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Sunspot Cycles
|Areas of Science
|Time Required
|Short (2-5 days)
|Computer with Internet access and a spreadsheet program (e.g., Excel, QuattroPro), previous experience with statistics helpful
|Material Availability
|Readily available
|Very Low (under $20)
|No issues
AbstractSunspot activity has been monitored continuously since about 1700. The historical data shows that sunspot activity rises and falls in a roughly 11-year cycle. This project shows you how you can use both graphical and statistical analysis to look for patterns in cyclical data.
Do sunspot cycles consistently have a faster rise time and a slower decay time? The goal of this project is to find out, using historical data and basic statistical analysis. As an added bonus, you'll learn the basics of working with a spreadsheet program.
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Andrew Olson, Ph.D., Science Buddies
- The idea for this project sprang from a discussion of the aspect ratio in statistical displays on page 25 in:
Tufte, E.R., 1997. Visual Explanations: Images and Quantities, Evidence and Narrative. Cheshire, CT: Graphics Press.
- The original source which Tufte cites is:
Cleveland, W.S., 1994. The Elements of Graphing Data, revised edition. Murray Hill, NJ: AT&T Bell Laboratories, pp. 66 - 79.
- Monthly sunspot data was obtained from:
Van der Linden, R.A.M. and the SIDC team, 1749-2006, "Online Catalogue of the Sunspot Index," SIDC, Royal Observatory of Belgium. Retrieved February 20, 2006, from http://sidc.oma.be/.
- Galileo's sunspot drawing was reproduced, with permission, from Professor Owen Gingerich's copy of the first edition of Istoria e Dimostrazioni Intorno Alle Macchie Solari e Loro Accidenti Rome (History and Demonstrations Concerning Sunspots and their Properties, published 1613), and published online here:
Van Helden, A. and E. Burr, 1995. "Galileo's Sunspot Drawings," The Galileo Project, Rice University. Retrieved February 20, 2006, from http://galileo.rice.edu/sci/observations/sunspot_drawings.html.
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Sunspots were first discovered by Galileo Galilei in 1612. Galileo made regular observations of sunspots and was able to prove that he was seeing features on the surface of the sun, which moved as the sun rotated. (Another interesting project involving sunspots is to recreate Galileo's experiments using satellite imagery that you can collect online. See Using the Solar & Heliospheric Observatory Satellite (SOHO) to Determine the Rotation of the Sun.)
Reproduction of one of Galileo's sunspot drawings from his book on the subject, published in 1613.
What is a sunspot, anyway? The SOHO Explore Glossary defines a sunspot this way: "a temporary disturbed area in the solar photosphere that appears dark because it is cooler than the surrounding areas. Sunspots consist of concentrations of strong magnetic flux. They usually occur in pairs or groups of opposite polarity that move in unison across the face of the Sun as it rotates." (SOHO Explore Glossary, 2006)
To see what sunspots looks like, here are two images of the sun's photosphere, taken by the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (a joint project of NASA and the European Space Agency). The one on the left was taken on November 15, 1999. The one on the right was taken on February 20, 2006.
Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) Michelson Doppler Imager (MDI) intensitygrams, showing the brightness of the sun's photosphere in visible light. Dark areas are sunspots. White box indicates the region covered by high-resolution imager. The image on the left was taken on November 15, 1999. The image on the right was taken on February 20, 2006.
For more solar images, check out the SOHO links in the Bibliography. The EIT (Extreme ultraviolet Imaging Telescope) images show the sun's atmosphere for specific wavelengths in the ultraviolet region of the spectrum. For example, at 171 angstroms (one angstrom is one ten-billionth of a meter, or 10-10 m) the UV light is mostly emitted by Fe IX and X (iron ionized 8 or 9 times) at 1 million degrees Kelvin. Iron emissions provide visualization of the magnetic field lines. Here are two examples of these amazing images, corresponding to the same dates as the visible-light images:
Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) Extreme ultraviole Imaging Telescope images at 171 angstroms. The image on the left was taken on November 15, 1999. The image on the right was taken on February 20, 2006. Compare to visible light images from the same dates.
We've come a long way from Galileo's telescope in 1612! But as you'll see, there is still value in data from hundreds of years ago. We have annual data on sunspot numbers going back to 1700, and monthly data to 1749. The sunspot number for an observation is equal to the number of individual sunspots observed plus ten times the number of groups of sunspots observed. The reason for doing this is that viewing conditions are not always ideal, and an average group has about ten sunspots. This way, the data is reliable even when small spots are hard to visualize. The monthly sunspot number is the average of all the daily numbers for the month. Here are two graphs of the monthly data.
Monthly sunspot number, 1749–2005, shown at two different vertical scales.
The data is the same in both graphs; it is just shown with two different vertical scales. It is obvious from both graphs that sunspot activity is cyclical, with the numbers regularly rising and falling. The tick marks on the horizontal axis are at 11-year intervals, the approximate length of the solar cycle. For example, if you compare the tick marks over the period from 1838 to 1893, you see that they fall at about the peak of each of those cycles.
The reason for showing two graphs is to show you that sometimes you can discover something new in your data just by looking at it differently. The top graph is how the data would appear with typical default settings of a graphing program. Typical default settings will produce a graph with an aspect ratio (horizontal length divided by vertical length) of about 1.6, and a y-axis scale chosen so that the data fills the graph region. These settings produce a reasonable-looking graph, and the cyclical nature of sunspot activity is readily apparent.
Compare the two graphs carefully, though, and see if the lower graph shows you anything more. The lower graph is made following an idea from William Cleveland. He used a computer algorithm to select an aspect ratio so that selected line segments in the data would have a slope of ±45° (Cleveland, 1994, cited in Tufte, 1997). In the upper graph, the sunspot cycles all rise and fall steeply. This makes it difficult for your eye to notice any subtle patterns in the cycles. Cleveland's idea is to select an aspect ratio so that the rising and falling slopes are closer to a ±45° angle, on average. Showing the data this way makes it much easier for your eye to see subtle patterns in the cycles. For example, compare the onset of each cycle to the decay. The onset time is the time from the beginning of the cycle to the maximum of the cycle. The decay time is the time from the maximum of the cycle to the end of the cycle. Are they about equal, or is one longer than the other? Which has a steeper slope? This comparison is much easier to make in the lower graph than in the upper one.
For some of the cycles, the onset time and decay time look fairly similar. For others, it appears that the onset time is shorter than the decay time. Is there a way to measure how strong the effect is? By answering these kinds of questions, we can get a better understanding of the solar physics underlying sunspots.
In this project, you will learn how to use basic statistical analysis of the historical data to test the hypothesis that sunspot cycles consistently have a faster rise time and a slower decay time. As an added bonus, you'll learn the basics of working with a spreadsheet program.
Terms and Concepts
To do this project, you should do research that enables you to understand the following statistical terms and concepts:
- sunspots,
- parts of the sun:
- core,
- radiative zone,
- convective zone,
- chromosphere,
- photosphere,
- corona;
- sunspot cycle,
- statistical terms:
- population,
- sample,
- mean,
- standard deviation,
- variance,
- null hypothesis,
- t-test,
- statistical significance.
- Van Helden, A. and E. Burr, 1995. "Galileo's Sunspot Drawings," The Galileo Project, Rice University. Retrieved February 20, 2006, from http://galileo.rice.edu/sci/observations/sunspot_drawings.html.
- Here are several links to the ESA/NASA SOHO site:
- The SOHO home page is:
ESA & NASA, 2006. "SOHO Home Page," European Space Agency and NASA. Retrieved February 20, 2006, from http://sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov/.
- For background information on the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory, see:
ESA & NASA, 2006. "SOHO Explore," European Space Agency and NASA. Retrieved February 20, 2006, from http://sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov/explore/.
- For a glossary of solar terms, see:
ESA & NASA, 2006. "Key Terminology for Understanding the Sun," European Space Agency and NASA. Retrieved February 20, 2006, from http://sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov/explore/glossary.
- The SOHO home page is:
- Hathaway, D.H., 2005. "The Sunspot Cycle," NASA Science Directorate, Marshall Space Flight Center. Retrieved February 20, 2006, from https://solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov/SunspotCycle.shtml.
- Historical sunspot data is available from:
Van der Linden, R.A.M. and the SIDC team, 2006, "Online Catalogue of the Sunspot Index," SIDC, Royal Observatory of Belgium. Retrieved February 20, 2006, from http://sidc.oma.be/.
- Here is an Excel tutorial to get you started with using a spreadsheet program:
Excel Easy. (n.d.). Excel Easy: #1 Excel tutorial on the net. Retrieved March 10, 2014, from http://www.excel-easy.com
- This website has descriptions and calculators for several statistical tests, including the paired t-test that you'll use in this project:
Kirkman, T., date unknown. "Student's t-Tests," Department of Physics, College of St. Benedict & St. John's University [accessed February 23, 2006] http://www.physics.csbsju.edu/stats/t-test.html.
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Materials and Equipment
To do this experiment you will need the following materials and equipment:
- Computer with Internet access and a spreadsheet program.
https://www.sciencebuddies.org/science-fair-projects/project-ideas/Astro_p017/astronomy/sunspot-cyclesPDF date: 2019-12-09
Experimental Procedure
- Do your background research so that you are knowledgeable about the terms and concepts.
- If you are not familiar with using a spreadsheet program, be sure to take the time to go through the Excel tutorial listed in the Bibliography.
- Here is a short version of the data analysis steps you'll be following in order to test the hypothesis that the sunspot cycle onset times are faster than the decay times. The links following each step will jump you to the detailed instructions for that step. You can use your browser's "Back" button to return to these brief instructions.
- Import the historical data into Excel. (Downloading and Importing Data)
- Graph the data so that you can identify the approximate beginning and end of each cycle. (Graph the Data)
- From the spreadsheet data, identify the beginning, end, and maximum of each cycle. Make a table of these values. (Extracting the Cycle Data)
- Use the spreadsheet functions to calculate the onset time and decay time for each cycle. Also, calculate the difference between onset time and decay time for each cycle. (Calculating Onset Time and Decay Time)
- Compare the results. Is there a difference between onset time and decay time? Is the difference statistically significant? You will be using a "paired t-test" for this calculation. The t-test tells you how confident you can be that your results are not simply due to random chance. You can use the t-test calculator given in the Bibliography, or you can put the formula in your spreadsheet, if you know it. (Testing for Statistical Significance)
- If spreadsheets are something new for you, then the detailed explanations that follow should help. If you are already comfortable with using spreadsheets, then you should be in good shape on your own.
Downloading and Importing Data
Note: the spreadsheet details provided are based on Microsoft Excel 2003. For other versions of Excel, or other spreadsheets, you can use the instructions here as a guideline and consult the help function of your spreadsheet program for more specifics.
- Download a table of historical sunspot numbers from http://sidc.oma.be/. Click on the link for "Sunspot archive & graphics," then select one of the ASCII data files. To download, you can right-click on the file link, and select "Save As...". Save the file with a ".txt" extension. We recommend that you use either the "monthly and monthly smoothed sunspot number" or the "yearly sunspot number" file.
- The "Readme" file (available on the same page as the historical data) explains the format of the data files.
- Import the sunspot data into your spreadsheet program. Here's how to do it in Excel:
- From the menu, select File/Open.... You'll see a dialog:
- At the bottom of the File Open dialog, under "Files of type:" use the drop-down list to select "Text Files (*.prn, *.txt, *.csv)".
- Navigate to the directory where you saved your sunspot file, select it, and click "Open."
- Excel now takes you through the "Text Import Wizard," a series of three dialogs. The first dialog looks like this (monthly sunspot data file shown):
- Make sure "Fixed width" file type is selected, then click "Next."
- The second Text Import Wizard dialog is used to set the field widths. It looks like this:
- For the yearly sunspot data file, you can accept the defaults (skip down to step 3j).
- For the monthly sunspot data file, there is a fourth column of numbers, which starts at the seventh row. (This is the monthly smoothed sunspot number, which is a running average of the preceeding and following six months.) Use the arrow to scroll down to row seven, as shown:
- To import the fourth data column, click next to it as shown:
- Click "Next." For the yearly sunspot data, click "Finish" and go on to the section "Graph the Data".
- For the monthly sunspot data, scroll down to the last few rows of data in the fourth column, and you will see some asterisks (indicating that these averages were computed with provisional data). Make sure that the asterisks are in the fifth data column, as shown here:
- You can choose to skip import of the asterisk column if you want. Click "Finish" to import the monthly data.
- From the menu, select File/Open.... You'll see a dialog:
Graph the Data
- Before you graph your data, insert a new row at the top of the spreadsheet and add labels to identify the data in each column. (If you don't know how to do this, the Excel tutorial can you show you, or you can use the Help function in Excel.)
- Also, it is useful to know the range of values you'll be graphing, so that you can select the appropriate scale for your graph. You can use the "min" and "max" functions to have the spreadsheet find these values for you. (Again, the Excel tutorial shows how to do this.)
- Use the Chart Wizard to create a graph of the data. You'll use the graph to identify the approximate location for the beginning of each cycle.
- Select Insert/Chart... to open Excel's Chart Wizard.
- Select the "Area" Chart type, and the top-left Chart sub-type as shown:
- Click "Next," then select the "Series" tab in the "Source Data" dialog as shown:
- In this example, we're going to be plotting two series of data: the monthly numbers, and then the smoothed monthly numbers. The dialog shows all of the information filled in for the first series.
- We gave it a name: "Monthly".
- We provided the range of values to plot on the y-axis (the monthly sunspot numbers from column "C", rows 3–3087).
- We provided the range of labels for the x-axis (the year, from column "B", rows 3–3087).
- When your first data series is all set up, click the "Add" button to add the next data series, like this:
- When your second data series is all set up, click the "Next" button for step 3, Chart Options. Add a title for the chart, and labels for the x- and y-axes:
- We think the chart looks cleaner without heavy gridlines, so turned them off using the Gridlines tab:
- Click "Next", then select where you want the chart to appear (we've chosen to place it on a new worksheet), then click "Finish."
- The graph created by the Chart Wizard is OK, but there are still some additional tweaks to make it better. For example, we can choose an interval for labeling the years on the x-axis that relates to the 11-year period of the solar cycle. We can change the scale of the y-axis to more closely match the range of the data. We can change the color of the data series, and show the smoothed data as a line over the solid monthly average.
- To make changes to the x-axis, double-click on the x-axis labels. You should see a "Format Axis" dialog:
- Change the "Major tick mark type" to "Outside", as shown above. Then click on the "Scale" tab:
- We'd like our x-axis labels to relate to the 11-year period of the solar cycle. A reasonable choice is to have labels appear every 55 years, with tick marks in between at 11-year intervals. So we've changed the "Number of categories between tick-mark labels" to 660 (= 55 years × 12 months/year). We've changed "Number of categories between tick marks" to 132 (= 11 years × 12 months/year). When you've made these changes, click "OK."
- To make changes to the y-axis, double-click on the y-axis labels. You should see a "Format Axis" dialog again. Set the "Major tick mark type" to "Outside", as we did for the x-axis. Then select the "Scale" tab:
- Here we've set the minimum and maximum values are set closer to the actual range of the data (0–253.8, in our case). When you've made these changes, click "OK."
- Finally, to change options for the appearance of the data (like color), double click on a data point. (If you "hover" the mouse over the graph, you should see a tooltip that tells you which data series you're over.) Here we double-clicked on one of the "Smoothed" data points:
- We want the "Smoothed" data set to appear as a line, on top of the "Monthly" data set. So we selected "None" for the Area, and chose a "Custom" border, which we set to a brown color and a medium-thick line. For the "Monthly" data, we chose "None" for the border, and a black-filled Area. Here is how the finished graph looks:
- The colors are chosen to go well with one another and with the background. Jarring contrasts are avoided. We also don't bother with effects like flashy gradient fills that have no relation to the data. Avoid meaningless clutter in your graphs. You should strive to present the data clearly, so it can speak for itself.
Extracting the Cycle Data
- Now that you have a graph of the data, you can use it to help identify the beginning and end of each solar cycle. In order to measure onset time and decay time accurately, we need complete solar cycles. Using the monthly data, there were 22 complete cycles between 1775 and 1996.
- You should construct a second table in your spreadsheet that shows the beginning, peak and end of each cycle. We can build this table by finding the row numbers for the beginning of each solar cycle in the data table.
- Use the graph to find the approximate dates for the beginning of each cycle (the lowest point in the "trough" between cycles). When the mouse "hovers" over a data point, a tooltip pops up with information about that point, as shown:
- Then, switch to the data table and scroll down to that approximate date (in this case, 1755.877). Scan the sunspot numbers around that date and find the smallest one. That's the data row that you want. In the column at the right, write in the cycle number (starting with zero, as shown).
- Then copy the row number to your new data table, as shown:
- Next, you'll use Excel's "value" function to copy the data values for the beginning of the cycle.
- Enter the formula:
- Hit "Enter" and Excel copies the value for you:
- Then copy your formula:
- And paste it in to the next four columns:
- Excel fills in the remaining values for you:
- Enter the formula:
- Repeat steps 3–6 for each of the 22 cycles, leaving a blank row in your new data table (for filling in the maximum point of each cycle later). Remember to increase the cycle number by 1 each time.
- Now you're ready to find the maximum for each cycle. Again, you can have Excel do some of the work for you. Using the row number information from your table, you'll use the "max" formula to have Excel find the maximum sunspot number within each cycle.
- Column "C" is the monthly sunspot number, and the first cycle begins at row 79 and ends at row 212. Here's the formula for the maximum monthly sunspot number for the first cycle:
- Click "Enter" and Excel finds the value for you:
- Column "C" is the monthly sunspot number, and the first cycle begins at row 79 and ends at row 212. Here's the formula for the maximum monthly sunspot number for the first cycle:
- Now you need to find the date that corresponds to the maximum sunspot number for the cycle. You can use Excel's "Find" feature for this.
- First click on column "C" (the monthly sunspot number) to select only this column for searching. Then select Edit/Find... (or use Ctrl+F) and fill in the maximum value that Excel just found for you (in this case, "107.2"):
- Click on "Find Next." Excel finds the first occurrence of this value in column "C." You can copy the date information:
- and then paste it in your data table:
- Note that the value you are searching for may occur more than once in the data table. If the date is too early, just click on "Find Next" again until you find the date for the right solar cycle.
- First click on column "C" (the monthly sunspot number) to select only this column for searching. Then select Edit/Find... (or use Ctrl+F) and fill in the maximum value that Excel just found for you (in this case, "107.2"):
- Repeat steps 8 and 9 for each of the 22 solar cycles.
Calculating Onset Time and Decay Time
- Now you have all the information you need to calculate the onset time and decay time for each solar cycle. With what you've learned about spreadsheets so far, you should be able to do this on your own.
- In addition, you should have Excel calculate the difference between the onset time and decay time for each solar cycle.
- Finally, for all three values (onset time, decay time and difference), calculate the average and standard deviation for all 22 solar cycles.
- Is there a difference?
Testing for Statistical Significance
- How can you tell if a trend in your data is real? Is there some way for you to know how reliable the data is? Yes: the answer is to apply the proper tests of statistical significance.
- Here is a quick summary of how such a test works:
- Formulate a "null hypothesis" (essentially the converse of what you want to prove). In this case, the null hypothesis would be that there is no difference between onset time and decay time.
- Select the appropriate statistical test for the data. In this case, the onset time and decay time are paired values, since each one is describing a different feature of the same solar cycle. The test to use in this case is "Student's paired t-test.
- The result of the t-test will tell us, under certain assumptions, the probability that the null hypothesis is true. By convention, the probability is referred to as a "p value" and is given as an inequality. For example, if p < 0.01, this means that the probability of the null hypothesis is true is less than 0.01, or less than 1 in 100. Another way to put it is that we are 99% certain that our desired hypothesis (the converse of the null hypothesis) is, in fact, true.
- You can use this link: http://www.physics.csbsju.edu/stats/t-test.html to run a paired t-test on your data. Select the "paired t-test" choice. First you'll have to enter the number of data pairs (22). Next you'll get a page with a form where you can enter your pairs of onset and decay times for each solar cycle. When you've entered all the data, click on the "Calculate Now" button at the top of the page to get the results (which you can copy and paste for your lab notebook).
- Include the p value with your results on your display board. You should be prepared to explain what it means.
If you like this project, you might enjoy exploring these related careers:
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- In addition to testing the onset and decay times, test the rate of rise and decay (includes both time and magnitude). Is there a correlation between the magnitude of sunspot activity and the a difference in onset vs. decay rate?
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text:
|Winchester, Mass.
|High School:
|Organismic and Evolutionary Biology
|House Affiliation:
Sophomore (2012-13) Stats
Posted first goal of the season, the game-winning tally, in 4-1 win over No. 10 Cornell Nov. 16.
Freshman (2011-12) Stats
ECAC Hockey All-Academic selection ... Made playoff debut in Game 2 of ECAC quarterfinal series against Yale (March 10) ... Netted first career goal at Dartmouth (Nov. 25) ... Registered first collegiate point with assist at St. Lawrence (Nov. 12) ... Made Harvard debut in win against No. 18 Colgate (Nov. 12).
Before Harvard
Skated in 2010-11 with the Boston Junior Bruins of the Eastern Junior Hockey League, registering 21 goals and 34 points in 45 games … A four-year letterman at Winchester High School and captain of 2009-10 league-championship team … Graduated as school's all-time second-leading scorer with 133 points on 70 goals and 63 assists in 78 games … In both 2009-10 and 2008-09, named Middlesex League Most Valuable Player, all-league, The Boston Globe All-Scholastic/Athlete of the Year and Boston Herald All-Scholastic … In 2009-10, earned Boston Bruins Hockey Sportsmanship Award and named Massachusetts State Hockey Coaches Association All-Star, Daily Times Chronicle All-Star and team MVP … Helped Winchester reach Super 8 tournament in junior and senior seasons … Named to Hockey Night in Boston All-Star squad in 2009 and participated in the USA Under-16 National Development Camp … One of two WHS students to receive Massachusetts Certificate of Academic Excellence Award and one of five to earn the Senior Class Award for top grade-point averages … MSCHA Academic All-Star … National Honor Society and French Honor Society member … Received awards for achievement in French, science, math and economics … Interests include fishing, baseball, golf, traveling and swimming.
Career Highs
Points - 1 twice, most recently one goal at Dartmouth, Nov. 25, 2011
Goals - 1 at Dartmouth, Nov. 25, 2011
Assists - 1 at St. Lawrence, Nov. 19, 2011

