text:
Phil Booth
Mount St. Joseph, guard, junior
A three-year starter, Booth's greatest contribution to the Gaels' success is his ability and willingness to do whatever is necessary to get the win. It could be a big blocked shot late in one game and a couple big free throws or a clutch rebound in the next. Last season, he averaged 13 points, 4 rebounds and 3 assists and was picked for the All-Metro second team.
John Crosby
Poly, guard, junior
Few players in the Baltimore area did more for their team last season than the 6-foot-3 guard, who led the Engineers to a breakthrough season on which they are primed to build. Crosby can creatively score and distribute, averaging 15 points, 8 rebounds and 7 assists as a sophomore, and his excitement for the game sets a huge tone for his teammates.
Rodney Elliott
John Carroll, guard, senior
The 6-1 combination guard brings a fundamentally sound skill set to both ends and jumps into a leadership role for the Patriots this season. He averaged 11.5 points, 2.8 rebounds, 2.6 assists and 2 steals per game last season. His calm demeanor and ability to impact games in a variety of ways will play a big part in the team's success.
Myrek Lee-Fowlkes
Edmondson, forward, senior
One of the area's toughest defenders, the Patterson transfer and All-Metro second-team pick brings championship experience to the Red Storm after playing an instrumental role in the Clippers' Class 3A title team last season. Lee-Fowlkes, who averaged 12 points and 6 rebounds last season, is unlikely to start the season after suffering a broken leg during the summer.
Gavin McTavish
South Carroll, forward, senior
The versatile 6-6 All-Metro first-team selection brings a complete game to the floor, and with the ability to score inside and from the perimeter, he is a matchup nightmare for opponents. In leading the Carroll County champion Cavaliers to the Class 2A state semifinals last season, he averaged 19 points, 7.5 rebounds, 2.5 blocks, 1.5 assists and 1.2 steals.
Daxter Miles
Dunbar, guard, senior
After averaging 20 points per game during his junior season at IMG Academy in Florida, Miles returns as the area's most explosive newcomer. Formerly at Archbishop Curley, the 6-2 standout immediately becomes the Poets' first option with an ability to hit the 3-pointer or sky above the rim.
Earl Potts
Archbishop Spalding, forward, senior
An impact player at both ends, the 6-5 forward is primed to take on the lead role for the Cavaliers in his third year as a starter. Potts has 3-point range and can also attack the basket, averaging 15 points to go with 8 rebounds last season. Defensively, his size and athleticism enable him to defend guards and forwards, and he's always altering shots.
Warren Powers
Glenelg Country, guard, senior
The 6-5 guard has been a model of consistency for the Dragons during the past two seasons, averaging 16 points and 9 rebounds per game in each season. Powers can score from the outside, drive to the basket or post up down low to score points. He's also a force on the offensive boards and produces points on follow baskets.
Tevon Saddler
St. Frances, guard-forward, senior
The Panthers are relying on Saddler to make a positive impact all over the court. The 6-5 standout, who averaged 14 points last season, will see time at both backcourt and forward positions to create mismatch problems. In addition to his sound inside-outside game on offense, Saddler sets the tone with strong defense and leadership. He has signed with UNC-Greensboro.
Delazso Smith
Annapolis, guard, senior
Primarily a scorer early in his career, Smith has developed into a complete player who is expected to bring leadership, smart decisions and tough defense in the Panthers' backcourt. With the ability to hit 3-pointers and also get to the basket, he averaged 17 points and 8 rebounds last season.
Darius Walker
Edmondson, guard, senior
The All-Metro first-team pick, in his third year on varsity, brings leadership, toughness and versatile skills to the Red Storm's talented backcourt. In his breakthrough junior season, his inside-outside game produced 21 points per game to go with an average of 9 rebounds and 4 assists. Walker makes an equally important impact on defense.
Kameron Williams
Mount St. Joseph, guard, senior
An All-Metro first-team selection and the Baltimore Catholic League's Player of the Year as a junior, Williams brings uncanny scoring ability, all-around skills and the confidence to want the ball when the game is on the line. He produced in those situations in leading the Gaels to the BCL championship, averaging 18 points, 4 rebounds and 2 assists last season.
Other notables:
Jaylen Adams, Mount St. Joseph
Wyatt Alexander, Fallston
B.J. Andrews, McDonogh
Jerrin Ball, Old Mill
Chad Barcikowski, Liberty
Max Bell, Francis Scott Key
Tim Bond, City
Kevin Boyd, Glenelg Country
Eric Briggs, Aberdeen
Austin Carroll, Arundel
Jamelle Christian, Pikesville
Rysheed Corbin, Forest Park
Devan Curet, Westminster
Alex D'Alessio, Broadneck
Robert Davis III, Marriotts Ridge
Drew Edwards, Calvert Hall
Darin Gardner, Aberdeen
Omari George, City
Ben Grace, Gilman
Brian Green, Long Reach
Daquan Hargrove, Long Reach
Roderick Harrison, Edgewood
Ryan Hill, Arundel
Markell Huggins, Joppatowne
Justin Jenifer, Milford Mill
Taylor Leabhart, Annapolis Area Christian
Eric Lindsey, Southern
Lavon Long, Oakland Mills
Corey Martin, North County
Corey Mendez, Digital Harbor
Dwayne Morgan, St. Frances
Dereck Oliver, Patterson
Tariq Owens, St. Vincent Pallotti
Casey Rees, Boys' Latin
Omari Ringgold, Centennial
Will Robinson, Digital Harbor
Daquan Ross, Lake Clifton
Gavin Scanlan, Dulaney
Marcus Scott, St. Vincent Pallotti
Danny Shand, New Town
Kamau Stokes, Dunbar
Darrion Stokes-Graham, Poly
Charlie Thomas, River Hill
Rashard Todd, Mount Carmel
Isaiah Tripp, Edmondson
Bruce Watkins, Milford Mill
Maurice White, St. Frances
Ahmaad Wilson, Randallstown


text:
Downbell Surname Ancestry Results
Our indexes 1000-1999 include entries for the spelling 'downbell'. In the period you have requested, we have the following 1 record (displaying 1 to 1):
Try these...
dow macconeill dowlswell dowly dowlyn dowlyng dowman dowmbell dowmes dowmey dowmun down down-cox downaca downald downall downam downame downane downar downard downay downce downdes downe downeard downehall downeham downein downeing downeinge downel downell downelly downeman downen downend downeny downer downers downes
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Research your ancestry, family history, genealogy and one-name study by direct access to original records and archives indexed by surname.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
The Facts About Income Tax
Millions faithfully file their 1040 forms each April. But some things about federal income taxes may surprise you.
Share |
Related Content
Federal Income Tax
Use this calculator to estimate your income tax liability along with average and marginal tax rates.
How to Appeal Your Property Taxes
For homeowners who think their property taxes are too high, there are ways to appeal.
Tax Management Strategies
Learn more about taxes, tax-favored investing, and tax strategies.


text:
These are the duties of the firm's National Accounting
Staff—some 20 men and women, highly trained in accounting
and auditing concepts and experienced in their
application to everyday practice.
Working out of Chicago, New York, Washington, Kansas
City and San Francisco, the staff spends its more-than-busy
days answering questions, anticipating and resolving
new problems, adding to the accounting literature.
Officially, the job of the national staff is to answer questions
from our audit people around the country, turn out
a constant stream of technical publications on new developments
and special problems, support the firm's partners
who serve on key posts in professional associations, and
work on the problems which occur when a client gets into
trouble—from the first hint that a problem is coming until
it is resolved.
Unofficially, the national staff is the place to go when
there is just no answer to a complicated accounting problem.
The staff consists of a permanent cadre of experienced
partners and managers working with a group of audit people
who come from field offices for a one-or-two-year assignment.
This rotating program has a number of very positive
benefits—it brings a continued fresh outlook to the staff
and helps disseminate the accumulated experience from
the national staff to the field offices.


text:
You guys know that I love uploading lessons that can be very helpful to novice artists or even some intermediate artists too. Today I will be showing you "how to draw branches", step by step. With this lesson, there is going to be some helpful tips and tricks that will enable you to go the distance when learning to draw tree branches. I didn't have a lot of time to sketch out the branches and tree, and that is mainly the reason why the tree looks a bit cartoony. No matter what you should enjoy this lesson even if it is a bit boring from being a tree and all. I have one more lesson coming your way so stay tuned in folks to see what it will be. Maybe I will surprise you all and do a gangster character that was requested by a few members. See you guys later, and don't forget to use this lesson on how to draw branches. Adios mi amigos!
DragoArt members upload artwork and drawing tutorials! They are also allowed to leave comments on tutorials, profiles, etc. Many more features, as well; it's way better than just being a boring guest! Register Now!


