matticus is done being all geared out, I won't be bringing him into those side raids anymore. If anything, I'll activate Saphfira (Elemental Shaman) and Denesia (Frost Mage). That'll keep giving me a reason to run Flex raids on our off nights of raiding (Wednesday nights). It's completely optional and it's the perfect environment for players with alts or working on offspecs to get some practice in case we need to call upon them on the main raid. Until Flex comes out, my guild and friends are content with running parts 3 and 4 of ToT. Part 2 simply takes too long because there's so much trash and snails. I'm not inclined to run part 1, either.
Some of our retired raiders have even expressed some interest in coming back just for that. It's a lower stress environment and they know that the group we have has the capability to smash through it.
I've seen the projected map for the new Siege of Orgrimmar raid. It's expected to contain 13 bosses. My worry is that we may not be able to get through all of that in a single night. If that happens, we're going to need to split the run into a week 1 and week 2 deal where we can knock out as much as possible in the first day before coming back next week and cleaning up.
Here's another blue post with more details about how the lockout will work.
"Will the lockout be similar to LFR where you can run it again (with only 1 chance per week for loot) or will it be like normal, where you can only kill a boss once per week?"
Right now, the idea is to have FR lockouts work very similarly to lockouts in LFR.
You will be able to repeat bosses, and that will actually still be somewhat rewarding, you'll be able to use additional bonus rolls, earn Valor Points, and potentially loot some shinnies from trash…
There's something unique about FRs though, I'll explain it with an example:
Let's say you join a 12man and kill the first boss, leave the raid, and join a 20man, you might have to repeat the first boss.
"Might", so how does that work?
If everyone in the new 20man raid has already killed the first boss just like you did, then that boss will not spawn.
But even if only 1 of the players in that 20man has not killed the first boss, he will spawn again and everyone else will have to repeat the encounter.
Yikes! Maybe the whole week 1/week 2 raiding thing won't work as well as I thought! That's assuming we bring in a new player the next week. Being able to farm the same bosses repeatedly for valor points? Hrm!
Are you thinking about running all three lockouts or are you content with just one or two? What plans do you have about your alts (if any)?
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Azure event in Maranello with 2012 London medal winners
Maranello, 29 October – The Fiorano track, the Ferrari campus and the Ferrari Museum welcomed the 45 medal winners from the 2012 London Olympics and Paralymics, together with CONI President Gianni Petrucci, General Secretary and Head of Mission Raffaele Pagnozzi as well as the President of the Italian Paralympics Committee Luca Pancalli. They all were guests of Ferrari Chairman Luca di Montezemolo.
A day to celebrate Italian excellence "bound together by passion for sports, privation and the will to win", as Montezemolo said. The core values since 2006 for the collaboration between the Prancing Horse and CONI, Ferrari offers technology and know-how.
The Ferrari Chairman received a 2012 London Olympic torch, while team principal Stefano Domenicali a medal from the 1960 Games from the CONI President. "I was moved by seeing your extraordinary victories at the Olympic Games," Montezemolo said. "What you did and how you did it makes me think that we share the passion and the will to never give up. This is why I really feel moved so much today. You athletes represent the most beautiful part of sport. Seeing the Italian flag in London in front millions of people was an immense satisfaction and we are very grateful for that." Coni received the pistons from the engine in the World Champion cars F2001 and F2003-GA from Ferrari.
The event started at the Fiorano track where, after a show by Giancarlo Fisichella on board of an F1 single-seater, the champions from London 2012 went for some laps on the track in a F12berlinetta and a 458 Spider, experiencing the emotion of speed next to the Ferrari test drivers. In the afternoon the athletes visited the production lines for the road cars, ending the day with a visit at the Ferrari Museum in Maranello.
Amongst the numerous athletes: Valentina Vezzali and Oscar de Pellegrin, Daniele Molmenti, Marco Galiazzo, Arianna Errigo and Elisa Di Francisca as well as Jessica Rossi and Martina Grimaldi.
"The emotions they give us will stay with us forever," CONI president Gianni Petrucci said, underlining how Ferrari is "the history and the culture of our country, a great example of team spirit".


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Of all the summer fruits, strawberries always struck me as being a bit prosaic, and slightly disappointing. Maybe I've been jaded by years of eating out of season flavourless berries, pristinely perfect under their cello wrappers, but without a smidge of sweetness. Or maybe it's the memory of those big jars of Kraft jam, brimming with sugar and big blobs of fruit that tasted like nothing resembling the real deal.
Belanger Organic Farms. Armed with a lot of berries and eager to get the season's canning underway, I finally made my own strawberry jam, adding a bit of a Asian twist. The results reminded me why strawberry jam is the most popular flavour by far. And if you're not inclined to make your own, click here to read which producers are still making strawberry jam and preserves the good old-fashioned way.
Strawberry Jam with a Thai Twist
yield: 8-10 ½ pint jars
This jam calls for lemongrass and kaffir lime leaves, ingredients traditionally used in Thai cuisine. The additon of these ingredients while cooking the strawberries impacts a brightness to the jam's flavour and cuts through the sweetness. If these ingredients aren't readily available, the jam can be made without them.
Note: If you haven't canned or made jam before, see my post on Plum Jam for a step-by-step tutorial.
5 quarts organic strawberries
10 c sugar
1¼ c lemon juice, plus ¼ c as needed (reserve rinds and seeds)
5 fresh kaffir leaves
2 stalks lemongrass, trimmed and cut into four pieces
1. Wash, hull and slice the strawberries. Combine the berries with the sugar and lemon juice in a non-reactive pot or large bowl, and macerate for at least 4 hours at room temperature to let the flavours and juices develop. Tie the reserved rinds and seeds in cheesecloth and set aside.
2. Put the berries and all the juices and sugar in a large stockpot, along with the reserved lemon rind and seeds, the kaffir leaves and the lemongrass. Bring to a boil and then to a rolling simmer, skimming off the foam as it forms. Continue cooking, stirring occasionally, for 30 to 45 minutes, until the jam reaches the jell point. If the jam is not setting, add a little more lemon juice.
3. Once the jam is ready, discard the kaffir, lemongrass and lemon rinds, ladle the jam into prepared jars and process for 10 minutes. Remove from water, cool and store.
Summer's seasonal sweetness, captured to enjoy year round


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Starbucks Corporation is the leading roaster, retailer, and marketer of specialty coffee in North America In addition to a variety of coffees and coffee drinks, Starbucks shops also feature Tazo teas; pastries and other food items; and espresso machines, coffee brewers, and other assorted items. The company also sells many of these products via mail order and online at starbucks.com. It also wholesales its coffee to restaurants, businesses, education and healthcare institutions, hotels, and airlines. Through a joint venture with Pepsi-Cola Company, Starbucks bottles Frappuccino beverages and sells them through supermarkets and convenience and drugstores. Through a partnership with Kraft Foods, Inc., the company sells Starbucks whole bean and ground coffee into grocery, warehouse club, and mass merchandise stores. A third joint venture is with Dreyer's Grand Ice Cream. In addition, it distributes Starbucks premium coffee ice creams to U.S. supermarkets.
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Climate Change skeptic suggests scientists should go to jail
A FoxNews.com article questioned whether 2012 was actually the hottest year on record, quoting "skeptics" who suggest a government office is manipulating data to fabricate proof of rising temperatures. In fact, statistical adjustments made by the agency are required, publicly-documented changes to correct for errors and known sources of bias in the raw data.
In January, the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) announced that 2012 was the hottest year on record in the contiguous U.S. - an announcement that Fox News ignored until one of Fox News' few liberal commentators, Bob Beckel, tried to bring it up on The Five. Soon after, FoxNews.com reporter Maxim Lott solicited the views of a few professional climate "skeptics" to claim that scientists made unjustified data adjustments to exaggerate 2012's heat.
Under the headline "Hottest year ever? Skeptics question revisions to climate data," Lott quoted Roy Spencer, a rare climate contrarian scientist who considers it his job to "minimize the role of government," and Steve Goddard, a climate denier-cum-birther writing under a pseudonym, to cast doubt on the temperature record. According to Goddard, the U.S. only "appears" to have warmed as a result of the agency's adjustments, making the data "meaningless garbage." Lott gave the final word to former television weatherman and blogger Anthony Watts, who said, "In the business and trading world, people go to jail for such manipulations of data."
But the NCDC has publicly explained that it needs to make adjustments to the raw temperature data to account for flaws that can result, for example, when stations are moved, are measuring temperatures at different times of day, or are measuring temperature with different instruments. The NCDC carefully applies these adjustments after publishing their methods in multiple peer-reviewed papers. As several scientists tried to explain to FoxNews.com, these adjustments make the temperature data more accurate:
Government climate scientist Peter Thorne, speaking in his personal capacity, said that there was consensus for the adjustments.Peter Thorne, a climate scientist at the Cooperative Institute for Climate and Satellites who was quoted by FoxNews.com, wrote in an email to Media Matters that recent changes to the data served to improve accuracy. The changes were posted prominently by NCDC in the September 2012 State of the Climate report and, according to Thorne, were "supported by extensive documentation" and "flagged with significant due process undertaken prior to release."
"These have been shown through at least three papers that have appeared in the past 12 months to be an improvement," he said.
NOAA spokesman Scott Smullen agreed.
"These kinds of improvements get us even closer to the true climate signal, and help our nation even more accurately understand its climate history," he said.
John Abraham, an IPCC reviewer concluded that Fox News had "misinformed its readers about climate change again."


