text:
In this second part, I get into the "so what" of the first two points above and explore the "how and why" of the third point. These are good questions to ask, because the search for answers to those questions would reveal whether or not inequality has any bearing on the well-being of society as a whole and therefore on sustainability (which, as you may recall from my earlier post, is the focus of my concern). And if indeed it does, then it is useful to know what its impact is and what kind of difference it would make (if any) to humanity as a whole, if we were to try and fix it. So let's start with the "so what" questions and take it from there. There's a lot of inequality? OK, so what? It has been increasing over the last few decades? OK, so what? Short answer: severe (and growing) inequality brings along many risks, and if we can avoid it we should.
Inequality – a global risk
In January this year, the World Economic Forum (WEF) released their "Global Risks 2011" report, which highlights two very basic risks that are broad in scope and deeply interconnected to each other – economic disparity and global governance failures – both of which "influence the evolution of many other global risks and inhibit our capacity to respond effectively to them". Reproduced here below is an excerpt from the Executive Summary (which, incidentally, makes an interesting note of what it calls a 21st century paradox: "as the world grows together, it is also growing apart"):
Globalization has generated sustained economic growth for a generation. It has shrunk and reshaped the world, making it far more interconnected and interdependent. But the benefits of globalization seem unevenly spread – a minority is seen to have harvested a disproportionate amount of the fruits. Although growth of the new champions is rebalancing economic power between countries, there is evidence that economic disparity within countries is growing.
Issues of economic disparity and equity at both the national and the international levels are becoming increasingly important. Politically, there are signs of resurgent nationalism and populism as well as social fragmentation. There is also a growing divergence of opinion between countries on how to promote sustainable, inclusive growth.Appendix 1 of the report lays out the methodology underlying the WEF study. Here's the introductory portion of the opening paragraph:
The Global Risks Survey seeks the opinion of experts, business leaders and policy-makers on a selection of global risks tracked by the World Economic Forum. This is a perception survey which received approximately 580 valid responses across the 37 global risks in five risk categories. Respondents were asked to assess risk likelihood and impact over a ten year time horizon (2010-2020) and also provided their level of confidence in their answers. Respondents also assessed risk interconnections by choosing up to six other risks they judged were related in some way to the risk being assessed. Respondents also had the option to add data on the dominant type of interconnection between risks. Data were analysed using a range of statistical techniques, both descriptive and analytical.Clearly, economic inequality has been perceived by many business leaders, policy makers and experts, to be one of the two major global risks. The report lists 3 other risks as "risks in focus", of which the first two are what it calls "the macroeconomic imbalances nexus" and "the illegal economy nexus" (both of these are have strong causal linkages with economic disparity and global governance failures). The report analyzes these in detail and tabulates the direct as well as indirect impact of each, on governments, on businesses and on society at large. But the following paragraph gives us a pretty good flavor of what other kinds of risks the respondents to the WEF survey associated with economic inequality:
Economic disparity is tightly interconnected with corruption, demographic challenges, fragile states, global imbalances and asset-price collapse. Respondents perceived economic disparity as influencing chronic diseases, infectious diseases, illicit trade, migration, food (in)security, terrorism and weapons of mass destruction.As the Wikipedia page on economic inequality informs us, various studies have been carried out on whether inequality can harm societies and if so, how. One study particularly, conducted by Richard Wilkinson (Professor Emeritus of Social Epidemiology at the University of Nottingham and co-founder of The Equality Trust) and Kate Pickett (Professor of Epidemiology at the University of York, a National Institute for Health Research Career Scientist, and co-founder of The Equality Trust), examines in detail the relationship between inequality and the overall levels of happiness, health and well-being within a society.
Equality and happiness: coincidence? correlation? causation?
Here's a video clip from TED Talks, in which Prof. Wilkinson tells us how, among the more developed countries, economic inequality harms societies, and how societies that are less unequal tend to be healthier and happier on the whole. This conclusion is based on research that has been documented in the book "The Spirit Level: Why Equality is Better for Everyone" by Profs. Wilkinson and Pickett. (Prof. Pickett has also presented these findings at the Green Party conference, where she discussed equality and sustainability).
According to the authors, their research found hard evidence to support their conclusions. (More details and access to source data and other resources are available at The Equality Trust website.) However, some critics claimed that Wilkinson and Pickett had got it all wrong. Peter Saunders and Christopher Snowden, in their respective publications – a report by Peter Saunders and a blog by Christopher Snowden (who has also written a book on the subject) – said that the evidence presented by Wilkinson and Pickett was weak, their analysis superficial and most of the correlations in their book did not stand up. Following such sharp criticism that challenged the very basis of their findings, key contentious issues with regard to the data and the methodology were heatedly debated, and responses to the criticisms were promptly issued by Wilkinson and Pickett. The video clip embedded below captures the RSA debate and is worth watching if you have an additional 40 mins. to spare.
Going by the chronology of events (given that the TED Talks video is more recent than the RSA debate), I would imagine that the Wilkinson-Pickett thesis in its present form has resolved critical objections and now provides a higher degree of confidence in the validity of its claims. Prof. Wilkinson's concluding comments in the TED Talks video, suggesting causation rather than correlation, sound like they arise from a stronger conviction, having overcome at least the big "gotchas". Notwithstanding this, different people may react differently to these exposés by critics like Saunders and Snowden, depending on their own unique outlook and disposition. Conservative skeptics may summarily reject the Wilkinson-Pickett thesis in its entirety, in favor of the Saunders-Snowden antithesis, while others may be more selective. Liberal rationalists may accept those parts that stand up to scrutiny (i.e., where the correlations are indisputably strong or where the critics' arguments are weak). Those who favor an intuitive approach may accept correlations of inequality with factors that they feel have a direct linkage, but not others.
Be that as it may, there's the old saying that is better to be safe than sorry. (And this wisdom holds for climate change debates as well.) If one is so inclined, one may take the view that even if income inequality does not impact the well-being of a society as adversely as Wilkinson-Pickett would have us believe, and even if economic disparities don't pose such serious risks as the WEF report points out, it may still be worthwhile to explore avenues to reduce it. But should it be brought down to zero (a Gini coefficient of 0 means everyone has an equal share of income) in order to have a healthy, happy and risk-free world? Probably not, even if that is physically possible to achieve (which I don't think it is). Many hold the view that a certain quantum of inequality is a good thing in a competitive capitalistic economy.
"Good" inequality and "Bad" inequality
In the book "The Haves and the Have-Nots" author Branko Milanović (lead economist in the World Bank's research department) writes: "There is 'good' and 'bad' inequality, just as there is good and bad cholesterol." (In an interview with CNN Money he discusses this point in more detail, and also touches on other aspects of inequality covered in his book.) The author argues that "the possibility of unequal economic outcomes motivates people to work harder, although at some point it can lead to the preservation of acquired positions, which causes economies to stagnate" (quoted from the New York Times review of his book). His view is echoed by another article at the New York Times, of which relevant excerpts are presented below:
Some inequality may be necessary to encourage investment for growth. But as recent research shows, intense inequality actually stunts growth, making it more difficult for countries to sustain the sort of long economic expansions that have characterized the more prosperous nations of the world.
The economists[1] found that income distribution contributes more to the sustainability of economic growth than does the quality of a country's political institutions, its foreign debt and openness to trade, the level of foreign investment in the economy and whether its exchange rate is competitive.
It's not too hard to see why. Extreme inequality blocks opportunity for the poor. It can breed resentment and political instability – discouraging investment – and lead to political polarization and gridlock, splitting the political system into haves and have-nots. And it can make it harder for governments to address economic imbalances and brewing crises.So if a little bit of inequality is a good thing, but too much of it is a bad thing, then exactly how much inequality should we have? I haven't (yet) come across a heuristic or a model that could help answer that question (though earlier studies[2] have tried to calibrate that scale and actually put numbers around how much is too much and how little is too little). What I did come across was some interesting research that contrasts Americans' perceptions (of wealth distribution in the U.S.) with the reality, and then also with their projection of the "right" distribution based on their personal judgment. The chart below plots all three – the perceived (estimated), the real (actual) and the projected (ideal) levels of inequality in the U.S. – based on the report published by Dan Ariely and Michael Norton. (Their research also finds mention in a debate on rising inequality in the New York Times, which may provide additional insights.)
|Percent wealth owned | Source: "Building a Better America--One Wealth Quintile at a Time" by Ariely & Norton
The abstract of their research paper may help decode this infographic:
Disagreements about the optimal level of wealth inequality underlie policy debates ranging from taxation to welfare. We attempt to insert the desires of "regular" Americans into these debates, by asking a nationally representative online panel to estimate the current distribution of wealth in the United States and to "build a better America" by constructing distributions with their ideal level of inequality. First, respondents dramatically underestimated the current level of wealth inequality. Second, respondents constructed ideal wealth distributions that were far more equitable than even their erroneously low estimates of the actual distribution. Most important from a policy perspective, we observed a surprising level of consensus: All demographic groups – even those not usually associated with wealth redistribution such as Republicans and the wealthy – desired a more equal distribution of wealth than the status quo.And speaking of how even the wealthy indicated a preference for a more equitable distribution, I am reminded of how, last month, some millionaires demanded their taxes be raised, in support of the Buffett rule. However, these are exceptional individuals. Most wealthy people would rather not pay tax, and instead choose to rely on the "trickle-down" effect to spread the benefits of prosperity. But does it really work that way?
More on perceptions and realities
The trickle-down effect may be more myth than reality, going by what OECD Secretary-General Angel Gurría pointed out while launching the OECD report:
The social contract is starting to unravel in many countries. This study dispels the assumptions that the benefits of economic growth will automatically trickle down to the disadvantaged and that greater inequality fosters greater social mobility. Without a comprehensive strategy for inclusive growth, inequality will continue to rise.Then there's the view that inequality spurs competition, which in turn unleashes creativity and innovation. But as Richard Florida (Director of the Martin Prosperity Institute at the University of Toronto's Rotman School of Management, and Senior Editor at The Atlantic) points out in an article, "It is possible to design an economic system that is innovative and competitive, but that causes far less severe socioeconomic divides than we are experiencing today." In the concluding paragraphs he says:
Our analysis has identified the key factors that shape the competitiveness, happiness, well-being and broad prosperity of nations. Countries with greater levels of creativity (measured on the GCI) have higher levels of economic output, entrepreneurship, and overall economic competitiveness. More creative nations also have higher levels of human development, life satisfaction, and happiness. And perhaps most importantly, highly creative nations are less likely on balance to suffer from the deep class divides that beset the U.S. and U.K. The Scandinavian and Northern European countries as well as Japan combine high levels of innovation and creativity with much lower levels of inequality.
A high-road path to prosperity is not only possible, it's already working in some of the world's most advanced, competitive and prosperous nations. Economic growth increasingly turns on the full development of each and every single human being. Real sustainable economic prosperity can and must benefit the many, not just the few.Let's look at another popular belief – that there are trade-offs between equality and efficiency; that efforts in improving equality result in lowering economic growth. Research by economists Andre Berg and Jonathan Ostry of the International Monetary Fund (referred to earlier; see footnote [1] below) re-examines the relationship that was thought to exist between equality and efficiency. Their report opens by asking: "Do societies inevitably face an invidious choice between efficient production and equitable wealth and income distribution? Are social justice and social product at war with one another?" which it answers with a categorical: "In a word, no", and then goes on to explain:
In recent work (Berg, Ostry, and Zettelmeyer, 2011; and Berg and Ostry, 2011), we discovered that when growth is looked at over the long term, the trade-off between efficiency and equality may not exist. In fact equality appears to be an important ingredient in promoting and sustaining growth. The difference between countries that can sustain rapid growth for many years or even decades and the many others that see growth spurts fade quickly may be the level of inequality. Countries may find that improving equality may also improve efficiency, understood as more sustainable long-run growth.According to the United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD) 2010 report, "growth and equity can be mutually reinforcing, but only when supported by well-thought-out economic and social policies." It notes that "while greater equality is often considered to come at the expense of growth, there is also evidence that under some circumstances, and with appropriate institutional arrangements, lower inequality can contribute to greater economic efficiency." The report then goes on to outline the development experience of Scandinavian countries as an illustrative example.
Arguing as to "Why America Should Spread the Wealth", Mark Thoma (a macroeconomist and time-series econometrician at the University of Oregon) examines the effect of the Bush tax cuts on equality and efficiency, and concludes that:
The claim that there is a tradeoff between equity and efficiency was a key part of the argument for tax cuts for the wealthy, but the tradeoff didn't materialize. We sacrificed equity for the false promise of efficiency and growth, and society is now more unequal than at any time since the early part of the last century. It's time to reverse that mistake.What exactly were those mistakes? How do we reverse them? These are important questions though they end up stirring the pot of political controversy. As Andrés Velasco (former finance minister of Chile and a visiting professor at Columbia University) notes in an article, the "debate about inequality's causes is complex and often messy; the debate about how to address it is messier still."
Probable causes and possible remedies
If we are looking for an analysis of the causes of inequality that is comprehensive while remaining generic and global, the Wikipedia page on inequality that I keep referring to has a section on causes of inequality. Then there's a paper published by the New Economics Foundation (NEF) titled "Why the Rich Are Getting Richer" (which in my opinion is a rather churlish choice of words for a title, though the NEF's credentials are impeccable and their analysis is excellent). While it addresses economic inequality in the U.K., the NEF paper's main findings appear quite generic and applicable to other countries as well.
But, as Andrés Velasco points out, each expert is likely to have their own theories and their own list of causes and remedies. His own proposed solution for example, applicable to Chile and most of South America, focuses on employment opportunities. He explains:
In the rich countries of the global north, the widening gap between rich and poor results from technological change, globalization, and the misdeeds of investment bankers. In the not-so-rich countries of the south, much inequality is the consequence of a more old-fashioned problem: lack of employment opportunities for the poor.
In a forthcoming book, University of Chile economist Cristóbal Huneeus and I examine the roots of inequality in Chile and elsewhere in Latin America and come away with three policy prescriptions: jobs, jobs, jobs.In a 3 part series of articles for Slate magazine, Robert H. Frank (Professor of Management and Professor of Economics at Cornell University and author of "The Darwin Economy") starts by asking "Does inequality matter?" in Part 1, in which he describes how "expenditure cascades" are squeezing the American middle class, followed by "Why has inequality been growing?" in Part 2, in which he suggests that technology and winner-take-all markets have made the rich much richer, after which he presents in Part 3 "The Progressive Consumption Tax" as a win-win solution for reducing American income inequality.
The WEF report I quoted at the beginning of this post says the following, by way of causes of economic disparities within countries:
Many factors may have contributed to this trend within countries, including the erosion of employment culture, the decline of organized labour, and failures of education systems to keep pace with the increasing demands of the workplace.Echoing similar thoughts, Angel Gurría's comments while releasing the OECD report clearly call for investment in human capital as the key to unlock the secret to reduction in inequality:
There is nothing inevitable about high and growing inequalities. Our report clearly indicates that upskilling of the workforce is by far the most powerful instrument to counter rising income inequality. The investment in people must begin in early childhood and be followed through into formal education and work.To quote again from the UNRISD flagship report for 2010, "Income inequality is on the rise, partly as a result of neoliberal economic policies adopted in the 1980s and 1990s." Even a decade ago, when inequality levels were much less (and, of course, the crisis of 2007-8 was still a long way off), a study by the World Institute for Development Economics Research (referred to earlier; see footnote [2] below) notes:
It is clear that there are some common factors causing the widespread surges in inequality around the world. With the exception of worsening educational inequality in Latin America and Sub Saharan Africa, worsening situations in the 'traditional causes' of inequality, such as land concentration, urban bias, abundance of natural resources and inequality in education, are NOT generally responsible. Rather it is 'new causes' that are crucial. These 'new causes' are linked to the excessively liberal economic policy regimes and the rushed manner in which economic reform policies have been carried out.Speaking about his book "The Price of Civilization" at the University of Oxford, Professor Jeffrey Sachs (Director, The Earth Institute, Columbia University) lists three fundamental shifts in policy initiated by former U.S. President Ronald Reagan that, according to Prof. Sachs, are the main causes of the growth in inequality: (i) tax cuts that mostly favored the wealthy (ii) reduction of government spending on public goods and services that resulted in significant reductions of investment in infrastructure and human capital, and (iii) deregulation of key sectors of the economy, especially of the financial sector.
Nouriel Roubini (Professor of Economics at the Stern School of Business, New York University and co-author of the book "Crisis Economics") writes in "Instability of Inequality"
But the laissez-faire Anglo-Saxon model has also now failed miserably. To stabilize market-oriented economies requires a return to the right balance between markets and provision of public goods. That means moving away from both the Anglo-Saxon model of unregulated markets and the continental European model of deficit-driven welfare states. Even an alternative "Asian" growth model – if there really is one – has not prevented a rise in inequality in China, India, and elsewhere.
Any economic model that does not properly address inequality will eventually face a crisis of legitimacy. Unless the relative economic roles of the market and the state are rebalanced, the protests of 2011 will become more severe, with social and political instability eventually harming long-term economic growth and welfare.These are but a few examples of the many criticisms of the Reagan (U.S.) and Thatcher (U.K.) administrations (and other countries that followed suit), that hold their laissez-faire neo-liberal policies responsible for the sharp increase in inequality over the last 3 decades, and argue for more effective government intervention through suitable changes in policy and regulatory reforms that promote equitable and inclusive growth. These, however, are the voices of intellectuals who tend to take a top-down, systemic view in a calm and rational manner. There have been more visceral reactions against these gross disparities in the recent past – other voices that have been vociferously denouncing businesses and governments and their unholy nexus of collusion (I am channeling those voices here) that has left the 99% in the economic doldrums.
Inequality and the Occupy protests
According to many observers, one of the Occupy movement's main accomplishments is to have legitimized discussion of rising income inequality in the United States. Indeed, the very purpose of the "Occupation" was to bring a sense of urgency to issues surrounding gross inequality – framing it as a protest against the top 1% income earners by the bottom 99% drove that point home very clearly.
I am not going to spend too much time and effort in writing about the Occupy protests, since a lot has already been written and said about this by people far more intelligent and better informed than I. Instead, I will quote from what others have said. Let me start by quoting U.S. President Barack Obama, the leader of the free world.
By coincidence, a day after the OECD report (another thing I've been referring to extensively) was released, President Obama, delivered a speech about the U.S. economy in Osawatomie, Kansas. The speech unequivocally asserts that growing inequality is the result of systemic failures that arose from weaknesses in both – the design of our economic models and also their implementation. Reproduced here below is an excerpt:
Today, we are still home to the world's most productive workers and innovative companies. But for most Americans, the basic bargain that made this country great has eroded. Long before the recession hit, hard work stopped paying off for too many people. Fewer and fewer of the folks who contributed to the success of our economy actually benefitted from that success. Those at the very top grew wealthier from their incomes and investments than ever before. But everyone else struggled with costs that were growing and paychecks that weren't – and too many families found themselves racking up more and more debt just to keep up.
For many years, credit cards and home equity loans papered over the harsh realities of this new economy. But in 2008, the house of cards collapsed. We all know the story by now: Mortgages sold to people who couldn't afford them, or sometimes even understand them. Banks and investors allowed to keep packaging the risk and selling it off. Huge bets – and huge bonuses – made with other people's money on the line. Regulators who were supposed to warn us about the dangers of all this, but looked the other way or didn't have the authority to look at all.
It was wrong. It combined the breathtaking greed of a few with irresponsibility across the system. And it plunged our economy and the world into a crisis from which we are still fighting to recover. It claimed the jobs, homes, and the basic security of millions – innocent, hard-working Americans who had met their responsibilities, but were still left holding the bag.Note the categorical "It was wrong". This was the same speech in which he referred to economic inequality as "the defining issue of our times", as I'd mentioned in my earlier post.
Matt Taibbi (author and journalist) in a blog post in Rolling Stone magazine:
The amazing thing about the wave of corruption that has overtaken the financial services industry is that most of it couldn't happen without virtually every player at every level signing off on these deals. From the ratings agencies to the law firms to the accounting firms to the regulators to the bank executives themselves, everybody had to be on board in order for a lot of these fraud schemes to work.
Paul Krugman (Nobel Laureate, Professor of Economics and International Affairs at Princeton University, Centenary Professor at the London School of Economics) in "Confronting the Malefactors" in the New York Times:[Continued in Part III: Ethics, Morality and Sustainability]
Supplementary reading:
"Bankers' Salaries vs. Everyone Else's" in which Catherine Rampell (an economics reporter with the New York Times) tries to find out why the Occupy Wall Streeters are so angry at bankers.
"How to stop the bogus bonus" by soi-disant "undercover economist" Tim Harford (author, columnist, blogger, economist, presenter on BBC), writing for the Financial Times, comments on how fund managers game the system to claim their bonuses and creating bigger risks in the process.
"What caused the Financial Crisis? The Big Lie goes viral" in which Barry Ritholtz (author, columnist, blogger, equity analyst, guest commentator on Bloomberg TV) tries to separate fact from fiction in the analysis of the causes of the financial crisis, and concludes "The previous Big Lie — the discredited belief that free markets require no adult supervision — is the reason people have created a new false narrative. Now it's time for the Big Truth."
"A Theoretical Look At Why Societies Become Extremely Unequal" by Rick Bookstaber (senior policy adviser at the SEC; views expressed are his own), which I found interesting because he discusses John Rawls' Theory of Justice at some length, in the context of the Occupy protests, and concludes with the following paragraph:
This is an excellent segue into my third and final part of this long post, which will deal with ethics and sustainability issues relating to inequality. More about that next week. Actually, make that next year.
Oh, and while we're at it, have a great new year ... and dare I add? ... hopefully a more equal one!
In the first act, bankers took advantage of deregulation to run wild (and pay themselves princely sums), inflating huge bubbles through reckless lending. In the second act, the bubbles burst — but bankers were bailed out by taxpayers, with remarkably few strings attached, even as ordinary workers continued to suffer the consequences of the bankers' sins. And, in the third act, bankers showed their gratitude by turning on the people who had saved them, throwing their support — and the wealth they still possessed thanks to the bailouts — behind politicians who promised to keep their taxes low and dismantle the mild regulations erected in the aftermath of the crisis.and in "Oligarchy, American Style" (concluding paragraphs):
But why does this growing concentration of income and wealth in a few hands matter? Part of the answer is that rising inequality has meant a nation in which most families don't share fully in economic growth. Another part of the answer is that once you realize just how much richer the rich have become, the argument that higher taxes on high incomes should be part of any long-run budget deal becomes a lot more compelling.
The larger answer, however, is that extreme concentration of income is incompatible with real democracy. Can anyone seriously deny that our political system is being warped by the influence of big money, and that the warping is getting worse as the wealth of a few grows ever larger?
Some pundits are still trying to dismiss concerns about rising inequality as somehow foolish. But the truth is that the whole nature of our society is at stake.
Supplementary reading:
"Bankers' Salaries vs. Everyone Else's" in which Catherine Rampell (an economics reporter with the New York Times) tries to find out why the Occupy Wall Streeters are so angry at bankers.
"How to stop the bogus bonus" by soi-disant "undercover economist" Tim Harford (author, columnist, blogger, economist, presenter on BBC), writing for the Financial Times, comments on how fund managers game the system to claim their bonuses and creating bigger risks in the process.
"What caused the Financial Crisis? The Big Lie goes viral" in which Barry Ritholtz (author, columnist, blogger, equity analyst, guest commentator on Bloomberg TV) tries to separate fact from fiction in the analysis of the causes of the financial crisis, and concludes "The previous Big Lie — the discredited belief that free markets require no adult supervision — is the reason people have created a new false narrative. Now it's time for the Big Truth."
"A Theoretical Look At Why Societies Become Extremely Unequal" by Rick Bookstaber (senior policy adviser at the SEC; views expressed are his own), which I found interesting because he discusses John Rawls' Theory of Justice at some length, in the context of the Occupy protests, and concludes with the following paragraph:
This discussion was not one of capitalism versus socialism. We can take unfettered, eat-what-you-kill capitalism as a starting point. The knob that is being turned is the level of social stability. From their perch in my version of the veil of ignorance those who are wealthy in the initial state will choose to construct a society that induces less inequality with the knob turned to the "do not disturb" setting."The Moral Foundations of Occupy Wall Street" in which Jonathan Haidt (Professor in the Social Psychology area of the Department of Psychology at the University of Virginia) whose research currently focuses on the moral foundations of politics, visits Zuccotti Park and finds that the moral foundations of the Occupy protests are primarily centered around fairness, followed by care and liberty.
This is an excellent segue into my third and final part of this long post, which will deal with ethics and sustainability issues relating to inequality. More about that next week. Actually, make that next year.
Oh, and while we're at it, have a great new year ... and dare I add? ... hopefully a more equal one!
- This is a reference to research by Andrew Berg and Jonathan Ostry, economists at the International Monetary Fund
- The Wikipedia page on economic inequality has a section on "Inequality and economic growth" that contains an interesting paragraph about a 2001 study which concluded that inequality below a Gini coefficient of .25 or above a Gini coefficient of .40 negatively impacts growth.