text:
I am wondering if the message board is capable of RSS feeds?
I am wondering if the message board is capable of RSS feeds?
Sorry it took me a month to reply!
This version of VBulletin doesn't support it, but the latest does. Which means time for an upgrade, which I've been promising for (gulp) 6 years now.
Ok.. I'm going to bite the bullet and do this now, it's a slow work day :-)
Yay Jeff! Thanks for taking that on. Your work is appreciated very much!
Ok.. transition in process... spent most of yesterday on it. I'm actually upgrading the server first -- the one we're currently on is 10 years old. That'll give me a big jumpstart in that the latest vbulletin requires much newer versions of mysql and php, so new that I'm not even sure they'd run on my current server's os.
At some point in the next few days everything will be shut down for several hours - I'll let you know when I get close to that.
Ur so awesome Jeff!
This is a word I have just coined to describe the feeling one has when waiting for a Fixx-oriented event. It can be a sort of excited one, like you feel when waiting for new tour dates, a release or a desperate-limbo-y one like that felt when you press submit on a forum post and wait to see if it completes.
Thank you again, Jeff, for working to address our feelings of fixxspectation on this particular topic


text:
- Installed One 24' x 12' Insulated, Motor Operated Sectional Door
- Installed One 10' x 10' Insulated, Motor Operated Sectional Door
- Installed One 8' x 4' Non-Insulated, Motor Operated Counter Shutter
Home »
Founded in 2011, Overhead Garage Door, LLC is a rapidly-growing garage door repair and installation company headquartered in Fort Worth, Texas. We serve both commercial and residential markets, and believe in the value of hard work and craftsmanship. We are fully licensed and insured and offer a broad selection of products to suit our customer's needs. As a family-owned and operated business, we put unbeatable customer service above all. This belief has allowed us to routinely expand into new markets and locations as we improve quality control and customer satisfaction.


text:
This Web page has been archived on the Web
Information identified as archived is provided for reference, research or recordkeeping purposes. It is not subject to the Government of Canada Web Standards and has not been altered or updated since it was archived. Please contact us to request a format other than those available.
Harper Government Launches Next Phase of Canada's Pro-Trade Plan for Jobs, Growth and Long-Term Prosperity
Minister Fast names advisory panel to help update Global Commerce Strategy
May 29, 2012 - The Honourable Ed Fast, Minister of International Trade and Minister for the Asia-Pacific Gateway, today announced the members of a new advisory panel that will help guide Canada's ambitious, pro-trade plan in large, dynamic and fast-growing priority markets.
"Our government's top priority is the economy—creating jobs, growth and long-term prosperity for Canadian workers, businesses and families," said Minister Fast in a keynote address to the Canadian Chamber of Commerce at its annual International Trade Day in Ottawa. "We understand the importance of trade to our economy. Trade accounts for one out of every five jobs in Canada and over 60 percent of our country's annual income. That is why we are deepening Canada's trading relationships in priority markets around the world."
Since 2006, the Harper government has pursued the most ambitious pro-trade plan in Canada's history. A central element of the plan was the launch of the Global Commerce Strategy (GCS) in 2007. This has driven Canadian leadership on the world stage in support of trade, job creation, economic growth and prosperity for hard-working Canadians. Under the GCS, the government has:
- concluded new free trade agreements with nine countries: Colombia, Jordan, Panama, Peru, the European Free Trade Association (Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland), and Honduras;
- begun deepening trade and investment ties with the largest, most dynamic and fastest-growing markets in the world, including Brazil, China, the countries of the European Union, India and Japan;
- concluded or brought into force new foreign investment promotion and protection agreements with 11 countries (Bahrain, China, the Czech Republic, Jordan, Peru, Kuwait, Latvia, Madagascar, Mali, Romania and Slovakia), while negotiations continue with 11 others, including India; and
- opened new trade offices in the fast-growing priority markets of Brazil, China and India.
"Thanks to our government's pro-trade leadership, Canadian workers and businesses now have preferred access to, and a real competitive edge in, more markets around the world than at any other time in our history," said Minister Fast. "That is why we are taking steps today to build on this success through a refreshed Global Commerce Strategy."
The Economic Action Plan 2012 states that, following consultations with the business community—including the critically important small and medium-sized business sector—an updated GCS will align Canada's trade and investment objectives in specific high-growth and strategic priority markets, with an eye to ensuring that Canada is branded to its greatest advantage in those markets.
The advisory panel members named today by Minister Fast follow, with their organizations:
- Murad Al-Katib, Alliance Grain Traders Inc., President and Chief Executive Officer, Chair of the Minister of International Trade's Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises Advisory Board;
- Paul Reynolds, Canaccord Financial Inc., President and Chief Executive Officer;
- Kathleen Sullivan, Canadian Agri-Food Trade Alliance, Executive Director;
- The Honourable Perrin Beatty, Canadian Chamber of Commerce, President and Chief Executive Officer;
- The Honourable John Manley, Canadian Council of Chief Executives, President and Chief Executive Officer;
- Catherine Swift, Canadian Federation of Independent Business, President, Chief Executive Officer and Chairwoman;
- Jayson Myers, Canadian Manufacturers & Exporters, President and Chief Executive Officer;
- Brian Ferguson, Cenovus Energy Inc., President and Chief Executive Officer;
- Serge Godin, CGI Group Inc., Founder and Executive Chairman of the Board; and
- Indira Samarasekera, University of Alberta, President.
"I look forward to receiving advice from these knowledgeable Canadian leaders, all of whom are advocates of a broad and ambitious Global Commerce Strategy, on an updated plan that will guide Canada's trade priorities going forward," said Minister Fast. "In what remains a fragile global economic climate, our government's pro-trade leadership is generating benefits for hard-working Canadians in every region of our country. A new Global Commerce Strategy will build on this success and ensure that we continue to stand tall on the world stage."
The new Global Commerce Strategy will be announced in 2013.
- 30 -
A backgrounder on the GCS advisory panel and its members follows.
For further information, media representatives may contact:
Rudy Husny
Press Secretary
Office of the Honourable Ed Fast
Minister of International Trade and Minister for the Asia-Pacific Gateway
Trade Media Relations Office
Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada
Follow us on Twitter: @Canada_Trade
Backgrounder - Global Commerce Strategy Advisory Panel
The advisory panel will act as a sounding board for the minister of international trade on the development of the next phase of the Global Commerce Strategy (GCS). The panel will provide advice with a view to ensuring that the next phase of the GCS maximizes economic opportunities for Canadian workers and businesses. It will focus on key activities through which the government can help Canadian businesses be more successful globally, with an eye to ensuring that Canada is branded to its greatest advantage within priority markets.
Murad Al-Katib has been a member of the Minister of International Trade's Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises Advisory Board since December 2006 and the chair since 2009. He is also president and CEO of Alliance Grain Traders Inc. Alliance Grain Traders is the largest lentil and pea splitting company in the world, with more than 1.75 million tonnes of capacity located in 29 facilities in five continents, including production facilities in Canada, the United States, Australia, Turkey, China and South Africa. AGT companies have more than 60 years of global marketing experience.
Paul Reynolds was named president of Canaccord Financial Inc. in 2006 and CEO in 2007. He has also been global head of Canaccord Genuity since April 2005. He is very active in investment banking operations and leads Canaccord from its Toronto office. Mr. Reynolds has over 25 years of experience in the securities industry; he began as a floor trader. He joined Canaccord Financial in 1985, working as an investment advisor in Vancouver. He specialized in financing emerging and developing companies in the resource, technology and biotechnology sectors. Between 1999 and 2008, he managed Canaccord's London office as president and chief operating officer of European operations.
Kathleen Sullivan is executive director of the Canadian Agri-Food Trade Alliance (CAFTA). As executive director of CAFTA, the organization representing the 80 percent of Canada's agri-food sector that relies on international trade, Ms. Sullivan is responsible for promoting negotiations in the World Trade Organization and ensuring Canada has an ambitious free trade agenda.
The Honourable Perrin Beatty is president and CEO of the Canadian Chamber of Commerce. Before joining the Chamber in 2007, Mr. Beatty was president and CEO of Canadian Manufacturers & Exporters. He was president and CEO of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation from 1995 to 1999. In 1972, he was elected to the House of Commons. He served as minister of state (Treasury Board), minister of national revenue, solicitor general, minister of national defence, minister of health and welfare, minister of communications and secretary of state for external affairs. Mr. Beatty is chancellor of the University of Ontario Institute of Technology.
The Honourable John Manley is president and CEO of the Canadian Council of Chief Executives, representing the CEOs and entrepreneurs of 150 leading Canadian corporations. Mr. Manley is a former deputy prime minister of Canada and minister in the portfolios of industry, foreign affairs and finance. From 2004 to 2009, he served as counsel to the law firm McCarthy Tétrault LLP.
Catherine Swift is president, CEO and chairwoman of the Canadian Federation of Independent Business (CFIB). She has been with CFIB since 1987. Among her various responsibilities, she coordinates policy issues at both federal and provincial levels of government and represents CFIB with politicians, government, business and other groups.
Jayson Myers is president and CEO of Canadian Manufacturers & Exporters (CME). Mr. Myers is a well-known economic commentator, and is widely published in the fields of Canadian and international economics, technological and industrial change. As CME's chief economist, he led the association's Manufacturing 20/20 initiative, the largest cross-country consultation ever convened by Canada's business community on the future of manufacturing in Canada.
Brian Ferguson is president and CEO of Cenovus Energy Inc., an integrated oil company headquartered in Calgary. Mr. Ferguson joined a predecessor company in 1984 and became a member of the management team in 1994. His business experience spans finance, business development, strategic planning, corporate reserve evaluations, investor relations and communications.
Serge Godin founded CGI in 1976. Under his leadership, CGI Group Inc. has grown to be among the largest independent information technology and business process services firms in the world. As founder and executive chairman of the board, Mr. Godin, the controlling shareholder, oversees the company worldwide, providing leadership in the areas of strategic planning, new development and business expansion.
Indira Samarasekera is the president of the University of Alberta. Building strong international partnerships is a signature feature of her leadership. Recent institutional-level agreements—notably with the Helmholtz Association of German research centres, the Li Ka-shing Foundation, and the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay, IIT Delhi and IIT Roorkee—illustrate the University of Alberta's commitment to working with the international community to find solutions to shared challenges.
- Date Modified:


