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Guide to Columbia County, Pennsylvania ancestry, family history and genealogy in courthouse sources including birth records, marriage records, death records, census records, wills, deeds and land records, Civil War records, Revolutionary War records, family histories, cemeteries, churches, tax records, newspapers, and obituaries.
|Columbia County, Pennsylvania
Location in the state of Pennsylvania
Location of Pennsylvania in the U.S.
|March 22, 1813
|County Seat
|Columbia County Courthouse
35 West Main Street
Bloomsburg, PA 17815
Columbia County Website
Parent Counties: Formed from Northumberland and Luzerne Counties 22 March 1813.[2]
County Seat: Bloomsburg
Neighboring Counties: Columbia County residents may also have records in:[3]
The county was named for Columbia, a poetic name for the United States that alludes to Christopher Columbus. It is located in the Central section of the state.[4]
For animated maps illustrating Pennsylvania county boundary changes, "Rotating Formation Pennsylvania County Boundary Maps" (1673-1878) may be viewed for free at the MapofUS.org website.
There is no known history of courthouse disasters in this county.
Cemetery records often reveal birth, marriage, death, relationship, military, and religious information.
|Tombstone Transcriptions Online
|Tombstone Transcriptions in Print
|List of Cemeteries in the county
|Family History Library
|PA Cemeteries
|PAGenWeb Archives
|Tombstone Photos
|BillionGraves (name)
|See Pennsylvania Cemeteries for more information.
Additional Cemetery Resources
For tips on accessing Columbia County, Pennsylvania Genealogy Federal (or United States) census records online, see: Pennsylvania Census.
There are no county or state census records available for Pennsylvania. County and city tax records can be used as a substitute when census records are not available.
Church records and the information they provide vary significantly depending on the denomination and the record keeper. They may contain information about members of the congregation, such as age, date of baptism, christening, or birth; marriage information and maiden names; and death date. In Pennsylvania, church records are often used as a substitute for birth, marriage, and death information. For general information about Pennsylvania denominations, view the Pennsylvania Church Records wiki page.
The Columbia County Historical and Genealogical Society maintains files on over 300 area churches. The files are comprised of church histories, membership rolls, marriage records, and more. An index to the files can be accessed by going to the "Resources" tab on the home page and then clicking on the "Churches and Cemeteries (Files)" link. Society volunteers will search the files for others. Those interested are encouraged to contact the society by telephone (570-784-1600).
Finding Church Records at Other Repositories
Additional church records can sometimes be found using search phrases such as Columbia County, Pennsylvania Genealogy Church Records in online catalogs like:
St. John's Lutheran Church, Catawissa
Columbia County, Pennsylvania Genealogy court records are housed at the Columbia County, Pennsylvania Genealogy Courthouse. For many counties copies of court records may be found at the Pennsylvania State Archives and in the FamilySearch collection. Note that within these collections some films may contain the same records, but have different titles. Other titles are not duplicates. See Finding Court Records at other repositories within this section for links to the online catalogs for these two collections. Films at the Pennsylvania State Archives are not available for inter-library loan. If court records are available FamilySearch films may be available at a local Family History Center. Call ahead for availability.
The Courts of Common Pleas are the trial courts of Pennsylvania. Major civil and criminal cases are heard in these courts. Judges also decide cases involving adoption, divorce, child custody, abuse, juvenile delinquency, estates, guardianships, charitable organizations and many other matters. The Common Pleas courts are organized into 60 judicial districts. Columbia County shares its judicial district with Montour County. Judges of the Common Pleas courts are elected to 10-year terms. A president judge and a court administrator serve in each judicial district.[6]
1814-1861 Common Pleas dockets FHL Films 955613-14. Includes naturalizations, divorce petitions, deeds, insolvency, contracts, and lunacy.
The Clerk of Courts prepares and maintains the records for the Criminal Division of the Court of Common Pleas. The Clerk signs and affixes the Seal of the Courts to all writs and processes, administers oaths and affirmations, and assumes custody of the seal and records of the Courts. The Clerk certifies and distributes orders of the Court. The Clerk also certifies and prepares bills of costs for the defendants and utilizes the computerized financial management system to disburse fines, costs and restitution.[7] For the Columbia County, Pennsylvania Genealogy Clerk of Courts address see the Courthouse section on this page.
The office of the Prothonotary is the custodian of all civil matters in the county. This includes naturalization, immigration, equity actions, judgements, federal and local tax liens, city liens, family court, arbitrations, license suspension appeals, appeals to higher court, commercial code filings, applications for passports and divorce proceedings. See the Courthouse section on this page for the Columbia County, Pennsylvania Genealogy Prothonotary office information.
See Vital Records
The Orphans' Court is responsible for a wide range of matters. The name of the Court is derived from the more general definition of "orphan," that being a person or thing that is without protective affiliation or sponsorship. This would include those not capable of handling their own affairs, minors, incapacitated persons, decedents estates, nonprofit corporations and trusts. It is the role of the Court to ensure that the best interests of the person or entity are not compromised.
It is believed the name of this court was borrowed from the Court of Orphans of the city of London, England which had the care and guardianship of children of deceased citizens, in their minority.[8]
For Columbia County, Pennsylvania Genealogy Orphans' Court contact information see the Courthouse section on this page.
Finding Court Records at Other Repositories
Additional court records can sometimes be found using search phrases such as Columbia County, Pennsylvania Genealogy Court Records in online catalogs like:
For information about emigration into Pennsylvania, see the Pennsylvania Emigration and Immigration page.
Land records in Columbia County began in 1800. These records are filed with the Register and Recorder's office in Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania.
Land and property records can place an ancestor in a particular location, provide economic information, and reveal family relationships. Land records include: deeds, abstracts, indexes, mortgages, leases, grants, sheriff sales, land patents, and maps. Property records include liens as well as livestock brands and estray records.
The following are examples of available resources:
Online Land Records
Land Records on Microfilm
Additional Resources
See Pennsylvania Land and Property for more information about using land records, especially about original land warrants, surveys, and patents filed at the state land office.
Additional resources can sometimes be found using search phrases such as Columbia County Pennsylvania Land in online catalogs such as:
Naturalization records can contain information about immigration and nativity. Prior to 1906, it is rare to find the town of origin in naturalization records. See Pennsylvania Naturalization for more information about the types of records and availability.
Naturalizations granted at the county level were kept by the office of the Prothonotary. Naturalizations could also be granted on the Federal Court level.
Naturalization records available for Columbia County, Pennsylvania include the following:
Online Naturalization Indexes and Records
Original Naturalization Records on Microfilm
Finding Naturalization Indexes at Other Repositories
Additional naturalization indexes can sometimes be found using search phrases such as Columbia County, Pennsylvania Genealogy naturalization in online catalogs like:
Columbia County, Pennsylvania Genealogy newspapers may contain genealogical value including obituaries, births, marriages, deaths, anniversaries, family gatherings, family travel, achievements, business notices, engagement information, and probate court proceedings.
To access newspapers, contact public libraries, historical/genealogical societies, college or university libraries, or state archives in the area where the newspaper was published.
For information on state-wide newspapers see Pennsylvania Newspapers
Newspapers of Columbia County
Online Newspapers
To learn if there are newspapers online for a specific town or city in Pennsylvania, see news.google.com/newspapers and search for the town or the name of a newspaper
Online Newspaper Abstracts
Obituaries are generally found in local newspapers where the person died. However, sometimes an obituary is found in the location from which he or she originated. To find an obituary, see the information under the Newspaper heading
|Sometimes the fastest way of finding obituaries is to call or email the local public library in the area where the person died. If the library does not have newspapers, a librarian often will know where they are kept. If a death date is known, and the newspapers are at the library, someone on staff will usually make a search for a small fee, or will indicate someone who will do the search.
Online Obituary Abstracts
PA-Roots Obituaries for Columbia County.
Probate matters in Columbia County are handled by the Orphans' Court and start when the county was created.
In addition to wills and administrations, the Orphans' Court also handles: audits of accounts of executors, administrators, trustees, and guardians; distribution of estates; appointments of guardians; adoptions; appeals from the Register of Wills; inheritance tax appeals, and various petitions and motions.
Online Probate Records
Original probate records for some Pennsylvania counties are available free online as digital images at FamilySearch . The dates vary significantly for each county and not all counties are listed. Some counties may only have probate indexes. This Pennsylvania collection of images may be browsed through the links listed below:
Complete Collection:
Columbia County Only:
Online Probate Indexes
Original Probate Records on Microfilm
Family History Centers (FHCs) are branches of the Family History Library in Salt Lake City, Utah, and are located all over the world. Their goal is to provide resources for family history research.
The main FHC for Columbia County, Pennsylvania Genealogy is the Berwick Pennsylvania Family History Center. For additional nearby Family History Centers, search online in the FHC directory.Family History Centers provide one-on-one assistance and free access to premium genealogical websites. In addition, many centers have free how-to genealogy classes.
Vital records are handled by the County Orphans' Court. Between the years 1852-1855 Pennsylvania made a failed attempt to record birth, marriage and death events at the county level. While the records for that time period are available, there were few events recorded. County marriage records were kept in earnest in 1885. Births and deaths, at the county level, were begun in 1893 and kept through 1905. Abstracts and copies of vital records are available for some counties, but most are incomplete. For the most complete set of records, always contact the County Orphans' Court.
See also How to order Pennsylvania Vital Records
Early births 1893–1905 are located at the County Orphans' Court. See the heading Court Records on this page for contact information.
Indexes for Pennsylvania birth records are available through the Department of of Health for 1906 and 1907. Once an individual is located in the index a non certified Birth certificate can be obtained by writing and sending $3.00 to:
Division of Vital Records
ATTN: Public Records
P.O. Box 1528
New Castle, PA 16103
Pennsylvania marriages are located at the county level. Contact the Columbia County, Pennsylvania Genealogy clerk's office for these records.
Divorce records are available through the office of the Prothonotary. The office of the Prothonotary is located in the courthouse building.
Early deaths 1893–1905 are located at the County Orphans' Court. See the heading Court Records on this page for contact information.
Indexes for Pennsylvania death records are available through the Department of Health for 1906 through 1962. Once an individual is located in the index a non certified death certificate can be obtained obtained by writing and sending $3.00 to:
Division of Vital Records
ATTN: Public Records
P.O. Box 1528
New Castle, PA 16103
Finding Vital Records at Other Repositories
Additional vital records can sometimes be found using search phrases such as Columbia County, Pennsylvania Genealogy Vital Records in online catalogs like:
To access available information, first log into FamilySearch.