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Veterans, Thank YOU!
Veteran's Day in St. George, Utah
The Veteran's Park is located at 75 E. Telegraph in Washington, UT. Last year the parade started near the Washington City Community Center and ran down to and turned onto Telegraph.
November 11, 2013 St. George has a Veteran's Day Parade and Tribute starting at 9 am
November 9 – 11, 2013 there is FREE admission to ALL national parks in honor of Veterans Day! Zion National Park, Cedar Breaks National Monument, and Pipe Springs National Monument are parks near southern Utah you can enjoy. Find more national parks at: www.nationalparks.org
Sponsored by the American Legion, Post 90, and the City of St. George, the St. George parade's theme this year is "Freedom Isn't Free," and they are planning the biggest celebration to date. Following the parade, there will be a Freedom isn't Free program in the historic Tabernacle at 18 South Main Street, beginning at 10:45 a.m.
Learn more about our local heroes.


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On professions, again, but…
I've made a few recommendations regarding professions, but what the heck. See, this time I'm going to discuss what I CHOOSE while leveling, and why.
I always choose a gathering and a crafting profession for my priests. Now while any of the three work, I tend to avoid mining. Quite simply, both herbalism and skinning are faster. hmmm, let me expand that slightly.
At any given 'level', one item of ore (copper, iron, whatever) or bar is going to sell for more than one herb or leather. But… I can strip a plant of all its herbs in one click while it takes a click per ore for mining — and there tend to be more herb sites in an area than ore sites, meaning on any given circle I can get more. That said, until I get to higher levels I can make more in an hour of mining than I can in an hour of herbing. But skinning… Skins tend to be not much less than equivalent level mining – say, 2:3 (that is, I can get about the same amount of funds for 2 ores or 3 skins — generally speaking, of course). And there are a LOT of places I can darn near stand still and let the skins come to me. And best of all — I get experience points while getting these skins.
What this boils down to is that unless the crafting profession I've chosen is alchemy, I tend take skinning as my gathering profession. Re-summarized – it earns the most money for time AND tends to earn experience in the process.
But as I said, I also choose a crafting profession. Despite all the advice, I almost never take tailoring while leveling my priest – if I take it, it's a power-level once I'm at the highest level. See, my criteria for selecting a craft for leveling is how useful it's going to be for me while I level. And crafting… isn't useful. Drops beat most everything you can make till you're over 300, and until you're over 350 you can pretty much buy whatever you need — and in most auction houses, you can sell the mats, buy the item, and have made a profit.
And the other "favorite" – enchanting – is almost as bad. Now sometimes you can make decent money disenchanting items and selling the mats, but if you're seriously intending to level the real deal is… you lose till you are, again, over 300. Again, sell stuff, buy the mats, have the job done — and you can tip the enchanter and still make a profit. The exception here is that there are a few enchants that are uncommon enough you'll have to track them down or do them yourself. And I have recommended that you always put cheap enchants on your gear — the gains are well worth the pittances spent. But it's not one of my professions I choose while leveling.
No, I tend to go with one of two crafting professions as a priest – alchemy and engineering.
Now, alchemy suffers (at first glance) from the same problems as tailoring and enchanting — the mats cost more than the finished product. BUT… there are a LOT of very useful potions at just about every step of the way. And if you are making your own you can provide an almost constant boost in something while leveling. Still, if I've chosen alchemy I tend to choose herbing as my gathering skill. I'll not make as much money, but I'll also significantly reduce my crafting cost.
Perhaps oddly, my favorite crafting profession while leveling is engineering. The key to it, for me, is to recognize it's ONLY for me. The reason I choose it, however, is that there are some extraordinarily useful things for the leveling priest. Historically, I used to drop it when I got near 60/70 and pick up something for that high-level scoring, but with some of the recent recipes I may be keeping it for Phoradendron. hmmm – I suppose I should mention what recipes I consider so important.
Basically, there are three groups. These are headpieces, dummies, and pets. Oh, the fun pets are one thing, but – I invite your attention to the mechanical harvester (sorry – the Compact Harvest Reaper Kit) which gives you a level 35 tank – er, pet – for 10 minutes. Practice aggro management, and grind happily. For dummies, the Advance Target Dummy has saved my bacon more than once — and doesn't use my psychic scream cooldown, either. And headpieces – I can wear flying tiger goggles (+4 STA, +4 SPI, 27 Armor) at, well, I wore a set a level 10 once (can you say Twink with lots of help from other alts? yes, I knew you could). The only requirement is engineering level.
There are a couple of specials I can't resist as an engineer. Blowup Sheep – sorry, Exploding Sheep are on everyone's list, I think. And I've added the Seaforium charges ever since Blizzard's patch allowed me to use them to open lockboxes.
But these are my choices for my fun – with some of the reasoning behind them. Your choices… Please, remember rule one. If it's not fun, do something else.
2 Responses to "On professions, again, but…"
hmm, you don't mention JC? I have it. I hate it:-( I'm going to love it 🙂 I eventually made 2 usefull BoP trinkets at JC +-220, Priest+-65
1. a Jade owl that adds small +int +spi BUT on use, it restores 30mana per second for 12 seconds
2. a bunnyrabbit that increases run spead and on use, it give me a short lived high speed turbo boost
I swap these 2 around when I'm running around or fighting…and the turbo boost is ideal for when I'm surprised by mobs while running around…and I can imagine the flag runner applications
The mana owl does have an upgrade…working on it very slowly!
oooh, and being able to create my +13 healing red gems ROX!!! I got an item with 3 of these babies in it:-) and altoggether have 8 red slots on my character, each filled with one of these.
I'm now +-lvl325 JC, and cannot buy anymore vendor recipes. I have to grind Rep with various factions to learn more.


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ASX down, blames glitch
Traders curse screens, mark time
Unexplained "technical difficulties" have frozen the Australian Securities Exchange (ASX) since shortly after 10am this morning, 27 October.
As a result, the exchange has placed a halt on all trading, termed "enquiry mode". There is no word from the exchange on what has caused the problem or when trading will be resumed. The resumption process will be slow, since once its systems are back online, the exchange will also have to follow a process for trading to start again, so that traders can sort out their orders.
The exchange has also stated that the 6,700 trades made before the exchange shut down will need to be reviewed.
In August this year, the ASX began moving its long-held data centre premises in the CBD, spending $32 million relocating to a new facility in Gore Hill, in a building formerly home to the Australian Broadcasting Corporation. One reason given for the move was a need to expand its colocation facilities for traders' servers, to facilitate the growth in "high frequency trading".
However, the organisation says the crash is unrelated to the move, since it is not yet trading at Gore Hill, and says it is working with Nasdaq OMX, its software supplier, to work out what has taken place.
At the time of writing, the ASX had yet to announce any improvement in system status. Some Twitter chat suggests that today is option expiry day, making the timing of the collapse a serious crisis. ®
Sponsored: Beyond the Data Frontier


text: Hi everyone! I am new in Java, and I am making a little program that create files on disk, with some buttons and labels. My question is: how I can move labels and buttons on the window? Ex: If I want to move the button "example" under the label "1234" how can I? Help please!


