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Homeschooling Too Effective?
Staff Attorney Mike Donnelly protects homeschool freedom in Massachusetts. He and his wife homeschool. Read more >>
It is not often that a school district challenges homeschool programs on the grounds that they are too effective.
After completing both 1st and 2nd grade materials in one year, an HSLDA member family notified their school district that they would be teaching their child at the 3rd grade level. The school district frowned upon this, writing back to the family that this "unexpected skipping of second grade and promotion to third grade was not approved." The district requested the family resubmit their homeschool program to teach their son at the 2nd grade level.
The family contacted HSLDA. Mike Donnelly, HSLDA's staff attorney for Massachusetts member affairs, wrote to the school district that the family had every right to teach their child in whatever grade they felt most appropriate.
Parents Decide
Although Massachusetts is one of only two states that still allows school authorities to approve or disapprove homeschool notifications, homeschools are not required to match the grade promotion policies of the public schools. Parents can teach at whatever grade level a child needs—even if that is different grade levels for different subjects.
Parents, not school authorities, are the instructors and are empowered to determine the appropriate level to teach their students so that children can learn at their own pace and according to their ability.
Legal Precedent
It is true the seminal homeschool case in Massachusetts, Charles, does set the local public school as a measuring stick and requires parents to provide instruction "equal in thoroughness, efficiency and progress." However, in a subsequent case argued by HSLDA, Brunelle v. Lynn Public Schools, the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts made it clear that authorities should not apply institutional standards of the public school to the homeschool setting.
Donnelly's letter to the superintendent explained the rights of parents to determine the academic level appropriate for teaching their children. Instead of challenging homeschools for being too "efficient," school officials should recognize that one of the inherent characteristic of homeschooling is that children are able to move forward at their own pace.
Because of HSLDA's support, the family is now homeschooling with peace of mind, confident that they have the support of a team of lawyers dedicated to defending their family's right to homeschool their children as they see fit.
Protect Your Family
If you or someone you know is not a member of HSLDA, will you consider taking a moment today to join or recommend us? Your support for our work enables us to defend individual families threatened by government officials and protect homeschooling freedom for all. Join now >>


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IYA2009 Updates
29 January 2010
She is an Astronomer conference: Celebrating success and seeking solutions
Date: 22 and 23 April 2010
Venue: Royal Astronomical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London The conference will be opened by Prof Jocelyn Bell Burnell. There will be talks on pioneering women in astronomy, talks by female scientists on their work and careers, and talks on gender issues, work-life balance, careers, mentoring, psychology/culture, statistics. One outcome of the meeting will be a list of suggestions for supporting and encouraging women in astronomy in support of the IAU Resolution passed at the IAU General Assembly in August 2009. Presentations (talks and posters) will be published on the She is an Astronomer website. If you would like to attend the meeting, please register on-line, indicating if you would like to give a talk or present a poster. Space is limited, so please register early. The deadline for registration is 8 March. More information: http://www.sheisanastronomer.org/index.php/Conference
Global Astronomy Month April 2010: One People, One Sky
Now that the International Year of Astronomy 2009 (IYA2009) is coming to an end, what is there to look forward to for astronomy enthusiasts? Even more events building on the year's great success! 100 Hours of Astronomy cornerstone project, co-organized by AWB, brought out unprecedented numbers of enthusiasts to share their passion for astronomy with the biggest crowds ever. AWB is now planning Global Astronomy Month for April 2010 as the follow-up to 100 Hours of Astronomy.
All information will be posted on the Global Astronomy Month web site as the excitement builds: http://www.gam-awb.org/
Gathering during Annular Solar Eclipse
Annular solar eclipse on January 15th gathered members of StarPeace from Sri Lanka, Maldives, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Tanzania and United Arab Emirates. More information: http://www.starpeace.org/En/News/58/Default.aspx
Beauty Without Borders has started!
Beauty Without Borders (BWB) is a project of Astronomers Without Borders and Sidewalk Astronomers that will take place around the world, from 25 to 30 January 2010. Join this event from anywhere in the world, even if you are going to watch from your deck or backyard. Use binoculars if you haven't got a telescope. Get a group of friends, family or the local astronomy club together, and go to the street and enjoy the beautiful views of the Red Planet. Through BWB, we hope to share the beauty of the celestial events. More information here: http://beautywithoutborders-mars2010.blogspot.com/
Vote for Israeli IYA2009 stamp in an online poll
The Israeli post office is holding a poll to decide on 2009's most beautiful stamp. Members of the public have the opportunity to view the candidate stamps and vote for their favourite. An IYA2009 stamp is among the contenders. Voting is open until 20 February 2010. http://www.astronomy2009.org/news/updates/759/
Redshift announces latest improvements
Redshift 7, an IYA2009 official product, is the award-winning and best-selling planetarium-software in the world. Read their latest news here: http://www.astronomy2009.org/news/updates/757/
Astronomers Without Borders Newsletter January 2010
Art exhibit bridges cultures in Australia
Throughout IYA2009 Australia has witnessed an extraordinary celebration of astronomy as inspiration for art and cultural exchange. The latest success story is a project named Ilgarijiri, which means "things belonging to the sky" in the Wajarri Yamatji language of the Murchison region in Western Australia. Astronomy has a strong presence in the area, which is home to the Murchison Radio Astronomy Observatory and a potential location for the future Square Kilometre Array. Astronomy also plays a significant role in the stories and traditions of the indigenous people of Australia. http://www.astronomy2009.org/news/updates/754/
Egypt promotes She is an Astronomer for IYA2009
As a part of IYA2009 activities in Egypt, the Planetarium Science Center in Alexandria organised She is an Astronomer camp in Saint Catherine from 11-14 December 2009. The aim of the camp was to develop the female students' thinking skills and to encourage females to pursue astronomy professionally. The importance of scientific problem solving and team work were highlighted. These values are the cornerstone of building future Egyptian women astronomers and leaders. http://www.astronomy2009.org/news/updates/746/
Dusk of IYA2009 in Iraq: an event to remember
The sky was cloudy and rainy on 31 December 2009, so the Sun was not visible, except for its wonderful memories of past IYA2009 days. There was a solution: using Stellarium Beta 10.0 software to simulate the real Sun setting that day. http://www.astronomy2009.org/news/updates/753/
Over one million people worldwide have seen the movie BLAST!
BLAST! is an IYA2009 Special project. Filmmaker Paul Devlin follows the story of his brother, Mark Devlin PhD, as he leads a tenacious team of scientists hoping to figure out how all the galaxies formed by launching a revolutionary new telescope under a NASA high-altitude balloon. Newly-released ratings show that over one million people have seen the movie, and this number is set to rise significantly in the future. http://www.astronomy2009.org/news/updates/752/
Sri Lankans witness Solar Eclipse
An expedition to Northern Sri Lanka for the Annular Solar Eclipse of 15 January 2010 has been described as an unforgettable experience. The Ring of Fire not only brought amazing views but the sheer joy of being able to travel north after 30 years of war. In addition, an associated outreach programme attracted around 2000 participants. See a blog post about the expedition here: http://thilinaheenatigala.blogspot.com/2010/01/ring-of-fire-unforgettable-experience.html
The World At Night images featured in the Italian media
Photographs from IYA2009 Special project The World At Night have been used in the travel section of Italian newspaper la Republica. The photos are by Iranian IYA2009 supporter Babak Tafreshi. See the feature here: http://viaggi.repubblica.it/multimedia/sotto-il-cielo-dell-iran/22352906/1/1
Bangladesh concludes IYA2009 with an astronomy workshop
Professor Abdul Jabbar, former Head of the Department of Mathematics, Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology (BUET) was a legendary figure in popularisation of Astronomy in Bangladesh. He wrote about a dozen Books on astronomy which helped younger generations in Bangladesh to learn about this important subject. Professor Abdul Jabbar also was the 1st President of Bangladesh Astronomical Society which was formed in 1984. http://www.astronomy2009.org/news/updates/745/
Jamaica closes IYA2009 with a successful star party
In late December the Astronomical Association of Jamaica (AAJ) decided to run a final star party, taking place at the UWI. Mona Campus on a patio above the Physics Department. The main reason for the meet was to introduce members and friends to the fine qualities of Galileoscopes. The AAJ was given 400 units for distribution to High and Intermediate Schools in Jamaica, and this was a practice run for the training of teachers in the assembly, and care of the telescopes. http://www.astronomy2009.org/news/updates/738/
Search IYA2009 Updates
National Nodes: 148
Organisational Nodes: 40
Organisational Associates:33
National Websites: 111
Cornerstone Projects: 12
Special Task Groups: 11
Special Projects:16
Official Products:8
Media Partners:22

