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MS Grand Rose
- All Inclusive
Elegant and sophisticated, the MS Grand Rose offers a taste of understated luxury. Whether you are setting off to explore the sites or simply wiling away the hours to the sound of water lapping gently against the bow, you will enjoy first class service from the experienced and attentive crew. All the cabins are tastefully furnished and offer a stunning Nile view. The sun deck is perfect for topping up your tan as you sail the Nile. And as the sun slips beneath the horizon, enjoy a cocktail in the Tulip bar before dining in style at the ship's excellent Jasmin restaurant. MS Grand Rose is available to book as Nile Cruise or as a Cruise & Stay package.
Food and drink
Jasmin restaurant: serving international buffet breakfast, lunch and dinner, plus a weekly set menu "Captain's Dinner".
Tulip lounge bar: serving snacks and cocktails. It's also home to the evening disco
Sun deck bar: cooling drinks and snacks
Swimming Pool
Sun deck with swimming pool.
Sun loungers, parasols and towels are provided.
Sports and leisureLive evening entertainment - includes music, shows & belly dancing
Fitness equipment
Table tennis
Plus, at extra charge:
Additional servicesAt extra charge unless stated
24 hour room service
Laundry service
Souvenir shop
Christmas & New Year gala dinners
Technical dataRegistered: German Lloyd Certification GmbH
Built: 2005
Refurbished: 2010
Length: 72 m
Width: 15 m
Height: 14 m
Decks: 5
Cabins: 60 + 2 Suites
Your cabin
All cabins are exterior cabins with Nile views. They have double or twin beds, bath with shower, WC, air conditioning (seasonal), satellite TV, safe and hairdryer. There is a telephone and mini-bar, both at extra charge.
Standard Cabins have a cosy lounge area, large Nile view window, and sleep 2 adults.
Middle Deck and Upper Deck cabins feature larger, panoramic windows. Sleep 2 adults.
Suites have a larger open-plan lounge area and additional panoramic window. Sleep 2 adults.
Child age: 2-11 years
Official Rating: ★★★★★
What's included in the price
Your All Inclusive° package includes:
Fully-guided itinerary with 10 free excursions
Buffet breakfast and lunch
Buffet or set menu dinner
Tea, coffee, cakes and snacks
Soft and local alcoholic drinks by the glass – 10.00 to 24.00
Activities and entertainment as listed
°Some facilities, bars and menu items not included as part of your All Inclusive package may incur extra charges locally.
*Extra charge, payable locally.
At a glance
- We say: "Smart and sophisticated, cruise the Nile in understated luxury"
- Relaxed atmosphere
- All cabins have Nile view
- Includes fully-guided itinerary
- 360° Virtual Tour


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The Pull handles can help you create a stylish and complete look ,comfortable for you to hold. Fine workmanship make sure they are perfect to use.
- 100% brand new and high quality
- Perfect for your kitchen cabinet, dresser drawer, bookcase, door and so on
- The flower cabinet knob will be supplied complete with 1 screws
- Diameter: Approx. 33mm / 1.29"
- Height: Approx. 27mm / 1.06"
- Thread Hole Diameter : Approx. 4mm / 0.15"
- Screw Length: Approx. 25mm / 0.98"
- Material: Zinc Alloy
- Color: Antique silver
Package Includes:
- 1x Rose Knob with screw
Note: Please be reminded that due to lighting effects and monitor's brightness/contrast settings etc, the color tone of the website's photo and the actual item could be slightly different.

subset: commoncrawl


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Café Calatrava
Bearing the namesake of the world-renowned architect of the Quadracci Pavilion, the café reflects Santiago Calatrava's creativity, quality, and design in everything from the presentation to its delectable cuisine.
The café dining room faces lakeside, with floor to ceiling windows offering spectacular views. An ever-changing menu of contemporary cuisine, including kid-friendly selections, offers a variety of options to satisfy every guest. The café is also equipped to serve buffets and box lunches for tour groups, as well as full-service catering for on-site dinner parties and events. In the spring and summer, the café extends service to its lakefront terrace for dining al fresco.
The menu is always fresh and regularly updated with entrees inspired by the feature exhibition on view. Daily specials are always intriguing and reflect originality and seasonal ingredients.
See lunch menu
Sunday Brunch
Café Calatrava offers Sunday brunch. The à la carte brunch menu features contemporary breakfast and lunch fare, for appetites both hearty and petite.
See brunch menu
Café Calatrava is pleased to cater intimate dinner parties, receptions, private business functions, and weddings. Café Calatrava also features buffets and box lunches for tour groups. Let our experienced staff personalize the details of your event to ensure you and your guests have an enjoyable and memorable experience.
For details on facilities, see rentals.


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After losing the edge to the team that has become their greatest international rival, Pachuca, the Houston Dynamo got the one break they needed in the second half of their biggest match of the season. On what appeared to be an innocent corner kick by Dwayne De Rosario, Craig Waibel flicked on the ball at the near post, and defender Bobby Boswell turned home the first goal of the game en route to a 2-0 win in the SuperLiga 2008 semifinals.
Boswell's second goal of the tournament was the proverbial dagger for defending champion Pachuca, which defeated Houston on penalty kicks at the same stage of SuperLiga a year ago,after also eliminating the MLS Cup holders from the CONCACAF Champions' Cup. Corey Ashe put the game away in the 87th minute when he headed a cross from Brian Mullan into the goal between the left post and Pachuca goalkeeper Miguel Calero.
The Dynamo advance to the SuperLiga final and will play the winner of the Atlante-New England Revolution match that will be played Wednesday in Foxborough, Mass. The final will be played Tuesday, Aug. 5 in either Houston or New England.
Before the Boswell goal, it looked like Pachuca had turned a lackluster first half of play into a dominating performance. The Tuzos had one goal by Gabriel Caballero waved off, because of offside, in the 60th minute and several spectacular chances to take a lead of their own before that.
Houston goalkeeper Pat Onstad, who had not had to make any saves in the game to that point, made back-to-back saves in the 50th minute to set up the Dynamo win. Leobardo Lopez had a great chance after a nice 360-degree spin move, only to be stopped by Onstad. That save set up a corner kick and again it was Lopez that settled a loose ball and fired a point-blank shot into Onstad's chest.
The Dynamo dominated the first half of play, recording at least five quality scoring chances and allowing maybe one. Just 20 seconds into the match, newly signed striker Nate Jaqua made a nifty pass through the Pachuca defense and found striker partner Brian Ching, who shot high.
In the eighth minute, it was De Rosario with the first of three scoring chances for the Canadian international. De Rosario seemed to surprise Calero and everyone else in the stadium with a sneaky shot, but he missed to the left. In the 21st minute, Brian Mullan took a pass from the top of the box and switched from his right foot to his left before sending a shot wide and to the right.
Then, in the 36th minute, De Rosario was stopped point-blank by Calero in what was the save of the match to that point. Ricardo Clark sent a pass to De Rosario from midfield and the uncovered striker took the ball and ran toward the net with fellow forwards Jaqua and Ching creating a three-on-one for the Orange. Arguably, Ching looked to be the better option on the play, but De Rosario fired a shot on goal, and Calero made the save to keep the game scoreless.
Onstad was hardly tested in the opening 45 minutes, but Pachuca got better as the match progressed from start to finish. Yet the Dynamo got the goals they needed to put them on the verge of a first international honor for an MLS club in nearly a decade.
Pachuca featured an injury-free lineup Tuesday night, while the Dynamo had to make do without Richard Mulrooney (knee swelling) and Eddie Robinson (hamstring).
Pachuca vs. Houston Dynamo
July 29, 2008 -- Robertson Stadium, Houston TX
SuperLiga -- Semifinals
Scoring Summary:
HOU -- Bobby Boswell 2 (Craig Waibel 1, Dwayne De Rosario 2) 77
HOU -- Corey Ashe 1 (Brian Mullan 2) 87
Pachuca -- Miguel Calero, Carlos Rodriguez (Luis Montes 70), Leobardo Lopez, Julio Manzur, Fausto Pinto, Juan Rojas, Jaime Correa, Gabriel Caballero (Paul Aguilar 72), Damian Alvarez, Jose Torres (Jose Maria Cardenas 83), Bruno Marioni.
Substitutes Not Used: unavailable.
Houston Dynamo -- Pat Onstad, Craig Waibel, Bobby Boswell, Wade Barrett, Brian Mullan, Geoff Cameron, Ricardo Clark, Dwayne De Rosario (Chris Wondolowski 92+), Brad Davis (Corey Ashe 62), Brian Ching, Nate Jaqua (Kei Kamara 68).
Substitutes Not Used: unavailable.
Misconduct Summary:
PAC -- Jose Torres (caution) 32
PAC -- Leobardo Lopez (caution) 33
HOU -- Ricardo Clark (caution) 36
PAC -- Damian Alvarez (caution) 86
PAC -- Bruno Marioni (caution) 90
PAC -- Paul Aguilar (caution) 94+
Referee: Neil Brizan (T&T)
Referee's Assistants: Darren Clark (CAN); Hector Vergara (CAN)
4th official: Baldomero Toledo
Attendance: 16,679
Weather: Showers-and-89-degrees
All statistics contained in this boxscore are unofficial