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D-backs bop three HRs, keep rolling behind Corbin
Kubel, Goldschmidt, Hill flex muscles in rout of Brewers
MILWAUKEE -- Following their offseason makeover, the D-backs figured they would hit fewer home runs this year.
Saturday night at Miller Park, though, they smacked three homers en route to a 9-2 win over the Brewers on Saturday night at Miller Park.
The win was the third in a row for the D-backs, who go for the sweep of this three-game series on Sunday.
The D-backs jettisoned a couple of power hitters in Justin Upton and Chris Young during the offseason and focused heavily this spring on moving runners over and playing situational baseball.
"Obviously there's been an emphasis on moving runners and playing small ball at times," D-backs first baseman Paul Goldschmidt said. "We've got guys that can hit. Obviously some days you hit homers and other days you try to scratch a couple of runs across and win."
Saturday was the former as the D-backs hit Brewers starter Mike Fiers hard from the outset.
Through the first three innings, though, they only had one run to show for it.
"I felt like honestly we had hit some balls hard and they had made some pretty good plays and there were some balls hit right at them," Goldschmidt said.
Meanwhile the Brewers forced Arizona starter Patrick Corbin to work from the stretch after Norichika Aoki led off the first with a single, and Milwaukee managed single runs in the first and second innings to grab a 2-1 lead.
It looked like the Brewers might do more damage in the second inning but Corbin managed to get Rickie Weeks to ground out with runners on second and third to end the threat.
"When he got out of the stretch early on he was struggling a little bit, he was falling off the ball and couldn't locate it," D-backs manager Kirk Gibson said. "The big thing is in the second inning he got in trouble and he cut that inning off and was able to get back on track."
While Corbin was settling down, the D-backs started hitting the ball over the fence.
Goldschmidt led off with a double off the left-field wall and Jason Kubel followed with a home run down the right-field line to give the D-backs a 3-2 lead.
Arizona extended the lead later in the inning on Gerardo Parra's RBI single.
Then in the fifth, Miguel Montero drew a one-out walk and Goldschmidt delivered a home run to left to put the D-backs up, 6-2.
Corbin had last pitched eight days earlier and after the second inning, pitching coach Charles Nagy told him he needed to work down in the strike zone.
"I was a little off a little bit," Corbin said. "Having eight days off coming in and plus my first game, so I was a little excited. I was leaving some balls up early. Keeping the ball down was a big thing 'Nags' was saying. It's kind of what I did those innings and got a lot of ground balls."
Of the 12 outs Corbin recorded after the second inning, 10 of them came on the ground.
"I just overall kept it down later in the game and didn't get very many hits with it," Corbin said. "And got a lot of ground balls. That was a big thing that I did, throw a lot of fastballs today and that was good."
Corbin allowed two runs on eight hits while striking out two and walking one.
"Corbin, really good fastball," Brewers manager Ron Roenicke said. "He throws enough off-speed with the slider and the changeup to keep you off-balance, but he's very aggressive like [Wade] Miley with the fastball. He comes at you inside, he'll throw it away. He's got the velocity on it. It gave us problems."
For the second straight game the D-backs did not have to deal with Milwaukee slugger Ryan Braun, who was out with neck spasms. In addition, the Brewers were without third baseman Aramis Ramirez, who injured his left knee Friday and was placed on the disabled list before Saturday's game.
"We got some hits today, we had opportunities," Roenicke said. "We have to come through when we get opportunities. When we get the guys on second and third, we need some big hits ... because the opportunities, with the whole group not swinging well, are not going to be there every inning."


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Are you ready for even more football?
The NFL hopes so, as it's officially considering expanding the season by two games.
Under the proposal being discussed by the league and the player's union, teams would still play a total of 20 games, the difference being that two pre-season games would be cut and added to the regular season's 16 games.
"This is an idea that is really gaining momentum, particularly with the owners," said Green Bay Packers president Mark Murphy on a conference call.
However, many players have not yet warmed to the idea of playing a few extra games for two reasons: money and injuries.
According to Murphy, the additional games wouldn't necessarily translate to extra pay for the guys in the trenches. Any raise would be tied to revenue generated from the additional televised games.
The heightened prospect of additional injury towards the end of a grueling season is also giving some big name stars reason to pause.
"I've taken part in several postseason runs where we have played 20 games," said New England quarterback Tom Brady, in a quote released by the NFL Players Association. "The long-term impact this game has on our bodies is well documented. Look no further than the players that came before we did. Each player today has to play three years in order to earn five years of post-career health care."
Baltimore Ravens linebacker Ray Lewis seconded that sentiment.
"I know our fans may not like preseason games, and I don't like all of them," Lewis said. "But swapping two preseason games for two end-of-season games -- when players already play hurt -- comes at a huge cost for the player and the team."
Fans frequently moan about the poor quality of exhibition games since few marquee players participate. Those complaints are helping to drive the owners' thinking.
"Part of it is really providing more value to our fans," Murphy said. "The quality of our preseason has really deteriorated over time."


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The main opposition Hindu nationalist party yesterday elevated Narendra Modi, a deeply divisive figure in Indian politics, to the party's top decisionmaking body with his supporters believing he could become prime minister in national elections next year.
However, Rajnath Singh, the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) president, did not name Modi as the party's prime ministerial candidate, apparently because of opposition from some allies.
Smriti Irani, a BJP vice president, said the party would take a decision in this regard later. It is not known when the party will announce its candidate. The elections are due in May next year.
Modi yesterday was made a member of the BJP's parliamentary board, which will select candidates and lead the election campaign.
Modi, 62, currently heads the BJP government in western Gujarat State. For more than a decade, he has worked relentlessly to market the idea of Gujarat as a business-friendly state and become a hero to a generation of businessmen.
Modi says he has transformed his state, bringing industries, jobs, electricity and water, in a country where power outages and joblessness are epidemic.
However, Modi is accused by rights groups and survivors of not doing enough to stop the violence and even stoking it when marauding mobs of Hindus killed and burned their way through Muslim neighborhoods in Gujarat State in 2001, leaving more than 1,100 people dead. He was never charged with a crime.
The riots began in February 2002 when a train filled with Hindu pilgrims was attacked by a Muslim mob in a small Gujarat town. A fire erupted — it remains unclear whether it was arson — and 60 Hindus burned to death. In retaliation, Muslims were attacked across the state. Since that bloodletting, Modi has ruled over a state sharply divided along religious lines
The Congress party, which has led India's national government for the past nine years, has seen its position dramatically weakened in recent years, its reputation battered by clumsy political maneuvering, weak leadership and a seemingly endless stream of corruption scandals.
The BJP is expected to pose a strong challenge to the Congress party in next year's elections.


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The Role of Genetics in Breast Cancer
A person's risk for breast cancer can be reduced with certain preventive measures, despite an increased risk that may be caused by genetics. In this article, Castle Connolly top doctor Steven Standiford, M.D., FACS explains more about reducing your risk for breast cancer even if the disease runs in your family. Read Dr. Standiford's advice here.
RXi Pharmaceuticals Announces Positive Interim Results in Phase 2a Dermatology Program with RXI-109
Dr. Joseph Hunstad, a Castle Connolly top doctor, is one of the Principal Investigators for RXi Pharmaceuticals Corporation's dermatology clinical program with RXI-109. He was one of the key researchers who discovered that incision sites treated with RXI-109 after scar revision surgery achieved better results compared to control incision sites three months after scar revision surgery. Read more about the trial results.
Maurice Preter, Neuropsychiatrist and Founder of Elite Medical Concierge, Selected as Castle Connolly Top Doctor
It is always an honor when a doctor is nominated and selected as a Castle Connolly top doctor. Neuropsychiatrist and founder of VIP concierge and private health advisory Fifth Avenue Concierge Medicine, PLLC, Dr. Maurice Preter, recently received that honor. Read more about Dr. Preter's top doctor designation here.
World-Renowned Neuro-Oncologist Santosh Kesari, MD, PhD Joins GenSpera's Scientific Advisory Board
Board-certified neurologist and neuro-oncologist Santosh Kesari, MD, PhD has joined the Scientific Advisory Board at a San Antonio-based biotech company that develops innovative pro-drug therapies for cancer treatment.
"Dr. Kesari brings a wealth of knowledge and clinical experience to GenSpera that will be highly useful in advancing the development of mipsagargin," said Craig Dionne, PhD, GenSpera's President and CEO.
Dr. Kesari is a Castle Connolly top doctor. Read more about his joining of this scientific board now.
Dr. Mark Sorensen Named as One of State's Top Doctors
Castle Connolly has officially designated Dr. Mark Sorensen, a cardiologist at Cape Regional Health System and Penn Medicine, as a top doctor. Top doctor candidates are nominated by other doctors or by Castle Connolly itself – a physician cannot nominate him/herself. It is the physicians who are the most outstanding in their medical specialties, in any area of medicine and in any part of the country, who are nominated and receive the honor of being a Castle Connolly top doctor. Read more about Dr. Mark Sorensen here.
Dr. Jeffrey Martin, Managing Partner of North Shore Eye Care, to Speak on Exceptional Technology of Femtosecond Laser Cataract Surgery at Upcoming AAO Academy Meeting
Set to take place November 14 to 17 in Las Vegas, NV, the American Academy of Opthalmology's annual meeting will feature top doctor Jeffrey Martin, MD. Dr. Martin will speak about recent technological advancements in cataract surgery, specifically the CATALYS technology.
"Never before have we been able to achieve such optimal vision in our post-cataract patients so safely and accurately," he said. Read more about Dr. Martin's upcoming presentation.
You can search find more top doctors by searching for them here.


