text:
Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Vol. 6, by Edward Gibbon, [1788], at sacred-texts.com
It was on this fatal spot, that, instead of finding a confederate fleet to second their operations, they were alarmed by the approach of Amurath himself, who had issued from his Magnesian solitude, and transported the forces of Asia to the defence of Europe. According to some writers, the Greek emperor had been awed, or seduced, to grant the passage of the Bosphorus; and an indelible stain of corruption is fixed on the Genoese, or the pope's nephew, the Catholic admiral, whose mercenary connivance betrayed the guard of the Hellespont. From Adrianople, the sultan advanced by hasty marches, at the head of sixty thousand men; and when the cardinal, and Huniades, had taken a nearer survey of the numbers and order of the Turks, these ardent warriors proposed the tardy and impracticable measure of a retreat. The king alone was resolved to conquer or die; and his resolution had almost been crowned with a glorious and salutary victory. The princes were opposite to each other in the centre; and the Beglerbegs, or generals of Anatolia and Romania, commanded on the right and left, against the adverse divisions of the despot and Huniades. The Turkish wings were broken on the first onset: but the advantage was fatal; and the rash victors, in the heat of the pursuit, were carried away far from the annoyance of the enemy, or the support of their friends. When Amurath beheld the flight of his squadrons, he despaired of his fortune and that of the empire: a veteran Janizary seized his horse's bridle; and he had magnanimity to pardon and reward the soldier who dared to perceive the terror, and arrest the flight, of his sovereign. A copy of the treaty, the monument of Christian perfidy, had been displayed in the front of battle; and it is said, that the sultan in his distress, lifting his eyes and his hands to heaven, implored the protection of the God of truth; and called on the prophet Jesus himself to avenge the impious mockery of his name and religion. 26 With inferior numbers and disordered ranks, the king of Hungary rushed forward in the confidence of victory, till his career was stopped by the impenetrable phalanx of the Janizaries. If we may credit the Ottoman annals, his horse was pierced by the javelin of Amurath; 27 he fell among the spears of the infantry; and a Turkish soldier proclaimed with a loud voice, "Hungarians, behold the head of your king!" The death of Ladislaus was the signal of their defeat. On his return from an intemperate pursuit, Huniades deplored his error, and the public loss; he strove to rescue the royal body, till he was overwhelmed by the tumultuous crowd of the victors and vanquished; and the last efforts of his courage and conduct were exerted to save the remnant of his Walachian cavalry. Ten thousand Christians were slain in the disastrous battle of Warna: the loss of the Turks, more considerable in numbers, bore a smaller proportion to their total strength; yet the philosophic sultan was not ashamed to confess, that his ruin must be the consequence of a second and similar victory. *_0051 At his command a column was erected on the spot where Ladislaus had fallen; but the modest inscription, instead of accusing the rashness, recorded the valor, and bewailed the misfortune, of the Hungarian youth. 28
Before I lose sight of the field of Warna, I am tempted to pause on the character and story of two principal actors, the cardinal Julian and John Huniades. Julian 29 Caesarini was born of a noble family of Rome: his studies had embraced both the Latin and Greek learning, both the sciences of divinity and law; and his versatile genius was equally adapted to the schools, the camp, and the court. No sooner had he been invested with the Roman purple, than he was sent into Germany to arm the empire against the rebels and heretics of Bohemia. The spirit of persecution is unworthy of a Christian; the military profession ill becomes a priest; but the former is excused by the times; and the latter was ennobled by the courage of Julian, who stood dauntless and alone in the disgraceful flight of the German host. As the pope's legate, he opened the council of Basil; but the president soon appeared the most strenuous champion of ecclesiastical freedom; and an opposition of seven years was conducted by his ability and zeal. After promoting the strongest measures against the authority and person of Eugenius, some secret motive of interest or conscience engaged him to desert on a sudden the popular party. The cardinal withdrew himself from Basil to Ferrara; and, in the debates of the Greeks and Latins, the two nations admired the dexterity of his arguments and the depth of his theological erudition. 30 In his Hungarian embassy, we have already seen the mischievous effects of his sophistry and eloquence, of which Julian himself was the first victim. The cardinal, who performed the duties of a priest and a soldier, was lost in the defeat of Warna. The circumstances of his death are variously related; but it is believed, that a weighty encumbrance of gold impeded his flight, and tempted the cruel avarice of some Christian fugitives.
From an humble, or at least a doubtful origin, the merit of John Huniades promoted him to the command of the Hungarian armies. His father was a Walachian, his mother a Greek: her unknown race might possibly ascend to the emperors of Constantinople; and the claims of the Walachians, with the surname of Corvinus, from the place of his nativity, might suggest a thin pretence for mingling his blood with the patricians of ancient Rome. 31 In his youth he served in the wars of Italy, and was retained, with twelve horsemen, by the bishop of Zagrab: the valor of the white knight 32 was soon conspicuous; he increased his fortunes by a noble and wealthy marriage; and in the defence of the Hungarian borders he won in the same year three battles against the Turks. By his influence, Ladislaus of Poland obtained the crown of Hungary; and the important service was rewarded by the title and office of Waivod of Transylvania. The first of Julian's crusades added two Turkish laurels on his brow; and in the public distress the fatal errors of Warna were forgotten. During the absence and minority of Ladislaus of Austria, the titular king, Huniades was elected supreme captain and governor of Hungary; and if envy at first was silenced by terror, a reign of twelve years supposes the arts of policy as well as of war. Yet the idea of a consummate general is not delineated in his campaigns; the white knight fought with the hand rather than the head, as the chief of desultory Barbarians, who attack without fear and fly without shame; and his military life is composed of a romantic alternative of victories and escapes. By the Turks, who employed his name to frighten their perverse children, he was corruptly denominated Jancus Lain, or the Wicked: their hatred is the proof of their esteem; the kingdom which he guarded was inaccessible to their arms; and they felt him most daring and formidable, when they fondly believed the captain and his country irrecoverably lost. Instead of confining himself to a defensive war, four years after the defeat of Warna he again penetrated into the heart of Bulgaria, and in the plain of Cossova, sustained, till the third day, the shock of the Ottoman army, four times more numerous than his own. As he fled alone through the woods of Walachia, the hero was surprised by two robbers; but while they disputed a gold chain that hung at his neck, he recovered his sword, slew the one, terrified the other, and, after new perils of captivity or death, consoled by his presence an afflicted kingdom. But the last and most glorious action of his life was the defence of Belgrade against the powers of Mahomet the Second in person. After a siege of forty days, the Turks, who had already entered the town, were compelled to retreat; and the joyful nations celebrated Huniades and Belgrade as the bulwarks of Christendom. 33 About a month after this great deliverance, the champion expired; and his most splendid epitaph is the regret of the Ottoman prince, who sighed that he could no longer hope for revenge against the single antagonist who had triumphed over his arms. On the first vacancy of the throne, Matthias Corvinus, a youth of eighteen years of age, was elected and crowned by the grateful Hungarians. His reign was prosperous and long: Matthias aspired to the glory of a conqueror and a saint: but his purest merit is the encouragement of learning; and the Latin orators and historians, who were invited from Italy by the son, have shed the iustre of their eloquence on the father's character. 34
In the list of heroes, John Huniades and Scanderbeg are commonly associated; 35 and they are both entitled to our notice, since their occupation of the Ottoman arms delayed the ruin of the Greek empire. John Castriot, the father of Scanderbeg, 36 was the hereditary prince of a small district of Epirus or Albania, between the mountains and the Adriatic Sea. Unable to contend with the sultan's power, Castriot submitted to the hard conditions of peace and tribute: he delivered his four sons as the pledges of his fidelity; and the Christian youths, after receiving the mark of circumcision, were instructed in the Mahometan religion, and trained in the arms and arts of Turkish policy. 37 The three elder brothers were confounded in the crowd of slaves; and the poison to which their deaths are ascribed cannot be verified or disproved by any positive evidence. Yet the suspicion is in a great measure removed by the kind and paternal treatment of George Castriot, the fourth brother, who, from his tender youth, displayed the strength and spirit of a soldier. The successive overthrow of a Tartar and two Persians, who carried a proud defiance to the Turkish court, recommended him to the favor of Amurath, and his Turkish appellation of Scanderbeg, (Iskender beg,) or the lord Alexander, is an indelible memorial of his glory and servitude. His father's principality was reduced into a province; but the loss was compensated by the rank and title of Sanjiak, a command of five thousand horse, and the prospect of the first dignities of the empire. He served with honor in the wars of Europe and Asia; and we may smile at the art or credulity of the historian, who supposes, that in every encounter he spared the Christians, while he fell with a thundering arm on his Mussulman foes. The glory of Huniades is without reproach: he fought in the defence of his religion and country; but the enemies who applaud the patriot, have branded his rival with the name of traitor and apostate. In the eyes of the Christian, the rebellion of Scanderberg is justified by his father's wrongs, the ambiguous death of his three brothers, his own degradation, and the slavery of his country; and they adore the generous, though tardy, zeal, with which he asserted the faith and independence of his ancestors. But he had imbibed from his ninth year the doctrines of the Koran; he was ignorant of the Gospel; the religion of a soldier is determined by authority and habit; nor is it easy to conceive what new illumination at the age of forty 38 could be poured into his soul. His motives would be less exposed to the suspicion of interest or revenge, had he broken his chain from the moment that he was sensible of its weight: but a long oblivion had surely impaired his original right; and every year of obedience and reward had cemented the mutual bond of the sultan and his subject. If Scanderbeg had long harbored the belief of Christianity and the intention of revolt, a worthy mind must condemn the base dissimulation, that could serve only to betray, that could promise only to be forsworn, that could actively join in the temporal and spiritual perdition of so many thousands of his unhappy brethren. Shall we praise a secret correspondence with Huniades, while he commanded the vanguard of the Turkish army? shall we excuse the desertion of his standard, a treacherous desertion which abandoned the victory to the enemies of his benefactor? In the confusion of a defeat, the eye of Scanderbeg was fixed on the Reis Effendi or principal secretary: with the dagger at his breast, he extorted a firman or patent for the government of Albania; and the murder of the guiltless scribe and his train prevented the consequences of an immediate discovery. With some bold companions, to whom he had revealed his design he escaped in the night, by rapid marches, from the field or battle to his paternal mountains. The gates of Croya were opened to the royal mandate; and no sooner did he command the fortress, than George Castriot dropped the mask of dissimulation; abjured the prophet and the sultan, and proclaimed himself the avenger of his family and country. The names of religion