subset: commoncrawl


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TULSA, Okla. (AP) Warren Niles scored 33 points and Oral Roberts committed just four turnovers in a 91-74 victory over Lamar on Thursday night.
Shawn Glover added 24 points and nine rebounds for the Golden Eagles (11-8, 6-1 Southland), who won their third straight. Damen Bell-Holter scored 15 points and Korey Billbury had 10 assists.
Lamar (2-17, 0-7 Southland) got a career-high 25 points from Keilan Blanks, 18 from Stan Brown and 17 from Donnell Minton. The Cardinals shot 49 percent from the field compared to 47 percent for Oral Roberts, but committed 13 turnovers en route to their seventh straight loss.
The Golden Eagles jumped out to a 12-2 lead that turned into a 37-29 halftime advantage.
Lamar got within 53-48 after a Donnell Minton 3-pointer with 14:35 remaining, but Oral Roberts answered with an 18-2 run to build a 21-point lead with less than 11 minutes to play.


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We're coming up on the Christmas season, which in the countries where most Shapelings live means that lots of people, Christmas-celebrators or not, take their one big break a year and go on vacation or visit their families. Every women's magazine and lifestyle section in existence is having a feature on holiday overeating right now, and why should we be left out of the fun just because we think eating is okay? After all, in a lot of ways, food-heavy occasions like the holidays are extra fraught for fatties (even when those fatties practice HAES and self-respect). So I hereby present the Shapely Prose guide to dealing with holiday overeating.
1. Expect some. I have no illusions about the fact that I will eat a LOT of Christmas cookies — undoubtedly more, in retrospect, than I will wish I'd eaten. I could make this into a huge psychodrama where my willpower has failed me; I could inscribe my cookie eating as "compulsive" and flagellate myself for it; I could bewail my complicity in a culture of overconsumption. Or I could recognize that like many people, fat and thin — like most fat or thin Christmas celebrators who aren't on a medical or weight-loss diet, I'd wager, and some who are — I am going to eat lots of cookies and go home with a little bit of a stomachache. Whatever. They're cookies, not uranium.
2. Eat emotionally. People have been celebrating and bonding over feasts together since the dawn of human civilization (and maybe before). Negative talk about "emotional eating" sends the message that a rumbling stomach is the only valid reason for a meal. That might be true if we were all eating gray pap at solitary tables in Camazotz. But, fat or thin, food makes us happy and eating together makes us feel connected and thankful. Go with it.
3. Be good to yourself. Amidst all the holiday bounty, one thing you won't see me eating this season is meatball subs (though there will very likely be some). I discovered at an earlier family Christmas that a) meatball subs are delicious b) they make me feel so sick you can't believe. I like tasty food but I am not a sucker. The only obligation you have as far as "watching what you eat" this holiday season is your responsibility to your own health and comfort. Don't make yourself crazy, but at the same time don't make yourself ill.
4. You don't have to be the fatbassador. Whatever your relationship to your fat and your family, whatever your family's relationship to your fat, you don't have to represent all fat people to them. Eat food you think is nice — don't eat to say "fuck you, I'm not dieting." Avoid food you don't want to eat — don't abstain to say "look, fat people aren't gluttons." It's tempting at family occasions to try to send messages with what you choose to eat and not eat, but you end up punishing yourself to make a point that probably won't even get heard. If you want to have this out with your family, use your words; if you want to avoid it for the sake of family harmony, you are hereby off the activist hook for the season.
Feel free to use this thread as a place to grouse about family — or let us know your favorite holiday traditions (like, say, avoiding family?).


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Is it perceived as either (a) a moral norm or (b) an important convention that the supervisors of job seekers be there at the Eastern APA for moral support, networking help etc.? I've done so in the past, but felt completely useless -- so far, no one has ever needed my advice or a shoulder to cry on at that stage, and I'm not very good at the networking-with-strangers stuff. (People I actually know at the hiring schools I will email well before then.) So, what are your experiences and perceptions? As a job seeker, have you found it helpful or reassuring to have your advisor there? Is there a perception that a student whose advisor isn't there is being less enthusiastically supported? On the simplifying assumption that it's otherwise a pointless inconvenience and waste of money, am I still obliged to go?FemFilosofer on women's interview attire:
I 've always been amused by the conversations on the blog about interview attire, especially those about women's interview attire. What I've learned from these conversations is that 1) I should wear a suit, 2) I should not wear a suit; a) I should wear heels, b) I should not wear heels; *) I should wear makeup, **) I should not wear makeup. In addition, riding in elevators with interviewees (lucky bastards) at the APA while they discuss the merits of the red tie with the sailboats versus the blue tie with the fleur de lis has become somewhat of a spectator sport for me. I'm probably going to turn all of these things into an article someday. But for now, here's a link to a fun article on Jezebel about the Duke Women Law Student Association. It might be heartening to know that even though the Smoker conversations test my mind's ability to handle contradictions, no one has ever (to my knowledge) informed the philosophy dudettes to get proper bra fittings before the APA. Be heartened, philosophers. We're not the craziest of the crazies.Perhaps too late, but BR asks and my answer is that you should e-mail the department):
And, for full disclosure, my preferred interview attire is a skirt and a cardigan. But you won't find me in an elevator at the APA squirming about my decision to wear grey tights instead of black ones.
Say that in between the time when an application is due (e.g. Nov. 4, Nov. 15, or Dec. 1 etc.) and the time when the committee makes a decision about APA interviews (December?) one gets a paper accepted for publication (or some other significant thing happens). What should one do? Should one email the department and ask to have their dossier updated?Okay. I'll try to be better. See y'all at the APA.


