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- Full Color Cards
- 52-Card Regulation Deck
- Answer Key Included
- Ships in hard plastic jewel case
1971 Trivia Challenge Playing Cards
About the 1971 Trivia Challenge Playing Cards
A blast from the past and a great "deal"! Not only is this a regulation deck of playing cards, each card has a trivia question specific to this particular year. Ranging from easy to challenging, trivia topics include entertainment, culture, world events, celebrities and sports. Great fun for birthdays, anniversaries, reunions, and family gatherings.
Where do you ship to?
If we feel confident we can get your items delivered to you, then we're happy to ship them. For the United States we use either USPS or UPS and for international orders we exclusively use USPS. All of our shipped items include tracking.
Can I return items?
We want you to be pleased as punch with what you buy! We will be happy to return or exchange new, unused merchandise within one week of receipt. The original shipping cost is nonrefundable, and you will be responsible for returning the item to us. Please contact us for a return authorization before sending anything back.
Due to the nature of the business, candy and/or vintage items are not returnable -- please make sure you think you'll love them before purchasing!
Thank you.


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Игровые аппараты на евро - играть сейчас в отличных заведениях России!
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subset: commoncrawl


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How to Disconnect the Wireless Connection from Your Laptop
When you want to disconnect your laptop from a wireless connection, you can do so using the hardware or the software. The choice as to how you disconnect your laptop from the wireless connection is yours!
One way is to close your laptop's lid. By putting the laptop into Stand By mode, the network connection is broken automatically. Opening the laptop's lid (assuming that you're within range of the wireless hub) reestablishes the connection.
Likewise, you can also turn off the laptop to disconnect from the wireless network. When you turn on the laptop again, it might mention that it misses being connected to the network. Yeah, life has its letdowns.
Some laptops have a handy on-off button associated with their wireless networking connections. You can press the button to instantly disconnect from the network by turning off the wireless networking card.
You can also disconnect through Windows Vista or XP by using the following steps.
Dropping the wireless connection in Windows Vista
Follow these steps to disconnect from the network in Vista.
Choose Control Panel from the Start menu.
The Control Panel window appears.
Open the Control Panel's Network and Sharing Center.Open the Network and Sharing Center to display the wireless connection, along with all sorts of information and handy links to click.
Click the Disconnect link.
It's on the right side of the wireless connection information, at the bottom, as shown above.
Lo, the connection is gone. Poof!
Dropping the wireless connection from your laptop in Windows XP
Follow these steps to disconnect from the network in XP.
Choose Control Panel from the Start menu.
The Control Panel window appears.
Click the Network Connections icon.
The Network Connections window appears.
Right-click the wireless network connection icon.
Choose Disable from the pop-up menu.
The connection is gone.


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WACO Waco daycare owner Marian Bergman Fraser, 49, who was named in an arrest warrant stemming from the death of the 4-month-old granddaughter of McLennan County Judge Scott Felton, surrendered to police Thursday morning and later was released on bond.
Fraser was charged with injury to a child (causing death).
She was released at around noon Thursday after posting a $25,000 bond.
Fraser walked into the Waco Police Department building just before 8:30 a.m. Thursday, accompanied by her attorney, Gerald Villareal, and was later taken to the McLennan County Jail.
The infant, Clara Marguerite Felton, died at a local hospital on March 4 after she was found unresponsive and not breathing in her crib at the home daycare.
An autopsy report issued at the end of May says she died "as the result of toxic effects of diphenhydramine," the generic name for the over-the-counter allergy drug Benadryl.
The report listed the manner of death as undetermined.
"Detectives believe the child died due to an overdose of Benadryl given by the daycare's owner to keep the baby asleep during nap-time," Waco police Sgt, Patrick Swanton said.
Fraser is the owner of the Spoiled Rotten home daycare center at 1725 Hilltop Dr. in Waco, which is licensed to care for as many as 12 children, according to online state records.
On the day the infant died, she and one employee were at the center, according to an arrest warrant affidavit released Thursday.
The girl was fed a bottle at around 11:30 a.m. and was put in a crib for a nap between noon and 12:30 p.m., the affidavit said.
She was found unresponsive at around 2:50 p.m., the affidavit said.
A medical examiner told investigators that the infant "had to have been given the diphenhydramine while in the care of the daycare she was attending" or the effects would have occurred earlier, the affidavit said.
Fraser told an investigator she would have managed and administered any medication that a parent brought to the daycare, the affidavit said.
The infant's parents told the investigator they had never given their daughter diphenhydramine or any product that contains it, the affidavit said.
Fraser told the investigator she prepared bottles for the babies either the night before or in the morning, the affidavit said.
The investigator determined that Fraser "has a sleep schedule that she likes for the children to be on" and that the children typically napped for 2 ½ to 3 hours a day, the affidavit said.
On April 30 the Texas Department of Family and Protective Services cited the daycare for administering medication without authorization.
"During the inspection it was found a caregiver was administering over the counter medication to a child in care without having the written authorization from the parent," the department's child care information website said.
The website said the deficiency was corrected before a May 15 deadline.
Villareal issued a statement Wednesday evening in which he said, "Anytime an infant dies, it is a tragedy, but Ms. Fraser had absolutely nothing to do with the death of this child."
"This allegation has surrounded Ms. Fraser since it has happened. We're looking forward to being able to clear her name."
The daycare, which opened in November 1996, is still licensed, but a revocation process is underway, a Texas Family and Protective Services spokeswoman said Thursday.


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Applying truth from the Bible to everyday life!
The Daily Devotional Series: 365 Devotions Through the New Testament by Kristi Burchfiel gives keen insight into the New Testament treasures and teachings. The New Testament in the Bible presents teaching and instruction for everyday life and shares the Good News of salvation in Jesus Christ. Developed as a practical 365 daily devotional to aid in applying the Word to everyday life, each day and verse sheds light on the life transforming truths of Scripture, giving inspiration and encouragement for the day. The author presents these practical truths to readers as a way to incorporate the Word of truth into their busy lives. Take 15 minutes of your day; find life and refreshment each day through the Word!
Kristi Burchfiel is a passionate devotional writer and speaker. She emphasizes that devotionals serve a purpose in life, they teach us how to apply God's wisdom and truth into practical ways. Her passion is to share God's Word with others and give them tools to live life more abundantly through the application of biblical truths. Recently selected as a Finalist in the 2013 Readers' Favorite Award Contest, the devotional comes highly recommened as the author has also been named a "50 Great Writers You Should be Reading" in 2012 and has not only created the Daily Devotional Series, but 2 other amazing full length Bible Studies entitled: The Decay Within: A Study of Amos and Without Regrets: A Study of Ecclesiastes. Currently residing in Wichita, Kansas with her husband, Reverend D. Burchfiel and their two children – Kristi is one that enjoys serving the Lord with her writings and her family faithfully.
For more information about the author and her books, visit Kristi Burchfiel,. You may get your copy of The Daily Devotional Series: 365 Devotions Through the New Testament at Amazon, in Kindle Edition, at Barnes and Noble at NOOK Books and other fine online bookstores.
Using the power and reach of Christian Book Marketing to share Christ with the nations.


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- Home
- Showroom
- Parts
- Accessories
- Services
- Dealer Info
- Contact Us
YAMAHA-SUZUKI-VICTORY-CAN-AM OF MINEOLA has a huge selection of accessories for Honda Yamaha Suzuki Kawasaki Victory Harley Can-AM, Polaris, Triumph, Ducati Motorcycles and ATV's. Our on-line catalogs feature OEM accessories from Yamaha Motorcycles (including Vstar, Roadstar, Roadliner, Stratoliner, Royal Star, Raider, R1, R6, FZ1) and Yamaha ATV's (including Grizzly, Raptor, Kodiak, Big Bear, Banchee), OEM Suzuki Motorcycle accessories (including GSXR1000, GSXR750, GSXR600, Katana, Hayabusa, Boulevards, B King) and Suzuki ATV's (including King Quad, Eiger, Quadrunners, Quadsport, Quadracers) OEM Victory Motorcycle accessories (including Vegas, Jackpot, 8 Ball, Kingpin, Vision), OEM Can-AM ATV accessories, Cobra exhausts and accessories, Kuryakyn, Mustang Seats, OGIO Backpacks and gear, Fieldsheer Jackets, Two Bros Exhausts, Yoshimura Exhausts, EBC Brakes and clutches, Answer , Joe Rocket apparel, Moose Plows and winches, Arlen Ness, Motorcycles Saddlebags, Tankbags, Motorcycle Windshields, SHoei helemts, Vega Helmets, Shorty helmets, Dunlop Tires, Motorcycle, ATV and scooter tires and much more.
We typically ship accessories from our Mineola, NY warehouse within 1 working day to any USA location by UPS. Accessories that are not in stock are ordered from our suppliers and we normally ship to you within 3-5 days. We will advise you by email when we ship.
Backordered items (only 3% of orders) are not in stock and our suppliers are awaiting shipments.
We will advice you shipping date if possible.
Click the image below to order Genuine OEM Yamaha, Suzuki, Can-Am and Victory parts. Genuine factory accessories for Yamaha, Suzuki, Victory and Can-AM can be viewed and ordered in the OEM catalogs below.


