text: Because it is such an embarrassing and sensitive topic for many women, the question ' How Can I Keep My Vagina Fresh?' is often avoided at all costs, with many women not having the confidence to approach their doctors with this surprisingly common problem. Vaginal odour is natural, with each women having their own unique scent. This only becomes an … Continue readingRead more


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The Petersen Automotive Museum will provide free admission to active military and their families as a way to thank those who protect our country. The museum participated in the Blue Star Program this summer, which provided free admission to active military at participating museums nationwide.
Recognizing the importance of honoring this nation's servicemen and women, the Petersen Museum decided to continue the offer indefinitely. "So many brave men and women risk their lives every day to protect our freedom," said Terry Karges, Petersen Executive Director, "we felt it was important to give something back to those who have served." Active military members or their spouses can bring their current military ID to the Petersen Automotive Museum and receive admission for up to 2 additional adult family members and 2 children.
Visitors to the museum will experience how American life & culture has been shaped around the automobile. Current exhibits include Sculpture In Motion: Masterpieces of Italian Design and Aerodynamics: From Art to Science. Other exhibits featured in the museum include Alternative Power, Hot Wheels Hall of Fame, Hollywood Star Cars, Streetscape, and more.
The Petersen Automotive Museum Foundation is a non-profit 501(c)(3) charity. The museum is located at 6060 Wilshire Boulevard (at Fairfax) in Los Angeles, California 90036. Admission prices are $12 for general admission adults, $8 for seniors, $5 for students with ID, $3 for children ages 5 to 12. Museum members, active military with ID and children under five are admitted free. Parking is free for the first 30 minutes and $2.00 each additional 30 minutes. One hour validation with purchase of $20 or more in the Museum Store or Johnny Rockets located in the museum lobby. Museum hours are Tuesday through Sunday from 10am to 6pm. Closed Mondays except holidays. For general museum information, call 323/930-CARS or visit the museum's website at: www.petersen.org

subset: commoncrawl


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I hope you've all been keeping up on London Fashion Week these last few days. I didn't attend this year, as I've been pounded by lengthy essays and revision (maybe next time -ey?). But I have been anticipating the catwalks online from the comfort of my desk! One of my favourite collection's from LFW was the Topshop Unique catwalk! I really loved the dark green and blue combinations.
Today's outfit post, features a few things I was kindly donated by a friend (which still had the tags on!). I went a little country girl with colours, and wore my denim skirt, with a burgundy jumper and shoes, and my grey woolly tights to keep me warm! It's not exactly an 'on trend' choice, but I'm still opting for warmth at the moment.
Another present gifted by the fab friends, were these Topshop shoes - which I'd had my eye on for ages! I'm currently wearing them in, with hopes to get them out throughout spring, as they'll look great with some frilly socks and pastel hues.
Lastly, I kept my 'bad hair day' at bay, by wearing my favourite felt hat, which is another favourite on windy days!


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Hi, I am taking my first software design course, and I must integrate a menu and a binsearch in my current design. The whole program runs except for the search. Whenever the user enters a name to search, the program just spits back what they typed and returns to the menu as though it isn't searching at all. Any suggestions would be greatly appreciated.
Here is my print function which uses the search:
//this function prints an individual students report public static void PrintOne(int count, String name[], double average[], String grade[]) { int I; //row loop control variable String key; //initalize the searched name System.out.println(); System.out.println("Enter the student's name:"); System.out.println("Last, First"); Scanner keyboard = new Scanner(System.in); key = keyboard.next(); I = BinSearch(name,key); if(I == -1) System.out.printf(key, " could not be found.","\n"); else { System.out.println(" Parish School"); System.out.println(" Individual Student Report"); System.out.println("---------------------------"); System.out.println("Name Average Grade"); System.out.println("---------------------------"); System.out.printf("%17s", name[I]); System.out.printf("%8.2f", average[I]); System.out.printf("%7.2s\n", grade[I]); } }
and the actual search function:
//this function searches for a user-entered name public static int BinSearch(String name[], String key) { int begin, end, middle, position; Boolean found = false; begin = 0; end = 14; position = -1; while(begin <= end && !found) { middle = (begin + end) / 2; if(name[middle].toLowerCase().equals(key.toLowerCase())) { found = true; position = middle; return middle; } else if(name[middle].toLowerCase().compareTo(key.toLowerCase()) > 0) end = middle - 1; else begin = middle + 1; } return -1; }
Once again, I appreciate any and all suggestions, as my logic seems sound to me!