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Kentucky Elk Hunt Draws International Interest
Frankfort, Kentucky- Kentucky's 2009 elk hunt is drawing international interest as the April 30 deadline to apply approaches.
Seven Canadian residents are among the record 35,390 applicants registered so far for the 1,007 quota elk hunt tags being issued this year by the Kentucky Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources. Hunters from as far away as Alaska, Hawaii, Maine and Puerto Rico have paid the $10 fee to register for the elk hunt drawing.
"Although this season will be only the ninth hunt conducted since our elk restoration project started in 1997, Kentucky already has the reputation as the premier place to hunt elk in the eastern United States," said Kentucky Fish and Wildlife Commissioner Jon Gassett. "We're proud that Kentucky is home to one of the most successful wildlife restoration efforts in the country over the past decade."
Kentucky's elk herd numbers approximately 10,000 free-roaming animals in the southeastern region of the state – more than all the states east of the Mississippi River combined. Kentucky also offers more elk hunting permits than anywhere else in the eastern United States.
Hunters throughout the country are anxious to try what Kentucky has to offer, noted Wildlife Division Director Karen Alexy.
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Kentucky is already home to two bulls recognized as trophies by the Boone and Crockett Club. That number is likely to grow this year as more bulls grow old enough to reach trophy proportions.
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"The odds of being drawn for a Kentucky elk hunt are better than they've ever been," Alexy said. "And a Kentucky elk hunt is truly the hunt of a lifetime."
The deadline to apply for the 2009 elk hunt is midnight (Eastern time) April 30. Applications are available online only at the Kentucky Fish and Wildlife website, www.fw.ky.gov. The cost to apply is $10. The hunt is open to residents and non-residents, with special drawings for seven youth hunters.
For more information about season dates and elk hunting in Kentucky, call Kentucky Fish and Wildlife at 1-800-858-1549, or visit the department website and click onto the "Elk Hunting" icon.
The Kentucky Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources manages, regulates, enforces and promotes responsible use of all fish and wildlife species, their habitats, public wildlife areas and waterways for the benefit of those resources and for public enjoyment. Kentucky Fish and Wildlife is an agency of the Tourism, Arts and Heritage Cabinet. For more information on Kentucky Fish and Wildlife, visit our web site at fw.ky.gov .