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WASHINGTON, May 5 (UPI) -- The American Legion called on several top Department of Veterans Affairs officials to resign Monday, citing several recent scandals including performance bonuses given to top management despite delayed medical care that resulted in veterans dying without treatment.
"As national commander of the nation's largest veterans service organization, it is with great sadness that I call for the resignations of Secretary Shinseki, Under Secretary of Health Robert Petzel and Under Secretary of Benefits Allison Hickey," said Daniel Dellinger, who heads the 2.4 million-member American Legion.
"VA leadership has demonstrated its incompetence through preventable deaths of veterans," he said, referring to a recent scandal in Phoenix.
"But The American Legion expects when such errors and lapses are discovered, that they are dealt with swiftly and that the responsible parties are held accountable," he added. "This has not happened at the Department of Veterans Affairs. There needs to be a change, and that change needs to occur at the top."
After CNN broke the story on the Phoenix VA's secret wait list, an investigation was launched and the management there was put on administrative leave.
Shinseki, a retired four-star Army general who was wounded in Vietnam and served as chief of staff of the Army from 1999 until 2003, was nominated in 2008 by President Obama and confirmed by the Senate the next year, and has been called a "transformational figure" by other veterans' groups who say the VA is much improved under his leadership.


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Walt Disney World Holiday Breakdown
The holiday season is my favorite time of the year to visit Walt Disney World. There's just so much to see and do! From the spectacular decorations and displays to the heart-warming entertainment, the Florida parks definitely know how to get you in the Christmas spirit. Here's a breakdown of this year's festivities.


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The Dash Diet Weight Loss Solution - by Marla Heller
The DASH diet isn't just for healthy living anymore-now it's for healthy weight loss, too. Using the key elements of the DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) diet and proven, never-before-published NIH research, bestselling author, foremost DASH dietitian and leading nutrition expert Marla Heller has created the most effective diet for quick-and lasting-weight loss. Based on the diet rated the #1 Best Overall Diet by Us News & World Report, this effective and easy program includes menu plans, recipes, shopping lists, and more. Everything you need to lose weight and get healthy!
Readers will enjoy a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, low-fat and nonfat dairy, lean meats/fish/poultry, nuts/beans/seeds, heart healthy fats, and limited amounts of whole grains. The result: faster metabolism, lower body fat, improved strength and cardiovascular fitness-plus the diet can lower cholesterol and blood pressure without medication, and without counting calories!
As effective as the original DASH for heart health and turbocharged for weight loss.


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Dez Bryant may finally be ready to stop being a riddle.
The Cowboys receiver has been great one game and hard to find the next. He created a scene at a mall one year, then trouble with the law the next.
But now he has multiple 100-yard receiving games for the first time, including a career-best 145 yards in last weekend's 23-20 overtime win against Cleveland.
The question heading into a Thanksgiving showdown with Washington is whether Bryant has finally arrived in his third NFL season.
Even the eternal Cowboys optimist - owner Jerry Jones - isn't ready to give a definitive answer. He's reluctant to say Bryant is "doing good," but will say he's "doing better."


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Roberta Vinci sent Italy into the Fed Cup final for the fifth time in eight years with a 6-2, 6-7, (2/7), 6-3 victory over the Czech Republic's Lucie Safarova in Palermo on Monday.
The match was held over because of rain on Sunday.
Vinci's triumph gave Italy, winners of the trophy in 2009 and 2010, an unassailable 3-1 lead over the twice defending champions, meaning the doubles was not played.
Russia are waiting in the final, after they stormed back from 2-0 down to beat Slovakia 3-2 in Moscow on Sunday.
Italy went 2-0 up on Saturday, before Petra Kvitova gave the Czechs hope on Sunday by beating Sara Errani in front of a partisan crowd at the Circolo Tennis Palermo.
Vinci, 30, had too much guile for Safarova in the first set, although the Czech found her feet in the second to lead 5-3.
The Italian broke back and served for the match at 6-5, but faltered and was brushed aside in the tiebreak by an inspired Safarova.
In the decider Vinci gave up a 2-0 lead, but then broke serve to lead 5-3 and even though she failed to convert her first two match points, she made no mistake on the third.
"It's an incredible moment for me," Vinci said after being doused with water by her joyful teammates.
"I was nervous and a bit tired. I've played Fed Cup for a long time and it will be great to play Russia in front of these fans in the final," she added.
Italy will have home advantage against Russia, the team they were beaten by in the 2007 final.
"Roberta was unbelievable today," captain Corrado Barazzuti said.
"I was a bit worried in the third set because Roberta was 2-0 up and then it became a very difficult match," he added.


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Religion and the Presidential Vote
Bush's Gains Broad-Based
Pre-Election Polls Largely Accurate
Lessons From Campaign '04
Candidates Battle Over First-Time Voters, Mothers
A Closer Look at Key Groups
Polls Apart
by Andrew Kohut in the New York Times
Young People More Engaged, More Uncertain
Debates More Important to Young Voters
When Presidential Debates Matter
Pew Research Center Commentary
Party Affiliation: What it is and What it Isn't
During every presidential election, questions arise over the results of political polls and how those surveys are conducted. This year's hot topic is the partisan composition of the leading national polls. Politicians and pundits alike now scrutinize a survey sample's partisan split as closely as the horse-race results. Surveys that are deemed to have "too […]
Views of Islam Remain Sharply Divided
Plurality Sees Islam as More Likely to Encourage Violence
Democrats Gain Edge in Party Identification
The Democratic Party has achieved a small gain in party affiliation and holds a 33%-29% edge over the GOP in Pew surveys conducted in 2004. This represents a modest shift from the two year period following the Sept. 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, when the Republican Party had drawn virtually even with the Democrats. The current […]
Bush Holds Modest Advantage Among Veterans
Despite Sen. John Kerry's military background and his campaign's concerted efforts to court veterans, he runs no better among this group than Al Gore did four years ago. Based on surveys conducted March, May, June and July, men who have served in the armed forces favor Bush over Kerry by a 49% to 40% margin. […]
Horse Race Polls Not More Variable This Year
Lead Changes Contribute to Erroneous Perception
Reading the Polls on Gay Marriage and the Constitution
Pew Research Center Pollwatch
More News Is Not Necessarily Good News
by Andrew Kohut in the New York Times
Global Gender Gaps
By Nicole Speulda and Mary McIntosh
Why the Polls Don't Add Up
by Andrew Kohut in The New York Times
Abortion a More Powerful Issue for Women
Public divisions over access to abortion are long-standing, and have changed only slightly over the past two decades. Currently, 58% say they oppose making it more difficult for a woman to get an abortion, while 36% are in favor of further restrictions. This is virtually unchanged from polling conducted in the early 1990s. In 1987, […]
The C-SPAN Audience
After 25 Years
A Global Generation Gap
Adapting to a New World
Democratic Candidates Face Southern Voters
Southern Democrats More Culturally Conservative, Not So Different Otherwise
A Good Day for the Pollsters
The Accuracy of Pre-Election Tracking Polls in New Hampshire


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After the successful launching of India's first indigenously built aircraft carrier INS Vikrant in June 2015, the Indian Navy has sent requests for proposals to four potential foreign contractors to assist it in constructing of its second indigenous aircraft carrier.
In a letter of request to shipbuilders from different parts of the world, the Indian Navy has outlined some of the ship's specifications.
Image: Newindiaexpress
The companies that received the letter of request for the construction of the second aircraft carrier are British BAE Systems, Russia's Rosoboronexport state arms exporter, US-based Lockheed Martin and French shipbuilder DCNS.
India's Navy has requested a 300-meter long aircraft carrier that displaces 65,000 tons. The Navy also requires the ship to be able to travel at 30 knots and carry 30-35 fixed wing combat aircraft and about 20 rotary wing aircraft.
If compared with the existing aircraft carriers in India, which use ski-jump launch systems, the new aircraft carrier will have a catapult launched but arrested landing system (CATOBAR). It might also use an advanced electromagnetic system to launch fixed-wing aircraft.
The Indian Navy is expecting technical and costing proposals from the potential contractors for the building of Indigenous Aircraft Carrier-2 (IAC-2). Their responses to the letter of request are expected by July 22nd. The warship is likely to be named INS Vishal (Grand).
Russia's Rosoboronexport and Lockheed Martin are seen as the frontrunners to win the contract.


