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Handmade Soaps
Handmade soaps have been in use since the 8th century. For centuries, soap makers worked on perfecting their recipes and trying out new ingredients. With the advent of the 20th century, soap making moved to machines and the race to produce cheap soap began. The downside was that quality was lost in the pursuit of quantity, and soaps increasingly became full of harsh additives as expensive moisturizing ingredients were jettisoned in favor of substandard alternatives. Handmade artisanal soaps fell by the wayside until the 1990s when they experienced a huge resurgence in popularity. Whether filled with the zing of espresso beans or the fruity flavor of coconut oil, there is seemingly a handmade soap for every taste.
That irritating feeling
Buying handmade soap can help consumers avoid the harsh additives that many soap companies put in their machine-made soap. Unlike their mass-produced counterparts, handmade soaps are available in a huge variety of scents, shapes and textures. Rather than overloading the soaps with dyes, handmade soaps are usually made with natural plant products like lavender or shea butter and feature a more delicate smell. An added bonus is that many handmade soaps are fragrance-free, making them perfect for the allergy-prone.
Dry as dust
Handmade soaps can provide a gentler wash with natural ingredients that do not increase dryness of the skin. Since handmade soaps contain the softening ingredient of glycerin and most mass-produced soaps do not, handmade soaps will almost always provide a more moisturizing wash.
Saving the animals
Handmade soap companies are more ethical in their treatment of animals. Many of the big soap brands use the remnants of slaughtered cows and pigs to make the tallow for their soaps. Vegans and vegetarians worried about the exploitation of the animals can rest easy with handmade soaps such as Castile soap that use olive oil instead. Another popular animal friendly option is goat milk soap which does not harm the animal.
Going green
Handmade soaps are much better for the environment than commercial soaps. Most commercial soaps contain hard syndet which is not biodegradable and can remain in streams and rivers for years. Handmade soaps also tend to be enclosed in more minimal packaging than mass-produced soaps. Cardboard boxes and label packaging are more recyclable than the plastic bottles and excessive plastic wrap that many typical commercial soaps are contained in. Likewise, both the wrappings and ingredients of mass-produced soaps are petroleum byproducts, an anathema to responsible consumers wishing to decrease the world's dependence on oil.
When it comes to choosing a soap, health concerns should also be considered. Mass-produced soaps have potentially dangerous ingredients in them such as triclosan which has been tentatively linked with cancer. Studies show that plain handmade soaps are just as effective at bacteria control as cheaply made processed soaps. In fact, the action of the water used when washing seems to be more crucial than the actual soap in preventing sickness and disease. The scare tactics of the soap industry's antibacterial soap movement are only a marketing ploy that really have little genuine impact on health.
The essence of soap
Handmade soap is made with more care and quality control than can ever be achieved in an impersonal factory. Each batch is made with carefully selected and balanced ingredients, achieving a soap of a caliber that mass-produced, detergent-laden soaps can never hope to match.


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Long before directors like Spike Jonze and Michel Gondry made the jump from music videos to movies, Russell Mulcahy innovated on MTV and directed Highlander. What would movies even look like without him?
Mulcahy is still around and still directing movies — he directed Resident Evil: Extinction, which was a much, much better film than it had any right to be. But his heyday was the 1980s, when he directed Razorback, the tale of a giant mutant pig attacking people in the Australian Outback. And of course, Highlander and the ill-fated Highlander II. (Cue legions of fans insisting that no such movie exists.)
Highlander contains so many beautiful images of the craggy landscape, and the roiling blue sky overhead, that it elevates the material and makes the swordplay and lightning-flashes seem that much more epic. It's Turner-esque. By the time he made his defining film, Mulcahy had already worked on tons of the most famous music videos of all time, and had crafted the art of the four minute image bomb, detonating with visuals and then disappearing.
Mulcahy deserves a place in the hall of fame just for his work on Highlander, but his music videos probably had more influence on cinema in the long term. I honestly was gobsmacked when I found out, from Wikipedia, that the same person had directed so many of the videos that saved MTV from being a wasteland. Those videos pioneered a whole new visual language. His seven-minute-plus version of Duran Duran's "Wild Boys" is one of the greatest dystopian (take a drink!) movies of all time:
Here's the music video he directed for Queen's "Princes Of The Universe," featuring scenes from Highlander. Look how easily some of these action sequences (in the second half of the video) lend themselves to the music-video format. I love it when Christopher Lambert steps out of the movie and onto the stage with Queen:
Bonnie Tyler's "Total Eclipse Of The Heart" video (directed by Mulcahy) has so many bizarre images, they had to create a "literal video version":
Berlin: Sex (I'm A...)
Duran Duran: Rio
Elton John: Fascist Faces
I could go on and on. Just check out the list over at Wikipedia. It's really amazing how many of his music videos are indelibly painted on my brain. And Resident Evil: Extinction was actually surprisingly great:
Highlander screencaps from Hundland.org.