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Bolt On Ponies With Edelbrock
We STREET RODDER staffers are always looking to check out the best the street rod aftermarket has to offer-a monumental task in a world chock-full of awesome offerings for anything in the street rod realm. This time around, we set our sights on putting together a 351 Windsor crate engine for one of our many project vehicles. The engine assemblies from Ford Racing are pretty stout on their own, but like any self-respecting rodder, we guys can never leave well enough alone. That said, we talked the pros over at Vrbancic Brothers Racing into giving us a hand adding some bolt-on horsepower to our already respectable crate engine, because you can never have enough horses!
This particular SBF has been tweaked a bit already, and it had already measured in at a very respectable high of 281 hp @ 4,500 rpm with an aftermarket cam, intake, and carb upgrade. To see if we could improve on this, and to add to the engine's eye appeal, we hit the Edelbrock Web site and did a bit of shopping.
Good looks, affordability, and bolt-on horsepower have always been a hallmark of Edelbrock, and that's why we chose to update our latest STREET RODDER project engine with a few relatively easy bolt-on upgrades-specifically, a pair of #60259 Edelbrock Performer cylinder heads, a #75814 intake manifold, and a #18134 800-cfm carb-that would likely add some muscle as well as good looks, due to their highly polished finishes.
As we had hoped, the Edelbrock upgrade coupled with the Vrbancic Brothers expertise netted us even more power than we had hoped for. How's a gain of nearly 100 hp and 46 lb-ft of torque grab ya? It was a pleasant surprise that left us not only extremely pleased but with a powerplant that's destined to add a lot of enjoyment and reliability to this latest project vehicle. That said, take a look at the installation and testing that went on one afternoon at one of our favorite dyno facilities.


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Gamlet's Trolley Boom product line business (USTB, division of Gamlet, Inc.) is completely operated from the newly expanded 190 Carlisle Avenue location. USTB recently successfully built, assembled, tested and shipped a boom and cab assembly, currently in operation in New York City. The photo provides a birds-eye view of the boom, across the Manhattan skyline.
Continue Reading Gamlet Manufactures Cab Boom for NYC in Expanded Facility »
Posted by Dustin Dohm in "Gamlet News" on 10/07/2014 at 05:04 PM.
Gamlet recently entered into new endeavors of manufacture by supporting a customer build of large gas separation systems, assisting from concept through complete system integration.
Continue Reading Gamlet Manufactures Gas Separation System In House »
Posted by Dustin Dohm in "Gamlet News" on 06/05/2014 at 06:26 PM.


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Events for 15th August 2019 › Worship
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Welcome to the New York State Senate Republican Campaign Committee's website.
Whether we come from a small town, the suburbs or a big city, millions of New Yorkers share the same common goals and aspirations:
- We all want safe, secure and healthy communities.
- We want a stronger, more vibrant economy… with thousands of new job opportunities that hold the promise of a brighter future.
- We want outstanding local schools that truly prepare our children for success… and we want young New Yorkers to have an affordable path to a college education.
- We want a healthy environment, with clean air and water, beautiful parks and green, wide open spaces.
- We want a New York where women are guaranteed the same rights and opportunities as men… where women's health care is a top priority… and where discrimination, violence and abuse are not tolerated.
- We want a government that is responsible, affordable and accountable -- and that actually helps New Yorkers achieve their dreams.
These goals and priorities that are shared by millions of New Yorkers are also precisely the same goals and priorities that drive the New York State Senate Republican Conference.
Senate Republicans have reduced state spending, and ensured that New York's government becomes more lean, more efficient and more accountable.
Get Mobile and Email Updates
Sign up to communicate with the NYS Senate Republican Campaign Committee via Text (SMS). Signing up will empower you with information to spread the Party's message and support our candidates in your area and across our state. Recruit your family, friends and neighbors and start receiving updates.
Together we will bring new faces and new voices to support Senate Republicans - and that means a better New York for all of us.


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Embattled Democratic Rep. Jesse Jackson Jr. of Illinois has resigned from Congress after nearly six months away and just weeks after coasting to reelection.
Jackson Jr. resigned in a letter to U.S. Speaker of the House John Boehner, citing ongoing health concerns, and acknowledging a swirling federal investigation.
"For seventeen years I have given 100 percent of my time, energy, and life to public service," he writes. "However, over the past several months, as my health has deteriorated, my ability to serve the constituents of my district has continued to diminish. Against the recommendations of my doctors, I had hoped and tried to return to Washington and continue working on the issues that matter most to the people of the Second District. I know now that will not be possible."
"The constituents of the Second District deserve a full-time legislator in Washington, something I cannot be for the foreseeable future. My health issues and treatment regimen have become incompatible with service in the House of Representatives. Therefore, it is with great regret that I hereby resign as a member of the United States House of Representatives, effective today, in order to focus on restoring my health."
Following the release of his resignation letter, Jackson Jr.'s legal team of Steptoe and Johnson, and Dan K. Webb, released a statement as well.
"Mr. Jackson is cooperating with the investigation. We hope to negotiate a fair resolution of the matter but the process could take several months. During that time, we will have no further comment and urge you to give Mr. Jackson the privacy he needs to heal and handle these issues responsibly," it said.
Chicago Mayor Rahm Emanuel said he wished the former congressman "a healthy recovery" and said "now is the time to look forward" for Chicagoans, NBC 5 Chicago reported.
Jackson Jr.'s resignation and his legal team's statement are less than shocking news. He hasn't made a public appearance since leaving congress on June 10 and seeking treatment for exhaustion. He ultimately received medical care at the Mayo Clinic in Minnesota for bi-polar depression and gastrointestinal ailments.
Perhaps more relevant, he has been the subject of a federal investigation into potential misuse of campaign funds since about the time he left office to seek medical treatment on June 10.
Federal investigators were investigating whether he used campaign funds to decorate his Washington, D.C., home, among other things. Members of the FBI unit investigating him sent subpoenas to the financial institutions that handled his accounts.
He had scheduled a conference call with staffers for early Wednesday to inform them about his political future. But that call was canceled for fear that the media would join in.
It's not clear if his expected resignation is part of a plea deal he was reportedly working with federal investigators who were looking into some of his expenditures. But Jackson Jr. does mention the investigation in his letter.
"During this journey I have made my share of mistakes," he writes. "I am aware of the ongoing federal investigation into my activities and I am doing my best to address the situation responsibly, cooperate with the investigators, and accept the responsibility for my mistakes for they are my mistakes and mine alone. None of us is immune from our share of shortcomings or human frailties and I pray that I will be remembered for what I did right."
In a statement, Nancy Pelosi, the highest-ranking Democrat in the House, said word of Jackson Jr.'s resignation brought "great sadness."
"His service in Congress was marked by his eloquent advocacy for his constituents' views and interests," she said. "Through his public statements and his writings, he presented a fresh perspective on how we work together to form a more perfect union."
This most recent investigation is not the only problem facing Jackson Jr. He's been under an ethics investigation in the House since 2009 that aimed to uncover his involvement in a scheme by former Illinois Gov. Rod Blagojevich to sell President Barack Obama's former Senate seat.
Jackson Jr. is the son of famous civil rights leader Rev. Jesse Jackson and is married to Chicago politician Alderman Sandi Jackson.
Illinois Gov. Pat Quinn now has five days to schedule a special election to fill the vacated seat, and the seat must be filled within 115 days. The constituents of the 2nd district will be without representation until the seat is filled.


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Some may call him the unluckiest man on the planet but Ron Wayne prefers to think of himself as the asterisk in history.
Wayne is the third founder of Apple -- often the forgotten man who lost out on billions by signing away his share of the Cupertino technology company just days after filing articles of incorporation.
Now Engadget sits down with Wayne and talks to him about life after Apple in its latest issue of Distro.
"I really believe I will probably wind up as a footnote in history because I happened to have known someone," he says.
The 77-year-old sold his share of the company for $2,300 after helping launch Apple with Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak in 1976.
He now wonders why anyone finds his life or his story that interesting that he would be asked to give interviews.
To read the full interview, you can download Distro Issue 18 on Engadget's website.