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Type of rusk served with a topping of fresh tomato, feta cheese, olives, oregano and olive oil.
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Scrum Sevens
Scoring streaks
ESPNscrum Staff
March 15, 2012
All Blacks wing Doug Howlett runs in a try on debut against Tonga in 2000 © Getty Images
Wesley Fofana's try against England last weekend means that the Clermont Auvergne centre now has four in four for France. Although he had a burgeoning reputation going into the Six Nations - as one of his country's best up and coming talents - he had much to prove with the likes of Yannick Jauzion and Florian Fritz waiting in the wings.
He joins some notable names in having achieved the feat, but there are seven players who stand above him after keeping that try-scoring record going into their fifth match - and in some cases sixth and seventh.
With that in mind, this week's Scrum Sevens looks at a group of backs who started well and just kept on rolling.
Doug Howlett - New Zealand
The All Blacks' record try-scorer got his international career of to a flying start with eight in seven Tests for the Kiwis. Howlett - who has 62 caps to his name and five Tri-Nations titles - took his bow with tries for the national side versus Tonga in 2000 and followed that up with scores in his next six, where the All Blacks came up against France three times as well as clashes with Italy, Samoa and Argentina. After being dumped out of the 2007 Rugby World Cup at the quarter-final stage, Howlett upped sticks for Europe and won the Heineken Cup with Munster.
Mikaele Pesamino - Samoa
The former IRB Sevens Player of the Year scored 56 tries during the 2009 Sevens Series and began his Test career in a similar fashion. Coming on as a replacement for Samoa, he crossed the line on his debut against Papua New Guinea and followed that up with a hat-trick a week later against the same opponents after being thrust into the action from the outset. His try-scoring prowess did not end there as he dotted the ball down in his next three Tests - against Tonga, Japan and Fiji in the Pacific Nations Cup.
Nicknamed 'lightning', Pesamino only made one more appearance for Samoa in the long form of the game - in October 2010 - but there was a time when it looked as if he would make a substantial impact in the Aviva Premiership when Sale recruited him. The move never came to fruition, with visa issues and a change in management at the Sharks scuppering the switch.
Jack Tarrant - Japan
With seven caps to his name and no Rugby World Cup appearances, Tarrant's feats for Japan may eventually be consigned to some dark corner of the rugby archives, but scoring six tries in five matches for your country is no mean feat. While one came against Samoa, the other five came against the rugby powerhouses of Hong Kong, Kazakhstan and the Junior All Blacks.
Tarrant never made it to a World Cup, but he did turn out for North Harbour in the NPC and can tell his grandchildren that he scored against a side consisting of future World Cup winners Colin Slade, Victor Vito and Israel Dagg when he grabbed his sixth and final try for Japan against the All Blacks' younger brothers.
Rupeni Caucaunibuca - Fiji
Although the Fijian flyer was troubled by off the field issues, there is no doubting his immense talent. Widely perceived as being the closest thing to Jonah Lomu the world has had since, Caucaunibuca is currently at Toulouse but sidelined through injury.
He has just eight caps for the national side, which is a disservice to a man of his ability. Periods of going AWOL and indeterminate spells out of action harmed his standing in rugby's pantheon but with nine tries in first five Tests for the Islanders - including a famous score against Scotland - and notable spells with the Blues in Super Rugby and Agen in France, Caucaunibuca has enough highlights to accompany his legend.
Tot Robinson - England
Similar to Tarrant, Robinson scored six tries in his first five games for England, but unlike the Japan centre, Robinson's scores came at the turn of the 20th century. He made his debut against Ireland in 1897 - scoring in the process - and kept his run going with tries against Scotland the same year, one against Ireland in 1898, one against Wales in 1899 and a double a year later versus Ireland. Despite his try-scoring heroics, Robinson was only on the winning side twice during his eight-cap turnout for England.
Hernan Senillosa - Argentina.
The versatile back announced himself on the international rugby scene with an incredible 12 tries in first six Test matches for the Pumas. A centre or wing, he turned out for Argentina in both the 2003 and 2007 World Cups and while he has appeared against respected sides such as the France and the All Blacks, his first six appearances came against less-successful nations.
He marked his debut with a score against Uruguay before following it up with back-to-back hat-tricks against Paraguay and Chile. With another five tries in his next three Tests - versus the same opponents - Senillosa looked set for bright things on the domestic scene. Prior to a two-year sojourn with Montferrand, he had the opportunity to turn out for Leeds and while he featured in their 2002 Parker Pen Challenge Cup campaign, he never appeared for them in the Premiership.
John Ryan - Australia
Ryan only appeared for the Wallabies' Test side on six occasions, but the three-quarter crossed the line in each match. He took his bow for Australia against Japan - where he scored a hat-trick - prior to their 1975 tour of Britain and Ireland, which was led by the legendary half-back John Hipwell and coached by the late David Brockhoff. Ryan followed his successful first appearance against Japan with scores against Ireland and the USA before repeating the feat against Fiji in their three-Test series in June 1976. He sadly died six years later, aged just 33.
© ESPN Sports Media Ltd.
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This article appeared in Daily Hampshire Gazette on April 25, 2013.
By STEVE PFARRER
Staff Writer
Beginning in the early 1990s, after China opened its doors to wider international adoptions, a wave of American families crossed the Pacific to adopt Chinese children, primarily girls — over 66,000 children since 1999, according to the U.S. State Department, and perhaps 80,000 since the 1980s.
Now many of those children, including many here in the Valley, are coming of age, wrestling with complicated issues of race, gender, culture, and attachment.
On Sunday at 2 p.m., an acclaimed documentary that explores those issues comes to the Amherst Cinema. Somewhere Between examines international adoption through the eyes of four teenage girls — including a student from Mount Holyoke College in South Hadley. It's an often emotional roller-coaster ride about which one critic says, "you'd have to be a stone not to be moved."
Fang Jenni Lee, a Mount Holyoke sophomore from Berkeley, Calif., can attest to that. When Lee first appears in the film, she's 14 and celebrating a birthday with friends and family, seemingly well-adapted to life in the United States and to her American name, Jenni.
But Lee still has clear memories of the day when, at 4 years old, she was left by her stepbrother on a busy street in Kunming, a city in Yunnan Province in southwest China. Her stepbrother told her to wait for him — but he never came back. Lee's poor rural family had abandoned her due to China's one-child law. Instituted in 1979, the legal mandate prompted the abandonment of a million children — overwhelmingly girls — over the next 30 years.
Today, Lee, who has just turned 20, is a confident, poised woman with many accomplishments to her name. A double major in sociology and economics at Mount Holyoke, she's fluent in Mandarin and, via Skype, tutors other Chinese adoptees who want to learn the language. She's also made more than a dozen visits to China and has done volunteer work in orphanages there, including the one where she lived for a year.
Yet in an interview on campus, she said she still feels like an outsider in both China and America.
Her abandonment and adoption, "really isolated me at one time, though I've come to accept it," she said. "The differences are there, in either country — feeling one way but looking the other, and not really fitting in."
Filmmaker Linda Goldstein Knowlton set out to make Somewhere Between after she and her husband adopted a young Chinese girl in 2005; Knowlton began thinking about the questions her daughter might have one day.
In a telephone interview from her home in southern California, she said she wanted to tell the story through the teenagers, whom she met by contacting organizations of families with adopted Chinese children. The documentary also includes limited interviews with the girls' parents.
"There have been a number of films about adoption from the parents' perspective, about the ethical issues of adopting. I didn't want to repeat that," Knowlton said. "I think by focusing on the girls' perspective, by being specific, you can really illuminate the universal — that search for identity."
The hidden toll
Perhaps the strongest appeal of Somewhere Between is the thoughtfulness and sense of humor the girls project. They were interviewed over the course of three years, starting at ages 13 to 15, and all seem well-adjusted to life in America, with families that love them. Some of them joke about being "bananas" — yellow on the outside but white on the inside — and they're also able to laugh off the incidents of racism or insensitivity they encounter.
Thirteen-year-old Haley Butler, for example, lives with a deeply Christian family in Nashville, Tennessee, and plays a pretty good fiddle; she says she wants to be the first Chinese person to play at the Grand Ole Opry.
Jenna Cook, a 15-year-old year old from Newburyport, seems like the classic overachiever: She attends the prep school Phillips Exeter Academy in New Hampshire, spends hours at school and on her homework, and leads the junior varsity crew team. She's hardworking, smart and articulate.
But Cook's mother, Peggy, thinks her daughter has paid a price to excel and to fit in in a mostly all-white environment.
"If you're always being seen (as different) and you're never blending in, of course you want to appear like you've got everything under control and you're doing everything perfectly," she says.
Indeed, in one of the film's most poignant scenes, Cook breaks down in tears as she contemplates the fact that her birth family abandoned her as an infant. "I'm always searching for ways to compensate for the way I was born poor ... maybe I wasn't good enough."
Meanwhile, Butler travels to Europe with an organization that links adopted Chinese children from around the world. She meets Hilbrand Westra, an activist with United Adoptees International, a group advocating for greater scrutiny of international adoptions; he notes that reports have emerged in more recent years of children, including in China, being illegally separated from their parents and sold for adoption.
As she takes this in, Butler tells Westra she might be interested in trying to locate her birth parents. "You should do it sooner than later," says Westra, an adult Korean adoptee himself. "Adoption is for life. ... You can try to run from it, but it runs faster than you."
Later, emotions overtake Butler as she considers what it might mean to search for her roots in China. Her eyes glistening as she fights back tears, she says, "I wouldn't want either of my moms to feel unwanted."
The search for roots
At Mount Holyoke, Lee explained that she's long maintained a close attachment to China, in large part due to her family's efforts to make Chinese culture a part of her life. Her mother, Hanni, learned Mandarin to be able to speak with her when she was adopted at age 5. Her mother and father also adopted two other Chinese girls and arranged for their three daughters to continue learning Mandarin.
To this day, Lee says, she and her sisters speak only Mandarin when they're together. That facility with the language gave her the confidence to go to China by herself at 14, when she worked for a nonprofit organization that aids orphaned and poor children there. She has returned to China every summer since, doing a variety of tasks, such as working as a translator for American physical therapists.
In the film, Lee also searches unsuccessfully for her birth parents and family, but along the way she befriends a young girl with cerebral palsy, Run-Yi, who lives with a foster family that can't afford to get her medical treatment. When she returns home, Lee and her mother help raise $5,000 for physical therapy for Run-Yi. The girl is later adopted by a Missouri couple, with the help of Lee.
The fourth teen in "Somewhere Between," Ann Boccuti, who lives in a Philadelphia suburb, is the most ambivalent about her roots. She says she has little interest in learning about her birth family — at least until she discovers that Butler has gone to China to look for her birth family. That journey brings Butler to her ancestral village and the documentary's emotional highlight.
"I think one of the movie's real strengths is that it shows there's no universal adoption experience," said Lee. "There's no template — everyone has their own journey and their own story to tell."
She notes, however, that, like her, the other girls in the film — Cook and Boccuti are also now in college, while Butler is a high school senior — are all invested in their Chinese background in some way, whether through work with adoption groups, learning Mandarin or traveling to China.
Knowlton, the filmmaker, says she hopes Somewhere Between will spark a conservation that will begin "normalizing our language about adoption. Adoption is changing the face of the country, creating these complicated family trees — we need a way to address that."
Steve Pfarrer can be reached at email@example.com.
Somewhere Between, which is being presented in collaboration with Families with Children from China/Western Massachusetts, plays at the Amherst Cinema Sunday at 2 p.m. Jennie Fang Lee will answer questions after the film. Advance tickets recommended: Visit www.amherstcinema.org or call 253-2547.