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Clinical Associate Professor, The Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology
Clinical Associate Professor, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
Shelby Freedman Harris, Psy.D., C.BSM is Director of the Behavioral Sleep Medicine Program at the Sleep-Wake Disorders Center at Montefiore Medical Center and Assistant Professor of Neurology as well as Psychiatry at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine. She is board certified in Behavioral Sleep Medicine by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine, a distinction held by less than 175 people worldwide. A graduate of Brown University, Dr. Harris received her doctorate in clinical psychology from Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University. Dr. Harris completed her predoctoral internship at Montefiore Medical Center where she trained in the Sleep-Wake Disorders Center, and has received advanced postdoctoral training in Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) for anxiety and depressive disorders.
As a licensed psychologist, Dr. Harris specializes in behavioral sleep medicine and CBT for anxiety and depression. She has published and presented research on the neuropsychological effects of insomnia in older adults as well as behavioral treatments for insomnia, parasomnias, narcolepsy and excessive daytime sleepiness. Dr. Harris currently supervises students from the Montefiore Psychology Internship, Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology Cognitive Behavior Therapy Program and the Sleep-Wake Disorders Center Fellowship. Dr. Harris is a consultant for the New York Times "Consults Blog" and is frequently quoted in the media, including The New York Times "Well Blog", The Huffington Post, The New Yorker, Wall Street Journal, WebMD, Cosmopolitan and Fitness Magazines. She has appeared on the Today Show, World News with Diane Sawyer, Good Morning America Health, ABC7-NY's Eyewittness News and ABC's Primetime: Live. Dr. Harris writes a montly sleep column for Dr. Oz's website, youbeauty.com as well as psychologytoday.com.
Monderer R. Harris, S.F., Thorpy, M. (in press). Neurologic Aspects of Sleep Medicine. In: MJ Aminoff and SA Josephson (eds.) Aminoff's Neurology and General Medicine, Fifth Edition. Elsevier Press.
Harris S. and Monderer R. (2013) Insomnia Due to Mental Illness. In: Kushida C.A. (ed.) The Encyclopedia of Sleep, Vol. 2, pp. 214-219. Waltham, MA: Academic Press.
Monderer R. Harris, S.F., Thorpy, M. (2013) Pharmacologic Treatment of Insomnia. In: Kushida C.A. (ed.) The Encyclopedia of Sleep, Vol. 2, pp. 296-301. Waltham, MA: Academic Press.
Harris, S.F., Monderer, R., Thorpy, M. (2012). Hypersomnias of Central Origin. Neurologic Clinics. 30(4), 1027-44.
Ahmed, I., Thorpy, M., Harris, S.F. (2012). Differential Diagnosis of Hypersomnia. Sleep Medicine Clinics. 7(2), 191-204.
Harris, S.F., Thorpy, M. (2012). Diagnosis and Treatment of Parasomnias. In. T. Barkoukis and A. Avidon (eds.). Review of Sleep Medicine, 3rd edition.
Harris, S.F., Thorpy. M. (2011). Behavioral Treatment of Sleepiness. In M. Thorpy and Billiard, M. (eds). Sleepiness.CambridgeUniversity Press.Elsevier,USA.
Pandi-Perumal SR, D. WarrenSpence D, Harris, S.F., Thorpy M & Kramer M. (2010). Parasomnias. In. Encyclopedia of Psychopharmacology. I.P. Stolerman (ed.).Springer-Verlag,UK.
Harris, S.F., Thorpy, M. (2010).Behavioral and Psychiatric Treatment of Parasomnias. In M. Thorpy & Plazzi, G. (eds). The Parasomnias and Other Sleep-Related Movement Disorders. CambridgeUniversity Press.
Monderer, R., Harris, S.F. (2009). Non-pharmacological treatment for narcolepsy. In M. Thorpy, M. Goswami & Pandi-Perumal, S.R. (eds). Narcolepsy: A Clinical Guide. NJ: Humana Press.
Schmutte, T., Harris, S.F., Levin, R, Zweig, R., Katz, M., & Lipton, R. (2007). The relationship between cognitive functioning and self-reported sleep complaints in non-demented older adults: Results from the Bronx Aging Study. Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 5, 39-56.
Friedmann, P., Herman, D., Freedman, S., Lemon, S., Ramsey, S., & Stein, M. (2003). Treatment of sleep disturbance in alcohol recovery: A national survey of addiction medicine physicians. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 22, 91-103.
More Information About Dr. Shelby Harris
Sleep-Wake Disorders Center, Montefiore Medical Center
Material in this section is provided by individual faculty members who are solely responsible for its accuracy and content.
Montefiore Medical Center
3411 Wayne Avenue
Bronx, NY 10467
The New York Times' Consult blog hosts Drs. Michael J. Thorpy and Shelby Freedman Harris. The two will answer reader questions about insomnia and sleeplessness the week of June 21.