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Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Vol. 4, by Edward Gibbon, [1788], at sacred-texts.com
The distinction of ranks and persons is the firmest basis of a mixed and limited government. In France, the remains of liberty are kept alive by the spirit, the honors, and even the prejudices, of fifty thousand nobles. 99 Two hundred families !_0054 supply, in lineal descent, the second branch of English legislature, which maintains, between the king and commons, the balance of the constitution. A gradation of patricians and plebeians, of strangers and subjects, has supported the aristocracy of Genoa, Venice, and ancient Rome. The perfect equality of men is the point in which the extremes of democracy and despotism are confounded; since the majesty of the prince or people would be offended, if any heads were exalted above the level of their fellow-slaves or fellow-citizens. In the decline of the Roman empire, the proud distinctions of the republic were gradually abolished, and the reason or instinct of Justinian completed the simple form of an absolute monarchy. The emperor could not eradicate the popular reverence which always waits on the possession of hereditary wealth, or the memory of famous ancestors. He delighted to honor, with titles and emoluments, his generals, magistrates, and senators; and his precarious indulgence communicated some rays of their glory to the persons of their wives and children. But in the eye of the law, all Roman citizens were equal, and all subjects of the empire were citizens of Rome. That inestimable character was degraded to an obsolete and empty name. The voice of a Roman could no longer enact his laws, or create the annual ministers of his power: his constitutional rights might have checked the arbitrary will of a master: and the bold adventurer from Germany or Arabia was admitted, with equal favor, to the civil and military command, which the citizen alone had been once entitled to assume over the conquests of his fathers. The first Caesars had scrupulously guarded the distinction of ingenuous and servile birth, which was decided by the condition of the mother; and the candor of the laws was satisfied, if her freedom could be ascertained, during a single moment, between the conception and the delivery. The slaves, who were liberated by a generous master, immediately entered into the middle class of libertines or freedmen; but they could never be enfranchised from the duties of obedience and gratitude; whatever were the fruits of their industry, their patron and his family inherited the third part; or even the whole of their fortune, if they died without children and without a testament. Justinian respected the rights of patrons; but his indulgence removed the badge of disgrace from the two inferior orders of freedmen; whoever ceased to be a slave, obtained, without reserve or delay, the station of a citizen; and at length the dignity of an ingenuous birth, which nature had refused, was created, or supposed, by the omnipotence of the emperor. Whatever restraints of age, or forms, or numbers, had been formerly introduced to check the abuse of manumissions, and the too rapid increase of vile and indigent Romans, he finally abolished; and the spirit of his laws promoted the extinction of domestic servitude. Yet the eastern provinces were filled, in the time of Justinian, with multitudes of slaves, either born or purchased for the use of their masters; and the price, from ten to seventy pieces of gold, was determined by their age, their strength, and their education. 100 But the hardships of this dependent state were continually diminished by the influence of government and religion: and the pride of a subject was no longer elated by his absolute dominion over the life and happiness of his bondsman. 101
The law of nature instructs most animals to cherish and educate their infant progeny. The law of reason inculcates to the human species the returns of filial piety. But the exclusive, absolute, and perpetual dominion of the father over his children, is peculiar to the Roman jurisprudence, 102 and seems to be coeval with the foundation of the city. 103 The paternal power was instituted or confirmed by Romulus himself; and, after the practice of three centuries, it was inscribed on the fourth table of the Decemvirs. In the forum, the senate, or the camp, the adult son of a Roman citizen enjoyed the public and private rights of a person: in his father's house he was a mere thing; !!_0055 confounded by the laws with the movables, the cattle, and the slaves, whom the capricious master might alienate or destroy, without being responsible to any earthly tribunal. The hand which bestowed the daily sustenance might resume the voluntary gift, and whatever was acquired by the labor or fortune of the son was immediately lost in the property of the father. His stolen goods (his oxen or his children) might be recovered by the same action of theft; 104 and if either had been guilty of a trespass, it was in his own option to compensate the damage, or resign to the injured party the obnoxious animal. At the call of indigence or avarice, the master of a family could dispose of his children or his slaves. But the condition of the slave was far more advantageous, since he regained, by the first manumission, his alienated freedom: the son was again restored to his unnatural father; he might be condemned to servitude a second and a third time, and it was not till after the third sale and deliverance, 105 that he was enfranchised from the domestic power which had been so repeatedly abused. According to his discretion, a father might chastise the real or imaginary faults of his children, by stripes, by imprisonment, by exile, by sending them to the country to work in chains among the meanest of his servants. The majesty of a parent was armed with the power of life and death; 106 and the examples of such bloody executions, which were sometimes praised and never punished, may be traced in the annals of Rome beyond the times of Pompey and Augustus. Neither age, nor rank, nor the consular office, nor the honors of a triumph, could exempt the most illustrious citizen from the bonds of filial subjection: 107 his own descendants were included in the family of their common ancestor; and the claims of adoption were not less sacred or less rigorous than those of nature. Without fear, though not without danger of abuse, the Roman legislators had reposed an unbounded confidence in the sentiments of paternal love; and the oppression was tempered by the assurance that each generation must succeed in its turn to the awful dignity of parent and master.
The first limitation of paternal power is ascribed to the justice and humanity of Numa; and the maid who, with his father's consent, had espoused a freeman, was protected from the disgrace of becoming the wife of a slave. In the first ages, when the city was pressed, and often famished, by her Latin and Tuscan neighbors, the sale of children might be a frequent practice; but as a Roman could not legally purchase the liberty of his fellow-citizen, the market must gradually fail, and the trade would be destroyed by the conquests of the republic. An imperfect right of property was at length communicated to sons; and the threefold distinction of profectitious, adventitious, and professional was ascertained by the jurisprudence of the Code and Pandects. 108 Of all that proceeded from the father, he imparted only the use, and reserved the absolute dominion; yet if his goods were sold, the filial portion was excepted, by a favorable interpretation, from the demands of the creditors. In whatever accrued by marriage, gift, or collateral succession, the property was secured to the son; but the father, unless he had been specially excluded, enjoyed the usufruct during his life. As a just and prudent reward of military virtue, the spoils of the enemy were acquired, possessed, and bequeathed by the soldier alone; and the fair analogy was extended to the emoluments of any liberal profession, the salary of public service, and the sacred liberality of the emperor or empress. The life of a citizen was less exposed than his fortune to the abuse of paternal power. Yet his life might be adverse to the interest or passions of an unworthy father: the same crimes that flowed from the corruption, were more sensibly felt by the humanity, of the Augustan age; and the cruel Erixo, who whipped his son till he expired, was saved by the emperor from the just fury of the multitude. 109 The Roman father, from the license of servile dominion, was reduced to the gravity and moderation of a judge. The presence and opinion of Augustus confirmed the sentence of exile pronounced against an intentional parricide by the domestic tribunal of Arius. Adrian transported to an island the jealous parent, who, like a robber, had seized the opportunity of hunting, to assassinate a youth, the incestuous lover of his step-mother. 110 A private jurisdiction is repugnant to the spirit of monarchy; the parent was again reduced from a judge to an accuser; and the magistrates were enjoined by Severus Alexander to hear his complaints and execute his sentence. He could no longer take the life of a son without incurring the guilt and punishment of murder; and the pains of parricide, from which he had been excepted by the Pompeian law, were finally inflicted by the justice of Constantine. 111 The same protection was due to every period of existence; and reason must applaud the humanity of Paulus, for imputing the crime of murder to the father who strangles, or starves, or abandons his new-born infant; or exposes him in a public place to find the mercy which he himself had denied. But the exposition of children was the prevailing and stubborn vice of antiquity: it was sometimes prescribed, often permitted, almost always practised with impunity, by the nations who never entertained the Roman ideas of paternal power; and the dramatic poets, who appeal to the human heart, represent with indifference a popular custom which was palliated by the motives of economy and compassion. 112 If the father could subdue his own feelings, he might escape, though not the censure, at least the chastisement, of the laws; and the Roman empire was stained with the blood of infants, till such murders were included, by Valentinian and his colleagues, in the letter and spirit of the Cornelian law. The lessons of jurisprudence 113 and Christianity had been insufficient to eradicate this inhuman practice, till their gentle influence was fortified by the terrors of capital punishment. 114