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Over at Genea-Musings, Randy Seaver's inspiration for this week's fun came from the recent news that President John Tyler, who was born 222 years ago, has two living grandchildren.
This week's mission:
1) Using your ancestral lines, how far back in time can you go with two degrees of separation? That means "you knew an ancestor, who knew another ancestor." When was that second ancestor born?
2) Tell us in a blog post of your own, in a comment to this blog post, in a status line on Facebook or a stream post on Google Plus.
Here's what I found.
- I knew my great-grandmother, Emma Jane Owens Taylor (1882-1968). She knew her father, Madison Crawford Owens, who was born in 1836. I discovered through this exercise that she probably never knew any of her grandparents. Her paternal grandfather died after 1880 but I don't have an exact date so can't say with any certainty that he lived until she was born in 1882.
- I knew my great-grandmother, Lucinda Howard Hopkins (1867-1957). She knew her father, John Covey Howard, who was born in 1806. She also surely knew her maternal grandparents, Littleton Morris and Martha Mark, who were both born about 1802 making them just a few years older than her father. Littleton and Martha lived in Harlan County, Kentucky where Lucinda was born and grew up. I don't have an exact date of death for either of them but from census records I know they were both alive in 1870 (when Lucinda was three years old) and Littleon was still living in 1880.
- I knew my great-grandfather, John Cook Taylor (1863-1953). Unlike my two great-grandmothers mentioned above, I don't remember him but we lived in the same town from the time I was six months old until he died just before I turned two. Anyway, John surely knew his paternal grandfather, William Taylor, who was born between 1798-1805 (he wasn't very consistent with his age so hard to pin it down any closer). They both lived in Rockcastle County, Kentucky, in the same area of the county. John was a teenager or young adult by the time William died between 1880-1886.
- I knew my paternal grandfather, John William McCauley (1875-1959). All four of his grandparents lived in the same area where he grew up along the Alabama/Georgia line in Randolph County, Alabama and Heard County, Georgia so he surely knew them all. The oldest was William Washington Lanier, born in 1813. It's also very likely, that he met one of his great-grandparents. His great-grandmother, Anna Finney Gamble, was born about 1799 and lived just a few miles from Will's parents around the time he was born. Will was almost two years old when she died.
So. in two steps, I can connect to someone born in 1799, maybe even 1798 (if William Taylor was born that early).by