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Interference call leads to missed opportunity vs. Mets
NEW YORK -- The collision caused a slice to Juan Pierre's left cleat and a cut to the top of his foot. For the Marlins, the impact resulted in the end of the seventh inning on an unusual interference call.
In the midst of a rough 1-4 road trip, Miami isn't catching many breaks. Even on a game-tying, two-out RBI single by Greg Dobbs, something unexpected went wrong.
It happened in Saturday's 7-3 loss to the Mets at Citi Field.
With Pierre on second and the Mets ahead by a run, Dobbs singled to right field. The speedy Pierre raced home, initially anticipating a close play. But right fielder Mike Baxter's throw was off-line, and catcher John Buck drifted toward the first base dugout to handle the hop.
Pierre scored standing up, looking down as he touched home plate. Dobbs headed to second as Buck gathered the throw and prepared to toss to second.
But Pierre's momentum carried him right into Buck. The two collided, and home-plate umpire Jim Joyce called interference on Pierre. Dobbs was ruled out with the putout going to the catcher.
The Marlins were left wondering: What just happened?
"It was one of those things where you're going full-speed into home trying to score," Pierre said. "He vacated home plate because the throw was off. You're running hard through the plate. I saw the throw was off. You are worried about scoring, so I was looking at home plate, and you look up and there he is."
Fortunately, both players avoided injury. Buck helped Pierre off the ground, and both asked if the other was all right.
"I've been watching for 42 years at this level, and I've never seen that," Mets manager Terry Collins said.
Marlins manager Mike Redmond asked the umpire for an explanation.
"[Joyce] said it's inference because John was going to throw the ball to second base," Redmond said. "I wasn't sure how he was supposed to go 100 percent through home plate and just stop on a dime. Seems like they were both trying to make the play. I guess that's the rule."
Pierre had never seen anything like it either.
"I didn't know the ruling on it," the Marlins outfielder said. "It kind of stinks. The umpire said, 'It's accidental. I'm not saying you did it, but you've got to try to do as much as possible to try to avoid him.'
"You see something new every day, and that was the first time I've seen that. They're getting rewarded for making a bad throw. That's the only reason he was over there, because the throw was off-line. Tough break, because that's a guy on second right there."


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Vodafone's Red Box Ad shows off the Lumia 800 along with Yoda
Vodafone has always been creative when it comes to television advertising, whether we have bees walking into shop windows, or someone taking photos of himself and a sleeping lady on a flight and getting caught in the act. In the above video, we have a couple preparing to enjoy a meal and are joined by the incredible Yoda . He offers to transfer the man's contacts from the old mobile phone to the new Lumia 800 Windows Phone, using the force.
The advert's message is covering contact transferring that Vodafone can do in-store for customers (RED Box service), but it's good to see a Windows Phone being used as prop.


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It was another eventful week for our Vancouver Whitecaps FC alumni, with UBC star Janine Frazao (pictured w/ hair flowing) continuing to tear up the opposition.
Frazao cannot seem to put a foot wrong these days, with her astonishing five goals in two games last weekend earning her the Canada West Athlete of the Week.
Staying with the Thunderbirds, Gagandeep Dosanjh has been finding the back of the net and setting up goals, while Simon Fraser University's Alex Rowley is becoming an assists king.
In SFU's 5-1 thumping of Seattle Pacific Falcons at Terry Fox Field last Thursday night, Rowley registered assists in the 28th and 39th minute – the second was a corner that teammate Colby Liston headed home.
The Clan clinched their fourth straight win two days later with an impressive 6-0 win against Saint Martin's University, due in no small part to Rowley's incredible FOUR helpers!
UBC had a successful weekend on the road, firstly disposing of the Mount Royal Cougars 2-0 on Saturday. Dosanjh sent in a 13th minute cross that was well taken by striker Steve Johnson.
The T-Birds then overcame an early deficit to trump the University of Winnipeg 5-1. Dosanjh picked up an assist on the equalizer before fellow 'Caps alum Navid Mashinchi set up the winning goal to make it 2-1 at the break.
Dosanjh bagged a brace in the second half and now leads the team in goals scored and total points (16).
Lastly, two teammates of Whitecaps FC's U-23 PDL team were in the thick of the action during University of Victoria's match with Alberta Golden Bears on Friday.
About ten minutes into the second half, Vikes midfielder Cam Hundal was fouled by Alberta's Niko Saler in the penalty box, which was duly converted by UVic's Craig Gorman.
On the women's side, we start with the Trinity Western Spartans who improved to 7W-0L-0D with a 3-0 win over University of Saskatchewan Huskies last Saturday night in Langley. The Spartans were led by a goal from 2012 'Caps player Natalie Boyd and a shutout from fellow alum Kristen Funk. TWU have not lost in their last 20 matches — an unofficial Canada West record.
Elsewhere in BC, Frazao scored and added two assists in UBC's 4-0 win over the Saskatchewan Huskies on Friday night before following up that effort with a stunning four-goal haul in a 6-0 romp over Regina Cougars 24 hours later.
Whitecaps FC women's team goalkeeper Alyssa Williamson kept two clean sheets in the big wins.
Over on the east coast in the United States, North Carolina destroyed Miami 6-1 on Sunday with goals coming from 'Caps alums Amber Brooks and Ranee Premji. The latter also recorded an assist in the win.
Elsewhere, Abigail Raymer scored her fifth goal of the season with a powerful shot in Missouri's hard-fought 2-1 victory away to Georgia in Athens while Whitecaps FC women's team member Demi Stokes headed home the game-winning goal in University of South Florida's 4-1 decision over Cincinnati.
Jaclyn Sawicki had a double in University of Victoria's 11-0 thrashing of Winnipeg Wesmen before backing that up with a successful spot kick in the Vikes' 5-1 win against Manitoba Bisons.
Washington State picked up its first conference victory, beating Colorado 1-0 on the road.
Goalkeeper Gurveen Clair made five saves en route to yet another shutout while a corner kick from fellow 'Caps alum Brandi Vega was directed into the back of the net in the 73rd minute.
Lastly, it was a heartbreaking day for the Wisconsin Badgers and their two former 'Caps after they surrendered a 2-0 lead early in the second half to eventually lose 3-2 to Minnesota.
Senior Paige Adams assisted on the opening goal before fellow fourth-year player Monica Lam-Feist doubled the Badgers' lead 12 minutes after the interval.