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Country Vet CV-80D Insect Control Spray contains 0.50% Pyrethrins and 4.00% Piperonyl Butoxide for instant knockdown and quick kill. For use as a premise spray or directly on the animal. 18.5 oz. Read More
Shipping Restrictions:
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CV-80D Insect Control Spray, 18.5 oz
Contains 0.50% Pyrethrins and 4.00% Piperonyl Butoxide for instant knockdown and quick kill. Has a 10 minute air suspension for lasting kill and control.
Country Vet CV-80D kills and repels:
- barn flies
- deer flies
- stable flies
- horn flies
- horse flies
- face flies
- mosquitoes
- gnats
- asian beetles
- many more
For use as a premise spray or directly on the animal.
View CV-80D Insect Control Spray manufacturer and label information.
- Brand: Country Vet
- Type: Aerosol Insecticide
- Ingredient: Pyrethrin,Piperonyl Butoxide
- Insect Type: Flies,Mosquitoes,Gnats,Asian Beetles
- Size: 18.5 oz
Reviews (3)
"Need different sprayer"
I love this fly spray, really keeps them away. I would have given it a 5 but some animals do NOT like the sound of the aerosol sprayer. and a lot is wasted in the fine mist. please change to a regular pump spray bottle so I can pour it on a cloth for faces and have more liquid less mist loss.
"Great product, useless aerosol "
This fly spray works great, and I used it for years. Unfortunately, they changed the aerosol mechanism, so be prepared for the nozzle to fall off, and the aerosol to stop working after about one use. You'll be left with a can of fly spray that won't dispense. Until they fix this mechanism don't waste your money. I have lots of cans of it that won't spray.
"I will never use another fly product again!"
I found that most fly sprays will kill the flys that are on the horse but new ones will come right back or the fly spray will work but only for a short period of time.I use this for my barn and for my horses.This fly spray will last for hours without flys or bugs on your horse.I use this when I go on trail rides and if they are simply grazing in the pasture.Best fly spray I have used,but be careful of the strong smell!
You May Also Like
Tough 1 Jr. Horse Grooming Kit, 6 Piece


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Cranberry-Banana Quick Bread*
makes one large loaf, or two medium size loaves
1½ c. all purpose flour
1¼ tsp. baking powder
½ tsp. baking soda
1 c. frozen cranberries, plus a handful more (can use fresh)
2 very ripe bananas, mashed
½ c. sugar
¼ c. vegetable oil
1 large egg, room temperature
1 tsp. vanilla
1. Preheat oven to 350°F. Spray a 9" x 5" loaf pan with non-stick cooking spray. You can also use two 8" x 4" pans to make two loaves.
2. In a medium bowl, sift flour, baking powder and baking soda. Stir in 1 cup of cranberries.
3. In another medium bowl, whisk remaining ingredients together until smooth. With a wooden spoon, stir dry ingredients into banana mixture until just blended.
4. Scrape evenly into prepared pan(s). Take the reserved cranberries and stud the top of the batter with them. Bake for 35 to 45 minutes, or until a toothpick inserted in the centre comes out clean.
5. While the bread is cooling completely, put a kettle on for some soothing tea and put on your favourite CD. Cut a generous slice or two, curl up on the couch and enjoy!
*The recipe can easily be doubled. Either that or throw those brown bananas in the freezer for future baking


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Dedicated to all jangly indie/guitar/jangle-pop
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*2018 releases
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Category: Caraway (The)
December 21, 2018
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Darrin Lee
Fickle Finger #0007 (2006 and other bits)
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Former Times of Help and Present Troubles.
To the Chief Musician. A Psalm of the sons of Korah. A skillful song, or a didactic or reflective poem.
1We have heard with our ears, O God,
Our fathers have told us
The work You did in their days,
In the days of old.
You drove out the [pagan] nations with Your own hand;
Then you planted and established them (Israel);
[It was by Your power that] You uprooted the [pagan] peoples,
Then You spread them abroad.
For our fathers did not possess the land [of Canaan] by their own sword,
Nor did their own arm save them,
But Your right hand and Your arm and the light of Your presence,
Because You favored and delighted in them.