subset: commoncrawl


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It seems that to make a correct conjecture about any event whatever, it is necessary to calculate exactly the number of possible cases and then to determine how much more likely it is that one case will occur than another.
Ars Conjectandi
The sum of an infinite series whose final term vanishes perhaps is infinite, perhaps finite.
Ars conjectandi
Even as the finite encloses an infinite series
And in the unlimited limits appear,
So the soul of immensity dwells in minutia
And in the narrowest limits no limit in here.
What joy to discern the minute in infinity!
The vast to perceive in the small, what divinity!
Ars Conjectandi
Eadem mutata resurgo
Though changed I shall rise the same
Inscribed on his tomb in the Münster, Basel, with a equiangular spiral, in imitation of Archimedes.


text:
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Today and tomorrow, visit Ustream for Election Day live streams happening around the country. We'll have a variety of content streaming from many different sources. Join us for a momentous day—here a few highlights:
John McCain Campaign Schedule and live stream
Monday: 9 a.m. in Tampa, 11:45 a.m. at Airport Rally, 1:50 in Pittsburgh, 4 p.m. ET in Indianapolis, 6 p.m. MT in Roswell, NM, 7:45 p.m. in Las Vegas, NV, midnight MT in Prescott, AZ
Tuesday: 11:30 a.m. MT in Grand Junction, CO
Barack Obama Campaign Schedule and live stream
Monday: 9:30 a.m. CT in Lee's Summit, MO, 11 a.m. ET in Jacksonville, FL, 3:45 ET in Zanesville, OH, 5:25 p.m. ET in Charlotte, NC, 7:15 p.m. ET in Akron, OH, 9:10 p.m. ET in Manasass, VA, 10:15 p.m. ET in South Philadelphia, PA
Tuesday: 9 p.m. CT in Chicago
Rock the Vote and Warner Brothers is partnering with Ustream to live stream its phone bank from New York all day on Monday and Tuesday. Volunteers will be calling to remind young people to vote. Visit the channel to view the phone bank and chat with volunteers. Several music artists will be stopping by as well. It can all be seen here starting on Monday here.
ABC News will be streaming all of their live election coverage on Ustream. If you can't get to your TV in time, or want to embed the footage on your own web site or blog, check it out.
PressPassTV, a 4-time Emmy winning site, brings live interviews and chat with professional athletes from around the world on Election Day with Ustream. Athletes include James Ihedigbo, Chansi Stuckey, David Clowney, Abrham Elam from the New York Jets; Sinorice Moss from the New York Giants; Geoff Pope from the Bengals; Darrell Reid from the Colts; John Starks formerly of the Knicks; Butch Beard, former Knicks, Nets and Golden State coach and player; and Leon Washington. The evening will be hosted by Jack Cognetta and the athletes, broadcasting live from Hoboken, NJ from 8:30-11pm Eastern Time. The stream can be viewed here.
OneNewsNow.com will be broadcasting live Christian Conservative election coverage from 6 p.m. to midnight Central Time on Election Day. Get a Christian world view of the election results.
Comment by SMS, email or phone, or visit the live blog.
Politico's James Kotecki will be streaming live on Tuesday evening 7 p.m. to midnight ET from New York City. He will be streaming as a panelist on "FOX Report" with Shepard Smith. See the stream here.
WHPK-FM 88.5 will be broadcasting from Hyde Park, Illinois, near University of Chicago. WHPK's Election Night program will feature guest commentators starting at 7 p.m. Central Time. Tune in live coverage of the results and events of Election Day 2008, from Barack Obama's hometown here.