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Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Vol. 2, by Edward Gibbon, [1781], at sacred-texts.com
Under these melancholy circumstances, an unexperienced youth was appointed to save and to govern the provinces of Gaul, or rather, as he expressed it himself, to exhibit the vain image of Imperial greatness. The retired scholastic education of Julian, in which he had been more conversant with books than with arms, with the dead than with the living, left him in profound ignorance of the practical arts of war and government; and when he awkwardly repeated some military exercise which it was necessary for him to learn, he exclaimed with a sigh, "O Plato, Plato, what a task for a philosopher!" Yet even this speculative philosophy, which men of business are too apt to despise, had filled the mind of Julian with the noblest precepts and the most shining examples; had animated him with the love of virtue, the desire of fame, and the contempt of death. The habits of temperance recommended in the schools, are still more essential in the severe discipline of a camp. The simple wants of nature regulated the measure of his food and sleep. Rejecting with disdain the delicacies provided for his table, he satisfied his appetite with the coarse and common fare which was allotted to the meanest soldiers. During the rigor of a Gallic winter, he never suffered a fire in his bed-chamber; and after a short and interrupted slumber, he frequently rose in the middle of the night from a carpet spread on the floor, to despatch any urgent business, to visit his rounds, or to steal a few moments for the prosecution of his favorite studies. 67 The precepts of eloquence, which he had hitherto practised on fancied topics of declamation, were more usefully applied to excite or to assuage the passions of an armed multitude: and although Julian, from his early habits of conversation and literature, was more familiarly acquainted with the beauties of the Greek language, he had attained a competent knowledge of the Latin tongue. 68 Since Julian was not originally designed for the character of a legislator, or a judge, it is probable that the civil jurisprudence of the Romans had not engaged any considerable share of his attention: but he derived from his philosophic studies an inflexible regard for justice, tempered by a disposition to clemency; the knowledge of the general principles of equity and evidence, and the faculty of patiently investigating the most intricate and tedious questions which could be proposed for his discussion. The measures of policy, and the operations of war, must submit to the various accidents of circumstance and character, and the unpractised student will often be perplexed in the application of the most perfect theory. But in the acquisition of this important science, Julian was assisted by the active vigor of his own genius, as well as by the wisdom and experience of Sallust, and officer of rank, who soon conceived a sincere attachment for a prince so worthy of his friendship; and whose incorruptible integrity was adorned by the talent of insinuating the harshest truths without wounding the delicacy of a royal ear. 69
Immediately after Julian had received the purple at Milan, he was sent into Gaul with a feeble retinue of three hundred and sixty soldiers. At Vienna, where he passed a painful and anxious winter in the hands of those ministers to whom Constantius had intrusted the direction of his conduct, the Caesar was informed of the siege and deliverance of Autun. That large and ancient city, protected only by a ruined wall and pusillanimous garrison, was saved by the generous resolution of a few veterans, who resumed their arms for the defence of their country. In his march from Autun, through the heart of the Gallic provinces, Julian embraced with ardor the earliest opportunity of signalizing his courage. At the head of a small body of archers and heavy cavalry, he preferred the shorter but the more dangerous of two roads; *_0047 and sometimes eluding, and sometimes resisting, the attacks of the Barbarians, who were masters of the field, he arrived with honor and safety at the camp near Rheims, where the Roman troops had been ordered to assemble. The aspect of their young prince revived the drooping spirits of the soldiers, and they marched from Rheims in search of the enemy, with a confidence which had almost proved fatal to them. The Alemanni, familiarized to the knowledge of the country, secretly collected their scattered forces, and seizing the opportunity of a dark and rainy day, poured with unexpected fury on the rear-guard of the Romans. Before the inevitable disorder could be remedied, two legions were destroyed; and Julian was taught by experience that caution and vigilance are the most important lessons of the art of war. In a second and more successful action, *_0047 he recovered and established his military fame; but as the agility of the Barbarians saved them from the pursuit, his victory was neither bloody nor decisive. He advanced, however, to the banks of the Rhine, surveyed the ruins of Cologne, convinced himself of the difficulties of the war, and retreated on the approach of winter, discontented with the court, with his army, and with his own success. 70 The power of the enemy was yet unbroken; and the Caesar had no sooner separated his troops, and fixed his own quarters at Sens, in the centre of Gaul, than he was surrounded and besieged, by a numerous host of Germans. Reduced, in this extremity, to the resources of his own mind, he displayed a prudent intrepidity, which compensated for all the deficiencies of the place and garrison; and the Barbarians, at the end of thirty days, were obliged to retire with disappointed rage. The conscious pride of Julian, who was indebted only to his sword for this signal deliverance, was imbittered by the reflection, that he was abandoned, betrayed, and perhaps devoted to destruction, by those who were bound to assist him, by every tie of honor and fidelity. Marcellus, master-general of the cavalry in Gaul, interpreting too strictly the jealous orders of the court, beheld with supine indifference the distress of Julian, and had restrained the troops under his command from marching to the relief of Sens. If the Caesar had dissembled in silence so dangerous an insult, his person and authority would have been exposed to the contempt of the world; and if an action so criminal had been suffered to pass with impunity, the emperor would have confirmed the suspicions, which received a very specious color from his past conduct towards the princes of the Flavian family. Marcellus was recalled, and gently dismissed from his office. 71 In his room Severus was appointed general of the cavalry; an experienced soldier, of approved courage and fidelity, who could advise with respect, and execute with zeal; and who submitted, without reluctance to the supreme command which Julian, by the inrerest of his patroness Eusebia, at length obtained over the armies of Gaul. 72 A very judicious plan of operations was adopted for the approaching campaign. Julian himself, at the head of the remains of the veteran bands, and of some new levies which he had been permitted to form, boldly penetrated into the centre of the German cantonments, and carefully reestablished the fortifications of Saverne, in an advantageous post, which would either check the incursions, or intercept the retreat, of the enemy. At the same time, Barbatio, general of the infantry, advanced from Milan with an army of thirty thousand men, and passing the mountains, prepared to throw a bridge over the Rhine, in the neighborhood of Basil. It was reasonable to expect that the Alemanni, pressed on either side by the Roman arms, would soon be forced to evacuate the provinces of Gaul, and to hasten to the defence of their native country. But the hopes of the campaign were defeated by the incapacity, or the envy, or the secret instructions, of Barbatio; who acted as if he had been the enemy of the Caesar, and the secret ally of the Barbarians. The negligence with which he permitted a troop of pillagers freely to pass, and to return almost before the gates of his camp, may be imputed to his want of abilities; but the treasonable act of burning a number of boats, and a superfluous stock of provisions, which would have been of the most essential service to the army of Gaul, was an evidence of his hostile and criminal intentions. The Germans despised an enemy who appeared destitute either of power or of inclination to offend them; and the ignominious retreat of Barbatio deprived Julian of the expected support; and left him to extricate himself from a hazardous situation, where he could neither remain with safety, nor retire with honor. 73
As soon as they were delivered from the fears of invasion, the Alemanni prepared to chastise the Roman youth, who presumed to dispute the possession of that country, which they claimed as their own by the right of conquest and of treaties. They employed three days, and as many nights, in transporting over the Rhine their military powers. The fierce Chnodomar, shaking the ponderous javelin which he had victoriously wielded against the brother of Magnentius, led the van of the Barbarians, and moderated by his experience the martial ardor which his example inspired. 74 He was followed by six other kings, by ten princes of regal extraction, by a long train of high-spirited nobles, and by thirty-five thousand of the bravest warriors of the tribes of Germany. The confidence derived from the view of their own strength, was increased by the intelligence which they received from a deserter, that the Caesar, with a feeble army of thirteen thousand men, occupied a post about one-and-twenty miles from their camp of Strasburgh. With this inadequate force, Julian resolved to seek and to encounter the Barbarian host; and the chance of a general action was preferred to the tedious and uncertain operation of separately engaging the dispersed parties of the Alemanni. The Romans marched in close order, and in two columns; the cavalry on the right, the infantry on the left; and the day was so far spent when they appeared in sight of the enemy, that Julian was desirous of deferring the battle till the next morning, and of allowing his troops to recruit their exhausted strength by the necessary refreshments of sleep and food. Yielding, however, with some reluctance, to the clamors of the soldiers, and even to the opinion of his council, he exhorted them to justify by their valor the eager impatience, which, in case of a defeat, would be universally branded with the epithets of rashness and presumption. The trumpets sounded, the military shout was heard through the field, and the two armies rushed with equal fury to the charge. The Caesar, who conducted in person his right wing, depended on the dexterity of his archers, and the weight of his cuirassiers. But his ranks were instantly broken by an irregular mixture of light horse and of light infantry, and he had the mortification of beholding the flight of six hundred of his most renowned cuirassiers. 75 The fugitives were stopped and rallied by the presence and authority of Julian, who, careless of his own safety, threw himself before them, and urging every motive of shame and honor, led them back against the victorious enemy. The conflict between the two lines of infantry was obstinate and bloody. The Germans possessed the superiority of strength and stature, the Romans that of discipline and temper; and as the Barbarians, who served under the standard of the empire, united the respective advantages of both parties, their strenuous efforts, guided by a skilful leader, at length determined the event of the day. The Romans lost four tribunes, and two hundred and forty-three soldiers, in this memorable battle of Strasburgh, so glorious to the Caesar, 76 and so salutary to the afflicted provinces of Gaul. Six thousand of the Alemanni were slain in the field, without including those who were drowned in the Rhine, or transfixed with darts while they attempted to swim across the river. 77 Chnodomar himself was surrounded and taken prisoner, with three of his brave companions, who had devoted themselves to follow in life or death the fate of their chieftain. Julian received him with military pomp in the council of his officers; and expressing a generous pity for the fallen state, dissembled his inward contempt for the abject humiliation, of his captive. Instead of exhibiting the vanquished king of the Alemanni, as a grateful spectacle to the cities of Gaul, he respectfully laid at the feet of the emperor this splendid trophy of his victory. Chnodomar experienced an honorable treatment: but the impatient Barbarian could not long survive his defeat, his confinement, and his exile. 78
After Julian had repulsed the Alemanni from the provinces of the Upper Rhine, he turned his arms against the Franks, who were seated nearer to the ocean, on the confines of Gaul and Germany; and who, from their numbers, and still more from their intrepid valor, had ever been esteemed the most formidable of the Barbarians. 79 Although they were strongly actuated by the allurements of rapine, they professed a disinterested love of war; which they considered as the supreme honor and felicity of human nature; and their minds and bodies were so completely hardened by perpetual action, that, according to the lively expression of an orator, the snows of winter were as pleasant to them as the flowers of spring. In the month of December, which followed the battle of Strasburgh, Julian attacked a body of six hundred Franks, who had thrown themselves into two castles on the Meuse. 80 In the midst of that severe season they sustained, with inflexible constancy, a siege of fifty-four days; till at length, exhausted by hunger, and satisfied that the vigilance of the enemy, in breaking the ice of the river, left them no hopes of escape, the Franks consented, for the first time, to dispense with the ancient law which commanded them to conquer or to die. The Caesar immediately sent his captives to the court of Constantius, who, accepting them as a valuable present, 81 rejoiced in the opportunity of adding so many heroes to the choicest troops of his domestic guards. The obstinate resistance of this handful of Franks apprised Julian of the difficulties of the expedition which he meditated for the ensuing spring, against the whole body of the nation. His rapid diligence surprised and astonished the active Barbarians. Ordering his soldiers to provide themselves with biscuit for twenty days, he suddenly pitched his camp near Tongres, while the enemy still supposed him in his winter quarters of Paris, expecting the slow arrival of his convoys from Aquitain. Without allowing the Franks to unite or deliberate, he skilfully spread his legions from Cologne to the ocean; and by the terror, as well as by the success, of his arms, soon reduced the suppliant tribes to implore the clemency, and to obey the commands, of their conqueror. The Chamavians submissively retired to their former habitations beyond the Rhine; but the Salians were permitted to possess their new establishment of Toxandria, as the subjects and auxiliaries of the Roman empire. 82 The treaty was ratified by solemn oaths; and perpetual inspectors were appointed to reside among the Franks, with the authority of enforcing the strict observance of the conditions. An incident is related, interesting enough in itself, and by no means repugnant to the character of Julian, who ingeniously contrived both the plot and the catastrophe of the tragedy. When the Chamavians sued for peace, he required the son of their king, as the only hostage on whom he could rely. A mournful silence, interrupted by tears and groans, declared the sad perplexity of the Barbarians; and their aged chief lamented in pathetic language, that his private loss was now imbittered by a sense of public calamity. While the Chamavians lay prostrate at the foot of his throne, the royal captive, whom they believed to have been slain, unexpectedly appeared before their eyes; and as soon as the tumult of joy was hushed into attention, the Caesar addressed the assembly in the following terms: "Behold the son, the prince, whom you wept. You had lost him by your fault. God and the Romans have restored him to you. I shall still preserve and educate the youth, rather as a monument of my own virtue, than as a pledge of your sincerity. Should you presume to violate the faith which you have sworn, the arms of the republic will avenge the perfidy, not on the innocent, but on the guilty." The Barbarians withdrew from his presence, impressed with the warmest sentiments of gratitude and admiration. 83
It was not enough for Julian to have delivered the provinces of Gaul from the Barbarians of Germany. He aspired to emulate the glory of the first and most illustrious of the emperors; after whose example, he composed his own commentaries of the Gallic war. 84 Caesar has related, with conscious pride, the manner in which he twice passed the Rhine. Julian could boast, that before he assumed the title of Augustus, he had carried the Roman eagles beyond that great river in three successful expeditions. 85 The consternation of the Germans, after the battle of Strasburgh, encouraged him to the first attempt; and the reluctance of the troops soon yielded to the persuasive eloquence of a leader, who shared the fatigues and dangers which he imposed on the meanest of the soldiers. The villages on either side of the Meyn, which were plentifully stored with corn and cattle, felt the ravages of an invading army. The principal houses, constructed with some imitation of Roman elegance, were consumed by the flames; and the Caesar boldly advanced about ten miles, till his progress was stopped by a dark and impenetrable forest, undermined by subterraneous passages, which threatened with secret snares and ambush every step of the assailants. The ground was already covered with snow; and Julian, after repairing an ancient castle which had been erected by Trajan, granted a truce of ten months to the submissive Barbarians. At the expiration of the truce, Julian undertook a second expedition beyond the Rhine, to humble the pride of Surmar and Hortaire, two of the kings of the Alemanni, who had been present at the battle of Strasburgh. They promised to restore all the Roman captives who yet remained alive; and as the Caesar had procured an exact account from the cities and villages of Gaul, of the inhabitants whom they had lost, he detected every attempt to deceive him, with a degree of readiness and accuracy, which almost established the belief of his supernatural knowledge. His third expedition was still more splendid and important than the two former. The Germans had collected their military powers, and moved along the opposite banks of the river, with a design of destroying the bridge, and of preventing the passage of the Romans. But this judicious plan of defence was disconcerted by a skilful diversion. Three hundred light-armed and active soldiers were detached in forty small boats, to fall down the stream in silence, and to land at some distance from the posts of the enemy. They executed their orders with so much boldness and celerity, that they had almost surprised the Barbarian chiefs, who returned in the fearless confidence of intoxication from one of their nocturnal festivals. Without repeating the uniform and disgusting tale of slaughter and devastation, it is sufficient to observe, that Julian dictated his own conditions of peace to six of the haughtiest kings of the Alemanni, three of whom were permitted to view the severe discipline and martial pomp of a Roman camp. Followed by twenty thousand captives, whom he had rescued from the chains of the Barbarians, the Caesar repassed the Rhine, after terminating a war, the success of which has been compared to the ancient glories of the Punic and Cimbric victories.