and liberty provoked a general revolt: the Albanians, a martial race, were unanimous to live and die with their hereditary prince; and the Ottoman garrisons were indulged in the choice of martyrdom or baptism. In the assembly of the states of Epirus, Scanderbeg was elected general of the Turkish war; and each of the allies engaged to furnish his respective proportion of men and money. From these contributions, from his patrimonial estate, and from the valuable salt-pits of Selina, he drew an annual revenue of two hundred thousand ducats; 39 and the entire sum, exempt from the demands of luxury, was strictly appropriated to the public use. His manners were popular; but his discipline was severe; and every superfluous vice was banished from his camp: his example strengthened his command; and under his conduct, the Albanians were invincible in their own opinion and that of their enemies. The bravest adventurers of France and Germany were allured by his fame and retained in his service: his standing militia consisted of eight thousand horse and seven thousand foot; the horses were small, the men were active; but he viewed with a discerning eye the difficulties and resources of the mountains; and, at the blaze of the beacons, the whole nation was distributed in the strongest posts. With such unequal arms Scanderbeg resisted twenty-three years the powers of the Ottoman empire; and two conquerors, Amurath the Second, and his greater son, were repeatedly baffled by a rebel, whom they pursued with seeming contempt and implacable resentment. At the head of sixty thousand horse and forty thousand Janizaries, Amurath entered Albania: he might ravage the open country, occupy the defenceless towns, convert the churches into mosques, circumcise the Christian youths, and punish with death his adult and obstinate captives: but the conquests of the sultan were confined to the petty fortress of Sfetigrade; and the garrison, invincible to his arms, was oppressed by a paltry artifice and a superstitious scruple. 40 Amurath retired with shame and loss from the walls of Croya, the castle and residence of the Castriots; the march, the siege, the retreat, were harassed by a vexatious, and almost invisible, adversary; 41 and the disappointment might tend to imbitter, perhaps to shorten, the last days of the sultan. 42 In the fulness of conquest, Mahomet the Second still felt at his bosom this domestic thorn: his lieutenants were permitted to negotiate a truce; and the Albanian prince may justly be praised as a firm and able champion of his national independence. The enthusiasm of chivalry and religion has ranked him with the names of Alexander and Pyrrhus; nor would they blush to acknowledge their intrepid countryman: but his narrow dominion, and slender powers, must leave him at an humble distance below the heroes of antiquity, who triumphed over the East and the Roman legions. His splendid achievements, the bashaws whom he encountered, the armies that he discomfited, and the three thousand Turks who were slain by his single hand, must be weighed in the scales of suspicious criticism. Against an illiterate enemy, and in the dark solitude of Epirus, his partial biographers may safely indulge the latitude of romance: but their fictions are exposed by the light of Italian history; and they afford a strong presumption against their own truth, by a fabulous tale of his exploits, when he passed the Adriatic with eight hundred horse to the succor of the king of Naples. 43 Without disparagement to his fame, they might have owned, that he was finally oppressed by the Ottoman powers: in his extreme danger he applied to Pope Pius the Second for a refuge in the ecclesiastical state; and his resources were almost exhausted, since Scanderbeg died a fugitive at Lissus, on the Venetian territory. 44 His sepulchre was soon violated by the Turkish conquerors; but the Janizaries, who wore his bones enchased in a bracelet, declared by this superstitious amulet their involuntary reverence for his valor. The instant ruin of his country may redound to the hero's glory; yet, had he balanced the consequences of submission and resistance, a patriot perhaps would have declined the unequal contest which must depend on the life and genius of one man. Scanderbeg might indeed be supported by the rational, though fallacious, hope, that the pope, the king of Naples, and the Venetian republic, would join in the defence of a free and Christian people, who guarded the sea-coast of the Adriatic, and the narrow passage from Greece to Italy. His infant son was saved from the national shipwreck; the Castriots 45 were invested with a Neapolitan dukedom, and their blood continues to flow in the noblest families of the realm. A colony of Albanian fugitives obtained a settlement in Calabria, and they preserve at this day the language and manners of their ancestors. 46
In the long career of the decline and fall of the Roman empire, I have reached at length the last reign of the princes of Constantinople, who so feebly sustained the name and majesty of the Caesars. On the decease of John Palaeologus, who survived about four years the Hungarian crusade, 47 the royal family, by the death of Andronicus and the monastic profession of Isidore, was reduced to three princes, Constantine, Demetrius, and Thomas, the surviving sons of the emperor Manuel. Of these the first and the last were far distant in the Morea; but Demetrius, who possessed the domain of Selybria, was in the suburbs, at the head of a party: his ambition was not chilled by the public distress; and his conspiracy with the Turks and the schismatics had already disturbed the peace of his country. The funeral of the late emperor was accelerated with singular and even suspicious haste: the claim of Demetrius to the vacant throne was justified by a trite and flimsy sophism, that he was born in the purple, the eldest son of his father's reign. But the empress-mother, the senate and soldiers, the clergy and people, were unanimous in the cause of the lawful successor: and the despot Thomas, who, ignorant of the change, accidentally returned to the capital, asserted with becoming zeal the interest of his absent brother. An ambassador, the historian Phranza, was immediately despatched to the court of Adrianople. Amurath received him with honor and dismissed him with gifts; but the gracious approbation of the Turkish sultan announced his supremacy, and the approaching downfall of the Eastern empire. By the hands of two illustrious deputies, the Imperial crown was placed at Sparta on the head of Constantine. In the spring he sailed from the Morea, escaped the encounter of a Turkish squadron, enjoyed the acclamations of his subjects, celebrated the festival of a new reign, and exhausted by his donatives the treasure, or rather the indigence, of the state. The emperor immediately resigned to his brothers the possession of the Morea; and the brittle friendship of the two princes, Demetrius and Thomas, was confirmed in their mother's presence by the frail security of oaths and embraces. His next occupation was the choice of a consort. A daughter of the doge of Venice had been proposed; but the Byzantine nobles objected the distance between an hereditary monarch and an elective magistrate; and in their subsequent distress, the chief of that powerful republic was not unmindful of the affront. Constantine afterwards hesitated between the royal families of Trebizond and Georgia; and the embassy of Phranza represents in his public and private life the last days of the Byzantine empire. 48 The protovestiare, or great chamberlain, Phranza sailed from Constantinople as the minister of a bridegroom; and the relics of wealth and luxury were applied to his pompous appearance. His numerous retinue consisted of nobles and guards, of physicians and monks: he was attended by a band of music; and the term of his costly embassy was protracted above two years. On his arrival in Georgia or Iberia, the natives from the towns and villages flocked around the strangers; and such was their simplicity, that they were delighted with the effects, without understanding the cause, of musical harmony. Among the crowd was an old man, above a hundred years of age, who had formerly been carried away a captive by the Barbarians, 49 and who amused his hearers with a tale of the wonders of India, 50 from whence he had returned to Portugal by an unknown sea. 51 From this hospitable land, Phranza proceeded to the court of Trebizond, where he was informed by the Greek prince of the recent decease of Amurath. Instead of rejoicing in the deliverance, the experienced statesman expressed his apprehension, that an ambitious youth would not long adhere to the sage and pacific system of his father. After the sultan's decease, his Christian wife, Maria, 52 the daughter of the Servian despot, had been honorably restored to her parents; on the fame of her beauty and merit, she was recommended by the ambassador as the most worthy object of the royal choice; and Phranza recapitulates and refutes the specious objections that might be raised against the proposal. The majesty of the purple would ennoble an unequal alliance; the bar of affinity might be removed by liberal alms and the dispensation of the church; the disgrace of Turkish nuptials had been repeatedly overlooked; and, though the fair Maria was nearly fifty years of age, she might yet hope to give an heir to the empire. Constantine listened to the advice, which was transmitted in the first ship that sailed from Trebizond; but the factions of the court opposed his marriage; and it was finally prevented by the pious vow of the sultana, who ended her days in the monastic profession. Reduced to the first alternative, the choice of Phranza was decided in favor of a Georgian princess; and the vanity of her father was dazzled by the glorious alliance. Instead of demanding, according to the primitive and national custom, a price for his daughter, 53 he offered a portion of fifty-six thousand, with an annual pension of five thousand, ducats; and the services of the ambassador were repaid by an assurance, that, as his son had been adopted in baptism by the emperor, the establishment of his daughter should be the peculiar care of the empress of Constantinople. On the return of Phranza, the treaty was ratified by the Greek monarch, who with his own hand impressed three vermilion crosses on the golden bull, and assured the Georgian envoy that in the spring his galleys should conduct the bride to her Imperial palace. But Constantine embraced his faithful servant, not with the cold approbation of a sovereign, but with the warm confidence of a friend, who, after a long absence, is impatient to pour his secrets into the bosom of his friend. "Since the death of my mother and of Cantacuzene, who alone advised me without interest or passion, 54 I am surrounded," said the emperor, "by men whom I can neither love nor trust, nor esteem. You are not a stranger to Lucas Notaras, the great admiral; obstinately attached to his own sentiments, he declares, both in private and public, that his sentiments are the absolute measure of my thoughts and actions. The rest of the courtiers are swayed by their personal or factious views; and how can I consult the monks on questions of policy and marriage? I have yet much employment for your diligence and fidelity. In the spring you shall engage one of my brothers to solicit the succor of the Western powers; from the Morea you shall sail to Cyprus on a particular commission; and from thence proceed to Georgia to receive and conduct the future empress." - "Your commands," replied Phranza, "are irresistible; but deign, great sir," he added, with a serious smile, "to consider, that if I am thus perpetually absent from my family, my wife may be tempted either to seek another husband, or to throw herself into a monastery." After laughing at his apprehensions, the emperor more gravely consoled him by the pleasing assurance that this should be his last service abroad, and that he destined for his son a wealthy and noble heiress; for himself, the important office of great logothete, or principal minister of state. The marriage was immediately stipulated: but the office, however incompatible with his own, had been usurped by the ambition of the admiral. Some delay was requisite to negotiate a consent and an equivalent; and the nomination of Phranza was half declared, and half suppressed, lest it might be displeasing to an insolent and powerful favorite. The winter was spent in the preparations of his embassy; and Phranza had resolved, that the youth his son should embrace this opportunity of foreign travel, and be left, on the appearance of danger, with his maternal kindred of the Morea. Such were the private and public designs, which were interrupted by a Turkish war, and finally buried in the ruins of the empire.