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Privacy and Cookie Policy
Privacy Policy
RDO Medical is committed to ensuring that your privacy is protected.
We may collect and store the following information:
• Your name
• Contact information including email address
• Demographic information such as postcode and address
• Other information relevant to your purchase
We require this information to handle your purchase, fulfil it and provide you with a better service. Logically we would also need those details to handle our accountancy, internal administration and track payments and shipment. As a company we really have no interest in gaining any type of commercial advantage from handling or storing your data.
Controlling Your Personal Information
We will not sell, distribute or lease your personal information to third parties unless we have your permission or are required by law to do so. Exceptions to this would be reasonable and predictable actions such as passing your shipping details to a shipping company, passing invoice information to our accountants or our bank having limited details about deposits or payments you make to them.
If you believe that any information we are holding on you is incorrect or incomplete, please write to or email us as soon as possible, at the above address. We will promptly correct any information found to be incorrect.
How we protect your privacy
• We do not store credit card details nor do we share customer details with any 3rd parties
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• We will package your order discretely so that the contents are not disclosed to a third party.
• If you are outside of Europe we would need to attach a customs label to your order. We would write 'cosmetics' on the label, unless you state otherwise
Securing Your Personal Information
We are committed to ensuring that your information is secure. In order to prevent unauthorised access or disclosure, we have put in place suitable physical, electronic and managerial procedures to safeguard and secure the information we collect online.
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A cookie is a small file which asks permission to be placed on your computer's hard drive. Once you agree, the file is added and the cookie helps analyse web traffic or lets you know when you visit a particular site. Cookies allow web applications to respond to you as an individual. The web application can tailor its operations to your needs, likes and dislikes by gathering and remembering information about your preferences.
We use traffic log cookies to identify which pages are being used. This helps us analyse data about web page traffic and improve our website in order to tailor it to customer needs. We only use this information for statistical analysis purposes and then the data is removed from the system.
Overall, cookies help us provide you with a better website, by enabling us to monitor which pages you find useful and which you do not. A cookie in no way gives us access to your computer or any information about you, other than the data you choose to share with us. You can choose to accept or decline cookies. Most web browsers automatically accept cookies, but you can usually modify your browser setting to decline cookies if you prefer. This may prevent you from taking full advantage of the website.
For the exhaustive list of cookies we collect see the List of cookies we collect section.
List of cookies we collect
The table below lists the cookies we collect and what information they store.
|Cookie Name
|Cookie Description
|Stores randomly generated key used to prevent forged requests.
|Your session ID on the server.
|Allows guests to view and edit their orders.
|A link to information about your cart and viewing history, if you have asked for this.
|Information on products you have emailed to friends.
|The store view or language you have selected.
|Indicates whether a customer allowed to use cookies.
|Facilitates caching of content on the browser to make pages load faster.
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Brass Dolphin Fireplace Andirons
Product Code: 18044
Price: $695.00
Pair of Outstanding Cast Iron Figural Sailor Andirons
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Price: $2,400.00
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Dealers of nautical antiques and collectibles, marine art, lamps, lighting, ship salvage and hardware, Skipjack sells quality nautical furniture and furnishings, marine instruments, model boats, nautical gifts and decor. Skipjack's Marine Art Gallery features marine paintings, sculptures, ship models and folk art featuring mermaids, whales, fish and fowl.
Please visit our online store again soon or if in the Hampton Roads (Tidewater) coastal region of Virginia, visit our marine gallery in historic Olde Towne Portsmouth. We're just a short distance from Virginia Beach, Colonial Williamsburg and the Outer Banks of North Carolina, and just across the river from downtown Norfolk. By boat, we're located at mile marker "0" of the Atlantic Intra-coastal Waterway!


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Bazaarvoice Conversations API - Followers
Bazaarvoice is a networking company that connects brands and retailers to their consumers' voices. The Bazaarvoice network provides businesses information on their customers' reviews and opinions that influence purchase decisions. Bazaarvoice Conversations is previously known as the Bazaarvoice Platform API. The API allows developers to access Bazaarvoice clients' data.


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The Best Foods to Eat When You're On Your Period
**We love sharing the latest from our friends at YouBeauty!
You're not alone if your diet gets seriously derailed in the days leading up to and during your period. That time of the month--particularly for those coping with premenstrual syndrome (PMS)--can cause us to indulge in some seriously unhealthy cravings (French fries and ice cream for dinner, anyone?).
MORE: Conquer Cravings With These Three Breakfast Fixes
If you're in that boat, don't despair. There's a scientific reason women jones for junk food in the days preceding and during that time of the month. Estrogen, testosterone and progesterone--the main reproductive hormones--plummet in the days leading up to your period and remain low for the first few days of it, according to gynecologist Rebecca Booth, M.D., author of "The Venus Week: Discover the Powerful Secret of Your Cycle...at Any Age."
"This sharp decline in hormones results in falling levels of mood-supporting brain chemicals such as serotonin and dopamine, causing cravings for foods that elevate them, like chocolate (dopamine) and starchy foods (serotonin)," explains Dr. Booth.
Watch what you eat
If you're already suffering from period-fueled cravings and can't step away from the chocolate-covered, peanut butter-filled pretzels, Keri Glassman, R.D., author of "Slim Calm Sexy Diet: 365 Proven Food Strategies for Mind/Body Bliss," says it's not too late to get back on track with healthy, tasty foods. Glassman recommends kick starting your day with a hearty breakfast rich in fiber and protein, such as six ounces of yogurt and one-half cup of fiber cereal, which will keep you feeling full for longer and less likely to reach for a sugar-filled treat.
Next, start snacking. "Snacking gets a bad rap, so depriving yourself between meals might feel virtuous," says Glassman. "But by the time dinner rolls around, you're ravenous."
MORE: Fatty Snacks That Promote Weight Loss
Keep healthy, nutrient-dense snacks prepped and at your fingertips. Glassman is a fan of popcorn and trail mix. Three cups of air-popped popcorn have almost 4 grams of fiber but less than 100 calories. You can make your own trail mix by combining unsweetened whole-grain cereal, sunflower seeds and dried blueberries.
At mealtime, boost your consumption of essential fatty acids, which Booth says may "improve the brain's processing of dopamine and serotonin." In fact, Brazilian researchers have found that giving women 2-gram capsules containing a combination of gamma linolenic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, other polyunsaturated acids and vitamin E resulted in significantly eased PMS symptoms three and six months after they begin the regimen.
"Foods and supplements that boost essential fatty acids may ease the withdrawal-like symptoms that can leave a woman feeling uneasy and anxious during the premenstrual phase," says Booth. "Gamma linolenic acid has long been associated with an anti-inflammatory effect in the body, paradoxically lessening the effect of prostaglandins, the chemicals that cause cramping and bloating before and during menstruation."
Go for walnuts, flax seeds, chia seeds, fatty fish such as salmon, or fish oil supplements--all of which all great sources of omega 3 fatty acids, notes YouBeauty Nutrition Advisor Kristin Kirkpatrick, R.D.
Booth also recommends women make an effort to eat foods that contain iron to help replace the loss of this nutrient during menstruation, plant proteins to stabilize blood sugar and B vitamins and polyphenols to help offset hormonal and mood changes caused by menstruation.
MORE: Want to Lose Weight? Go Nuts!
Try the following:
- Nuts, nut butters, seeds and soybeans to stabilize your blood sugar.
- Spinach, lentils and chickpeas to boost your iron level.
- Blueberries and raspberries to help offset the symptoms of low estrogen.
- Dark chocolate, packed with polyphenols, to elevate mood.
Avoid PMS in the first place
According to Glassman, "Studies show that women who consume adequate amounts of B vitamins riboflavin and thiamine have significantly lower risk of experiencing PMS."
Add leafy greens and dairy to your diet for good sources of riboflavin, and load up on thiamine with whole grains such as oats, wheat and brown rice, as well as beans, peas and lentils.
Calcium and vitamin D provide extra benefits for women with PMS. "Women who consume the recommended 1,200 milligrams of calcium per day and the recommended 400 IU of vitamin D per day have a 30 percent lower chance of PMS symptoms," says Glassman.
You'll find calcium in low-fat sources such as yogurt, milk and cheese, and vitamin D in wild salmon, tuna and sardines.