subset: commoncrawl


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Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Vol. 2, by Edward Gibbon, [1781], at sacred-texts.com
Those who, in the imperial hierarchy, were distinguished by the title of Respectable, formed an intermediate class between the illustrious praefects, and the honorable magistrates of the provinces. In this class the proconsuls of Asia, Achaia, and Africa, claimed a preeminence, which was yielded to the remembrance of their ancient dignity; and the appeal from their tribunal to that of the praefects was almost the only mark of their dependence. 110 But the civil government of the empire was distributed into thirteen great Dioceses, each of which equalled the just measure of a powerful kingdom. The first of these dioceses was subject to the jurisdiction of the count of the east; and we may convey some idea of the importance and variety of his functions, by observing, that six hundred apparitors, who would be styled at present either secretaries, or clerks, or ushers, or messengers, were employed in his immediate office. 111 The place of Augustal proefect of Egypt was no longer filled by a Roman knight; but the name was retained; and the extraordinary powers which the situation of the country, and the temper of the inhabitants, had once made indispensable, were still continued to the governor. The eleven remaining dioceses, of Asiana, Pontica, and Thrace; of Macedonia, Dacia, and Pannonia, or Western Illyricum; of Italy and Africa; of Gaul, Spain, and Britain; were governed by twelve vicars or vice-proefects, 112 whose name sufficiently explains the nature and dependence of their office. It may be added, that the lieutenant-generals of the Roman armies, the military counts and dukes, who will be hereafter mentioned, were allowed the rank and title of Respectable.
As the spirit of jealousy and ostentation prevailed in the councils of the emperors, they proceeded with anxious diligence to divide the substance and to multiply the titles of power. The vast countries which the Roman conquerors had united under the same simple form of administration, were imperceptibly crumbled into minute fragments; till at length the whole empire was distributed into one hundred and sixteen provinces, each of which supported an expensive and splendid establishment. Of these, three were governed by proconsuls, thirty-seven by consulars, five by correctors, and seventy-one by presidents. The appellations of these magistrates were different; they ranked in successive order, the ensigns of and their situation, from accidental circumstances, might be more or less agreeable or advantageous. But they were all (excepting only the pro-consuls) alike included in the class of honorable persons; and they were alike intrusted, during the pleasure of the prince, and under the authority of the praefects or their deputies, with the administration of justice and the finances in their respective districts. The ponderous volumes of the Codes and Pandects 113 would furnish ample materials for a minute inquiry into the system of provincial government, as in the space of six centuries it was approved by the wisdom of the Roman statesmen and lawyers. It may be sufficient for the historian to select two singular and salutary provisions, intended to restrain the abuse of authority. 1. For the preservation of peace and order, the governors of the provinces were armed with the sword of justice. They inflicted corporal punishments, and they exercised, in capital offences, the power of life and death. But they were not authorized to indulge the condemned criminal with the choice of his own execution, or to pronounce a sentence of the mildest and most honorable kind of exile. These prerogatives were reserved to the praefects, who alone could impose the heavy fine of fifty pounds of gold: their vicegerents were confined to the trifling weight of a few ounces. 114 This distinction, which seems to grant the larger, while it denies the smaller degree of authority, was founded on a very rational motive. The smaller degree was infinitely more liable to abuse. The passions of a provincial magistrate might frequently provoke him into acts of oppression, which affected only the freedom or the fortunes of the subject; though, from a principle of prudence, perhaps of humanity, he might still be terrified by the guilt of innocent blood. It may likewise be considered, that exile, considerable fines, or the choice of an easy death, relate more particularly to the rich and the noble; and the persons the most exposed to the avarice or resentment of a provincial magistrate, were thus removed from his obscure persecution to the more august and impartial tribunal of the Praetorian praefect. 2. As it was reasonably apprehended that the integrity of the judge might be biased, if his interest was concerned, or his affections were engaged, the strictest regulations were established, to exclude any person, without the special dispensation of the emperor, from the government of the province where he was born; 115 and to prohibit the governor or his son from contracting marriage with a native, or an inhabitant; 116 or from purchasing slaves, lands, or houses, within the extent of his jurisdiction. 117 Notwithstanding these rigorous precautions, the emperor Constantine, after a reign of twenty-five years, still deplores the venal and oppressive administration of justice, and expresses the warmest indignation that the audience of the judge, his despatch of business, his seasonable delays, and his final sentence, were publicly sold, either by himself or by the officers of his court. The continuance, and perhaps the impunity, of these crimes, is attested by the repetition of impotent laws and ineffectual menaces. 118
All the civil magistrates were drawn from the profession of the law. The celebrated Institutes of Justinian are addressed to the youth of his dominions, who had devoted themselves to the study of Roman jurisprudence; and the sovereign condescends to animate their diligence, by the assurance that their skill and ability would in time be rewarded by an adequate share in the government of the republic. 119 The rudiments of this lucrative science were taught in all the considerable cities of the east and west; but the most famous school was that of Berytus, 120 on the coast of Phoenicia; which flourished above three centuries from the time of Alexander Severus, the author perhaps of an institution so advantageous to his native country. After a regular course of education, which lasted five years, the students dispersed themselves through the provinces, in search of fortune and honors; nor could they want an inexhaustible supply of business great empire, already corrupted by the multiplicity of laws, of arts, and of vices. The court of the Praetorian praefect of the east could alone furnish employment for one hundred and fifty advocates, sixty-four of whom were distinguished by peculiar privileges, and two were annually chosen, with a salary of sixty pounds of gold, to defend the causes of the treasury. The first experiment was made of their judicial talents, by appointing them to act occasionally as assessors to the magistrates; from thence they were often raised to preside in the tribunals before which they had pleaded. They obtained the government of a province; and, by the aid of merit, of reputation, or of favor, they ascended, by successive steps, to the illustrious dignities of the state. 121 In the practice of the bar, these men had considered reason as the instrument of dispute; they interpreted the laws according to the dictates of private interest and the same pernicious habits might still adhere to their characters in the public administration of the state. The honor of a liberal profession has indeed been vindicated by ancient and modern advocates, who have filled the most important stations, with pure integrity and consummate wisdom: but in the decline of Roman jurisprudence, the ordinary promotion of lawyers was pregnant with mischief and disgrace. The noble art, which had once been preserved as the sacred inheritance of the patricians, was fallen into the hands of freedmen and plebeians, 122 who, with cunning rather than with skill, exercised a sordid and pernicious trade. Some of them procured admittance into families for the purpose of fomenting differences, of encouraging suits, and of preparing a harvest of gain for themselves or their brethren. Others, recluse in their chambers, maintained the dignity of legal professors, by furnishing a rich client with subtleties to confound the plainest truths, and with arguments to color the most unjustifiable pretensions. The splendid and popular class was composed of the advocates, who filled the Forum with the sound of their turgid and loquacious rhetoric. Careless of fame and of justice, they are described, for the most part, as ignorant and rapacious guides, who conducted their clients through a maze of expense, of delay, and of disappointment; from whence, after a tedious series of years, they were at length dismissed, when their patience and fortune were almost exhausted. 123
III. In the system of policy introduced by Augustus, the governors, those at least of the Imperial provinces, were invested with the full powers of the sovereign himself. Ministers of peace and war, the distribution of rewards and punishments depended on them alone, and they successively appeared on their tribunal in the robes of civil magistracy, and in complete armor at the head of the Roman legions. 124 The influence of the revenue, the authority of law, and the command of a military force, concurred to render their power supreme and absolute; and whenever they were tempted to violate their allegiance, the loyal province which they involved in their rebellion was scarcely sensible of any change in its political state. From the time of Commodus to the reign of Constantine, near one hundred governors might be enumerated, who, with various success, erected the standard of revolt; and though the innocent were too often sacrificed, the guilty might be sometimes prevented, by the suspicious cruelty of their master. 125 To secure his throne and the public tranquillity from these formidable servants, Constantine resolved to divide the military from the civil administration, and to establish, as a permanent and professional distinction, a practice which had been adopted only as an occasional expedient. The supreme jurisdiction exercised by the Praetorian praefects over the armies of the empire, was transferred to the two masters-general whom he instituted, the one for the cavalry, the other for the infantry; and though each of these illustrious officers was more peculiarly responsible for the discipline of those troops which were under his immediate inspection, they both indifferently commanded in the field the several bodies, whether of horse or foot, which were united in the same army. 126 Their number was soon doubled by the division of the east and west; and as separate generals of the same rank and title were appointed on the four important frontiers of the Rhine, of the Upper and the Lower Danube, and of the Euphrates, the defence of the Roman empire was at length committed to eight masters-general of the cavalry and infantry. Under their orders, thirty-five military commanders were stationed in the provinces: three in Britain, six in Gaul, one in Spain, one in Italy, five on the Upper, and four on the Lower Danube; in Asia, eight, three in Egypt, and four in Africa. The titles of counts, and dukes, 127 by which they were properly distinguished, have obtained in modern languages so very different a sense, that the use of them may occasion some surprise. But it should be recollected, that the second of those appellations is only a corruption of the Latin word, which was indiscriminately applied to any military chief. All these provincial generals were therefore dukes; but no more than ten among them were dignified with the rank of counts or companions, a title of honor, or rather of favor, which had been recently invented in the court of Constantine. A gold belt was the ensign which distinguished the office of the counts and dukes; and besides their pay, they received a liberal allowance sufficient to maintain one hundred and ninety servants, and one hundred and fifty-eight horses. They were strictly prohibited from interfering in any matter which related to the administration of justice or the revenue; but the command which they exercised over the troops of their department, was independent of the authority of the magistrates. About the same time that Constantine gave a legal sanction to the ecclesiastical order, he instituted in the Roman empire the nice balance of the civil and the military powers. The emulation, and sometimes the discord, which reigned between two professions of opposite interests and incompatible manners, was productive of beneficial and of pernicious consequences. It was seldom to be expected that the general and the civil governor of a province should either conspire for the disturbance, or should unite for the service, of their country. While the one delayed to offer the assistance which the other disdained to solicit, the troops very frequently remained without orders or without supplies; the public safety was betrayed, and the defenceless subjects were left exposed to the fury of the Barbarians. The divided administration which had been formed by Constantine, relaxed the vigor of the state, while it secured the tranquillity of the monarch.
The memory of Constantine has been deservedly censured for another innovation, which corrupted military discipline and prepared the ruin of the empire. The nineteen years which preceded his final victory over Licinius, had been a period of license and intestine war. The rivals who contended for the possession of the Roman world, had withdrawn the greatest part of their forces from the guard of the general frontier; and the principal cities which formed the boundary of their respective dominions were filled with soldiers, who considered their countrymen as their most implacable enemies. After the use of these internal garrisons had ceased with the civil war, the conqueror wanted either wisdom or firmness to revive the severe discipline of Diocletian, and to suppress a fatal indulgence, which habit had endeared and almost confirmed to the military order. From the reign of Constantine, a popular and even legal distinction was admitted between the Palatines 128 and the Borderers; the troops of the court, as they were improperly styled, and the troops of the frontier. The former, elevated by the superiority of their pay and privileges, were permitted, except in the extraordinary emergencies of war, to occupy their tranquil stations in the heart of the provinces. The most flourishing cities were oppressed by the intolerable weight of quarters. The soldiers insensibly forgot the virtues of their profession, and contracted only the vices of civil life. They were either degraded by the industry of mechanic trades, or enervated by the luxury of baths and theatres. They soon became careless of their martial exercises, curious in their diet and apparel; and while they inspired terror to the subjects of the empire, they trembled at the hostile approach of the Barbarians. 129 The chain of fortifications which Diocletian and his colleagues had extended along the banks of the great rivers, was no longer maintained with the same care, or defended with the same vigilance. The numbers which still remained under the name of the troops of the frontier, might be sufficient for the ordinary defence; but their spirit was degraded by the humiliating reflection, that they who were exposed to the hardships and dangers of a perpetual warfare, were rewarded only with about two thirds of the pay and emoluments which were lavished on the troops of the court. Even the bands or legions that were raised the nearest to the level of those unworthy favorites, were in some measure disgraced by the title of honor which they were allowed to assume. It was in vain that Constantine repeated the most dreadful menaces of fire and sword against the Borderers who should dare desert their colors, to connive at the inroads of the Barbarians, or to participate in the spoil. 130 The mischiefs which flow from injudicious counsels are seldom removed by the application of partial severities; and though succeeding princes labored to restore the strength and numbers of the frontier garrisons, the empire, till the last moment of its dissolution, continued to languish under the mortal wound which had been so rashly or so weakly inflicted by the hand of Constantine.
The same timid policy, of dividing whatever is united, of reducing whatever is eminent, of dreading every active power, and of expecting that the most feeble will prove the most obedient, seems to pervade the institutions of several princes, and particularly those of Constantine. The martial pride of the legions, whose victorious camps had so often been the scene of rebellion, was nourished by the memory of their past exploits, and the consciousness of their actual strength. As long as they maintained their ancient establishment of six thousand men, they subsisted, under the reign of Diocletian, each of them singly, a visible and important object in the military history of the Roman empire. A few years afterwards, these gigantic bodies were shrunk to a very diminutive size; and when seven legions, with some auxiliaries, defended the city of Amida against the Persians, the total garrison, with the inhabitants of both sexes, and the peasants of the deserted country, did not exceed the number of twenty thousand persons. 131 From this fact, and from similar examples, there is reason to believe, that the constitution of the legionary troops, to which they partly owed their valor and discipline, was dissolved by Constantine; and that the bands of Roman infantry, which still assumed the same names and the same honors, consisted only of one thousand or fifteen hundred men. 132 The conspiracy of so many separate detachments, each of which was awed by the sense of its own weakness, could easily be checked; and the successors of Constantine might indulge their love of ostentation, by issuing their orders to one hundred and thirty-two legions, inscribed on the muster-roll of their numerous armies. The remainder of their troops was distributed into several hundred cohorts of infantry, and squadrons of cavalry. Their arms, and titles, and ensigns, were calculated to inspire terror, and to display the variety of nations who marched under the Imperial standard. And not a vestige was left of that severe simplicity, which, in the ages of freedom and victory, had distinguished the line of battle of a Roman army from the confused host of an Asiatic monarch. 133 A more particular enumeration, drawn from the Notitia, might exercise the diligence of an antiquary; but the historian will content himself with observing, that the number of permanent stations or garrisons established on the frontiers of the empire, amounted to five hundred and eighty-three; and that, under the successors of Constantine, the complete force of the military establishment was computed at six hundred and forty-five thousand soldiers. 134 An effort so prodigious surpassed the wants of a more ancient, and the faculties of a later, period.
In the various states of society, armies are recruited from very different motives. Barbarians are urged by the love of war; the citizens of a free republic may be prompted by a principle of duty; the subjects, or at least the nobles, of a monarchy, are animated by a sentiment of honor; but the timid and luxurious inhabitants of a declining empire must be allured into the service by the hopes of profit, or compelled by the dread of punishment. The resources of the Roman treasury were exhausted by the increase of pay, by the repetition of donatives, and by the invention of new emolument and indulgences, which, in the opinion of the provincial youth might compensate the hardships and dangers of a military life. Yet, although the stature was lowered, 135 although slaves, least by a tacit connivance, were indiscriminately received into the ranks, the insurmountable difficulty of procuring a regular and adequate supply of volunteers, obliged the emperors to adopt more effectual and coercive methods. The lands bestowed on the veterans, as the free reward of their valor were henceforward granted under a condition which contain the first rudiments of the feudal tenures; that their sons, who succeeded to the inheritance, should devote themselves to the profession of arms, as soon as they attained the age of manhood; and their cowardly refusal was punished by the lose of honor, of fortune, or even of life. 136 But as the annual growth of the sons of the veterans bore a very small proportion to the demands of the service, levies of men were frequently required from the provinces, and every proprietor was obliged either to take up arms, or to procure a substitute, or to purchase his exemption by the payment of a heavy fine. The sum of forty-two pieces of gold, to which it was reduced ascertains the exorbitant price of volunteers, and the reluctance with which the government admitted of this alterative. 137 Such was the horror for the profession of a soldier, which had affected the minds of the degenerate Romans, that many of the youth of Italy and the provinces chose to cut off the fingers of their right hand, to escape from being pressed into the service; and this strange expedient was so commonly practised, as to deserve the severe animadversion of the laws, 138 and a peculiar name in the Latin language. 139
110 Eunapius affirms, that the proconsul of Asia was independent of the praefect; which must, however, be understood with some allowance. the jurisdiction of the vice-praefect he most assuredly disclaimed. Pancirolus, p. 161.
111 The proconsul of Africa had four hundred apparitors; and they all received large salaries, either from the treasury or the province See Pancirol. p. 26, and Cod. Justinian. l. xii. tit. lvi. lvii.
112 In Italy there was likewise the Vicar of Rome. It has been much disputed whether his jurisdiction measured one hundred miles from the city, or whether it stretched over the ten thousand provinces of Italy.
113 Among the works of the celebrated Ulpian, there was one in ten books, concerning the office of a proconsul, whose duties in the most essential articles were the same as those of an ordinary governor of a province.
114 The presidents, or consulars, could impose only two ounces; the vice-praefects, three; the proconsuls, count of the east, and praefect of Egypt, six. See Heineccii Jur. Civil. tom. i. p. 75. Pandect. l. xlviii. tit. xix. n. 8. Cod. Justinian. l. i. tit. liv. leg. 4, 6.
115 Ut nulli patriae suae administratio sine speciali principis permissu permittatur. Cod. Justinian. l. i. tit. xli. This law was first enacted by the emperor Marcus, after the rebellion of Cassius. (Dion. l. lxxi.) The same regulation is observed in China, with equal strictness, and with equal effect.
116 Pandect. l. xxiii. tit. ii. n. 38, 57, 63.
117 In jure continetur, ne quis in administratione constitutus aliquid compararet. Cod. Theod. l. viii. tit. xv. leg. l. This maxim of common law was enforced by a series of edicts (see the remainder of the title) from Constantine to Justin. From this prohibition, which is extended to the meanest officers of the governor, they except only clothes and provisions. The purchase within five years may be recovered; after which on information, it devolves to the treasury.
118 Cessent rapaces jam nunc officialium manus; cessent, inquam nam si moniti non cessaverint, gladiis praecidentur, &c. Cod. Theod. l. i. tit. vii. leg. l. Zeno enacted that all governors should remain in the province, to answer any accusations, fifty days after the expiration of their power. Cod Justinian. l. ii. tit. xlix. leg. l.
119 Summa igitur ope, et alacri studio has leges nostras accipite; et vosmetipsos sic eruditos ostendite, ut spes vos pulcherrima foveat; toto legitimo opere perfecto, posse etiam nostram rempublicam in par tibus ejus vobis credendis gubernari. Justinian in proem. Institutionum.
120 The splendor of the school of Berytus, which preserved in the east the language and jurisprudence of the Romans, may be computed to have lasted from the third to the middle of the sixth century Heinecc. Jur. Rom. Hist. p. 351-356.
121 As in a former period I have traced the civil and military promotion of Pertinax, I shall here insert the civil honors of Mallius Theodorus. 1. He was distinguished by his eloquence, while he pleaded as an advocate in the court of the Praetorian praefect. 2. He governed one of the provinces of Africa, either as president or consular, and deserved, by his administration, the honor of a brass statue. 3. He was appointed vicar, or vice-praefect, of Macedonia. 4. Quaestor. 5. Count of the sacred largesses. 6. Praetorian praefect of the Gauls; whilst he might yet be represented as a young man. 7. After a retreat, perhaps a disgrace of many years, which Mallius (confounded by some critics with the poet Manilius; see Fabricius Bibliothec. Latin. Edit. Ernest. tom. i.c. 18, p. 501) employed in the study of the Grecian philosophy he was named Praetorian praefect of Italy, in the year 397. 8. While he still exercised that great office, he was created, it the year 399, consul for the West; and his name, on account of the infamy of his colleague, the eunuch Eutropius, often stands alone in the Fasti. 9. In the year 408, Mallius was appointed a second time Praetorian praefect of Italy. Even in the venal panegyric of Claudian, we may discover the merit of Mallius Theodorus, who, by a rare felicity, was the intimate friend, both of Symmachus and of St. Augustin. See Tillemont, Hist. des Emp. tom. v. p. 1110-1114.
122 Mamertinus in Panegyr. Vet. xi. [x.] 20. Asterius apud Photium, p. 1500.
123 The curious passage of Ammianus, (l. xxx. c. 4,) in which he paints the manners of contemporary lawyers, affords a strange mixture of sound sense, false rhetoric, and extravagant satire. Godefroy (Prolegom. ad. Cod. Theod. c. i. p. 185) supports the historian by similar complaints and authentic facts. In the fourth century, many camels might have been laden with law-books. Eunapius in Vit. Aedesii, p. 72.
124 See a very splendid example in the life of Agricola, particularly c. 20, 21. The lieutenant of Britain was intrusted with the same powers which Cicero, proconsul of Cilicia, had exercised in the name of the senate and people.
125 The Abbe Dubos, who has examined with accuracy (see Hist. de la Monarchie Francoise, tom. i. p. 41-100, edit. 1742) the institutions of Augustus and of Constantine, observes, that if Otho had been put to death the day before he executed his conspiracy, Otho would now appear in history as innocent as Corbulo.
126 Zosimus, l. ii. p. 110. Before the end of the reign of Constantius, the magistri militum were already increased to four. See Velesius ad Ammian. l. xvi. c. 7.
127 Though the military counts and dukes are frequently mentioned, both in history and the codes, we must have recourse to the Notitia for the exact knowledge of their number and stations. For the institution, rank, privileges, &c., of the counts in general see Cod. Theod. l. vi. tit. xii. - xx., with the commentary of Godefroy.
128 Zosimus, l ii. p. 111. The distinction between the two classes of Roman troops, is very darkly expressed in the historians, the laws, and the Notitia. Consult, however, the copious paratitlon, or abstract, which Godefroy has drawn up of the seventh book, de Re Militari, of the Theodosian Code, l. vii. tit. i. leg. 18, l. viii. tit. i. leg. 10.
129 Ferox erat in suos miles et rapax, ignavus vero in hostes et fractus. Ammian. l. xxii. c. 4. He observes, that they loved downy beds and houses of marble; and that their cups were heavier than their swords.
130 Cod. Theod. l. vii. tit. i. leg. 1, tit. xii. leg. i. See Howell's Hist. of the World, vol. ii. p. 19. That learned historian, who is not sufficiently known, labors to justify the character and policy of Constantine.
131 Ammian. l. xix. c. 2. He observes, (c. 5,) that the desperate sallies of two Gallic legions were like a handful of water thrown on a great conflagration.
132 Pancirolus ad Notitiam, p. 96. Memoires de l'Academie des Inscriptions, tom. xxv. p. 491.
133 Romana acies unius prope formae erat et hominum et armorum genere. - Regia acies varia magis multis gentibus dissimilitudine armorum auxiliorumque erat. T. Liv. l. xxxvii. c. 39, 40. Flaminius, even before the event, had compared the army of Antiochus to a supper in which the flesh of one vile animal was diversified by the skill of the cooks. See the Life of Flaminius in Plutarch.
134 Agathias, l. v. p. 157, edit. Louvre.
135 Valentinian (Cod. Theodos. l. vii. tit. xiii. leg. 3) fixes the standard at five feet seven inches, about five feet four inches and a half, English measure. It had formerly been five feet ten inches, and in the best corps, six Roman feet. Sed tunc erat amplior multitude se et plures sequebantur militiam armatam. Vegetius de Re Militari l. i. c. v.
136 See the two titles, De Veteranis and De Filiis Veteranorum, in the seventh book of the Theodosian Code. The age at which their military service was required, varied from twenty-five to sixteen. If the sons of the veterans appeared with a horse, they had a right to serve in the cavalry; two horses gave them some valuable privileges
137 Cod. Theod. l. vii. tit. xiii. leg. 7. According to the historian Socrates, (see Godefroy ad loc.,) the same emperor Valens sometimes required eighty pieces of gold for a recruit. In the following law it is faintly expressed, that slaves shall not be admitted inter optimas lectissimorum militum turmas.
138 The person and property of a Roman knight, who had mutilated his two sons, were sold at public auction by order of Augustus. (Sueton. in August. c. 27.) The moderation of that artful usurper proves, that this example of severity was justified by the spirit of the times. Ammianus makes a distinction between the effeminate Italians and the hardy Gauls. (L. xv. c. 12.) Yet only 15 years afterwards, Valentinian, in a law addressed to the praefect of Gaul, is obliged to enact that these cowardly deserters shall be burnt alive. Cod. Theod. l. vii. tit. xiii. leg. 5.) Their numbers in Illyricum were so considerable, that the province complained of a scarcity of recruits. (Id. leg. 10.)
139 They were called Murci. Murcidus is found in Plautus and Festus, to denote a lazy and cowardly person, who, according to Arnobius and Augustin, was under the immediate protection of the goddess Murcia. From this particular instance of cowardice, murcare is used as synonymous to mutilare, by the writers of the middle Latinity. See Linder brogius and Valesius ad Ammian. Marcellin, l. xv. c. 12