text:
ROMNEY: No, let -- let -- let me go back and speak to the points that the president made and -- and -- and let's get them correct.
I did not say that the Arizona law was a model for the nation in that aspect. I said that the E-Verify portion of the Arizona law, which is -- which is the portion of the law which says that employers could be able to determine whether someone is here illegally or not illegally, that that was a model for the nation. That's number one.
Number two, I asked the president a question I think Hispanics and immigrants all over the nation have asked. He was asked this on Univision the other day. Why, when you said you'd filed legislation in your first year didn't you do it? And he didn't answer. He -- he doesn't answer that question. He said the standard bearer wasn't for it.
I'm glad you thought I was a standard bearer four years ago, but I wasn't.
Four years ago you said in your first year you would file legislation.
In his first year, I was just getting -- licking my wounds from having been beaten by John McCain, all right. I was not the standard bearer.
My -- my view is that this president should have honored his promise to do as he said.
Now, let me mention one other thing, and that is self-deportation says let people make their own choice. What I was saying is, we're not going to round up 12 million people, undocumented illegals, and take them out of the nation. Instead let people make their own choice. And if they -- if they find that -- that they can't get the benefits here that they want and they can't -- and they can't find the job they want, then they'll make a decision to go a place where -- where they have better opportunities.
But I'm not in favor of rounding up people and -- and -- and taking them out of this country. I am in favor, as the president has said, and I agree with him, which is that if people have committed crimes we got to get them out of this country.
ROMNEY: Let me mention something else the president said. It was a moment ago and I didn't get a chance to, when he was describing Chinese investments and so forth.
OBAMA: Candy?
Hold on a second. The...
ROMNEY: Mr. President, I'm still speaking.
ROMNEY: Mr. President, let me finish.
ROMNEY: I've gotta continue.
CROWLEY: Governor Romney, you can make it short. See all these people? They've been waiting for you. (inaudible) make it short (inaudible).
ROMNEY: Just going to make a point. Any investments I have over the last eight years have been managed by a blind trust. And I understand they do include investments outside the United States, including in -- in Chinese companies.
Mr. President, have you looked at your pension? Have you looked at your pension?
OBAMA: I've got to say...
ROMNEY: Mr. President, have you looked at your pension?
OBAMA: You know, I -- I don't look at my pension. It's not as big as yours so it doesn't take as long.
ROMNEY: Well, let me give you some advice.
OBAMA: I don't check it that often.
ROMNEY: Let me give you some advice. Look at your pension. You also have investments in Chinese companies. You also have investments outside the United States. You also have investments through a Cayman's trust.
CROWLEY: We're way off topic here, Governor Romney.
OBAMA: I thought we were talking about immigration.
OBAMA: I do want to make sure that...
CROWLEY: If I could have you sit down, Governor Romney. Thank you.
OBAMA: I do want to make sure that -- I do want to make sure that we just understand something. Governor Romney says he wasn't referring to Arizona as a model for the nation. His top adviser on immigration is the guy who designed the Arizona law, the entirety of it; not E-Verify, the whole thing. That's his policy. And it's a bad policy. And it won't help us grow.
Look, when we think about immigration, we have to understand there are folks all around the world who still see America as the land of promise. And they provide us energy and they provide us innovation and they start companies like Intel and Google. And we want to encourage that.
Now, we've got to make sure that we do it in a smart way and a comprehensive way, and we make the legal system better. But when we make this into a divisive political issue, and when we don't have bipartisan support -- I can deliver, Governor, a whole bunch of Democrats to get comprehensive immigration reform done, and we can't...
ROMNEY: I'll get it done. I'll get it done. First year...
OBAMA: ... we can't -- we have not seen Republicans serious about this issue at all. And it's time for them to get serious on it.
CROWLEY: Mr. President, let me move you on here please. Mr. President, (inaudible).
OBAMA: This used to be a bipartisan issue.
CROWLEY: Don't go away, though -- right. Don't go away because I -- I want you to talk to Kerry Ladka who wants to switch the topic for us.
Hi, Kerry.
QUESTION: Good evening, Mr. President.
OBAMA: I'm sorry. What's your name?
QUESTION: It's Kerry, Kerry Ladka.
OBAMA: Great to see you.
QUESTION: This question actually comes from a brain trust of my friends at Global Telecom Supply (ph) in Minneola yesterday.
OBAMA: Ah.
QUESTION: We were sitting around, talking about Libya, and we were reading and became aware of reports that the State Department refused extra security for our embassy in Benghazi, Libya, prior to the attacks that killed four Americans.
Who was it that denied enhanced security and why?
OBAMA: Well, let me first of all talk about our diplomats, because they serve all around the world and do an incredible job in a very dangerous situation. And these aren't just representatives of the United States, they are my representatives. I send them there, oftentimes into harm's way. I know these folks and I know their families. So nobody is more concerned about their safety and security than I am.
So as soon as we found out that the Benghazi consulate was being overrun, I was on the phone with my national security team and I gave them three instructions.
Number one, beef up our security and procedures, not just in Libya, but at every embassy and consulate in the region.
Number two, investigate exactly what happened, regardless of where the facts lead us, to make sure folks are held accountable and it doesn't happen again.
And number three, we are going to find out who did this and we're going to hunt them down, because one of the things that I've said throughout my presidency is when folks mess with Americans, we go after them.
OBAMA: Now Governor Romney had a very different response. While we were still dealing with our diplomats being threatened, Governor Romney put out a press release, trying to make political points, and that's not how a commander in chief operates. You don't turn national security into a political issue. Certainly not right when it's happening. And people -- not everybody agrees with some of the decisions I've made. But when it comes to our national security, I mean what I say. I said I'd end the war in Libya -- in -- in Iraq, and I did.
I said that we'd go after al-Qaeda and bin Laden, we have. I said we'd transition out of Afghanistan, and start making sure that Afghans are responsible for their own security, that's what I'm doing. And when it comes to this issue, when I say that we are going to find out exactly what happened, everybody will be held accountable. And I am ultimately responsible for what's taking place there because these are my folks, and I'm the one who has to greet those coffins when they come home. You know that I mean what I say.
CROWLEY: Mr. President, I'm going to move us along. Governor?
ROMNEY: Thank you Kerry for your question, it's an important one. And -- and I -- I think the president just said correctly that the buck does stop at his desk and -- and he takes responsibility for -- for that -- for the failure in providing those security resources, and -- and those terrible things may well happen from time to time. I -- I'm -- I feel very deeply sympathetic for the families of those who lost loved ones. And today there's a memorial service for one of those that was lost in this tragedy. We -- we think of their families and care for them deeply. There were other issues associated with this -- with this tragedy. There were many days that passed before we knew whether this was a spontaneous demonstration, or actually whether it was a terrorist attack.
ROMNEY: And there was no demonstration involved. It was a terrorist attack and it took a long time for that to be told to the American people. Whether there was some misleading, or instead whether we just didn't know what happened, you have to ask yourself why didn't we know five days later when the ambassador to the United Nations went on TV to say that this was a demonstration. How could we have not known?
But I find more troubling than this, that on -- on the day following the assassination of the United States ambassador, the first time that's happened since 1979, when -- when we have four Americans killed there, when apparently we didn't know what happened, that the president, the day after that happened, flies to Las Vegas for a political fund-raiser, then the next day to Colorado for another event, other political event.
I think these -- these actions taken by a president and a leader have symbolic significance and perhaps even material significance in that you'd hope that during that time we could call in the people who were actually eyewitnesses. We've read their accounts now about what happened. It was very clear this was not a demonstration. This was an attack by terrorists.
And this calls into question the president's whole policy in the Middle East. Look what's happening in Syria, in Egypt, now in Libya. Consider the distance between ourselves and -- and Israel, the president said that -- that he was going to put daylight between us and Israel.
We have Iran four years closer to a nuclear bomb. Syria -- Syria's not just a tragedy of 30,000 civilians being killed by a military, but also a strategic -- strategically significant player for America.
The president's policies throughout the Middle East began with an apology tour and -- and -- and pursue a strategy of leading from behind, and this strategy is unraveling before our very eyes.
CROWLEY: Because we're -- we're closing in, I want to still get a lot of people in. I want to ask you something, Mr. President, and then have the governor just quickly.
Your secretary of state, as I'm sure you know, has said that she takes full responsibility for the attack on the diplomatic mission in Benghazi. Does the buck stop with your secretary of state as far as what went on here?
OBAMA: Secretary Clinton has done an extraordinary job. But she works for me. I'm the president and I'm always responsible, and that's why nobody's more interested in finding out exactly what happened than I do.
The day after the attack, governor, I stood in the Rose Garden and I told the American people in the world that we are going to find out exactly what happened. That this was an act of terror and I also said that we're going to hunt down those who committed this crime.
And then a few days later, I was there greeting the caskets coming into Andrews Air Force Base and grieving with the families.
And the suggestion that anybody in my team, whether the Secretary of State, our U.N. Ambassador, anybody on my team would play politics or mislead when we've lost four of our own, governor, is offensive. That's not what we do. That's not what I do as president, that's not what I do as Commander in Chief.
CROWLEY: Governor, if you want to...
ROMNEY: Yes, I -- I...
CROWLEY: ... quickly to this please.
ROMNEY: I -- I think interesting the president just said something which -- which is that on the day after the attack he went into the Rose Garden and said that this was an act of terror.
OBAMA: That's what I said.
ROMNEY: You said in the Rose Garden the day after the attack, it was an act of terror.
It was not a spontaneous demonstration, is that what you're saying?
OBAMA: Please proceed governor.
ROMNEY: I want to make sure we get that for the record because it took the president 14 days before he called the attack in Benghazi an act of terror.
OBAMA: Get the transcript.