Experience has proved, that savages are the tyrants of the female sex, and that the condition of women is usually softened by the refinements of social life. In the hope of a robust progeny, Lycurgus had delayed the season of marriage: it was fixed by Numa at the tender age of twelve years, that the Roman husband might educate to his will a pure and obedient virgin. 115 According to the custom of antiquity, he bought his bride of her parents, and she fulfilled the coemption by purchasing, with three pieces of copper, a just introduction to his house and household deities. A sacrifice of fruits was offered by the pontiffs in the presence of ten witnesses; the contracting parties were seated on the same sheep-skin; they tasted a salt cake of far or rice; and this confarreation, 116 which denoted the ancient food of Italy, served as an emblem of their mystic union of mind and body. But this union on the side of the woman was rigorous and unequal; and she renounced the name and worship of her father's house, to embrace a new servitude, decorated only by the title of adoption, a fiction of the law, neither rational nor elegant, bestowed on the mother of a family 117 (her proper appellation) the strange characters of sister to her own children, and of daughter to her husband or master, who was invested with the plenitude of paternal power. By his judgment or caprice her behavior was approved, or censured, or chastised; he exercised the jurisdiction of life and death; and it was allowed, that in the cases of adultery or drunkenness, 118 the sentence might be properly inflicted. She acquired and inherited for the sole profit of her lord; and so clearly was woman defined, not as a person, but as a thing, that, if the original title were deficient, she might be claimed, like other movables, by the use and possession of an entire year. The inclination of the Roman husband discharged or withheld the conjugal debt, so scrupulously exacted by the Athenian and Jewish laws: 119 but as polygamy was unknown, he could never admit to his bed a fairer or a more favored partner.
After the Punic triumphs, the matrons of Rome aspired to the common benefits of a free and opulent republic: their wishes were gratified by the indulgence of fathers and lovers, and their ambition was unsuccessfully resisted by the gravity of Cato the Censor. 120 They declined the solemnities of the old nuptiais; defeated the annual prescription by an absence of three days; and, without losing their name or independence, subscribed the liberal and definite terms of a marriage contract. Of their private fortunes, they communicated the use, and secured the property: the estates of a wife could neither be alienated nor mortgaged by a prodigal husband; their mutual gifts were prohibited by the jealousy of the laws; and the misconduct of either party might afford, under another name, a future subject for an action of theft. To this loose and voluntary compact, religious and civil rights were no longer essential; and, between persons of a similar rank, the apparent community of life was allowed as sufficient evidence of their nuptials. The dignity of marriage was restored by the Christians, who derived all spiritual grace from the prayers of the faithful and the benediction of the priest or bishop. The origin, validity, and duties of the holy institution were regulated by the tradition of the synagogue, the precepts of the gospel, and the canons of general or provincial synods; 121 and the conscience of the Christians was awed by the decrees and censures of their ecclesiastical rulers. Yet the magistrates of Justinian were not subject to the authority of the church: the emperor consulted the unbelieving civilians of antiquity, and the choice of matrimonial laws in the Code and Pandects, is directed by the earthly motives of justice, policy, and the natural freedom of both sexes. 122
Besides the agreement of the parties, the essence of every rational contract, the Roman marriage required the previous approbation of the parents. A father might be forced by some recent laws to supply the wants of a mature daughter; but even his insanity was not gradually allowed to supersede the necessity of his consent. The causes of the dissolution of matrimony have varied among the Romans; 123 but the most solemn sacrament, the confarreation itself, might always be done away by rites of a contrary tendency. In the first ages, the father of a family might sell his children, and his wife was reckoned in the number of his children: the domestic judge might pronounce the death of the offender, or his mercy might expel her from his bed and house; but the slavery of the wretched female was hopeless and perpetual, unless he asserted for his own convenience the manly prerogative of divorce. *_0056 The warmest applause has been lavished on the virtue of the Romans, who abstained from the exercise of this tempting privilege above five hundred years: 124 but the same fact evinces the unequal terms of a connection in which the slave was unable to renounce her tyrant, and the tyrant was unwilling to relinquish his slave. When the Roman matrons became the equal and voluntary companions of their lords, a new jurisprudence was introduced, that marriage, like other partnerships, might be dissolved by the abdication of one of the associates. In three centuries of prosperity and corruption, this principle was enlarged to frequent practice and pernicious abuse. Passion, interest, or caprice, suggested daily motives for the dissolution of marriage; a word, a sign, a message, a letter, the mandate of a freedman, declared the separation; the most tender of human connections was degraded to a transient society of profit or pleasure. According to the various conditions of life, both sexes alternately felt the disgrace and injury: an inconstant spouse transferred her wealth to a new family, abandoning a numerous, perhaps a spurious, progeny to the paternal authority and care of her late husband; a beautiful virgin might be dismissed to the world, old, indigent, and friendless; but the reluctance of the Romans, when they were pressed to marriage by Augustus, sufficiently marks, that the prevailing institutions were least favorable to the males. A specious theory is confuted by this free and perfect experiment, which demonstrates, that the liberty of divorce does not contribute to happiness and virtue. The facility of separation would destroy all mutual confidence, and inflame every trifling dispute: the minute difference between a husband and a stranger, which might so easily be removed, might still more easily be forgotten; and the matron, who in five years can submit to the embraces of eight husbands, must cease to reverence the chastity of her own person. 125
Insufficient remedies followed with distant and tardy steps the rapid progress of the evil. The ancient worship of the Romans afforded a peculiar goddess to hear and reconcile the complaints of a married life; but her epithet of Viriplaca, 126 the appeaser of husbands, too clearly indicates on which side submission and repentance were always expected. Every act of a citizen was subject to the judgment of the censors; the first who used the privilege of divorce assigned, at their command, the motives of his conduct; 127 and a senator was expelled for dismissing his virgin spouse without the knowledge or advice of his friends. Whenever an action was instituted for the recovery of a marriage portion, the proetor, as the guardian of equity, examined the cause and the characters, and gently inclined the scale in favor of the guiltless and injured party. Augustus, who united the powers of both magistrates, adopted their different modes of repressing or chastising the license of divorce. 128 The presence of seven Roman witnesses was required for the validity of this solemn and deliberate act: if any adequate provocation had been given by the husband, instead of the delay of two years, he was compelled to refund immediately, or in the space of six months; but if he could arraign the manners of his wife, her guilt or levity was expiated by the loss of the sixth or eighth part of her marriage portion. The Christian princes were the first who specified the just causes of a private divorce; their institutions, from Constantine to Justinian, appear to fluctuate between the custom of the empire and the wishes of the church, 129 and the author of the Novels too frequently reforms the jurisprudence of the Code and Pandects. In the most rigorous laws, a wife was condemned to support a gamester, a drunkard, or a libertine, unless he were guilty of homicide, poison, or sacrilege, in which cases the marriage, as it should seem, might have been dissolved by the hand of the executioner. But the sacred right of the husband was invariably maintained, to deliver his name and family from the disgrace of adultery: the list of mortal sins, either male or female, was curtailed and enlarged by successive regulations, and the obstacles of incurable impotence, long absence, and monastic profession, were allowed to rescind the matrimonial obligation. Whoever transgressed the permission of the law, was subject to various and heavy penalties. The woman was stripped of her wealth and ornaments, without excepting the bodkin of her hair: if the man introduced a new bride into his bed, her fortune might be lawfully seized by the vengeance of his exiled wife. Forfeiture was sometimes commuted to a fine; the fine was sometimes aggravated by transportation to an island, or imprisonment in a monastery; the injured party was released from the bonds of marriage; but the offender, during life, or a term of years, was disabled from the repetition of nuptials. The successor of Justinian yielded to the prayers of his unhappy subjects, and restored the liberty of divorce by mutual consent: the civilians were unanimous, 130 the theologians were divided, 131 and the ambiguous word, which contains the precept of Christ, is flexible to any interpretation that the wisdom of a legislator can demand.