You are my King, O God;
Command victories and deliverance for Jacob (Israel).
Through You we will gore our enemies [like a bull];
Through Your name we will trample down those who rise up against us.
For I will not trust in my bow,
Nor will my sword save me.
But You have saved us from our enemies,
And You have put them to shame and humiliated those who hate us.
In God we have boasted all the day long,
And we will praise and give thanks to Your name forever. Selah.
But now You have rejected us and brought us to dishonor,
And You do not go out with our armies [to lead us to victory].
You make us turn back from the enemy,
And those who hate us have taken spoil for themselves.
You have made us like sheep to be eaten [as mutton]
And have scattered us [in exile] among the nations.
You sell Your people cheaply,
And have not increased Your wealth by their sale.
You have made us the reproach and taunt of our neighbors,
A scoffing and a derision to those around us.
You make us a byword among the nations,
A [a]laughingstock among the people.
My dishonor is before me all day long,
And humiliation has covered my face,
Because of the voice of the taunter and reviler,
Because of the presence of the enemy and the avenger.
All this has come upon us, yet we have not forgotten You,
Nor have we been false to Your covenant [which You made with our fathers].
Our heart has not turned back,
Nor have our steps wandered from Your path,
Yet You have [distressingly] crushed us in the place of jackals
And covered us with [the deep darkness of] the shadow of death.
If we had forgotten the name of our God
Or stretched out our hands to a strange god,
Would not God discover this?
For He knows the secrets of the heart.
[b]But for Your sake we are killed all the day long;
We are considered as sheep to be slaughtered.
Awake! Why do You sleep, O Lord?
Awaken, do not reject us forever.
Why do You hide Your face
And forget our affliction and our oppression?
For our life has melted away into the dust;
Our body clings to the ground.
Rise up! Come be our help,
And ransom us for the sake of Your steadfast love.


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Below is a summary of some of the major topics covered, including a more detailed reconstruction of the accident sequence (and particular, both the relatively small timeframe in which most of the damage occurred) as well as a better understanding of how other, secondary complications such as the hydrogen explosions came about. Finally, more precise estimates of the quantities of radiation released and the direction of its spread shed some light on how many were affected and the relative appropriateness of certain evacuation precautions.
Accident sequence
The "main" narrative of the Fukushima incident is relatively understood, summarized as follows:
- Following the 9.0 earthquake, each of the reactors was shut down, halting the fission reaction
- Backup power from diesel generators came online to operate coolant pumps to remove decay heat from the reactor until these were wiped out by the incoming tsunami;
- Battery backup power came online to operate these pumps until such power was depleted
- Water inside the reactors began to boil away as it heated up.
- As water boiled away, the fuel rods heated up.
- Water interacted with the extremely hot zirconium cladding, producing free hydrogen (which lead to the hydrogen explosions)
- As the fuel rods heated up, the cladding failed, releasing radioactive fission product gasses. The fuel is also believed to have partially melted when it became uncovered by water, releasing more radioactive materials from the core.
- Cooling was restored by injecting seawater into the reactors to quench the decay heat from the rods and prevent further melting.
What has been perhaps less well-understood are issues such as how much fuel melted, how long the core was not covered by water, and the extent of the radioactive release. A great deal of research work is being conducted at the national laboratories presently to reconstruct what was going on inside the reactors in the first few hours (immediately after the rectors were shut down) in order to characterize what exactly happened; thus our understanding on this point will continue to evolve over the next several years.
One of the key issues that seems relevant in much of the accident sequence is the relative speed at which events progressed. While most of the world witnessed the event as a long, drawn-out drama, much of the damage had already occurred in the first few days (and in particular, the several hours the reactors were without power before seawater injection was applied).
Courtesy of Randy's presentation, here is a good timeline of what occurred at each reactor.
Unit 1
- March 11, 2:46 PM: External power lost, emergency diesel generators begin to supply power
- March 11, 2:52 PM: Emergency cooling systems (isolation condenser) started
- March 11, 3:37 PM: All AC power lost
- March 11, around 5:00 PM: Fuel exposed, core melt begins
- March 12, 5:46 A.M.: Begin of freshwater injection from fire extinguishing line
The fuel was estimated to have been uncovered for about 2.5 hours. Water injection was estimated to have stopped (due to the loss of power) for 14 hours and 9 minutes.