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Bitcoin Hits New Record, and More
What's News: The price of bitcoin tops $1,200. President Obama may stay in Washington after term ends. Three unpublished works by J.D. Salinger are leaked online. U.S. stock markets close early for holiday. Joanne Po reports. Photo: AP
This transcript has been automatically generated and may not be 100% accurate.
... the annual record once the this is what's news I'm WS J live I'm Joann Co the president quite continues to skyrocket now topping will hundred dollars for the cyber currency ... that's after topping one thousand dollars for the first time ever on Wednesday ... that's according to not dots which is one of the primary stages tracking treating in Bitcoin ... which one bitcoin selling for ... one thousand two hundred forty two dollars the virtual currency even briefly topping the price of gold today ACORN is valued at just four cents in early twenty ten ... soaring trajectory of bitcoins has some analysts projecting ... that a bubble is about to burst President Barack Obama may stay in Washington D C after his term ends ... in interview with ABC News Mr Obama says the family might stay a few more years ... in order to make sure their younger daughter Sasha ... can finish high school ... unlike former congressman is very rare for former presidents remain in the nation's capital after their tenure literary circles are buzzing with excitement ... after three on to publish stories IGD Salinger are the timeline ... challenge is the author of the classic nineteen fifty one novel the catcher in the Rye ... he went into seclusion in nineteen fifty three and is last regional work was published in nineteen sixty five ... Salinger died in twenty ten at age ninety one ... stand versions of the sound of short stories the ocean full of bowling balls ... first the boys and PA laptop the fun of file sharing site this week the three stories were previously only available to academic scholars ... and U S stock markets are closed early for the post Thanksgiving holiday activity was muted during the shortened trading session with very low trading volume ... stocks closing mostly lower although the Dow industrials and the SNP five hundred index notched their eighth straight weekly gain ... looking keep us anomaly this is about as rapid and what's news I'm WS J live I'm Joann Co ...