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BALTIMORE—Still in search of its first win of the season, the UMBC women's soccer team (0-5-0) plays its first game under the brand new lights of Retriever Soccer Park against cross-town rival Towson (2-2-0) Friday evening at 7 p.m.
Last Time Out: The Retrievers are coming off a heartbreaking 2-1 loss to Bucknell on Sunday. The Bison took a 1-0 lead in the 52nd minute, but junior forward Rachel McKee (Ellicott City, Md./Mt. Hebron) found the equalizer 20 minutes later. The game appeared destined for overtime, until a scramble in front of the UMBC net with 70 seconds remaining led to the game-winner for the visitors. Sophomore goalie Lauren Kadet (Oakville, Ontario/St. Thomas Aquinas) recorded seven saves in the outing.
On the Tigers: Towson is 2-2-0 on the season following a 2-1 loss to High Point on Sunday. Forward Emily Banes scored the Tigers' lone goal off a feed from forward Sofia Read. Goalie Jocelyn Papciak made five saves. Banes and forward Cheyenne Skidmore are tied for the team lead with two goals and five points apiece. They are tied for fifth in the Colonial Athletic Association with 1.25 points per game. Read has a team best two assists. Papciak has played the majority of the Tigers' minutes in goal and has posted a 1.56 goals-against average and a .760 save percentage. She was a preseason All-CAA selection after earning All-CAA Second Team honors in 2010. Towson was picked to finish 10th in the CAA preseason poll after posting a 6-11-3 overall record last season. The Tigers currently rank fourth in the league with 1.50 goals per game.
Inside the Series: UMBC leads the all-time series, 6-5-0, but Towson has won the last five meetings. The teams last met in 2009, a 1-0 decision for the host Tigers. Forward Erica Marshall scored the game-winner with three minutes left in regulation. UMBC goalie Mo Van Vlerah (Germantown, Md./Northwest) made seven saves, while Papciak stopped three shots for Towson.
Saving the Day: Van Vlerah ranks seventh all-time at UMBC with 152 career saves, while Kadet is ninth with 132. Kadet ranks second in the America East with 6.0 saves per game this season, and she has started all but two games since stepping foot on UMBC's campus last fall.
Scoring Tandem: McKee and sophomore forward Amy Savage (Ottawa, Ontario/Sir Wilfrid Laurier) have accounted for all of UMBC's scoring so far this season, as McKee leads the Retrievers with two goals and four points, while Savage has three points on a goal and an assist. McKee is tied for fifth in the America East in goals and tied for sixth in the conference in points. Her two goals are a career best. She is UMBC's active career leader with four goals and nine points, while Savage also has nine points in her career.
Follow the Retrievers: Follow UMBC Athletics on Facebook and Twitter to get the latest news, photos and videos from all your favorite Retriever teams. Be sure to check out the women's soccer team on both Facebook and Twitter, as well. Other ways to keep up with the Retrievers include the UMBC Dawg Blog, YouTube and E-newsletters.


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Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
SSRIs, a class of antidepressants, transformed the psychiatric drugs market in the 1980s and 1990s, and also inspired much popular discussion as well as drug development. SSRIs were the first antidepressants to control the activity of a specific neurotransmitter, in this case serotonin. This helped reduce side effects. Doctors prescribed them to severely depressed patients in mental hospitals as well as people experiencing mild depression or anxiety.
The first and most famous SSRI was fluoxetine hydrochloride, introduced in 1987 under the trade name Prozac. The American pharmaceutical company that developed Prozac was cautious and tested its safety and effectiveness for over a decade before releasing it. This eased concerns about addiction, which had troubled anti-anxiety drugs in the 1970s, particularly minor tranquilisers such as Valium.
Prozac sold so well that its success became a common topic of conversation and even inspired popular books. Some were written by psychiatrists and patients, with titles such as Listening to Prozac and Prozac Nation. The best of these books wrestled seriously with difficult questions. Where is the line between depression and 'ordinary' dissatisfaction? What is the relationship between drug therapy and psychotherapy?
Related links
Techniques and Technologies:
D Healy, The Anti-Depressant Era (Harvard University Press, 1997).
P Kramer, Listening to Prozac (London: Fourth Estate, 1994)
E Wurtzel, Prozac Nation: Young & Depressed in America, a memoir (London: Quartet, 1995)
J Metzl, Prozac on the Couch: Prescribing Gender in the Era of Wonder Drugs (Durham: Duke University Press, 2003)


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Obama sees path to fiscal cliff win
Business executives and others who've met with President Barack Obama in recent days describe a president who's supremely confident that he'll come out on top of a fiscal cliff deal — with Republicans bending to his will on tax increases for the wealthy and Democrats sucking up deep spending cuts.
These people say Obama is dismissive of the idea that deduction limitations and loophole closings alone are a sufficient or even desirable way to achieve the $1 trillion or more in new revenue he is seeking. And they say the president believes his relentless public campaign — which continued Wednesday and hits the road on Friday — along with widespread support in polls for letting the top George W. Bush-era rate cuts expire will overwhelm any remaining GOP resistance.
Story Continued Below
( Also on POLITICO: Cliff dive doesn't appeal to White House)
"For him the question on top rates isn't just about fairness, it's about math," said one top financial services executive, who like others interviewed for this story declined to be identified by name in order to speak candidly about private meetings. "You might be able to get a similar amount of revenue but all of the deduction closings would create their own problems. Closing the mortgage deduction could hurt the housing market, for example. His commitment to rate increases is absolutely unshakable and he believes the politics are firmly on his side."
The executive and others briefed on White House fiscal cliff strategy say if the GOP line against marginal rate increases somehow holds between now and the end of the year, when the fiscal cliff tax hikes and spending cuts begin to kick in, the president is confident he can use a pair of bully pulpit bazookas early next year — the second inaugural address and the State of the Union speech — to blast Republicans as holding the American economy hostage to a narrow and outdated ideology.
( See also: Reid: Tie debt ceiling, fiscal cliff)
The inaugural is usually more of a positive, sweeping kind of speech, but even that address would allow the president to clearly articulate his vision in contrast to that of Congressional Republicans, these people said.
"He'd rather get past this and use the speeches to lay out the vision for the second term on immigration, energy, climate, broader deficit reduction and other issues, but if he has to, he will call Republicans out yet again," said the executive, who has been in White House meetings. "And they just don't have anything like that kind of platform to respond."
The executive and others who attended or were briefed on White House meetings added that the president was also adamant about having dividend and capital gains tax rates rise from their Bush-era levels but was not doctrinaire about exactly where they should wind up.
The White House already sees signs that the public pressure campaign is melting GOP opposition.
The latest example comes from Rep. Tom Cole, former chairman of the National Republican Congressional Committee. The Oklahoma Republican said on Tuesday that the GOP should agree to a quick deal that keeps the Bush era tax rates for 98 percent of taxpayers while letting the top two rates increase.
Cole said doing so would not violate Grover Norquist's no-new-taxes pledge signed by many Republicans because it would amount to approving a tax cut for most tax payers and simply doing nothing about the other rates, which were scheduled to expire under the legislation first pushed by Bush in 2001.


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WORCESTER — The Spirit of Knowledge Charter School, which was already on probation, will be the subject of discussion at the state Board of Elementary and Secondary Education's meeting on Tuesday.
The school has 158 students this year, according to JC Considine, a spokesman for the state Department of Elementary and Secondary Education. That's fewer than the more than 200 students the school told the state it was expecting, he said. The lower enrollment affects the school's funding.
The figure is also fewer than last year's 173, despite the school having added a 12th grade this year.
The school needed 185 students to fund its budget, according to an email Spirit of Knowledge Executive Director Paula Bailey sent to staff on Oct. 8, Lower enrollment translates to lower state funding, and the school has already made cuts.
The school has enough money to pay its employees, Ms. Bailey said in an interview. She hopes to make it through the school year.
"In our opinion, what's best for the children and the families is to remain open until June," she said.
If the school's fortunes improve, it could remain open past that, she said.
Ms. Bailey said the school will meet with parents Friday evening to tell them of the situation.
In addition to the lower-than-expected enrollment, the state also has concerns about the school's fiscal stability and its academic performance, Mr. Considine said.
Massachusetts Comprehensive Assessment System tests scores released in September showed the school's scores in Grades 7 and 8 were worse than those in Worcester public schools, although the Grade 10 scores were the same or better. Eighth grade math was particularly bad for Spirit of Knowledge: Only 4 percent of students scored at grade level proficiency or above, while 67 percent scored warning or failing.
Ms. Bailey acknowledged that the eighth grade math scores were a problem, but she also noted that students sometimes arrive in seventh grade below grade level, and the school gets most of them to grade level in time for the Grade 10 MCAS graduation requirement.
The state Board of Elementary and Secondary Education voted in May to put the school on probation until its next charter renewal in 2015. The school opened in 2010.
State Commissioner of Elementary and Secondary Education Mitchell D. Chester will update the board on the school's status, but it is unlikely the board will take formal action Tuesday, Mr. Considine said.
The board has the ability to revoke the school's charter, but even if members were to decide that was the best course of action, they generally wait for a subsequent meeting to take action.
The school, which leases space in the former St. Paul's Elementary School at 19 Chatham St., has been looking for a permanent home for years.
Conditions of the school's probation included submitting a facilities plan to the state by July 1, and Ms. Bailey said it had done so.
"We're seriously working on the conditions that they set on us for probation," she said.
School leaders were also supposed to ensure that they have at least seven trustees by the end of 2013, and Ms. Bailey said they have eight. When asked whether longtime board chairman Richard Langevin was still chairman, she would only say "no comment." Mr. Langevin did not return calls for comment.
On Wednesday, students in the school uniform of khaki pants or skirts, white Oxford shirts and navy blue blazers left school as usual at 3:30 p.m., and two parents interviewed outside said that while their families are new to the school this year, they have been happy with it.
Contact Jacqueline Reis via email at email@example.com. Follow her on Twitter @JackieReisTG.