Unit 2
- March 11, 2:47 PM: External power lost, backup diesel generators start up
- March 11, 2:50 PM: Emergency cooling system (Reactor Core Isolation Cooling system - RCIC) starts up
- March 11, 3:11 PM: All AC power lost
- March 14, 1:25 PM: RCIC operation stops
- March 14, around 6:00 PM: Fuel exposed, core melt begins.
- March 14, 7:54 PM: Seawater injection from a fire extinguishing line begins
Approximately 30% of the core of Unit 2 was estimated to have been exposed in the 6 hours and 29 minutes in which cooling was unavailable.
Unit 3
- March 11, 2:47 PM: Loss of external power, start-up of emergency diesel generators
- March 11, 3:05 PM: Startup of emergency cooling system (RCIC)
- March 11, 3:41 PM: Loss of all AC power
- March 12, 11:36 AM: RCIC stops due to loss of power
- March 12, 12:35 PM: Startup of HPCI (high pressure core injection) system as a backup cooling measure
- March 13, 2:42 AM: Stop of HPCI
- March 13, around 8:00 AM: Fuel exposed, core melt begins
- March 13, 9:25 AM: Startup of freshwater injection into core from a fire extinguisher line
The fuel thus appears to have been exposed from approximately 1.5 hours, with water injection having been unavailable for about 7 hours.
What this means
Several issues are clear from this timeline of events. First, despite an earthquake beyond the design basis for the reactors, emergency systems largely functioned as intended. Were the backup power systems not destroyed by the following tsunami, it is likely the incident would have largely been contained without incident; indeed, it was the "total station blackout" condition which was the root cause of the radioactive releases (i.e., by allowing the fuel to overheat). In this sense, one criticism made of the Japanese government was in its initial reluctance to accept assistance from outside agents such as the United States, which had offered to airlift in replacement generators when the tsunami destroyed the initial generators. Whether this initial refusal was a face-saving measure or something else remains to be seen, but quite clearly this exacerbated the issue.
The loss of emergency diesel power systems was near-total due to the tsunami; a total of twelve diesel generator units were present at Units 1-6, of which all but one at Unit 6 were wiped out. (This remaining unit was elevated above the tsunami.)
Backup systems such as battery backups appear to have mitigated some of the damage, particularly in the case of Unit 3, where Japanese officials report that the battery backups appear to have lasted approximately 50% longer than their design life (around 18 hours, compared to a design life of 12).
Most stark here is the relatively short time period in which most of the damage occurred - in most cases, the fuel was exposed for only a few hours (up to about 6.5 hours for Unit 2, which experienced the most severe fuel damage). Likewise, following the complete loss of power, it took only a few hours for the core to become uncovered due to water boiling from the core.
Complicating the situation at Unit 2 may have been the hydrogen explosion which occurred in the suppression pool (the donut-shaped cavity at the bottom of the reactor, designed to condense steam from the reactor to recirculate coolant and draw off heat). This appears to have accelerated the damage at Unit 2, explaining the extent of damage seen there.
Finally, most of the radioactive release appears to have occurred within the first three days, following the uncovering of the fuel in the cores of Units 1-3. Due to extremely difficult conditions at the reactors from the earthquake and tsunami (i.e., extreme devastation and an overall lack of electricity, with no instrumentation information from inside the reactor buildings), the overall extent and significance of radioactive releases would not be ascertained until later.
Spent fuel pools at Unit 4
Condition of spent fuel in the pool
Unlike Units 1-3, Unit 4 was in a scheduled outage for refueling and maintenance prior to the earthquake. Rather, Unit 4's spent fuel pool contained a mixture of older and newer, more recently-ejected fuel (which is hotter, due to a greater amount of short-lived fission products remaining in the fuel).
The loss of power to Unit 4 produced a similar situation to Units 1-3; even though the fission reaction is "off" in the fuel, short-lived radioactive materials in the fuel continues to decay, generating heat. This heat must be removed from the fuel, thus fuel is stored in deep pools of water, generally kept around room temperature and pressure. (In other words, spent fuel pools are quite similar to very deep swimming pools for spent fuel rods). The water serves a dual purpose; first, the water "wicks" away heat from the rods, keeping them cool, and second the water provides an effective shield from radiation emitted by the spent fuel.