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994 members27 Likes
Steve has not received any gifts yet
Hi Steve,
I'm looking for a somewhat strong 3.5 tennis partner to rally with around the lake merritt area. Are you interested/available?
~ Jennifer
Heads up to all of you that live or work on Alameda.
Isis just started a new group for your town:
Join it and help it grow.
Hi Steve, JLS here as well. Let me know if your up for hitting sometime?
What can you do here? At Tennisopolis, you can:
- network with your tennis friends. Invite your tennis friends and build your network now. - meet new players. Here's a primer on how to find partners.
- join a Group. Members have started over 250 Local Groups (and other types of Groups too.) Search for one in your area, or start your own.
- follow the pros. There are over 1100 blog posts on Tennisopolis. Have a good read, or write your own.
- improve your game. Get tips in the Forum and check out video lessons.
- post your own Videos and add your own Photos.
To get started, please upload a photo or avatar for yourself (if you haven't already.) Whether it's of you, your dog, or your racquet it doesn't matter, but it helps people remember you. You can also personalize Your Page with pictures, links, RSS feeds, colors and more here.
Thanks to everyone inviting their friends, we now have over 17,000 members and we're growing by 80 new members a day. Invite yours too!
If you need any help, let me know.
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Decorating and Design Tips from Mary Douglas Drysdale
Designer Mary Douglas Drysdale does traditional with a creative edge
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Mary Douglas Drysdale
Designer Mary Douglas Drysdale is the creative director of Drysdale Design Associates, a full-service interior design firm in Washington, DC. Mary's signature style is all about bridging traditional and modern design concepts, which creates rooms that are both original and timeless. As a result, she delivers classic—yet fresh—design solutions that are appropriate for today's lifestyles.
Focus on One Strong Color
I have found it much easier to use strong, saturated colors if I focus on one hue and use it liberally to cover many surfaces. I often like to combine that strong color with neutrals or other non-competitive hues.
I have also found that classical plans work well with lively color expression. That's because the classical approach to design relies on symmetry, balance, and strong axial relationships. If you think of color as energy, it is better expressed and viewed when the color is balanced in the room without other strong color distractions.
Frame the View
Openings from room to room are most graceful when they accomplish two things. An opening should share a strong relationship with other openings within the space. And the view beyond the opening should be interesting and framed well.
In this room, I added the bookshelves and also changed the opening between the rooms to an arch in order to echo the shape of the bookshelves. The view of the stairs is beautifully framed and invites viewers into the next space.
Consider Millwork and Furniture Together
Millwork adds detail and interest to most any room. But when adding millwork or paneling to a wall, it is important to consider how the furniture to be placed in front of that wall will share the space. We measure each piece of furniture to be used and consider these selections at the time the paneling is designed. When you use this process, there is a clear harmony of proportion.
It's also important to consider how the practical elements such as outlets and switches will appear. I always insist that the electrical elements are placed and then approved by me on the job site. That's because elements that are off-center to the moldings create big distractions.
Respect the Underpinnings of Classical Design
If you choose to approach a project based on classical design, it is important to research the types of columns, moldings and floors appropriate to that style. Unlike Modernist design, classical work is based on highly calibrated theories and approaches that rely on precedent and example. Remarkable beauty is expressed when the principles of classical design are used successfully. But when they are not, a project may communicate awkwardness and an amateur's eye.
Welcome Color in the Kitchen
I love to design kitchens and often suggest that we create finishes outside the most frequently used cabinet colors found on the market today. Unexpected color can transform a kitchen into a much more charming and inviting place in which to spend time. A painted kitchen also feels less utilitarian. And when the kitchen includes dining, a colorful room may translate into a more decorated and fun environment. Yellow is a particularly lovely choice and works so well with blue-and-white china.
Paint a Floor in Lieu of a Rug
I often find that it is difficult to locate the perfect and affordable rug to fit the needs of a given room. Painting or patterning a floor is a terrific solution, because the floor covering can be made to fit the dimensions of any room! And in the hands of a skilled technician, paint offers the opportunity to invent pattern and hone colors that are the perfect complement to almost any decorative scheme.
The key to the success of any scheme is working out the layout before any painting is done. Testing and approving colors before painting begins is also essential. These steps can't be skipped because a lack of planning can always be seen in the final scheme.
Glamourize the Bathroom
Paneling is often thought of in libraries and the more formal rooms, but I love to include paneling in bathrooms. These classical moldings add richness and balance to the room. Also more elegant in my view is the free-standing tub in lieu of a platform tub. In other words, the bathroom should express the mood and tenor of the rest of the architecture of the house. It is not necessary to have an ultra-modern bathroom in a house that expresses a traditional style or is from an earlier time.
Choose Furniture That Multi-Tasks
My absolutely favorite piece of furniture is the traditional secretary. This piece of furniture is like the best assistant or teammate one ever had. The secretary multi-tasks beautifully. It can hide a television. It can act as a desk or sideboard. It can be the single spot that holds envelopes, stamps, business cards, invitations, cook books, and a calendar. A secretary needs to be beautiful when open or closed, while offering useful storage in the space below the drop-down desk top.
In addition to the practical side a secretary lends to any room, these pieces are truly design stars, typically painted with lovely classical or oriental decoration. In my view the secretary is the absolute expression of "useful beauty."
Include Art in Every Room
There is no room in a house that does not benefit from displaying art. Indeed, the balance of art, architecture, and decoration is at the foundation of the way I approach design. Just be careful to place works of art under glass in spaces such as kitchens where fumes and sticky surfaces might damage unprotected pieces.
Warm Up a White Room
I so often hear from my clients that they think of white rooms as cold. But I'd say it depends on the type of white used. A white-white is what I call a blue-white. I prefer to use broken whites (toned-down whites) and always try to make warm, soft and inviting white spaces. With vanilla tones, I will typically add wood tones, lots of texture, and subtle multi-tone white patterns. Warm white rooms eat up these gestures that might be too much when used together in a vivid color. I also find white flowers in a white room charming.
Revive Grandma's Furniture
I often think that my rooms are places where the past meets the present. You can mix reflections of old and new in many ways. One of my favorite ways to begin a scheme is to search the attics and basements of my clients, where I dig up the most interesting things. I like to pair vintage furnishings that look dated (as they are) with colorful and patterned textiles. When reupholstered, these same pieces look distinctive and fresh.
Start with a Patterned Rug
Every decorative scheme starts with what I call a "driver," or the element in a room around which the rest of a decorative scheme is built. Patterned rugs, and especially bold polychrome Orientals (such as my favorite, the Oushak), offer a great way to begin a decorative concept. I never fear developing a scheme around strong color. But I do find that extracting a single rich color from a rug for the major furniture surfaces is preferable to using too many contrasting colors. That single rich color grounds the patterned rug as well as the room.
You can see how Mary updated and freshened a classic Washington, D.C., house in Before and After: Capitol Hill Renovation.
You'll also want to visit Mary's own Web site.


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A 39-year-old man surfing off Surf Beach on California's Central Coast was pronounced dead Tuesday after he was pulled from the water suffering from an apparent shark attack.
A friend pulled the victim onto the sand and started CPR while another surfer called 911. The victim was pronounced dead at the beach, which is about 60 miles northwest of Santa Barbara on Vandenberg Air Force Base (map).
The victim was identified as Francisco Javier Solorio Jr., 39, of nearby Orcutt.
An initial investigation said he was "bitten by the shark in the upper torso area," according to the Santa Barbara County Sheriff's Department.
Solorio was not affiliated with the military base, according to a press release from Vandenberg, which initially said the victim was 38 years old.
Solorio's fatal injury appeared to be a shark bite, and his surf board had "visible signs of bite marks," according to Lt. Erik Raney of the sheriff's department's Santa Maria station.
The sheriff's department did not have details regarding the type of shark involved in the attack but had contacted an expert to confirm the injury, the Vandenberg release stated.
The Vandenberg Air Force Base Fire Department responded to the 911 call at about 11 a.m. Three other males were at the beach at the time of the attack, the sheriff's department said.
In October 2010, a 19-year-old college student was killed in a shark attack off Surf Beach. Lucas Ransom was bodyboarding when he disappeared under the water about 100 yards off shore.
In 2008, a shark bit a surfer's board in the waters off the beach, one of three on the Air Force base.
Surf Beach was closed until further notice Tuesday and base officials were asking the public to avoid the area "due to safety considerations."


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Hierarquia Anatômica
Termos gerais > Osteologia > Esqueleto apendicular > Ossos do membro pelviano > Esqueleto do pé > Ossos dos dedos do pé > Falange média
The middle phalanx (second phalanx, os coronale) is shorter but very similar to the proximal phalanx. It is subdivided in a base with articular facet, a body (shaft) and a head (distal extremity).
In horses, the dorsal articular cavity (fovea articularis) is divided by a sagittal ridge the corresponds to the distal trochlea of the proximal phalanx. Its dorsal border is elevated to form the extensor process and the palmar border is thickened to form a transverse prominence called the flexor tuberosity.


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Old Abe (1861? – March 28, 1881), bald eagle, was the mascot of the 8th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment in the American Civil War and is the screaming eagle mascot depicted on the insignia of the U.S. Army's 101st Airborne Division....That storied creature is for Abe Sauer just some absurdity that Awl readers should laugh at. Laugh at the stupid people in Wisconsin who think there's some meaning embodied in the carcass of a bird.
Company C named the eagle after President Abraham Lincoln, and designed a special perch on which they carried the bird into battle. Old Abe participated in the Second Battle of Corinth (in which the 8th Wisconsin lost half of its men) and the Siege of Vicksburg, among other battles. In battle, Old Abe quickly became legendary, screaming and spreading his wings at the enemy. Confederate troops called him the "Yankee Buzzard" and made several attempts to capture him but never succeeded. Several times he lost feathers to bullets and saw his handlers get shot out from under him. When passing by, Generals Ulysses S. Grant, William T. Sherman, and William Rosecrans were known to doff their hats to the eagle.
In 1864, Old Abe returned to Wisconsin with several veterans who did not reenlist. Nevertheless, he remained famous and was invited to, among other events, the 1880 Grand Army of the Republic National Convention, and the 1876 Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. When not at public events, his caretaker kept him in the Wisconsin State Capitol.
Crushing ignorance from Abe Sauer.
IN THE COMMENTS: "But Old Abe's carcass indeed is gone."