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MINNEAPOLIS -- Quarterback Ayrton Scott (FY, Minneapolis, Minn./Southwest HS) accounted for 510 yards of total offense and nearly led his Augsburg College football team back from a 38-7 third-quarter deficit, but the comeback fell short in a 38-31 loss to visiting Concordia College-Moorhead in a Minnesota Intercollegiate Athletic Conference game on Saturday afternoon at Edor Nelson Field.
Scott set a new Augsburg (5-2 overall, 4-2 MIAC) single-season rushing record with a 20-carry, 136-yard performance, while completing 25-of-36 passing for 374 yards and three touchdowns against three interceptions. The MIAC's rushing leader at 147.7 rushing yards per-game, Scott now has 1,034 rushing yards on 147 carries, breaking the old school record of 1,024 yards, set by Marcus LeVesseur in 2004. Scott joins LeVesseur and Marty Alger (1,011 yards in 1992) as the third Auggie to ever rush for 1,000 yards in a single season.
Adding 1,567 passing yards (223.9 yards per-game), Scott now has 2,601 yards of total offense this season, a 371.6 yards-per-game average. Scott entered the game ranked seventh among NCAA Division III players nationally in total offense yardage per-game and eighth in rushing yardage per-game.
Griffin Neal (SO, Fargo, N.D./Fargo South HS) completed 14-of-23 passing for 297 yards and three touchdowns against two interceptions for Concordia (6-1 overall, 4-1 MIAC). Mark Whiting (JR, Alexandria, Minn./Jefferson HS) caught four passes for 142 yards and two second-quarter touchdowns -- 45 and 56 yards -- from Neal.
Saturday's game was a meeting of the top two rushers in the MIAC, Scott and Concordia's Bret Baune (SR, Fargo, N.D./Fargo South HS). Baune rushed 17 times for 72 yards and a touchdown, while quarterback Neal rushed 17 times for 43 yards and a touchdown.
Trailing 38-7 with 5:41 left in the third quarter, Augsburg nearly came back to tie the game, scoring 24 unanswered points to trim the advantage to 38-31 with 3:06 left in the fourth quarter. Augsburg had a chance to produce another miracle finish in the final minute, taking the ball at its own 1-yard line with 48 seconds remaining. But a Scott pass was intercepted by John Bye (SR, Moorhead, Minn.) with 29 seconds left at the Augsburg 46-yard line, and the Cobbers kneeled down to end the game.
Augsburg rallied back through the air, with two touchdown passes from Scott to Tyler Swanson (SR, Lakeville, Minn./Lakeville North HS), and another touchdown pass to Wesley Waytashek (SR, Little Falls, Minn.). Waytashek also kicked a 39-yard field goal during the Auggie rally.
Swanson capped a 10-play, 75-yard drive with a 10-yard touchdown reception with 4:35 left in the third quarter. On its next drive, Augsburg accumulated 85 yards in 12 plays, scoring on a five-yard touchdown pass from Scott to Waytashek and a two-point conversion run by Scott. A pass interception by Brandon Hunter (SO, Minneapolis, Minn./Hopkins HS) gave the Auggies the ball at its own 28 yard line, and three plays later, Augsburg scored on a 54-yard touchdown pass from Scott to Swanson. Another interception, this time by Hakeem Bourne-McFarlane (JR, Bloomington, Minn./Kennedy HS), set the stage for Waytashek's 39-yard field goal with 3:06 left.
Concordia took advantage of six Augsburg turnovers -- three fumbles and three interceptions. The Cobbers scored three of their five touchdowns on drives following Augsburg turnovers.
On the Cobbers' opening drive of the game, Baune caught a 51-yard pass from Neal, then scored the opening touchdown on a two-yard plunge.
The Cobbers scored 21 unanswered points in the second quarter -- a 45-yard touchdown pass from Neal to Whiting, a 56-yard touchdown pass from Neal to Whiting, and a 21-yard touchdown run by Neal to give the Cobbers a 28-0 lead with 5:12 left in the second quarter.
Augsburg scored its first points of the game with 2:26 left in the first half, as Waylon Hartwick (SR, Minneapolis, Minn./South HS) scored on a one-yard rush. But the Cobbers took a 31-7 lead into the locker room, as Benjamin Wagner (JR, St. Aubin de Medoc, France) kicked a 29-yard field goal on the final play of the first half. The Cobbers extended their lead to 38-7 on a 34-yard touchdown pass from Neal to Chris Gilson (SR, Detroit Lakes, Minn.) with 5:41 left in the third quarter.
In addition to his 72 rushing yards, Baune caught two passes for 52 yards, while Gilson caught two passes for 43 yards.
For Augsburg, Jerise Washington (SO, Roseville, Minn./Mounds View HS) rushed 14 times for 53 yards, while catching three passes for 28 yards. Swanson caught six passes for 135 yards to lead the Auggies -- his second 100-plus-yard reception effort of his career, while Adam Carl (JR, Eagan, Minn.) caught seven passes for a career-high 126 yards -- his fifth 100-plus-yard career reception effort.
Defensively, Augsburg's Chris DeVet (SO, Shoreview, Minn./Mounds View HS) had a career-high 11 tackles (four solo), includig two tackles for-loss. Aaron Perry (SR, Lino Lakes, Minn./Centennial HS) had 10 tackles (six solo), including two sacks, and Felix Coleman (SO, Alexandria, Minn./Jefferson HS) had 10 tackles (five solo). Bryce Vee (SR, Coon Rapids, Minn.) had nine tackles and Kaleb Williams (SR, Lakeville, Minn./Lakeville North HS) had eight tackles (three solo).
For Concordia, Brent Rysdahl (SR, Marshall, Minn.) had 10 tackles (eight solo) and a forced fumble, while Matt Moenkedick (SR, Verndale, Minn.) had 10 tackles (six solo), including a tackle for-loss. Peter Hvidston (SR, Fargo, N.D./Oak Grove HS) had seven tackles (three solo), a fumble recovery and an interception. Bye had an interception and fumble recovery, and Kenyon O'Brien (SR, Lake Park, Minn./Lake Park-Audobon HS) also had an interception.
Both teams return to action next Saturday (10/27), with Augsburg playing at St. Thomas at 1:10 p.m. and Concordia hosting Carleton at 1 p.m.


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British 1894 Astronomer Royal becomes new Cosmic Diary blogger
13 February 2009
The Cosmic Diary, a Cornerstone Project of the International Year of Astronomy 2009 will have a new participant from 18 February: Great Britain's Astronomer Royal from the year 1894, William Henry Mahony Christie. He will be joined by his two assistants, Herbert Hall Turner and Frank Watson Dyson, as they each blog in text and images about their lives and work at the Greenwich Observatory via the official website: www.cosmicdiary.org.
Of course, these astronomers won't really be blogging, as they died long ago. Rather, current Royal Observatory Greenwich staff will be using journals and other historical documents to adopt the guise of Christie, Turner and Dyson. It's all part of the Cosmic Diary, a project which aims to put a human face on the science of astronomy. Alongside Christie and co. are over 60 modern professional astronomers, currently blogging about their daily lives, the work they conduct, and the challenges they face. Members of the public can see what being an astronomer is really like, and how ground-breaking research is conducted.
Since its launch on 1 January 2009, the Cosmic Diary has received more than 25,000 hits from visitors in 152 countries. The huge potential of the project made waves in the scientific community. NASA, The European Space Agency, the European Southern Observatory, and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency requested their own sub-blogs which are hosted on the official site, broadening its reach even further. The contribution from the Royal Observatory Greenwich will give a historical flavour to proceedings, and highlight how much has changed since the day of Christie.
Mariana Barrosa, Cosmic Diary Chair, comments: "we're all very excited to have the Royal Observatory Greenwich team join the Cosmic Diary. This historical twist is an excellent way of showing the public that scientists are ordinary people, and that astronomy is a fascinating subject. It may even inspire some to pursue it as a career!"
The Cosmic Diary website, www.cosmicdiary.org, is certainly one to watch during the International Year of Astronomy 2009!
Search IYA2009 Updates
National Nodes: 148
Organisational Nodes: 40
Organisational Associates:33
National Websites: 111
Cornerstone Projects: 12
Special Task Groups: 11
Special Projects:16
Official Products:8
Media Partners:22


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"101 Revolutionary Ways to Be Healthy" from Experience Life magazine and RevolutionaryAct.com by Life Time Fitness
by via_web on
October 26, 2011
Filed under App DB, Healthcare & Fitness, Lifestyle, iPad Apps, iPhone Apps
The "101 Ways" mobile app nudges you toward healthier daily choices and attitudes while helping you develop the practical skills and unconventional know-how you need to get and stay strong. A mashup of the best of Experience Life magazine and RevolutionaryAct.com, this fun app cleverly combines 101 creative healthy-living suggestions with a rich supply of smart, deep, well-researched articles you can peruse at your own pace. It's a daily dose of health and happiness.
Developer Website: http://www.experiencelife.com/app