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Grains finished sharply lower with corn leading the way. December corn settled 28 ¼ cents lower at $6.14 ½, but at one point was 32 ½ cents lower. January soybeans finished 19 ½ cents lower at $11.68 ¼, and December wheat down 24 ¼ cents at $5.92 ½.
Why did we collapse today? For one corn sales were extremely weak for the second week in a row. Net corn sales were 208,900 MTs which basically says it all. Bean sales were net 746,100 MTs and wheat sales 317,100 MTs.
On top of the obvious demand destruction we also had outside markets sharply lower. Crude oil was over $4 lower at one point while the Dow Jones futures were 160 lower. There were reports of basis levels dropping this morning as well. All of these combined factors were causes for the sell-off in prices.
The feed wheat story is still a very important key to this weakness. With the price of wheat still undercutting the price of corn around the world we have to imagine that the price of corn is going to have a hard time being supported by much export demand. I have talked about all of the examples of feed wheat being purchased in these past few weeks especially in the Asian countries. As long as this is the case I find it hard for corn to stay at these price levels.
Export sales estimates vs actual:
Estimated Range: Actual:
Corn: 250,000 – 600,000 MTs 208,900 MTs
Soybeans: 450,000 – 700,000 MTs 746,100 MTs
Wheat: 300,000 – 500,000 MTs 317,100 MTs
Cattle on Feed will be released Friday and expectations are as follows:
On Feed November 1st 104%
Placements During Oct 99%
Marketings in Oct 101%
Fundamentally we still stand bearish wheat/corn especially. Technically many of these markets are starting to point lower as well. The 50 day moving average for corn has crossed below the 200 suggesting the longer term trend is heading lower. Please call EHedger if you would like to discuss developing a marketing strategy for 2012. Our grain marketing software can help you discover your risk based on your current strategy and help you make marketing decisions going forward.
Chart: January Soybeans
Chart: December Corn
To receive a two week trial of our services please contact an EHedger broker today or sign up using the link below.
Best Regards,
Trading commodity futures and options involves substantial risk of loss and may not be suitable for all investors. You should carefully consider whether trading is suitable for you in light of your circumstances, knowledge and financial resources. The market information contained in this message has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable, but is not guaranteed as to its accuracy or completeness. Market information may not be consistent with current or future market positions of EHedger LLC, its affiliates, officers, directors, employees or agents.


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Do you have any good tips for teaching children about photography?
Children can be great photographers! The first thing I teach is how to hold the camera properly when taking a shot to avoid camera shake, and remind them to stop and stand like a tripod when they shoot. They can get excited in the moment and then end up disappointed with blurry images. Teaching them about the rule of thirds and how to create interesting compositions will provide a lot of inspiration. I'd also show them how to use color and find complimentary colors on the color wheel to create dynamic photos. There little creative minds will take it from there!


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The ultra-sophisticated Flame spyware recently found attacking systems in the Middle East and Europe shared some of its code with Stuxnet, the malware that disrupted Iran's nuclear program in 2010, according to researchers who have studied both worms.
Researchers at Kaspersky Labs write in a blog post that a module, called "Resource 207," in the earliest known version of Stuxnet was a plug-in from Flame, which was created earlier.
Security experts had found some hints that Flame was related to Stuxnet and another information-gathering program, Duqu, but the Kaspersky team said the latest discovery is the first proof that the malware programs share the same origins. Recent news reports have said those origins are the United States and Israel, which reportedly developed Stuxnet as part of a cyber offensive targeting Iran's development of nuclear weapons.
Related coverage:
Flame spread using forged Microsoft certificates
Does US role in Stuxnet raise the risk of domestic cyberattack?
Meanwhile, additional research on Flame by cryptography experts has determined that Flame used a previously unknown variant of a collision attack that would require "world-class" cryptographers to design it.
Cryptanalyst Marc Stevens of CWI in Amsterdam, who designed such an attack in 2008 to prove that the commonly used MD5 hashing algorithm could be broken, wrote on the CWI website that Flame "fulfills a long-standing nightmare for security engineers: It is able to mask itself as a valid Windows Update and thus ironically can spread itself as a security patch."
The malware used a heretofore unseen variation of a "chosen prefix collision attack" to hack into the Windows Update systems and forge Microsoft certificates, which could sign malicious code to make it appear it was coming from Microsoft. The use of an unknown variant "has led to our conclusion that the design of Flame is partly based on world-class cryptanalysis," Stevens wrote.
Flame, also known as Flamer and sKyWIper, was discovered in May infecting a relatively small, targeted number of computers. Most of the targets were in Iran and the Palestinian West Bank, but others turned up elsewhere in the Middle East and Europe. It's a huge program by malware standards, at 20M when all of its modules are deployed, and was described as a full-featured spyware program that also was good at covering its tracks.
Although Stuxnet was discovered in 2010, it apparently came after Flame, parts of which date to at least 2007. And although researchers initially thought Flame and Stuxnet might have come from the same program, they thought the malware was the work of two different teams. Kaspersky now says they started with some of the same code, with two development teams later working separately beginning in 2010, when "Resource 207" was replaced in Stuxnet by other modules.
From the time they were discovered, the complexity of Stuxnet, Duqu and Flame led security experts to speculate that they were the work of a nation-state. And because they all share Iran as a primary target, suspicion fell on the United States and Israel.
The New York Times, citing unidentified government sources, reported that Stuxnet was part of a secret cyber program, dubbed Olympic Games, started in the Bush administration and accelerated by the Obama administration, and targeting Iran nuclear program.
However, U.S. officials said Flame was not part of Olympic Games, according to the Times article, which was adapted from David E. Sanger's just-released book, "Confront and Conceal: Obama's Secret Wars and Surprising Use of American Power."
As further evidence of Flame's sophistication, shortly after it was discovered Symantec reported that some of its command-and-control servers began issuing "suicide" commands to remove Flame from infected machines.
About the Author
Kevin McCaney is a former editor of Defense Systems and GCN.
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Remorse code
Remorse Code is similar to Morse Code except it conveys feelings of remorse using faces typed in rudimentary keyboards.
It is believed that Remorse Code was invented when the famous Roman, Finton Morse, the discoveror of Morse Code, Nick Cave, and the turnip, emailed his good friend Freddius Rown, having slept with his wife Julius Caesar on 15th March, 44BC.
Finton felt very guilty after having slept with Freddius's wife, who had been his trustworthy business partner before the Ides of March stabbing. Unbeknownst to both of them, the plan to kill Julius had been carried out due to their inability to foil a code about the plan. They emailed each other frequently using the Roman ScrollLock program about the intricacies of the code. However, Finton could not work on the code while he was racked with guilt, so he wrote an irrelevant email to Freddius attempting to confess his sins. This email was historically addressed "Morse :(" The email was so badly written that Freddius' puzzled reply came, "Morse, code?" When Finton replied, the phrase "RE: Morse :(, code?" was famously born.
Usage over time[edit]
The corruption of the term lead to what we see today. The frown face used in Finton's original subject line came to represent Morse's feelings at the time, thus giving us the word 'remorse' as a derivation from 'sad'.
The great computer uncovering of 1666 (after a small fire in London burned down some buildings, leaving only old stone computers and your mum's rockhard meatloaf undamaged) lead to the discovery of an old stone computer in which only "R M rse C de" was visible on the old screen. The term Remorse Code was inferred from this; connected with the famous Finton & Freddius story, the legend of Remorse Code meaning sad symbols was born from this.
Current usage[edit]
Possibly the worst result to come from Finton's Remorse Code invention was Emos, who famously like to communicate solely in the " :( " form of the code. Whether this is because they like tradition or because they are just whiney fucks, is still being debated in Parliament House.
Symbols in the code[edit]
This image is a message showing the most commonly used symbols in the Remorse code. This particular message reads: Are you serious? That makes me sad. So sad I'm crying, and angry too.


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Capture the excitement and unpredictability of real football in FIFA 13.
Building on the improvements of last year's FIFA 12, FIFA 13 refines the gameplay even more. With more emphasis on the skills of the players on the pitch, new features like First Touch Control, Complete Dribbling and an evolved Player Impact Engine really emphasise having the right man in the right place at the right time.
New Attacking Intelligence sees your team playing as a team like never before, and both sides get to psyche each other out with Tactical Free Kicks. And the excitement continues off the pitch with the EA Sports Football Club, offering a host of online and social features that reward your achievements and keep the competition of Career Mode going wherever you are.
Add to this extra features for Kinect on Xbox 360 and Move on PlayStation 3, plus the chance to build the Ultimate Team in the Ultimate Edition, and you're looking at the most realistic video game of the beautiful game in series history.
Make every day match day and order FIFA 13 now!