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Wage and Hour Division (WHD)
Archived News Release — Caution: Information may be out of date.
Press Releases
Date: Feb. 21, 2013
Contact: Leni Fortson or Joanna Hawkins
Phone: 215-861-5102 or 215-861-5101
U.S. Department of Labor
Wage and Hour Division
Release Number: 13-245-PHI (wh 13-010)
Cyrilla Landscaping pays more than $78,000 in back wages, liquidated damages following US Labor Department investigation
CORAOPOLIS, Pa. -- Cyrilla Landscaping & Supply Co., doing business as Cyrilla Landscaping, has paid a total of $39,091 in back wages to 29 employees following an investigation by the U.S. Labor Department's Wage and Hour Division that found violations of the Fair Labor Standards Act's overtime provisions. The company was also required to pay an additional $39,091 in liquidated damages, which will also be disbursed to the affected employees.
"Workers in the landscaping industry are among the most vulnerable in the workforce," said John DuMont, director of the Wage and Hour Division's Pittsburgh District Office. "The affected employees will now get the overtime wages they were entitled to receive by law. This case demonstrates the department's commitment to use every enforcement tool necessary to ensure that workers are paid the wages they have rightfully earned."
An investigation conducted by the division's Pittsburgh District Office found that the company violated the FLSA's overtime provisions by paying workers "straight time" wages for hours worked over 40 in a week, rather than time and one-half their regular rates of pay, as required. The employer moved overtime hours to a separate payroll and paid for those hours with separate checks. The investigation also disclosed that the employer paid some employees in cash, without recording their hours worked or their payment received, in violation of the FLSA's record-keeping requirements. Additionally, payroll records were not maintained for the required length of time.
The firm agreed to full future compliance with the FLSA and agreed to pay the back wages and liquidated damages found due in full. The FLSA provides that employers who violate the law are, as a general rule, liable to employees for their back wages and an equal amount in liquidated damages. Liquidated damages are paid directly to the affected employees.
Cyrilla Landscaping is a full-service commercial and residential landscaping provider in Pittsburgh and the surrounding communities.
The FLSA requires that covered employees be paid at least the federal minimum wage of $7.25 for all hours worked, plus time and one-half their regular rates, including commissions, bonuses and incentive pay, for hours worked beyond 40 in a seven-day week. In general, hours worked includes all time an employee must be on duty, or on the employer's premises or at any other prescribed place of work, from the beginning of the first principal work activity to the end of the last principal activity of the workday. Additionally, the law requires that accurate records of employees' wages, hours and other conditions of employment be maintained.
For more information about the FLSA and other federal wage laws, call the Wage and Hour Division's toll-free helpline at 866-4US-WAGE (487-9243) or visit http://www.dol.gov/whd.
U.S. Department of Labor releases are accessible on the Internet at www.dol.gov. The information in this news release will be made available in alternate format (large print, Braille, audio tape or disc) from the COAST office upon request. Please specify which news release when placing your request at (202) 693-7828 or TTY (202) 693-7755. The Labor Department is committed to providing America's employers and employees with easy access to understandable information on how to comply with its laws and regulations. For more information, please visit www.dol.gov/compliance.