As soon as the valor and conduct of Julian had secured an interval of peace, he applied himself to a work more congenial to his humane and philosophic temper. The cities of Gaul, which had suffered from the inroads of the Barbarians, he diligently repaired; and seven important posts, between Mentz and the mouth of the Rhine, are particularly mentioned, as having been rebuilt and fortified by the order of Julian. 86 The vanquished Germans had submitted to the just but humiliating condition of preparing and conveying the necessary materials. The active zeal of Julian urged the prosecution of the work; and such was the spirit which he had diffused among the troops, that the auxiliaries themselves, waiving their exemption from any duties of fatigue, contended in the most servile labors with the diligence of the Roman soldiers. It was incumbent on the Caesar to provide for the subsistence, as well as for the safety, of the inhabitants and of the garrisons. The desertion of the former, and the mutiny of the latter, must have been the fatal and inevitable consequences of famine. The tillage of the provinces of Gaul had been interrupted by the calamities of war; but the scanty harvests of the continent were supplied, by his paternal care, from the plenty of the adjacent island. Six hundred large barks, framed in the forest of the Ardennes, made several voyages to the coast of Britain; and returning from thence, laden with corn, sailed up the Rhine, and distributed their cargoes to the several towns and fortresses along the banks of the river. 87 The arms of Julian had restored a free and secure navigation, which Constantinius had offered to purchase at the expense of his dignity, and of a tributary present of two thousand pounds of silver. The emperor parsimoniously refused to his soldiers the sums which he granted with a lavish and trembling hand to the Barbarians. The dexterity, as well as the firmness, of Julian was put to a severe trial, when he took the field with a discontented army, which had already served two campaigns, without receiving any regular pay or any extraordinary donative. 88
A tender regard for the peace and happiness of his subjects was the ruling principle which directed, or seemed to direct, the administration of Julian. 89 He devoted the leisure of his winter quarters to the offices of civil government; and affected to assume, with more pleasure, the character of a magistrate than that of a general. Before he took the field, he devolved on the provincial governors most of the public and private causes which had been referred to his tribunal; but, on his return, he carefully revised their proceedings, mitigated the rigor of the law, and pronounced a second judgment on the judges themselves. Superior to the last temptation of virtuous minds, an indiscreet and intemperate zeal for justice, he restrained, with calmness and dignity, the warmth of an advocate, who prosecuted, for extortion, the president of the Narbonnese province. "Who will ever be found guilty," exclaimed the vehement Delphidius, "if it be enough to deny?" "And who," replied Julian, "will ever be innocent, if it be sufficient to affirm?" In the general administration of peace and war, the interest of the sovereign is commonly the same as that of his people; but Constantius would have thought himself deeply injured, if the virtues of Julian had defrauded him of any part of the tribute which he extorted from an oppressed and exhausted country. The prince who was invested with the ensigns of royalty, might sometimes presume to correct the rapacious insolence of his inferior agents, to expose their corrupt arts, and to introduce an equal and easier mode of collection. But the management of the finances was more safely intrusted to Florentius, praetorian praefect of Gaul, an effeminate tyrant, incapable of pity or remorse: and the haughty minister complained of the most decent and gentle opposition, while Julian himself was rather inclined to censure the weakness of his own behavior. The Caesar had rejected, with abhorrence, a mandate for the levy of an extraordinary tax; a new superindiction, which the praefect had offered for his signature; and the faithful picture of the public misery, by which he had been obliged to justify his refusal, offended the court of Constantius. We may enjoy the pleasure of reading the sentiments of Julian, as he expresses them with warmth and freedom in a letter to one of his most intimate friends. After stating his own conduct, he proceeds in the following terms: "Was it possible for the disciple of Plato and Aristotle to act otherwise than I have done? Could I abandon the unhappy subjects intrusted to my care? Was I not called upon to defend them from the repeated injuries of these unfeeling robbers? A tribune who deserts his post is punished with death, and deprived of the honors of burial. With what justice could I pronounce his sentence, if, in the hour of danger, I myself neglected a duty far more sacred and far more important? God has placed me in this elevated post; his providence will guard and support me. Should I be condemned to suffer, I shall derive comfort from the testimony of a pure and upright conscience. Would to Heaven that I still possessed a counsellor like Sallust! If they think proper to send me a successor, I shall submit without reluctance; and had much rather improve the short opportunity of doing good, than enjoy a long and lasting impunity of evil." 90 The precarious and dependent situation of Julian displayed his virtues and concealed his defects. The young hero who supported, in Gaul, the throne of Constantius, was not permitted to reform the vices of the government; but he had courage to alleviate or to pity the distress of the people. Unless he had been able to revive the martial spirit of the Romans, or to introduce the arts of industry and refinement among their savage enemies, he could not entertain any rational hopes of securing the public tranquillity, either by the peace or conquest of Germany. Yet the victories of Julian suspended, for a short time, the inroads of the Barbarians, and delayed the ruin of the Western Empire. His salutary influence restored the cities of Gaul, which had been so long exposed to the evils of civil discord, Barbarian war, and domestic tyranny; and the spirit of industry was revived with the hopes of enjoyment. Agriculture, manufactures, and commerce, again flourished under the protection of the laws; and the curioe, or civil corporations, were again filled with useful and respectable members: the youth were no longer apprehensive of marriage; and married persons were no longer apprehensive of posterity: the public and private festivals were celebrated with customary pomp; and the frequent and secure intercourse of the provinces displayed the image of national prosperity. 91 A mind like that of Julian must have felt the general happiness of which he was the author; but he viewed, with particular satisfaction and complacency, the city of Paris; the seat of his winter residence, and the object even of his partial affection. 92 That splendid capital, which now embraces an ample territory on either side of the Seine, was originally confined to the small island in the midst of the river, from whence the inhabitants derived a supply of pure and salubrious water. The river bathed the foot of the walls; and the town was accessible only by two wooden bridges. A forest overspread the northern side of the Seine, but on the south, the ground, which now bears the name of the University, was insensibly covered with houses, and adorned with a palace and amphitheatre, baths, an aqueduct, and a field of Mars for the exercise of the Roman troops. The severity of the climate was tempered by the neighborhood of the ocean; and with some precautions, which experience had taught, the vine and fig-tree were successfully cultivated. But in remarkable winters, the Seine was deeply frozen; and the huge pieces of ice that floated down the stream, might be compared, by an Asiatic, to the blocks of white marble which were extracted from the quarries of Phrygia. The licentiousness and corruption of Antioch recalled to the memory of Julian the severe and simple manners of his beloved Lutetia; 93 where the amusements of the theatre were unknown or despised. He indignantly contrasted the effeminate Syrians with the brave and honest simplicity of the Gauls, and almost forgave the intemperance, which was the only stain of the Celtic character. 94 If Julian could now revisit the capital of France, he might converse with men of science and genius, capable of understanding and of instructing a disciple of the Greeks; he might excuse the lively and graceful follies of a nation, whose martial spirit has never been enervated by the indulgence of luxury; and he must applaud the perfection of that inestimable art, which softens and refines and embellishes the intercourse of social life.
67 The private life of Julian in Gaul, and the severe discipline which he embraced, are displayed by Ammianus, (xvi. 5,) who professes to praise, and by Julian himself, who affects to ridicule, (Misopogon, p. 340,) a conduct, which, in a prince of the house of Constantine, might justly excite the surprise of mankind.
68 Aderat Latine quoque disserenti sufficiens sermo. Ammianus xvi. 5. But Julian, educated in the schools of Greece, always considered the language of the Romans as a foreign and popular dialect which he might use on necessary occasions.
69 We are ignorant of the actual office of this excellent minister, whom Julian afterwards created praefect of Gaul. Sallust was speedly recalled by the jealousy of the emperor; and we may still read a sensible but pedantic discourse, (p. 240-252,) in which Julian deplores the loss of so valuable a friend, to whom he acknowledges himself indebted for his reputation. See La Bleterie, Preface a la Vie de lovien, p. 20.
*_0047 Aliis per Arbor - quibusdam per Sedelaucum et Coram in debere firrantibus. Amm. Marc. xvi. 2. I do not know what place can be meant by the mutilated name Arbor. Sedelanus is Saulieu, a small town of the department of the Cote d'Or, six leagues from Autun. Cora answers to the village of Cure, on the river of the same name, between Autun and Nevera 4; Martin, ii. 162. - M.
Note: At Brocomages, Brumat, near Strasburgh. St. Martin, ii. 184. - M.
70 Ammianus (xvi. 2, 3) appears much better satisfied with the success of his first campaign than Julian himself; who very fairly owns that he did nothing of consequence, and that he fled before the enemy.
71 Ammian. xvi. 7. Libanius speaks rather more advantageously of the military talents of Marcellus, Orat. x. p. 272. And Julian insinuates, that he would not have been so easily recalled, unless he had given other reasons of offence to the court, p. 278.
72 Severus, non discors, non arrogans, sed longa militiae frugalitate compertus; et eum recta praeeuntem secuturus, ut duetorem morigeran miles. Ammian xvi. 11. Zosimus, l. iii. p. 140.
73 On the design and failure of the cooperation between Julian and Barbatio, see Ammianus (xvi. 11) and Libanius, (Orat. x. p. 273.) Note: Barbatio seems to have allowed himself to be surprised and defeated - M.
74 Ammianus (xvi. 12) describes with his inflated eloquence the figure and character of Chnodomar. Audax et fidens ingenti robore lacertorum, ubi ardor proelii sperabatur immanis, equo spumante sublimior, erectus in jaculum formidandae vastitatis, armorumque nitore conspicuus: antea strenuus et miles, et utilis praeter caeteros ductor . . . Decentium Caesarem superavit aequo marte congressus.
75 After the battle, Julian ventured to revive the rigor of ancient discipline, by exposing these fugitives in female apparel to the derision of the whole camp. In the next campaign, these troops nobly retrieved their honor. Zosimus, l. iii. p. 142.
76 Julian himself (ad S. P. Q. Athen. p. 279) speaks of the battle of Strasburgh with the modesty of conscious merit;. Zosimus compares it with the victory of Alexander over Darius; and yet we are at a loss to discover any of those strokes of military genius which fix the attention of ages on the conduct and success of a single day.
77 Ammianus, xvi. 12. Libanius adds 2000 more to the number of the slain, (Orat. x. p. 274.) But these trifling differences disappear before the 60,000 Barbarians, whom Zosimus has sacrificed to the glory of his hero, (l. iii. p. 141.) We might attribute this extravagant number to the carelessness of transcribers, if this credulous or partial historian had not swelled the army of 35,000 Alemanni to an innumerable multitude of Barbarians,. It is our own fault if this detection does not inspire us with proper distrust on similar occasions.
78 Ammian. xvi. 12. Libanius, Orat. x. p. 276.
79 Libanius (Orat. iii. p. 137) draws a very lively picture of the manners of the Franks.
80 Ammianus, xvii. 2. Libanius, Orat. x. p. 278. The Greek orator, by misapprehending a passage of Julian, has been induced to represent the Franks as consisting of a thousand men; and as his head was always full of the Peloponnesian war, he compares them to the Lacedaemonians, who were besieged and taken in the Island of Sphatoria.
81 Julian. ad S. P. Q. Athen. p. 280. Libanius, Orat. x. p. 278. According to the expression of Libanius, the emperor, which La Bleterie understands (Vie de Julien, p. 118) as an honest confession, and Valesius (ad Ammian. xvii. 2) as a mean evasion, of the truth. Dom Bouquet, (Historiens de France, tom. i. p. 733,) by substituting another word, would suppress both the difficulty and the spirit of this passage.
82 Ammian. xvii. 8. Zosimus, l. iii. p. 146-150, (his narrative is darkened by a mixture of fable,) and Julian. ad S. P. Q. Athen. p. 280. His expression. This difference of treatment confirms the opinion that the Salian Franks were permitted to retain the settlements in Toxandria. Note: A newly discovered fragment of Eunapius, whom Zosimus probably transcribed, illustrates this transaction. "Julian commanded the Romans to abstain from all hostile measures against the Salians, neither to waste or ravage their own country, for he called every country their own which was surrendered without resistance or toil on the part of the conquerors." Mai, Script. Vez Nov. Collect. ii. 256, and Eunapius in Niebuhr, Byzant. Hist.
83 This interesting story, which Zosimus has abridged, is related by Eunapius, (in Excerpt. Legationum, p. 15, 16, 17,) with all the amplifications of Grecian rhetoric: but the silence of Libanius, of Ammianus, and of Julian himself, renders the truth of it extremely suspicious.
84 Libanius, the friend of Julian, clearly insinuates (Orat. ix. p. 178) that his hero had composed the history of his Gallic campaigns But Zosimus (l. iii. p, 140) seems to have derived his information only from the Orations and the Epistles of Julian. The discourse which is addressed to the Athenians contains an accurate, though general, account of the war against the Germans.
85 See Ammian. xvii. 1, 10, xviii. 2, and Zosim. l. iii. p. 144. Julian ad S. P. Q. Athen. p. 280.
86 Ammian. xviii. 2. Libanius, Orat. x. p. 279, 280. Of these seven posts, four are at present towns of some consequence; Bingen, Andernach, Bonn, and Nuyss. The other three, Tricesimae, Quadriburgium, and Castra Herculis, or Heraclea, no longer subsist; but there is room to believe, that on the ground of Quadriburgium the Dutch have constructed the fort of Schenk, a name so offensive to the fastidious delicacy of Boileau. See D'Anville, Notice de l'Ancienne Gaule, p. 183. Boileau, Epitre iv. and the notes. Note: Tricesimae, Kellen, Mannert, quoted by Wagner. Heraclea, Erkeleus in the district of Juliers. St. Martin, ii. 311. - M.
87 We may credit Julian himself, (Orat. ad S. P. Q. Atheniensem, p. 280,) who gives a very particular account of the transaction. Zosimus adds two hundred vessels more, (l. iii. p. 145.) If we compute the 600 corn ships of Julian at only seventy tons each, they were capable of exporting 120,000 quarters, (see Arbuthnot's Weights and Measures, p. 237;) and the country which could bear so large an exportation, must already have attained an improved state of agriculture.
88 The troops once broke out into a mutiny, immediately before the second passage of the Rhine. Ammian. xvii. 9.
89 Ammian. xvi. 5, xviii. 1. Mamertinus in Panegyr. Vet. xi. 4
90 Ammian. xvii. 3. Julian. Epistol. xv. edit. Spanheim. Such a conduct almost justifies the encomium of Mamertinus. Ita illi anni spatia divisa sunt, ut aut Barbaros domitet, aut civibus jura restituat, perpetuum professus, aut contra hostem, aut contra vitia, certamen.
91 Libanius, Orat. Parental. in Imp. Julian. c. 38, in Fabricius Bibliothec. Graec. tom. vii. p. 263, 264.
92 See Julian. in Misopogon, p. 340, 341. The primitive state of Paris is illustrated by Henry Valesius, (ad Ammian. xx. 4,) his brother Hadrian Valesius, or de Valois, and M. D'Anville, (in their respective Notitias of ancient Gaul,) the Abbe de Longuerue, (Description de la France, tom. i. p. 12, 13,) and M. Bonamy, (in the Mem. de l'Aca demie des Inscriptions, tom. xv. p. 656-691.)
93 Julian, in Misopogon, p. 340. Leuce tia, or Lutetia, was the ancient name of the city, which, according to the fashion of the fourth century, assumed the territorial appellation of Parisii.
94 Julian in Misopogon, p. 359, 360.