26 Some Christian writers affirm, that he drew from his bosom the host or wafer on which the treaty had not been sworn. The Moslems suppose, with more simplicity, an appeal to God and his prophet Jesus, which is likewise insinuated by Callimachus, (l. iii. p. 516. Spondan. A.D. 1444, No. 8.)
27 A critic will always distrust these spolia opima of a victorious general, so difficult for valor to obtain, so easy for flattery to invent, (Cantemir, p. 90, 91.) Callimachus (l. iii. p. 517) more simply and probably affirms, supervenitibus Janizaris, telorum multitudine, non jam confossus est, quam obrutus.
*_0051 Compare Von Hammer, p. 463. - M.
28 Besides some valuable hints from Aeneas Sylvius, which are diligently collected by Spondanus, our best authorities are three historians of the xvth century, Philippus Callimachus, (de Rebus a Vladislao Polonorum atque Hungarorum Rege gestis, libri iii. in Bel. Script. Rerum Hungaricarum, tom. i. p. 433 - 518,) Bonfinius, (decad. iii. l. v. p. 460 - 467,) and Chalcondyles, (l. vii. p. 165 - 179.) The two first were Italians, but they passed their lives in Poland and Hungary, (Fabric. Bibliot. Latin. Med. et Infimae Aetatis, tom. i. p. 324. Vossius, de Hist. Latin. l. iii. c. 8, 11. Bayle, Dictionnaire, Bonfinius.) A small tract of Faelix Petancius, chancellor of Segnia, (ad calcem Cuspinian. de Caesaribus, p. 716 - 722,) represents the theatre of the war in the xvth century.
29 M. Lenfant has described the origin (Hist. du Concile de Basle, tom. i. p. 247, &c.) and Bohemian campaign (p. 315, &c.) of Cardinal Julian. His services at Basil and Ferrara, and his unfortunate end, are occasionally related by Spondanus, and the continuator of Fleury
30 Syropulus honorably praises the talent of an enemy, (p. 117:).
31 See Bonfinius, decad. iii. l. iv. p. 423. Could the Italian historian pronounce, or the king of Hungary hear, without a blush, the absurd flattery which confounded the name of a Walachian village with the casual, though glorious, epithet of a single branch of the Valerian family at Rome?
32 Philip de Comines, (Memoires, l. vi. c. 13,) from the tradition of the times, mentions him with high encomiums, but under the whimsical name of the Chevalier Blanc de Valaigne, (Valachia.) The Greek Chalcondyles, and the Turkish annals of Leunclavius, presume to accuse his fidelity or valor.
33 See Bonfinius (decad. iii. l. viii. p. 492) and Spondanus, (A.D. 456, No. 1 - 7.) Huniades shared the glory of the defence of Belgrade with Capistran, a Franciscan friar; and in their respective narratives, neither the saint nor the hero condescend to take notice of his rival's merit.
34 See Bonfinius, decad. iii. l. viii. - decad. iv. l. viii. The observations of Spondanus on the life and character of Matthias Corvinus are curious and critical, (A.D. 1464, No. 1, 1475, No. 6, 1476, No. 14 - 16, 1490, No. 4, 5.) Italian fame was the object of his vanity. His actions are celebrated in the Epitome Rerum Hungaricarum (p. 322 - 412) of Peter Ranzanus, a Sicilian. His wise and facetious sayings are registered by Galestus Martius of Narni, (528 - 568,) and we have a particular narrative of his wedding and coronation. These three tracts are all contained in the first vol. of Bel's Scriptores Rerum Hungaricarum.
35 They are ranked by Sir William Temple, in his pleasing Essay on Heroic Virtue, (Works, vol. iii. p. 385,) among the seven chiefs who have deserved without wearing, a royal crown; Belisarius, Narses, Gonsalvo of Cordova, William first prince of Orange, Alexander duke of Parma, John Huniades, and George Castriot, or Scanderbeg.
36 I could wish for some simple authentic memoirs of a friend of Scanderbeg, which would introduce me to the man, the time, and the place. In the old and national history of Marinus Barletius, a priest of Scodra, (de Vita. Moribus, et Rebus gestis Georgii Castrioti, &c. libri xiii. p. 367. Argentorat. 1537, in fol.,) his gaudy and cumbersoms robes are stuck with many false jewels. See likewise Chalcondyles, l vii. p. 185, l. viii. p. 229.
37 His circumcision, education, &c., are marked by Marinus with brevity and reluctance, (l. i. p. 6, 7.)
38 Since Scanderbeg died A.D. 1466, in the lxiiid year of his age, (Marinus, l. xiii. p. 370,) he was born in 1403; since he was torn from his parents by the Turks, when he was novennis, (Marinus, l. i. p. 1, 6,) that event must have happened in 1412, nine years before the accession of Amurath II., who must have inherited, not acquired the Albanian slave. Spondanus has remarked this inconsistency, A.D. 1431, No. 31, 1443, No. 14.
39 His revenue and forces are luckily given by Marinus, (l. ii. p. 44.)
40 There were two Dibras, the upper aud lower, the Bulgarian and Albanian: the former, 70 miles from Croya, (l. i. p. 17,) was contiguous to the fortress of Sfetigrade, whose inhabitants refused to drink from a well into which a dead dog had traitorously been cast, (l. v. p. 139, 140.) We want a good map of Epirus.
41 Compare the Turkish narrative of Cantemir (p. 92) with the pompous and prolix declamation in the ivth, vth, and vith books of the Albanian priest, who has been copied by the tribe of strangers and moderns.
42 In honor of his hero, Barletius (l. vi. p. 188 - 192) kills the sultan by disease indeed, under the walls of Croya. But this audacious fiction is disproved by the Greeks and Turks, who agree in the time and manner of Amurath's death at Adrianople.
43 See the marvels of his Calabrian expedition in the ixth and xth books of Marinus Barletius, which may be rectified by the testimony or silence of Muratori, (Annali d'Italia, tom. xiii. p. 291,) and his original authors, (Joh. Simonetta de Rebus Francisci Sfortiae, in Muratori, Script. Rerum Ital. tom. xxi. p. 728, et alios.) The Albanian cavalry, under the name of Stradiots, soon became famous in the wars of Italy, (Memoires de Comines, l. viii. c. 5.)
44 Spondanus, from the best evidence, and the most rational criticism, has reduced the giant Scanderbeg to the human size, (A.D. 1461, No. 20, 1463, No. 9, 1465, No. 12, 13, 1467, No. 1.) His own letter to the pope, and the testimony of Phranza, (l. iii. c. 28,) a refugee in the neighboring isle of Corfu, demonstrate his last distress, which is awkwardly concealed by Marinus Barletius, (l. x.)
45 See the family of the Castriots, in Ducange, (Fam. Dalmaticae, &c, xviii. p. 348 - 350.)
46 This colony of Albanese is mentioned by Mr. Swinburne, (Travels into the Two Sicilies, vol. i. p. 350 - 354.)
47 The Chronology of Phranza is clear and authentic; but instead of four years and seven months, Spondanus (A.D. 1445, No. 7,) assigns seven or eight years to the reign of the last Constantine which he deduces from a spurious epistle of Eugenius IV. to the king of Aethiopia.
48 Phranza (l. iii. c. 1 - 6) deserves credit and esteem.
49 Suppose him to have been captured in 1394, in Timour's first war in Georgia, (Sherefeddin, l. iii. c. 50;) he might follow his Tartar master into Hindostan in 1398, and from thence sail to the spice islands.
50 The happy and pious Indians lived a hundred and fifty years, and enjoyed the most perfect productions of the vegetable and mineral kingdoms. The animals were on a large scale: dragons seventy cubits, ants (the formica Indica) nine inches long, sheep like elephants, elephants like sheep. Quidlibet audendi, &c.
51 He sailed in a country vessel from the spice islands to one of the ports of the exterior India; invenitque navem grandem Ibericam qua in Portugalliam est delatus. This passage, composed in 1477, (Phranza, l. iii. c. 30,) twenty years before the discovery of the Cape of Good Hope, is spurious or wonderful. But this new geography is sullied by the old and incompatible error which places the source of the Nile in India.
52 Cantemir, (p. 83,) who styles her the daughter of Lazarus Ogli, and the Helen of the Servians, places her marriage with Amurath in the year 1424. It will not easily be believed, that in six-and-twenty years' cohabitation, the sultan corpus ejus non tetigit. After the taking of Constantinople, she fled to Mahomet II., (Phranza, l. iii. c. 22.)
53 The classical reader will recollect the offers of Agamemnon, (Iliad, c. v. 144,) and the general practice of antiquity.
54 Cantacuzene (I am ignorant of his relation to the emperor of that name) was great domestic, a firm assertor of the Greek creed, and a brother of the queen of Servia, whom he visited with the character of ambassador, (Syropulus, p. 37, 38, 45.)


text:
Celebrities who subject themselves to Comedy Central Roasts run the gamut from (recovering) negative attention addicts (Charlie Sheen) to performers transitioning into new roles as campy figures ("Baywatch" buddies David Hasselhoff and Pamela Anderson) to icons unafraid to laugh at themselves (William Shatner) to comics able to out-zing the zingers (Joan Rivers and Roseanne Barr).
U.S. & World
The day's top national and international news.
Check out a promotional clip below in which Rogen declares the roast "a terrible idea" – a challenge of sorts to Franco, who apparently never met an idea he didn't like:
Hester is founding director of the award-winning, multi-media NYCity News Service at the City University of New York Graduate School of Journalism. He is the former City Editor of the New York Daily News, where he started as a reporter in 1992. Follow him on Twitter.

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University has launched a new Master Certificate in Business
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entirely online.