Heat in the cooling pool must be removed, just as is the case of reactors - thus cooling pumps exist to circulate the cooling water in order to maintain the temperature of the pool (and thus the spent fuel). Thus, should these pumps be disabled (due to a loss of power), this water will begin to heat up as well, eventually boiling. However, spent fuel in the pools is generally much cooler than that from fuel in reactors which have just shut down - recall that decay heat falls off exponentially with time, meaning that after a few weeks, the heat emitted by spent fuel rods is much, much lower than that of a reactor which was just shut down. Thus, the loss of coolant would be much slower than that of Units 1-3.
During the crisis, some speculated based upon limited data (little to no actual instrument data from the pool was available due to the lack of power) that the water levels have precipitously dropped; NRC Chairman Gregory Jaczko even (now infamously) speculated that the pools had gone "completely dry."
However, recent images taken of the spent fuel in Unit 4 by the IAEA indicate that the fuel appears to be intact and undamaged; thus an uncovering of the fuel in Unit 4 appears to be extremely unlikely.
|Fuel stored in the spent fuel pool at Fukushima Dai-ichi Unit 4. (Image credit: IAEA)
In addition, the IAEA has tested for radioactive isotope concentrations in the water within Unit 4's spent fuel pool; in the event that the fuel became uncovered or fuel melted, telltale isotopes would be present to indicate this. Current analysis has failed to find these, further indicating that it is unlikely fuel was damaged at Unit 4. Finally, experts familiar with fuel chemistry indicate that radioactive ruthenium (a chemical in the lanthanide family and a common fission product which tends to travel with water) would have been present outside Unit 4 had fuel melt occurred, which has not been found.
However, the drop in the water level which occurred in Unit 4 is still an unknown (due to the lack of instrument measurements inside the building from the power outage) and difficult to determine; experts are currently attempting to perform back-calculations to estimate this.
Source of the hydrogen explosion
One source of speculation and debate was the hydrogen explosion which occurred at Unit 4, in particular how a hydrogen buildup could have occurred in the outer containment building around the Unit 4 spent fuel cooling pool. The presence of hydrogen is a clearly worrisome sign, implying that a sufficient amount of water has either boiled off or leaked to allow the fuel to become uncovered and grow hot enough to enable the hydrogen production reaction. (Fuel which is covered by water cannot get hot enough to allow the reaction between water and the zirconium clad to occur; therefore, the production of massive amounts of hydrogen would imply an uncovering of the fuel.)
Thus, the hydrogen explosion at Unit 4 lead some (such as Jaczko) to speculate that the spent fuel pool had gone "completely dry." However, no signs of fuel damage were observed, indicating that zirconium hydriding from spent fuel rods in Unit 4's pools was extremely unlikely.
Therefore, where did the hydrogen in Unit 4 come from? The IAEA believes that hydrogen may have been vented from Unit 3 to Unit 4 through a "standby gas treatment system" exhaust pipe; this exhaust tube had joint inputs from Units 3 and 4, thus conceivably allowing hydrogen to travel from Unit 3 (where it was being produced following the core becoming uncovered) to Unit 4 (where it subsequently ignited and exploded).
|(Left): Standby pipe from Units 3 and 4; (right) Enlarged view of junction (Image credit: IAEA)
Releases of radioactive materials
Thanks to my colleague Alan's ability to read and speak Japanese, this blog has been following dose data around the plant and surrounding area from early on after the accident. However, the IAEA has helpfully compiled a map of further measurements which were taken by ground stations and measurements by aircraft.
|Map of air dose plume release from Fukushima. Red: 9-91 microSv/hr, Orange: 9.5-19 microSv/hr, Yellow: 3.8-9.5 microSv/hr, Green: 1.9-3.8 microSv/hr, Blue: 1.0-1.9 microSv/hr, Indigo: < 1.0 microSv/hr (Image credit: IAEA)
|Evacuation areas around Fukushima. (Image credit: IAEA)
As is clear from the evacuation zone map, the Japanese evacuation order of 20 km with a deliberate evacuation of Iidate and Katsurao prefectures appears to be based upon a sound evaluation of the measured exposure rates. Additional precautions in place (e.g., staying indoors and prophylactic measures such as distributing potassium iodine tablets) were implemented in areas within the 30 km radius.