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But I know I'll forget all of that when I see what's at the farmers' market today. An embarrassment of tomato riches. Ripe peaches and plums. Early apples, mouth-puckering tart. Glorious corn. It's when I wish we had a houseful of kids so that I can buy bushels of produce.
A year after I discovered the joys of canning and preserving, I'm itching to buy those bushels anyway and lock summer in a jar. The sad truth is that I just don't have the time. It's the choices around time that are the hardest ones to make of all. I've been away from home for far too long and too much these past three weeks to buy three bushels of tomatoes and lock myself in the kitchen making sauce. Striking the balance between what feeds our soul and what feeds our relationships is a constant struggle. So, right now, I'll spend my weekend reconnecting with my husband, my house and my life, satisfied in the knowledge that I managed to make the most of some gorgeous summer peaches three weeks ago.
Peach Salsa
makes about 8 8-oz jars
Although I have several cookbooks devoted to canning and preserving, my go-to is the Bernardin Complete Book of Home Preserving. I use it more as a guide than a step by step, especially when it comes to sugar quantities. This is my version of the Bernardin peach salsa, modified to let the peach flavour really shine.
½ c white vinegar
10 c peeled and chopped peaches
1 chopped red onion
2 jalapeno peppers, finely chopped
1 red bell pepper, seeded and chopped
¼ c chopped cilantro
2 tbsp honey
½ tbsp cumin
¼ tsp cayenne pepper
1. Put all ingredients in a large non reactive pot and stir gently to combine. Bring to a boil over medium high heat, stirring constantly. Reduce heat and bring to a rolling simmer for five minutes, continuing to stir until the salsa is thickened slightly.
2. Ladle hot salsa in prepared jars and process in a hot water bath for 15 minutes. Remove jars from water, check for proper sealing, cool and store.*
*If you haven't canned before, refer back to my post on Italian Plum Jam, which includes a step-by-step pictorial and some great links to preserving websites


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Zeit Squared
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Zeit 2 brings real innovation to the genre of shoot-'em-ups. Its time-travel feature has yet to be seen in this genre after decades of brilliant games. Get the side-scrolling arcade action and discover how you can assist yourself in many exciting ways by traveling back in time! Blast away the enemies like you never could before!
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Toscana - Italian Villa Vacations
Toscana - Tuscany
Tuscany is the place we all dream of….The place we want to retire to, and it is that place that will echo in your heart for a life time once you have stayed there and felt the essence of the organic life that passes by there each day.
With fields of sunflowers as far as they eye can see, olive groves and vineyards lining every street corner make Tuscany's country side a picture worth painting. With its abundance of tiny medieval towns scattered around the hills, open air markets where locals gather each Saturday morning to offer their produce such as Truffle oil, olives, chianti wine, cured meats etc makes Tuscany the perfect place to visit for those that love food, wine and history.
Some of the most simple yet delicious foods come from Tuscany such as Riboleta soup (a winter vegetable soup with bread and cavallo Nero), Fagoli bianchi(white cannellini beans cooked in garlic and oil) and not to mention the wild Baw and rabbit dishes.
The cities of Tuscany are so rich in culture, art and history, and they continue to be the destination for tourists all over the world. Sienna, Florence, Sanginmingiano, Lucca and Pisa and Cortona, all have something wonderful to offer.
The Galleries, museums, incredible buildings, and architecture which surround these cities are enough to keep you busy for at least one month.
Some must sees and dos whilst in Tuscany are;
Rent a villa with Italian Villa vacations in the heart of the Chianti region and base yourself there for at least a week. The best time to go is debatable however we strongly recommend mid season (being either May/June, or September for perfect weather and smaller crowds.
Explore the surrounding vineyards, wine tasting and local restaurants for seasonal food in the Chianti and Montalcino.
Spend a few days in Florence visiting the Uffizi Gallery, The Santa Maria Novella Duomo, Ponte Vecchio, the baptistery, and Michelangelo's famous statue of David in the Galleria dell Academia.
Hire a bike and ride the old city walls of Lucca
Be blown away with Siennas ornate Cathedral and worlds shortest horse race – Il Palio
Enjoy the hot springs in Saturnia or the untouched beauty of the parco regionale della Maremma
Italian Villa Vacations specialise in accommodation in Tuscany. Whether it be a large group you are trying to accommodate for a family reunion or 50th birthday party, or you are a couple seeking self contained accommodation in Florence, or in the country side, we certainly do have a lot to offer.
Please enquire for further information regarding our collection of Tuscan villa rentals or for more information about the region.
The territory of Chianti runs on a north/south axis from
Florence down to Siena. It is the famous land of vineyards and
hilltop towns, with Greve, Radda and Castellina forming a triangle
in the very heart of Chianti.
Chianti is the most well known of all Italian wines.
The vineyards of Chianti are scattered over much of central Tuscany; the Classico zone begins northwards of Siena
Elba Island
The Island of Elba is the ideal location for sports enthusiasts and those seeking an active holiday. It offers the perfect combination: nature, sea and sport. With a distance of 10 km from the continent and a size of 224 kmq Elba is the biggest island of the Tuscan Archipelago and actually the third-biggest of Italy. A large part of the Elba Island and of the other islands of the Tuscan Archipe
Florence is the capital city of the Tuscany and is one of Italy's most important cities. Full of beautiful Renaissance style buildings, including wonderful churches and palaces, Florence is rich in culture and has not changed alot since the 16th century.
Located alongside the River Arno, Florence is surrounded by famous olive groves and Italian vi
Surrounded entirely by 16th century walls, the gorgeous city of Lucca sits on an alluvial plateau near the Serchio river, 19 meters above sea level. Located 23km Northeast of Pisa, 80km West of Florence and within easy reach of Siena, Lucca is a jewel of Northern Tuscany and an excellent base from which to explore further Italian wonders. To the North of Lucca lie the Apuane Alps with their fam
The area of the Maremma is located in southern Tuscany and
includes the city of Grosseto.
Maremma offers an extraordinary natural environment, clear beaches, large pine forests, and a precious natural patrimony. The territory has various protected natural areas, the most important being the Natural Park of the Maremma, which extends from Principina to Talamone. The Park covers a larg
Montalcino is a walled hilltop town in Tuscany lying in a very good position at 564 meters above sea level. It enjoys splendid views of the surrounding valleys.
The landscape is characterized by rolling hills, marked by winding roads lined with dark cypresses and fortified towns, but among the most important features, are the numerous acres of vineyards from which some of Tuscany's most
Val D'orcia
Minutes from the Umbrian border, Cortona is the setting of "Under the Tuscan Sun." Filled with the spirit of its Etruscan heritage, its winding streets are lined with lovely shops and restaurants. Cortona, as a cittá d'arte ("city of art"), hosts a variety of cultural events and festivals through the year, including the Tuscan Sun Festival. Nearby are many attractions, including Montepul


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A striking baguette-cut crystal defines the Atelier Swarovski Calypso collection and echoes Swarovski's 120-year heritage of crystal cutting expertise. This eye-catching crystal appears centerstage within each design surrounded by a border of hand-set pavé stones in captivating autumnal tones of luxurious gold and black diamond.
Bracelet cuff- Swarovski Crystal in Light Peach, Golden Shadow/Silk and Light Colorado Topaz; pale gold plating; brass and tin alloy; magnetic closure; designed by Atelier Swarovski
Atelier Swarovski Fine Jewelry is a delicate product, created in a traditional way. As a result, special care is required.
Storing your jewelry:
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Atelier Swarovski Fine Jewelry comes with a 2-year warranty, covering material defects and production faults from the date of purchase. Proof of purchase necessary.


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Floral tributes
We are proud to be working with the world's largest and most experienced flower delivery network, Interflora. Each of the 1800 expert independent local florists within the Interflora network has the unique blend of skills, creativity and attention to detail needed to create every handmade arrangement. Whether you are looking for funeral or sympathy flowers, we can help you create the perfect floral tribute.
If you are looking for help and inspiration, the guides below will be able to help you.
If you need any help please call us on 0800 088 4849.
If you need some inspiration to find the perfect words, we can help with a selection of short and long messages for Funeral Flower messages and sympathy cards.
Click here if you'd like to read some examples.