The freedom of love and marriage was restrained among the Romans by natural and civil impediments. An instinct, almost innate and universal, appears to prohibit the incestuous commerce 132 of parents and children in the infinite series of ascending and descending generations. Concerning the oblique and collateral branches, nature is indifferent, reason mute, and custom various and arbitrary. In Egypt, the marriage of brothers and sisters was admitted without scruple or exception: a Spartan might espouse the daughter of his father, an Athenian, that of his mother; and the nuptials of an uncle with his niece were applauded at Athens as a happy union of the dearest relations. The profane lawgivers of Rome were never tempted by interest or superstition to multiply the forbidden degrees: but they inflexibly condemned the marriage of sisters and brothers, hesitated whether first cousins should be touched by the same interdict; revered the parental character of aunts and uncles, *_0057 and treated affinity and adoption as a just imitation of the ties of blood. According to the proud maxims of the republic, a legal marriage could only be contracted by free citizens; an honorable, at least an ingenuous birth, was required for the spouse of a senator: but the blood of kings could never mingle in legitimate nuptials with the blood of a Roman; and the name of Stranger degraded Cleopatra and Berenice, 133 to live the concubines of Mark Antony and Titus. 134 This appellation, indeed, so injurious to the majesty, cannot without indulgence be applied to the manners, of these Oriental queens. A concubine, in the strict sense of the civilians, was a woman of servile or plebeian extraction, the sole and faithful companion of a Roman citizen, who continued in a state of celibacy. Her modest station, below the honors of a wife, above the infamy of a prostitute, was acknowledged and approved by the laws: from the age of Augustus to the tenth century, the use of this secondary marriage prevailed both in the West and East; and the humble virtues of a concubine were often preferred to the pomp and insolence of a noble matron. In this connection, the two Antonines, the best of princes and of men, enjoyed the comforts of domestic love: the example was imitated by many citizens impatient of celibacy, but regardful of their families. If at any time they desired to legitimate their natural children, the conversion was instantly performed by the celebration of their nuptials with a partner whose faithfulness and fidelity they had already tried. **_0057 By this epithet of natural, the offspring of the concubine were distinguished from the spurious brood of adultery, prostitution, and incest, to whom Justinian reluctantly grants the necessary aliments of life; and these natural children alone were capable of succeeding to a sixth part of the inheritance of their reputed father. According to the rigor of law, bastards were entitled only to the name and condition of their mother, from whom they might derive the character of a slave, a stranger, or a citizen. The outcasts of every family were adopted without reproach as the children of the state. 135 !_0057
99 See the Annales Politiques de l'Abbe de St. Pierre, tom. i. p. 25 who dates in the year 1735. The most ancient families claim the immemorial possession of arms and fiefs. Since the Crusades, some, the most truly respectable, have been created by the king, for merit and services. The recent and vulgar crowd is derived from the multitude of venal offices without trust or dignity, which continually ennoble the wealthy plebeians.
!_0054 Since the time of Gibbon, the House of Peers has been more than doubled: it is above 400, exclusive of the spiritual peers - a wise policy to increase the patrician order in proportion to the general increase of the nation. - M.
100 If the option of a slave was bequeathed to several legatees, they drew lots, and the losers were entitled to their share of his value; ten pieces of gold for a common servant or maid under ten years: if above that age, twenty; if they knew a trade, thirty; notaries or writers, fifty; midwives or physicians, sixty; eunuchs under ten years, thirty pieces; above, fifty; if tradesmen, seventy, (Cod. l. vi. tit. xliii. leg. 3.) These legal prices are generally below those of the market.
101 For the state of slaves and freedmen, see Institutes, l. i. tit. iii. - viii. l. ii. tit. ix. l. iii. tit. viii. ix. Pandects or Digest, l. i. tit. v. vi. l. xxxviii. tit. i. - iv., and the whole of the xlth book. Code, l. vi. tit. iv. v. l. vii. tit. i. - xxiii. Be it henceforward understood that, with the original text of the Institutes and Pandects, the correspondent articles in the Antiquities and Elements of Heineccius are implicitly quoted; and with the xxvii. first books of the Pandects, the learned and rational Commentaries of Gerard Noodt, (Opera, tom. ii. p. 1 - 590, the end. Lugd. Bat. 1724.)
102 See the patria potestas in the Institutes, (l. i. tit. ix.,) the Pandects, (l. i. tit. vi. vii.,) and the Code, (l. viii. tit. xlvii. xlviii. xlix.) Jus potestatis quod in liberos habemus proprium est civium Romanorum. Nulli enim alii sunt homines, qui talem in liberos habeant potestatem qualem nos habemus.
Note: The newly-discovered Institutes of Gaius name one nation in which the same power was vested in the parent. Nec me praeterit Galatarum gentem credere, in potestate parentum liberos esse. Gaii Instit. edit. 1824, p. 257. - M.
103 Dionysius Hal. l. ii. p. 94, 95. Gravina (Opp. p. 286) produces the words of the xii. tables. Papinian (in Collatione Legum Roman et Mosaicarum, tit. iv. p. 204) styles this patria potestas, lex regia: Ulpian (ad Sabin. l. xxvi. in Pandect. l. i. tit. vi. leg. 8) says, jus potestatis moribus receptum; and furiosus filium in potestate habebit How sacred - or rather, how absurd!
Note: All this is in strict accordance with the Roman character. - W.
!!_0055 This parental power was strictly confined to the Roman citizen. The foreigner, or he who had only jus Latii, did not possess it. If a Roman citizen unknowingly married a Latin or a foreign wife, he did not possess this power over his son, because the son, following the legal condition of the mother, was not a Roman citizen. A man, however, alleging sufficient cause for his ignorance, might raise both mother and child to the rights of citizenship. Gaius. p. 30. - M.
104 Pandect. l. xlvii. tit. ii. leg. 14, No. 13, leg. 38, No. 1. Such was the decision of Ulpian and Paul.
105 The trina mancipatio is most clearly defined by Ulpian, (Fragment. x. p. 591, 592, edit. Schulting;) and best illustrated in the Antiquities of Heineccius.
Note: The son of a family sold by his father did not become in every respect a slave, he was statu liber; that is to say, on paying the price for which he was sold, he became entirely free. See Hugo, Hist. Section 61 - W.
106 By Justinian, the old law, the jus necis of the Roman father (Institut. l. iv. tit. ix. No. 7) is reported and reprobated. Some legal vestiges are left in the Pandects (l. xliii. tit. xxix. leg. 3, No. 4) and the Collatio Legum Romanarum et Mosaicarum, (tit. ii. No. 3, p. 189.)
107 Except on public occasions, and in the actual exercise of his office. In publicis locis atque muneribus, atque actionibus patrum, jura cum filiorum qui in magistratu sunt potestatibus collata interquiescere paullulum et connivere, &c., (Aul. Gellius, Noctes Atticae, ii. 2.) The Lessons of the philosopher Taurus were justified by the old and memorable example of Fabius; and we may contemplate the same story in the style of Livy (xxiv. 44) and the homely idiom of Claudius Quadri garius the annalist.
108 See the gradual enlargement and security of the filial peculium in the Institutes, (l. ii. tit. ix.,) the Pandects, (l. xv. tit. i. l. xli. tit. i.,) and the Code, (l. iv. tit. xxvi. xxvii.)
109 The examples of Erixo and Arius are related by Seneca, (de Clementia, i. 14, 15,) the former with horror, the latter with applause.
110 Quod latronis magis quam patris jure eum interfecit, nam patria potestas in pietate debet non in atrocitate consistere, (Marcian. Institut. l. xix. in Pandect. l. xlviii. tit. ix. leg.5.)
111 The Pompeian and Cornelian laws de sicariis and parricidis are repeated, or rather abridged, with the last supplements of Alexander Severus, Constantine, and Valentinian, in the Pandects (l. xlviii. tit. viii ix,) and Code, (l. ix. tit. xvi. xvii.) See likewise the Theodosian Code, (l. ix. tit. xiv. xv.,) with Godefroy's Commentary, (tom. iii. p. 84 - 113) who pours a flood of ancient and modern learning over these penal laws.
112 When the Chremes of Terence reproaches his wife for not obeying his orders and exposing their infant, he speaks like a father and a master, and silences the scruples of a foolish woman. See Apuleius, (Metamorph. l. x. p. 337, edit. Delphin.)
113 The opinion of the lawyers, and the discretion of the magistrates, had introduced, in the time of Tacitus, some legal restraints, which might support his contrast of the boni mores of the Germans to the bonae leges alibi - that is to say, at Rome, (de Moribus Germanorum, c. 19.) Tertullian (ad Nationes, l. i. c. 15) refutes his own charges, and those of his brethren, against the heathen jurisprudence.
114 The wise and humane sentence of the civilian Paul (l. ii. Sententiarum in Pandect, 1. xxv. tit. iii. leg. 4) is represented as a mere moral precept by Gerard Noodt, (Opp. tom. i. in Julius Paulus, p. 567 - 558, and Amica Responsio, p. 591 - 606,) who maintains the opinion of Justus Lipsius, (Opp. tom. ii. p. 409, ad Belgas. cent. i. epist. 85,) and as a positive binding law by Bynkershoek, (de Jure occidendi Liberos, Opp. tom. i. p. 318 - 340. Curae Secundae, p. 391 - 427.) In a learned out angry controversy, the two friends deviated into the opposite extremes.