Business process management (BPM) is about improving an
business processes to reduce costs and increase revenue. Business
analysis is one type of BPM that focuses on aligning business processes
with information technology to improve the flow of information within a
Villanova's Master Certificate in BPM program consists of three
video-based courses:
Professors lead the live, online courses, and students log in at the
same time to participate in the class, including whiteboard
discussions. Students who can't attend the courses at the scheduled
time have the option of accessing recorded lectures at any time through
their computer or mobile device. Students who successfully complete the
three courses, project, and final exam become a Certified Professional
in Business Process Management (CPBPM), certified by Villanova
According to the university, the certification prepares graduates
industry-recognized certifications, including Lean Six Sigma Black Belt
Certification offered by Villanova University; the PMP or CAPM
certification offered by the Project Management Institute (PMI); and
certification by the International
Institute of Business Analysis
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It is part of the University Alliance (UA), an organization that
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Further information about Villanova University's Master Certificate
Business Process Management can be found at villanovau.com.
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Tuesday, September 7, 2010
Mets Labor day Cookout!
When you're the Mets it's an everyday thing. Another Grand Slam served up and yet we haven't hit one all year.
This is Grueling !
4 comments:
"Kiss the Enigma"ReplyDelete
Isn't that the truth.
Great Work as always!
he's very Pelfish!ReplyDelete
he's a yo-yo doomed to play out the string...
will he ever find a consistency?
will we ever tire of wondering?
Yes! battle fatigue has set in. PTSD.
He's shelled, we're traumatized.
put another headcase on the block.
thanks, joe.
This season needs to end.ReplyDelete
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ExpertFORUM Pharmacovigilance 2017
November 9, 2017, Seminar, Frankfurt
Covington Opens Frankfurt Office
March 28, 2018
LONDON—Covington will open an office in Frankfurt, Germany on April 3 led by eight partners. Frankfurt will be the firm's third European office and will work closely with the firm's five offices in the United States, its three offices in Asia, and its offices in the Middle East and Africa. "Covington will offer German companies a unique capability to help them ...
October 21, 2016
WASHINGTON—Covington represented India-based Piramal Enterprises and its wholly owned Critical Care subsidiary in the UK in the acquisition of five anesthesia and pain management injectable products from Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, in an all cash deal for an upfront consideration of US$155 million, and up to an additional US$20 million. The products to be acquired ...
Covington Advises Allergy Therapeutics on £11.5 Million Placement and License Agreement
November 23, 2015
LONDON, November 23, 2015 — Covington represented Allergy Therapeutics, the AIM-listed specialty pharmaceutical company specializing in allergy vaccines, in the placement of ordinary shares raising approximately £11.5 million. The placement was conducted through an accelerated bookbuilding process with Panmure Gordon & Co acting as financial adviser, nominated ...


text: Clever designs are one thing, but jack-o-lanterns that go above and beyond the call of duty are what really make Halloween awesome. So Nathan Pryor's awkwardly dubbed Pumpktris, which lets you actually play Tetris, is just about the best way to deck out your front porch on October 31st. A grid of 128 LEDs embedded inside the pumpkin shine through an intricate lattice of holes on the front, and playing a game of tetrominos is accomplished using the pumpkin's own stem as a joystick. It's the perfect way to distract kids from the embarrassingly small Snickers bars you're handing out. [Haha Bird via Neatorama]


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The dragonfly is large predatory insect generally found around watery areas in both the North and South Hemispheres. The dragonfly is very similar to a damselfly but the wings on the adults are considerably different.
The dragonfly is found hovering near lakes and swamps as the dragonfly larvae (the nymph/baby) is aquatic. The dragonfly nymph is capable of producing a painful bite for humans, where the adult dragonfly poses no threat.
The dragonfly is best known for its beautiful colours and the way it's body and wings sparkle when the dragonfly is flying around the water.
Dragonflies have long, thin and generally colourful bodies, large eyes and two pairs of transparent wings. As with other species of insect, the dragonfly also has six legs but it is unable to walk on solid ground. In flight, the adult dragonfly can propel itself in six directions which are upward, downward, forward, back, and side to side.
Both the dragonfly and its larvae are carnivorous animals and they feed exclusively on other small animals. The main prey of the dragonfly are mosquitoes, flies, bees and other small invertebrates. The dragonfly larvae feed mainly on aquatic insects and their eggs.
The dragonfly is preyed upon by a number of predators around the world including birds, fish and reptiles such as lizards. The dragonfly is also commonly eaten by amphibians such as toads, frogs and large newts.
Female dragonflies lay their eggs in or near water, often on floating or emergent plants. The dragonfly eggs then hatch into nymphs. which is how most of the dragonfly's life is spent. The dragonfly nymphs live beneath the water's surface, using extendable jaws to catch other invertebrates or even vertebrates such as tadpoles and fish.
The larval stage of large dragonflies may last as long as five years. In smaller species, this stage may last between two months and three years. When the larva is ready to metamorphose into an adult, it climbs up a reed or other emergent plant. Exposure to air causes the larva to begin breathing. The skin splits at a weak spot behind the head and the adult dragonfly crawls out of its old larval skin, pumps up its wings, and flies off to feed on midges and flies.


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Create a video for Dove nominee Jonny Diaz
Are you a closet videographer? A movie-maker? Get your creative juices flowing by putting your ideas to film for Dove Award nominee Jonny Diaz.
Diaz, who is up for the New Artist of the Year Award, wants YOU to create a video for his new single "Stand For You." Here's a link to his website and how to enter the contest.
Jonny also has a YouTube video about the meaning of the song. Basically it's that, "We live in an amazing country that was founded on Christian principles that can be found in the word of God," and that those values have been watered down. And that as Christians we must be bold and stand up for our country and those values.
Diaz's first single — "More Beautiful You" — off his first CD with INO Records is making its rounds on mainstream radio and the Internet and has hit the top 30 on the Billboard mainstream AC charts.
I had an opportunity to chat with Jonny last spring at the Dove Awards and here's a link to a story I posted on the former baseball player.


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Prosecutor: Officers who beat UMd. student abused power
Lawyers for officers: Clients were 'foot soldiers'
A prosecutor said two police officers abused their power when they assaulted a University of Maryland student during a rowdy post-game celebration two years ago.
But lawyers for the officers said their clients were merely "foot soldiers" who followed their commanders' orders and exerted legal and appropriate force.
Jurors heard opening statements Monday in the trial of Reginald Baker and James Harrison, two Prince George's County police officers accused of beating up John McKenna as students celebrated the men's basketball team's victory over Duke on March 3, 2010.
The two officers were indicted last year following a lengthy investigation. Baker and Harrison were charged with assault and misconduct.
During opening statements, prosecutors said the case is about power, trust and the law. They said the officers abused power, broke trust, violated the law and must be held accountable.
Video of the incident was taken from a campus dorm room. It showed McKenna being struck with police batons as he skipped down the sidewalk with his arms raised in celebration.
Defense lawyers said he ignored orders to stop and turn around. They described McKenna as an aggressive agitator, claiming he was charging the police line in the midst of a riot.
Originally, McKenna was arrested and charged with attacking the officers' horses, but both of those charges were dropped.
"I lost sleep over it. It sickened me to see an innocent kid like that get beat to that amount of severity. I mean, to the point that there were pools of blood," said witness Nathan Cole, who shot another video of the incident using his cellphone. That video was never released to the public, but it was played for the jury.
Cole graduated from UMd. in 2011 and works for a Baltimore accounting firm. He testified he did not see McKenna acting aggressively toward the horses or the mounted officers.
"This kid -- he had no threatening stance, no threatening manner, didn't threaten the cops, and next thing you know he's blindsided, (his) head slams into the wall and ends up on the ground and gets beat several more times when he's not even resisting. It completely breeches the use-of-force continuum," Cole said. "It made me so sick to see that, and the pool of blood afterwards. You know, that's someone son, and if that was my brother, I'd be infuriated. So, I was compelled to come here and tell what actually happened."
Jurors also heard from the victim, the now 24-year-old McKenna, who said he was drinking while watching the game with friends and then went outside to celebrate the win. While singing and skipping through the street, he said he looked up and saw the horses and police. McKenna testified from then on things were fuzzy. He remembers getting hit with a police shield and then being put into a police vehicle.
McKenna said he never heard warnings from police to get back or for the crowd to disperse. He suffered a large cut to the head.
The trial is expected to last one week.


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Robert Pattinson's supporting Cannes
A selection of shots of Robert Pattinson in Cannes is attached. Pattinson was at the festival representing two films – first The Rover and then David Cronenberg's Maps To The Stars. Pattinson's performance in The Rover was called by many to be the best of his career. And he apparently delivers in Maps To The Stars too. Good moves for his career. And an interesting strategy…
Because both of these are supporting roles. It reminds me of what Sarah wrote about Orlando Bloom in her Career Prospectus – click here for a refresher. Bloom broke out big in Pirates and Lord of the Rings. And then stalled as a leading actor; he couldn't carry a picture. Her assessment is that he fares better in ensembles. Pattinson might be the same. After all, he's made his money. It's not a financial factor anymore. Now, it's about the most interesting, most challenging work. He could find it not as a lead but as a character actor. That might help with the anxiety too.
Wenn, VALERY HACHE/ Pool/ Pascal Le Segretain/ Neilson Barnard/ Andreas Rentz/ Getty


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Dezima Pharma raises €14.2m ($18.6m) to develop its CETP inhibitor program DEZ-001
Naarden, The Netherlands, 28 February 2013 – Dezima Pharma ('Dezima'), the biotechnology company developing innovative drugs in the field of dyslipidemia, announced today that is has raised a total of €14.2m ($18.6m ) for the clinical development of its cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) inhibitor, DEZ-001(previously TA-8995) and to develop additional earlier-stage dyslipidemia assets.
Dezima has raised €9.8m in a Series A funding round, led by Forbion Capital Partners (NL) and BioGeneration Ventures (NL), with participation from New Science Ventures (USA). The Company has also been awarded a €4.4m loan ("Innovation Credit") by Agentschap NL, an agency of the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs.
Marco Boorsma of Forbion Capital Partners, Somu Subramaniam of New Science Ventures, and Wil Hazenberg of BioGeneration Ventures will join the Board of Directors of Dezima Pharma.