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Week 11 NFL picks: Broncos brush back Chiefs; Panthers get past Pats
While Peyton Manning gets ready to battle the best defense in the AFC, Tom Brady must face the best defense in the NFC. Before their latest passing duel next week, that's the story for this NFL era's two best quarterbacks this week (all times ET):
Game of the Week
Kansas City Chiefs at Denver Broncos (Sunday 8:30 p.m., NBC). The Broncos' offense has looked mortal in recent games, and with every week, there's a little more wear on the 37-year-old body of Manning. The obvious key against Kansas City is protecting him, whether it comes with extra blockers or more quick-hit receivers. Justin Houston and Tamba Hali present tough matchups on the edge, and cornerback Brandon Flowers can handle one of his outside receivers. Darts over the middle to Demaryius Thomas, Wes Welker and Julius Thomas have been staples, and that won't change.
MORE: Ross Tucker's picks | Troy Aikman's Hot Reads | Linemakers: Quants
The real concern is in a game of dinking and dunking, if the Chiefs can find enough firepower of their own. Alex Smith doesn't have any daunting targets, so the Broncos can concentrate their efforts on containing Jamaal Charles in the open field. As they heighten ball security on offense, they also will be dialed in to force takeaways by making Smith fit the ball in tight windows to sustain drives. The Chiefs' formula of winning the turnover battle and playing keep away works well against lesser opponents. But with a limited arsenal, they can't produce the points they need to win on the road. Prediction: Broncos 34, Chiefs 20 | Video preview
MORE: Alex Smith trade perfect | Power rankings | Top week 11 fantasy picks | Podcast
Other Game of the Week
New England Patriots at Carolina Panthers (Monday, 8:40 p.m., ESPN). The Panthers made a statement by stamping out a physical, 10-9 victory in San Francisco. Here's a chance to make a bigger one. While the Niners game was all about the defense vs. defense, this one's on Cam Newton. The Panthers can stop the run and led by linebacker Luke Kuechly, can keep Rob Gronkowski under wraps. Still, because it's Tom Brady, he'll find some matchups with his wide receivers he will like.
That gives Newton, facing a Bill Belichick (post-bye) defense for the first time, to show that he's primetime, too. He's done well to spread the ball around and improved his decision making in 2013, and Carolina's running game will open up shots for big plays against New England's secondary. The arm and confidence are there; this is about the accuracy and execution. Given how much he embraces the big stage, expect a smiling Superman. Panthers 23, Patriots 20 | Video preview
Game of Midweek
Indianapolis Colts 30, Tennessee Titans 27. The Colts got a much-needed backfield spark from Donald Brown (not Trent Richardson) to answer Titans speedster Chris Johnson shooting out of the gate. It was another nice comeback win for Andrew Luck, but for a change, he didn't need to lead the charge alone. (The pick was Colts 20, Titans 16) | Recap
Rematch of the Week
Washington Redskins at Philadelphia Eagles (Sunday 1 p.m., FOX). The Redskins got the first NFL look at Chip Kelly's offense in Week 1, and didn't know what hit them in a 33-27 loss that wasn't as close as it looked. Here's the bad news for Washington. The Eagles now boast a better offense with Nick Foles than they did with Michael Vick, and everything is clicking for Kelly again after a midseason hiccup. The Redskins are more in sync as well, but their defensive problems are just too much for Robert Griffin III to overcome. Also, after 10 consecutive home losses, it's about time Philly fans went home happy. Eagles 34, Redskins 27 | Video preview
Upset of the Week
New York Jets over Buffalo Bills (Sunday 1 p.m., CBS). The Bills have the worse record (3-7) and are only mild home favorites, so this is a chance for the Jets, coming off a bye, to get it right on the road to bolster their wild-card position. Buffalo has been in a bit of freefall as injuries and inefficiency are starting to catch up with the offense. The Jets can take away the run and put all the pressure on E.J. Manuel. Geno Smith won't need to do much as New York's D makes it a sweep. Jets 20, Bills 13 | Video preview
Lock of the Week
Houston Texans over Oakland Raiders (Sunday 1 p.m., CBS). Gary Kubiak is set to return as the Texans' head coach, and that should be a welcome return sight at home. The way Case Keenum has played the past three weeks, it's frustrating how they have let their losing streak extend to seven games. Keenum's gunslinging is ideal to pick apart the Raiders' secondary, and the emotions will carry over to the defense as J.J. Watt turns out the lights. Texans 41, Raiders 14 | Video preview
Rest of the Week
Arizona Cardinals at Jacksonville Jaguars (Sunday 1 p.m., FOX). The Cardinals can't be discounted in the NFC playoff race at 5-4, and just maybe they're providing enough support to help Carson Palmer cut down on the weekly mistakes. The Jaguars, fresh off their first win, will be more confident at home, but across the board, Arizona has mismatches for its playmakers, led by Larry Fitzgerald and Darryl Washington. Bruce Arians knows Jacksonville well from his time in Indy, and that will keep the Cards from a road fold. Cardinals 24, Jaguars 13 | Video preview
Atlanta Falcons at Tampa Bay Buccaneers (Sunday 1 p.m., FOX). The Falcons' nightmare continues. Injuries have turned them into a shell of the 2012 version, leaving Matt Ryan to be shelled behind a shaky line. Given their bad rushing offense vs. Tampa's run D, Ryan can expect a lot of blitzes, and may not have Tony Gonzaelz to help beat them. Meanwhile, Mike Glennon, a Ryan-looking rookie for the Bucs, should burn Atlanta with his receivers. Buccaneers 24, Falcons 19 | Video preview
Baltimore Ravens at Chicago Bears (Sunday 1 p.m., CBS). As Ray Lewis and Brian Urlacher are now part of these team's defensive past, this is about offense. The Ravens have seen Joe Flacco struggle on the road, and Ray Rice struggle all season. The Bears don't seem to miss much with Josh McCown, and he has the better back, Matt Forte, and the deeper, more versatile receiving corps. It's another close game for both teams, as Baltimore sees faint playoff hopes fade. Bears 27, Ravens 23 | Video preview
Cleveland Browns at Cincinnati Bengals (Sunday 1 p.m., CBS). The Bengals botched a couple of close road games, despite outplaying Miami and Baltimore. They better show their true stripes at home or they risk letting the post-bye Browns walk right back into the AFC North race. Cleveland won the first meeting, so Cincinnati can't mess around here. Andy Dalton needs to shake off his interceptions and the defense needs to further assert itself. The Bengals regroup and play like the supposed division champs again. Bengals 23, Browns 20 | Video preview
Detroit Lions at Pittsburgh Steelers (Sunday 1 p.m., FOX). All signs are pointing to the Lions taking their first division crown in 20 years, and in that case, regardless of the road or the Steelers' storied history, this is a team they should beat this year. Calvin Johnson and Reggie Bush are tougher matchups than usual for what Pittsburgh has, and Detroit's star-powered front four can overwhelm the hosts' offensive line. The Lions stay gritty to take the Jerome Bettis-Bobby Layne Bowl. Lions 27, Steelers 24 | Video preview
San Diego Chargers at Miami Dolphins (Sunday 4:05 p.m., CBS). This game always invokes some great old AFC memories, and in November, it reminds us how much we want to be in a warm, sunny locale. There's some of Philip Rivers in Ryan Tannehill, as the lanky dropback quarterbacks duel. The difference here, however will be the Chargers' running backs, as Ryan Mathews sets the tone with power early and Danny Woodhead, always a Dolphins killer as a Patriot, is the matchup Miami really can't handle. Chargers 24, Dolphins 23 | Video preview
Green Bay Packers at New York Giants (Sunday 4:25 p.m., FOX). If there's one defense Eli Manning likes to see to break out of a prolonged slump, it's Dom Capers' Packers. He should like how he'll be able to hit on those missing big plays to Victor Cruz, now that he has Andre Brown's strong running to set up play-action. Green Bay will pound away with Eddie Lacy, but Scott Tolzien is facing a Giants defense that's gotten its act together. The Pack falls further back. Giants 31, Packers 20 | Video preview
Minnesota Vikings at Seattle Seahawks (Sunday 4:25 p.m., FOX). The Seahawks won't let out just how much Percy Harvin will play on Sunday, but you can bet he will get enough touches to stick to the Vikings. Otherwise, Minnesota won't stop Marshawn Lynch, and will get gashed by Russell Wilson's big arm throwing to his bevy of other receivers. Harvin is just gravy here. At least Adrian Peterson can match Lynch with a few high-decibel runs. Seahawks 36, Vikings 13 | Video preview
San Francisco 49ers at New Orleans Saints (Sunday 4:25 p.m., FOX). The 49ers are a strong running team, and the best away to attack the Saints is to relentlessly pound them. That's all good, but the reason the Niners were able to win in the Superdome last season was sharp play from Colin Kaepernick. Given how well Drew Brees plays in his own building and how much Kaepernick is struggling passing and running, the timing isn't right for a repeat. As the Niners try to recover from getting beat up, the Saints also are coming off a breezy home win. Saints 27, 49ers 17 | Video preview
Byes of the Week
How about those Dallas Cowboys (5-5)? They are back at .500 again. To save their injury-riddled No. 32 total defense, they need to raise their scoring offense, which is a surprising No. 4 in the NFL.
The St. Louis Rams (4-6) pulled that stunner in Indianapolis, and have teased with their defensive talent all season. Here's the problem after the bye: Their remaining opponents have a combined record of 33-22.
Stats of the Week
Last week's straight-up record: 8-6
Season-to-date record: 84-63
Locks record: 8-2
Upsets record: 3-7


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US Airsoft Expo 2013
A Best of USA Marketing Production
Airsoft on the East Coast
The annual USAirsoft Expo/A Weekend of Heroes will take place over the weekend of June 8-9, 2013 at the Monroeville Convention Center, Monroeville, PA.
Started as a venue for military action figure collectors to meet the real heroes of yesteryears under it's original A Weekend of Heroes, the show, due to the rapid growth of pro-military Airsoft hobby, has transformed into USAirsoft Expo with Airsoft products and tactical gear as the key focus.
USAirsoft Expo provides a platform for retailers, manufacturers, distributors, event promoters, players, military units and military VIPs over a fun-filled weekend. The continues to welcome Military Action Figure vendors, diorama groups, and Historical Military Re-enactment Groups, in addition to Law Enforcement, Fire Fighters and K-9 unit display!!
Fun pictures from the 2012 Expo on Face Book.
Who plays Airsoft? OLCMSS's Who Plays Airsoft promo demonstrates that Airsofters come from all professions/genders/ages.
Meet Lion Claws Angel Amy Johnston (from the 2012 promo video), the Recon Scout of the LC US Angel Team.
Meet some of Operation Lion Claws Military Simulation Series's event Chiefs of Staff and learn what they have to go through to run internationally known events such as OP IRENE, Northern Light, Lightning Strike and Red Storm - East!
Meet regional Historical Re-enactment Groups whose hobby helps keep history alive!
Meet 1/6 scale Military Action Figure groups!
Join regional Teams, Field Operators, and Event Promoters for a fun weekend!
Most importantly, come check out the latest on AEG and Gear (we realized that not everyone could make SHOT SHOW, so we bring the Industry to You!!).
No admission charge for military personnel with proper ID.
Nonprofit groups such as the US Army, State Troopers, Military Vehicle Preservation Association (MVPA), historical re-enactment groups among many others will also be onsite.