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Washington Goodwill receives unusual donation
BELLEVUE, WA (KCPQ) — People will apparently donate almost anything to Goodwill, but human skulls?
Employees at Goodwill in Bellevue say three human skulls were donated in June and now the King County Medical Examiner needs the public's help to find the person or people who donated them reported Q13FOX News in Seattle.
The ME said two of the skulls are believed to be from adults and were clearly used in a medical clinic or an instructional setting.
But the third skull is very old and fragile and likely that of a Native American child.
"The Native American skull must be repatriated to its tribe of origin, by state law," said the Medical Examiner's Office in a statement. "However, additional details are needed, to properly identify the correct tribe or tribes. The Medical Examiner is requesting that the private citizen who donated the skulls provide information, without penalty, about the origin of the child's skull."
The ME's office says anyone who inherits clinical or archaeological remains can actually drop them off at the ME's office without penalty.


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Feb 26, 2013 | ISBN 9780385342674
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"With her easy, amusing narrative style, Wilde speaks the language of women and communicates what lies in their hearts. Add to that a strong, genuine plot with expressive, intelligent yet flawed characters at the center, and you have a gem of a read."—RT Book Reviews
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"Wilde delivers an honest, unflinching, and emotional look at the messy unpredictability of both motherhood and friendship."—Lisa Verge Higgins, author of The Proper Care and Maintenance of Friendship