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Who is really likely to benefit from extended endocrine therapy in ER+ early-stage breast cancer?
The Breast Cancer Index (BCI) Risk of Recurrence & Extended Endocrine Benefit Test is intended for use in patients diagnosed with estrogen receptor-positive (ER+), lymph node-negative (LN-) or lymph node positive (LN+; with 1-3 positive nodes) early-stage, invasive breast cancer, who are distant recurrence-free. BCI provides: 1) a quantitative assessment of the likelihood of both late (post-5 years) and overall (0-10 year) distant recurrence following an initial 5 years of endocrine therapy (LN- patients) or 5 years of endocrine therapy plus adjuvant chemotherapy (LN+ patients), and 2) prediction of likelihood of benefit from extended (>5 year) endocrine therapy. BCI results are adjunctive to the ordering physician's workup; treatment decisions require correlation with all other clinical findings.
This test was developed and its performance characteristics determined by Biotheranostics, Inc. lt has not been cleared or approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. This test is used for clinical purposes. lt should not be regarded as investigational or for research. How this information is used to guide patient care is the responsibility of the physician. Biotheranostics is certified under the Clinical Laboratory lmprovement Amendments of 1988 to perform high complexity clinical laboratory testing.


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Posts Taggednovember
We've collected the top four reviews, roundups and how-to articles from across the AppStorm network in February. Whether you're interested in Mac, iPhone, Web, or Android apps, there's bound to be something you didn't spot over the course of the month. Now would be a good time to explore a part of the AppStorm Network you've never seen before!
Thanks for reading AppStorm, and I hope you enjoy looking over some of our favourite posts from last month!


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One of the greatest gifts you can give your kids is help in foregoing immediate gratification, by setting boundaries for them and by modeling the behavior yourself.
That's also one of the greatest gifts you can give to those you lead or manage.
I got to thinking about all this after reading "Growing up Digital: Wired for Distraction," Matt Richtel's superb, often heartbreaking front page article in Sunday's New York Times. It's about the effect of all the new technology on the attention span of kids.
Compelling as it was, I suspect few read to the end of the article. It was long, and we ourselves are struggling with the same issue our kids are. Just last week, I wrote about it under the headline "Warning: Your Attention is Under Siege."
When it comes to the impact of our increasing obsession with being connected electronically, kids are simply an exaggerated version of the rest of us. They're also more honest about the costs.
By staying relentlessly busy sending thousands of text messages a day, playing endless hours of video games, and checking Facebook every three minutes, kids are addressing two core needs. They're eliciting brief, tiny bits of gratification and reassurance, and avoiding loneliness and fear. "Video games don't make the hole," a student named Sean McMullen poignantly tells Richtel. "They fill it."
The most obvious cost is that when they're preoccupied with technology for entertainment or escape, kids aren't engaged in learning or any sort of complex thinking.
In one recent study, 47 percent of heavy users of technology were found to have poor grades, versus 23 percent of light users. The kids Richtel describes struggle at school nearly in direct proportion to the amount of time they spend online.
The analogy at offices is that most of us are quick to shift attention from our work every time we hear the "ping" of a new email that promises instant gratification (but rarely delivers). Email also interrupts whatever else we're doing. When we turn attention from one task to focus on another, it dramatically increases the time it takes to finish the first task, and adds to the number of mistakes we make.
Nothing better fuels high quality work and productivity, or makes us feel more satisfied, than deeply immersing ourselves in a task. But really focusing requires resisting the instant gratification of other distractions, and that takes effort.
There are lessons here for parents, but also for leaders.
First, model the behaviors you hope to see. If you're forever on your iPhone, or watching TV, your kids get that message. If you're always looking over at your computer screen when you're meeting with people, they too get the message.
Second, recognize that these technologies are as addictive as any other drug or diversion that provides an instant hit of pleasure and/or an escape from pain.
"Sometimes I'll say: I need to stop this and do my schoolwork, but I can't," Vijay Singh tells Ritchel, echoing his friends. Parents must set firm boundaries restricting the use of electronics.
It's not about banning them, which is unrealistic and extreme, but rather about helping kids to regularly experience the deeper satisfaction that comes from becoming truly absorbed in and mastering a complex challenge.
Leaders, meanwhile, need to encourage their employees to turn off email entirely at times, in order to focus uninterrupted attention on their most difficult tasks.
Third, parents and teachers alike ought to encourage a new way of working. Whether it's for homework or for office work, the best way to get things done is in periods of interrupted work no longer than 90 minutes, followed by true renewal.
We embed, contextualize, and synthesize learning during downtime - which is what we've sacrificed in our addiction to constant connection.
The new technologies aren't going away, nor should they. The real issue is whether we can learn to manage them more skillfully, so they don't end up managing us. Who's going to lead the way?
Read more posts on The Energy Project »


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The 9th National GIS Symposium in Saudi Arabia
Monday, 28 April, 2014 - 04:00
Monday, 28 April, 2014 - 04:00
The 9th National GIS Symposium in Saudi Arabia will feature a state-of-the-art exhibit, plenary, keynote, and technical sessions, it will bring all stakeholders in the geospatial domain - academia, researchers, students, and the industry - onto one platform for interaction, sharing and discussion on various topics such as collaboration on technologies and experiences gained. The symposium is intended to encourage the exchange of knowledge and experience in geospatial sciences among researchers, practitioners, and professionals within the country and abroad.
Location: Dammam, Saudi Arabia
Event URL:


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Sometimes, you just want help determining the right kind of loan to fit your needs. At First Financial, we've been helping customers for more than 124 years. So we know a thing or two about lending money. We believe an informed customer is key to making wise borrowing decisions. Our experienced lending professionals are here to guide you in making the right loan choice.
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ICNEN was officially launched in Durban, South Africa during the ICN 24th Quadrennial Congress 2009 by the then ICN President, Hiroko Minami.
"The ICN Education Network is a significant step forward in addressing nursing education and putting it on the global health agenda," stated Dr. Minami. "We need the voice of educators as we deal with the challenges of regulation and practice and we are very happy that the NLN has put this forward."
ICN member national nurses associations (NNAs) that wrote letters of support for the ICNEN were asked to suggest an individual to join the Network's inaugural Steering Committee and contribute to the initial development phase.. The Steering Committee is expected to draft the governance structure of ICNEN, initiate the formal development of the Network, and prioritize topics for ICNEN members to explore during the biennium. Members represent Africa, Asia, Australasia, Europe, Latin America, and North America.


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Earthquake Case Study
This activity was selected for the On the Cutting Edge Exemplary Teaching Collection
Resources in this top level collection a) must have scored Exemplary or Very Good in all five review categories, and must also rate as "Exemplary" in at least three of the five categories. The five categories included in the peer review process are
- Scientific Accuracy
- Alignment of Learning Goals, Activities, and Assessments
- Pedagogic Effectiveness
- Robustness (usability and dependability of all components)
- Completeness of the ActivitySheet web page
For more information about the peer review process itself, please see https://serc.carleton.edu/teachearth/activity_review.html.
This activity has benefited from input from faculty educators beyond the author through a review and suggestion process. This review took place as a part of a faculty professional development workshop where groups of faculty reviewed each others' activities and offered feedback and ideas for improvements. To learn more about the process On the Cutting Edge uses for activity review, see http://serc.carleton.edu/NAGTWorkshops/review.html.
This page first made public: May 16, 2008
Skills and concepts that students must have mastered
How the activity is situated in the course
Content/concepts goals for this activity
Higher order thinking skills goals for this activity
Other skills goals for this activity
- Reading evaluation
- Oral communication
- Written communication
- Data Analysis
- Collaborative skills
- Group presentations
- Time management
- Self evaluation of performance and comprehension
Description of the activity/assignment
Determining whether students have met the goals
- Group presentation & comprehension
- Notebook evaluation of activity completion and detailed reflections
- Written assignment
- Quiz questions
Download teaching materials and tips
- Activity Description/Assignment (Microsoft Word 41kB May5 08)
Other Materials
- Grading rubric for written assignment (Microsoft Word 34kB May5 08)
- Question sets for the Alaska 1964 earthquake (Microsoft Word 28kB May5 08)
- Question sets for the Sumatra 2004 earthquake (Microsoft Word 36kB May5 08)
- Question sets for the Loma Prieta 1989 earthquake (Microsoft Word 35kB May5 08)
Teaching TipsTeaching Tips (Microsoft Word 42kB Jul17 08)
Supporting references/URLs
- Bibliography of resources (Microsoft Word 63kB May5 08)