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One year after a scandal toppled former Chongqing ruling Chinese Communist Party chief Bo Xilai, the authorities are censoring searches for his name from social media sites and clamping down on public shows of support for the one-time rising political star.
According to a Canadian edition of the Ming Pao newspaper, farmers protesting the loss of their land in the island province of Hainan over the weekend carried banners in support of Bo.
Citing photos posted by netizens on popular Twitter-like services, the paper said several hundred people took part in the march in Hainan's provincial capital, Haikou, on Saturday.
"Banners called on the authorities to fight corruption and to espouse Bo's policy of mutual prosperity," an online report said, carrying a photo of a demonstration from high above street level.
"Netizens said that the authorities sent large numbers of police to the scene to clear the area of demonstrators, and detained at least 20 people," it said.
An employee who answered the phone at the Haikou municipal police department's operations center confirmed the demonstration had taken place.
"Of course we sent officers there," the employee said. "That gathering hadn't been approved as a demonstration by us, so it was illegal."
But the employee declined to comment on the reports of banners mentioning Bo.
"If there were any detentions then it will be on the Internet," the employee said. "This is being dealt with according to law."
Meanwhile, would-be participant Feng Xue'en said he had been unable to leave home on Saturday morning.
"They sent four policemen to stand guard and stop me from going out," said Feng, who had previously said "more than 100 people" would carry a portrait of late supreme leader Mao Zedong.
Mao is revered by the leftist faction in the Party, which also is a strong support base for Bo.
Searches on the popular microblogging service Sina Weibo for "Haikou demonstration" and "stand by Bo" were blocked on Wednesday.
"According to the relevant laws and policies, the search results for 'stand by Bo' cannot be shown," a Sina Weibo service message said.
Fall from power
The march comes one year after Bo's right-hand man, Chongqing police chief Wang Lijun, made a dramatic flight by car to the U.S. Embassy in Chengdu on Feb. 6, emerging the following morning to give himself up to investigators from the central government in Beijing, reports at the time said.
Wang was hired by then Chongqing Party secretary Bo, the charismatic "princeling" son of Party elder Bo Yibo, to spearhead his campaign against organized crime, which lawyers have since said targeted innocent businessmen with torture and forced confessions.
Bo rose to prominence as mayor of the northeastern port city of Dalian, and later became associated with a campaign to bring back revolutionary songs and Mao-era socialist morality to Chongqing.
Chongqing has done its best to wipe Bo's traces from the city, overturning some labor camp convictions handed down under his rule.
Bo is now being held at a secret location awaiting trial for crimes including abuse of power and bribery, while his wife Gu Kailai received a suspended death sentence in August for the murder of British businessman Neil Heywood.
Wang was jailed for 15 years in September on similar charges.
But the authorities have yet to announce a trial date for Bo, who still commands considerable support within the Party and among ordinary Chinese.
The case threatens to overshadow the transition to a new Communist Party leadership headed by president-in-waiting Xi Jinping, who has launched a nationwide anti-corruption campaign in its wake.
Political shakeup?
But political analysts say that there is nothing to mark out Bo's behavior in power from that of many other high-ranking officials, and that factional strife within the Party is behind his ouster.
Canada-based political analyst and former Xinhua journalist Jiang Weiping served six years in prison on charges of revealing state secrets after he wrote articles exposing official corruption, including about Bo's tenure in Dalian.
He wrote in a recent commentary on RFA's Mandarin service that political reforms alone would solve the problem of high-level corruption throughout the Party.
"Since Bo was detained, we have seen the 'stand by Bo' phenomenon continue to emerge across the country," Jiang said. "A number of scholars have complained of injustice [on his behalf]."
"But Xi Jinping and Bo Xilai are of the same political stock," he added. "The slogans 'fight corruption' and 'mutual prosperity' were both there at the 18th Party Congress [in November]."
"Now they are implementing Bo Xilai's policies, just without Bo Xilai," he said, adding that recent revelations about a sex scandal linked to former Chongqing official Lei Zhengfu were really a distraction from the need for genuine political change.
"It would be better to grasp the nettle of political reforms and let countless other Lei Zhengfus and their families off the hook," Jiang said.
"Only then would you get a country which really succeeds in curbing its officials."
Bo's case was formally transferred to the judiciary earlier this month, marking the beginning of criminal proceedings.
The Party expelled Bo from its ranks in October, following accusations of corruption and sexual misconduct, later also removing his parliamentary privilege and paving the way for a criminal trial.
Bo was judged to bear "major responsibility" in Heywood's murder, state media reported at the time.
Reported by Xin Lin for RFA's Mandarin service. Translated and written in English by Luisetta Mudie.


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With so many different entertainment options out there for your children, we at PopcornBiz thought we'd take a moment each week to dissect one piece of family entertainment strictly from a parent's perspective, so that you know what parts are appropriate for your loved ones, and which are not. This week's COVER YOUR EYES subject: "The Help."
Last week was a good one for "The Help", the smash movie adaptation of Kathryn Stockett's saga of Civil Rights-era domestics. The movie was nominated for four Oscars, all in major categories, and it figures to take home at least one of them (likely Octavia Spencer for Best Supporting Actress). The movie also dominated at the SAG Awards on Sunday. This could be a sign that "The Help" is now a legitimate contender to win Best Picture. All it takes is a few Oscar voters to sit back and say to themselves, "Wait, am I REALLY gonna vote for a foreign, silent, black-and-white movie to win Best Picture?", and PRESTO! Oscar gold! But is "The Help" okay for your kids to watch? Let's consider a few factors.
The "Will Parents Be Able To Tolerate It?" Factor: If we're talking about your mom, then the answer is yes. The movie is filled with plenty of female bonding and gossipy antics. If we're talking about your old man, the jury is still out. He's probably trying to stockpile brownie points.
The Dead Parent Factor: Sissy Spacek is suffering from dementia, and Allison Janney's character is suffering from an undescribed terminal illness (probably cancer), but neither woman kicks the bucket. In fact, dementia doesn't rob Spacek of the chance to sass her evil daughter at every turn.
The Sexy Sex Sex Factor: Jessica Chastain scandalizes the town with her low cut shirts, and Emma Stone is wooed by a drunken Suuuuthun gentleman. But otherwise, "The Help" is a relatively chaste affair.
The Violence Factor: There's plenty of implied violence to go around, as is customary in a soapy epic such as this. "The Help" features a police beating, a wife beating, and a miscarriage. Most of this is handled off screen, but that only makes it more disturbing for a child trying to picture what's going on.
The Profanity Factor: You may not approve of the whole "poopy pie" trick Spencer pulls off in the movie. But I bet your six-year-old will LOVE it.
The Racism Factor: Huge. Obviously, the very premise of "The Help" is about women who are forced to work under oppressive, hateful conditions. And so to watch it with a kid is to start a dialogue with them about what Jim Crow was, why it existed, and why people discriminate against one another. That's a whole lot of stuff to talk about, and it may be more than you want to subject a kid to. There's use of n-word, references to the deaths of JFK and Medgar Evers, passive aggressive racism, and a whole lot more. FUN!
Age Range: 12 and up. It's not suitable for young kids, and it wouldn't interest them anyway. Best to save "The Help" for middle school.


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NEW YORK--(BUSINESS WIRE)-- International Flavors & Fragrances Inc. (NYSE: IFF), a leading global creator of flavors and fragrances, today announced that it will provide a live webcast of its third quarter 2012 earnings conference call on Tuesday, November 6, 2012 at 10:00 a.m. EST.
Investors may access the live webcast and accompanying slide presentation on the Company's website at www.iff.com under the Investor Relations section. For those unable to listen to the live broadcast, a recorded version of the webcast will be made available on the Company's website approximately one hour after the event and will remain available on IFF's website for one year.
About International Flavors & Fragrances Inc.
International Flavors & Fragrances Inc. (NYSE: IFF) is a leading global creator of flavors and fragrances used in a wide variety of consumer products. Consumers experience these unique scents and tastes in fine fragrances and beauty care, detergents and household goods, as well as beverages, confectionery and food products. The Company leverages its competitive advantages of consumer insight, research and development, creative expertise, and customer intimacy to provide customers with innovative and differentiated product offerings. A member of the S&P 500 Index, IFF has more than 5,600 employees working in 32 countries worldwide. For more information, please visit our website at www.iff.com.
International Flavors & Fragrances Inc.
Investor Relations:
Shelley Young, 212-708-7271
Source: International Flavors & Fragrances Inc.