CROWLEY: It -- it -- it -- he did in fact, sir. So let me -- let me call it an act of terror...
OBAMA: Can you say that a little louder, Candy?
CROWLEY: He -- he did call it an act of terror. It did as well take -- it did as well take two weeks or so for the whole idea there being a riot out there about this tape to come out. You are correct about that.
ROMNEY: This -- the administration -- the administration indicated this was a reaction to a video and was a spontaneous reaction.
CROWLEY: It did.
ROMNEY: It took them a long time to say this was a terrorist act by a terrorist group. And to suggest -- am I incorrect in that regard, on Sunday, the -- your secretary --
OBAMA: Candy?
ROMNEY: Excuse me. The ambassador of the United Nations went on the Sunday television shows and spoke about how --
OBAMA: Candy, I'm --
ROMNEY: -- this was a spontaneous --
CROWLEY: Mr. President, let me --
OBAMA: I'm happy to have a longer conversation --
CROWLEY: I know you --
OBAMA: -- about foreign policy.
CROWLEY: Absolutely. But I want to -- I want to move you on and also --
OBAMA: OK. I'm happy to do that, too.
CROWLEY: -- the transcripts and --
OBAMA: I just want to make sure that --
CROWLEY: -- figure out what we --
OBAMA: -- all of these wonderful folks are going to have a chance to get some of their questions answered.
CROWLEY: Because what I -- what I want to do, Mr. President, stand there a second, because I want to introduce you to Nina Gonzalez, who brought up a question that we hear a lot, both over the Internet and from this crowd.
QUESTION: President Obama, during the Democratic National Convention in 2008, you stated you wanted to keep AK-47s out of the hands of criminals. What has your administration done or planned to do to limit the availability of assault weapons?
OBAMA: We're a nation that believes in the Second Amendment, and I believe in the Second Amendment. We've got a long tradition of hunting and sportsmen and people who want to make sure they can protect themselves.
But there have been too many instances during the course of my presidency, where I've had to comfort families who have lost somebody. Most recently out in Aurora. You know, just a couple of weeks ago, actually, probably about a month, I saw a mother, who I had met at the bedside of her son, who had been shot in that theater.
And her son had been shot through the head. And we spent some time, and we said a prayer and, remarkably, about two months later, this young man and his mom showed up, and he looked unbelievable, good as new.
But there were a lot of families who didn't have that good fortune and whose sons or daughters or husbands didn't survive.
So my belief is that, (A), we have to enforce the laws we've already got, make sure that we're keeping guns out of the hands of criminals, those who are mentally ill. We've done a much better job in terms of background checks, but we've got more to do when it comes to enforcement.
But I also share your belief that weapons that were designed for soldiers in war theaters don't belong on our streets. And so what I'm trying to do is to get a broader conversation about how do we reduce the violence generally. Part of it is seeing if we can get an assault weapons ban reintroduced. But part of it is also looking at other sources of the violence. Because frankly, in my home town of Chicago, there's an awful lot of violence and they're not using AK-47s. They're using cheap hand guns.
And so what can we do to intervene, to make sure that young people have opportunity; that our schools are working; that if there's violence on the streets, that working with faith groups and law enforcement, we can catch it before it gets out of control.
And so what I want is a -- is a comprehensive strategy. Part of it is seeing if we can get automatic weapons that kill folks in amazing numbers out of the hands of criminals and the mentally ill. But part of it is also going deeper and seeing if we can get into these communities and making sure we catch violent impulses before they occur.
CROWLEY: Governor Romney, the question is about assault weapons, AK-47s.
ROMNEY: Yeah, I'm not in favor of new pieces of legislation on -- on guns and taking guns away or making certain guns illegal. We, of course, don't want to have automatic weapons, and that's already illegal in this country to have automatic weapons. What I believe is we have to do, as the president mentioned towards the end of his remarks there, which is to make enormous efforts to enforce the gun laws that we have, and to change the culture of violence that we have.
And you ask how -- how are we going to do that? And there are a number of things. He mentioned good schools. I totally agree. We were able to drive our schools to be number one in the nation in my state. And I believe if we do a better job in education, we'll -- we'll give people the -- the hope and opportunity they deserve and perhaps less violence from that. But let me mention another thing. And that is parents. We need moms and dads, helping to raise kids. Wherever possible the -- the benefit of having two parents in the home, and that's not always possible. A lot of great single moms, single dads. But gosh to tell our kids that before they have babies, they ought to think about getting married to someone, that's a great idea.
Because if there's a two parent family, the prospect of living in poverty goes down dramatically. The opportunities that the child will -- will be able to achieve increase dramatically. So we can make changes in the way our culture works to help bring people away from violence and give them opportunity, and bring them in the American system. The -- the greatest failure we've had with regards to -- to gun violence in some respects is what -- what is known as Fast and Furious. Which was a program under this administration, and how it worked exactly I think we don't know precisely, where thousands of automatic, and AK-47 type weapons were -- were given to people that ultimately gave them to -- to drug lords.
They used those weapons against -- against their own citizens and killed Americans with them. And this was a -- this was a program of the government. For what purpose it was put in place, I can't imagine. But it's one of the great tragedies related to violence in our society which has occurred during this administration. Which I think the American people would like to understand fully, it's been investigated to a degree, but -- but the administration has carried out executive privilege to prevent all of the information from coming out.
I'd like to understand who it was that did this, what the idea was behind it, why it led to the violence, thousands of guns going to Mexican drug lords. OBAMA: Candy?
CROWLEY: Governor, Governor, if I could, the question was about these assault weapons that once were once banned and are no longer banned.
I know that you signed an assault weapons ban when you were in Massachusetts, obviously, with this question, you no longer do support that. Why is that, given the kind of violence that we see sometimes with these mass killings? Why is it that you have changed your mind?
ROMNEY: Well, Candy, actually, in my state, the pro-gun folks and the anti-gun folks came together and put together a piece of legislation. And it's referred to as an assault weapon ban, but it had, at the signing of the bill, both the pro-gun and the anti-gun people came together, because it provided opportunities for both that both wanted.
There were hunting opportunities, for instance, that haven't previously been available and so forth, so it was a mutually agreed- upon piece of legislation. That's what we need more of, Candy. What we have right now in Washington is a place that's gridlocked.
CROWLEY: So I could -- if you could get people to agree to it, you would be for it?
ROMNEY: We have --
OBAMA: Candy?
ROMNEY: -- we haven't had the leadership in Washington to work on a bipartisan basis. I was able to do that in my state and bring these two together.
CROWLEY: Quickly, Mr. President.
OBAMA: The -- first of all, I think Governor Romney was for an assault weapons ban before he was against it. And he said that the reason he changed his mind was, in part, because he was seeking the endorsement of the National Rifle Association. So that's on the record.
But I think that one area we agree on is the important of parents and the importance of schools, because I do believe that if our young people have opportunity, then they are less likely to engage in these kinds of violent acts. We're not going to eliminate everybody who is mentally disturbed and we have got to make sure they don't get weapons.
OBAMA: because I do believe that if our young people have opportunity, then they're less likely to engage in these kind of violent acts.
We're not going to eliminate everybody who is mentally disturbed, and we've got to make sure they don't get weapons. But we can make a difference in terms ensuring that every young person in America, regardless of where they come from, what they look like, have a chance to succeed.
And, Candy, we haven't had a chance to talk about education much, but I think it is very important to understand that the reforms we've put in place, working with 46 governors around the country, are seeing schools that are some of the ones that are the toughest for kids starting to succeed. We're starting to see gains in math and science.
When it comes to community colleges, we are setting up programs, including with Nassau Community College, to retrain workers, including young people who may have dropped out of school but now are getting another chance, training them for the jobs that exist right now.
And in fact, employers are looking for skilled workers. And so we're matching them up. Giving them access to higher education. As I said, we have made sure that millions of young people are able to get an education that they weren't able to get before.
CROWLEY: Mr. President, I have to -- I have to move you along here. You said you wanted to...
CROWLEY: We need to do it here.
OBAMA: But -- but it'll -- it'll -- it'll be...
OBAMA: ... just one second.
CROWLEY: One...
OBAMA: Because -- because this is important. This is part of the choice in this election.
When Governor Romney was asked whether teachers, hiring more teachers was important to growing our economy, Governor Romney said that doesn't grow our economy.
When -- when he was asked would class size...
CROWLEY: The question, Mr. President, was guns here, so I need to move us along.
OBAMA: I understand.
CROWLEY: You know, the question was guns. So let me -- let me bring in another...
OBAMA: But this will make a difference in terms of whether or not we can move this economy forward for these young people...
CROWLEY: I understand.
OBAMA: ... and reduce our violence.
CROWLEY: OK. Thank you so much.
I want to ask Carol Goldberg to stand up, because she gets to a question that both these men have been passionate about. It's for Governor Romney.
QUESTION: The outsourcing of American jobs overseas has taken a toll on our economy. What plans do you have to put back and keep jobs here in the United States?
ROMNEY: Boy, great question and important question, because you're absolutely right. The place where we've seen manufacturing go has been China. China is now the largest manufacturer in the world. It used to be the United States of America. A lot of good people have lost jobs. A half a million manufacturing jobs have been lost in the last four years. That's total over the last four years.
One of the reasons for that is that people think it's more attractive in some cases to go offshore than to stay here. We have made it less attractive for enterprises to stay here than to go offshore from time to time. What I will do as president is make sure it's more attractive to come to America again.
This is the way we're going to create jobs in this country. It's not by trickle-down government, saying we're going to take more money from people and hire more government workers, raise more taxes, put in place more regulations. Trickle-down government has never worked here, has never worked anywhere.
I want to make America the most attractive place in the world for entrepreneurs, for small business, for big business, to invest and grow in America.