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Matthew Kees is a very talented photographer and teacher. He is doing a 5 part series on the MCP Actions Blog on Using a Modern Flash for Portraits. I am excited to share his knowledge and expertise with all of my readers. These tutorials will launch once every other week. On the alternate weeks, time permitting, Matthew will look through the COMMENT section and answer some of your questions. So make sure to ask your questions directly in the comment section about this post.
This is Part 1 of 5.
by Matthew L Kees, guest to the MCP Actions Blog
Director of MLKstudios.com Online Photography Course [MOPC]
TTL OTF Flash ("if the shoe fits…")
One of the greatest advancements to flash photography came in 1974 when Olympus announced their OM-2 camera and the Quick Auto 310 TTL OTF flash. The two worked together in "dedicated" flash mode.
What this means, is the camera and flash have the ability to communicate with one another. The flash output is controlled by an "eye" or sensor, located inside the camera body which reads the light that has passed Through The Lens (TTL) and bounced Off The Film (OTF).
TTL OTF metering was made possible through additional "dots" on the camera's hot shoe that matched up with additional contacts on the foot of the flash. The flash and camera were able to "talk" to each other through those extra connections. The sensor inside the camera told the flash when enough light had reached the film during the exposure, and cut the flash off so no more light was produced. The result was a perfect flash exposure every time.
Before we can move forward, I first need to explain some older flash technology.
The way the output of a flash light is controlled in Manual mode, is that at a high power setting the burst of the flash, or the flash pulse, lasts longer than it does at a low power setting. At the maximum setting the flash pulse has a duration of around 1/1000 of a second long — a big "poof" of light. At the lowest power setting it is closer to 1/40,000 of a second — a little "twink" of light.
When a modern flash is mounted on a film camera and set to TTL OTF mode, the OTF sensor bases the flash pulse duration on the camera's meter setting. Typically, the ISO is set to the rating on the box that the film came in. This is because low ISO films require more light to make a good exposure than high ISO films.
If you want less flash than the film actually needs, such as a touch of fill light outdoors, you simply change the ISO setting on the camera body, to one higher than the film's box rating. The true rating of the film doesn't actually change so in essence, you are fooling the OTF sensor into thinking the film that was loaded needs less flash light than it really does. For more flash light you would lower the ISO setting.
Digital cameras are different. You can't fool the sensor by changing the ISO setting. Adjusting the ISO setting on a digital SLR it is like instantly changing the film to one with a new box rating. The sensitivity of the chip increases with a higher ISO setting or decreases with a lower ISO, so a new TTL flash adjustment needed to be invented.
Modern flashes, and most DSLR camera bodies, have added an EV setting for the flash when set to TTL mode.
EV stands for Exposure Value. When you set the ISO, f/stop and shutter speed using an exposure meter, it is based on the Exposure Value for that scene. You can then adjust the brightness of the scene by changing the EV setting on the camera body. An EV plus makes the scene brighter and an EV minus makes it darker. To adjust the flash brightness, you must change the EV setting of the flash. This is often referred to as Flash Exposure Compensation or FEC.
As mentioned above, it is also possible to adjust the flash from the camera body on many digital cameras, which makes perfect sense, since the sensor that is controlling the flash is located there.
Canon labels their newest TTL flash system, E-TTL II, which stands for Evaluative TTL version 2. Nikon's Creative Lighting System is called i-TTL for intelligent TTL. Both have the ability to control a flash on-camera or off in one-third stop increments (EV=0.3) for very fine tuning of the flash's exposure.
Of course, Olympus digital cameras have TTL too, as do Sony and some older Minoltas, as well as Pentax, Panasonic, Sigma, Ricoh, Fuji and just about every modern camera made. Through The Lens flash control has become a standard feature for all modern flash/camera systems.
One thing that needs to be mentioned here, is that you cannot put a Canon E-TTL flash on a Nikon body (or any other model) and use it in TTL mode. The contacts used are located in different places on the hot shoe. Also to use remote wireless TTL you'll need a flash made by the same manufacturer as your camera.
However, it is possible to find third party flashes that work in TTL mode when mounted on your camera. Metz, Sunpak, Vivitar, Osram and etc. all make TTL flashes with different feet for different makes of cameras. They used to make one style flash and you bought the "foot" that you needed separately. It was called an SCA flash adapter. Now they make the same model flash with different feet molded on. If you go this route, be sure the flash is labeled for your camera type. You can get a TTL capable flash for around $100 USD if you purchase one from a company that makes flashes exclusively.
Modern TTL camera/flash systems also take into account the focal length of the lens, the focus distance and the chosen focal points when shooting in AF mode. If a vario-focal length, or "zoom" lens is mounted, then the focal length on the zoom is used.
Many new flashes have little computers. The new Nikon SB-900 automatically adjusts its output to the format of the imaging sensor and even has a way to do a firmware upgrade. They have come a long way from simply looking up at the film and shutting off at the right time. In many ways the new flashes are as advanced as the camera itself, and is why they cost quite a bit more than their predecessors.


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Mazatlan, on Mexico's Pacific Coast, is a popular tourist destination for travellers of all ages. With a combination of fine sandy beaches, a hot Mexican climate, great nightlife and a historical downtown area, it is absolutely perfect for a family holiday - although you may be advised to avoid American Spring Break season, as the town can get truly crazy at this time. For low cost accommodation in this fantastic coastal town, investigate deals on self-catered rental homes - freeing up your holiday budget to enjoy the sights and sounds of Mazatlan.
There is so much to do in Mazatlan that it will probably take more than one family holiday in order to see everything. First and most obviously there are the beaches, and Olas Atlas Beach is particularly recommended, just a short walk west of the Plazuela Machado (a square at the heart of the retsored historic centre of Mazatlan) and lined with some great restaurants. The historic centre is well worth exploring on foot, particularly El Mercado - the market where you can buy all sorts of souvenirs from mass-produced t-shirts to traditional Mexican craft products. For a more active holiday, you can try hiking up to the Lighthouse. This Faro is the highest working lighthouse in the world and commands spectacular views across Mazatlan and the coast, 515 feet above sea level.
With a huge selection of apartments in beachside resort developments, shopping around rental homes in Mazatlan will turn up some great deals. Depending on the time of year you plan to visit, it is possible to find apartments from as little as £350 a week for a property large enough to accommodate a family of four or more. This can work out as a great money saving option compared to the cost of booking hotel rooms for the whole family, and the extra privacy is great. Holiday rentals offer greater flexibility on a family holiday - if you want to plan a day trip to somewhere further afield in the region, you can prepare your own meals in the self-catering facilities and are no longer tied to a hotel restaurant's opening times. And the extra space is great for kids - they can run around and let off steam without you having to worry so much whether they are disturbing other guests!


text: It is not a stretch to suggest these gentlemen are actual plumbers, or if they have been in possession of mushrooms at one time or another. We're eagerly anticipating their appearance at Sunday's final; the Italians will need a fire flower or two to get past a tough Spanish defense. (Or one of those POW! blocks. Whatever happened to those?)