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|Home >> Course Descriptions >> College of Arts and Sciences
|Law and Criminal Justice
|Three semester hours. (FL)
A study of current societal trends and their impact on legal systems including criminal justice agencies, criminal courts, juvenile courts, mental health courts, and civil courts. The role of the U.S. Constitution and the role and response of both state and federal court systems with respect to these societal trends will be explored. Prerequisites: Enrollment restricted to students currently matriculating in the MSCJ program; CRIJ 3305, CRIJ 4321, SOCI 3336 (or the equivalent).
Home - General Information - Student Services -
Academic Undergraduate Regulations -
Undergraduate Degrees - Academic Graduate Regulations -
Graduate Degrees - Course Descriptions - Faculty -
Appendix A - Appendix B - Appendix C - Appendix D


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Don't miss the Burlington Antique show. Check out our rental and census data tables as well as our other fact sheets for more info about affordability and options for your future new digs. Start looking for an apartment rental in Burlington by checking out some of the rentals listed below.
Space to Move and Neighbors Too Sure, you've heard of Craigslist, but how about Craigs Camp? No? Why that was the original name of present-day Burlington, Kentucky. Burlington, which adopted its current name around 1716, is the county seat of Boone County, Kentucky. Despite holding such a prominent county position, the city boasts a population of only 10,779 as of the 2000 census. Whether you're escaping the big city for some more breathing room or want to actually get to know your neighbors, you'll enjoy your stay in Burlington. With many great apartments for rent, you'll also be sure to enjoy it in comfort and style. Burlington is a jewel in the crown of Boone County, and according to its official website "the county's geographical diversity provides an excellent quality of life." Fishing, Fido and Flowers Burlington's a great place to work out and enjoy nature. With all that breathing room, why not leave your beautiful new apartment and enjoy the fresh air? With the abundance of parks Burlington has to offer, fresh air and recreation are never in short supply. Got a fishing pole and a few hours to blow? Stop by the 290 acre England-Idlewild Park and take advantage of its three fishing pounds, stocked with catfish and bluegill. While you're there, why not play a game of baseball or let Fido run wild at the adjacent Boone County Dog Park. If that's not enough for you, how about taking your boat out on Camp Ernst Lake? Brave and own a pair of hiking books? Hit the moderate-to-difficult trails at Middle Creek Park. If you're a scaredy cat, you can take a casual stroll and enjoy the park's 230 acres of wildflowers and forest, as well. Burlington also boasts the 24 hour gym Anytime Fitness and The Golf Ranch, open year-round and offering an 8,000 square foot putting green. No matter which of Burlington's beautiful apartments you rent, you're within a short distance from a great recreational experience. Shakespeare, Swing and Antiquing Whether you're into "Macbeth" or "Monsters, Inc.," Burlington, Kentucky has an entertaining community event for you. You'll have plenty of opportunities to meet your new neighbors if you attend one of Burlington's concerts, movie nights, and shows. Boone Woods Park is the site of many of Burlington's community events. Dying for some "Romeo and Juliet"? Check out a Shakespeare in the Park event performed by the Cincinnati Shakespeare Company. Free on a summer Friday? Bring the blanket, some candy, and the family down for a Family Movie Night. Got a thing for swing? Check out a Concert at Creekside event during the summer. Looking for some antiques for your new apartment? Pick up an old Coca-Cola sign or vintage movie poster at the Burlington Antique Show. According to its website, the show is "the Midwest's premier antiques and vintage collectibles only show." With more than 200 antique dealers on-site, you'll be an "American Picker" in no time. Rent one of Burlington's apartments and enjoy year-round entertainment.


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LCU Admissions FAQs
Thinking about applying to Lubbock Christian University? Have some questions? You've come to the right place.
I would like to visit campus, when can I come?
Although you can schedule a personal tour any time when our campus is open, you might want to take advantage of one of the special Chap Days throughout the year or visit during one of our signature events to see LCU at its finest! Schedule a visit.
When I visit campus, can I stay overnight?
Yes! You can arrange to spend the night on our special visit days called Chap Days where you will have the opportunity to meet other future LCU students and experience what life is like in our residence halls.
What is a Chap Day?
Chap Days are special dates set aside for students like you who are searching for the perfect college. Dedicated to giving you an authentic college experience, Chap Days will also give you the benefit of meeting other future LCU students on group tours. You will explore our campus, attend chapel, meet with a professor or sit in a class of your choice as well as enjoy a free lunch.
Can I attend a class or visit with a coach?
Yes! All guided campus visits include sitting in on the college class of your choice or a meeting with a faculty member in your field of interest.
Can you send me more information about LCU?
We would love to! Just click here.
How do I apply?
- Complete the Application for Admission
- Submit High School Transcript
- Submit ACT or SAT score
- Turn in FAFSA
When is the application deadline?
There are no admissions deadlines to apply for enrollment. But why wait? To reserve your spot on campus it is best if we receive your application by June 15.
What is the application fee? Can it be waived?
There is a $25 application fee that will be waived if you schedule a campus visit.
What is the minimum GPA requirement to be accepted?
Acceptance is based solely on ACT/SAT scores not your GPA or class standing.
If you still have questions, visit this link.
Parents, you can go here.


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Last week it was confirmed that Jordan Brand would finally release the Air Jordan 12 "OVO" in white on Sunday, October 1. This, of course, came as a surprise considering the shoe had just this summer been pushed indefinitely. Things have clearly changed.
Though the shoe will likely be limited and not the most general of general releases, certain retailers will stock the shoe next week. SNKRS will hold a raffle for the shoe on Saturday starting at 10am EST. Additionally, Footaction's Launch Locator indicates the model will be available at the 32 South State store in Chicago.
The OVO webstore will likely be another retail destination for the popular Air Jordan 12. The OVO 10's recently restocked via the OVO Store app, likely indicating another spot to cop the shoes this weekend. The OVO outposts in Toronto and Los Angeles are prime to stock the shoe as well. After all, the OVO webstore posted the shoes on social media and the brick and mortars essentially serve there greatest purpose by hosting releases like this one.
Stay tuned for more on the Air Jordan 12 "OVO" leading up to this weekend.
Air Jordan 12 Retro "OVO"
Colorway: White/Metallic Gold-White
Style #: 873864-102
Release Date: October 1, 2016
Price: $225


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Thanksgiving is set as the fourth Thursday in November, meaning the latest it can be is 11/28. 11/28 is also the earliest Hanukkah can be. The Jewish calendar repeats on a 19 year cycle, and Thanksgiving repeats on a 7 year cycle. You would therefore expect them to coincide roughly every 19x7 = 133 years. Looking back, this is approximately correct – the last time it would have happened is 1861. However, Thanksgiving was only formally established by President Lincoln in 1863. So, it has never happened before. Why won't it ever happen again?
The reason is because the Jewish calendar is very slowly getting out of sync with the solar calendar, at a rate of 4 days per 1000 years (not bad for a many centuries old calendar!) This means that while presently Hanukkah can be as early as 11/28, over the years the calendar will drift forward, such that the earliest Hanukkah can be is 11/29. The last time Hanukkah falls on 11/28 is 2146 (which happens to be a Monday). Therefore, 2013 is the only time Hanukkah will ever overlap with Thanksgiving. You can see the start date of Hanukkah as a function of time in the attached plots. In the long timescale plot, the drift forward is clear.
Of course, if the Jewish calendar is never modified in any way, then it will slowly move forward through the Gregorian calendar, until it loops all the way back to where it is now. So, Hanukkah will again fall on Thursday, 11/28...in the year 79811.
Update 1/16/2013: In response to numerous questions and comments, I've posted an addendum below.
I have gotten quite a few comments since I first posted this, so I thought I would respond to a few of them:


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From PSCF 45 (December 1993): 241.
For those who believe Genesis is historically accurate, Adam and Eve were de facto historical figures, not symbolic representations concocted by Moses or some other source. Indeed, the historicity of the covenant couple is implied in the New Testament as well. It is the purpose of this series of two articles to show that Adam appears to have actually been an historic personality who had a moment and a place in history. Furthermore, a specially created Adam dictated by the Scriptures is entirely compatible with this thesis.
Bible interpreters have had a propensity to conclude that the Genesis text confers upon Adam the distinction of being the biological head of the entire human race. The Bible does position Adam as the first "man" (I Cor. 15:45), but what definition is to be applied" Could Adam have been the first hominoid or hominid, an Australopithicine perhaps; or first of the genus Homo, such as Homo habilis or Homo erectus" Was Adam first of the archaic Homo sapiens, first of the modern Homo sapiens, the first Caucasian, or was he the first of a Near East people from which present-day Jews, Arabs, and some others have derived" Remember, Adam was a unique person who could have lived only once.
Small amounts of secular history were incorporated in Luke and Acts. As a result, readers many centuries removed have had minimal trouble determining when and where the events took place. In the beginning of Genesis also, sufficient peripheral information is recorded to give us a fairly accurate historical perspective. We are told just enough about the culture of Adam's day that we can get some idea as to his approximate time frame. The genealogies in Genesis 5 and 11 are especially helpful in pinpointing Adam, both in time and place. (The secular surroundings of Adam and his kin will be explored in the second article in this series of two, to be published in the March 1994 issue of Perspectives. )
The "Eve hypothesis" was developed from pioneering work in mitochondrial DNA published by Wilson and Sarich in 1987. According to them, and subsequent researchers, there is evidence that all human beings have descended from one common female genotype who lived in Africa about 200,000 to 100,000 years ago.1
Support for the "out of Africa" model can be derived from the morphological diversity seen among black Africans today. African peoples must therefore be very ancient, since presumably more time should be required to produce such diverse populations from common stock.
Researchers at the Natural History Museum in London prefer the "out of Africa" model. It is believed that only there Homo erectus gave rise to modern humans. They spread throughout Europe and Asia, displacing whatever remnant populations they may have encountered in their migrations.
A number of distinguished paleontologists disagree, and have published data suggesting a co-mingling between ancient and more modern peoples. Their evidence supports "regional continuity," meaning that local populations of archaic ancestors eventually begat modern types. An analysis of human fossils found in Israel and Africa, when compared with older Homo erectus remains, led researchers to place Homo erectus directly in the line of hominids that culminated in modern man. Science reported:
These modern-looking fossils all date to about 100,000 years and appear at the end of a sequence of fossils that stretches back to 400,000 years ago, which seem to show a gradual transition from their Homo erectus-type forebears to early modern humans.2
What unity there is among contending parties was summed up:
In spite of the contention, all parties can agree on one thing. The proto-human fossil record begins in Africa, with a species now called Homo erectus. After evolving in an African homeland, all concur, Homo erectus migrated to Europe and Asia about 1 million years ago. But after that, comes the Great Divide in paleoanthropology.3
Although two theories are competing for prominence, what has been generally agreed upon by both molecular biologists and paleoanthropologists is that all humans are biologically connected, as evidenced by our DNA signatures4 (and confirmed in Acts 17:26). When and under what circumstances ancient "Eve" got here is still an open question.
The temptation among some Bible apologists has been to postulate that Adam must have lived at a similar early date as mitochondrial Eve, and thus the origins issue is seemingly resolved. The problem with this idea is that even if the Bible was accommodating (and it isn't), how do you explain the various precursors predating that point in history, such as Homo erectus" Can they just be swept under the rug?
According to the Bible, Adam was the first to have a covenant relationship with the Creator, the first to be accountable, the first to sin and suffer the consequences, and the first in the line of promise leading to the Savior. That does not necessarily mean, however, that Adam was the first biped with an opposable thumb and a cranial capacity of 1300 to 1400 cubic centimeters.
Adam - Ancient or Recent"
Placing Adam's time frame in the distant past infers the Genesis record must have omitted the names of hundreds of generations who supposedly lived between Adam and Abraham. The rationale is that the word "begat" does not necessarily mean "the immediate father of," so the named patriarchs in Genesis 5 and 11 would be only a representative sampling.5
The elasticity of Hebrew grammar can be seen to permit genealogical stretching. The Hebrew word "ben" for "son" can also mean "grandson," "children," or even "descendant."6 Jesus is called "the son of David," for example (Matt. 1:1). Conversely, the word - 'ab" for "father" can mean "ancestor." So the means for accommodation are in place, and many Bible scholars have taken this path.
These interpreters point out inconsistencies in Bible genealogies by comparing Old Testament authors with New Testament authors, and then saying, for example: "Aha! Matthew dropped three relatives out of Jesus's lineage that are clearly listed in II Kings (Ahaziah, Joash, and Amaziah)."7
Thus these inconsistencies and allowances in Hebrew grammar are seen as somehow establishing a precedent which makes the genealogies in Genesis 5 and 11 and in Luke 3 fair game, and therefore, expandable at will. Like many other devices, this one will not stand up to scrutiny.
Seth has to be the immediate son of Adam (Gen. 4:25). The identical phraseology which sets Adam's age at the birth of his son, Seth, is repeated from Seth to Noah (Gen. 5:3-29). If there are no intermediate generations from Adam to Seth, then that should indicate the same thing down the line.
In Jude 1:14, Enoch is "the seventh from Adam," inhibiting additional unnamed patriarchs for the first seven generations. Methuselah died near the time of the flood, presumably before the rain started. That ties in the age of the patriarch at his death with the date of the flood, thereby precluding any additions of time between Methuselah and Noah.
Thus these inconsistencies and allowances in Hebrew grammar are
seen as somehow establishing a precedent which makes the genealogies in Genesis 5 and 11
and in Luke 3 fair game, and therefore, expandable at will.
Like many other devices, this one will not stand up to scrutiny.
So if there is no space to stick in hundreds of generations from Adam to Enoch, and Enoch's son, Methuselah, died in the year of the flood (assuming a recent flood), that is the coup de grace to the expanding genealogies method. Inserting additional time or generations is not a workable proposition from Adam to Noah.
The idea that Noah or Shem would have recorded ten forefathers, detailing the age of each at the birth of their first son, or son of the line of promise, and the age at death, while omitting hundreds of intermediate generations, is beyond reason. There is no justification for postulating intermediate, unnamed generations in Genesis 5. Even if it were theoretically possible to insert extra generations, the specific language used giving the age of the father at the birth of each succeeding son prohibits inserting more time. So it is a moot point. Archer maintains:
...for even allowing the numerous gaps in the chronological tables given in Genesis 5 and Genesis 10 it is altogether unreasonable to suppose that a hundred times as many generations are omitted in these tables as are included in them.8
More importantly, the background information surrounding Adam and his generations to Noah, and from the flood to Abraham, is far too modern in description to have happened at such an early period in man's history. How would livestock raising and farming (Gen. 4:2) have come before hunting and gathering" Could sophisticated musical instruments (Gen. 4:21) predate simple bone flutes" How could metal working (Gen. 4:22) have preceded the Neolithic (late Stone Age) period" It serves no useful purpose to render the Genesis account incredible in order to extend a hermeneutical helping hand the Bible can do without.
Why force something that isn't there" If we believe paleontologists, anatomically modern humans go back some 100,000 years; archaic Homo sapiens first appeared about 300,000 years ago; and hominids of some description can be traced back 2.5 million years with precursors to 4 million years ago. And if we trust the biblical text, Adam fits best at about 5000 to 4000 BC. Schroeder addresses this issue in Genesis and the Big Bang:
For the Bible scholar, it is not an easy task to accept as reality that for the past 100,000 years there existed animals such as hominids and that the skeletons of these ancient animals are near replicas of those of modern man. But the fossil evidence is abundant and irrefutable. It is folly, no it is counterproductive, to close one's eyes to this fact.9
Of course, a figure like 100,000 years ago for the emergence of anatomically modern humans may undergo revision in the future, but barring any drastic changes, there really is no comfortable niche for Adam any time before communicative bipedal creatures had already commenced on planet Earth. What became of them is the real issue.
These creatures either died out, leaving the world devoid of humanity until Adam was created, or else they left progeny who were busy populating the earth when Adam arrived on the scene. Adam either evolved or was nonexistent - notions the Bible rejects - or else he was inserted, so to speak, into the train of humanity. This is the solution we will explore.
The task of finding some place to inject Adam into human history can be simplified if we let the Bible do the talking. References to tents, farming, and raising livestock suggest that Adam was not a cave dwelling hunter-gatherer.
Archaeologists place the beginnings of modern man 10,000 years ago with the advent of farming techniques10 Adam's placement at roughly 5000 to 4000 BC from the Genesis genealogies, combined with the mention of farming, makes this a compatible time frame.
Lamech, a descendant of Cain, had three sons by his two wives (Gen. 4:19-22). Jabal "was the father of such as dwell in tents, and of such as have cattle." A second son Jubal, "was the father of all such as handle the harp and organ."
In just eight generations counting Adam, there are tents, livestock, and musical instruments; not caves, wooly mammoths, and hand axes. For many reasons, we can conclude that Adam was not contemporary with the "Flintstones." A wealth of Stone Age artifacts have been uncovered giving silent testimony to a culture long disappeared at this point. So where does Adam fit in the history of man" The next verse is explicit.
In Genesis 4:22, one of Cain's descendants, Tubal-cain, was "an instructor of every worker in brass and iron." The Hebrew word for "brass" also means "copper," and copper tools were not in use before 10,000 years ago. Although iron smelting would be out of the question, there is evidence that bog iron was beaten into rudimentary tools, and iron was known as far back as 4000 BC,11 or else what may have looked like iron could have been tin. Copper and tin together make bronze, and the Bronze Age is identifiable in history, starting about 3000 BC.12
That is the proverbial smoking gun. Adam belongs after the old Stone Ages, near the threshold of the Bronze Age, in a period called the Chalcolithic, when traditional stone tools were being gradually augmented by crude copper implements. Adam's descendants saw the dawning of the Bronze Age.
In the initial period of the Middle Eastern civilizations, from about 3000 BC, there was a truly remarkable development of metallurgy. This is seen in the beginning of the Bronze Age, when alloys of arsenic and copper, or tin and copper (in both cases known as bronze), came into being...13
Stone tools would have been of little use to Noah when he needed to construct a massive watertight ark. Metal tools suitable for such an undertaking would have only been available if the pre-flood patriarchs lived in the period of what archaeologists call "modern man;" that is, after 10,000 years ago. The Stone Age periods may not have completely passed by Adam's day, but apparently human history was well into the Bronze Age by the time of Tubal-cain and Noah. And a late entry for Adam puts him in the company of unrelated indigenous populations.
Why Cain Feared for His Life
Cain's lament in Genesis 4:13-14 highlights the issue of whether Adam was alone or not. By murdering Abel, only Cain and his parents were left. Cain's first words upon hearing the Lord's punishment were out of fear that someone would kill him. Is it likely that his immediate worry was that his parents would retaliate, or that he would be tracked down and killed by future and thus far unborn generations from Adam" Cain would have had a whole world in which to hide.
God answered Cain's plea by providing a sign for him (Gen. 4:15). Cain's anxieties were justified as evidenced by the Lord taking action to quiet his fears. We have no way of knowing what that sign or mark was, but evidently it was necessary. From Cain's point of view, the entire human race would have reached a dead end at that point - unless there were other human beings about.14 There must have been potentially hostile tribes of men in the vicinity. Cain was aware of it, and the Lord's action attested to his justifiable fear.
And Cain went out from the presence of the Lord, and dwelt in the land of Nod, on the east of Eden. (Genesis 4:16)
Throughout the Bible the "land of Canaan" or the "land of Egypt" refers to an area populated by those particular peoples; such as Canaanites and Egyptians. Why have Bible interpreters not considered that the "land of Nod" might well have been populated by "Nodites," who were minding their own business before Cain arrived, and might have been the very ones Cain feared" In Hebrew, "nod" means "wandering." This would be an apt designation for a band of nomads who might have been in the area at the time, "nod" being simply a form of the word, "nomad."
Removing the Shackles of Prejudgment
Once we hold up to scrutiny the traditional assumption that Adam was the first human, and consider the probability that other human beings were already living in Adam's proximity, previous pitfalls in the Genesis narrative disappear. Passages that had obscure meanings become clear. The "Nephilim" or "giants" in Genesis 6:4 may now be identified as prehistoric, or pre-Adamic - not in Adam's line of descendants, or ancestry.
If we can shed our preconceptions, we may view Genesis from a new perspective. Yes, the early chapters are lacking an abundance of details. Paleontologists also differ over the course of man's descent due to sparse fossil evidence of early hominids. And it is too early for gene research to give us a conclusive picture.
Nevertheless, if we can cast off the shackles of prejudgment, we can examine the Genesis text with a view toward what may not be entirely provable, but is certainly possible, plausible, and, if I may be so bold, indeed probable.
So God created man in His own image, in the image of God created He him; male and female created He them. (Genesis 1:27)
What does it mean to be created in God's image" "The ancient Orient shows us with ever increasing clarity that the purpose and function of an image consists in representing someone," Edmond Jacob writes in Theology of the Old Testament. "An image, that is to say a statue of a god is the real presence of this god..."15
In that context, Adam would have been God's representative to the world, and an already populated world to boot. Humbert raised another possibility; that man was given the same "physical outward appearance" as the deity.16 However, the human physique has a certain functionality necessitated by our physical environment that is not required by a Creator-God.
By using the term "God's image," the writer of Genesis may have been alluding to the inner essence of us which is an integral part and yet unseen - our soul, or our spirit. That may not have been an altogether unique feature. We are in the dark with respect to Adam's neighbors, even though Adam was apparently infused with something which gave him a kind of kinship with the deity.
Who is the "them" referred to in Genesis 1:27" It has been argued that the plural "them" should be applied to generic man, and not exclusively to Adam and his generations. But most Bible scholars believe this passage applies solely to Adam and Eve, and their descendants who came under the Adamic covenant. This is expressly implied in Genesis 5:1-3:
This is the book of the generations of Adam. In the day that God created man, in the likeness of God made he him; male and female created he them; and blessed them, and called their name Adam, in the day when they were created. And Adam lived an hundred and thirty years, and begat a son in his own likeness, after his image; and called his name Seth.
It is true that traditionally most Bible scholars have thought all of humanity started with Adam. This stand has been taken, however, with a certain nonchalance for not only the fossil record and the genetic evidence, but even the qualifiers in the Scriptures themselves. Adam was created, and then Eve, but it is unwarranted to presume ancient precursors are encompassed by Genesis 1:27.
Adam, as God's chosen, was the first man capable of achieving God's kingdom, and that was passed down through his generations until Christ's sacrifice at the cross changed the equation and brought a new covenant. Presumably any outsiders in Adam's day would have been outside the covenant, and unable to enjoy this unique status, which included the hope of redemption through (1) the Adamic bloodline, (2) the discipline of self righteousness, and (3) the ritual of animal sacrifice.