Sander van Deventer, Dezima's interim CEO and General Partner of Forbion Capital Partners said: "We are extremely pleased with the financing of Dezima Pharma and the significant loan facility from the Dutch government that together will enable Dezima to fund the further clinical development of its CETP inhibitor DEZ-001 and the establishment of a dyslipidemia pipeline. We believe that the combined lowering of LDL cholesterol and the unprecedented reduction of LP(a) make DEZ-001 the best in class CETP inhibitor."
Marco Boorsma of Forbion Capital Partners commented: "Our investment in Dezima Pharma underlies our commitment to advance innovative therapies, such as Dezima's first product the CETP inhibitor DEZ-001, potentially providing a solution for the unmet need of millions of dyslipidemic patients worldwide that are at risk of cardiovascular disease." Somu Subramanian of New Science Ventures added: "We are very excited to join Forbion and BioGeneration Ventures in moving this promising program forward."
Dezima Pharma was founded in 2012 by Prof. John Kastelein, Professor of Medicine at the Department of Vascular Medicine at the Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and seed-financed by Forbion Capital Partners and BioGeneration Ventures, to develop novel products to treat dyslipidemic patients suffering from cardiovascular disease.
Notes to editors:
About Dezima Pharma B.V.
Dezima Pharma was founded in 2012 by Prof. John Kastelein, Professor of Medicine at the Department of Vascular Medicine at the Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and seed-financed by Forbion Capital Partners and BioGeneration Ventures, to develop novel products to treat dyslipidemic patients suffering from cardiovascular disease (CVD). The company's lead product DEZ-001 (previously TA-8995) has been in-licenced from Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation and is a potentially best-in-class CETP inhibitor.
About dyslipidemia and CETP inhibitors
Dyslipidemia is a generally asymptomatic disease in which serum lipid levels deviate from the normal level. It is considered to be a modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease due to the direct relation with atherosclerosis. The market for dyslipidemic drugs, including statins, fish oils and fibrates, topped $25Bn in 2010. Though current treatment is relatively effective a high unmet need remains: about 60% of treated patients have a considerable chance of experiencing a cardiovascular event, which comes with significant morbidity and mortality.
The Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein (CETP) facilitates the transfer of cholesterol from HDL to other lipoproteins including LDL, in exchange for triglycerides. The CETP mediated transfer of cholesterol into LDL particles results into maturation of those LDL particles to more atherogenic LDL particles, which contribute to macrophage foam cell, and eventually plaque formation. Large Mendelian Randomization studies, epidemiological as well as preclinical studies have provided evidence for the notion that CETP activity is inversely related to cardiovascular mortality and reduced activity of CETP by pharmaceutical means or by naturally occurring mutations in the CETP gene results in increased HDL and decreased LDL levels. This provides a rationale for inhibition of CETP activity as a therapeutic intervention in dyslipidemic conditions characterized by either low HDL or high LDL cholesterol.
About Forbion Capital Partners
Forbion Capital Partners is a dedicated Life Sciences venture capital firm with offices in Naarden, The Netherlands, and Munich, Germany. Forbion invests in life sciences companies in drug discovery & development as well as medical device companies addressing substantial unmet medical needs. Forbion's investment team of nine investment professionals has built an impressive performance track record since the late nineties with successful investments in Rhein Biotech, Crucell, Neutec, Glycart, Borean, Impella, Alantos, Acorda, Fovea, PanGenetics, Argenta Discovery and most recently Biovex and Pathway Medical. Current assets under management exceed $550m, split between four active funds and comprising some 29 promising portfolio companies. Forbion Capital Partners Fund II is supported by the European Investment Fund through its ERP and LfA facilities. Forbion co-manages Biogeneration Ventures, an early stage fund focused on (academic) spin-outs and seed investments in the Netherlands. For more information, please visit www.forbion.com.
About New Science Ventures
New Science Ventures (NSV) is a New York-based venture capital firm which invests in both early and late stage companies using novel scientific approaches to address significant unmet needs and create order of magnitude improvements in performance. NSV manages over $125 million and has invested in more than 20 companies located in the US, Europe, India and China in the life sciences and information technology sectors.
About BioGeneration Ventures
BioGeneration Ventures manages funds that are actively investing venture capital in the next generation of successful life sciences companies in The Netherlands, Belgium and Germany. Its team has a successful track record and a broad experience in the life sciences sector. BioGeneration Ventures was co-founded by the Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI), the Holding of the University of Leiden, and ABN- AMRO. (www.biogenerationventures.com)
About Agentschap NL
Agentschap NL is an agency of the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs. Its stimulation programs and different subsidy schemes target high technology, energy and climate, the environment, international businesses and collaboration. The innovation credit line ("innovatiekrediet") is aimed at supporting innovative and commercially attractive development projects in The Netherlands.
For more information, please contact:
Dezima Pharma:
Sander van Deventer
[email protected]
+31 35 699 3000
For media enquiries on behalf of Dezima Pharma:
College Hill Life Sciences
Melanie Toyne-Sewell / Anastasios Koutsos / Cora Kaiser
+44 20 7457 2020
+49 89 57001806
[email protected]
[email protected]


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Alternative Titles
English: Magi: The Labyrinth of Magic
Synonyms: Magi Season 1
Japanese: マギ The labyrinth of magic
Type: TV
Episodes: 25
Status: Finished Airing
Aired: Oct 7, 2012 to Mar 31, 2013
Premiered: Fall 2012
Broadcast: Unknown
Producers: Aniplex, Dentsu, Shogakukan Productions, Mainichi Broadcasting System, Movic, GYAO!
Licensors: Aniplex of America
Studios: A-1 Pictures
Source: Manga
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Rating: PG-13 - Teens 13 or older
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1 indicates a weighted score. Please note that 'Not yet aired' titles are excluded.
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Advanced Search
Intervention | News
After brainstorming new ways to engage students at risk for dropping or failing introductory biology courses, the University of Houston has instituted a new intervention program, funneling additional resources to faculty development and curricular improvements. Next year, the university will expand the program to other STEM disciplines.
The funding for the new program was made possible by a grant from the Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board called the College Access Challenge. Aimed specifically at first year students in introductory and general biology courses -- which have the highest non-completion and failure rates of all the department's courses -- it adds workshops for faculty, peer-led recitation sessions, and changes to the curriculum.
In practice, when students score below a C on their first exam, they're required to attend a weekly group recitation session, led by junior or senior life science majors, that function almost like a lab: Students work in groups on hands-on activities that reinforce in-class concepts. Students also meet individually with faculty or staff members, go on field trips, and tour campus labs -- all designed to help spark engagement. All students in the main class can attend the extracurricular events, although their attendance is optional. In all, 16 faculty members and 16 undergrad majors make up the core support team.
"Since fall 2012, the program has served 2,653 students in the introductory course of science majors," said Donna Pattison, the program's co-director and an instructional professor of biology and biochemistry in a statement. "The initiative resulted in a 14 percent department-wide increase in the number of students successfully completing the introductory course for biology majors."
A recent $1.5 million grant from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute will expand the program to entry-level courses in physics, chemistry and mathematics. The university is now developing a toolkit, with resources like demonstration videos and instructions, to share best practices from the program with other schools.
About the Author
Stephen Noonoo is an education technology journalist based in Los Angeles. He is on Twitter @stephenoonoo. Follow @stephenoonoo
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Kidney Disease in cat or something else?
I'm hoping for some help here! I'm currently living in Bangkok with my two 12.5 year old cats. The vets here are ok...hard to understand and I'm just wanting to be sure that I'm not missing something. Recently my boy, Mikey, had a urinary tract obstruction and then infection. The doc used the catheter to push back the plug, took blood, gave sub-Q fluids, and meds. This was Monday night. The blood tests came back with BUN at 26 and Creatinine at 2.14-doc said renal failure. Continued sub-Q fluids, pill for bladder lining, pill for anti-inflammatory and an antibiotic. Since then started him on phosphorus meds and had to get an injection for stomach acid reduction. Doc had him eating Hill's C/D then switched Saturday morning to K/D (though that was when he was vomiting and we brought him in for the stomach acid, so didn't really get much of it in). Took blood again and BUN is up to 31 and Creatinine up to 2.41. Back in June of 2008 his BUN was at 26 and his Creatinine was at 1.0.
Does Mikey have renal failure and kidney disease? Is there any chance, any at all, that he could come back from this and live to the ripe old age of 20something? Is there something more I can do? I feel like my heart is breaking...any ideas or info would be appreciated.
Do you have a value for his Urine Specific Gravity?
Another member here, growler, has lots of experience and excellent advice regarding CRF in cats. I'm sure she'll chime in shortly, but in the meantime, here is her thread that is worth reading: http://www.pets.ca/forum/showthread....kidney+disease
"To close your eyes will not ease another's pain." ~ Chinese Proverb
We must not refuse to see with our eyes what they must endure with their bodies. ~ Gretchen Wyler
Do you have the reference ranges for the lab that was used for the bloodwork? The creatinine @ over 2 is definately high, though most but not all labs put the BUN as normal when under 35.
Was there anything else out of normal on the blood test? I see Mikey's on phos meds - what is the phos level?
Do you have the names of the meds Mikey's on?
Did they do a urine test? Do you have a value for the urine specific gravity (USG), and what was the amount of crystals?
Urinary crystals & stones can also raise the BUN & creatinine values.
Renal failure and kidney disease are two terms for the same condition. Many cats do really well for years with renal failure, my own grrl, who's 18yrs, has been dealing well with renal failure for 2 years now.
This is a wonderful, informative site by a woman in the UK who has had a couple of cats with renal failure - http://www.felinecrf.org/index.htm - it is not meant to replace veterinary advice but written from an owners perspective.
Avoid biting when a simple growl will do
The Spirit Lives As Long As Someone Who Lives Remembers You - Navaho Saying
Vindication ~ For all those pets who became sick or lost their lives from tainted pet food
Welcome to pets/ca MnM but sorry to hear about Mikey.
I don't have any advice but just wanted to say that growler and sugarcatmom are the two best members on the forum to give you information about feline kidney disease.
Thanks so much for writing back...I'm feeling helpless being in Thailand. I read through Duffy's entire story-Mikey's sis (McKinley) is a tortie and her face looks so much like Duffy's! We love the 'tortitude', that is SO McKinley.