Now, we're going to have to make sure that as we trade with other nations that they play by the rules. And China hasn't. One of the reasons -- or one of the ways they don't play by the rules is artificially holding down the value of their currency. Because if they put their currency down low, that means their prices on their goods are low. And that makes them advantageous in the marketplace.
We lose sales. And manufacturers here in the U.S. making the same products can't compete. China has been a currency manipulator for years and years and years. And the president has a regular opportunity to label them as a currency manipulator, but refuses to do so.
On day one, I will label China a currency manipulator, which will allow me as president to be able to put in place, if necessary, tariffs where I believe that they are taking unfair advantage of our manufacturers.
So we're going to make sure that people we trade with around the world play by the rules. But let me -- let me not just stop there. Don't forget, what's key to bringing back jobs here is not just finding someone else to punish, and I'm going to be strict with people who we trade with to make sure they -- they follow the law and play by the rules, but it's also to make America the most attractive place in the world for businesses of all kinds.
That's why I want to down the tax rates on small employers, big employers, so they want to be here. Canada's tax rate on companies is now 15 percent. Ours is 35 percent. So if you're starting a business, where would you rather start it? We have to be competitive if we're going to create more jobs here.
Regulations have quadrupled. The rate of regulations quadrupled under this president. I talk to small businesses across the country. They say, "We feel like we're under attack from our own government." I want to make sure that regulators see their job as encouraging small business, not crushing it. And there's no question but that Obamacare has been an extraordinary deterrent to enterprises of all kinds hiring people.
My priority is making sure that we get more people hired. If we have more people hired, if we get back manufacturing jobs, if we get back all kinds of jobs into this country, then you're going to see rising incomes again. The reason incomes are down is because unemployment is so high. I know what it takes to get this to happen, and my plan will do that, and one part of it is to make sure that we keep China playing by the rules.
CROWLEY: Mr. President, two minutes here, because we are then going to go to our last question.
OBAMA: OK. We need to create jobs here. And both Governor Romney and I agree actually that we should lower our corporate tax rate. It's too high. But there's a difference in terms of how we would do it. I want to close loopholes that allow companies to deduct expenses when they move to China; that allow them to profit offshore and not have to get taxed, so they have tax advantages offshore.
All those changes in our tax code would make a difference.
Now, Governor Romney actually wants to expand those tax breaks. One of his big ideas when it comes to corporate tax reform would be to say, if you invest overseas, you make profits overseas, you don't have to pay U.S. taxes.
But, of course, if you're a small business or a mom-and-pop business or a big business starting up here, you've got to pay even the reduced rate that Governor Romney's talking about.
And it's estimated that that will create 800,000 new jobs. The problem is they'll be in china. Or India. Or Germany.
That's not the way we're going to create jobs here. The way we're going to create jobs here is not just to change our tax code, but also to double our exports. And we are on pace to double our exports, one of the commitments I made when I was president. That's creating tens of thousands of jobs all across the country. That's why we've kept on pushing trade deals, but trade deals that make sure that American workers and American businesses are getting a good deal.
Now, Governor Romney talked about China, as I already indicated. In the private sector, Governor Romney's company invested in what were called pioneers of outsourcing. That's not my phrase. That's what reporters called it.
And as far as currency manipulation, the currency has actually gone up 11 percent since I've been president because we have pushed them hard. And we've put unprecedented trade pressure on China. That's why exports have significantly increased under my presidency. That's going to help to create jobs here.
CROWLEY: Mr. President, we have a really short time for a quick discussion here.
iPad, the Macs, the iPhones, they are all manufactured in China. One of the major reasons is labor is so much cheaper here. How do you convince a great American company to bring that manufacturing back here?
ROMNEY: The answer is very straightforward. We can compete with anyone in the world as long as the playing field is level. China's been cheating over the years. One by holding down the value of their currency. Number two, by stealing our intellectual property; our designs, our patents, our technology. There's even an Apple store in China that's a counterfeit Apple store, selling counterfeit goods. They hack into our computers. We will have to have people play on a fair basis, that's number one.
Number two, we have to make America the most attractive place for entrepreneurs, for people who want to expand their business. That's what brings jobs in. The president's characterization of my tax plan...
ROMNEY: ...is completely...is completely...
ROMNEY: ...is completely false. Let me tell you...
CROWLEY: Let me to go the president here because we really are running out of time. And the question is can we ever get -- we can't get wages like that. It can't be sustained.
OBAMA: Candy, there are some jobs that are not going to come back. Because they are low wage, low skill jobs. I want high wage, high skill jobs. That's why we have to emphasize manufacturing. That's why we have to invest in advanced manufacturing. That's why we've got to make sure that we've got the best science and research in the world. And when we talk about deficits, if we're adding to our deficit for tax cuts for folks who don't need them, and we're cutting investments in research and science that will create the next Apple, create the next new innovation that will sell products around the world, we will lose that race.
If we're not training engineers to make sure that they are equipped here in this country. Then companies won't come here. Those investments are what's going to help to make sure that we continue to lead this world economy, not just next year, but 10 years from now, 50 years from now, 100 years from now.
CROWLEY: Thanks Mr. President.
CROWLEY: Governor Romney?
ROMNEY: Government does not create jobs. Government does not create jobs.
CROWLEY: Governor Romney, I want to introduce you to Barry Green, because he's going to have the last question to you first?
ROMNEY: Barry? Where is Barry?
QUESTION: Hi, Governor. I think this is a tough question. To each of you. What do you believe is the biggest misperception that the American people have about you as a man and a candidate? Using specific examples, can you take this opportunity to debunk that misperception and set us straight?
ROMNEY: Thank you, and that's an opportunity for me, and I appreciate it.
In the nature of a campaign, it seems that some campaigns are focused on attacking a person rather than prescribing their own future and the things they'd like to do. In the course of that, I think the president's campaign has tried to characterize me as -- as someone who's very different than who I am.
I care about 100 percent of the American people. I want 100 percent of the American people to have a bright and prosperous future. I care about our kids. I understand what it takes to make a bright and prosperous future for America again. I spent my life in the private sector, not in government. I'm a guy who wants to help with the experience I have, the American people.
My -- my passion probably flows from the fact that I believe in God. And I believe we're all children of the same God. I believe we have a responsibility to care for one another. I -- I served as a missionary for my church. I served as a pastor in my congregation for about 10 years. I've sat across the table from people who were out of work and worked with them to try and find new work or to help them through tough times.
I went to the Olympics when they were in trouble to try and get them on track. And as governor of my state, I was able to get 100 percent of my people insured, all my kids, about 98 percent of the adults. I was able also to get our schools ranked number one in the nation, so 100 percent of our kids would have a bright opportunity for a future.
ROMNEY: I understand that I can get this country on track again. We don't have to settle for what we're going through. We don't have to settle for gasoline at four bucks. We don't have to settle for unemployment at a chronically high level. We don't have to settle for 47 million people on food stamps. We don't have to settle for 50 percent of kids coming out of college not able to get work. We don't have to settle for 23 million people struggling to find a good job.
If I become president, I'll get America working again. I will get us on track to a balanced budget. The president hasn't. I will. I'll make sure we can reform Medicare and Social Security to preserve them for coming -- coming generations. The president said he would. He didn't.
CROWLEY: Governor...
ROMNEY: I'll get our incomes up. And by the way, I've done these things. I served as governor and showed I could get them done.
CROWLEY: Mr. President, last two minutes belong to you.
OBAMA: Barry, I think a lot of this campaign, maybe over the last four years, has been devoted to this nation that I think government creates jobs, that that somehow is the answer.
That's not what I believe. I believe that the free enterprise system is the greatest engine of prosperity the world's ever known.
I believe in self-reliance and individual initiative and risk takers being rewarded. But I also believe that everybody should have a fair shot and everybody should do their fair share and everybody should play by the same rules, because that's how our economy's grown. That's how we built the world's greatest middle class.
And -- and that is part of what's at stake in this election. There's a fundamentally different vision about how we move our country forward.
I believe Governor Romney is a good man. Loves his family, cares about his faith. But I also believe that when he said behind closed doors that 47 percent of the country considered themselves victims who refuse personal responsibility, think about who he was talking about.
Folks on Social Security who've worked all their lives. Veterans who've sacrificed for this country. Students who are out there trying to hopefully advance their own dreams, but also this country's dreams. Soldiers who are overseas fighting for us right now. People who are working hard every day, paying payroll tax, gas taxes, but don't make enough income.
And I want to fight for them. That's what I've been doing for the last four years. Because if they succeed, I believe the country succeeds.
When my grandfather fought in World War II and he came back and he got a G.I. Bill and that allowed him to go to college, that wasn't a handout. That was something that advanced the entire country. And I want to make sure that the next generation has those same opportunities. That's why I'm asking for your vote and that's why I'm asking for another four years.
CROWLEY: President Obama, Governor Romney, thank you for being here tonight.
On that note we have come to an end of this town hall debate. Our thanks to the participants for their time and to the people of Hofstra University for their hospitality.
The next and final debate takes place Monday night at Lynn (ph) University in Boca Raton, Florida. Don't forget to watch. Election Day is three weeks from today. Don't forget to vote.
Good night.