As the first type of Christ, Adam may have had a similar mission. Adam's task was probably to bring the word of God's kingdom to the polytheistic heathen living all around him. We can only guess. We can never know with certainty what it was Adam was supposed to have done, or could have done had he not yielded to Satan's odious deception so early on.
In terms of place, Southern Mesopotamia is clearly indicated by the Bible. The rivers, Hiddekel (Tigris) and Euphrates, the cities of Erech and Ur (and much more we will explore in depth) all point to this region" - a region that came to be called "Sumer." Jacquetta Hawkes describes it in The Atlas of Early Man:
The fourth millennium in Sumer is one of the most remarkable passages in human history. Already at its beginning old settlements such as Eridu, Uruk, Ur, Lagash and Nippur had become substantial towns and from 3500 BC they waxed into cities. The citizens now included large numbers of specialist artisans - "potters, carpenters, makers of mudbrick, coppersmiths - and fine sculptors too.17
Identifying the various cultures which have flourished in the Near East has been done with meticulous care made possible by years of carefully compiled archaeological data. The earliest identifiable people belong to the Neolithic Natufian culture, which was spread from Palestine to Syria, and date from about 12,500 to 10,500 years ago, clearly a pre-Adamic date. The oldest city identified with Natufian culture was Jericho.18
In 1961-1963, the excavation at Catal Huyuk in south-central Turkey was excavated in the early 1960s. It was dated from 6500 to 5400 BC, and supported the concept of regional areas of Neolithic development instead of a single nuclear area, such as a city.
Contrasts among Jericho, Catal Huyuk, Jarmo, and Umm Dabaghiyah - all about 6000 BC - suggest a considerable regionalization within widely scattered Neolithic communities of the Near East.19
In the Tigris and Euphrates floodplain, the ancient cultures leading to the development of Sumerian, Babylonian, and Assyrian civilizations can be traced from late Neolithic villages of around 5500 BC to towns and urban areas of the highly developed Sumerians of 2500 BC.
The Hassuna culture takes its name from the mound of Tell Hassuna in northwestern Iraq, and dates to 6000-5250 BC. Numerous agricultural villages have been unearthed in Iran, Turkey, and Palestine that were contemporary with the Hassuna.
The coarse pottery wares identified with the Hassuna were gradually replaced by the remnants of the Samarra culture, starting about 5500 BC. At Tell-es Sawaan in Iraq alabaster female figurines were discovered, along with ornaments of turquoise, carnelian, greenstone, and copper. The presence of widely disparate materials in one location indicates trading practices, and shows that trade routes had already been established by that time.20
Dating from 5500 to 4700 BC, the Halaf culture succeeded, but overlapped the Samarran. Halafian ceramics have been discovered from the Mediterranean coast to Iran, though the Tigris-Euphrates region south of Baghdad may have been uninhabited at this early date.
From similarities in pottery shards and other artifacts, the highly developed Sumerian, Babylonian, and Assyrian civilizations that flourished in the third and second millennium periods can be traced to the late Neolithic villages of around 5500 BC. There is no break that one would expect to see if there had been a catastrophic termination of mankind and a subsequent renewal, a theory that is popular among "gap" proponents.
The highly developed Sumerian, Babylonian, and Assyrian civilizations
that flourished in the third and second millennium periods can be traced to
the late Neolithic villages of around 5500 BC.
There is no break that one would expect to see if there had been a catastrophic
termination of mankind and a subsequent renewal,
a theory that is popular among "gap" proponents.
Located four miles from the ancient city of Ur is the small archaeological mound of al-'Ubaid. The settlements in southern Mesopotamia dating from 4500-3500 BC are collectively assigned to the Ubaid culture. Whether or not pre-Ubaid sites exist in southern Mesopotamia is a subject of controversy. Some archaeologists believe that fluctuations in the level of the Persian Gulf may have erased any traces of earlier settlements.
The origin of the Ubaid culture is unknown. The Halafians were flourishing in the north at about the same time Ubaidan farmers began to settle the southern delta of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. The climatic conditions seem unlikely for a Garden of Eden until the advancement of irrigation could bring its blessing of water to the area. This began to happen during the Ubaid period.
By 3500 BC, the Ubaidans were living in townships from Mesopotamia to Syria to Turkey. The subsequent flood at the time of Noah could have wiped out the Ubaidans, although there is some evidence the Sumerian culture may have derived from the Ubaidan. Broken pieces of pottery show subtle transition from Ubaid ware to Uruk ware. This is more indicative of gradual change through the influence of friendly contact with neighboring cultures than it is of a foreign invasion and replacement by conquest. Yet some archaeologists prefer the displacement model, and believe the Sumerians were a discrete population.
The purpose of designating these ancient populations as Halafian, Ubaidan, or Sumerian is primarily to place them in time and place context, and need not necessarily imply ethnic differences. The flood must have devastated Southern Mesopotamia, leaving behind ruined cities which the next generations of Sumerians could build on and repopulate. Whether Ubaidan fathers had Sumerian sons is unknown.
The flood must have devastated Southern Mesopotamia leaving behind ruined cities
which the next generations of Sumerians could build on and repopulate.
When it comes to identifying candidates who may have been enjoying the Tigris and Euphrates region prior to Adam's creation, there are two or three choices depending on the precise date of Adam's arrival. We can select the earlier Halafians, the Ubaidans, or the later Sumerians, although the Ubaidans seem the most likely:
About 4500 BC the region was settled by people who came to be called Ubaidans. They in fact settled most of the sites where the great cities of Sumeria [Sumer] were to grow - ncluding Ur (where Wooley found their remains under the silt of the flood). Later they spread up the valley, succeeding the Halafians and becoming the first people to dominate the whole of Mesopotamia.21
The harsh, arid conditions might have caused the Halafians to make only brief appearances in the south, or maybe they never got there at all. The first inhabitants of the Tigris and Euphrates basin that can be readily identified are the Ubaidans, succeeded by the Sumerians.
Flood deposits have been found at key Southern Mesopotamian city sites; Kish, Shuruppak, Erech, and Lagash that center around a 2900 BC time frame.22 However, both Ubaidan and Sumerian artifacts have been found at levels dated earlier than that. The Sumerians re-established their civilization after the flood, and rebuilt or resettled previously established city sites.
Conceivably Halafians could have been living in the vicinity of Eden when Adam was placed in the garden. But Ubaidan pottery has been found at the lowest levels of excavated cities in Southern Mesopotamia, and the Ubaidans best fit the most likely time frame. Adam and his generations likely were surrounded from the beginning, or became surrounded by first Ubaidan, and then Sumerian culture.
And every plant of the field before it was in the earth, and every herb of the field before it grew: for the Lord God had not caused it to rain upon the earth, and there was not a man to till the ground. But there went up a mist from the earth, and watered the whole face of the ground. (Genesis 2:5-6)
Genesis 2:5-6 is a useful passage to use in demonstrating that Bible interpretations which exclude pertinent extra-biblical data can produce dubious opinions and perplexing conclusions. From this verse, Henry Morris argues for a "vapor canopy" over the early earth, and reasons:
In the original world, however, there was no rainfall on the earth. As originally created, the earth's daily water supply came primarily from local evaporation and condensation.23
Morris reaches this conclusion solely on his reading of the biblical text, deducing that rain doesn't come until the flood, notwithstanding the fact that no one has discovered any place in the world where mist or fog naturally oozes out of the ground in sufficient volume to water humans, livestock, and crops. We would also be left to wonder what furnished the rivers in Genesis 2:10-14 with water. Were the Tigris and Euphrates not supplied by snow melt and rainfall as they are today"
In their well known Commentary on the Old Testament, Keil and Delitzsch explain Genesis 2:5 as follows:
The creation of the plants is not alluded to here at all, but simply the planting of the garden in Eden.
They too slide down the slippery slope to a woeful opinion. This was "dependent upon rain," they decide, and conclude that the mist or vapor in Genesis 2:6 was the "creative beginning of the rain itself""24 So even though the Bible states in the previous verse "for the Lord God had not caused it to rain," nevertheless, rain it was, according to this respected Bible commentary.
So which is it, rain or no rain" The answer can be sought in the Cambridge Encyclopedia of Archaeology pertaining to ancient Mesopotamia:
The culmination of these prehistoric advances is to be found in the `Ubaid period of the sixth and fifth millennia, when the earliest settlements are known from Sumer. This area was characterized by the very great fertility of its alluvial soil and - outside local areas of marsh and lagoon, where a specialized fishing, hunting and collecting economy could have been practiced - an extremely arid environment that necessitated the use of irrigation for successful agriculture.25
Could "an extremely arid environment" be described as a place where the "Lord God had not caused it to rain"" Could a "mist from the earth" that "watered the whole face of the ground" refer to a land "that necessitated the use of irrigation for successful agriculture""
It seems "there was not a man to till the ground" for an uncomplicated reason.
No one had irrigated the desert soil; thus no plowing had been done, so no crops could be grown.
Driver suggests irrigation:
Provision [is] made for the irrigation of the garden. The reference is implicitly to a system of canals, such as existed in Babylonia...26
The Septuagint offers furtherassistance. In the Greek text the word is not "mist," but "fountain." The RSV uses "stream." Certainly the words "fountain" and "stream" better describe an irrigation canal than a vapor canopy. It seems "there was not a man to till the ground" for an uncomplicated reason. No one had irrigated the desert soil; thus no plowing had been done, so no crops could be grown.
Even before the first cities began to appear on the Mesopotamian plain, sizeable settlements such as Jericho were being supplied by irrigation.
The biblical city of Jericho, a center for salt trade, flourished during the seventh millennium BC in the desert near the north end of the Dead Sea. Water diverted from a spring nourished its fields.27
In Genesis 2:8, "And the Lord God planted a garden eastward in Eden; and there He put the man whom He had formed." "And a river went out of Eden to water the garden - " (Gen. 2:10).
It is unlikely that a river, synonymous with "brook" or "creek," is intended. Water falls on the ground, trickles into streams, and flows to rivers, which empty in the sea - the exact opposite of what the verse states. The purpose of irrigation canals is to carry water from the rivers to the ground - precisely what the verse states. There were no "rivers" in Babylon (Psa. 137:1), only canals. In other words, there was a place called Eden, out of which a canal ran eastward to irrigate the garden, where God placed Adam.
We know that Southern Mesopotamia was laced with a canal network, the remains of which can still be seen today as lines in the desert. Canals obviously required people to dig and maintain them. What cries out for attention, though, is this: How could Eden be identified and named as a place distinct from the garden if there was no citizenry"
Take any place - London, England, for example. Was there ever a time when London was unoccupied" Well, yes, but no one could have called it "London" then. The principle is the same concerning Eden. Isaiah speaks of the Lord making the wilderness of Zion "like Eden" (Isa. 51:3). Eden was apparently a place for people, and had to have people before it could be called "Eden."
Who lived in Havilah (Gen. 2:11,12), and who mined the gold there" Driver places Havilah "most probably" in the northeast of Arabia on the west coast of the Persian Gulf, south of Egypt, and adds, "The gold of Arabia was famed in antiquity."28 Also, the remains of mines have been found in the Egyptian Nile Valley that were active over 30,000 years ago.29 There may be other ways to explain this verse, but the implications are that gold mining preceded even Adam's Fall!
We may not know who was living in "the whole land of Ethiopia" (Gen. 2:13), but sewing needles and stone vessels for grinding grain into meal were found at el-Badari along the Nile dating to slightly earlier than 5000 BC.30 This was about the same time that Hassuna and Nineveh were established beside the Tigris (biblical Hiddekel) in the region later known as Assyria.
Enuma Elish - An Early Creation Epic
The first people who can be clearly identified as likely descendants of Adam are the post-flood Semitic Accadians. Most authors believe that an influx of Semites31 from the early third millennium BC were known by the Sumerians as "Martu."32 The Accadians apparently learned their writing skills from the Sumerians, and began to record their own versions of history in their own language using the same cuneiform technique.
One of the early creation epics was written in Accadian or Babylonian cuneiform and is called Enuma Elish. It has been compiled from tablets found at Ninevah, Ashur, and Kish. According to legend, father Ea (second in the early Accadian Trinity) begat the heroic Marduk who slays the rebellious Tiamat. Thereupon:
He split her like a shellfish into two parts:
(For a shadow of this see Psa. 89:9,10 and Isa. 51:9. ) The one who "contrived the uprising" was the evil Tiamat's commander-in-chief, Kingu:
They bound him, holding him before Ea.
They imposed on him his guilt and severed his blood (vessels).
Out of his blood they fashioned mankind.34
In this account, the blood of Kingu was used, but in another legend the blood is mixed with clay.36 Although somewhat gory in describing the mode of their creation, the Accadians also seemed to be aware they were not alone in the world. Frequent references are made to the "black-headed" people.37
The "black-headed" was a reference to the Sumerians who supplanted the Ubaidans, or conceivably, it could be a reference to some other race of people. But regardless of who they were, they were not Semites (or Adamites) judging from Accadian poetry.
May he shepherd the black-headed ones, his creatures.
Evidently the Semitic Accadians thought of the "black-headed" as a separate people, racially distinct, and polytheistic as regards to religion. The light-skinned, dark-haired Sumerians best fit this description, and they spoke an unrelated language long before the Tower of Babel incident.
Early Adamite populations must have lived in relative isolation at the beginning since they developed a language entirely unlike the Sumerian language. But by the time the Sumerians learned to write, some of the earliest names recorded were Semite (or Adamite), demonstrating the close contact between these two cultures very early on.
Adam's Bride
After naming the animals of the garden, there was still something missing, "but for Adam there was not found an help meet for him" (Gen. 2:20).
A search can easily be implied by the words, "was not found." A search for a helpmate to be both wife and companion would be ridiculous if the world at that time contained only birds, beasts, cattle, and creeping things - but what if one or more settlements of humans were already in the vicinity"
Available females must have been nearby, one of which Adam could have chosen for his wife. We can deduce that from archaeological history. From the Bible we can conclude that none was suitable, so Adam had an operation resulting in Eve. As confirmation of an act of special creation for the first covenant couple, Genesis 2:21-23 gives us a graphic description. Paul confirms this mode of origination. "For Adam was first formed (plasso in the Greek), then Eve" (1 Tim. 2:13).
Apparently Adam was created biologically compatible with the neighbors outside the garden. But God's desire was for Adam's wife to be distinctive, just as Adam was. By fashioning Eve out of Adam, this allowed them both to enjoy 900 or more years of wedded bliss. We are free to speculate about the origins of Cain's wife, or Noah's wife, but not about Eve.
The Bread of Life
Adam was banished from the garden after the Fall. "In the sweat of thy face shall thou eat bread..." and, "...the Lord God sent him forth from the garden of Eden, to till the ground from whence he was taken" (Gen. 3:19,23).
Could we believe the first man on earth already knew how to use fire, construct an oven, plant and harvest grain, mill it, and prepare the flour for baking" If not, then we may conclude that Adam was not the first man in the biological sense.
Prehistoric men were hunters of wild game and gatherers of fruits and berries. Farming and domesticated livestock were later developments. Paleontologists have uncovered evidence that ancient peoples harvested wild wheat as far back as 9000 BC. It took a genetic crossing of goat grass and "emmer" to produce bread wheat. The earliest evidence of wheat cultivation was found in the ancient oasis of Jericho and is dated at 8000 BC.39
Wheat, and therefore bread, appears to have been in use 3,000 years before Adam. So we have two choices. We can either deny the anthropological data; or allow that these agricultural developments predate Adam. If we choose the second option, at his inception, therefore, Adam must have been surrounded by people already familiar with growing grain when he was inserted into human history.