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Greg Lindstrom
Erie High School graduate Dane Stotts was planning for college when his senior year began in the fall, but an October announcement from his church put that on hold.
During the fall conference, the president of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints announced that the minimum age for missionaries would drop from 19 to 18 for men and from 21 to 19 for women.
Stotts, 18, said the traditional two-year mission was always part of his plan, so when he heard about the change, he quickly re-evaluated his priorities.
"My dad served a mission in Italy when he was young, and my uncles on both sides and my new brother-in-law did as well," said Stotts, who lives in Frederick. "When they announced the age change, it really did alter my path for life because I felt strongly that I was supposed to go immediately, rather than waiting until it was convenient."
On June 19, Stotts will leave for 10 days of missionary training in Utah before heading to Eugene, Ore., where he will spend two years serving a local congregation, doing community service and teaching people about the church.
Answering the call
Stotts is not the only Latter-day Saint to respond to the fall announcement.
In February, the church announced that more than 60,000 missionaries were serving around the world — the highest number in a decade.
This summer, LDS is launching 58 new mission locations across the world, including one that will span northern Colorado and southern Wyoming.
LDS Missionaries by the numbers
Local missionaries: 44 men and women from the greater Longmont area are currently serving around the world.
Young adults: 35
Men: 17
Women: 18
Senior adults: 9
Source: Dave Richards, Longmont Stake president
The new mission, identified as the Fort Collins mission, will include 200 to 220 full-time missionaries who will be serving in Boulder, Longmont, Fort Collins and southern Wyoming. The Fort Collins mission is the second mission in Colorado, with the first focused on the Denver metro area.
There are currently 44 missionaries from Longmont and the surrounding areas serving around the world, said Dave Richards, Longmont Stake president.
Latter-day Saints men are "commanded" to serve the church in a two-year mission, Richards said. Young women are welcome to serve but are not expected to, he said.
The church has seen the largest increase in women missionaries following the age change.
While he could not speak to the reason for the age change, Richards said the new requirement has made it easier for some students to serve between high school and college, rather than taking time off during college for a mission.
One step at a time
Stotts is filling out an application for Brigham Young University, which he will defer until the end of his service.
"I was planning to go to college for a year and then taking a two-year break to do the mission," Stotts said. "Now, it will be easier to focus on one thing at a time."
After the announcement, Stotts said he immediately began searching for a job to start saving for the trip, which he has to pay for himself.
Stotts said he had about eight months to come up with $10,000, living expenses for the next two years.
"Serving in a mission is a full-time job so we aren't working while we do it," Stotts said.
Jobs at Boulder Fresh Farms and the Frederick Recreation Center got him halfway there, Stotts said. Luckily, his parents offered to help with the remaining amount.
"I'm really excited about the opportunity to serve and to live on my own for two years before I go to college," Stotts said. "I feel that this is a wonderful opportunity to go serve others by bringing them the truth and offering them more information about the church."
Whitney Bryen can be reached at 303-684-5274 or email@example.com.


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|Georgia vs Wales
|TV Channel
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text:
(This is a follow-up question from over there: Natural models of graphs.)
(And it has a follow-up question over there: Naturally definable sets of natural numbers (2): Can the circle be broken?)
I am looking for a way to syntactically characterize formulas in the first order language of Peano arithmetics that specify a natural or "truely shared" property of a set of natural numbers.
The term natural (formula or set) is chosen in contrast to contingent, alternatively ad hoc, mereological or even random (→ Kolmogorov complexity).
The canonical counter-examples are formulas of the form $x = n_0 \vee x = n_1 \vee ... \vee x = n_k$ which prima facie merely list some arbitrary numbers. But of course such formulas are often enough equivalent to "natural" ones, e.g. $x = 2 \vee x = 4 $ is equivalent to $x \geq 1 \wedge x \leq 4 \wedge (\exists y)\ x = 2 \cdot y$ which specifies the natural property of "being even and greater than 0 and less than 5".
Which syntactic conditions on a formula $\Phi(x)$ would do it? Let's try to prohibit literals of the form $x = n_0$ for some fixed natural number $n_0$ and everything equivalent to such literals: conjunctions like $x > n_0-1 \wedge x < n_0+1$, literals with general terms $t(x) = t_0$ (with $n_0$ the unique solution) and so on.
Definition: A formula $\Phi(x)$ is natural if there is a formula equivalent to it that does not contain subformulas $\phi(x)$ (with $x$ the only free variable) - or (maybe spread) conjunctions of such subformulas - that are equivalent to $x = n_0$ for some fixed $n_0$.
A consequence of this definition is that singleton sets can never be defined naturally because every formula that defines a singleton set $\lbrace n_0 \rbrace$ is equivalent to the formula $x = n_0$. But that's OK since I want to capture the notion of a "shared" property.
Question #1a: Can anyone show by a simple (!) argument, that every formula with at least two "truth-makers" is natural as defined above (if this is the case)?
This would make my definition useless, since it would not capture what I tried to capture. A tricky argument would be OK (see Question #4).
Question #1b: How could one try to demonstrate that a given formula is not natural?
Question #2: Is there already research or relevant statements about natural formulas as defined above? How can the set of natural formulas be characterized otherwise?
Anyway, the following questions arise:
Question #3: Can every finite set of natural numbers be defined by a natural formula?
Question #4: Can every definable set of natural numbers be defined by a natural formula?
I.e.: Is every formula natural?
Question #5: What's the classification of a definable set in the arithmetical hierarchy if only natural formulas are allowed?
I guess it might be better to "form(ul)alize" a degree of naturality (resp. randomness) like this: "How many literals of the form $m = m_0$ are minimally needed to define set $M$?" But that's another question...


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Looking to get the best video quality possible with the new YouTube widescreen player? How about encoding settings that will make your videos look phenomenal in High Definition? This tutorial will show you how to use Sony Vegas and the Divx codec to optimize your video encoding settings and make them totally rock!
If you're the type that doesn't like reading, feel free to watch the full tutorial video below. Or, if you're more into reading with big pictures that make things really simple, you can read the full article here.
::: Tutorial :::
You will need two things for this tutorial:
– Sony Vegas Video Editing Software (Link to Sony's site with Free Trial)
– The Divx Media Codec (Link to the official Divx site with Free Download Link)
Download and install both Sony Vegas as well as the Divx Codec.
Start Sony Vegas and click:
This will open the New Project Window.
Template: HDV 720-30p (1280×720, 29.970 fps)
Field Order: None (Progressive Scan)
Full-Resolution Rendering Quality: Best
Motion Blur Type: Gaussian
Deinterlace Method: None
Import your video files and edit them as necessary.
When finished editing click:
File>Render As…
This will open the Render As Window:
File Name: (Enter Your File Name)
Save As Type: Video For Windows (*.avi)
Template: HDV 720-30p intermediate
Click the button labeled "Custom"
This will open the Custom Template – Video For Windows Window
Select the "Project" Tab
Video Rendering Quality: Best
Select the "Video" Tab
Frame Size: HDV 720 (1,280×720)
Frame Rate: 29.970 (NTSC)
Field Order: None (Progressive Scan)
Pixel Aspect Ratio: 1.0000
Video Format: Divx 6.8.5 Codec (1 Logical CPU)
Click the button labeled "Configure" next to the Video Format box.
This will open the Divx Codec Properties Box
Ensure the "Main" tab is selected.
Certification Profile: 720HD Profile (Make sure this is selected! If it isn't the video will not render.)
Encoding Presets: Slide the selection bar over until the number reads "8".
Rate Control: 1-Pass
Bitrate: 3000 kbps
Click the "Ok" button.
Select the "Audio" Tab
Audio Format: Mpeg Layer-3
Attributes: 56 kBit/s 24,000 Hz, Stereo
Click the text next to the "Template" box at the top of the window.
Rename the Template "Youtube HQ" or something else that you will remember.
Click the "Save" button to the right of the text box.
Click "Ok" at the bottom of the window.
Click "Save" to render your video.
Upload your video to Youtube and enjoy your new Widescreen High Definition Masterpiece!
Note: If you would like to be able to view your video in High Definition on youtube, you can do so by adding "&fmt=22" to the end of your video urls.
So, instead of your video url being:
It would be:


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Digital transformation is no longer just a technological change—it's a cultural one. It is about aligning your organisation with customer behaviors, needs, and wants at every step of their purchasing journey.
The importance of reaching the right person with the right message at the right time cannot be underestimated for both brand awareness and long term loyalty. By 2018, Gartner predicts that B2B firms with effective personalisation will outsell their competitors without this capability by 30%.
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During this free one-day seminar you'll discover:
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- Three current digital transformation trends that you need to embrace immediately
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When: Wednesday, 8th June 2016
Who: Experienced marketers and business professionals who want to ensure their brand relevance and growth
Agenda (subject to change)
08:30 Registration and breakfast
09:15 Welcome (Popimedia)
09:30 The Secrets of Direct Response (Upstream Advertising, Emote)
10:15 Innovate your customer journey through social (Hootsuite)
11:00 Tea break
11:30 TBC (Webfluential)
12:15 Connected shoppers (Popimedia)
13:00 Lunch
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15:00 Panel: Mediashop, Nestlé & Popimedia
16:00 Cocktail reception and special guest
Places are limited! Register to confirm your place at the Ad-Tech Academy, Johannesburg on the 8th June 2016.