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Medical School is Marathon, not a Sprint!It is a race of endurance and this has been proven by my third year, with 36-48 hr shifts, 2 days off a month, and over 1,000 pages to read per rotation. But these are the things that are expected. Here are some other challenges: going without clean underwear, use the hospital scrub service for your laundry service, have to make a decision between sleep and food, have to make a decision for your future, oh and you get two weeks, but most of all be prepared for a loneliness of the winter that will be your life.
I cannot imagine what it is like to go through it with a wife or family, but to go through as a single man there are days in which you talk to different types of people: medical professionals and patients. Vacations are wrought with studying for exams and career planning, and there is only one piece of advice to help you weather the storm of medical school:
"Brace Yourself"


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Harbhajan Singh, the India offspinner who was recalled to the Test squad on Monday, has hit out at his critics, and also declared that he has "evolved" as a cricketer during his year out of the team.
"A good bowler should not be only judged by his wickets count, his skillful bowling methods should also be taken into account," Harbhajan told PTI in Mohali. "His (a spinner's) role changes according to the wicket. Some people who have not played cricket themselves have been writing crap stuff about me."
Harbhajan was a permanent member of India's Test squad for several years before he was left out for the tour of Australia late last year, leaving him with 98 Test caps. "It would be nice to complete 100 Test matches, I just can't wait to get into whites for India against England."
While Harbhajan hasn't taken loads of wickets on the first-class circuit after being dropped, he said he had improved as a cricketer. "During the time I was out of the Indian team I got time to work on different aspects of the game. I captained Punjab team and also the Mumbai Indians. I think I have become a good listener and can handle things on the field in a better way."
India's captain MS Dhoni has repeatedly called for turning tracks for home series, and Harbhajan also hoped the pitches would assist spinners. "The wickets should have everything for everyone. When Dhoni says that he has not seen any spinner getting the ball bounce in the rib cage area of the batsman in the recent past, I agree with him.
"I would love to bowl on a wicket which has both turn and bounce, so that I can also bowl in the rib area of the batsman from outside the off stump."