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Here is another favorite character of mine from a very popular anime film called Spirited Away. For a second chibi character I want to show you "how to draw chibi Chihiro", step by step. Spirited Away is one of my favorite films because it's by Studio Ghibli, and directed by Hayao Miyazaki. I already have the original form of Chihiro in the anime section under 'characters'. If you look to the left of this lesson you can also find it because it is listed as a related tutorial. Spirited Away is a very mystical and adventurous movie that I can watch over and over again. I really enjoyed drawing chibi Chihiro. She is not only adorable in regular form, she's also very cute as a chibi. I think those of you that are also fans of Spirited Away, you will love this submission too. I have to get going because there is some other tuts I have to get uploaded since I lagged the whole drawing day. Peace out people and like always enjoy!
DragoArt members upload artwork and drawing tutorials! They are also allowed to leave comments on tutorials, profiles, etc. Many more features, as well; it's way better than just being a boring guest! Register Now!


text: Coupons Get the savings you need on the products you love. Members save up to $250 a year with new coupons added monthly! Get Coupons What's On Sale We do the work so you don't have to. We're tracking the best deals at your favorite stores, so you can save–no clipping or printing needed. Find a Sale Near You Sweepstakes You could be a winner! Newsletter subscribers are the first to know about our latest and greatest prize offers. Don't delay, Sign Up Today. Free Samples! We give away a limited amount of free samples every month on a first-come, first served basis, one per member. Newsletter subscribers are the first to know. Check your email weekly for the next giveaway! (Don't get our email? We can fix that. Sign up now!) Free Calendar! Each year we round up a dozen scrumptious recipes that are sure to delight and make a members-only calendar! Hang in your kitchen and you'll have a new delicious-yet-doable recipe at your fingertips each month. Make sure you're signed up for our weekly newsletter for a chance to get one each fall—quantities are limited! Sign Up Today.


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CT State Parks and Forests Main Page
Park Location
Route 202Litchfield(Directions)
Park Contact Information
Park Office(Memorial Day to Labor Day)(860) 567-8870
From September Through May Direct Inquiries to Lake Waramaug State Park in New Preston(860) 868-2592
{Link to Purchase a State Park Season Pass}
{Link to Parks and Forests App}
{Symbol for Handicapped Accessibility}
This park offers:
{Symbol for Handicapped
{Symbol for Handicapped Accessibility}
{Symbol for Handicapped Accessibility}
The park is open from 8 am to sunset.
Current information on swimming water quality.
Pets on a leash are permitted in picnic areas and on hiking trails. Pets are not allowed on the beach.
(860) 424-3200
Seasonal Water Quality Information:
(866) 287-2757
(860) 424-4070
This property was acquired and/or developed with the assistance of the Land and Water Conservation Fund.
{Land and Water Conservation Fund Grant Program}
{Mount Tom State Park}
Mount Tom State ParkLitchfield
Go swimming and have a picnic at Mount Tom, then hike the trail to the stone lookout tower for some memorable views.
For current water quality alerts for this park, please visit www.ct.gov/deep/beachstatus
{Boating} Boating (non-motor)
{Picnicking} Picnicking
{Fishing} Fishing
{field.jpg (1501 bytes)} Scuba Diving
{Hiking} Hiking
{Swimming} Swimming
{Lookout Tower} Lookout Tower
Please note that Mount Tom has limited parking and may fill up quickly. When the parking area is full, or the park has reached capacity, the park will be closed to additional visitors.
Note to Swimmers: Please read the Beach Rules and Swimming Safety Information before entering the park
{Mount Tom State Park Beach} Mount Tom State Park, Litchfield
The Geology of Mount Tom State Park
From the East: take I-84, Exit 39 (Route 4). Follow Route 4 to Route 118. Continue on Route 118 into Litchfield, then pick up Route 202. Mount Tom is on Route 202. When you see a lake on the left, look for park signs.
From the North: take Route 8, Exit 42 onto Route 118. Follow Route 118 into Litchfield, then pick up Route 202. Mount Tom is on Route 202. When you see a lake on the left, look for park signs.
From the South: take Route 8, Exit 42 onto Route 118. Follow Route 118 into Litchfield, then pick up Route 202. Mount Tom is on Route 202. When you see a lake on the left, look for park signs.
From New York: take Route 7 north onto Route 202. Follow Route 202 north. Continue on Route 202 approximately 1/4 mile past the turnoff for Route 341 in Woodville. At the top of a long uphill grade look for park signs on the right.
There are separate weekend/holiday parking fees for non-residents at Mount Tom State Park.
State Park/Forest Fees | Season and other Park Passes
Park Map - Printer Friendly
GPS Friendly Park Map for use with Mobile Apps
Mt. Tom is one of the oldest parks in the state park system; it is named for the mountain within its boundaries. In 1915 it was established as a state park. There is a stone tower on top of the mountain that is a favored destination among hikers. The summit of Mt. Tom is 1325 feet above sea level, 125 feet higher than its Massachusetts counterpart. The tower trail is less than one mile long and rises some 500 feet.
Other Nearby State Recreation Areas Include:
Black Rock State Park, Thomaston/WatertownLocation: 2 miles west of Thomaston on Route 6Activities: Picnicking, Camping, Swimming, Fishing, Hiking
{Mount Tom Tower} Mount Tom Tower
Lake Waramaug State Park, Kent/New Preston Location: 5 miles north of New Preston on Lake Waramaug Road (Route 478)Activities: Camping, Fishing, Picnicking, Swimming
Kent Falls State Park, KentLocation: 4 miles north of Kent on Route 7 Activities: Fishing, Hiking, Picnicking
Topsmead State Forest, Litchfield Location: From Route 118 turn left (coming from Torrington) or right (coming from Litchfield) onto East Litchfield Road. Proceed to the first right and turn onto Buell Road. Follow for 1/8 mile. Turn right onto Chase Road. The parking lot is on the right.Activities: Walking, House Tours, Birding, Cross Country Skiing
Related Links
Connecticut Tourism InformationFishing InformationBoating Information
{Link to Top of Page} Content last updated April 2019


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The National Employment Law Project (NELP) has been tracking efforts by Congress to extend unemployment benefits through the end of June for people facing lengthy bouts of joblessness. The group reckons that nearly 5 million Americans, including more than 855,000 Californians, could see their benefits expire by June 30 unless Congress acts.
Unemployment benefits normally last 26 weeks, but a series of stimulus measures had extended the maximum duration of benefits to 99 weeks. Eligibility for those extra payments now expires at the end of February. NELP says the House of Representatives has passed a $154 billon jobs bill, including an extension of unemployment provisions through the end of June, but the Senate is further behind in the process. It was in the Senate where the last extension bogged down amid concerns about the soaring federal deficit.
– Posted by Tom Abate