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6 x 8" Photo Block
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The perfect alternative to a photo frame with your photo printed on real photographic paper and mounted seamlessly to our photo blocks. All sizes come with screw-in pins to stand them on your desk or dresser as square, landscape or portrait format, and sizes including 4x6", 5x7", 6x8", 8x10" , 5x5", 6x6", 8x8" and 10x10".
Delivery to store is free. For Australian domestic delivery to your home or office, you will incur a $7.95 charge for the first photo block and $1.95 for each additional photo block. Please review all delivery information here or find your local Harvey Norman store here.


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89 's
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Primary Material: Fabric lace
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Trusted and reliable seller! Very talented jewelry maker and wonderful to deal with. Superb attention to detail. Will definitely be a repeat customer. Highly recommended to all!
When I opened the box and saw the actual hand bag, I was very, very pleased! The materials were all high quality and the workmanship was perfect! She did so much extra sewing to make this bag very user friendly. There are zippers for security, interior snap and many sewn in compartments for organization! Even the lining was beautiful! I know I will love using this hand bag! Did I say I also love her choice of color and the design is beautiful? I will certainly visit this shop again when I need a new bag. Thank you Pat, for a fantastic buying experience!
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MEDIA CONTACT: Michelle Jeffers
(415) 557-4282; firstname.lastname@example.com
October 18, 2010
Parkside Branch Library Reopens November 6
First Branch Library in San Francisco Built to LEED Silver Environmental Standards
San Francisco Public Library celebrates the reopening of the renovated Parkside Branch Library on Saturday, Nov. 6 – the first branch library designed and built to silver certification standards under the U.S. Green Building Council's Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) rating system.
The grand reopening celebration kicks off with Chinese lion dancers at the renovated branch at 1200 Taraval Street at 22nd Avenue. Festivities begin at 1 p.m. Library services start at 2 p.m. A ribbon cutting ceremony will be held with City Librarian Luis Herrera, State Senators Leland Yee and Mark Leno, Supervisor Carmen Chu, Department of Public Works Director Ed Reiskin and other city and state officials.
"We are thrilled to complete this innovative renovation project to serve as a model of sustainability for future libraries as well as an educational and inspirational green resource for our users," said City Librarian Luis Herrera. "The Parkside Branch will also be a welcome return of a well-used and beloved library that can now provide greatly improved accessibility, updated technology and the dedicated space for the children, teens and adults in this diverse neighborhood."
The remarkable renovation project - the 15th completed library in the Branch Library Improvement Program - transforms a mid-century modern branch library into a model of sustainable construction. As with all library projects in the program, the Parkside Branch Library renovation priorities includes making the branch seismically safe, fully accessible, and technologically updated. The renovation was designed by THA Architecture, Inc. of Portland, Oregon and Karin Payson A+D of San Francisco and the total project cost approximately $4.7 million.
"We build and renovate City facilities to the highest achievable standards," said Department of Public Works Director Ed Reiskin. "The Parkside branch is the first of ten upcoming library projects that will meet a LEED Silver or greater rating consistent with the City's long term sustainability goals."
Among the key environmental features of the library are:
The architects took great care to preserve the modernist characteristics of the single-story, ranch-style building while bringing the facility into the 21st century in terms of seismic safety, energy conservation, accessibility to all users and changes in library service. Highlights of the renovation include a small addition, new accessible restrooms and entry ramps, seismic upgrading, technological updating, new furnishings, large new teen area, updated children's section, a refreshed books and materials collection, and a beautifully landscaped outside patio.
Over the past two years, Friends of the San Francisco Public Library has been working in partnership with neighborhood residents and communities to raise funds, awareness and support for the branch improvements. Friends, together with the Parkside Library Campaign Committee, will contribute approximately $500,000 towards the branch renovations to pay for furnishings, fixtures and equipment - expenses not covered by the bond. For more information on how to support the Parkside Library Campaign, please contact Marian Chatfield-Taylor at (415) 626-7512 ext. 103 or email@example.com.
For more information about the Parkside Branch Library's opening celebration, please call (415) 557-4277, or visit www.sfpl.org.
Building better libraries for stronger communities.


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What people are saying - Write a review
Review: I, The AboriginalUser Review - Kelli - Goodreads
awesome! This is the story of a traditional Aborigine told by Douglas Lockwood. It was written in 1962 and tells of this guys life and that of his family. Read full review
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Easy as ABC: One-room school transformed
ADDRESS: 1314 Reas Ford Road
BUILDING: 1,264 fin. sq. ft.
LAND: 2.01 acres
NEIGHBORHOOD: Earlysville
CURB APPEAL: 7 of 10
LISTED BY: Donna Goings of Prudential Charlotte Ramsey 296-7171 or 981-9367
There's lots of real estate activity out on Reas Ford Road, undoubtedly because of the mountain views. This little schoolhouse-turned-farmhouse is no exception. Distant mountains make the sweep of backyard one of its strongest selling points.
The house itself is pretty straightforward. It served the community until the mid-'40s as the one-room "Lone Pine School." According to the agent, a Morris family owned much of the land on Route 660 on this side of Woodlands Road, and after its stint as a schoolhouse the place became a tenant house for workers on the Morris spread. The current owner's wife grew up in the house and worked for the family.
Sometime after the '40s, an addition was hitched to the back that added a bathroom, kitchen, and large room used over the years variously as den, dining room, or (now) bedroom. Originally, the occupants relied on a woodstove for cooking as well as heat, and the evidence of its connection is still apparent in one of three chimneys in the house– between that large room and the kitchen.
Only one of the chimneys is working– it serves a wood-burning fireplace in the living room in the original front part of the house. Two bedrooms have been carved out of what was probably the school's original "one room," making a grand total of two bedrooms, living room, dining room, small bath, and kitchen. A large covered cement back porch on the side of the house undoubtedly provides welcome extra "spread-out" space in good weather for suppers or just relaxing in a rocker.
There are some nice touches here, as would be expected of a house of this vintage: oak floors, the longest claw-foot tub we've ever seen (it must be five or six feet long), a large magnolia tree and grapevines in the yard, and a standing-seam metal roof. Out in the backyard is a large shed with two pony stalls and another claw-foot tub for watering the steeds.
Surprises in a house so old are higher-than-you'd-expect ceilings (with fans in most rooms), closets in the bedrooms, a useful pantry off the dining room, and pretty red tile around the hearth. The aluminum windows are double-hung, and the septic tank, lines, oil tank, and furnace were all replaced within the last two years.
The recently reduced price is another incentive, perhaps offsetting the close-to-a-busy road location and the unfortunate potential for the views to be interrupted by development of surrounding lots.
Buying an older property is always a bit of a gamble, since one never knows what might be lurking beneath carpeting or within walls or planned for next door. Having a place in a reasonably close-in location at a manageable price (by Albemarle standards), makes the risk here a little more palatable.
And then– if money's no object– there's always the possibility of buying up the surrounding tracts for protection, enlarging the current modest house to today's palatial standards, or even knocking down the old school and starting from scratch.
It's not exactly "unlimited potential," but it's something pretty nice to work with.


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MILLEDGEVILLE, Ga. – With a Peach Belt Conference (PBC) Championship hanging on the results of the three-game set, the Georgia College baseball team (28-28, 18-9 PBC) got things started on the right foot, pounding out a 19-2 victory over No. 5 Armstrong (35-11, 19-9 PBC) Saturday at John Kurtz Field.
The Pirates scored the first two runs of the game in the second, then GC countered with 19 unanswered scores. The sixth and seventh innings were the most fruitful, as the Bobcats put up 13 over those two frames.
Lost in the offense was a gem by lefty starter Mike Guinane (Glenview, Ill.). The junior (3-6) recorded his second complete game of the year, fanning 11 and allowing just two runs on six hits. The 11 strikeouts are the most by Guinane in a Bobcat uniform, and the most put up by a Bobcat pitcher since Martin Dewald (2009-10) struck out 13 against Armstrong May 1, 2010.
Five Bobcat batters recorded three hits each, as the 5-6-7 starters in the order went a combined 12-for-17 with five RBI and 10 runs. Catcher Benton Yaun (Marietta, Ga.) was 3-for-5 with three RBI and two runs, while first baseman Clay Ardeeser (Loganville, Ga.) mimicked the hitting numbers, adding three runs and an RBI. Rightfielder Bryce Williams (Manhattan, Kan.) continued a torrid pace with a 3-for-3 day, including three runs and an RBI triple.
Second baseman Jeremy Donaldson (Winder, Ga.) was 3-for-4 with three runs, and leadoff man Tanner Funk (Kearney, Mo.) was 3-for-6 with two RBI and two runs. Third baseman Travis Echols (Suwanee, Ga.) had his lone hit go for a two-run home run in the seventh, his sixth of the season.
The 19 runs was the second most GC has put up this season, behind the 23 against Clark-Atlanta University Feb. 15. The 20 hits are also the second most this year, behind 22 at the University of Montevallo March 25.
Prior to the game, the Bobcat Athletic Department honored GC baseball's nine seniors. Funk, Echols, Yaun, Matt Kaplan (Alpharetta, Ga.), Patrick Daugherty (Kennesaw, Ga.) – who drove in three runs, Josh Young (Lake Havasu City, Ariz.) – who added a sacrifice fly, Walker McKinven (Lake Bluff, Ill.), Derek McGowan (Raytown, Mo.), and Chris George (Woodstock, Ga.).
The Bobcats finish the three-game set with the Pirates with a doubleheader tomorrow, April 29 at 1 p.m. If GC can pull off the sweep, it takes the 2012 PBC Championship.
The Georgia College Department of Athletics, two-time winners of the PBC Commissioner's Cup, sponsors 10 varsity athletic programs at the NCAA Division II level. As a Division II program, Bobcat Athletics prides itself on balancing the life of the student-athlete, evidenced by the teams' multiple appearances in post-season competition as well as documented academic success and community-service involvement. Sign up at www.twitter.com/BobcatSports and www.facebook.com/gcbobcats for up-to-the-minute reports, and visit www.GCBobcats.com for more information, and to nominate your favorite former Bobcats and Colonials to the GC Athletics Hall of Fame.