text:
There seems to be a slight problem with the URL you are trying to access.
If you think you have reached this page in error, please double check the URL and try again.
Or you may click this link to access ariumliving.com.
-- select property --
260 Woodstock
5 Thousand Town
Ansley Village
ARIUM Alafaya Trail
ARIUM at Highlands Ranch
ARIUM Bala Sands
ARIUM Bayou Point
ARIUM Boca Raton
ARIUM Boynton Beach
ARIUM Brookhaven
ARIUM Chastain
ARIUM Chastain Demo
ARIUM City Lake
ARIUM Cliffside
ARIUM Creekside
ARIUM Crossroads
ARIUM Cumberland
ARIUM Deerwood
ARIUM Dunwoody
ARIUM Emerald Isle
ARIUM Glenridge
ARIUM Grandewood
ARIUM Gulfshore
ARIUM Hampton Lakes
ARIUM Hunters Creek
ARIUM Jensen Beach
ARIUM Johns Creek
ARIUM Kildaire
ARIUM Lake Johnson
ARIUM Lake Lynn
ARIUM Lake Norman
ARIUM Lakeshore
ARIUM Lakeside
ARIUM Maitland Summit
ARIUM Metrowest
ARIUM Mooresville
ARIUM Mt. Pleasant
ARIUM North Charleston
ARIUM on Palmer Ranch
ARIUM Park West
ARIUM Pinnacle Ridge
ARIUM Reserve at Orange Park
ARIUM Retreat at Orange Park
ARIUM South Oaks
ARIUM Southpoint
ARIUM Spring Crossing
ARIUM St. Ives
ARIUM Station 29
ARIUM Sunrise
ARIUM Surfside
ARIUM Town Center
ARIUM Towne Lake
ARIUM Trailwood
ARIUM Uptown West
ARIUM Vinings Station
ARIUM Weston
ARIUM Westside
ARIUM Wildwood
ARIUM Windermere
Ashley River
Aspen Court
Bay Cove
Canterbury Apartments
Cape Harbor
Centro at Davie
Chattahoochee Ridge Apartments by ARIUM
Clear Run
Edgewater Plantation
Fishermans Village
Forest Hills
Harris Pond
Heron Lake
Jordan Creek by ARIUM
Knightsbridge at Stoneybrook
Lake Pointe
Lansbrook Village
Mallard Creek
Marina Key
Mill Creek
Notting Hill
Oak Forest
Oak Park
Peninsula at Buckhead
Providence Court
Reserve at Research Park
Roswell City Walk
Savannah Lakes
Summerlyn Place
Summit Ridge
The Avenues at Carrollton
The Club at Hickory Hollow
The Creek
The Crest at West End
The Five
The Goodwynn
The Grand Estates at TPC
The Lofts At Watters Creek
The Manor at Buckhead
The Marin
The Sovereign
The Trinity Residences
The Venue Big Creek
The Vinyards
West Park Village


text: Do you value Net Art News? Do you appreciate the research and thought that go into its writing? We hope you prize art discourse and that you will make a contribution that reflects your values, because Rhizome needs your contributions now. Rhizome is aiming to raise $37,000 by February 1, 2004. So far, we are almost one third of the way there. Supporters who give more than $5 will be eligible for individual memberships and can subscribe to lists such as Rhizome RAW, RARE, and DIGEST. Members are eligible to win Rhizome Net Art Commissions (see the Commissions page for details), and as an added bonus, those who give more than $15 will receive a 10-20% discount in the New Museum of Contemporary Art's Online Store. If you are holiday-shopping why not buy books, art editions, gifts, jewelry, and children's merchandise at a discount and help Rhizome at the same time? Check out the Online Store here: http://www.newmuseum.org/comersus/store/comersus_dynamicIndex.asp. Thank you for considering this request. -- Rhizome.org