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Auto Motor und Sport crowns 458 Spider and 458 Italia "Best Cabriolet" and "Best Sports Car"
Maranello, 26 January – Germany loves Ferrari: this has been confirmed by the readers of "Auto Motor und Sport" – the prestigious German car magazine, available all over the world, thanks to its international editions – who voted for the success of the two 8-cylinders with mid-rear engine from Maranello in the traditional "Best Cars" poll.
The 458 Italia was awarded winner in the "imported sports car" category for the second year in a row, while the 458 Spider won "best imported cabriolet ", taking over from the Ferrari California, which had been successful over the three previous years. Ferrari CEO Amedeo Felisa accepted the award from editor in chief Bernd Ostmann at a prize giving ceremony held in Stuttgart today.
The success of the 458 continues for both versions – coupé and spider – bringing the international award collection to over 40 prizes, including "Best Performance Engine 2011″, dedicated to her 4.5 litre V8 engine. However the car is also a commercial success, considering that the coupé, in its life of two years , has turned into one of the most requested cars in the history of the Prancing Horse, while the 458 Spider, just three months after its launch, has already a long waiting list regarding orders.


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"When making bread, the dough needs to be cared for just as you'd care for your baby in your womb. It needs love and care in order to come out well. You need to listen to the dough. It will tell you when it's ready and has risen enough. The scent, the little "bollincini" (bubbles), the size and the dough's softness are the ways in which the bread tells you it has risen enough." This, other cooking philosophies and some of her favorite recipes I learned during my afternoon with Maria Grazia in Puglia. The result: a perfect Salentine lunch at Maria Grazia's family-run, exclusive masseria.
I met Maria Grazia at Masseria Potenti. She and her husband, Pugliese natives, had originally purchased it solely to entertain their friends from Milan and Northern Italy, where they live for much of the year. Their original plans were to have five guest rooms, but they ended up adding a few more and now welcome a select group of guests along with friends. Maria personally greets every guest, friend or first-time visitor, and creates mouth-watering breads, marmalades, desserts and savory dishes for all those that visit. More than a restored ancient country house, their home seems like a movie set, where the story of a dream vacation in Southern Italy takes place.
The stark white of the masseria's walls, beams, pergolas, tables and curtains create such a contrast against the sage green of the olive trees and the big blue Salento sky that every color seems that much more intense. Maria Grazia added her personal touch to every room. Just as she has given a little of herself in each room, she adds much of herself into every dish that flows from her kitchen, adding a touch of raffia or a few sprigs of herbs for the final decorative and personal touch to each dish she makes.
Although her "real job" was the law, she worked as a lawyer and law professor) she has always spent many hours daily in the kitchen. When we first met, food was the first topic of conversation as she immediately showed me her hands, stained from fruits and olives. Proof of the numbers of hours she spends working with the ingredients her native land Salento offers. In her kitchen, surrounded the a mix of the aromatic herbs she has on a wood block, and an almost rainbow array of seasonal vegetables just purchased at the market, we spent the afternoon cooking some of Maria Grazia's favorite dishes.
"Amore, passione e generosita' (love, passion and generosity), all are necessary when cooking and you can never be tired in the kitchen." This philosophy and her love for the herbs, vegetables and grano duro flour are at the base of all the dishes Maria Grazia creates. Breads are her specialty, but she adds herbs to everything she cooks, even desserts. She presents them in the most creative and elegant ways, like the mounds of ricotta she topped with her homemade peperoncino jam and then wrapped in raffia.
Bread was the first food on the day's menu. With the durham wheat flour, Maria made the bread wreath for which I've given you the recipe below, an herb focaccia, and also pasta: orecchiette which she used to make one of the quintessential dishes of Puglia, orecchiette con le cima di rape.
Along with those dishes, she shared her recipe for a beautiful and tasty vegetable cake, she called tortino di verdure, and also a most delicious stuffed calimari dish. The grand finale was a decadent dessert, a ricotta torte with a layer of orange marmellata in the center of the creamy ricotta. Like almost everything else that comes from the masseria's kitchen, Maria Grazia made the orange marmellata herself.
Maria Grazia knows her way around bread dough solely by feel, she explained to me her bread-making process and philosophy. She made to swift slits at the top of the bread dough before leaving it to rise. "Here in Italy, the cross I make on the top of the dough serves two purposes. The first is to bless the bread and the second helps let me know when the dough is ready." The dough is ready when the cross has spread and opened up.
With the well-cared for dough, we made the wreath bread that had a nice crunchy and herb-flavored crust and a pillow-soft center that was light as air. With her permission, I've given you Maria Grazia's recipe bread recipe below.
Herb Wreath Bread
(makes one 11-inch wreath)
8 ounces (250 ml) warm water (90°F - 100°F), plus more if needed
½ ounce fresh yeast
3 cups (380 g) "00" flour
1 cup (130 g) Durham wheat or semolina flour
1 tablespoon salt, plus more for garnish
About 3 tablespoons extra virgin olive oil, plus more if needed and for forming the wreath
2-3 tablespoons poppy seeds
2-3 tablespoons sesame seeds
2-3 tablespoons chopped rosemary
4 bay leaves, optional
Break the yeast into smaller pieces and dissolve in the warm water. Mix together both types of flour and the salt. Make a well with the flour mixture. In the center of the well, pour about 1/3 of the yeast/water mixture and combine some of the flour into the center of the well to mix with the liquid. Continue adding the water mixture into the well and mixing with flour from the sides of the well (the water should not run out of the sides) until the mixture is the right consistency. The consistency should be a very soft and slightly wet dough, but one that does not stick to your hands. (You may need to add more water depending on the flour and the amount of humidity.)
Once the dough is the right consistency, begin kneading by holding one end with one hand and stretching the other end out with the palm of your other hand. Once you've stretched the dough out, roll it back in towards you and the hand anchoring the other end of the dough. Turn the dough 95 degrees and repeat this motion. Continue kneading the dough until it is smooth and more elastic, about 7 minutes. Form the dough into a ball. With a sharp knife, score the top of the ball of dough with a cross. Cover with a towel, and as Maria Grazia does, a warm blanket and let rise until it is at least 2 times the size and has small balls of air inside, about 2 hours.
When the dough has risen enough, place it back on the working board and knead out the air. Separate the dough into 3 pieces and roll each piece out into a rope about 1 ½-inches in diameter and equal sizes in length. Spread the poppy seeds out the length of the rope of dough. Wet your hands with a little olive oil and roll one rope in the poppy seeds turning it until the rope of dough is well covered with poppy seeds. Repeat this with the second and third ropes of dough, using sesame seeds to cover one rope and the chopped rosemary for the other.
Take the three ropes of dough, line up and attach them at one end. Form the three ropes of dough into one braid and bring around to form a wreath. Attach both ends. If you're using the bay leaves, place each in the space where the braids come together. Place the wreath on the baking sheet. Drizzle with a little olive oil and sprinkle with a generous pinch of salt. Let rise again for 45 minutes to 1 hour, until it has doubled in size again. Bake the wreath at 375°F for 20-30 minutes, until the wreath has a nice hard crust and when you tap it, it sounds hollow. Buon Appetito!
Join me in Puglia where we'll dine with bellisimme views like these!
Join me in Puglia in 2013! For this food lover's culinary tour, we'll be making bread like this and cooking with both Italian mamme and professional chefs. We'll also be eating and exploring our way through the region and making delicioius dishes like those above! For dates and details, see the page: Food Lover's Culinary Tours in Puglia
Other Posts on Puglia and its Food You Might Like:
The Art of Making Pasta by Hand: A Pugliese Pasta Lesson with Nonna Vata
Orecchiette and Salentine Breads - Cooking with Mamma Giulia in Salento
Pizza Makers for a Night in Puglia - Food Lover's Culinary Tour
Under the Salento Sun - The Masserie of Salento
Cheese in Puglia - Making and Eating Fresh Cheese in Salento
Artisanal Cheese at Masseria CinqueSanti in Puglia
Lecce: The Baroque Beauty of Puglia
Tour of Masseria L'Astore and its Frantoio Ipogeo in Salento


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How hype can mislead cancer patients, families
By Liz Szabo, Kaiser Health News
Updated 6:04 AM ET, Wed April 26, 2017
Thanks Lone Sir. I find this rather timely on 2 fronts. 1) Unrealistic positive prognosis for therapy for my friend with Stage 4 colon cancer...has since moved to palliative care 2) Potential future discussion with ONC on adjuvant therapy once PATH reports come back.
Quality of life is important to me and my support system.
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In every country where MCC works, we partner with local churches and organizations with similar values. Together we work in three areas:
Relief: Meeting people's immediate needs for survival during times of crisis, such as a hurricane or war, and working alongside communities to recover. We also focus on helping communities prepare so that damages from future disasters are minimized.
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