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Use the tabs on top to find IBM Product Documentation and Learning Center materials, including how-to videos and getting started materials. You also can select Categories on the left to review supplemental articles written by Lotus community members.
IBM Lotus Expeditor software supports client integration on laptops, desktops, kiosks, mobile devices and is an integration hub for transactional messaging. Learn how to use Lotus Expeditor, contribute to its product knowledge base, and collaborate with others. To add your own expertise to the mix, log on to comment on an article, or author one of your own.
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Quickies: KolourPaint, KWin Deco Howto, Desktop Theming, Boson, Opie
While browsing at KDE-Look
Always wanted a cool KDE (Crystal) look 'n feel for your GTK-apps?
A project named Mozillux has
Looking for a cool real-time strategy game for KDE? Wait no more,
The Opie Team announced
Do they plan to switch the button order in Firefox back to the logical order? I would pay real money for that change--forget themes!
By ac at Thu, 2004/05/13 - 5:00am
Re: Mozillux
I got this from the MoIllazine Firefox forum. It's not perfect, but it helps.
Put this in your userChrome.css file:
If you need help locating the config files, see
By Frank at Thu, 2004/05/13 - 5:00am
I might include this in the next release
Interesting. I didn't knew about this. I'll test it and if it works properly I'll include it in the next release of Plastikfox.
By Víctor Fernández at Fri, 2004/05/14 - 5:00am
Re: Mozillux
There is no ONE logical order.
dont claim nonsense
By getit at Fri, 2004/05/14 - 5:00am
Re: Mozillux
You mean at your place it's possible to order stuff from negative to positive while speaking without sounding funny? (ie. eg. "Do you want to go to cinema, no or yes?", "Not to be or to be?", "Do you have no car or a car?")
By Datschge at Fri, 2004/05/14 - 5:00am
Re: Mozillux
Yes, that is possible. Never heard of other languages than English?
By Andre Somers at Fri, 2004/05/14 - 5:00am
Re: Mozillux
Do you think Datschge is a native English speaker? ;-)
By Andras Mantia at Fri, 2004/05/14 - 5:00am
Re: Mozillux
No idea, but judging from his post, it is a possibility. Point remains that there is no one "right" order for buttons, it all comes down to what is being expressed by the dialog, in what language, in what cultural context, etc. The way KDE has adopted not using "Yes" and "No" but things like "Save" and "Disgard" instead helps a lot here, I think.
By André Somers at Fri, 2004/05/14 - 5:00am
Re: Mozillux
As long as you don't have the Microsoft style of error messages which go something like this:
[OK] [Cancel]
At which point, you want an extra button: [What was the question?]
By The Badger at Fri, 2004/05/14 - 5:00am
Re: Mozillux
I'm German and I don't think there are many cases in German where negative to positive ordering sound good unless you are making a (then often cynical) rhetorical question. You are right that this depend on the language and the respective cultural context. I believe that the best possible user interface uses natural (not technical) language, and there the KDE policy not to use "Yes/No" but written out descriptions is, as you wrote, really dead on. Ultimately I think dialogs windows (i.e. short text followed by multiple choice of what to do next) should be constructed in an order which mirrors the flow of the actual language in use, and up to now I only know of languages which basically describe negatives as extension of positives and not vice versa. I don't mind at all if there is a language proving me wrong though. ;)
By Datschge at Sat, 2004/05/15 - 5:00am
Re: Mozillux
> Point remains that there is no one "right" order for buttons
Not in terms of the overall environment, perhaps, but certainly for individual applications. If all the other applications have the affirmative action on the left, and a single application has the affirmative action on the right, that's a big usability issue. I lost a lot of bookmarks in Firefox when they changed the order, as I was clicking the wrong button almost as soon as it came up.
So, in this context, there is certainly a "right" order for the Firefox buttons, and it doesn't use it by default.
By Jim at Mon, 2004/10/11 - 5:00am
Re: Mozillux
So KDE has Shakespearean dialogs?
Sorry, couldn't resist;)
By Marc at Fri, 2004/05/14 - 5:00am
Re: Mozillux
In fact in programming, as well as math, for classical truth values we always have False < True. Just try it in C, Pascal, Haskell, whatever, or read some books on logic ;)
By John C.S. Freak at Fri, 2004/05/14 - 5:00am
Re: Mozillux
I'd also prefer the No..Yes order, because (1) I've had it that way under Atari TOS. :-) And (2): I find it more logical to have the "positive" button (Yes, OK, etc.) at the bottom right corner in LR languages (likewise for RL). Rationale: as we are reading from left to right, from top down, the bottom right corner is typically the point where we finish a page. It's the logical end of a page. And (3) it's a lot easier to spot than the second, or third, or ... bottom from the right. But in the end it's a matter of taste ... and I'll eventually fix that in my kdeui, anyway ...
By Melchior FRANZ at Fri, 2004/05/14 - 5:00am
Re: Mozillux
Woohoo ... thanks to Waldo's commit from yesterday, it's now possible to switch the button layout with one simple entry in ~/.kde/share/config/kdeglobals, section "[KDE]": ButtonLayout=1
No need to patch the sources, and "OK" on the right place (pun intended :-).
By Melchior FRANZ at Tue, 2004/05/18 - 5:00am
Re: Mozillux
By Anonymous at Tue, 2004/05/18 - 5:00am
Re: Mozillux
Firefox is a GTK app inteded for GNOME, not KDE. The button order is recommended by the GNOME human interface guidelines which Firefox complies with. On the Win32 platform, it follows the Microsoft guide lines.
This button order has been debated 10,000 times before, if you complain the GNOME developers will just flame you, so don't make complaints about the button order because the reasons have been posted in the GNOME guidelines.
The Mozilla Organization and GNOME are very integrated, and it shows in their apps.
By norman at Fri, 2004/05/14 - 5:00am
Re: Mozillux
"Firefox is a GTK app inteded for GNOME, not KDE."
Actually, Firefox is a GTK app intended for no single desktop. Just as not everything written in Qt is a KDE app, not everything written with GTK is a Gnome app.
By David Johnson at Fri, 2004/05/14 - 5:00am
Re: Mozillux
That's what we'd like, but unfortunately that's not the way it is. Firefox *is* intended for GNOME. It's UI shows that. The parent poster is right in saying the folks from Mozilla and GNOME are very close. The KDE people don't seem to reach for such integration for the simple reason they (we, including myself as a user) have their (our) own browser.
By Hisham Muhammad at Tue, 2004/05/25 - 5:00am
Good news
I've found the way to reverse the button order with no problems. It works perfectly and everywhere so you'll feel happy with Firefox. I'll release a new version of Plastikfox very soon with a checkbox you'll have to activate during the installation to get this feature.
By Víctor Fernández at Sat, 2004/05/15 - 5:00am
I've posted a new version of Plastikfox. You can now install a patch to get the button order reversed. Just set the checkbox and the patch will be installed together with the theme. In fact, it's checked by default under Linux. :) Under other OSes it will remain unchecked by default but you can still check it if you want.
By Víctor Fernández at Sat, 2004/05/15 - 5:00am
Re: Mozillux
The fact of the matter.... All flames and arguments aside!!! is that any diviance from what other programs are doing on a platform breaks usability.... Assumably most users using ix86-linux will have ether learned on windows, still used windows, use other programs that uses the OK/Cancel convention, or have some background with the OK/Cancel convention. Thus it has little to do with the argument that gnome makes towards it being more logical for the brain.... My priest used to always say "People are like cows, they have there stalls." Meaing we are creatures of habit.... When i go to clik on the OK button with out thinking just because I konw where it is like the G on the keyboard and insted i get cancel where is the logic in that.... it like for KDE lets use the qwerty layout gnome oh its bettter devorak layout.... If your going to deviate give the option at runtime to customize it..... So thumbs down for gnome2 from me for that one.... completly counter productive, and it supose to make me more productive.
By bradg at Fri, 2005/05/13 - 5:00am
I think that KolourPaint is great. It can do everything I was able to do with Paint in Windows a couple years back and this is all I need in 90% of the cases. Until now I always tried to use KPaint but it was unusable, so that I often had to use Gimp, whose usability still baffles me every time I open it.
By Stephan Richter at Thu, 2004/05/13 - 5:00am
Re: KolourPaint
I agree completely. It's even better than paint for some things.
By dwt at Fri, 2004/05/14 - 5:00am
opie for cellphones
on trolltech website there's a phone edition and a pda edition, is there a phone edition for opie too? that would be cool to get a full opensource phone :) cause I know the pim part of qtopia is not free IIRC
By Pat at Fri, 2004/05/14 - 5:00am
Re: opie for cellphones
Nope. No opie for cellphones. Probably won't be one anytime soon either.
By Greg Gilbert at Fri, 2004/05/14 - 5:00am
Boson? Is it usable??
I only need a chess client but I cannot compile knights. What's wrong?
By gerd at Sat, 2004/05/15 - 5:00am
Re: boson
About boson: IMO it is useable
By Felix at Sat, 2004/06/05 - 5:00am


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For: Hugh's Weekly Photo Challenge: Week 26 – Distance
a girl in fringe, pretty in red
A look at life, achieving good physical and mental health and happiness
I discover, motivate and rejuvenate here !!
Learner at Love
Storytelling My Life For You!
Navigating life through grandparenthood, chronic illness, dream work, and other inspirations
Your second chance to be creative. .
Poetry that purrs. It's reowr because the cat said so.
As Always, More to Come
POETIC BLOOMINGS, a site established in May 2011 and which reunites Marie Elena Good and Walter J Wojtanik to help nurture and inspire the poetic spirit.


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AI(4) NetBSD Kernel Interfaces Manual AI(4) NAME ai -- AT&T StarLAN Ethernet interface driver SYNOPSIS ai0 at isa? port 0x360 iomem 0xd0000 irq 7 DESCRIPTION The ai driver supports the following ISA bus NICs: AT&T StarLAN 10 AT&T StarLAN Fiber These cards are based on the Intel 82586 Ethernet controller chip. SEE ALSO ef(4), elmc(4), ifmedia(4), intro(4), isa(4), ix(4), ifconfig(8) AUTHORS Rafal K. Boni NetBSD 8.1 June 4, 1999 NetBSD 8.1
You can also request any man page by name and (optionally) by section:


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Classes / Schedules
Monday, December 02, 2019, 09:00am - 10:00am
Spinning® classes are held in our studio located off of the gymnasium in the Mtn. View facility. In this indoor cycling class, participants visualize climbing hills, riding flats & racing on stationary indoor Spinners. We recommend that you get there 10 minutes early for special instruction if it's your first class.
- Please show up 5 minutes early! Class starts when the lights are out.
- Must be 16 years old or older to participate in Spinning Classes.
Location LAC Mtn View


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Mix And Match Swimwear This Summer With Swimwear Separates Online
Make a splash this summer at the beach or poolside with Zando's wide assortment of swimwear online. The swimwear separates for women give you the option to be creative and mix-and-match your swimwear to suit your style and mood. Featuring an array of bikini separates from bikini briefs, to bikini tops, as well as tankini tops and bottoms, the assortment has something for e very style inclination. Also on offer are swim shorts, one piece swimsuits and kaftans by amazing local and international brands. The swimsuit separates are made from special quick-dry material. Get your women's swimwear separates and be creative with your summer beach attire – only at South Africa's ultimate online shopping destination!