text:
Parallel Composition in Haskell
CHP, my Haskell concurrency library, allows you to run processes in parallel. One way of doing so is this binary operator:
(<||>) :: CHP a -> CHP b -> CHP (a, b)
Informally, the behaviour is as follows: this starts both processes running (using Haskell's forkIO under the hood) and waits for them both to terminate and return their results. They can terminate at different times, but the parent process (the one running that composition) will wait for both to terminate before it returns. This parallel composition is not uncommon — for example, the parallel-io package provides a similar operation. In this post I'll talk about the properties we would expect from this composition, and how to make them hold in CHP — but this easily generalises to making them hold for a parallel composition operator in the IO monad (CHP being a thin layer on top of IO).
Properties of Parallel Composition
I intuitively expect that parallel composition should be commutative: p <||> q should be the same as q <||> p. I'd also expect associativity; this:
do (x, (y, z) <- p <||> (q <||> r)
should be equivalent to:
do ((x, y), z) <- (p <||> q) <||> r
Another property (which I'll call the unit law) is that composing something in parallel with a null (or more generally, a short-running) computation should have no effect, that is p should be equivalent to:
p <||> return ()
Finally, I'd expect independence; if I compose p in parallel with q, I would not expect p to behave any differently (or have its environment behave any differently) than if it was not part of a parallel composition. So there are our four properties: commutativity, associativity, the unit law and independence. Let's consider the behaviour of our parallel composition, to try to make sure it satisifes all of these.
Normal Execution
For those, like me, who like concrete code to look at, a basic implementation of parallel composition that works with normal execution (we'll add to it as we go along) is:
(<||>) :: CHP a -> CHP b -> CHP (a, b) (<||>) p q = liftIO_CHP $ do pv <- newEmptyMVar qv <- newEmptyMVar forkIO $ executeCHP p >>= putMVar pv forkIO $ executeCHP q >>= putMVar qv (,) <$> takeMVar pv <*> takeMVar qv
(We're using liftIO_CHP :: IO a -> CHP a and executeCHP :: CHP a -> IO a to go between the monads.)
If all the processes being composed execute and terminate successfully, all the properties easily hold. All the processes start up, they all run, and when they all complete we get the results back. If one of the processes doesn't terminate, the properties also all hold — the composition waits for them all to terminate, so if p doesn't terminate, the whole composition will not terminate, no matter which order the processes are in, or how we've associated the composition.
(This is the only CHP-specific aspect of our parallel composition.) CHP processes don't have to terminate successfully; they can also terminate with poison. The semantics with respect to poison are simple, and preserve all our properties; if either process terminates with poison, the composition will terminate with poison once both child processes have finished. We can update our implementation, based around the adjusted type of executeCHP that now indicates whether a process terminated with poison:
data WithPoison a = Poison | NoPoison a executeCHP :: CHP a -> IO (WithPoison a) (<||>) :: CHP a -> CHP b -> CHP (a, b) (<||>) p q = merge =<< liftIO_CHP (do pv <- newEmptyMVar qv <- newEmptyMVar forkIO $ executeCHP p >>= putMVar pv forkIO $ executeCHP q >>= putMVar qv (,) <$> takeMVar pv <*> takeMVar qv) where merge (NoPoison x, NoPoison y) = return (x, y) merge _ = throwPoison
This is very similar to our first definition, but it merges the values afterwards; they are only returned if neither side threw poison (otherwise poison is thrown). This again preserves all the properties, although associativity may require a little explanation. Consider p <||> (q <||> r). If p terminates with poison, the outer composition will wait for the inner composition to finish (which means waiting for q and r), then throw poison. If r terminates with poison, the inner composition will wait for q, then throw poison; the outer composition will wait for p to also finish, then throw poison. So the behaviour is the same no matter which part of the nested composition throws poison.
(Synchronous) Exceptions
The termination rules given for poison extend easily to exceptions (poison is really just a kind of exception anyway). If either process terminates with an exception (because it wasn't trapped, or it was rethrown), the parent process will rethrow that exception. If both processes throw an exception, an arbitrary one of the two is thrown by the parent process. We make exceptions "beat" poison: if one process throws an exception and the other exits with poison, the exception is rethrown and the poison is dropped. Our slightly adjusted implementation is now:
(<||>) :: CHP a -> CHP b -> CHP (a, b) (<||>) p q = merge =<< liftIO_CHP (do pv <- newEmptyMVar qv <- newEmptyMVar forkIO $ wrap p >>= putMVar pv forkIO $ wrap q >>= putMVar qv (,) <$> takeMVar pv <*> takeMVar qv) where wrap proc = (Right <$> executeCHP proc) `catch` (\(e :: SomeException) -> return (Left e)) merge (Left e, _) = throw e merge (_, Left e) = throw e merge (Right Poison, _) = throwPoison merge (_, Right Poison) = throwPoison merge (Right (NoPoison x), Right (NoPoison y)) = return (x, y)
The wrap function catches any untrapped exceptions from the process, and sends them back to the parent process instead of a result. The merge function prefers exceptions to poison, and only returns a result when neither side had an exception or poison.
(Another possibility for exceptions would have been ignoring the exceptions from the child processes; this would maintain commutativity, associativity and independence, but would have broken the unit law, because when p threw an exception, it would not be propagate if p was wrapped inside a dummy parallel composition.)
Asynchronous Exceptions
Asynchronous exceptions can be received by a thread at any time (unless you mask them), without that thread doing anything to cause them. CHP is a concurrency library with its own mechanisms for communicating between threads and terminating, so I don't usually use asynchronous exceptions in CHP programs. But that doesn't stop them existing, and even if you don't use them yourself (via killThread or throwTo) it doesn't stop them occurring; asynchronous exceptions include stack overflow and user interrupts (i.e. Ctrl-C). So we need to take account of them, and preferably do it in such a way that all our expected properties of parallel composition are preserved.
When we execute a nested parallel composition, such as p <||> (q <||> r), we actually have five threads running: one each for p, q, and r, one for the outer composition and one for the inner composition:
(Each circle is a thread.) We must assume, in the general case, that any one of these threads could potentially receive an asynchronous exception (e.g. the system can kill any thread it likes with an async exception, according to the docs).
Child Process Receives an Asynchronous Exception
Let's start by discussing what happens if a child process such as q gets an asynchronous exception directly. One possibility is that q may trap the exception and deal with it. In that case, we're fine — the parallel composition never sees the exception, and since it's been trapped by q, it shouldn't escape from q anyway. But q may not handle it (or may handle and rethrow, which is the same from the point of view of our operator). So what should happen when q terminates with this exception? One possibility would be to immediately kill its sibling (or throw the exception to them). This would completely break independence; r would now be vulnerable to being killed or receiving an asynchronous exception initially targeted at another process, just because it happens to be composed with q. The only way to preserve independence is to treat the asynchronous exception in a child process as we do synchronous exceptions; we wait for both processes to terminate, and then the parent exits by rethrowing that asynchronous exception. This preserves commutativity, associativity (no matter which of p, q and r get the exception, all will be allowed to finish, and then the outer composition will end up rethrowing it, potentially via the inner composition doing the same) and independence. Our unit law is preserved if p receives the exception (see the next section for more discussion on the unit law).
Parent Process Receives an Asynchronous Exception
Now we move on to consider what happens if the parent process in a composition receives an asynchronous exception. This is actually one of the most likely cases, because if your program consists of:
main = runCHP (p <||> q)
If the user hits Ctrl-C, it's the parent process that will get the exception, not p or q. We mustn't terminate only this thread and leave p and q dangling. The whole point of the parallel composition is that you scope the lifetime of the processes, and we don't want to break that. We could catch the exception, wait for p and q to terminate and then rethrow it. But if the exception is something like a user-interrupt then it seems wrong to ignore it while we wait for the oblivious child processes to terminate. So the semantics are this: when the parent process receives an asynchronous exception, it rethrows it to all the child processes. This trivially preserves commutativity. Independence is also satisfied; if the processes weren't in the parallel composition, they would receive the exception directly, so rethrowing it to them is the same effect as if they weren't composed together.
The unit law and associativity are in danger, though. Consider our unit law example: p <||> return (). If p does not trap the asynchronous exception that the parent throws to it, the unit law is preserved; p will get the exception, and then exit with it (regardless of the other side), which will cause the parent to exit with the same exception, so it is as if the composition was not there. If p does trap the exception, the behaviour becomes a race hazard with one of two behaviours (the difference is bolded):
- The parent receives the exception, and throws it to its children. The return () process has not yet terminated, this then terminates with an uncaught exception. p traps the exception and deals with it, but when the parallel composition exits, the exception is rethrown from the return () branch; this exception would not have been thrown if p was executing alone, because p would have caught it.
- The parent receives the exception, and throws it to its children. The return () process has already terminated succesfully. The exception is thus only thrown to p. p traps the exception and deals with it, so when the parallel composition exits, the exception is not visible, just as if p was executing alone.
There are two ways to "fix" this, by adjusting our unit law: one is to say that the unit law only holds if child processes do not trap exceptions. The other is to say that the unit of parallel composition is not return (), but rather:
return () `catch` (\(e :: SomeException) -> return ()
The problem with that is that catch is in the IO monad, and to be part of the parallel composition it needs to be in the CHP monad, which requires a lot of type-fiddling. I'm still thinking about this one for CHP, but if you were dealing with IO, changing the unit to the above would probably make most sense.
Associativity also has some caveats. Here's our diagram again, with the outer composition at the top, and the inner composition its right-hand child:
If the outer composition receives an exception, all is well; the exception is thrown to the children, which includes the inner composition — and the inner composition throws to its children, so all the processes get it. If any of them don't trap the exception, the exception will be the result of the whole composition no matter which way it was associated — and if all trap it, associativity is still preserved. However, if the inner composition receives an exception, associativity is not preserved; the inner composition will throw the exception to its children but the outer composition will not know about the exception immediately, so only the processes in the inner composition will see the exception. Now it matters which processes are in the inner composition and which is in the outer composition. But this seems morally fair: if an exception is thrown to an inner part of the whole composition, that already depends on the associativity, so it's unreasonable to expect that the composition can function the same regardless of associativity.
Masking Asynchronous Exceptions
When defining our parallel composition operator, we also need to be careful about precisely when asynchronous exceptions might occur. One major difference between poison and asynchronous exceptions is that poison can only occur when you try to use a channel or barrier, whereas asynchronous exceptions can occur any time. This is a plus and minus point for both sides; it means poison is easier to reason about, but asynchronous exceptions can interrupt processes which are not using channels or barriers (e.g. that are blocked on an external call). To make sure we don't receive an asynchronous exception at an awkward moment, such as inbetween forking off p and forking off q (which would really mess with our semantics!), we must mask against asynchronous exceptions, and only restore them inside the forked processes. You can read more about masking in the asynchronous exception docs. So, the final adjusted definition of parallel composition that I will give here is as follows (we don't need a restore call around takeMVar because the blocking nature implicitly unmasks exceptions):
(<||>) :: CHP a -> CHP b -> CHP (a, b) (<||>) p q = merge =<< liftIO_CHP (mask $ \restore -> do pv <- newEmptyMVar qv <- newEmptyMVar let wrap proc = restore (Right <$> executeCHP proc) `catch` (\(e :: SomeException) -> return (Left e)) pid <- forkIO $ wrap p >>= putMVar pv qid <- forkIO $ wrap q >>= putMVar qv let waitMVar v = takeMVar v `catch` (\(e :: SomeException) -> mapM_ (flip throwTo e) [pid, qid] >> waitMVar v) (,) <$> waitMVar pv <*> waitMVar qv) where merge (Left e, _) = throw e merge (_, Left e) = throw e merge (Right Poison, _) = throwPoison merge (_, Right Poison) = throwPoison merge (Right (NoPoison x), Right (NoPoison y)) = return (x, y)
(In fact, this isn't quite enough. I'm currently adding a finallyCHP function that acts like its IO equivalent, and to support that I must push the restore call inside executeCHP to avoid asynchronous exceptions being acknowledged before the finallyCHP call is executed, but that's a bit further into CHP's internals than I want to go in this post.)
Hopefully that was a useful tour of parallel composition semantics in Haskell. Synchronous exceptions are easily dealt with, but asynchronous exceptions (which were perhaps designed more for the forking model of thread creation than this style of parallel composition) make things a fair bit trickier.
June 2, 2011 at 7:16 pm
Did you think about providing a parallel
() :: CHP (a -> b) -> CHP a -> CHP b
and how the Applicative laws relate to your desired laws?
June 12, 2011 at 3:16 pm
Hello Neil,
I am trying to get familiar with your library but the "Communicating Haskell Processes tutorial" is no longer up to date. Is there more current documentation that I could read instead?
June 12, 2011 at 3:26 pm
Scratch that — found your thesis. Looks like there some good examples there.
June 28, 2011 at 4:26 pm
The types in the unit law don't match. I would expect that you would say that 'p' is equivalent to 'fmap fst $ p <||> return ()'.