Approximately 78,000 people were evacuated from the evacuation area (20 km), with an additional 10,000 evacuated from the "deliberate evacuation area" to the northwest (a smaller number due to the relatively low population density in these areas). Residents in the "Evacuation prepared areas" were informed to stay indoors and prepare for a potential evacuation order in the event of further emergencies (e.g., large measured increases in the exposure rate).
Preventative measures
As a precautionary measure, potassium iodine (KI) tablets were distributed to residents within 50 km of Fukushima prefecture; 1.51 million potassium iodine pills were distributed to approximately 750,000 residents , while 6,100 grams of KI powder was distributed to 120,000-180,000 individuals.
Potassium iodine is an effective preventative measure for exposure to radioactive iodine (I-129 and I-131) if taken prior to exposure. Iodine is readily taken up by the thyroid; thus, by flooding the body with stable iodine, any radioactive iodine ingested (due to groundwater and air transport) would be excreted out of the body before being absorbed. (Conversely, radioactive iodine is frequently used for the treatment of thyroid disorders, given that the radioactive dose can be easily targeted specifically to the thyroid.)
Evacuations and relative risk
A point which must be emphasized again in evacuation decisions such as this is in the relative risk averted through evacuation versus the human costs imposed, particularly in light of an epic natural disaster such as this, with tens of thousands dead or missing and over a hundred thousand displaced. Overly conservative evacuations based upon marginal risks (i.e., outside 20-30 km) place an additional burden upon already strained emergency resources (shelters, medical facilities, etc.) while giving little additional benefit. Even under the best of circumstances (which clearly was far from the case here), broad evacuation orders can result in tremendous hardship; the gains from evacuation must therefore be balanced against the additional burdens imposed.
Relative amount of radioactivity released
Based upon calculations made of the measured activity outside the reactors, the IAEA made an estimate of the relative fraction of material released from each core. Nearly all noble fission product gasses (such as xenon and krypton) were released; however, these are of negligible concern, given the fact that they are chemically inert. Approximately 1% of radioactive iodine was released from Unit 1, with about 0.4 to 0.7% of the iodine released from Units 2 and 3. Finally, for other species (including cesium), less than 1% was determined to have been released into the environment; for Units 2 and 3, this was determined to be around 0.3 to 0.6% of the activity in the core.
Estimates as to the total activity released to the atmosphere put the activity of I-131 released around 1.5 to 1.6x10^17 Bq (one becquerel is one atomic decay per second), and around 1.2 to 1.7x10^16 Bq of Cs-137. (Note that not all of this activity was spread inward; large amounts of this release were likely dispersed over the ocean, where they are greatly diluted.)
Presence of transuranic elements
One rather persistent rumor among media outlets and particular blogs was reports of transuranic elements (i.e., plutonium and other elements above uranium on the periodic table) being found in soil samples outside the plant, indicating a "blowout" of materials from the core similar to Chernobyl. (in the case of Chernobyl, the resulting fire lofted much of the fuel materials into the air, scattering them much farther than they would have otherwise traveled and allowing heavier species, such as plutonium, to escape).
The IAEA did find reports of small amounts of transuranic materials found near the plants from ground monitoring stations and groundwater samples, however these measurements were found to be inconsistent, with little sustained evidence. One difficulty is establishing a source for these materials, which are not necessarily from the plant itself, given the widespread dispersal of radioactive elements around the globe during the time of above-ground atomic testing. Testing for aspects such as the relative abundance of different isotopic species may help to determine the source (i.e., whether the material is older, such as from bomb testing, or newer), however given the relatively scarce amounts found, it has been difficult to establish a source for these materials, given that they conceivably may have precipitated from anywhere in the area.
Worker and resident doses received
Estimating doses for workers was found to be extremely challenging, due both to the lack of instruments at the facility (from the power outage) as well as the flooding, which either swept away or ruined many of the personal dosimetry meters worn by workers or stored at the plants. Of 7800 workers measured, the average worker dose was about 7.7 microSv (well short of the yearly dose limit); 30 were found to have doses greater than 100 milliSv, while 2 workers were found to have equivalent doses to the skin of about 2-3 Sv (due to contact with radioactive water in flooded buildings, causing minor skin burns similar to a sunburn).
Estimation of doses received by the public was measured primarily by the level of surface contamination (i.e., number of radioactive counts per minute). Most of the 195,354 individuals screened were found to be below the 100,000 counts per minute limit; of those who were found to be above this limit, most of these individuals had residual contamination on clothing only and were cleared after changing clothes and vigorously washing their skin.