text:
Administration of Insurance Regulation in Virginia
Administrative Letters:
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Administrative Actions:
Use the Commission's
Docket Search
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Select the option "Search Cases" at the top of the page. Search options are available
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NOTE: Documents filed prior to April 2002 will not be displayed.
If you need certified documents or documents filed prior to 2002, please contact
the Document Control Center of the Offic of the Clerk of the Commission at (804)


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6 / Deathnext theme
Death is one of the few experiences common to all people and all societies. But how different people have conceived of death and how those conceptions have shaped their behaviors and practices has varied over time and across cultures. Through art, people have expressed attitudes toward death that are in some respects universal, while in others personally and culturally specific. They have, moreover, used a wide range of objects, images, and structures to negotiate the processes of aging and dying, grieving, and commemorating.


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Just before the beginning of the trial of Marvin McClendon for the execution-style murders of Joe Shoemake and Bobby Walters in Laurel, Mississippi, media interest in the case intensified.
McClendon's attorney was trumpeting his defense theory on the radio, in the newspapers, even on television -- that Walters and Shoemake, as gay men, were likely to have HIV, which made their picking up McClendon in their truck tantamount to stalking him with a loaded gun, and which therefore justified their murders as self-defense. The press, for the most part, focused on the "novelty" of the defense attorney's HIV-related justifiable homicide defense.
No one reported the sordid details of the trial. The centerpiece of the defense's case was the subpoena-compelled testimony of seven of the murdered men's gay friends, including Shoemake's and Walters' surviving partners. The defense attorney questioned each man about the details of their social and sexual relationships with Walters and Shoemake, about whether they or the victims had brought home "blacks" or "Mexican men" for sex, about whether they had ever watched each other having sex with such men, about whether they knew or had heard anything about the victims' HIV status. The prosecution objected to this testimony, but the judge allowed all of it in as relevant to the issue before the jury: the guilt of Marvin McClendon, who shot Bobby Walters through the eye, and shot Joe Shoemake through the temple.
In arguing that the postmortem HIV antibody test results of these men also should be admitted into evidence, the defense attorney insisted that if one of the victims had HIV, "he was out not only to gratify some licentious depraved sexual desire" but also, in effect, to commit murder.
Ignoring the complete absence of legal support for the admission into evidence of the test results, the judge allowed them.
In his closing argument, the defense attorney told the jury that they were "the bastions of protection from this kind of thing for the citizens of the United States," that the case really was about "people trying to satisfy ... their base, depraved desires at the expense of another person." Then he closed by reading from the Bible, of how men who "did shameful things with men" received "the penalty for their perversity."
The defense attorney shamelessly pushed every fear and hate button he could finger, confident that the "average" Jones County resident would find the fact of these two men's sexual orientation, and the sex lives of gay men, so repulsive that they would find their murder justifiable.
But something happened in the process. The assistant prosecutor, an admitted conservative initially uncomfortable even with the words to describe our community, began to talk about a hurtful, and similar, local history of racial and religious prejudice and segregation, and voiced his outrage that a defense would be attempted through a wholesale condemnation of an entire community. The defense attorney countered with his disgust at the attempt to compare his tactics to racial or religious prejudice against other groups, conjuring up a depiction of Bobby Walters and Joe Shoemake, and their friends, as somehow less than human. But he underestimated a quality of most communities -- a durable capacity for decency.
The jurors' guilty verdict was an eloquent refutation of the assumption that the citizens of Laurel could find morality in murder if the victims were gay and one had HIV. The trial itself offered a powerful lesson about hate, fear and prejudice -- how some will always use it against us, but how wrong we can be to assume without a fight that any community will respond more readily to bias than to tolerance and justice.
Catherine Hanssens is the AIDS Project Director at Lambda Legal Defense and Education Fund, a national organization committed to achieving the full recognition of the civil rights of lesbians, gay men, and people with HIV/AIDS through impact litigation, education, and public policy work.
This article is an excerpt from the Summer 1995 edition of The Lambda Update, the tri-annual newsletter of Lambda Legal Defense and Education Fund.


text:
Little Boy Shocks Guitar Store Owner With His Amazing Voice [VIDEO]
Check out this unbelievable video that just hit the web today. This kid is going to be an overnight superstar by this time tomorrow. Remember — you saw it here first. Apparently his name is Brendan MacFarlane, but not sure how old he is.


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May 25, 2012, 2:31 pm
"Breaking Pointe" aims to reveal the lifts, tilt and grit beyond the tutus in ballet
We've seen the wear-and-tear of cha-cha rehearsals during "Dancing With the Stars." We've witnessed the meltdowns in front of mirrors during hip-hop practice sessions on "So You Think You Can Dance." We're well aware of the blistered feet, pulled muscles and bruised egos en route to looking graceful on the dance floor.
What we haven't yet seen is the classical side of the TV reality-show dance competition. The Arabesques, grand jetes and battles at the barre. Plus the griping and sniping that go with those pretty moves.
The CW hopes to change all that with the introduction of "Breaking Pointe," a ballet reality series featuring dancers with the Ballet West company in Salt Lake City.


text:
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Simply put, your goals are at the heart of what we do. It's what motivated Edward Temple to start our company in 1879. It's what continues to drive us today. We believe everyone can make progress with the right partner."
Dan Houston
Chairman, president, and CEO


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If you are looking for pricing information or are ready to place an order, please contact your local distributor using Sun's Authorized Distributor Network page for a quick response. Sun Hydraulics does not provide pricing information.
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Search the KVR Audio Product Database
(Plug-ins, Hosts & Apps)
Advanced SearchThere are numerous options - NOT ALL COMBINATIONS WILL WORK TOGETHER.
Try to use as few restrictions as possible to obtain the most results.
Or you can view All Plug-ins / Hosts / Apps On One Page!
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Vintage Simply String Essential String Expansion$29.99Was $29.99; Save $10.00 until 31 Dec 2019
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The company employs 200 people at three manufacturing facilities in South Carolina and Nevada
Agru America, headquartered in Georgetown, S.C., has completed its 25th year in business. The company, which began with a polypropylene pipe plant in Massachusetts in 1988, today employs 200 people at three manufacturing facilities located in Georgetown, S.C.; Andrews, S.C.; and Fernley, Nev.
The company began as a 50/50 joint venture in Canton, Mass., and another 50/50 Henderson, Nev.-based joint venture as Serrot Intl. producing geomembranes. The company expanded in 1992 to geomembrane production at the Massachusetts location. The manufacturing facility and headquarters were relocated in January 1996 to their current home in Georgetown, S.C.
"When reflecting back to when I joined Agru America, I'm overwhelmed with a sense of gratitude and respect for the company owners, Gruber Sr. and Mag. Gruber Jr., and their continued vision and support for the growth of Agru America," stated Robert Johnson, president since November 1997 after joining the organization in 1995. "The company is one of the top suppliers of geosynthetic materials, a position for which we're grateful, proud and blessed."
Agru America is the only U.S. manufacturer using the flat die extrusion calendered process to produce smooth and structured geomembranes for the U.S. and international civil, environmental and mining markets. By extruding materials in-house, Agru is able to manufacture high-quality, one-layer products with surface structures such as spikes and studs as well as multi-layer and colored extrusion sheets.
Agru America expanded its manufacturing capabilities and product range with the acquisition of assets of the Performance Fabrics and Fibers plant in Andrews, S. C., in January 2012 supplying textiles to the civil, environmental, mining, bedding and automotive markets.
Agru America is part of Alois Gruber GmbH, a family-owned business since 1948 with production facilities in Austria, the U.S., Germany, China and India, and distribution in over 80 countries worldwide.