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As metioned by Kotaku earlier today, Microsoft is reported to be testing a software or hardware method on the next version of the Xbox hardware designed to halt the ability to play used games. While this report doesn't indicate that this feature will definitely be included in the next version, the appeal to developers and publishers is likely incredibly high. This type of solution would make it vastly more difficult for retailers like Gamestop to resell traded-in games for bloated prices, thus cutting into publisher sales. However, it's also likely to anger consumers that want to unload old games on sites like eBay and severely harm video game rental services like Gamefly or Redbox.
The most likely scenario of this protection method would tie anyone with an active Xbox Live account and Internet connection to a specific disc of a new game release. However, finding a way to bind one game per system in an offline environment may also strike a severely devastating blow to piracy. Since piracy has increased by 20 percent over the last five years and impacts the gaming industry's revenue each year to a certain degree, this new system of protection may halt software pirates from distributing game data when the code will only work on the first console that it's played upon.
Gaming publishers have already been fighting the used game market by locking content within the game until a a one-time use code is entered. This allows publishers like Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment to lock Catwoman's single player narrative within Batman: Arkham City or Electronic Arts to require a code to enable the multiplayer portion of Battlefield 3. Any consumer that purchases a used copy of these games from retailers or other sources is at the mercy of the publisher in regards to the amount of additional money spent on digital codes.
Digital Download Countdown
While this potential used game protection scheme is definitely alarming, the gaming industry is already in a transition period between physical disc sales and digital downloads. As broadband speeds and data caps increase over the next five years, downloading a future version of Call of Duty may become the preferred practice over waiting in line at the local Best Buy.
Sony and Microsoft could also take a page out of Steam's playbook and allow consumers to download the entire game in advance of the release date to balance server load, then unlock the ability to play the game at midnight. However, storage capacity of hard drives within the next generation of consoles would likely have to start around 500GB or 1TB to store multiple 20GB games. Similar to OnLive's business model, cloud gaming could also be a potential solution introduced by Sony or Microsoft.
Sony is already moving in the digital download direction with the launch of the PlayStation Vita. While physical Vita games are still sold within retail stores, the digital counterpart of those titles may be acquired for a cheaper cost through download. Since digital downloads cannot be resold, the consumer loses out on recouping costs after completing a game. If the used gaming market is eliminated, publishers may see a drop in sales across all new releases as many consumers that resold used titles to finance new games will ultimately be spending less on software.
According to a related report from IGN, the new version of the Xbox hardware is estimated to be six times as powerful as the Xbox 360. The system's GPU will be based on the AMD Radeon HD 6670 and begin mass production at the end of 2012. Over on the PC, the Radeon HD 6670 includes 3D and 1080p output, DirectX11 in addition to multi-display output. However, other reports have indicated that the next Xbox will utilize the Radeon HD 7000-series GPU from AMD.
While Nintendo's Wii U is rumored to have twice the processing power of the Xbox 360, the next version of the Xbox hardware, often called the Xbox 720 by journalists, is estimated to be approximately 20 percent more powerful than the Wii U. The Kotaku article also indicates that the next version of the Xbox will offer Blu-ray compatibility.
Editors' Recommendations
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- Xbox Scarlett vs. PS5: Here's what we know so far about the consoles
- Here's how and where you can watch the best 4K content
- Xbox Scarlett vs. Nintendo Switch
- Xbox Project Scarlett: Everything we know about the next-gen game console


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There's something missing from Color Me Obsessed, director Gorman Bechard's new documentary about Minneapolis music legends The Replacements: the band itself. Bechard purposefully avoided putting Paul Westerberg or his bandmates in the film directly—no interviews, no music, no concert footage, no album covers. But what seems at first to be a self-defeating approach is perhaps uniquely suited to The Replacements, a band so infamously disinterested in its own fame that its members once tried to steal their master tapes and throw them in a river, and flipped the bird to the whole idea of MTV by making a music video consisting entirely of a speaker playing "Bastards Of Young" for three and a half minutes. As its title implies, Color Me Obsessed is about the band's fans as much as it is about the band itself. By not directly including The Replacements in the film, its subject broadens beyond simple biography into an exploration of what it means to be a fan, and to have your life changed by a song. Obsessed tells The Replacements' story, from formation to early '90s flameout, through the words of fans, critics, and contemporaries from the Minnesota music scene, including Hüsker Dü's Grant Hart and Greg Norton, The Hold Steady's Craig Finn, Kids In The Hall's Dave Foley, and Decemberists frontman Colin Meloy. The A.V. Club talked with Bechard in advance of Color Me Obsessed's Minneapolis debut, 7 p.m. May 4 at the Woman's Club, as part of Sound Unseen.
The A.V. Club: So, the main subject of your film isn't in your film.
Gorman Bechard: I really feel like rock docs that are made after the band broke up play like a VH1 "where are they now" special. So I didn't want to go that route. I'd never made a documentary before, but I've made seven other features, and I love telling stories. I really wanted to come up with a different way to tell this band's story. Here's a band that bucked tradition and spit in the face of success every single chance they got. They'd either fall flat on their face or be the most brilliant thing in the world. And I think this sort of follows in that tradition. [Laughs.] … I wanted to tell every single big myth. I wanted to address everything about the band, so you'd walk away from this knowing about as much as you could know about the band.
AVC: Why avoid using their music?
GB: If you're going to sell something like this to a newer audience, especially people who haven't heard The Replacements, that's almost a better way to do it, because if all these people [being interviewed] have such passion about the band, there's got to be something to them. If I had put music in this, I would have put my taste in the music, and that maybe might not necessarily turn new fans on. Here, instead, I arm the potential listener with all the information they could possibly need to make a decision on what to listen to. "Well, so many people say 'Can't Hardly Wait,' let me start there," or "That guy who said 'Go,' and was so sure about it,"—there's tons of places to start. And for people who know the band and the music, you're hearing the music as they're talking about it. You don't need to actually hear it. It's already playing in your head. … And also, by not using the music, it allows this to represent almost any band that meant something to you when you were growing up.
AVC: Though they're not in it, the band members were aware you were making the film, since you talked with people who are still close to them. Were any of them involved offscreen, perhaps just as information sources?
GB: No. The only person who was involved as a source of information, [who is] not in the film, was [longtime band manager Peter] Jesperson. He helped us out with things like sales figures of the records, stuff like that.
AVC: Have you ever talked to any of The Replacements?
GB: No. Sometimes it's better not to meet your heroes. Also, I'm not a big fan of behind-the-scenes stories. I don't care about the gossip end. I really feel for actors or musicians or writers whose work is on the screen, on the record, on the pages, and that's what they're willing to share with me. Part of me thinks that's enough. I can be a huge fan and be more than happy with just that. Paul Westerberg has given me more than most people I know in those records, and also his solo records—Stereo/Mono, I literally named it the best album of the decade. Also, not that I have this ideal by any stretch of Westerberg being a saint or anything, but I don't want to tarnish it in any bad ways. I can't imagine the band not liking the movie. It's a movie that basically says they were one of the greatest rock 'n' roll bands in the history of the world.
AVC: Although it's certainly true that they made some questionable decisions.
GB: Let's face it, it's common knowledge. They decided to make the "Bastards Of Young" video. I look at it now, and I think most people look at it now, as being brilliant. But was it a slightly dumb move at the time? It probably was. It probably stopped them from selling a lot of records, so it's walking a fine line. I think that Jim McGuinn [program director at The Current] said it beautifully, which is why we sort of use it as a bumper sticker: "Kinda brilliant. Kinda dumb. Kinda The Replacements."
AVC: How did you become a Replacements fan yourself?
GB: The first time I saw The Replacements, I saw them open for R.E.M. at Toad's Place in 1983. I was literally right up against the stage. I was there to see R.E.M. This band comes out, and very honestly I thought they were the worst band I'd ever seen. I hated them! [Laughs.] I really hated them. We turned our backs on them. That's how loud and obnoxious and horrible they were, or seemingly so. Six months later, I hear the 12-inch single for "I Will Dare," and all of a sudden I was like, "Whoa, who's this? No way—it's that band?" Pretty much, the rest is history. I just fell in love with them.
AVC: Was there anyone you were hoping to interview that you couldn't connect with?
GB: The two at the top of the list would be [400 Bar owner and former Replacements roadie] Bill Sullivan and [producer] Steve Fjelstad. I would have loved to have gotten a hold of them. Believe it or not, we found out that Pat Sajak is a huge Replacements fan. I would have loved that, because when you saw Pat Sajak on the screen it would have been really funny. Probably would have loved to have Dave Pirner, if nothing else just to confirm or deny the [story about Pirner shouting] "fuck you" at the beginning of Kids Don't Follow. But that would be pretty much about it. We asked Jim Walsh [author of Replacements oral history All Over But The Shouting] to be in the movie, and he said he'd already said everything he wanted to say on the band. … Bill Sullivan, we tried every which way but Sunday to get him. Finally Steve McClellan, the old manager at First Avenue, literally called him on the phone right in front of us, and held up the phone as Bill said, "Nah, not interested."
AVC: Your novel, The Second Greatest Story Ever Told, features The Replacements as a major element.
GB: It's about God sending his teenage daughter to save the planet. She's your typical teenage girl. She drinks, she smokes, she has sex, and she likes rock 'n' roll. And she goes on a Tom Brokaw interview, and [she's asked] what her favorite band is, and she says The Replacements. Within a week they're playing giant stadiums, and the entire Billboard chart is Replacements albums and a Hüsker Dü album, the kind of stuff you would dream would be on the Billboard charts, but of course never is. It's a comic aside, but you write what you know—and so, obviously, if I'm writing about the daughter of God coming, her favorite band's going to be the same as mine.
Color Me Obsessed trailer:


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State Secretary Parízek co-opens the Second Ministerial Conference "China and Central Eastern Europe – Innovation Forum 2017" in Bratislava
State Secretary Parízek co-opens the Second Ministerial Conference "China and Central Eastern Europe – Innovation Forum 2017" in Bratislava
Today (27 November 2017) State Secretary of the Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs of the Slovak Republic, Lukáš Parízek, in the presence of Martina Lubyová, the Slovak Minister of Education, Science, Research and Sport, Nenada Popovič, Minister of Innovations and Technological Development of Serbia, and Li Meng, Deputy Minister of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, opened a three-day second ministerial conference on cooperation in the area of innovations in the format of China + 16 countries of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). The goal of the conference is to successfully share experience and enhance cooperation the area of innovations and technology transfer between China and CEE countries.
The ministerial conference aims to become a leading platform for establishing cooperation between innovation ecosystems in China and 16 countries of Central and Eastern Europe. The conference supports collaboration and investments into research and innovation projects with the aim to create a successful exchange of talents, know-how and resources among the 16 + 1 countries. It focuses on cooperation in innovation areas such as biotechnology (including HealthTech and AgriFood), green energy and CleanTech, information and communication technologies, and engineering of materials.
In his remarks, State Secretary Parizek emphasized the significance of research, innovations and technology transfer within the format China + 16 CEE countries and that of the Centre for Transfer of Technologies which is in Bratislava. He welcomed the excellent opportunity that the conference provides for presenting the most interesting innovation and tech projects.