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Story highlights
- The mayor says Missoula is in uncharted territory
- The investigation focuses on complaints at the University of Montana in Missoula
- A Missoula prosecutor defends his office and the police officers involved in the investigations
- More than 80 cases of sexual assault and rape were reported over three years
The mayor of a Montana college town Wednesday welcomed a federal investigation into allegations that sexual assault and rape complaints were improperly handled.
But John Engen, mayor since 2006, was also surprised when he was notified of the probe.
"This is uncharted territory for us," he told CNN.
The U.S. Justice Department announced Tuesday it was launching a probe into allegations that up to 80 complaints of sexual assault over three years were not investigated thoroughly because of gender bias. Of those, 11 cases involved students at the University of Montana -- at least two involving football players.
"If Justice has enough information that it believes an investigation is warranted, I'm not going to question that," Engen said. "Clearly they have a responsibility to act on whatever complaints they are hearing. I think time will tell whether this was the right call or not."
Assistant Attorney General Thomas Perez of the Justice Department's Civil Rights Division said the focus of the investigation was not on the number of reported allegations, but on the response.
"Our focus is on systemic issues; that is, do the university and the law enforcement agencies have the necessary policies and practices in place to protect women in a comprehensive and integrated manner," Perez said at a news conference Tuesday.
The Department of Education is coordinating with Justice officials, a spokesman told CNN.
Fred Van Valkenburg, Missoula County chief prosecutor, vehemently defended his office and the police officers involved in the investigations.
"We adamantly deny that we have done any such thing, and we are deeply disturbed with the allegation that we have done so," he told reporters.
"I do not believe there is any reason to think that anyone at UM is violating anyone's constitutional rights," he said. "We have not been told even in the most minimal fashion what it is we have allegedly done wrong. We are left to speculate what allegations are being made."
Perez defended the Justice investigation, saying that it was the only way to determine whether there has been any wrongdoing.
"There are a lot of women in this community and a lot of stakeholders in this community who have strong concerns right now," he said.
In December, the University of Montana initiated its own investigation after allegations of a female student being gang-raped and possibly drugged by other students. The university hired Montana Supreme Court Justice Diane Barz to investigate, and she looked into nine alleged sexual assaults from September 2010 through December.
Barz wrote in her report that the university has "a problem of sexual assault on and off campus."
That report triggered a preliminary review by the Justice Department, which resulted in the investigation.
Engen said Perez notified him last Thursday and met him and other officials involved Tuesday morning before the announcement.
At least 11 allegations of sexual assault involving students were reported in the last 18 months. And at least two of the allegations are said to involve football players on the University of Montana Grizzlies football team.
"As to the university, we are investigating whether it responds promptly and effectively to allegations of sexual assault and harassment on campus and has taken the necessary steps to combat sexual violence," Perez said.
University of Montana President Royce Engstrom said the school was "fully committed to cooperating and collaborating in this investigation. We have taken this matter extremely seriously from day one."
Engen said the Penn State child sex abuse scandal changed the way many people think about campus incidents.
"Missoula is no Penn State," he said. "But I think we are like a lot of places. Our experience is not unique."
In March, the university dismissed football coach Robin Pflugrad and athletic director Jim O'Day. University officials gave no specific reason -- only that it was time for new leadership.
But students reacted, some with anger.
Andrew Fink wrote on a university Facebook page that the administration was to blame -- not the coach and the athletic director.
"I'm glad I'm not a Grizzly anymore! You hold Robin Pflugrad responsible for the sexual assaults on campus? How despicable! These men should be accountable for their own actions!"
Jason Woodill wrote that the university's handling of sexual assaults on campus was a joke.
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Missoula, a city of about 68,000 people in western Montana, is closely linked to the school. The University of Montana is the top employer in the city, and many local professionals are alumni.
The city of Missoula recently launched a campaign called "It's Your Call -- 911" to encourage victims of sexual assault and rape to come forward.
The city police website now has extensive information answering this question: "What will happen if I contact the Missoula Police Department about being sexually assaulted?"
"I think there has been an expectation that as a community, we ramp up our efforts," Engen said. "Ultimately as mayor, my responsibility is to the broader public, its safety and welfare. I want justice done."