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Part of National Museums Liverpool
Also in this section…?
22 September to 28 October 2007
Please note that this display has now closed
Loyd Grossman, former chairman of National Museums Liverpool © Anthony Brown. Please note that this portrait was not on display at Merseyside Maritime Museum.
Merseyside Maritime Museum hosted ten of the100 mixed-media portraits by artist Anthony Brown that were displayed in venues across Liverpool throughout 2007 as part of his 100 heads thinking as one collection.
Brown's work is a tribute to the many talented people the city has produced from musicians to writers, lawyers to artists. Employing a collage technique, he uses personal information on the subject such as birth and school certificates, family photographs and related news articles to form each image.
The subjects for his paintings are the artist's personal choice, based on their profound contribution to Liverpool and their individual characteristics reflecting strength and spirit. The collection reflects just some of the people Brown and his wife have come into contact with over the years and who have had a great effect on their lives.
The following portraits were on display at Merseyside Maritime Museum. The first three had not been on public display before.
Born in 1961, Brown grew up and studied in Liverpool, attending the Wirral Metropolitan School of Art and Liverpool School of Printing. A man of many talents, Brown became an artist, illustrator, designer, musician and composer, with music playing an influential role in his artistic career. His work ranges from the contemporary to abstract and is displayed internationally in several prestigious locations from Liverpool to New York.
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The Worst Rap Songs Written for Movies, Vol. 1
10. Wild Wild West (1999) -- This is basically Will Smith babbling nonsense lyrics over top of a fairly slick remix of Stevie Wonder's blissfuly funky "I Wish." Forward to the 43-second mark if you need evidence that Will Smith is hardly the world's most scintillating lyricist.
9. Ghostbusters 2 (1989) -- This one's not a full rap song, but it's still more than annoying enough to warrant inclusion. And speaking as a guy who lived through this era, yea, Bobby Brown's voice has always been annoying. Special note: Erik Davis got slightly angry when I told him I was including this song.
8. Men in Black 2 (2002) -- I hate to pick on Will Smith, honestly, because we're both from Philadelphia and... that's really the only reason, but he's simply not at his most creative when he's writing his contractually mandated, rap-song, Happy Meal tie-ins. Jokes aside, the man has written some fun tracks, but yeesh, nothing about Men in Black 2 doesn't suck.
7. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1990) -- T-U-R-T-L-E POWER! T-U-R-T-L-E POWER! (repeat nine times) There. Even if you refuse to click play on the video below, you now have this horrid, horrid non-song stuck in your head for the rest of the day. Unless you've never seen this movie, in which case you're probably humming a James Bond song. Lucky you.
6. Godzilla (1999) -- What's worse than Puffy angrily ranting over top of Led Zeppelin's brilliant "Kashmir" licks? Getting Jimmy Page to play along would be worse. Also letting the song run for six tragic minutes would be worse. And for the worst, go watch the movie directly after this punishment of a song concludes.
5. A Nightmare on Elm Street 4: The Dream Master (1988) -- There is pop culture detritus. And then there is stuff like this. Wow! Say it ain't so, Fat Boys!
4. Dragnet (1987) -- Beyond interminable. And the worst part? I liked it when I was 16! Why did I even admit that? I don't know! Tom Hanks rapping with Dan Aykroyd made me do it!
3. Deep Blue Sea (1999) -- Apparently LL Cool J's head is so much like a shark's fin that he dedicated an entire song to it. I love Mr. Cool J, and I love the dumbly entertaining Deep Blue Sea, but this song is like a final layer of stupidness in a sandwich made of moron.
2. The Addams Family (1991) -- If you can find a lazier, chintzier, clunkier... just stop. Please don't watch this. Just skip to number one. (Last warning: MC Hammer in MC Hammer pants.)
1. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2: The Secret of the Ooze (1991) -- When I broached the topic of "worst movie rap songs" on my very uneventful twitter feed, it soon became clear that this Vanilla Ice "performance" was the fan favorite of movie-rap mega-trash. The lack of creative effort simply dribbles off the screen like so much hair gel. Frankly I'm stunned to see such shoddy work from a noted perfectionist like Vanilla Ice.
Please forgive me for subjecting you to that stuff. Some of us lived through it, and it's only fair that you should too. We already have a few videos tucked away for Volume 2, but please do rap your suggestions through the comments section below, the Movies.com twitter feed, and/or the one belonging to the author of this article: me.
Movies.com, the ultimate source for everything movies, is your destination for new movie trailers, reviews, photos, times, tickets + more! Stay in the know with the latest movie news and cast interviews at Movies.com.
Copyright © 2019 FANDANGO MOVIES.


text:
We have collected some of the past magazine articles printed about Dynamic Racing Transmissions as well as some of the most commonly asked tech questions and stationed them here for easy reference to the racing community.
Click on the link below to read the article. Saul Walker II
Project Shocker 5.0 Magazine After a long period of upgrades, Project Shocker is back together and running strong! Seen here in street mode, it could almost pass as just another 13-second 5.0 if the windows were tinted.
A neat two page article on Dynamic's Torqueflite 727 Automatic Transmission build in Mopar Collectors Guide
Dynamic Mighty Mite Transmission TCT Torque Converter
Tech Tips
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Authorized Dealers
Frequently Asked
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Leicestershire v Gloucestershire - Day 1
Watch the highlights from the Specsavers County Championship: Leicestershire v Gloucestershire - Day 1
3:07 mins |
You are :
England v Australia - Women's Ashes T20, Australia Innings England bowlers restrict Australia to 107.
Women's Cricket Super League explained ECB Director of Women's Cricket Clare Connor explains today's announcement
Looking forward to the Ashes Series - Shrubsole England women's Anya Shrubsole on the upcoming Ashes series
Women's Ashes highlights - 2nd ODI Lanning century helps Australia win the 2nd ODI in the Ashes series.
View From The Middle - Autumn 2014 - Women's Cricket - The Professional Era A review of the end of an important summer for the women's game both on and off the field
Edwards takes England back home England Women take part in charity match against Warboys Cricket Club
England Women v India Women – 1st Royal London ODI Highlights from the first match in the Royal London One-Day Series from Scarborough
England Women preview summer matches England Women look ahead to this summer's matches against India and South Africa
Notts take NatWest Women's County T20 crown Nottinghamshire were crowned champions after edging out Kent and Middlesex on run-rate during a dramatic finals day at the RAF Sports Ground
Kent win Royal London Women's One-Day Cup Action and reaction following Kent's seven-wicket win over Surrey
View From The Middle - Summer 2014 - Club Open Days England Women's Sarah Taylor joins Portslade CC in Sussex as they host a Club Open Day to welcome potential new players
Spotlight on Anya Shrubsole A profile of England Women's rising star, courtesy of the ICC Cricket 360 show
View From The Middle - Spring 2014 - Full Time Future For England Women The future looks bright for women's cricket in England, especially with the top international players on full-time contracts
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Aged care facilities in the Jingili area
6 aged care facilities in the Jingili area
For people who need help with day-to-day tasks and personal care through to 24-hour nursing care.
DailyCare is your guide to the options for government-subsidised aged care facilities and nursing homes, as well as private care in or near Jingili.
Contact facilities directly, and shortlist your preferred facilities for Jingili to share with family and people close you you.
Juninga Centre
Coconut Grove, NT
Dedicated carers provide the best care for health decline, post operative and respite here at Juninga Centre. Located in Coconut Grove, Juninga Centre has 28 beds dedicated to the needs of ageing family members.
- 28 beds
Southern Cross Care (SA & NT) Pearl Supported Care
Fannie Bay, NT
invaluable care in compassionate surroundings is our intention at Southern Cross Care (SA & NT) Pearl Supported Care. This top quality, specialised nursing team provides care in an environment that is safe and caring.
- 81 beds
- $550,000
Thamarrurr Flexible Aged Care Service
Wadeye, NT
If you have family members or close friends in need of support for health decline and dementia then our specialised staff at Thamarrurr Flexible Aged Care Service are here to help. Our residents can feel at home at Main Rd in the quaint Wadeye area as we create an environment...
- 30 beds
Mala'la Flexible Aged Care Centre
Maningrida, NT
Here at Mala'la Flexible Aged Care Centre, we address the health and well-being needs of Maningrida's ageing citizens. With 10 beds available, we can address the needs of people with health decline. We are conveniently located within Maningrida at Maningrida Community.
- 10 beds
Mulakunya Flexible Aged Care Service
Bathurst Island, NT
In the welcoming neighbourhood of Bathurst Island, nestled in quiet Kerinavia Hwy, Nguiu is Mulakunya Flexible Aged Care Service. This high-end facility has set the highest standards to guarantee the most reliable care, offering beds for health decline.
- 22 beds
Mungkadinamanja Flexible Aged & Disability Service
Angurugu, NT
At Mungkadinamanja Flexible Aged & Disability Service our formally trained staff provide the best care for health decline. Nestled in Angurugu Community in the lovely suburb of Angurugu our home thrives on community spirit, providing a care-focussed environment for our residents.
- 11 beds
Did you know that in-home care can be another option for those living in Jingili?
Get a little or a lot of help with personal care, domestic help, meals and more. Private and government-assisted services are available to support living independently at home.