The 'normal' range for the lab here is BUN (7-26 mg/dl) and Creatinine (0.4-1.8 mg/dl). Mikey's Monday/Saturday were 26/31 BUN and 2.14/2.41 Creatinine. I don't have a copy of the urine tests, but will get those at our appt tomorrow-they're going to do it again tomorrow too. I'm worried about him having had blood drawn so close together (Monday and Saturday). If they want to do it again tomorrow that will be three times in a week. How long should I wait to test his blood again?
His glucose was high, which is high every time I've had his blood tested-in the past we fast him then retest it comes back normal (glucose 267 [normal 79-126]). His protein was at 8.0 (normal 5.8-7.9). The phosphorus was not high, but because of hind end weakness and wobbly balance on Thursday night, that vet trip resulted in Alumilk 1.5ml 3x/day.
There is another thing called "ALK.P" and it was VERY high at 147 (3-60 U/L is normal range), but we don't know what this is and couldn't understand the vet-I'll ask again tomorrow.
He is also on:Cystaid, Mabocyl, and Tofidine and between 250-300ml of subQ fluid a day.
On Saturday morning we rushed him because of vomiting (saliva and then the k/d food) and straining in the litter box with multiple trips and even though he pooed, still coming back and straining-then vomiting. He was given an injection for stomach acid reduction and an anti-nausea injection.
Yesterday afternoon was the first I felt hopeful that he may 'recover'. Then the vet called with the new lab results of the elevated BUN and Creatinine. Back into depression I sank.
Last night/wee hours of this morning, Mikey was very much his usual obnoxious self (kneading and drooling in my hair at 3am-though instead of the usual toss off the bed, I let him knead and drool away!). Today he actually PLAYED with a piece of paper and a shoe lace-not for long, but still...I cried (again). He's eating about a can+ of K/D a day-seems to actually like it, though we can't feed his sister something else when he's around or he'll refuse to eat his. He's not drinking ANY water, but the poor guy walks around like a slushy most of the day with that much fluid being poured into him, so I can't blame him.
I can not get ANY of the good canned foods here, I'm lucky to be able to get the prescription ones. I was all of last year (Sept-June) feeding him a homemade cooked diet-duck, sweet potatoes, mung beans with calcium citrate, probiotic, flaxseed oil, taurine added in. He liked it. I also bring back as much as I can carry from the states of canned foods like wellness, weruva, etc, but can't bring enough to last long. Starting this Sept though, I forced him on to a dry diet with a can once or twice a week. He started losing weight (which was what prompted my original move to the homemade/canned food diet, a vet suggested grain allergy after $3K in tests revealed no other cause-ugh; part of this testing did show he had some scarring on the kidneys and two small kidney stones, but everything else checked out). He gained some weight back and had regular bowel movements, he maintained this for a year. Then about three weeks ago I noticed he was dropping weight again and having trouble pooing and was frustrated (as even the dry kibble was grain free). So started throwing whatever canned food he wanted at him-which unfortunately was mostly Thai canned cat foods which I have no idea what was in them, LOTS of fish though.
I noticed him acting 'funny' a week ago Friday. Left for the weekend, came home on Sunday and still had that funny feeling. He didn't cry, or stop eating, or anything that you can describe to a vet-but we knew something wasn't right. Monday night took him in and found the urinary tract obstruction. And then I've told you most of the rest...
He's only 12 1/2...I was banking on another 8 or so years of having to toss the 3am drooler off the bed...with moving around as much as we do, he IS my family, he is home.
Thanks for listening, sharing and giving hope. It's rare to find people that understand that he's not 'just a pet'...thank you.
I'm not the person to give you advice but Growler is logged on and I'm sure she will help you.
I do know that a mainly fish diet is not good for cats ....especially ones with urinary problems so hopefully you can get Mikey to eat some other flavours.
MnM, I left a message for Growler to reply to this thread. It's 1:45am here and I'm off to bed but I'm sure she will respond before she logs off.
Thanks Rainbow-I appreciate the help.
I'm just looking for some more direction and guidance-my head is spinning from all of the websites I've been reading and the conflicting information. Mostly I'm wavering between confusion and crying! Somehow, too, I don't get the feeling that Thailand is going to have the most current research on how to best help cats in Mikey's situation.
Thanks again...
Given the severity of symptoms vs the relatively low numbers I would say there is something else more pressing right now than the kidney numbers, likely either the crystals/stones, a liver issue or a possible diabetes issue
I would say blood drawn no more than 3 times a week once a month in emergency type situations.
Having blood drawn too often on a sick animal can push them into anaemia especially with cats (due to size) & smaller sized dogs.
In a stable cat the blood values are not going to fluctuate enough for a significant change 1 week to the next. However when formulating a treatment plan for a sick cat (as Mikey would be classed now) one may need more frequent testing.
For chronic conditions such as renal failure once every 3 months is standard, the exception being diabetes however the amount of blood taken for a glucose-only test is far lower than a lab work up.
The wobbly back legs could be as a result of: low potassium, anaemia, high phos, metabolic acidosis (one symptom being excess stomach acid), diabetic neuropathy, arthritis, hypertension or constipation
Are you dividing the amount into 2 subq session a day? Are the fluids fully absorbed by the next day?
The straining there was likely him trying to pee & being unable to pass urine due to the stone/crystals. Cats will sometimes vomit after straining w/multiple attempts in the litterbox, this then puts them at further risk if dehydration.
You do also want to limit the amount fish in the diet (no more than 1 per week/two weeks) as too much may not only cause an imbalance in vit e but also lead to refusing to eat other varities
Avoid biting when a simple growl will do
The Spirit Lives As Long As Someone Who Lives Remembers You - Navaho Saying
Vindication ~ For all those pets who became sick or lost their lives from tainted pet food
I can't tell you how much I appreciate your thoughts and insight!
Could all of this be linked to diabetes then? I'm so confused and SCARED!
I'll try raising up the food bowls-since the injection (which was only supposed to last 8-12 hours) he has seemed to feel better-no more vomiting or funny lip smacking. We are doing lots of small meals this weekend (but we go back to work tomorrow so that will be harder) and he's eating a lot today. He'll finish a can of K/D and likely start another. It's tough to leave food out because of his sister, so we have been keeping them separated (they don't mind being separated but hate being locked out of parts of the house) and because we live in the tropics so get massive ant infestations if food is left out for too long. Right now I'm combating the little buggers with cinnamon which seems to help for a while.
I would say most of the fluid is gone, he pees 10+ times a day though. Prior to the subQs he didn't ever drink or pee much. We do it in one session-I'm hoping to reduce that/wean him off of it this week after the vet visit tomorrow.
I thought the straining was inability to pee too, which is why we rushed back to the vet (we've been there almost every day this week, once twice in a day!). The vet said his bladder was empty-so determined he was trying to figure out a way to alleviate the pain in his tummy from the stomach acid. That hasn't happened again.
He is very weak still, his legs are all a tiny bit wobbly. He can still jump up on our very high bed and run up and down the stairs, but you can see slight little tremors in his legs.
Do you think we should run the tests again tomorrow? We had planned to fast him for 8 hours to get an accurate test, but with the subQ fluids, would it be an accurate read? I'm so worried about the little guy.
I'll go back to his homemade diet (would you vote for that over the K/D stuff? what about a combo?). I took him off of it because I went back to work full time and thought maybe he didn't 'need' it...so I do feel like I've caused this problem and it just makes it all hurt even more.
Thank you thank you thank you for your help. I appreciate it so very much. Our vet appt is tomorrow afternoon but the blood results won't be back until sometime Tuesday our time. I'll let you know.
On a completely different topic-do torties tend to be heavier? Poor McKinley is about 13lbs and she eats way less than Mikey-we defend her to people calling her big boned. No amount of food regulation or 'diet' food makes a significant difference for her. One vet made me cry because of her weight!
One thing that concerns me. You said you fasted Mikey and then took him into the vet? A cat should never go without food. Even 24 hours can be critical in a cat. I know that SCM can explain much better than I why it shouldn't happen. That in itself would probably make a difference in his numbers.
Assumptions do nothing but make an ass out of u and me.
We can stick our heads in the sand for only so long before it starts choking us. Face it folks. The pet population is bad ALL OVER THE WORLD!
Two different countries- China (the vet was German though) and the US both had me fast Mikey for 8 hours before they did the second blood test because both times the glucose was elevated. Both times it came back fine on the second read...in the US they even did a further fructosamine (or something like that) test to be sure.
This vet here asked me to do the same to get an accurate reading of the levels for tomorrow.
My earlier optimism is now clouded as Mikey is back to acting like he is in pain and refusing to eat or be petted. This morning was SO good and even into this afternoon he was still a pretty happy cat. Not so now. I did finally get him to eat some chicken breast so I could give him the last of his meds. Looks like it's another night on the bathroom floor for me. Hopefully morning will be brighter.
Pre-blood work fasting of about 8 hrs is normal and not usually a problem. And stress OR infection can actually raise blood glucose quite a bit (even more than 100 pts in some cats). The fructosamine test that you mentioned is the best way to rule out diabetes because it takes an average reading of blood glucose levels over the previous weeks. How long ago was that one done?
What is a little "off" here though is that you say Mikey's fasting blood glucose reading is normal. I would think that if "white-coat" stress was the issue, it wouldn't matter if he had been fasting or not, it still would have been higher. It could be that infection (or pain) was causing it to rise rather than stress those other times, and that at the time that the fasting blood work was done, either the infection or pain wasn't a factor. Does that make sense? (I'm still drinking my morning coffee, so it's possible that it doesn't).
Anyway, that is something to keep an eye on. As for food, you might want to go back to making your own, although if you can do raw rather than cooked, that would be best. You also don't need to add sweet potatoes or mung beans, except maybe in very small quantities for additional fibre if Mikey has digestive issues. Not sure if you've seen this site: www.catinfo.org It has excellent info on making your own raw cat food. One caution on the recipe there is that it isn't appropriate for a cat in renal failure because it's quite high in phosphorus. There are modifications that can be made for it to be suitable, or else you could add a phosphorus binder. We can talk about that more later if needed.