Accident classification
One question which came up was in the choice (and chronology) of the accident classification of the Fukushima incident, initially placed as a "3" on the INES scale and moved to a "4," then a "5" (similar to Three Mile Island) and then finally upgraded to a "7" (similar to Chernobyl).
|INES accident classification scale (Image courtesy of IAEA)
With respect to the accident classification, the choice of a classification of "7" (the most severe accident category classification) seems somewhat confusing in light of the limited consequences of Fukushima compared to Chernobyl (whose overall total radioactive releases were nearly ten times that of Fukushima). However, the accident classification itself was based upon the total activity of materials released (e.g., very short-lived materials, while quickly going away, will have a higher relative activity rate), including those released into the ocean (where the effect would be relatively dilute). Thus, the application of a "7" rating was a strictly mathematical decision, based on the threshold value for total release.
On the other hand, the sequence of classifications was a more delicate political matter. As evidence surfaced of the situation growing more severe, TEPCO and the Japanese government were continually required to update the accident classifications. (Likewise, there appeared to be a certain reluctance on the part of TEPCO and others to disclose the full significance of the incident). As the situation progressed, it was clear that TEPCO and others would simply need to concede the severity of the conditions, re-classifying the accident as a "7" in order to "get ahead" of the situation, rather than being seen as continually dissembling[?] and delaying. In as much, while the final classification itself was based upon total measurements, in the IAEA's view the chronology of how these ratings were assigned as the accident unfolded were influenced by concerns over public perception.
Plans for improvements
Much of what will occur in the aftermath of Fukushima will be to determine how nuclear operators can plan for and respond better to similar circumstances in the future. Much of the problems encountered at Fukushima came from the total loss of power at the facilities, followed by the destruction of the backup diesel generator units in the tsunami (a condition known as "station blackout," the worst possible circumstance which can occur at a plant).
Thus, many of the IAEA's recommendations fall under these categories. In addition to recommending that operators and plant designers harden facilities against earthquakes and floods, a key area of focus will be in ensuring that reliable backup supplies of power can be maintained in order to operate cooling pumps following an unexpected plant shutdown. This includes hardening backup generators (placing them out of reach of flood waters) and making dedicate contingency plans such as mobile power vehicles to supply power in the case of a generator failure.
Other factors include features such as means to mitigate hydrogen production in circumstances such as this, through the installation of hydrogen "recombiners" (which steadily burn hydrogen rather than allow it to accumulate) and dedicated "blow-out" panels to allow for emergency venting of hydrogen from the outer containment buildings. It was noted that over 300 metric tons of hydrogen was produced in the three reactor units (in other words, over 300,000 kilograms), thus leading to the rather dramatic hydrogen explosions witnessed.
Other recommendations focus upon measures for emergency response, such as procedures for handling nuclear emergencies. A particular complication in the case of Japan was in the widespread devastation beyond the scope of the plants themselves; many workers at the plant were uncertain about the safety of their homes and families, leading to confusion and initial difficulties in maintaining sufficient staff levels to respond to the emergency at the plants.
|Proposed safety systems upgrades (click for larger version; image credit: IAEA)
Finally, the IAEA recommends regulatory reforms such as instilling a more thorough safety culture and reinforcing the regulatory safety infrastructure by fostering a greater separation of regulators and utilities, which have been frequently criticized for enjoying too cozy of a relationship in Japan. An additional criticism made was in that preservation of economic assets (e.g., the reactors) was potentially prioritized above safety in the early stages of the response, delaying such measures such as seawater injection (an emergency measure to cool the core which almost certainly would mean a total economic loss for the reactor unit).
Final thoughts
Nuclear safety is a constantly-evolving process; the events at Fukushima will undoubtedly be studied by engineers and scientists for years to come in order to develop better safety features and response techniques to ensure maximum possible safety to the public. To some degree however, there comes a point where one plans against the essentially unpredictable (for example, a record earthquake and tsunami); thus, not every measure can simply be preventative in nature, but rather in how to respond to and mitigate such events. (Examples of this include hardening backup generators and designing robust containment buildings to prevent radioactive releases.)