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Juan Carlos Arias Ambriz
Member since January 22, 2016
Juan has over ten years of freelance UX experience. His projects span a wide variety but are all rooted in his commitment to always provide the best experience to the user. Juan has developed applications used by high-profile clients and so has learned to commit to ... Click to continue


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Emergency Loan
This is a short term facility targeted at salaried clientele. It's meant to meet short term needs such as emergencies, medical bills, school fees etc.
- Maximum loan amount of KES. 500,000.00
- Maximum tenor/period of 12 months
Check-Off Loan
This is a check-off facility targeted at salaried clientele.
It's both short and long term advance and mostly for development purposes but can also be used to cater for short term needs such as school fees.
- Maximum loan amount of KES. 3,000,000.00
- A maximum tenor of 72 months
- Mode of repayment is check-off from your employer on a monthly basis
- Negotiated interest rates
- The driving factor/unique selling point of this type of loan product is that it leverages the underlying value of the said asset as the main source of security for the loan. This is achieved by way of bank ownership over the asset financed.
We will help you. Talk to us through our support on social, email us or call us


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116 Cameras
Season 31 Episode 19 | 14m 21s
As the Holocaust survivor community ages, the USC Shoah Foundation has embarked on an ambitious new project to transform survivors into 3D digital projections. 116 Cameras follows Eva Schloss, a survivor of Auschwitz and stepsister of Anne Frank, through her story as an interactive hologram that will have conversations with generations to come.
Aired: 03/18/19
Expires: 03/17/23Video has closed captioning.
Problems Playing Video?
Major funding for POV is provided by PBS, The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, the John S. and James L. Knight Foundation, Bertha Foundation, Marguerite Casey Foundation, Corporation for Public Broadcasting, National Endowment for the Arts and the New York State Council on the Arts, with special support from The Fledgling Fund.


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Somalia's powerful Islamists claimed on Saturday to have drawn first blood in their jihad against Ethiopian troops, as the lawless nation edged closer to war that could engulf the entire Horn of Africa.
The Islamists said gunmen allied to their movement had ambushed a military vehicle near the government seat of Baidoa, killing two soldiers and wounding four. They maintained the six were Ethiopians sent to protect the weak interim administration.
At the same time, Ethiopia and arch-foe Eritrea, which is accused of backing the Islamists, traded allegations over Somalia, which many believe has become a proxy battleground for the neighbors' unresolved border conflict.
In Baidoa, northwest of the capital Mogadishu, the government blamed Islamists for the attack on the van it said was carrying six of its own soldiers, not Ethiopians.
Both sides have been girding for battle in the area. Witnesses said the vehicle was driving into Baidoa from a nearby military base when gunmen opened fire with automatic weapons and artillery from the bush.
Machine gun
"I saw a government vehicle mounted with a machine gun come under attack as it entered the town," said Hilaal Mohamed Abukar, who lives near Baidoa hospital. "The attack left two soldiers dead and four others wounded."
He and other witnesses said they could not identify the attackers. But in Mogadishu the Islamists quickly claimed responsibility, saying the ambush was carried out by its supporters as the opening salvo in their holy war.
"Jihad has started around areas where Ethiopian forces are staying, like in Baidoa," said Sheikh Mukhtar Robow, the Islamists' deputy defense chief. "We thank the local people who have started ambushing the Ethiopian forces."
"Wherever Ethiopians are, they will be killed," he told reporters in the capital.
The Islamists seized Mogadishu in June and have used it as a base to expand their territory to include nearly all of southern and central Somalia.
"We call on locals who translate for Ethiopians to stay away. Otherwise we shall slaughter them," said Robow, one of several Islamist leaders accused by the US, Ethiopia and others of links to al-Qaeda.
The attack ratcheted up tension in Baidoa, which has been on a war footing since peace talks collapsed this week in Sudan. Residents said government forces and Ethiopian troops had been conducting searches there for extremist clerics.
"They are looking for Islamic courts supporters who could sneak into Baidoa villages," said Baidoa resident Adaf Sheikh Mumin.
He and others said they had seen 33 uniformed Ethiopian soldiers assisting in the raids but government officials could not be reached for comment on their alleged presence.
The Islamists say that Ethiopia has deployed some 12,000 troops to protect the Somali government from a feared and seemingly imminent advance by the Islamists, who have been massing fighters and weapons in the nearby town of Burhakaba.
Military advisers
Ethiopia denies having thousands of soldiers in Somalia. But it acknowledges sending military advisers to defend itself and the government from the Islamists, who it says are being supplied and trained by Eritrea.
On Saturday, Addis Ababa launched another broadside at Asmara, accusing it of forming and coordinating an anti-Ethiopian front in Somalia among domestic separatist rebels, "terrorists" and the Islamists.


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Ollie is out of the box and after last nights bases loaded performance, I am keeping the box opened for him.
Thursday, July 22, 2010
Now I'm Worried!
Ollie is out of the box and after last nights bases loaded performance, I am keeping the box opened for him.
7 comments:
Hang in there Joe. :-DReplyDelete
We are bound to win a game sooner or later.
Have any odds on Backman being the next mgr?
stayed up until 230am watching that game..what a waste of time! So depressing, the season looked so promising at the end of June. Joe, I thought for sure there would be a picture of Ollie out of the box in today's sketch..although I like Jerry being eating by a snake..nice work!ReplyDelete
Joe, great stuff as always. If the Mets hit as well as you create, this team would be up by 10 games in the division!ReplyDelete
where was ollie coming out of box? can u do like a side sketch on that Please JoeReplyDelete
I was ready to do an Ollie. He didn't figure in the loss. But I'm sure he will be in one very soon!ReplyDelete
Whatever you do Joe, don't stop drawing this journal! Manuel? Sure, he might not be around to draw. BUT KEEP THIS GOING!ReplyDelete
If the Mets don't climb back out of the abyss I can always come here and have a chuckle. I'm hoping I don't need to laugh as a distraction
to reality, but having that option helps me sleep nights ;)
It's 9:15PM starting to load up on coffee, getting ready for LA.ReplyDelete


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June 18, 2012
Jennifer Williams goes the extra mile for international students
Jennifer Williams, office associate in International Enrollment Services, has a gift for making personal connections, says her supervisor Tari Blaney, director of Admissions. And it's that gift that helps her make a difference for each and every international student she works with in the busy office that sees students from hundreds of different countries each year.
Williams was given the Staff Employee of the Month award for June, in recognition of the "special passion, warmth and kindness that makes her unique," according to Blaney.
"Jennifer maintains a welcoming, caring, helpful and encouraging attitude, while managing high student contacts and a heavy, complex workload," says Blaney. "Her patience and listening skills are major asset; she is organized and can be counted on to get the job done. She is a creative and proactive problem solver, and is vigilant about streamlining and improving processes."
"Jennifer is both well liked and well respected in our department," continues Blaney. "She serves as a true role model and a mentor for other staff members. She never hesitates to pitch in and does so with a positive, team-oriented attitude!"
Open Forum for Chief of Staff Candidate
There will be an open forum to meet with Kim Hall, a finalist for the Chief of Staff position, on Wednesday, June 20. The forum will be held in WD-404 from 10:30 to 11:30 a.m. Please consider meeting Ms. Hall during this time to discuss her candidacy for this role and ask any questions you may have.
Bookstore uses "Progressive" approach to textbook comparison shopping
It's the age-old question students still face every academic term: Who has the best price on textbooks? Until now, getting that answer took a lot of legwork, research, and even some guess work. Now, students have the answer right at their fingertips—from the Columbus State Bookstore.
Using the basic idea of Progressive Insurance's side-by-side rate quote, the Columbus State Bookstore has just launched a new price comparison tool that allows students to compare prices from several sources while shopping on the Bookstore's website.
Textbook Supervisor Phil Sanders says, "This tool is great for students, because they can make sure they are getting the most for their money. It's great for the Bookstore, too, because there's often a misconception that shopping at the college bookstore means paying more, which isn't always the case. This side-by-side comparison will give students the facts before they make their purchase decisions."
Because the best price on textbooks can vary from book to book, the Price Comparison Tool lets students compare by specific textbook title. The comparison tool—and instructions for using it—can be found at www.cscc.edu/bookstore.
Password site gets a makeover
The webpage that allows students to discover, rediscover, change their password and reactivate their Columbus State network accounts has just been given a security facelift. Password.cscc.edu now gives students more options when selecting their "secret" question in the challenge and response process that validates access to the account management functions on the page. While it seems like a minor change, our students have used the page on average a quarter million times a year since it was introduced in 2003. Functionality has also been added to create immediate synchronization of their passwords with their new live@edu student email accounts.
Elementary school students spend day at Delaware
Woodward Elementary students teleconference with Columbus State Student Ambassadors at their recent "day in college" at the Delaware Campus.
Their college careers may be years away, but a group of young students marveled at science and technology in a real college setting last month on the Delaware Campus. In all, 68 fourth-graders from Woodward Elementary spent the better part of a day exploring several science topics and learning what it would be like to be in college.
The students were split into groups and took part in three classes. Bigfoot: Real or Myth was led by Delaware Campus librarians Dana Knott, Jessica Crossfield and Kristine Szabo. As students responded to the research question "Bigfoot: Is He Real?" they were shown different information sources and learned about evaluating that information.
Cool Chemistry was led by Matthew Saelzler, adjunct faculty, and Tirhas Woldegiorgis, teaching assistant in the Physical Sciences. Students learned about physical and chemical changes by mixing liquids to create solids. Students made "flubber" and Styrofoam in a rainbow of colors.
Connect with your Future gave the kids an opportunity to use technology to connect with Student Ambassadors. Students spent the first half of this class working in teams to read about getting ready for college and writing questions for current college students based on what they'd read. During the last half of the class, students "met" student ambassadors through videoconferencing and asked their questions.
The day ended with a quick program and distribution of certificates, and Clawdette Cougar gave the group a terrific send-off.
The program was developed by Delaware Dean Angelo Frole and Woodward Principal Matthew Keller, who met through the Leadership Delaware program.