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Computer Forensics For Dummies
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You'll learn all about e-mail and Web-based forensics, mobile forensics, passwords and encryption, and other e-evidence found through VoIP, voicemail, legacy mainframes, and databases. You'll discover how to use the latest forensic software, tools, and equipment to find the answers that you're looking for in record time. When you understand how data is stored, encrypted, and recovered, you'll be able to protect your personal privacy as well. By the time you finish reading this book, you'll know how to:
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Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Vol. 2, by Edward Gibbon, [1781], at sacred-texts.com
Foundation Of Constantinople. - Political System Constantine, And His Successors. - Military Discipline. - The Palace. - The Finances.
The unfortunate Licinius was the last rival who opposed the greatness, and the last captive who adorned the triumph, of Constantine. After a tranquil and prosperous reign, the conquerer bequeathed to his family the inheritance of the Roman empire; a new capital, a new policy, and a new religion; and the innovations which he established have been embraced and consecrated by succeeding generations. The age of the great Constantine and his sons is filled with important events; but the historian must be oppressed by their number and variety, unless he diligently separates from each other the scenes which are connected only by the order of time. He will describe the political institutions that gave strength and stability to the empire, before he proceeds to relate the wars and revolutions which hastened its decline. He will adopt the division unknown to the ancients of civil and ecclesiastical affairs: the victory of the Christians, and their intestine discord, will supply copious and distinct materials both for edification and for scandal.
After the defeat and abdication of Licinius, his victorious rival proceeded to lay the foundations of a city destined to reign in future times, the mistress of the East, and to survive the empire and religion of Constantine. The motives, whether of pride or of policy, which first induced Diocletian to withdraw himself from the ancient seat of government, had acquired additional weight by the example of his successors, and the habits of forty years. Rome was insensibly confounded with the dependent kingdoms which had once acknowledged her supremacy; and the country of the Caesars was viewed with cold indifference by a martial prince, born in the neighborhood of the Danube, educated in the courts and armies of Asia, and invested with the purple by the legions of Britain. The Italians, who had received Constantine as their deliverer, submissively obeyed the edicts which he sometimes condescended to address to the senate and people of Rome; but they were seldom honored with the presence of their new sovereign. During the vigor of his age, Constantine, according to the various exigencies of peace and war, moved with slow dignity, or with active diligence, along the frontiers of his extensive dominions; and was always prepared to take the field either against a foreign or a domestic enemy. But as he gradually reached the summit of prosperity and the decline of life, he began to meditate the design of fixing in a more permanent station the strength as well as majesty of the throne. In the choice of an advantageous situation, he preferred the confines of Europe and Asia; to curb with a powerful arm the barbarians who dwelt between the Danube and the Tanais; to watch with an eye of jealousy the conduct of the Persian monarch, who indignantly supported the yoke of an ignominious treaty. With these views, Diocletian had selected and embellished the residence of Nicomedia: but the memory of Diocletian was justly abhorred by the protector of the church: and Constantine was not insensible to the ambition of founding a city which might perpetuate the glory of his own name. During the late operations of the war against Licinius, he had sufficient opportunity to contemplate, both as a soldier and as a statesman, the incomparable position of Byzantium; and to observe how strongly it was guarded by nature against a hostile attack, whilst it was accessible on every side to the benefits of commercial intercourse. Many ages before Constantine, one of the most judicious historians of antiquity 1 had described the advantages of a situation, from whence a feeble colony of Greeks derived the command of the sea, and the honors of a flourishing and independent republic. 2 If we survey Byzantium in the extent which it acquired with the august name of Constantinople, the figure of the Imperial city may be represented under that of an unequal triangle. The obtuse point, which advances towards the east and the shores of Asia, meets and repels the waves of the Thracian Bosphorus. The northern side of the city is bounded by the harbor; and the southern is washed by the Propontis, or Sea of Marmara. The basis of the triangle is opposed to the west, and terminates the continent of Europe. But the admirable form and division of the circumjacent land and water cannot, without a more ample explanation, be clearly or sufficiently understood. The winding channel through which the waters of the Euxine flow with a rapid and incessant course towards the Mediterranean, received the appellation of Bosphorus, a name not less celebrated in the history, than in the fables, of antiquity. 3 A crowd of temples and of votive altars, profusely scattered along its steep and woody banks, attested the unskilfulness, the terrors, and the devotion of the Grecian navigators, who, after the example of the Argonauts, explored the dangers of the inhospitable Euxine. On these banks tradition long preserved the memory of the palace of Phineus, infested by the obscene harpies; 4 and of the sylvan reign of Amycus, who defied the son of Leda to the combat of the cestus. 5 The straits of the Bosphorus are terminated by the Cyanean rocks, which, according to the description of the poets, had once floated on the face of the waters; and were destined by the gods to protect the entrance of the Euxine against the eye of profane curiosity. 6 From the Cyanean rocks to the point and harbor of Byzantium, the winding length of the Bosphorus extends about sixteen miles, 7 and its most ordinary breadth may be computed at about one mile and a half. The new castles of Europe and Asia are constructed, on either continent, upon the foundations of two celebrated temples, of Serapis and of Jupiter Urius. The old castles, a work of the Greek emperors, command the narrowest part of the channel in a place where the opposite banks advance within five hundred paces of each other. These fortresses were destroyed and strengthened by Mahomet the Second, when he meditated the siege of Constantinople: 8 but the Turkish conqueror was most probably ignorant, that near two thousand years before his reign, continents by a bridge of boats. 9 At a small distance from the old castles we discover the little town of Chrysopolis, or Scutari, which may almost be considered as the Asiatic suburb of Constantinople. The Bosphorus, as it begins to open into the Propontis, passes between Byzantium and Chalcedon. The latter of those cities was built by the Greeks, a few years before the former; and the blindness of its founders, who overlooked the superior advantages of the opposite coast, has been stigmatized by a proverbial expression of contempt. 10
The harbor of Constantinople, which may be considered as an arm of the Bosphorus, obtained, in a very remote period, the denomination of the Golden Horn. The curve which it describes might be compared to the horn of a stag, or as it should seem, with more propriety, to that of an ox. 11 The epithet of golden was expressive of the riches which every wind wafted from the most distant countries into the secure and capacious port of Constantinople. The River Lycus, formed by the conflux of two little streams, pours into the harbor a perpetual supply of fresh water, which serves to cleanse the bottom, and to invite the periodical shoals of fish to seek their retreat in that convenient recess. As the vicissitudes of tides are scarcely felt in those seas, the constant depth of the harbor allows goods to be landed on the quays without the assistance of boats; and it has been observed, that in many places the largest vessels may rest their prows against the houses, while their sterns are floating in the water. 12 From the mouth of the Lycus to that of the harbor, this arm of the Bosphorus is more than seven miles in length. The entrance is about five hundred yards broad, and a strong chain could be occasionally drawn across it, to guard the port and city from the attack of a hostile navy. 13
Between the Bosphorus and the Hellespont, the shores of Europe and Asia, receding on either side, enclose the sea of Marmara, which was known to the ancients by the denomination of Propontis. The navigation from the issue of the Bosphorus to the entrance of the Hellespont is about one hundred and twenty miles. Those who steer their westward course through the middle of the Propontis, amt at once descry the high lands of Thrace and Bithynia, and never lose sight of the lofty summit of Mount Olympus, covered with eternal snows. 14 They leave on the left a deep gulf, at the bottom of which Nicomedia was seated, the Imperial residence of Diocletian; and they pass the small islands of Cyzicus and Proconnesus before they cast anchor at Gallipoli; where the sea, which separates Asia from Europe, is again contracted into a narrow channel.
The geographers who, with the most skilful accuracy, have surveyed the form and extent of the Hellespont, assign about sixty miles for the winding course, and about three miles for the ordinary breadth of those celebrated straits. 15 But the narrowest part of the channel is found to the northward of the old Turkish castles between the cities of Sestus and Abydus. It was here that the adventurous Leander braved the passage of the flood for the possession of his mistress. 16 It was here likewise, in a place where the distance between the opposite banks cannot exceed five hundred paces, that Xerxes imposed a stupendous bridge of boats, for the purpose of transporting into Europe a hundred and seventy myriads of barbarians. 17 A sea contracted within such narrow limits may seem but ill to deserve the singular epithet of broad, which Homer, as well as Orpheus, has frequently bestowed on the Hellespont. *_0023 But our ideas of greatness are of a relative nature: the traveller, and especially the poet, who sailed along the Hellespont, who pursued the windings of the stream, and contemplated the rural scenery, which appeared on every side to terminate the prospect, insensibly lost the remembrance of the sea; and his fancy painted those celebrated straits, with all the attributes of a mighty river flowing with a swift current, in the midst of a woody and inland country, and at length, through a wide mouth, discharging itself into the Aegean or Archipelago. 18 Ancient Troy, 19 seated on a an eminence at the foot of Mount Ida, overlooked the mouth of the Hellespont, which scarcely received an accession of waters from the tribute of those immortal rivulets the Simois and Scamander. The Grecian camp had stretched twelve miles along the shore from the Sigaean to the Rhaetean promontory; and the flanks of the army were guarded by the bravest chiefs who fought under the banners of Agamemnon. The first of those promontories was occupied by Achilles with his invincible myrmidons, and the dauntless Ajax pitched his tents on the other. After Ajax had fallen a sacrifice to his disappointed pride, and to the ingratitude of the Greeks, his sepulchre was erected on the ground where he had defended the navy against the rage of Jove and of Hector; and the citizens of the rising town of Rhaeteum celebrated his memory with divine honors. 20 Before Constantine gave a just preference to the situation of Byzantium, he had conceived the design of erecting the seat of empire on this celebrated spot, from whence the Romans derived their fabulous origin. The extensive plain which lies below ancient Troy, towards the Rhaetean promontory and the tomb of Ajax, was first chosen for his new capital; and though the undertaking was soon relinquished the stately remains of unfinished walls and towers attracted the notice of all who sailed through the straits of the Hellespont. 21
We are at present qualified to view the advantageous position of Constantinople; which appears to have been formed by nature for the centre and capital of a great monarchy. Situated in the forty-first degree of latitude, the Imperial city commanded, from her seven hills, 22 the opposite shores of Europe and Asia; the climate was healthy and temperate, the soil fertile, the harbor secure and capacious; and the approach on the side of the continent was of small extent and easy defence. The Bosphorus and the Hellespont may be considered as the two gates of Constantinople; and the prince who possessed those important passages could always shut them against a naval enemy, and open them to the fleets of commerce. The preservation of the eastern provinces may, in some degree, be ascribed to the policy of Constantine, as the barbarians of the Euxine, who in the preceding age had poured their armaments into the heart of the Mediterranean, soon desisted from the exercise of piracy, and despaired of forcing this insurmountable barrier. When the gates of the Hellespont and Bosphorus were shut, the capital still enjoyed within their spacious enclosure every production which could supply the wants, or gratify the luxury, of its numerous inhabitants. The sea-coasts of Thrace and Bithynia, which languish under the weight of Turkish oppression, still exhibit a rich prospect of vineyards, of gardens, and of plentiful harvests; and the Propontis has ever been renowned for an inexhaustible store of the most exquisite fish, that are taken in their stated seasons, without skill, and almost without labor. 23 But when the passages of the straits were thrown open for trade, they alternately admitted the natural and artificial riches of the north and south, of the Euxine, and of the Mediterranean. Whatever rude commodities were collected in the forests of Germany and Scythia, and far as the sources of the Tanais and the Borysthenes; whatsoever was manufactured by the skill of Europe or Asia; the corn of Egypt, and the gems and spices of the farthest India, were brought by the varying winds into the port of Constantinople, which for many ages attracted the commerce of the ancient world. 24
[See Basilica Of Constantinople]
The prospect of beauty, of safety, and of wealth, united in a single spot, was sufficient to justify the choice of Constantine. But as some decent mixture of prodigy and fable has, in every age, been supposed to reflect a becoming majesty on the origin of great cities, 25 the emperor was desirous of ascribing his resolution, not so much to the uncertain counsels of human policy, as to the infallible and eternal decrees of divine wisdom. In one of his laws he has been careful to instruct posterity, that in obedience to the commands of God, he laid the everlasting foundations of Constantinople: 26 and though he has not condescended to relate in what manner the celestial inspiration was communicated to his mind, the defect of his modest silence has been liberally supplied by the ingenuity of succeeding writers; who describe the nocturnal vision which appeared to the fancy of Constantine, as he slept within the walls of Byzantium. The tutelar genius of the city, a venerable matron sinking under the weight of years and infirmities, was suddenly transformed into a blooming maid, whom his own hands adorned with all the symbols of Imperial greatness. 27 The monarch awoke, interpreted the auspicious omen, and obeyed, without hesitation, the will of Heaven The day which gave birth to a city or colony was celebrated by the Romans with such ceremonies as had been ordained by a generous superstition; 28 and though Constantine might omit some rites which savored too strongly of their Pagan origin, yet he was anxious to leave a deep impression of hope and respect on the minds of the spectators. On foot, with a lance in his hand, the emperor himself led the solemn procession; and directed the line, which was traced as the boundary of the destined capital: till the growing circumference was observed with astonishment by the assistants, who, at length, ventured to observe, that he had already exceeded the most ample measure of a great city. "I shall still advance," replied Constantine, "till He, the invisible guide who marches before me, thinks proper to stop." 29 Without presuming to investigate the nature or motives of this extraordinary conductor, we shall content ourselves with the more humble task of describing the extent and limits of Constantinople. 30
In the actual state of the city, the palace and gardens of the Seraglio occupy the eastern promontory, the first of the seven hills, and cover about one hundred and fifty acres of our own measure. The seat of Turkish jealousy and despotism is erected on the foundations of a Grecian republic; but it may be supposed that the Byzantines were tempted by the conveniency of the harbor to extend their habitations on that side beyond the modern limits of the Seraglio. The new walls of Constantine stretched from the port to the Propontis across the enlarged breadth of the triangle, at the distance of fifteen stadia from the ancient fortification; and with the city of Byzantium they enclosed five of the seven hills, which, to the eyes of those who approach Constantinople, appear to rise above each other in beautiful order. 31 About a century after the death of the founder, the new buildings, extending on one side up the harbor, and on the other along the Propontis, already covered the narrow ridge of the sixth, and the broad summit of the seventh hill. The necessity of protecting those suburbs from the incessant inroads of the barbarians engaged the younger Theodosius to surround his capital with an adequate and permanent enclosure of walls. 32 From the eastern promontory to the golden gate, the extreme length of Constantinople was about three Roman miles; 33 the circumference measured between ten and eleven; and the surface might be computed as equal to about two thousand English acres. It is impossible to justify the vain and credulous exaggerations of modern travellers, who have sometimes stretched the limits of Constantinople over the adjacent villages of the European, and even of the Asiatic coast. 34 But the suburbs of Pera and Galata, though situate beyond the harbor, may deserve to be considered as a part of the city; 35 and this addition may perhaps authorize the measure of a Byzantine historian, who assigns sixteen Greek (about fourteen Roman) miles for the circumference of his native city. 36 Such an extent may not seem unworthy of an Imperial residence. Yet Constantinople must yield to Babylon and Thebes, 37 to ancient Rome, to London, and even to Paris. 38
1 Polybius, l. iv. p. 423, edit. Casaubon. He observes that the peace of the Byzantines was frequently disturbed, and the extent of their territory contracted, by the inroads of the wild Thracians.
2 The navigator Byzas, who was styled the son of Neptune, founded the city 656 years before the Christian aera. His followers were drawn from Argos and Megara. Byzantium was afterwards rebuild and fortified by the Spartan general Pausanias. See Scaliger Animadvers. ad Euseb. p. 81. Ducange, Constantinopolis, l. i part i. cap 15, 16. With regard to the wars of the Byzantines against Philip, the Gauls, and the kings of Bithynia, we should trust none but the ancient writers who lived before the greatness of the Imperial city had excited a spirit of flattery and fiction.
3 The Bosphorus has been very minutely described by Dionysius of Byzantium, who lived in the time of Domitian, (Hudson, Geograph Minor, tom. iii.,) and by Gilles or Gyllius, a French traveller of the XVIth century. Tournefort (Lettre XV.) seems to have used his own eyes, and the learning of Gyllius. [Add Von Hammer, Constantinopolis und der Bosphoros, 8vo. - M.
4 There are very few conjectures so happy as that of Le Clere, (Bibliotehque Universelle, tom. i. p. 148,) who supposes that the harpies were only locusts. The Syriac or Phoenician name of those insects, their noisy flight, the stench and devastation which they occasion, and the north wind which drives them into the sea, all contribute to form the striking resemblance.
5 The residence of Amycus was in Asia, between the old and the new castles, at a place called Laurus Insana. That of Phineus was in Europe, near the village of Mauromole and the Black Sea. See Gyllius de Bosph. l. ii. c. 23. Tournefort, Lettre XV.
6 The deception was occasioned by several pointed rocks, alternately sovered and abandoned by the waves. At present there are two small islands, one towards either shore; that of Europe is distinguished by the column of Pompey.
7 The ancients computed one hundred and twenty stadia, or fifteen Roman miles. They measured only from the new castles, but they carried the straits as far as the town of Chalcedon.
8 Ducas. Hist. c. 34. Leunclavius Hist. Turcica Mussulmanica, l. xv. p. 577. Under the Greek empire these castles were used as state prisons, under the tremendous name of Lethe, or towers of oblivion.
9 Darius engraved in Greek and Assyrian letters, on two marble columns, the names of his subject nations, and the amazing numbers of his land and sea forces. The Byzantines afterwards transported these columns into the city, and used them for the altars of their tutelar deities. Herodotus, l. iv. c. 87.
10 Namque arctissimo inter Europam Asiamque divortio Byzantium in extrema Europa posuere Greci, quibus, Pythium Apollinem consulentibus ubi conderent urbem, redditum oraculum est, quaererent sedem oecerum terris adversam. Ea ambage Chalcedonii monstrabantur quod priores illuc advecti, praevisa locorum utilitate pejora legissent Tacit. Annal. xii. 63.
11 Strabo, l. vii. p. 492, [edit. Casaub.] Most of the antlers are now broken off; or, to speak less figuratively, most of the recesses of the harbor are filled up. See Gill. de Bosphoro Thracio, l. i. c. 5.
12 Procopius de Aedificiis, l. i. c. 5. His description is confirmed by modern travellers. See Thevenot, part i. l. i. c. 15. Tournefort, Lettre XII. Niebuhr, Voyage d'Arabie, p. 22.
13 See Ducange, C. P. l. i. part i. c. 16, and his Observations sur Villehardouin, p. 289. The chain was drawn from the Acropolis near the modern Kiosk, to the tower of Galata; and was supported at convenient distances by large wooden piles.
14 Thevenot (Voyages au Levant, part i. l. i. c. 14) contracts the measure to 125 small Greek miles. Belon (Observations, l. ii. c. 1.) gives a good description of the Propontis, but contents himself with the vague expression of one day and one night's sail. When Sandy's (Travels, p. 21) talks of 150 furlongs in length, as well as breadth we can only suppose some mistake of the press in the text of that judicious traveller.
15 See an admirable dissertation of M. d'Anville upon the Hellespont or Dardanelles, in the Memoires tom. xxviii. p. 318 - 346. Yet even that ingenious geographer is too fond of supposing new, and perhaps imaginary measures, for the purpose of rendering ancient writers as accurate as himself. The stadia employed by Herodotus in the description of the Euxine, the Bosphorus, &c., (l. iv. c. 85,) must undoubtedly be all of the same species; but it seems impossible to reconcile them either with truth or with each other.
16 The oblique distance between Sestus and Abydus was thirty stadia. The improbable tale of Hero and Leander is exposed by M. Mahudel, but is defended on the authority of poets and medals by M. de la Nauze. See the Academie des Inscriptions, tom. vii. Hist. p. 74. elem. p. 240. Note: The practical illustration of the possibility of Leander's feat by Lord Byron and other English swimmers is too well known to need particularly reference - M.
17 See the seventh book of Herodotus, who has erected an elegant trophy to his own fame and to that of his country. The review appears to have been made with tolerable accuracy; but the vanity, first of the Persians, and afterwards of the Greeks, was interested to magnify the armament and the victory. I should much doubt whether the invaders have ever outnumbered the men of any country which they attacked.
*_0023 Gibbon does not allow greater width between the two nearest points of the shores of the Hellespont than between those of the Bosphorus; yet all the ancient writers speak of the Hellespontic strait as broader than the other: they agree in giving it seven stadia in its narrowest width, (Herod. in Melp. c. 85. Polym. c. 34. Strabo, p. 591. Plin. iv. c. 12.) which make 875 paces. It is singular that Gibbon, who in the fifteenth note of this chapter reproaches d'Anville with being fond of supposing new and perhaps imaginary measures, has here adopted the peculiar measurement which d'Anville has assigned to the stadium. This great geographer believes that the ancients had a stadium of fifty-one toises, and it is that which he applies to the walls of Babylon. Now, seven of these stadia are equal to about 500 paces, 7 stadia = 2142 feet: 500 paces = 2135 feet 5 inches. - G. See Rennell, Geog. of Herod. p. 121. Add Ukert, Geographie der Griechen und Romer, v. i. p. 2, 71. - M.
18 See Wood's Observations on Homer, p. 320. I have, with pleasure, selected this remark from an author who in general seems to have disappointed the expectation of the public as a critic, and still more as a traveller. He had visited the banks of the Hellespont; and had read Strabo; he ought to have consulted the Roman itineraries. How was it possible for him to confound Ilium and Alexandria Troas, (Observations, p. 340, 341,) two cities which were sixteen miles distant from each other?
Note: Compare Walpole's Memoirs on Turkey, v. i. p. 101. Dr. Clarke adopted Mr. Walpole's interpretation of the salt Hellespont. But the old interpretation is more graphic and Homeric. Clarke's Travels, ii. 70. - M.
19 Demetrius of Scepsis wrote sixty books on thirty lines of Homer's catalogue. The XIIIth Book of Strabo is sufficient for our curiosity.
20 Strabo, l. xiii. p. 595, [890, edit. Casaub.] The disposition of the ships, which were drawn upon dry land, and the posts of Ajax and Achilles, are very clearly described by Homer. See Iliad, ix. 220.
21 Zosim. l. ii. [c. 30,] p. 105. Sozomen, l. ii. c. 3. Theophanes, p. 18. Nicephorus Callistus, l. vii. p. 48. Zonaras, tom. ii. l. xiii. p. 6. Zosimus places the new city between Ilium and Alexandria, but this apparent difference may be reconciled by the large extent of its circumference. Before the foundation of Constantinople, Thessalonica is mentioned by Cedrenus, (p. 283,) and Sardica by Zonaras, as the intended capital. They both suppose with very little probability, that the emperor, if he had not been prevented by a prodigy, would have repeated the mistake of the blind Chalcedonians.
22 Pocock's Description of the East, vol. ii. part ii. p. 127. His plan of the seven hills is clear and accurate. That traveller is seldom unsatisfactory.
23 See Belon, Observations, c. 72 - 76. Among a variety of different species, the Pelamides, a sort of Thunnies, were the most celebrated. We may learn from Polybius, Strabo, and Tacitus, that the profits of the fishery constituted the principal revenue of Byzantium.
24 See the eloquent description of Busbequius, epistol. i. p. 64. Est in Europa; habet in conspectu Asiam, Egyptum. Africamque a dextra: quae tametsi contiguae non sunt, maris tamen navigandique commoditate veluti junguntur. A sinistra vero Pontus est Euxinus, &c.
25 Datur haec venia antiquitati, ut miscendo humana divinis, primordia urbium augustiora faciat. T. Liv. in prooem.
26 He says in one of his laws, pro commoditate urbis quam aeteras nomine, jubente Deo, donavimus. Cod. Theodos. l. xiii. tit. v. leg. 7.
27 The Greeks, Theophanes, Cedrenus, and the author of the Alexandrian Chronicle, confine themselves to vague and general expressions. For a more particular account of the vision, we are obliged to have recourse to such Latin writers as William of Malmesbury. See Ducange, C. P. l. i. p. 24, 25.
28 See Plutarch in Romul. tom. i. p. 49, edit. Bryan. Among other ceremonies, a large hole, which had been dug for that purpose, was filled up with handfuls of earth, which each of the settlers brought from the place of his birth, and thus adopted his new country.
29 Philostorgius, l. ii. c. 9. This incident, though borrowed from a suspected writer, is characteristic and probable.
30 See in the Memoires de l'Academie, tom. xxxv p. 747 - 758, a dissertation of M. d'Anville on the extent of Constantinople. He takes the plan inserted in the Imperium Orientale of Banduri as the most complete; but, by a series of very nice observations, he reduced the extravagant proportion of the scale, and instead of 9500, determines the circumference of the city as consisting of about 7800 French toises.
31 Codinus, Antiquitat. Const. p. 12. He assigns the church of St. Anthony as the boundary on the side of the harbor. It is mentioned in Ducange, l. iv. c. 6; but I have tried, without success, to discover the exact place where it was situated.
32 The new wall of Theodosius was constructed in the year 413. In 447 it was thrown down by an earthquake, and rebuilt in three months by the diligence of the praefect Cyrus. The suburb of the Blanchernae was first taken into the city in the reign of Heraclius Ducange, Const. l. i. c. 10, 11.
33 The measurement is expressed in the Notitia by 14,075 feet. It is reasonable to suppose that these were Greek feet, the proportion of which has been ingeniously determined by M. d'Anville. He compares the 180 feet with 78 Hashemite cubits, which in different writers are assigned for the heights of St. Sophia. Each of these cubits was equal to 27 French inches.
34 The accurate Thevenot (l. i. c. 15) walked in one hour and three quarters round two of the sides of the triangle, from the Kiosk of the Seraglio to the seven towers. D'Anville examines with care, and receives with confidence, this decisive testimony, which gives a circumference of ten or twelve miles. The extravagant computation of Tournefort (Lettre XI) of thirty-tour or thirty miles, without including Scutari, is a strange departure from his usual character.
35 The sycae, or fig-trees, formed the thirteenth region, and were very much embellished by Justinian. It has since borne the names of Pera and Galata. The etymology of the former is obvious; that of the latter is unknown. See Ducange, Const. l. i. c. 22, and Gyllius de Byzant. l. iv. c. 10.
36 One hundred and eleven stadia, which may be translated into modern Greek miles each of seven stadia, or 660, sometimes only 600 French toises. See D'Anville, Mesures Itineraires, p. 53.
37 When the ancient texts, which describe the size of Babylon and Thebes, are settled, the exaggerations reduced, and the measures ascertained, we find that those famous cities filled the great but not incredible circumference of about twenty-five or thirty miles. Compare D'Anville, Mem. de l'Academie, tom. xxviii. p. 235, with his Description de l'Egypte, p. 201, 202.
38 If we divide Constantinople and Paris into equal squares of 50 French toises, the former contains 850, and the latter 1160, of those divisions.