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text: A Seattle area Walmart was evacuated this weekend after a man released "stink bombs" and "super fart spray," according to the police. 75 customers and employees were forced to flee the stinky Walmart after the suspect threw vials of foul-smelling liquid onto the floor and sprayed a can of a product called "Super Fart Spray." After apprehension, the 51-year old man said he did it as joke and he thought it would be amusing. He was not arrested. [Seattle P-I] (Thanks to GitEmSteveDave!) [More]


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$19.95 $49.95 You Save 60% ($30.00)
or make 4 interest-free payments of $4.99 AUD fortnightly with More info
Coordinating European pillowcase to the Duke Quilt Cover Set.
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Stunning Murano Design Gold And White Bottle Stopper And Opener Set - DC3825
These stunning favors will add the perfect touch to your special day. These unique Wine opener and stopper combination favors will show your guests you appreciate them spending this special day with you. Dazzle your guests with Cassiani collections exclusive Murano art deco favors. Inspired by the artisans of Murano Italy, these handcrafted wine openers and stoppers are accented with murano like glass that will wow your guests with it's elegance and style. Each set has a wine stopper that has an elegant array of gold and white colored teardrop shaped glass top with a solid chrome metal base, the solid metal wine opener is accented with perfectly placed amber color beads. Sure to be appreciated by the wine enthusiast in the crowd. They each come packaged in an elegant two piece white gift box stamped with our signature Murano art deco collection in silver foil and set in soft white satin lining. Each stopper measures 4.50" in length and the wine opener 6".
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3 bedroom house for saleParliament Street, Chippenham, Wiltshire
Guide Price
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Call: 01249 536836
Property Description
Key features
- Three Bedroom Cottage
- Central Location
- Cul De Sac
- Two Reception Rooms
- Good Size Garden
- Garage
- Driveway Parking For One
- Ideal FTB or Investment
Full description
A charming three bedroom terraced older style property situated within easy access of the town, train station and nearby amenities. The property is in good order throughout although still offers the opportunity for someone wanting to put their own stamp on a property. The accommodation comprises an entrance hall leading to the sitting room with fireplace and the dining room which has stairs leading to the first floor. There is a modern kitchen to the rear with a larder cupboard. A rear lobby opens to the garden and the family bathroom. Three bedrooms to the first floor complete the accommodation. Other benefits include double glazing and gas central heating. Externally the property has a good size rear garden laid mainly to lawn with a garage to the bottom of the garden.
These particulars, whilst believed to be accurate are set out as a general outline only for guidance and do not constitute any part of an offer or contract. Intending purchasers should not rely on them as statements of representations of fact, but must satisfy themselves by inspection or otherwise as to their accuracy. No person in this firm's employment has the authority to make or give any representation or warranty in respect of the property. All measurements and distances are approximate only.
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Motorola QUENCH MB501 wallpapers
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Finally I managed to polish Dungeons of Wor to the degree that it felt worth releasing. The main motivation for creating it was to get acquainted with functional reactive programming (FRP) from the programmer's side as opposed to the library implementor's side. If I had to pass a verdict right away, I would definitely say it was a pleasant experience overall despite the fact that I had to figure out everything from zero.
The core idea of FRP is to work with time-varying quantities -- both continuous functions and discrete events -- as first-class entities, which opens up a whole new perspective to look at interactive systems from. There are essentially two main schools today: focusing on the quantities themselves or on the transformers that consume and produce such quantities. The former is sometimes called classic FRP (CFRP), while the latter is arrow-based FRP (AFRP).
Since I was mainly interested in putting this paradigm into practice, it, I was disappointed to learn that most of the libraries available were not ready for actual use. Yampa was the only one that didn't break down immediately when I tried doing something with it, but I felt the arrow style and the pre-determined switching mechanisms too constraining, and I wanted an applicative style library to play with. For this reason I created Elerea from scratch, which was a quick hack first, but I managed to iron out a lot of its creases over the past few months and reached a state where it was ready for the challenge. The details can be found in the paper I presented at WFLP 2010.
Elerea provides an obsolete interface and three experimental ones, but the latter group is actually much more dependable and well-behaved in general. I used the Simple version to program the game, because it has clean semantics. In a way, it goes against FRP, since it only provides an interface to work with discrete streams as opposed to continuous behaviours, but the more complex problem of managing the lifetimes of the entities is an orthogonal issue. Since I was mostly concerned about the latter problem, I chose a task that can be easily expressed as a succession of states: an old-school arcade game.
In essence, the library provides streams (called signals) that are not only isomorphic to functions over natural numbers, but also support the monad interface just like functions do (as in the reader monad). The only construct offered over the monadic combinators is a memory element to be able to introduce state. The bind operation corresponds to sampling, and it allows us to describe dynamic data-flow networks without the need for additional constructs. This is precisely the difference between monads and arrows: arrows can be used to describe the static parts of the system, but we need something more when we have a dynamic system (in the case of Yampa this role is played by the various switching combinators).
Monads, those cute fluffy things
When it comes to practice, the monadic interface is both a blessing and a curse. It is really powerful, and it allowed me to express all kinds of dynamic structures (especially point-wise behaviours and dynamic collections) with relative ease. It was really useful not to have to rely on a pre-determined set of switching constructs, because I often found that I wanted switchers that are slightly different in individual cases, and I could easily implement them as needed -- and later I managed to unify those instances.
However, it can get confusing at times, because contrary to my expectations, I often needed to create signals with several layers (i.e. values of type Signal (SignalGen [Signal (SignalGen a)]) and worse), and I had to write basically boilerplate code to break down these structures or convert one into the other.
For instance, the combinator I used to maintain dynamic collections is the following (you can find its source in the Utils module of the game code):
collection :: Signal [Signal a] -> Signal (a -> Bool) -> SignalGen (Signal [a])
The first argument is a source of signals, which contains a list of signals to add to the collection at any instant. The second argument is a keep-alive condition, which is also time-varying. Whenever the current function carried by this signal yields False on any of the signals currently maintained in the collection, the signal in question is thrown away. The collection signal hides the signals living inside it, and only exposes their output.
According to the rules of the game, each new enemy is spawned upon the death of a previous one. There is a function called spawnEnemy that takes the current states of each enemy and turns it into a list of new enemies. This function is simply applied to the list of current enemy states using concatMap within the spawnEnemies function, whose type is therefore the following:
spawnEnemies :: [Actor] -> [Signal (SignalGen Actor)]
We get a two-layered structure inside the list, because the generators depend on the current position of the player (to avoid spawning creatures too close to it). We have to take the resulting list and turn it into something accepted by collection. There is only one way to turn a signal generator into a signal (this is a library primitive that's essentially a monadic join across two types of stream):