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Château De Raay
From a simple and quick dinner to going out for fine dining: North Limburg restaurants cater for the entire spectrum of good food. Again and again, the restaurants in North Limburg surprise guests with special regional products, such as asparagus and blueberries.
Burgundian Limburg showing its best side!


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You're early into your learning experience as a guitarist, and it's time to either be teaching yourself, or more commonly, looking for a good teacher. A good teacher is always critical at this point, even if you, as we mostly do, end up teaching yourself. Even though I am a completely self-taught guitar player, there was a period in the beginning where I got the guidance of a wonderful classical guitar teacher. I was very young, only ten, but I found that her lessons gave me a deep respect for the guitar, especially as the result of so much classical and very stringent technique. I also found that her attitude towards me, which was so supportive, was extremely helpful. She was very tuned into my good ear, and I learned so easily from her just by watching and listening. This encouraged me no end, as I could see that she was quite proud of my natural abilities, and always nurtured them.
This is certainly what I always try to do with any really gifted students of my own, and if you're looking for a teacher, always be aware of their supportiveness, and also be on the lookout for impatience, and someone who is just too critical. This is important, because at this stage of your development, you must always be encouraged! You never know when a student may finally "blossom", and it takes a good student/teacher relationship to help the process along. I have noticed that a lot of my early and very young students' development seems to move right along with their growth development too. It really seems that when a student's hands are finally large enough, they are also suddenly much more capable of finally tackling the more difficult techniques. So don't be too discouraged when starting early, especially if you are still growing; your ability will surely grow right with you!
Also, if you are a parent taking your child to lessons, always be on the lookout for what he or she may have to say about how the teacher treats them. Even better, try to "sit in" on some of the teaching sessions if you can, without being too disruptive to the lesson itself. I often welcome a parent who likes to be there during the lesson, but I can't stand when they try to "take over" the lesson, and totally disrupt my rhythm. In the end, they're doing much more to hurt their child's learning process than to help it!
So, always try to find a good student/teacher relationship, and make sure the teacher takes a truly relaxed, yet professional approach throughout all stages of the learning process. You'll be glad you did, and it will pay off for your entire musical life!


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It's never too early to look forward to the next World Cup cycle.
ESPNFC's Jeff Carlisle has listed the Crew's Wil Trapp as one of "10 U.S. stars to watch for in 2018." Among others, the 21-year-old reigning U.S. Soccer Young Male Athlete of the Year is listed along with New England Revolution midfielder Kelyn Rowe (pictured above with Trapp), Bayern Munich winger Julian Green and Seattle Sounders defender DeAndre Yedlin in Carlisle's projection.
Here's what U.S. U-20 Men's National Team Head Coach and World Cup veteran Tab Ramos had to say about Trapp's future in the article:
"I think Wil Trapp will be a professional for the next 15 years, and I'm hoping he's the next guy to make a jump to the first team because he does all the things right. He connects the team better than anyone. He's always there. He's always in the right place, and when the ball gets to him, he puts it in an even better place. He's a Xavi kind of player. Obviously you can't compare him to Xavi because he's been doing it for the last 15 years, but he's that kind of guy. He connects the dots like that."


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Onshore wind beats all but gas in the UK
Tucked away in an appendix to a report on energy in the EU, No Country is an Energy Island: Securing Investment for the EU's future from a UK House of Lords select committee is confirmation that onshore wind will shortly be second only to combined-cycle gas-turbine generation in terms of competitiveness for the electricity market, with gas only undercutting wind by a small margin.
The report shows a table of levelised costs for projects commissioned in 2018 that suggests the generation cost from gas will be £85/MWh (EUR100/MWh), compared with onshore wind at £90/MWh (EUR106/MWh).
It suggests that nuclear - in series production - will cost £73/MWh. Series production, however, is unlikely to be achieved before the middle of the next decade, at the earliest, with the UK government continuing its tortuous negotiations over the fixed "strike price" for the first of the new nuclear power stations. Latest speculation is that the contracts are likely to run for 35 years, in an effort to keep the strike price below £100/MWh.
Following gas and wind, the next technology expected up the cost scale in 2018 is gas with post-combustion carbon capture and storage (CCS), priced at £94/MWh. However, the report notes that it has proved challenging to make CCS commercially viable, "with repeated delays resulting in uncertainty". This situation also applies elsewhere in Europe.
The report then lists coal as the next best price for the UK in 2018, at £113/MWh - although it is extremely unlikely that any plant of this kind will be built in the foreseeable future. The same technology with CCS is estimated to be priced at £116/MWh. The additional cost associated with CCS seems quite small, especially as the price relates to the "first of a kind" plant.
Offshore wind is priced by the report at £113/MWh - less than coal with CCS, and less than medium/large (250-5,000kW) photovoltaic plants, which are priced at £129/MWh.
Hopes for stability in Europe
Although UK generation costs are higher than those in the US and some parts of Europe, the relative position of the various technologies is similar. While shale gas has led to lower gas prices in the US, there are still conflicting views on the prospects for shale gas in Europe. According to Bloomberg New Energy Finance's (BNEF) recent Market Outlook report, there does not appear to be any expectation of significant reductions in gas prices across Europe. It is expected that there will be some exploitation, but as the gas is unlikely to be cheap, the net effect may be to stabilise prices and inhibit further increases.
BNEF's report suggests that the generation cost from wind will fall steadily over the next 15-20 years and on the best wind sites will undercut European gas-fired generation costs in the next five years or so, and US coal-fired generation costs from about 2018. Parity with US gas-fired generation will start to be achieved around 2027.
Another BNEF study, for the Australian market, which is currently dominated by cheap coal, suggests that wind has already achieved parity with new coal-fired generation, even without factoring in the appropriate carbon price.
In Australia, wind power has already achieved parity with new coal-fired generation, even without factoring in the appropriate carbon price
Wind delivers 14% of electricity demand
On 22 March this year, the UK system recorded a 24-hour consistent output from metered wind energy, that topped 5GW. Metered output only includes wind installations that are connected to the transmission network and the system operator estimates that total generation, including wind power connected to the local distribution networks, is about 25% higher.
The highest recorded metered output during the period reached 5.296GW, at 1530hrs, making total wind power output likely to be around 6.5GW, or nearly 14% of total electricity demand at the time.
UK trade association RenewableUK calculates that for this 24-hour period, wind was generating enough to power the equivalent of nearly four out of every ten UK homes and more than 10% of the country's overall electricity needs.


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The infamous Arkansas "Toe Suck Fairy," who went to prison for a series of assaults in the 1990s, is behind bars again after a new sweries of bizarre incidents.
Police believe Michael Robert Wyatt is the man who approached at least two women in stores and asked to suck their toes, and he may be the attacker who tore the shoe off an 83-year-old woman sitting on her porch and sucked on her toes, according to Reuters.
"The man then asked if he could kiss her and she had told him no and told him he was crazy," the report stated.
U.S. & World
The day's top national and international news.
Days later, a woman told police she was at a mall when she noticed a man staring at her. He approached her and "told her he loved her toes, and they were so long and beautiful," the report said.
In the 1990s, Wyatt earned the moniker "Toe Suck Fairy," along with court-ordered therapy, after he pretended to be a podiatrist in order to fondle and suck a Conway woman's toes at a clothing store. But he went to jail for a year In 1991, after telling a convenience store clerk that he wanted to cut off her feet and suck her toes while she bled to death.
Wyatt was arrested again in 1999 in northwest Arkansas, after a woman said he confronted her in a Wal-Mart and asked if she wanted her toes amputated and showed her pictures of women with no feet.
Wyatt was picked up at his home in Vilonia, about 15 miles from Conway, where three incidents have been reported in the past few weeks.