"To close your eyes will not ease another's pain." ~ Chinese Proverb
We must not refuse to see with our eyes what they must endure with their bodies. ~ Gretchen Wyler
Assumptions do nothing but make an ass out of u and me.
We can stick our heads in the sand for only so long before it starts choking us. Face it folks. The pet population is bad ALL OVER THE WORLD!
MnM,I too have no advice to give,other than good luck with the little guy,
I know how heartbreaking and confusing it can be,with a bit of a language-barrier even more so.
"The cruelest animal is the Human animal"
3 kitties,Rocky(r.i.p my boy),Chico,Vinnie
I have no advice to give, but am sending you lots of for your kitty.
Here is a for you.
You are in good hands with SCM and Growler
Cat maid to:
Jasper, male Ragdoll ?? (approx 10 yrs)
Rose semi feral, a cpietra rescue, female tabby (approx 7 yrs)
Sweet Pea RIP (2004?-2014)
Puddles RIP (1996-2014)
Snowball RIP (1991-2005)
In a cat's eye, all things belong to cats.-English Proverb
While we are free to choose our actions, we are not free to choose the consequences of our actions. Stephen R. Covey
Thanks everyone for your thoughts...
Mikey's last blood tests (before these two this week) were a year and a half ago. Both times the glucose was elevated initially (though not to the point it is now) but with the fasting was normal.
So his elevated glucose from the test Monday could have been from the infection from the urinary blockage? The vet called on Saturday night with the new results and besides the increase in BUN and Creatinine, he didn't say anything else-though it is hard to understand especially over the phone. He did say that all signs of infection had cleared, which he felt was positive. Today at our appointment we'll get a copy of numbers from Saturday's blood test and see what they said. I'm worried as at the initial appt on Monday, the vet did say Mikey was slightly anemic (sp?). I know that drawing more and more blood just increases this risk factor...but not knowing what's going on could be just as risky...I don't know what to do.
Mikey is still really unwell. I spent yet another very sleepless night checking on him. He's weak and wobbly and in pain or uncomfortable. I tried giving him the antacid that the vet prescribed both last night and this morning, but it doesn't seem to be helping. He munched a little bit of chicken breast last night so I could give him his meds and licked at the new can of K/D I opened just now. But it was all half-hearted.
I don't know what else to do! I just wish he could tell me what hurts so I could try and make it better for him. My husband is taking a sick day today because we're scared to leave him.
Thanks for writing-it helps to know someone else understands.
"To close your eyes will not ease another's pain." ~ Chinese Proverb
We must not refuse to see with our eyes what they must endure with their bodies. ~ Gretchen Wyler
Even though he's been on 300cc's of fluid for the last week? (we did not give it to him today as we're heading to the vet this afternoon and he does it easier at the vet than with us).
Would you recommend waiting a week to do another blood draw-unless symptoms worsen of course. He's just NOT getting all the way better and I don't know what's going on!
My husband just emailed and said he seems marginally better than last night/this morning...
Given the anaemia the vet has already stated I would wait a week on bloodwork, unless the vet has a specific value he is looking for that would affect diagnosis/treatment.
Avoid biting when a simple growl will do
The Spirit Lives As Long As Someone Who Lives Remembers You - Navaho Saying
Vindication ~ For all those pets who became sick or lost their lives from tainted pet food
Thanks for the advice, Growler, I appreciate it more than I can say.
My husband is giving me hourly updates with an iPhone photo included. Mikey's still showing very little interest in food, but since the vet may decide to draw more blood and originally wanted him fasting anyway, I think we'll wait to pull out all stops to get him eating. Our appt is in three hours...three very long hours. We could go now, but the vet we like the best isn't there until 4pm our time.
On Wednesday when I brought him back in to the vet in a panic because of his blood test results from Monday, they wanted to keep him and put him on an IV. I asked if we could avoid that (he's SUCH a particular cat that I really think if he had to stay it would make it harder for him to get better). That was when they sent us home with the subQs. Now I'm wondering if I made a mistake? Should I have let them keep him, would the IV fluids have been better? He's been absorbing the subQs and peeing a lot. I'm so very conflicted...and obviously being pretty useless at work today!
Could this all be stomach related? If he has ulcers/too much acid could this be a part of the weird blood levels? The antacids I gave him did not make a difference. He's not puking or smacking his lips, but I can hear his stomach making gurgling sounds that is not usual for him.
Does anyone have a crystal ball? Sigh.
You know your cat better than anyone, if you think Mikey would've been worse staying at the vet for treatment then you made the right choice.
The blood values definately drop more significantly & often into normal when on IV because the fluids are flushing the blood directly - right from the veins, where the subq's are flushing more indirectly by way of the filtering through the kidneys. As to whether the IV fluids would've been better, in a true crisis situation yes better, in a chronic situation it's a great temp fix but subq's are still needed afterwards. I guess it would depend on what else if anything is going on & if the infection is truely cleared up.
Forgot to mention the urine testing will also determine if the infection is gone.
Excess stomach acid doesn't necessarily mean he has stomach ulcers. If Mikey is drinking alot of water & vomiting right after I would think it would be more likely. Stomach ulcers would afftect the blood results only if they were bleeding to which you would see the BUN elevated but creatinine normal, curdled blood in the vomit, poops would be black.
for the appt
Avoid biting when a simple growl will do
The Spirit Lives As Long As Someone Who Lives Remembers You - Navaho Saying
Vindication ~ For all those pets who became sick or lost their lives from tainted pet food
Leaving for appt in 5 min.
Doc said on Saturday night that his blood tests showed the infection was gone. But I'm still wondering if the IV would have been a better way to go.
No vomiting and no drinking water-we've been force feeding some water today as we didn't to the subQs. He has been yawning an awful lot today, which is unusual...is that a sign of something? He right now seems to be asking for some food, but we're holding off until after the appt.
Will write more when I'm back, as long as I'm not crying too hard (Thais don't show sad emotions, so me sobbing in the office is weird to them).
We're back...no good news, but no bad news...sigh.
We couldn't get Mikey's urine sample as he had an empty bladder, of course. But we did do a quick glucose test (just a drop of blood) and it came back fine.
Mikey's last urine test on Monday showed his USG at 1.010...no idea what that means.
Other numbers from the test a week ago:
Leuco 3+
Nitrite negative
pH 5
Protein 2+
Glucose 3+
Hemoglobin 4+
All else negative or normal. The doc is most worried about the glucose as he says that is from renal disease since we just got the negative on diabetes. Is that true? Could ALL of this be from his infection and complications from the urinary blockage? I so want to hope that his urine sample comes back with an FLUTD diagnosis and that all of this is from that-which he can recover from. The doc said it is not likely...is he right?
I got a copy of the blood test from Saturday, besides the elevated BUN and Creatinine, these were other numbers:
Sodium 157
Potassium 6.0
Chloride 110
Calcium 11.4
Phosphorus 4.0
We'll do another blood draw next week and retest everything. In the meantime, we are taking more of the cystaid but finished with everything else. Also, fluids only if he starts to become dehydrated.
He said he doesn't think Mikey is in pain (I disagree, there is something making him seriously uncomfortable). He was horrified at my chicken breast feeding and said maybe some fresh water fish if I must do people food. But he really wants me to stick with low-protein (ie K/D). And of course now Mikey is refusing to eat ANY of the K/D. Now what do I do? How long do I wait him out? He had a couple bites of chicken breast at 9:30am and besides a lick of K/D an hour ago, nothing else (at 6:30pm). Help!
"To close your eyes will not ease another's pain." ~ Chinese Proverb
We must not refuse to see with our eyes what they must endure with their bodies. ~ Gretchen Wyler
Thanks Sugarcatmom-I will look up that info. Canned cat food here (imported) is slim pickings. I'll scour the import stores of Bangkok and see what I can come up with.
So the glucose in the urine could be from infection??? Seriously? This is one of the things the doc is using to bet on kidney failure...yes, the glucose in the urine was from a week ago. Same with the elevated glucose in the blood draw. Tonight the doc took a dab of blood (Mikey fasted today) and put it in the little glucose strip reader. He said anything over 300 was a worry, Mikey's was 130. Next week when we do the blood draw I said to do a full panel of tests-just test for everything. The doc is going to do a fructosamine test then, to be absolutely sure diabetes is not a problem.
Finally we got him to pee (whew, that took a lot of eye droppers of water!). My husband just ran the urine in to the doc and called with the results. I'm taking this as good news: there is still an infection, but it's getting better. We have to send off for the blood cell counts in the urine so wait on that for two days...
The USG was up to 1.030
Leuco 3+
pH 6
Protein 1+
Glucose 1+
All else is negative or normal
Glucose down to 1.5-2
He still won't eat the K/D, so we'll try again in the morning and if not chicken breast it is. I'll try a new recipe with chicken breast, small amt of sweet potatoes and broccoli tomorrow with the added supplements and see if he'll go for that.
For the first time in a week I'm hopeful that he'll recover and the vet is wrong about the kidney failure. It helps that Mikey just crawled up on me purring too!
That is a MUCH better USG! I would have trouble believing kidney disease is a major concern at this point. Please forget about trying to feed Mikey K/D, it is a nasty food which could actually cause kidney problems instead of "cure" them. I won't go into the details, but basically cats NEED protein. Feeding a diet devoid of quality protein is counter productive to good health.
I think the vet is confused about the glucose issue and how it relates to CRF. Another fructosamine is a good idea, but this would indicate diabetes, not kidney issues.
Let us know what the results are, and good luck with getting more food into Mikey.
"To close your eyes will not ease another's pain." ~ Chinese Proverb
We must not refuse to see with our eyes what they must endure with their bodies. ~ Gretchen Wyler
Yeah for Mikey's pee!
He's been acting better (we swear it's psychological, a trip to the vet ultimately = feeling better).
This morning already he did a number 1 AND a number 2 AND ate some K/D food. I'm in agreement about what you're saying about his diet. Tonight I'm going to whip up a homecooked recipe with some chicken. Would you recommend just breast meat or a mixture? I'm going to avoid duck for a bit because I want ease him back into the homecooking and he's been having a lot of chicken in his wellness/weruva/etc brands that he was eating off and on (ones I bring back from the US). I'd actually love to do raw, but living in Thailand and the chemicals and hormones they inject into the animals...well, that's too scary for me. I am able to find some chicken pieces that are certified hormone/chemical free, which is what I'm planning to use for the cooked food.