generator :: Signal (SignalGen a) -> SignalGen (Signal a)
Now the line that creates the source signal for the enemy collection is the following:
spawnedEnemies <- generator (sequence <$> (sequence . spawnEnemies =<< enemies'))
The enemies' signal carries the previous state of the enemies. First we bind this signal to sequence . spawnEnemies, where sequence has the following type:
sequence (inner) :: [Signal (SignalGen Actor)] -> Signal [SignalGen Actor]
The outer call to sequence pushes the list layer even further inside the structure:
fmap sequence (outer) :: Signal [SignalGen Actor] -> Signal (SignalGen [Actor])
This will give us something we can apply generator to, and get exactly the structure we want.
Now this is quite easy to follow in hindsight. However, while the game was developed and dependencies were being added and removed, the types kept changing, and I had to follow the changes. I'd say that was more trouble than it should be. It would have helped a lot if I could easily display the inferred types of non-top-level expressions.
At the same time, all this power made playing with various approaches to dynamism possible, and I don't know how I would have solved all the little problems without it. In general, I'd say it provides a great platform to experiment with abstractions (like the switcher and collection combinators) that should make FRP in the large possible in the long run.
Issues with delays
When we create a dynamic data-flow network, in theory we have to be careful to create only well-formed loops, i.e. no loops without at least one delay element to break them. In practice, however, I never found it to be a real problem. While there is no protection against instantanous loops in the library, there is a very simple convention to avoid them: every forward reference must point to a delayed signal. Even though this should be trivial, I've never seen any similar rule spelt out like this. I got the inspiration from Daniel Bünzli's React library, which doesn't allow undelayed forward references, because its fixed point combinators inevitably add delays. In the case of Elerea these references are made possible by the MonadFix instance of signal generators, which cannot be forced to contain a delay (which would violate the laws for mfix anyway), but in exchange is more powerful, since any structure can be fed back, not just a single signal. And there is even syntactic sugar (mdo and recursive do expressions) to make its usage trivial. But if someone feels that the compiler should be able to check loops for us anyway, Neil Sculthorpe's latest paper shows a way to achieve that.
Unfortunately, there is a much more fundamental problem: the possibility of off-by-one errors. When we have events that trigger each other in a circular dependency, we have to be careful when to take the current value of some signal as opposed to the previous one. Note that this has nothing to do with whether our system is conceptually continuous-time or not (just swap 'current' and 'previous' to 'post-switch' and 'pre-switch' and you still have the same issue), it seems to be part of the essential complexity of FRP applications in general. This problem is highly application specific, and I've yet to see it addressed in any way, be it a just set of guidelines or something more rigorous, so pointers are kindly welcome.
Dealing with code evolution
Dungeons of Wor being a very small application I could only gather some early impressions. It was certainly easy not to fall into the trap of maintaining a world state, as a lot of the local state could be hidden inside individual signals. Both Elerea and Yampa seem to do a good job when it comes to avoiding monolithic designs. When it comes to moving around all the information necessary to perform some calculation, using Elerea is not much different from functional programming in general. One can even nest definitions the same way as usual, using local declarations.
If possible, it helps a lot to express state changes in terms of hints calculated in other parts of the program and merging them at a single point. For instance, we don't need to pass the score to the level logic, but create events that cause the score to be changed (increased or decreased depending on whether the player killed something or fired a shot). This makes it easier to introduce new entities.
Elerea limitations
There are a few sore points in Elerea. First, the current implementation highly depends on the garbage collector to remove unreferenced signals. Unfortunately, a signal doesn't only occupy memory but keeps actively calculating and refreshing its output until that happens. This is quite spectacular when we run the game in ghci: we can easily tell when garbage collection happens, because the monsters suddenly pick up speed... I wonder if this problem could be solved while keeping the library a shallow embedding on top of Haskell. Yampa doesn't have this problem, since it only advances signal functions that are attached to the network. Again, this is a consequence of the extra power monads give us: it's much more difficult to track our signals.
Also, Elerea doesn't make it possible to stop a stateful signal and restart it later, because we can't even tell which parts of a network are supposed to be stopped. This is no problem in Yampa, since a signal function encompasses state in a pure way, and it can be freely passed around. The funny consequence is that it's pretty much impossible to implement a pause functionality without introducing a new primitive in the library. But I'm not yet sure what this primitive should do, especially how it could work without violating referential transparency, so the limitation stays. The root of the problem is again the monadic interface, since it hides the signal connections and only exposes the output of the subnetworks. Consequently, we have no means to tell just a part of the network to stop and resume later.
The third problem I ran into is another simple thing: one-time switching. If I want a signal that behaves one way, then after an event fires it behaves in another way for the rest of its lifetime, I cannot express it in a way that the event causing the switch can be garbage collected. The library gives a solution to the problem of start times, but there's no way to specify the end of life for a signal, so it seems that I'll have to add a switching primitive to the library. I still don't know what the signature of this primitive should be, but it's most likely going to be very similar to Yampa's switch.
All these problems are somewhat related, since they are all about stopping and possibly resuming parts of the network. I wonder if there is an elegant way to unify them.
Last words, for now at least
This post focused very much on the difficulties, but my conclusion is that FRP has great potentials. Most of the coding was straightforward, it was easy to change the program when necessary, it was also easy to achieve a nice degree of locality, and despite the fact that I'm in the process of figuring out this whole thing, it didn't even take too long to get a program of this size working. We need more experiments, and I can only encourage everyone to play with FRP libraries and create larger applications.


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GRAND RAPIDS, Mich. — A 12-year-old boy accused of fatally stabbing a 9-year-old boy on a western Michigan playground told authorities he wanted to go to jail and did not know the victim, according to a court document filed Friday.
The delinquency petition filed in Kent County Circuit Court said the 12-year-old told investigators he's "bad and always does stupid things." He added he thought he'd be killed "for doing something like this," according to The Grand Rapids Press. The Associated Press could not obtain a copy of the document because the court was closed. A message was left for the boy's attorney, Charles Boekeloo, who entered a not-guilty plea for his client Tuesday, a day after the stabbing of Michael Connor Verkerke in Kentwood, near Grand Rapids.
Verkerke ran home and collapsed on the porch after he was repeatedly stabbed at a mobile home park, according to police, and later died at the hospital. Investigators said the older boy left the playground and called police from a nearby home to turn himself in. The 12-year-old said he didn't know how many times he stabbed Michael Verkerke.
Police: Boy, 9, Stabbed to Death on PlaygroundAug. 6, 201401:17
- Boy Charged in Fatal Stabbing of 9-Year-Old at Playground
- Fatally Stabbed Boy Told Brother: 'I Will Always Love You'