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So, do you guys consider these type of products open source hardware?
I think your commingling two different subjects.1. Legal conditions of the licence, does it give everyone the 'right' to copy the design? If yes, then it is open source hardware in my opinion.2. Ease of replication, does it provide all the information to make copying easier? This item doesn't define if it's open source or not, just how much effort one needs to put forth to replicate the design.
I understand your idea about "spirit". IMHO the schematics are more important than the CAD files. What exactly would you mean with "better" products if you rule out "cheaper" as an improvement?
Just for the sake of argument. Would you consider my Blinkenlight Shield https://shop.ruggedcircuits.com/index.php?main_page=product_info&cPath=4&products_id=47? Would you consider my documentation http://www.blinkenlight.net detrimental or helpful?My hope is that it will promote the community. Still I would consider my license terms (CC BY-NC-SA) not exactly open source. My choice of license is exactly designed to avoid what you describe. If I would make it completely open I would have to accept what you describe. This way there are still loopholes but at least I have a slim theoretical chance to avoid commercial exploitation by others. If I would make it completely open source I would have to accept that others can and probably will exploit it.What do you think?
I always thought open meant that you could use whatever they provided in your project. If they provide the schematic, that what you can use. If they provide the CAD files, then you can use them. Whatever they provide is fair to use. If you carry this too far people will be expecting you to provide the software to read the CAD files, the computer to run it on and a person to type in the commands.Take what they provide in the spirit they provide it.
the open hardware community is less mature, and doesn't have people like Eric S. Raymond and Richard Stallman pushing for recognition of a set of stated principles.


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705REUR-00, Double Push Radio PA Device Incorporating Belt Clip.
Eaton Security
The leading solution for intruder detection systems from Eaton's portfolio of technologies designed to save lives. Our product range includes the renowned Menvier and Scantronic product lines with over 60 years combined experience.
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For more information, visit www.eaton.com.


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The head of the American Benefits Council has come out against cuts in federal 2015 Medicare Advantage plan funding.
President James Klein says reductions in support for private alternatives could hurt employer retiree benefits programs.
Some employers use group Medicare Advantage plans to provide retiree health benefits, Klein writes in a letter to Marilyn Tavenner, administrator of the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services.
The group Medicare Advantage plans give retirees more choices, lower out-of-pocket costs, and more care coordination, Klein writes.
"We are particularly concerned that additional rate cuts could result in higher costs and less choice for retirees," Klein writes.
The Medicare Advantage program lets carriers provide private alternatives to the traditional CMS Medicare program.
Carriers expect CMS to release preliminary program payment rates Feb. 21.
CMS cut Medicare Advantage program support 6.7 percent for 2014.
America's Health Insurance Plans predicted that imposing a similar funding cut in 2015 would lead to an average of $35 to $75 per month in premium increases and benefits reductions per enrollee.
Jonathan Blum, the Medicare program directory, reported at a hearing in February 2013 that the program was paying about 4 percent more for Medicare Advantage enrollees than for traditional enrollees. The gap was down from 14 percent a few years earlier, but members of the Obama administration and some members of Congress have promoted efforts to eliminate the gap altogether.
When budget analysts put out estimates of the effects of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act on the federal deficit, they assumed CMS would eliminate the difference between Medicare Advantage program funding and traditional plan funding.
See also:


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Asian Americans and Diabetes
The root of the problem
"Traditional Asian cooking is generally low in fat and high in fiber, so it is not hard to introduce healthy cooking strategies to Asian American patients," Cheung states. Instead, "it's the industrialization of Asian countries that causes dietary shifts—people prefer to eat processed foods that are higher in fat, calories, and even higher in sodium," she explains. This shift from traditional cooking to mainly processed foods means fewer healthy food choices, and ultimately, changes in diet that significantly impact health.
Body composition differences
According to Cheung, important studies that look at prevention and treatment for people with type 2 diabetes use Caucasian patients primarily. "Due to differences in body size, physiology and cultural differences between Asians and Caucasians, results may not be applicable to Asians," she states. A classic example of this, she says, is the body mass index (BMI). "At a lower BMI, Asians tend to accumulate more body fat compared to Caucasians," which she says underscores the need for different BMI thresholds for Asian American patients.
Weight gain isn't a symptom for many Asians with type 2 diabetes
A telltale symptom of type 2 diabetes is weight gain, but for many Asian Americans, this symptom simply does not appear. The result is that fewer Asian Americans are screened for type 2 diabetes. However, Cheung states that many of the other symptoms type 2 diabetes produces are still present—thirst, frequent urination, and unexplained fatigue. Because weight gain is not often a symptom Asian Americans with type 2 diabetes exhibit, many doctors do not link the other symptoms presented to diabetes, and many remain undiagnosed.
At the Asian American Diabetes Initiative (AADI) at The Joslin Diabetes Center, doctors and dietitians specialize in treating diabetes in Asian Americans, which means an emphasis on culturally sensitive care and nutrition therapy that acknowledges differences.
Patient perspectives on diabetes care
Cheung says that many Asian American patients think treating diabetes means following a specific regimen for a period of time to cure the disease. They believe that certain herbs or Chinese medicines can address the cause of the disease, while western medicine only relieves the symptoms. "Often, these patients will concurrently seek alternative medications or eat large amounts of certain foods--such as pumpkin and bitter melon--while taking their prescribed medications," she states.
When working with patients, Cheung teaches them to think about food differently, and once they've learned more about what foods they can eat, "Most are happy and excited that they actually do not have as much restriction to their diet as they originally thought," Cheung states.
Cheung says that many Asian patients refuse the initial consultation with a dietitian because they don't understand the role of nutrition in managing their diabetes, and adhere to the traditional view that characterizes physicians as the only experts in treating the disease. "I usually spend the first ten minutes of our consultation explaining how certain foods will allow their medication to work better," Cheung states.
Carbohydrate education is followed by a discussion about healthy proteins and fats. Once nutrition education has been completed, Cheung says patients begin to feel comfortable and knowledgeable about choosing healthy food options, and controlling type 2 diabetes.
For more information about the Asian American Diabetes Initiative, please visit http://aadi.joslin.harvard.edu, or call 309-3444.
Page last updated: November 07, 2019


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I've followed (from a distance) the debate on the copyright-related provisions of the Digital Economy Bill. I find the House of Lords debate on such causes unnecessary stress, although I'm somewhat doubtful about the legislation ever finding its way onto the statute book, given the approaching general election and the length that the HL stage is taking (note that this legislation started there, so has yet to even trouble the elected house. However, I've been jolted into action by the frankly bizarre response of the Bill's proposers to the initial criticism regarding the impact of the Bill on wireless/wifi networks. The Open Rights Group sets out the earlier stages of this sub-issue and the most recent developments here, and Lilian Edwards (who has been following it) has already analysed these questions very well indeed. The document referred to in this post is Factsheet B2, available here in .doc.
Now I have a bit of prior interest in this area, and it's only fair to point it out. I wrote an overview of a bundle of legal issues, published in 2009 here. At the time, I was a little concerned (and mentioned in passing) about this issue of responsibility for the actions of others using the network. It formed part of the broader theme (which was amplified in contemporary press coverage) that wireless networks play an important social role in providing access to underserved groups and thinking about Internet use as something beyond a way in which ISPs make money. I suggested that there might be some conflict between defining the admin of a wireless network as a customer of an ISP (subscriber) or as the operator of another provider (public electronic communications network). There are advantages and disadvantages either way. The Bill, though, seems to take this doubt, refuse to answer it, and throw in some previously-unknown restrictions that I would now argue are a serious threat to the development of open networks that I did not then anticipate. This is not to suggest that I had any great insight – quite the opposite, I feel as if my crystal ball needs an upgrade. That said, on with business.
The current state of play is that the Government is not prepared to consider exemptions. The argument is a rather ignorant one that an exemption e.g. for libraries would lead to abuse of the exemption and even fake institutions taking advantage of it.
We have considered the extent to which an exemption might be provided in the legislation. We cannot give blanket exemptions for any such establishment. This would send entirely the wrong signal and could lead to "fake" organisations being set up, claiming an exemption and becoming a hub for copyright infringement. Similarly existing establishments might simply ignore the issue of copyright infringement (or treat as "too difficult") and allow users to infringe copyright with effective immunity.
This is a little surprising, given the range of existing special provisions and exemptions in the law for libraries; the Copyright, Designs & Patents Act 1988 contains stacks of them. Presumably on the Government's new view they should all be repealed forthwith. Great.
Furthermore, it's also being suggested that operators of open wifi be required to put in place untested, burdensome and potentially pointless restrictions such as peer-to-peer blocking, commercial filtering software, and terms and conditions for users. Registration is also suggested – just like pay-as-you-go mobiles, the intention to have a complete record of users is clear. This is putting in place restrictions that are not currently required under UK law. Filtering software is not a legal requirement in this jurisdiction nor should it be. Effectively requiring it for cafes, universities and libraries – at the very time that we are suggesting that the future is based around Internet delivery of everything from video news to Government services – is absurd. Surely a system like this will lead to an environment where there are fewer open networks and those that remain being crippled. The presumption in the new proposals is that the best network is a closed network – indeed, one idea is that admins be sent instructions on how to secure the network. I am, as I mentioned above, already associated with the anti-closed network view, but I accept that there are complex arguments here. That said, this is something that should be considered in full, rather than as a subset of a subset of a copyright debate. If wireless networks are to be controlled, this should not be achieved through the nod and wink approach of allowing open networks but forcing those who provide them to change the essence of Internet access through the threat of liability for supposed copyright infringement. Given that the Government refuses to say what the status of the wifi admin is, it's far too early to decide what their responsibilities are, especially when the net result of those responsibilities is a dystopian vision of the version of the Web used in primary schools. I'll leave the final word to the document, which appears confused as to whether it is a legal proposal, a statement of fear, or a sales pitch for software:
Wireless connections are harder to secure. It is straightforward to limit use to only authorised users – via a password or by registering the PCs that can access. Access might also be limited to particular times of the day. Preventing authorised users from miss-using a connection is more difficult. One option is to route all traffic via a proxy server which does not support or allow (eg) use of file-sharing technologies. Another is to place similar restrictions on the router.
The "Get Safe Online" website (http://www.getsafeonline.org/) – supported by HMG and Ofcom – lists three companies who provide filters and software which can block or filter content and who can also block the use of P2P programmes: Cybersitter, Net Nanny, and Cyberpatrol.
It also provides a link through to other sites such as GetNetWise.org which lists and evaluates a wider range of products including BSafe, Safe Eyes, ChildSafe and Cybersentinel.
These products typically cost in the region of US$40 (about £30) and allow the user to block the most popular P2P applications such as: Bit Torrent, eMule, Gnutella, Kazaa, Morpheus, and Limewire.