115 Dionys. Hal. l. ii. p. 92, 93. Plutarch, in Numa, p. 140-141.
116 Among the winter frunenta, the triticum, or bearded wheat; the siligo, or the unbearded; the far, adorea, oryza, whose description perfectly tallies with the rice of Spain and Italy. I adopt this identity on the credit of M. Paucton in his useful and laborious Metrologie, (p. 517 - 529.)
117 Aulus Gellius (Noctes Atticae, xviii. 6) gives a ridiculous definition of Aelius Melissus, Matrona, quae semel materfamilias quae saepius peperit, as porcetra and scropha in the sow kind. He then adds the genuine meaning, quae in matrimonium vel in manum convenerat.
118 It was enough to have tasted wine, or to have stolen the key of the cellar, (Plin. Hist. Nat. xiv. 14.)
119 Solon requires three payments per month. By the Misna, a daily debt was imposed on an idle, vigorous, young husband; twice a week on a citizen; once on a peasant; once in thirty days on a camel-driver; once in six months on a seaman. But the student or doctor was free from tribute; and no wife, if she received a weekly sustenance, could sue for a divorce; for one week a vow of abstinence was allowed. Polygamy divided, without multiplying, the duties of the husband, (Selden, Uxor Ebraica, l. iii. c 6, in his works, vol ii. p. 717 - 720.)
120 On the Oppian law we may hear the mitigating speech of Vaerius Flaccus, and the severe censorial oration of the elder Cato, (Liv. xxxiv. l - 8.) But we shall rather hear the polished historian of the eighth, than the rough orators of the sixth, century of Rome. The principles, and even the style, of Cato are more accurately preserved by Aulus Gellius, (x. 23.)
121 For the system of Jewish and Catholic matrimony, see Selden, Uxor Ebraica, Opp. vol. ii. p. 529 - 860,) Bingham, (Christian Antiquities, l. xxii.,) and Chardon, (Hist. des Sacremens, tom. vi.)
122 The civil laws of marriage are exposed in the Institutes, (l. i. tit. x.,) the Pandects, (l. xxiii. xxiv. xxv.,) and the Code, (l. v.;) but as the title de ritu nuptiarum is yet imperfect, we are obliged to explore the fragments of Ulpian (tit. ix. p. 590, 591,) and the Collatio Legum Mosaicarum, (tit. xvi. p. 790, 791,) with the notes of Pithaeus and Schulting. They find in the Commentary of Servius (on the 1st Georgia and the 4th Aeneid) two curious passages.
123 According to Plutarch, (p. 57,) Romulus allowed only three grounds of a divorce - drunkenness, adultery, and false keys. Otherwise, the husband who abused his supremacy forfeited half his goods to the wife, and half to the goddess Ceres, and offered a sacrifice (with the remainder?) to the terrestrial deities. This strange law was either imaginary or transient.
*_0056 Montesquieu relates and explains this fact in a different marnes Esprit des Loix, l. xvi. c. 16. - G.
124 In the year of Rome 523, Spurius Carvilius Ruga repudiated a fair, a good, but a barren, wife, (Dionysius Hal. l. ii. p. 93. Plutarch, in Numa, p. 141; Valerius Maximus, l. ii. c. 1; Aulus Gellius, iv. 3.) He was questioned by the censors, and hated by the people; but his divorce stood unimpeached in law.
125 - Sic fiunt octo mariti Quinque per autumnos. Juvenal, Satir. vi. 20.
A rapid succession, which may yet be credible, as well as the non consulum numero, sed maritorum annos suos computant, of Seneca, (de Beneficiis, iii. 16.) Jerom saw at Rome a triumphant husband bury his twenty-first wife, who had interred twenty-two of his less sturdy predecessors, (Opp. tom. i. p. 90, ad Gerontiam.) But the ten husbands in a month of the poet Martial, is an extravagant hyperbole, (l. 71. epigram 7.)
126 Sacellum Viriplacae, (Valerius Maximus, l. ii. c. 1,) in the Palatine region, appears in the time of Theodosius, in the description of Rome by Publius Victor.
127 Valerius Maximus, l. ii. c. 9. With some propriety he judges divorce more criminal than celibacy: illo namque conjugalia sacre spreta tantum, hoc etiam injuriose tractata.
128 See the laws of Augustus and his successors, in Heineccius, ad Legem Papiam-Poppaeam, c. 19, in Opp. tom. vi. P. i. p. 323 - 333.
129 Aliae sunt leges Caesarum, aliae Christi; aliud Papinianus, aliud Paulus nocter praecipit, (Jerom. tom. i. p. 198. Selden, Uxor Ebraica l. iii. c. 31 p. 847 - 853.)
130 The Institutes are silent; but we may consult the Codes of Theodosius (l. iii. tit. xvi., with Godefroy's Commentary, tom. i. p. 310 - 315) and Justinian, (l. v. tit. xvii.,) the Pandects (l. xxiv. tit. ii.) and the Novels, (xxii. cxvii. cxxvii. cxxxiv. cxl.) Justinian fluctuated to the last between civil and ecclesiastical law.
131 In pure Greek, it is not a common word; nor can the proper meaning, fornication, be strictly applied to matrimonial sin. In a figurative sense, how far, and to what offences, may it be extended? Did Christ speak the Rabbinical or Syriac tongue? Of what original word is the translation? How variously is that Greek word translated in the versions ancient and modern! There are two (Mark, x. 11, Luke, xvi. 18) to one (Matthew, xix. 9) that such ground of divorce was not excepted by Jesus. Some critics have presumed to think, by an evasive answer, he avoided the giving offence either to the school of Sammai or to that of Hillel, (Selden, Uxor Ebraica, l. iii. c. 18 - 22, 28, 31.)
Note: But these had nothing to do with the question of a divorce made by judicial authority. - Hugo.
132 The principles of the Roman jurisprudence are exposed by Justinian, (Institut. t. i. tit. x.;) and the laws and manners of the different nations of antiquity concerning forbidden degrees, &c., are copiously explained by Dr. Taylor in his Elements of Civil Law, (p. 108, 314 - 339,) a work of amusing, though various reading; but which cannot be praised for philosophical precision.
*_0057 According to the earlier law, (Gaii Instit. p. 27,) a man might marry his niece on the brother's, not on the sister's, side. The emperor Claudius set the example of the former. In the Institutes, this distinction was abolished and both declared illegal. - M.
133 When her father Agrippa died, (A.D. 44,) Berenice was sixteen years of age, (Joseph. tom. i. Antiquit. Judaic. l. xix. c. 9, p. 952, edit. Havercamp.) She was therefore above fifty years old when Titus (A.D. 79) invitus invitam invisit. This date would not have adorned the tragedy or pastoral of the tender Racine.
134 The Aegyptia conjux of Virgil (Aeneid, viii. 688) seems to be numbered among the monsters who warred with Mark Antony against Augustus, the senate, and the gods of Italy.
**_0057 The Edict of Constantine first conferred this right; for Augustus had prohibited the taking as a concubine a woman who might be taken as a wife; and if marriage took place afterwards, this marriage made no change in the rights of the children born before it; recourse was then had to adoption, properly called arrogation. - G.
135 The humble but legal rights of concubines and natural children are stated in the Institutes, (l. i. tit. x.,) the Pandects, (l. i. tit. vii.,) the Code, (l. v. tit. xxv.,) and the Novels, (lxxiv. lxxxix.) The researches of Heineccius and Giannone, (ad Legem Juliam et Papiam-Poppaeam, c. iv. p. 164 - 175. Opere Posthume, p. 108 - 158) illustrate this interesting and domestic subject.
!_0057 See, however, the two fragments of laws in the newly discovered extracts from the Theodosian Code, published by M. A. Peyron, at Turin. By the first law of Constantine, the legitimate offspring could alone inherit; where there were no near legitimate relatives, the inheritance went to the fiscus. The son of a certain Licinianus, who had inherited his father's property under the supposition that he was legitimate, and had been promoted to a place of dignity, was to be degraded, his property confiscated, himself punished with stripes and imprisonment. By the second, all persons, even of the highest rank, senators, perfectissimi, decemvirs, were to be declared infamous, and out of the protection of the Roman law, if born ex ancilla, vel ancillae filia, vel liberta, vel libertae filia, sive Romana facta, seu Latina, vel scaenicae filia, vel ex tabernaria, vel ex tabernariae filia, vel humili vel abjecta, vel lenonis, aut arenarii filia, vel quae mercimoniis publicis praefuit. Whatever a fond father had conferred on such children was revoked, and either restored to the legitimate children, or confiscated to the state; the mothers, who were guily of thus poisoning the minds of the fathers, were to be put to the torture (tormentis subici jubemus.) The unfortunate son of Licinianus, it appears from this second law, having fled, had been taken, and was ordered to be kept in chains to work in the Gynaeceum at Carthage. Cod. Theodor ab. A. Person, 87 - 90. - M.


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Nameplates & Office Signs
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Office Nameplates & Other Office Signs
When you're buying office supplies, cost is always a concern. Most offices have a budget for supplies and desk accessories and usually, the budget isn't very big. Stretch your dollar by shopping at Sam's Club for office furnishings. Nameplates and office signs are just a few of the things that every office needs. Sam's Club has a variety of styles and options to choose from when it's time to decide who gets the big office. Wall signs can also display names of conference rooms, break rooms, kitchens and even supply closets.
When it comes to nameplates, easy customization is key. You don't have time to wait for an engraver or printer to design your office signs. It's easy to customize each sign at your own computer. Free templates are available online. Just select a style, enter the information and print the signs on your own printer. It's that easy.
Installing the wall signs is easy too. Most come with adhesive that can stick on walls or cubicle partitions. You can even find models with a desk stand or wall mount so you can use the same style sign in any situation.
Designing and installing nameplates has never been so easy. Stock up on all of the office supplies and wall signs you need by shopping at Sam's Club today.