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- DIY studded vest
- Fiorentini & Baker 7040 boots
- Ray-Ban glasses
- Margiela powder-coated brass "diamond" cuff & ring
- Pamela Love cross ring
- repurposed circuit board jewelry (earring, necklace, ring) courtesy of Sparkover
I've resurrected some old school stylings lately, as they're the easiest to wear, fall asleep in, and wear again the next day -- perfect for baby duty. The vest is a neverending work in progress and I did not do the stud work; my dear friend Josh studded it little by little for a good year or so. It is denim painted with black acrylic that ended up looking sort of like cracked leather. Surprisingly, it's very lightweight and comfortable. Not sure how many studs are on this. I've had the boots forever.
I have been loving my Sparkover pieces lately -- whenever I wear these out, I'm constantly asked about them (I've given out a ton of Sparkover cards since I received these designs). I'm really excited to be able to host this giveaway, as Jaci has been generous enough to offer one of her circuit board rings to one of my lucky readers:
I have the same ring, which is high-quality sterling silver and has a nice, thick adjustable band. All of the little details of the circuit board make for such a unique design.
Here are the rules:
1) Subscribe to Halcoholic with either Bloglovin' or Google friend connect
2) After browsing the Sparkover etsy shop, comment to this post with your email address and your favorite piece from the shop.
The giveaway will run until Friday, October 29 and will end on that day at 11PM Eastern time. The winner will be chosen using Random.org and announced Monday, November 1st. This giveaway is open to all readers, but please do not try to enter via email -- your entry will not count.
Good luck &hearts