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Escobar notches two hits in first start
BALTIMORE -- Eduardo Escobar made his first start of the year at shortstop against the Orioles on Friday, replacing regular shortstop Pedro Florimon and batting ninth.
Escobar responded by going 2-for-4 with an RBI single in Minnesota's 9-5 loss and is hitting .500 (3-for-6) so far this season.
Manager Ron Gardenhire insisted the move was simply to get Escobar playing time and not because Florimon made two errors in the club's opening series against the Tigers. With Escobar starting, only outfielders Wilkin Ramirez and Darin Mastroianni have yet to start a game this season.
"We have to mix it up a little bit and get everybody some at-bats," Gardenhire said. "At some point this weekend Ramirez will probably get a start. Mastroianni isn't ready yet, but we're using him the best we can. Everybody needs to play and we wanted to get Escobar in there."
Florimon fared well at the plate in the three-game series against the Tigers, hitting .375 (3-for-8) with a double and two RBIs. Although he made two errors on routine plays at shortstop, Gardenhire said he hasn't lost faith in the 26-year-old shortstop after just three games.
"It was a little bit rough out there," Gardenhire said. "I don't make excuses for players, but the weather has been rough and it's been cold. He's from Latin America, where he's not used to that cold weather, so I don't know if that had an effect on him catching the ball or what. We saw him play really well all spring."


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- Check-in/check-out
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What are the hotel check-in and check-out times?
Check-in is from 2.30pm and check-out is at 11am.
If I arrive early will my room be ready?
If you'd like to check-in early please request this when booking or by calling 020 7702 2020. We offer luggage storage so if you arrive before your room is ready, you can leave your bags at reception and head out for the day. This also applies if you would like to leave luggage after check out and collect later in the day. Unfortunately, due to availability, we can't guarantee an early check-in.
What are reception hours?
Reception is open 24 hours a day.
Reservations and cancellations
Is there any availability or offers on the dates I'm searching for?
Our website booking engine is the best way to search for live availability and up to date prices. You can search for the dates you have in mind and if there is no availability, a calendar view is offered to help you find the closest dates available.
If you have any issues finding availability or booking, call our reservations team on 0800 049 8000 or email firstname.lastname@example.com.
How do I make changes or cancel my reservations?
If you would like to amend or cancel your booking please check your cancellation terms which can be found on your email confirmation, amendments may be subject to a charge. Any amendments or enquiries can be made by emailing firstname.lastname@example.com or calling 0800 049 8000. You can also amend a booking online.
If you have booked through a third party such as Expedia or Booking.com please contact them directly to make cancellations or amendments.
Room information
What facilities are available in each room?
Please see the room type pages for more details by clicking here.
Can I request a view or specific room?
Requests for specific views, rooms and floors can be detailed at time of booking or by calling reservations on 0800 049 8000, and although we do our best to accommodate, these requests are not guaranteed to be fulfilled due to the availability of rooms.
How many people can stay in each room and can teenagers have their own room?
Children under 18 must be accompanied by an adult staying in the same room. The hotel does have sofa beds and cots available to accommodate extra guests. If you would like to add an extra bed, please call our reservations team on 0800 049 8000 who can assist in choosing an available room.
Room detail pages give information on bed size and twin configurations available by clicking here.
What is your child policy?
In addition to our policy on number of children in rooms. Children under 17 stay and children under 12 stay and eat for free at all Apex Hotels. Find more info on this policy here.
Are small pets allowed in the hotel?
For the comfort of all guests, we don't allow any pets to stay in our hotels with the exception of guide dogs. Please call our reservations team on 0800 049 8000 for advice on booking an accessible room.
Can I smoke in my room?
The UK has a Smoke Free Law in place which prohibits smoking in workplaces, cars and confined public spaces. Although hotel rooms are exempt from this, for the comfort and safety of all guests, we do not allow smoking or vaping in any part of the hotel including rooms. There are designated smoking areas which can be advised by our reception team.
Which toiletries are in the rooms?
All our rooms include complimentary Elemis toiletries for your use throughout your stay.
Is the hotel easily accessible with a wheelchair?
All our hotels and restaurants are fully accessible by wheelchair. Our friendly team will be happy to assist you throughout your stay.
Does the hotel have disabled access rooms?
Yes, all our hotels have disabled access rooms. Please call our reservations team on 0800 049 8000 to book an appropriate room for your requirements.
Special offers and loyalty programme
Is there any availability or offers on the dates I'm searching for?
Our website booking engine is the best way to search for live availability. You can search for the dates you have in mind and if there is no availability, a calendar view is offered to help you find the closest dates available.
If you have any issues finding availability or booking, our reservations team can help you make a booking. You can call them on 0800 049 8000.
All current offers can be found here. All offers are subject to availability, use the calendar view to help find availability. Please note, there will be times where offers will be only appear in the booking engine when you use the url given on an offer page, email or other advertising.
Do you offer a loyalty programme?
Yes, but our corporate loyalty programme is no longer accepting new members.
Transport and parking
How do I get to the hotel?
You'll find directions and transport options here.
Does the hotel have a car park?
The nearest parking to Apex of City of London Hotel is at 1 Shorter Strett, London, E1 8LP. Find out more about transport options.
How do I book breakfast?
Breakfast can be added online at the time of booking or by calling 0800 049 8000. If you book direct with us, you can add breakfast to your stay when you book online. You can also make your booking by calling our reservations team and adding breakfast to your stay that way. Full English breakfast costs £15.50 per person and includes both cooked and continental options. Continental only breakfast costs £12.50 per person.
Do you have gluten free menus?
Our menus include some gluten-free dishes (subject to availability). We recommend guests following a gluten-free diet to notify us in advance so that specific items, such as gluten-free bread, can be provided. For further information on our menus, please email our reception team at: email@example.com
Lost property
Who do I contact for lost property?
If you believe you have lost property in the hotel, please contact reception on 020 7702 2020 as soon as possible with your booking details and description of what you've lost.
Apex suppliers and laundry
Do you offer a laundry service?
Yes, we offer laundry services for our guests. Please contact reception on 020 7702 2020 for more information and pricing.
I've had the best nights' sleep of my life. Where can I purchase the Apex duvet and pillows?
The Soft Bedding Company supply Apex Hotels with pillows and duvets and Mattison supply mattresses to all hotels. Mattress protectors are Egyptian cotton, duvets are duck feather & down, pillows are goose feather & down and we have microfiber available on request at reception. Where used, mattress toppers are poly cotton with hollow fibre filling.
Jobs and careers
Where can I find information about Apex Hotels jobs and careers?
Our careers website is full of information on vacancies. You'll find the information you need to apply with contact email addresses of our HR team who can assist. If you would like to upload your C.V for future opportunities, you should also visit this website.
Third sector support
Can Apex Hotels support my charity event?
We love to see our partners and guests supporting charities close to their hearts. For this reason, we have nominated a charity this year. We focus our fundraising efforts and donations to this charity and unfortunately due to the high number of requests we get cannot offer donations elsewhere. To hear more about the charities we have been supporting, follow us on Facebook and Twitter where we post updates.