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It was as if Bangladesh had won another liberation war and our Freedom Fighters had freed our country once again from occupation. Thousands, if not millions of people took their celebrations to the streets. This time, it was not the Freedom Fighters, but our Tigers that freed our country. Not from occupation, but from the humiliation we suffered since gaining the elite status. Bangladesh�s famous victory in the 1997 ICC trophy opened many new windows to our cricket. We won the one day status, went on to the world cup and defeated mighty Pakistan, won the Test status and even scored 400+ runs on our very first test innings. But it all went downhill from there on.
A strong Bangladesh team is not far away
by Tanvir Ahmed
Published: 29th December, 2004
Tigers kept on losing day in and day out. Test matches that were supposed to last five days, kept on ending on the third day. Tigers hit rock bottom when they lost to Canada by 60 runs in the world cup. Bangladesh were humiliated and criticized by sports media all around the world, every time the name Bangladesh came up. They were called the whipping boys of cricket, the ugly step sister of test cricket and much more. But just when it all started to go wrong, some of Bangla�s children showed the aggressive side of their feline family, lived up to their name and played like real tigers.
But, how can it be? It's impossible, how can it be? This was some of our reactions apart from pulling our hair, when Bangladesh were bowled out for only 120 runs against Canada. We didn�t know what to do, where to hide our faces. Officials of the BCB were clueless. They didn�t know where to start the rebuilding process. But their first move was the best one they could have made. They hired the one and only Dav Whatmore to coach the kittens that wore the logo of a tiger on their shirts. It started to pay off immediately. After doing much better than expected against the best in the business, Australia, Bangladesh came just one wicket short of winning her first ever test match in Multan.
The second ODI was historic
Then it was time to travel to the Caribbean and face the West Indians. Once again they failed to secure a sure victory in the first ODI of the series due to their lack of ability to finish off a game. But the biggest surprise was yet to come. For the first time Bangladesh had drawn a test match fighting and not due to bad weather. Three tigers scored centuries in that test, including Rafique who came in at number nine and Khaled Mashud who came in at number eight. Then came the best part. Brian Lara was so disappointed and humiliated that he declared that he would resign from captaincy unless they could defeat Bangladesh in the second test. After getting all the attention, they slipped again.
Bangladesh performed horribly in the Asia cup, the champions trophy, and in their home series against New Zealand and once again due to their batting collapse. It became obvious that Bangladeshi bowlers were performing up to everyone�s expectations. It was their batting that was costing them all those big defeats. Every time Bangladeshi bowlers made it look like they could snatch a win, the batsmen blew it all up as they were vulnerable to the new ball and lost all of their openers, top order, upper middle order batsmen by the first twenty overs.
But Bangladesh stood out in first innings of the second test against India and scored 333 runs which included an unbeaten 158 from Ashraful. It seemed like that innings opened a new era to Bangladeshi cricket. It used to be their batting that cost them matches, but Bangladeshi batsmen found their confidence and started to bat like real Tigers. In the first ODI against India, Bangladesh fell short of only 11 runs. The second ODI was historic. It was Bangladesh�s 100th ODI, and the tigers made it memorable in style as they beat India by 14 runs. The third ODI went out of hand partly because of the surprise inclusions in the team of Hasibul Hossain, which no one could believe and the terribly out of form Mushfiqur Rahman. These two gave 83 runs in 8 overs very early in the game, which took away lots of confidence to fight back from Tigers. But, the Tigers did well with the bat and went on to score 257/9 against a full strength India which was thought impossible even a couple of weeks ago.
If we forget about Bangladesh�s negative aspects this season and pay close attention to their success, we can clearly see the improvements they have made. We have young talents like Ashraful who is considered as the best 20 year old in cricket today by many; Aftab; Nafees; Mashrafe, who was called superman by Ravi Shastri after 2nd ODI against India; Tapash, who�s swingers were praised by the best, Waz; Manjural Islam Rana, Enamul haque Junior; Nazmul Hossain; Rajin Saleh, just when we thought he lost his touch, he fielded like Johnty Rhodes and batted like Steven Fleming; we have upcoming talents like Sharif, Raj, Shahadat and Kapali (who is one of the best Tigers, but rested due to his recent bad form).
The best thing is, all of them are very young. Some of them have not even reached 20. And for those who are still in their early twenties, no one played even fifty ODIs, yet they show glimpses of talent here and there and often caused much headache to their seasoned opponents. All of them mentioned above have performed tremendously well, but the problem remains with their consistency. None of them is consistent and not more than one or two of them can click in any given match. As we all know and as all the big names say, this is mainly due to the lack of their experience. As they play more matches they will learn to be more consistent and more of them will be able to perform well in every match. Only then the Tigers will really live up to their name and fight like roaring tigers. So, as these cubs turn in to tigers, let us be patient and give them some breathing room. They have showed that they can win. They just need some time to learn to face world class players and transform into a world power.
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This tutorial was made about two days ago and it isn't till now that I am submitting it. Before I get to uploading the really cool tutorials I have for all of you, I wanted to first show you "how to draw a tribal wolf", step by step. The concept for the wolf's design was a bit tricky because I didn't know how to approach such a task. The contours of a wolf's head and face is so detailed and strong, and because of the tribal pattern that I needed to create, it must also reflect how gorgeous and stern these animals are. After some trial and error, I finally came up with an idea and that is what you see before you now. This is going to be a complex lesson to follow and understand, but if you take your time and try not to rush, I feel confident that you will get through the task with minimal damage to your analytical brain. I will be back in a few because there is still more lessons that needs to be uploaded by me. I hope you enjoy this learning experience as you teach yourself "how to draw a tribal wolf". Thanks guys and good luck!
DragoArt members upload artwork and drawing tutorials! They are also allowed to leave comments on tutorials, profiles, etc. Many more features, as well; it's way better than just being a boring guest! Register Now!


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Every once in a while, I am reminded that baking is my destiny. In May it was teaching a cooking class in my grandparents' former house in Brooklyn, in the very kitchen where my grandmother first taught me to bake. This month it is a week that began with taping a dessert competition show in New York City (details to follow when they can be released) and ended with baking 200 gluten-free cupcakes for the Gluten-Free Food Expo in Washington, DC.
I started my pastry career adapting fancy dairy French desserts into dairy-free desserts that I, as a kosher girl, could not eat immediately after a meat meal. I found that I liked the challenge and I was really good at it. People simply cannot believe my desserts are dairy-free.
After I moved back to the United States from Switzerland, I began developing sugar-free desserts for my father who, after 10 years of being a diabetic, is still mourning his loss of Entenmann's cakes. It became clear that the same skill set that I used to convert dairy to dairy-free was easily employed to create sugar-free desserts. When I started writing The Kosher Baker over 6 years ago, I decided that if I was going to write a book for the Jewish community, then it had to have desserts for EVERYONE in the community. Consequently, I included sugar-free, gluten-free and vegan dessert recipes.
I truly believe that every person deserves a delicious dessert no matter what special diet they are on. Every adult and child is entitled to a tasty birthday cake. No dinner guest should sit at a table eating fruit while the other guests enjoy a gooey, chocolate confection.
As a kosher person, I know what it feels like not to be able to eat everything you want when you want it. People who live with special diets, whether for health or medical reasons, religious strictures or personal choice, just want a little tenderness and a lot of r-e-s-p-e-c-t. I have learned from the gluten-free girl herself, Shauna Ahern, the extent to which cross-contamination at restaurants can cause many days of severe physical pain. Parents of kids with allergies just want to keep their children safe. I have strived to create desserts for the allergy set that anyone at your table would be happy to share too.
Many months ago, I decided that my second book would cover Passover desserts. The book will have some completely gluten-free desserts and an icon marking the desserts that are nut-free. When my friend with celiac, Andrea Neusner, called to ask me to do cake decorating at the Gluten-Free Expo in DC, she reminded me that I had given her a gluten-free cupcake recipe years ago. It is Passover-friendly as well.
The day of the Expo was the first day for my summer intern, Shawn Eliav, who is proving to be a talented and able assistant and baker. That day we spent four hours baking furiously, but then again, I had been zooming around a TV kitchen set two days earlier and am a really fast baker. I only aspire to zip around as fast as my grandmother did in the kitchen at the age of 88.
I didn't think I had the energy to do any baking two days after the competition, but I remembered that I am happiest in the kitchen, especially baking for people with challenges. At the Expo, adults and kids came to my table to decorate their own cupcakes. When I was practicing law, I never got one smile as big as any of the smiles I saw after people stuffed their self-decorated cupcakes into their mouths.
As a pastry chef, I get to use my skills to help people who have been deprived and thereby spread joy in the world. I will continue to use every platform available to spread my message that everyone has a dessert with their name on it.
Gluten-Free Vanilla & Almond Cupcakes
3 large eggs, separated
1/2 cup, plus 2 teaspoons sugar, divided
1 teaspoon vanilla extract
1 teaspoon almond extract
1/2 cup potato starch
3/4 cup ground almonds
Preheat oven to 350 degrees F. Place 12 paper muffin cups into a muffin tin. Place the yolks into a medium bowl. Add the 1/2 cup sugar, vanilla and almond extracts and beat on high speed for 2 minutes. Add the potato starch and ground almonds and mix in. Set aside. Place the whites into a large bowl and beat on high speed until stiff. Turn the speed to low and add the remaining 2 tablespoons sugar. Turn the speed back up to high and beat another minute.
Use a silicone spatula to fold the egg whites into the yolk mixture. Scoop the batter evenly into the muffin cups. Bake for 20 minutes or until a toothpick inserted comes out clean. Let cool on a rack. May be frozen for up to three months.
Quick Gluten-Free Icing
1/2 cup solid vegetable shortening
1/2 cup (1 stick) margarine (or butter)
1 teaspoon vanilla extract
1 pound confectioner's sugar
2 tablespoons almond milk (soy milk ok too if not
using during Passover, or regular milk)
In a large bowl, use an electric mixer to beat the shortening and margarine together. Add the vanilla and beat to mix in. Add the confectioner's sugar, one cup at a time, mixing well after each addition. Add the milk and beat at high speed for two minutes or until fluffy. Add desired colors. Store covered in the fridge for up to 5 days.


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|Biosequences .. Software .. Molbio soft .. Network News .. FTP
Hello I presently writing an essay for my degree at Sussex Uni, on how and why plants domestication came about. Whilst looking for evidence to suggest that it occurred in different regions at different times. I would be grateful for any suggestions of journal/ periodical articles, thesis's, books etc. That might be of use to me, Thank you for any suggestions Paul Clark