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Get ready for a US Open Cup like you've never seen it before.
The US Soccer Federation on Wednesday unveiled an expanded version of the domestic cup competition which will see all 16 US-based MLS clubs participating, a random selection process for home teams in select rounds and a champion crowned by the first week of August.
The MLS qualifying system employed in recent years has been scrapped and all 16 MLS teams eligible for participation – the three Canadian teams play in the Nutrilite Canadian Championship – will join the competition in the third round.
A total of 64 teams – a record number in the modern era of the USOC – will feature 32 professional teams, including all six NASL teams and all 10 USL PRO teams, as well as another 32 from the amateur ranks of the USASA (nine qualifiers), PDL (16 qualifiers), NPSL (6.5 qualifiers) and US Club Soccer (0.5 qualifiers).
As has traditionally been the case, MLS teams will join in the third round with matchups based on geography. MLS teams will only face each other beginning in the fourth round.
The USOC kicks off with the first round on Tuesday, May 15, with subsequent rounds played on Tuesdays in consecutive weeks to determine the final eight teams by June 5.
The quarterfinals then take place on June 26, the semis on July 10 and the final on Aug. 7 or 8.
The controversial blind-bid system used to determine home teams in past years has been scrapped in the earlier rounds in favor of a random selection process for venues that meet standard requirements and are interested in serving as hosts. The blind-bid system is then reintroduced again beginning with the quarterfinal stage.
Three-time defending champion Seattle Sounders are looking to become the first team to win the competitions four straight times and take home the $100,000 cash prize.


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A coalition of groups opposed to same-sex marriage is gearing up to fight a lawsuit challenging Florida's ban on gay marriage.
The groups including the Christian Family Coalition and Florida Democratic League planned a Friday news conference on the issue. The groups say the decision by Florida voters in 2008 to add a ban on same-sex marriage to the state Constitution should be respected.
The ban was challenged last month in a lawsuit filed in Miami-Dade County by six gay couples. They contend that the prohibition is an unconstitutional violation of guarantees of equal treatment and due process. Gay marriage bans have been struck down by judges in other states.
Florida Attorney General Pam Bondi's office has not yet responded to the lawsuit.
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Plot No.4, Block-D extension lane No.3. Bahria Town provides an easy assessed to all life styles facilities including shopping areas, cafe, gym, parks, kids ground, hospital, schools, restaurants and much more. Features of Bahria Town Islamabad: Security 24/7 Security Guards/Check Post. Current Facilities / Services. Cine Gold. Bahria Electricity. Waste water Treatment Plant. Water Tanks. Underground Electrification . Petrol Station. Sector Utility Area. Educational Facilities. Family Park. Water Filtration Plant. Shopping Complex. Fire Fighting. DHA business bay. Green Valley. 18 Km away from the Islamabad International Air Port. For any Further Assistance please feel free to contact us.
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INS traders
Business Name:
Property Address:
Bahria Town, Rawalpindi, Punjab
Office Address:
Baacha Arcade, River view commercial, bahria Town Phase VII, Rawalpindi, Punjab
10:00 AM to 8:00 PM
|Property ID: 11115
|Type: Plot
|Status: Sell


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|Omar: Punjab attack similar to Jammu attacks
Jehlum Post News/Srinagar/ July 27, 2015/ The terrorist attack in Punjab is "eerily similar" to attacks in the border belt of Jammu, former Jammu and Kashmir chief minister Omar Abdullah tweeted on Monday. "Will be very interested to see what emerges about the identity of the terrorists involved in the Gurdaspur attack this morning," tweeted Mr Abdullah after militants stormed a police station in Punjab's Dinanagar town. "The timing of the attack, methodology and location are all eerily similar to attacks in the border belt of Jammu," he said in another tweet. "Where the heck are the bulletproof jackets and helmets?
Their knees are better protected than their heads!" he tweeted. Three to four terrorists in Army uniform entered India at the Hiranagar border in Jammu early this morning and opened fire at a bus before attacking a police station in Punjab's Gurdaspur. Five people have been killed and four injured in the attack. An alert has been sounded all along the border. Agency
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The controversy around Nestle's Maggi noodles has caused panic throughout the nation and it doesn't look like it will die down any time soon.
After the initial test results by Uttar Pradesh Department of Food and Drug Administration (FDA) showed harmful levels of monosodium glutamate (MSG) and lead in Maggi, various states across India and even Bangladesh conducted tests on Maggi to find out whether the food product is safe or not.
The controversy around Maggi has led to tests being conducted across the country.
The entire controversy began when the UP FDA last month asked Nestle India to withdraw a batch of Maggi noodles "which were manufactured in February 2014" after it found high levels of added MSG, a taste enhancer, in the noodles and lead beyond permissible limits.
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