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Avantum consult AG is aCCH Tagetik Consulting Partners in Germany
Avantum consult AG specialises in systematic and sustainable performance improvement (Corporate Performance Management) for large business enterprises and corporations. Its consulting spectrum is based on strategic concepts, methods and instruments from the fields of management, organisation and controlling, as well as on its consultants' own profound specialist knowledge about the latest information technologies and business intelligence applications.
This combination of commercial and technological competence sets Avantum consult apart from other consulting firms and ensures that the concepts and instruments which are developed become anchored in their clients' corporate practice and are supported by state-of-the-art information technology.
In this context, Avantum consult operates in three consulting fields:
- Performance Improvement and Transformation
- Corporate Reporting and Compliance
- Performance Management Systems
Avantum consult currently employs around 65 highly qualified and motivated specialists at its sites in Düsseldorf, Munich, Hamburg and Zurich. In the ten years since its foundation, the company has successfully completed more than 900 projects for well-known enterprises in a variety of sectors.
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Art Search
Browse the entire WAG collection using the Art Search database.
Search results for:
Cabinet, Base
Large cabinet and base; cabinet has curved glass sides and front with hinged doors and 2 interior shelves; base has 2 drawers with brass drawer pulls and open shelf at bottom; floral and scroll work decoration on cabinet; inlaid floral and scrollwork on base
Cabinet, Stand
Black cabinet (a) on fretted stand (b); 2 hinged doors ornately decorated with Oriental landscape on outside and floral motif on inside; outer sides of cabinet also ornately decorated with Oriental landscape and have hinged handles at centre; Chinoiserie decoration in gold
Carved, open back; green and pink striped velvet upholstered seat
Chair, Slipcover
Open back with 3 horizontal scalloped splats; straight back legs; spindle front legs; woven wicker seat; Chair accompanied by fitted cotton slipcover (b) with deep red ground covered by laarge, pale red floral design
Walnut drum table with oval marble top surrounded by pierced brass ledge; roll-back door at top front with tiny brass knob; kidney shaped lower shelf
China cabinet with hinged glass doors on top and bottom; top cabinet has mirrored back wall and one shelf; bottom cabinet lined with red velvet and has one shelf; inlaid brass decoration on top and bottom exterior
Drop-leaf desk with numerous piegeon-hole compartments on top; 2 drawers beneath top compartment; 2 hinged doors at bottom
Slipper chair
Carved, open back with 3 pretzel-like knots at t., c., and b. of back; upholstered needlepoint seat; spindle front legs; plain, flared back legs
Open back; pierced vertical splat; needlepoint upholstered seat in bird, animal and floral design
Sofa table
Table with inlaid ebony and ivory; oval shaped table with scrolling around edge of table
Drop leaf table
Circular drop leaf table with carved legs and stretchers; built in drawers beneath table
Cormandel screen
Twelve-panel dividing scree; decoration of pavillion and garden with figures; small floral panels at t., b. and on reverse; deep red background.
Arm chair
Arm chair with cabriole legs, open arm rests and back; loose upholstered down-filled cushion; red Damask fabric
Arm chair
Arm chair with cabriole legs, open arm rests and back; loose upholstered down-filled cushion; red Damask fabric
Centre door with oval shaped glass window; painted floral decoration at 4 corners of door; curved glass sections at either side of door; glass sides; 2 curved shelves inside; red cotton brocade lining on shelves and inside back wall
Nest of Tables
set of 4 nesting tables; painted floral borders on table tops and side aprons; bamboo style legs; bentwood stretchers
Bracket clock
Antique bracket clock, in solid walnut case, with backet top, brass carrying handle, four brass finials, and standing on four small bracket feet; arched brass dial has ornamental cast spandrels in each corner, a silvered chapter ring, with numerals in black for the hours and minutes; in the arch a dial for 'Strike' and 'Silent' locks for the striking mechanism; in the centre of lower part of the dial, the day of the month is shown
Ornate low-back armchair with marble inset seat and carved openwork inlaid with mother-of-pearl; circular wood inset in back
Game table
The round table top is made of rosewood, inlaid with cherrywood, to form a chequered chess board. The plain pedestal and tripod foot are of mahogany and probably not original to the table top
Game table
The round table top in mahogany is inlaid with cherrywood to form a chequered chess board. The pedestal base and tripod foot are heavily carved and turned.
Foot stool
Circular stool on 4 legs; carved walnut frame with upholstery of beaded embroidery in floral design
Lap desk
Square, sabre back legs and slightly carved cabriole front legs on casters; upholstered seat; centre splat, vase-shaped; back curves down in gondola shape to form very low arms
Sanctum Sanctorum
Installation piece consisting of a freestanding, cruciform closet. The closet contains the belongings and clothing of its owner. A door to the back of the closet leads to an inner room. The inner room consists of a small sleeping area: a small bed, side table, oil lamp, army rations and covered pail.
Cabinet on chest
Profile of the piece is serpentine and bombe. The chest has chamfered and rounded corners. The four drawers have alternating convex and concave profiles, following the contour of the corner design. The front feet are carved talon and ball; the back feet ogee. The deep apron piece at the base of the chest is characteristic of Dutch design. Rococo-style handles and keyhole escutcheons. Back and shelves have velvet lining.
Gallery Hours
- Tuesday 11am-5pm
- Wednesday 11am-5pm
- Thursday 11am-5pm
- Friday 11am-9pm
- Saturday 11am-5pm
- Sunday 11am-5pm
- Closed Monday


text:
Advanced Cruise Search
Main Office's Hours of Operation: Mon. through Thu. 9-8 (EST), Fri. 9-7 (EST), Sat. & Sun. 10-6 (EST)
Closed on select holidays.
Toll Free: 866-214-7447 l Local: 732-970-9142 l International: +001-732-970-9142
This web site (NorwegianEpicCruises.com) is owned and operated by American Discount Cruises Inc.,
with the permission of Norwegian Cruise Line. Many pictures of Norwegian Epic are NCL's artist renderings. The actual
ship configuration and features may differ.
Fla. Seller of Travel Ref. No. ST38577CST 2102102-50


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CSU to have safety Kevin Pierre-Louis ready for New Mexico
FORT COLLINS — Colorado State will welcome back injured safety Kevin Pierre-Louis (ankle) to practice this week, CSU coach Jim McElwain said Monday during his weekly news conference.
Pierre-Louis missed last weekend's win over Nevada. McElwain joked that the return of Pierre-Louis was hastened because Jasen Oden and Jake Schlager played so well in his absence.
However, backup running back Donnell Alexander is questionable for Saturday's game at New Mexico with a shoulder issue. Alexander was injured late in the fourth quarter against Nevada.
"Donnell won't be out there today (for an evening walk-through)," McElwain said. "He has been doing a great job. That also hurts us on special teams."
A true-freshman running back, Eric Williams, likely will get more repetitions in Alexander's absence, McElwain said. Willams is from Castle Rock and played high school ball at Rock Canyon.


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As the finishing touches to the Interim Railway Budget, the last to be presented by the UPA II government on Wednesday, get underway, the transportation behemoth continues to battle mounting losses and deteriorating standards with no solution out of the situation.
Despite the multiple fare revisions, it is staring at an overall resource gap of over Rs 8,000 crore including around Rs 5,000 crore in the passenger segment alone. Its operating expenses has gone up by over Rs 1,000 crore when compared with last year's estimates. Dwindling earnings has meant that the money needed to repair and renew its assets have gone down by almost Rs 1,000 crore.
The revenue shortfall is upwards of Rs 6,000 crore. Its operating ratio has touched upwards of 90 per cent. Operating ratio is money spent to earn every Rs 100, lower the figure, the better. By its own admission, progress towards higher earnings is lower than its ballooning expenditure.
When Union railway minister Mallikarjun Kharge rises to present his budget on Wednesday, he would not have a rosy picture to show.
With the general elections nearing, he is expected to walk a tightrope between keeping a few of the existing projects afloat and announcing a few new ones.
Premium trains with dynamic pricing are expected to be announced for the busiest routes. Whether Kharge decides to levy the periodic fuel adjustment component on passenger fares — the exercise is due in April — is to be seen. The idea of increasing the speed of the existing trains to upwards of 200 km is also likely to find mention. "Safety" is expected to be a key word in the budget speech with provisions for better fire-safety measures in trains in the wake of a spate of on-board fires. A new special safety fund seeking contribution from the Central coffers could also mind mention.
With a likely gross budgetary support in the region of Rs 30,000 crore for national projects and the Dedicated Freight Corridor, Railways is once again expected to be left fending for itself to run regular operations including salaries and pensions — both of which have seen an unforeseen jump in the past year.
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text:
Statement on
Auditing Standards
Issued by the Auditing Standards Board
December 1990
AICPA_____________ American Institute of Certified Public Accountants
Omnibus Statement on Auditing
Standards— 1990
The Auditor's Consideration of an Entity's Ability
to Continue as a Going Concern
(Supersedes Statement on Auditing Standards No. 59, AICPA, Professional
Standards, vol. 1, AU sec. 341.12 and .13.)
1. This amendment clarifies required language that the auditor
should include in an explanatory paragraph that describes his or her
substantial doubt about an entity's ability to continue as a going concern.
New language is shown in boldface italics. The amendment is
effective for reports issued after December 31, 1990.
Consideration of the Effects on the Auditor's Report
12. If, after considering identified conditions and events and management's
plans, the auditor concludes that substantial doubt about the
entity's ability to continue as a going concern for a reasonable period of
time remains, the audit report should include an explanatory paragraph
Copyright © 1990 by the
American Institute o f Certified Public Accountants, Inc.
1211 Avenue o f the Americas, New York, N.Y. 10036-8775
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 AudS 9 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0