Also, I'm planning a Christmas visit to the States-which again compounds the issues he's having (do I leave him or take him-ugh, usually I leave them with the maid watching them, but I don't trust her to make sure he's fine with what's going on now-and I hate the idea of leaving him at the vet)! But I always make a pet store run and am wondering if there is a mix of supplements for home cooking that I can purchase. Right now I crush the calcium citrate myself, divide a taurine capsule between a couple of containers of food, measure out flaxseed oil and probiotic. If there's something I could order online too (especially if it saves money) I've got time to have it there for me (there is Seattle, WA).
Thanks so very much for the advice and help. Since I started writing to you all, I've been so much better emotionally. Fingers crossed that next week's blood test/urine test is getting us closer to the numbers we want and not closer to confirming the kidney disease.
Right now, Sugarcatmom's having "trouble believing kidney disease is a major concern at this point" officially makes her my most favorite person on the planet right now!
That's a very good USG
Avoid biting when a simple growl will do
The Spirit Lives As Long As Someone Who Lives Remembers You - Navaho Saying
Vindication ~ For all those pets who became sick or lost their lives from tainted pet food
Thanks growler for the advice! Mikey is doing well today, appetite back and almost 'normal' acting. We're keeping a close eye on hydration and still giving him cystoid for the bladder.
I like the website you gave me...I may just give the raw thing a go since I can get higher quality chicken. I'd like to get his sister on to it as well, but she's a die hard kibble eater. Licks the wet stuff a bit, but not really interested. She's not as stubborn as he is, so we might be able to bring her around. I think he may take to raw pretty quickly and easily, but I'm going to hold off on any significant changes until after next week's blood test.Things are good right now, so I'd like to maintain status quo for a bit-for my mental health too!
I will continue to keep you posted-you and sugarcatmom have helped more than I can say. I wish there was some way for me to express my gratitude-no matter what happens, I'm thankful to have people who are willing to listen, offer sound advice, and most of all to care. From the bottom of my heart, thank you.
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I've got some really cool stuff in this tutorial about drawing the human head. In the beginning we'll go over perspective & proportions of the head. Then you'll be able to chew into some good meat... that's BONES, MUSCLES, and PLANES of the Human Head. In the last steps you'll get to draw the girl featured here in the picture. Sounds like fun, right? Well, let's get to the meat and bones of this lesson! Let me know if you liked this. Vote. Comment. Fav it!
DragoArt members upload artwork and drawing tutorials! They are also allowed to leave comments on tutorials, profiles, etc. Many more features, as well; it's way better than just being a boring guest! Register Now!


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Robin Thicke's 'Paula' Disappoints in First Week Salesby Thomas Chau | PopCrush
It's no secret that Robin Thicke is trying his hardest to win back his estranged wife, Paula Patton. But it seems as if his publicity campaign for the album may have backlashed, as preliminary numbers for the first week sales for his new album 'Paula' are a disappointment in comparison to how well 2013's 'Blurred Lines' album sold.
U.K.'s The Guardian reports that since its release on July 1, 'Paula' only sold 25,000 copies in the U.S. according to Billboard, and only 530 copies in all of the U.K. 'Paula' was number 9 on the Billboard 200 in the U.S., while it barely squeaked in at number 200 in the U.K.
To put things in perspective, 'Blurred Lines' sold 177,000 copies during its first week in U.S. and debuted at No. 1 on the Billboard 200.
At the end of March, Thicke and Patton announced that they were splitting amidst cheating gossip. But Thicke quickly made his intentions clear, as he wrote and performed his new single 'Get Her Back' at the Billboard Music Awards, named the album after her and dedicated 'Forever Love' to her during the BET Awards.
The album 'Paula' also features several heartfelt songs that are either dedicated to Patton, or winning love back in general, such as 'Love Can Grow Back,' 'Still Madly Crazy' and 'Too Little Too Late.'
'Paula' is clearly an album that Thicke feels is personal to him and his relationship, but without an upbeat track like 'Blurred Lines,' he may have difficulty finding an audience that is looking for emotional heartbreaking music amidst a sea of fun, positive summer tunes.


text: This mod adds many new map marker locations to popular city areas for easier traveling. In addition to these, the College of Winterhold travel location has been moved to the statue in the college courtyard. Dawnstar: -The White Hall Markarth: -Smithy Riften: -Docks -Market Solitude: -Bards College -Castle Dour Whiterun: -Jorrvaskr -Market Windhelm: -Docks -Gray Quarter -House Quarter -Market Copy the esp to your Skyrim\Data folder and activate in Data Files of the Skyrim Launcher.


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The date of payment from buyers deliver within days
Long-term effective
2018-04-04 10:43
Company ProfileTeaton Electric Co.,Ltd.
By certification [File Integrity]
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Thermal trip units definition
SH200 Interruptor uses an electrocmechanical trip unit to open circuit breaker contacts during an overcurrent event, the thermal trip unit is temperature sensitive and the magnetic trip unit is current sensitive, both unis act independently and mechanically with circuit breaker trip mechanism to open its contacts.
Overload protection
Overload protection is applicable to any installation, conductor or component which can be subjected to low-magnitude but long-time overcurrents, which can be dangerous because they reduce the life of electrical installation, conductor and components and if left unchecked could result in fire.
Time required for the bimetal to bend and trip circuit breaker varies inversely with the current, because of this, the tripping time becomes quicker as current increases in magnitude.
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The magnetic trip unit protects against a short circuit, and is composed of an electromagnet and an armature.
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We assume warranty in accordance with standard sale and delivery terms, complaints shall be made in writing within 2 days following the receipt of goods.


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Historic Ma Barker shootout house up for sale
House known for longest gun battle in FBI history
OCKLAWAHA, Fla. – A house notorious for the longest gun battle in FBI history and even the subject of a Hollywood movie is up for sale almost 80 years later.
It was the end of the trail for two gangsters on January 16, 1935, and almost 80 years later its up for sale. Cynthia Harper says her great grandfather, Carson Bradford, had no idea he was renting his summer home, off of U.S. 27 on Lake Weir in Ocklawaha, to bank robbers 77 years ago.
"The realtor said they were really nice people," she said.
What was once a gangster's swanky hideout, a 2,000 square foot lake front home, where in 1935, Ma Barker and her son, Fred, were killed in the longest gun battle in FBI history.
"The chair when you turn it around, it still has the bullet holes in the back of the chair," said Mark Arnold, a realtor with Stirling Sotheby's International Realty. "From what we understand, Fred Barker would run from room to room here, and shoot out different windows in an effort to try and confuse the FBI."
More than 1,500 rounds of ammunition poured into the house for six hours. The Barker bodies were found in the upstairs bedroom.
The bullet holes have been patched up, but everything inside the home has been preserved since the shootout. Realtors tell Local 6 that rumor has it the house is haunted.
"Fred has moved on, but they say Ma is still here," said Arnold.
Other's say the bank robbers' stolen loot is still hidden in the walls.
"We've been around the house,, under the house looking for money, my grandkids digging up holes, thinking they're going to find something," said Harper.
If you want to continue the search, this house can be yours for a cool million. The house will be on the market until October 5.
For more information on the house visit http://mabarkerhouse.com.
Copyright 2012 by ClickOrlando.com. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


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Some of our favorite stories over the years have come from listeners. This is one of them. Jim Sadwith had written the script for his high school play based on J.D. Salinger's classic "The Catcher and the Rye" when he decided to look for the reclusive author and get permission for the play.
Mark Hagerty tells host Dick Gordon how New York City shaped his father Kevin Hagerty and about their special meeting under Grand Central Station's clock tower.
All this week, our series of favorite stories. Today: love. Nate Kalichman was 90 and Paula Givan was 67 when they got married. They share their stories of finding love late in life and making plans.
Elizabeth Murray had her dream job as an horticulturalist when she quit to volunteer at the famous gardens of the painter Claude Monet.
Over the years, The Story has relied on listeners to share their stories. Today, Karen Brandt was once a flight attendant for the actress Judy Garland.
San Diego artist Neil Shigley's portrait of Pastor Shelby is a finalist in a competition held by the National Portrait Gallery.
Today, more favorite stories from our eight years of storytelling. Growing up, Yafinceio Harris and Michael Wilder were members of rival crews and came close to armed confrontation. They eventually had a meeting neither expected – in the classroom of a community college.
A dreamy trip to Brazil, Argentina and France through the music of Dom la Nena, who studied classical cello and then began to experiment with voice and the music that surrounded her.
All this week, The Best of The Story. Today: travel. Dana James and Patricia Coleman were newlyweds traveling across Asia on a tight budget when they met a friendly man who wanted to give them a generous present. They wondered: Why would someone be so kind to two strangers?
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Latest farm news from Horsham District Council
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British White cattle in Parlour Mead field (gated, at inner end of [wet] Riverside Walk). The herd of llamas, goats and sheep is alternating between enclosed Little Horsham Hill & Back Field.
Chesworth Farm is a Hidden Gem for Horsham District Year of Culture 2019 (#HDYOC19)
Find the Friends of Chesworth Farm page on the Horsham District Community Lottery if you would like to support us this way.
Environment Agency incident hotline (eg to report damage or danger to the natural environment; pollution to water or land; main rivers blocked by a vehicle or fallen tree causing risk of flooding etc). You can make an anonymous report if you wish.
Telephone (24 hour service) 0800 80 70 60
Termtime children's events at Chesworth Farm from Sussex Wildlife Trust
Grazing @chesworthfarm: Pygmy goats, Texel sheep and llamas are alternating between Little Horsham Hill or Back Field.
#sharechesworthfarm: dog walkers are reminded of the Countryside Code: "When you take your dog into the outdoors, always ensure it does not disturb wildlife, farm animals, horses or other people by keeping it under effective control." More details can be found at Countryside Code
Horse-riders and cyclists please keep to the bridleways. These cross the site E-W or N-S. If you are on a diagonal field path, you are definitely not on the right track.
Chesworth Farm, Chesworth Lane, Horsham RH13 0AA
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