text:
What you're about to hear sounds very odd. But worked everytime for my son....
Old remedy: Take vapo rub and coat the bottom of the childs feet with a think layer before you lay them down for bed at night. Cover the think layer of vapo-rub with socks and send them to sleep.
I did this with my son 3 -4 times as an infant and he woke up MUCH better.
the vicks on feet and a really warm shower with heaps of steam with you. will cough and cough! good


text:
P3 Cost Analysts - Franchise
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Maharishi Mahesh Yogi (January 12, 1918 – February 5, 2008), introduced the Transcendental Meditation technique (also known as TM) and related programs and initiatives, including schools and universities with campuses in countries like India, the United States, Mexico, the United Kingdom and China.
In approximately 1939, the Maharishi became a assistant of Swami Brahmananda Saraswati, who, from 1941 to 1953, was the Shankaracharya (spiritual leader) of Jyotir Math, located in the Indian Himalayas. The Maharishi credits the Shankaracharya (Guru Deva) with inspiring his teachings.
Maharishi Mahesh Yogi's first global tour began in 1958, from which time his techniques and programs have been taught worldwide. He became known in the Western world in part due to his interactions with The Beatles and other celebrities.


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I have noticed a few minor defects in AOS 4.1 FE that I haven't seen mentioned elsewhere, so I have decided to report them. Eventually I went for separate threads to avoid confusion.
If the problem described below is already discussed elsewhere, please feel free to just point me to the right place. Thanks.
My system:
* Radeon 9000 with 64 MB RAM
* SoundBlaster Live!
* IDE HD on a1ide.device (normally turned off at the beginning of the startup-sequence)
* SATA SDD on Sil5312ide.device
* all partitions formatted with SFS/00
Probably this is not really a bug, but still very annoying.
The completion popup list is almost always unnecessarily short, thus making it necessary to scroll to see the hidden entries. By "unnecessarily" I mean that its height is greatly limited even when there is lots of available space:
Here is an example (to avoid posting a large image I have cropped the screenshot, but there was also the rest of the 1920x1080 screen available:
This example makes it even more obvious: I created 3 files so that there would be just 3 entries, and then tested the popuplist, which ended up displaying only 2 of the 3 results.