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Malaria: the persistence of disease
'Tabloid' medicine chest used by Teddy Roosevelt in 1909, London, England, 1900-1909
Infectious diseases through the ages
The power of infectious diseases can rise and fall. While new plagues surface, former killers can become minor inconveniences. They might be tamed by medicine and one - smallpox - has been eradicated by human action. But others stubbornly endure, killing for century after century.
Malaria: from Antiquity to the present day
Malaria is such a disease. Of great antiquity, it has shadowed human history, and has been endemic at one time or other throughout much of the world. It persisted as Fen Ague in 19th-century England, but from a modern British perspective malaria has become, at most, a potential pitfall of exotic holidays, a feature of this country's colonial past. For many former colonies it remains a constant, deadly threat.
A South American 'tonic' against malaria
Malaria has always plagued travellers - be they merchants, missionaries, soldiers or colonialists. But as well as encountering malaria, early Spanish colonisers of South America found a local treatment - cinchona. And when in 1820 its active components - quinine and cinchonine - were isolated, the resultant drugs became essential elements of any traveller's medicine chest. Its use is still evoked today by tonic water, a solution of quinine once used as a 'tonic' against malaria.
The use of quinine around the world in the 1800s
As new European empires expanded, control of tropical diseases such as malaria was seen as crucial. Those sent out to seize and administer new colonies needed to stay healthy. In India alone, the British government was using nine tons of quinine annually by 1850. Fighting malaria was also symbolic - bringing a beacon of civilisation to what was considered savage and barbarous. Quinine became a tool of 19th-century colonialism. It allowed troops to cross malarial lands and without it the penetration of much of Africa would have been extremely difficult.
The Second World War, malaria and the mosquito
In 1898 British doctor Ronald Ross confirmed what had long been suspected. The mosquito was the malaria vector, the carrier of the disease. This prompted early attempts at mosquito control, but it was not until the Second World War (1939-45) that global action against malaria gained momentum. Japan had seized the main cinchona plantations and the Allies were fighting in lands infested with malaria. This encouraged both the development of new synthetic antimalarial drugs and the use of a new insecticide: DDT. In 1955, in an optimistic post-war world, the World Health Organization confidently announced a global malaria eradication programme.
Malaria in the former colonies
By 1970 the eradication programme had failed. Malaria had retreated, but it remained in key areas, including Africa. The link with colonialism continued. Malaria concentrated in many former colonies, now independent but subject to war, famine, political instability and rocketing populations. To succeed, control measures needed levels of discipline that were difficult in such circumstances. In parallel was growing evidence of drug and insecticide resistance in mosquitoes and environmental damage from DDT - it wasn't just killing mosquitoes.
The WHO and malaria: a losing battle?
Funding was cut as the number of cases began to rise. Between 1973 and 1977 global malaria cases rose by 250%. The battle was lost and thoughts moved from eradication to disease control. Vaccination offered an alternative path, but after years of research an effective vaccine remains elusive. And so in 1998 the World Health Organization announced a renewed effort, the Roll Back Malaria Campaign, a global partnership with numerous local groups, charities and NGOs. Using new drug therapies developed from artemisia, insecticide-impregnated nets and the judicious use of indoor spraying, it pledged to halve cases by 2010.
Malaria today
Today there continues to be around 500 million cases of malaria annually, with at least 1 million deaths. Around 40% of the world's population remain at risk from malaria and every day close to 3000 children die of it.
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Related links
Techniques and Technologies:
R S Desowitz, The Malaria Capers: More Tales of Parasites and People, Research and Reality (New York: W.W. Norton, 1991)
R M Packard, The Making of a Tropical Disease : A Short History of Malaria (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007)
K H Rieckmann, 'The chequered history of malaria control: Are new and better tools the ultimate answer?' Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 100/8 (2006), pp 647-662
F Rocco, The Miraculous Fever-tree: Malaria, Medicine and the Cure That Changed the World (London: HarperCollins Publishers, 2004)
R Ross, Memoirs: with a Full Account of the Great Malaria Problem and its Solution (London: J Murray, 1923)
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In addition to their major, students have the option of choosing a minor in a different area of specialization. Most academic departments offer at least one minor; specific requirements for the various minors are available from the departments.
Requirements in minors for students pursuing teacher certification are available from the Education Department. (Academic departmental minor requirements and the teaching departmental minor requirements may vary; students must contact the Education Department regarding specific requirements.)
Interdepartmental minors are also an option, offered through the cooperation of several academic departments. Students having specific questions regarding these minors should contact the Registrar's Office.
There are many ways to give—and even more reasons to give. Your gifts are an investment in our students, faculty, and staff, and each one makes an immediate and lasting impact.


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Your health is important to you around the clock–not just during office hours. The myMemorialCare myChart electronic medical record, powered by Epic's myChart is your personalized Internet connection to your doctor's office. You can schedule appointments, request prescription refills, review your health history and more—online, any time.
Login to myChart
myChart Features
- Send secure email your doctor
- Access your test results
- Request prescription renewals
- View your recent clinic visits
How Do I Sign Up?
If your physician uses myMemorialCare myChart and you wish to participate, you will be issued a myMemorialCare myChart activation code during your office visit. This code will enable you to login and create your own user ID and password. If you were not issued an activation code, you may call your primary care clinic to get one or ask to sign up during you next office visit.
Learn More
myMemorialCare myChart iPhone App
Now available as a FREE download from the iTunes store.
Download App
Need Help? Call 855-219-8570 for assistance.
If Your Physician is Not Using myMemorialCare myChart
Your physician may be using a different electronic medical record system. This means you will need to login to a different patient portal. Is your physician is using Next MD?
Urgent Medical Matters
Please do not use myMemorialCare to send any messages requiring urgent attention. For urgent medical matters, contact your doctor's office. For medical emergencies call 9-1-1.


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I seem to have a problem with my microphone on my Gigabyte GA-890FXA-UD5 running Windows Server 2008 R2.
This machine works fine running 2003 but with 2008 R2 installed the microphone just buzzes so much that it is completely unusable. Win2k8 has correctly detected the 'High Definition Audio Device'. I have even tried the Gigabyte Realtek Azalia driver but still the same.
Any ideas what I can do to cure this.
I have now traced this down to the Hyper-V role, with that installed the buzzing starts. Still don't know how to solve it though.


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If you own or rent a home in Kankakee, then you already realize that you can't take your home security for granted, and not only do you need to find the best security company in State that offers the highest level of technology in security equipment that is dependable, but you also don't want to overpay for your alarm system or your monthly monitoring costs.
Your Kankakee ADT authorized dealer has current special offers that can provide you with the right incentive for you to call today, so you can save money while you gain the peace of mind that can only come from having an ADT home security system.
There are a multitude of reasons why homeowners throughout Kankakee select ADT to install and monitor their home security system, but here are just a few of the main reasons that make ADT the best security company to choose from in Kankakee:
Call an ADT representative today and gain the peace of mind that only an ADT home security system can give you.


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Quote Wikipedia: Applications of graphical models include ... gene finding and diagnosis of diseases...
Unfortunately there is no comment what are these applications... Can one comment on this ?
A graphical models is a probabilistic model for which a graph denotes the conditional independence structure between random variables.
The so-called belief propagation is an algorithm for calculations of various probabilities in graphical models. It is used for decoding of error-correcting codes, calculations of free-energy for Ising type model etc. See e.g. the answer to this question: Correlation-Function for Random Graph Ising Model


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Learn to surf at Bigbury-on-Sea and Challaborough Bay with South Devon's premier surf school since 2002, Discovery Surf School. We're also a SUP & kayak hire centre.
We provide professional coaching for all ages and abilities with an emphasis on safe, high quality tuition in small groups. We'll guarantee you'll be up and riding in your first lesson!
We are the producers of the worlds leading surf instructional videos; 110% Surfing Techniques. Come visit us for some Surfing or Stand Up Paddle lessons, we're close to Salcombe, Dartmouth, Kingsbridge, Bantham and Plymouth.


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AMSTERDAM (AP) — The Almighty will have to defend his own name from now on: Dutch parliament has accepted a motion that will scrap a law making it a crime to insult God.
A majority of parties said Wednesday the European Union nation no longer needs the law, which hasn't been invoked in the past half-century.
The movement to decriminalize blasphemy gathered strength in the last decade amid a national debate about the limits of freedom of speech. The climax came at the 2011 trial of far-right politician Geert Wilders, when judges ruled he had the right to criticize Islam, even if his opinions were insulting to many Muslims.
It still remains illegal under Dutch law to insult police officers or Queen Beatrix, the country's monarch.


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Sabbia Saffiano Lux Tote
Our Authenticity Guarantee
Each and every item that arrives in to our showroom is thoroughly vetted to ensure appropriate condition and also authenticity. We are proud to stand behind every item that we sell. Over the years that Opulent Habits has been in business, we have built up a reputation of selling only authentic merchandise.
We authenticate using two methods:
1. Entrupy Technology (www.entrupy.com)
2. Third Party Professional Authenticators
Items that come with a certificate of authenticity from Entrupy will state this in the description under "accessories".
Please email us at firstname.lastname@example.com if you have any additional questions regarding authenticity. We encourage all buyers to reach out to their own authenticators with photos as well for that extra peace of mind, we are more than happy to provide the necessary photos.
How do I purchase an Item on Layaway?
One of the best ways to shop with us is via our layaway opportunity. We are happy to offer layaway on the majority of our items, but it is on an item to item basis as each item is being sold by a different individual.
Our terms are as follows:
- 20% is required as a deposit and the remainder within 30 - 60 days for items listed above $1,500. Items listed below $1,500 require 50% down and may only be available for a 30 day layaway (please inquire regarding the item)!
- Deposits are non-refundable and non-transferrable.
- Items do not ship until fully paid off.
- Late payments will incur a $25 per day fee.
Please email us at firstname.lastname@example.com to purchase an item on layaway.
At this time we cannot accept returns or exchanges on purchases. Since all items are consignment pieces, once an item sells the consignor is paid resulting in all orders being final sale. Please keep this in mind when shopping with us. If you have any questions, please do not hesitate to reach out to us via email.
All items are guaranteed authentic but if an item is found inauthentic or not as described, we will accept returns for special cases. If you receive an item that you do not believe is authentic or is not as described, please email us immediately at email@example.com so we can properly assess and rectify the situation accordingly.
Authentic Prada Sabbia (Beige) Saffiano Lux Tote with gold hardware. Gorgeous and great for everyday! In very good, preowned condition. Light marks to exterior (please see zoomed in photos), wear to all 4 corners, wear to bottom feet. Interior is clean, no rips, tears or odors. Please see photos with zoom for details.
Country of Manufacture: Italy
Date Code/Serial Number: 7
Dimensions: 15 x 7 x 10"
Accessories: Authenticity certificate, dust bag, authenticity card
Country of Manufacture: Italy
Date Code/Serial Number: 7
Dimensions: 15 x 7 x 10"
Accessories: Authenticity certificate, dust bag, authenticity card