It likewise is useful to place events like this in context; while it is clear that Fukushima was an extremely serious event in hindsight (it would now appear to be far more serious than Three Mile Island, although less serious than Chernobyl), the consequences must be compared to the risks encountered by the available alternatives. For example, one consequence of the earthquake was the destruction of a hydroelectric dam, destroying over a thousand homes. Liquefied natural gas facilities were also destroyed in the earthquake, leading to further casualties. By comparison, the only person who has died as a result of the Fukushima disaster was not even killed by a radioactive release, but rather was killed by a falling crane.
Risk is an unfortunate fact of life, and in particular of energy production. This applies to all forms of energy production, not just nuclear - each form of energy production comes with equivalent risks and trade-offs, including economics, pollution (for example, the radioactive releases from coal plants in smokestacks are far higher than that of nuclear plants), land utilization (diffuse energy sources such as solar and wind consume enormous land footprints), etc. There is, alas, no "free lunch" when it comes to energy. The best that we can hope for is to understand and minimize risks by constantly striving for better and safer designs and better ways of responding to accidents.
In particular, it is worth noting that the Fukushima plants were of a prior vintage - built in the 1960's and nearing retirement. Newer plants built at Fukushima Dai-ini did not suffer nearly the same consequences as those at Dai-ichi, in part due to enhanced safety features within the designs. Likewise, plant designs being proposed today take advantage of decades of engineering experience, including advances in technology (particularly in advanced computing - perhaps the most amazing thing about much of the existing nuclear fleet is that it was designed with pencils and slide-rules...). New designs such as small modular reactors promise further enhancements in safety.
Ultimately, safety will be an ongoing challenge, one not entirely technical in nature. After Three Mile Island, one of the most radical changes to the U.S. nuclear industry was a focus on human factors - particularly looking at aspects such as instruments in the control room, operator training, and instilling a safety culture. Similar lessons may ultimately have to be internalized in the case of Japan.
It has often been said, "Experience is the harshest teacher, and her lessons the most expensive." For the Japanese, no doubt this case is little different.
A special thanks to Randy Beatty and the IAEA for both presenting and making these resources available to me.


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caramelized white chocolate with seasalt!
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Dr. Aaron Breneman, researcher in the School of Physics and Astronomy, was lead author on a paper which helps explain the mechanism which causes highly energetic electrons that reach the Earth's atmosphere. Such particles can cause the auroral displays--the Northern Lights in Northern Minnesota, for example, and can damage satellites and other spacecraft. One of the goals of this research is to help predict space "weather" which can adversely affect human activity and technology.
Using data from NASA's Van Allen Probes mission and Firebird II, Breneman and his colleagues pinpointed short bursts of whistler waves, a wave which makes a sound like chirping birds, just prior to a burst of energetic particles. Professor John Wygant is the PI on the Electric FIelds and Waves instrument on the Van Allen Probes. FIrebird II is a small satellite the size of a shoebox, called a CubeSat, built by students at the University of New Hampshire and Montana State University.
The Earth's magnetic field traps relativistic electrons and protons in a large invisible ring around the planet. These rings, called the Van Allen Radiation belts, usually keep the particles trapped, with only a only a few slowly leaking out. Occasionally, highly energized electrons escape and collide with the Earth's upper atmosphere neart the poles. These fast moving electrons are called microbursts and last for just fractions of a second.
On January 20, 2016, the Van Allen Probes observed whistler waves from its position within the Van Allen belts and immediately after, FIREBIRD II detected microbursts. "Observing the detailed chain of events between chorus waves and electrons requires a conjunction between two or more satellites," said Breneman. "There are certain things you can't learn by having only one satellite — you need simultaneous observations at different locations."
The paper confirms that the whistler or "whistler mode chorus waves" play an important role in the behavior of microbursts, bringing them a step closer to understanding the phenomenon.. And now that physicists have confirmed that whistler waves immediately precede a microburst, this information can be used to improve space weather predictions.
Dr. Breneman will give a Space Physics Seminar on this topic next week.


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All four sides of the passenger compartment and the roof of the vehicle are protected using high-quality armour steel and glass to defeat the chosen threat-level. The MSPV Bolero is available in protection level B4+ (AK47 standard ammunition, VPAM APR2006 level 6).
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MSPV uses exclusive armouring materials ballistically certified by independent laboratories. Glass and steel are tested and certified according to European and international standards. Each batch of steel is tested as part of the normal quality control process of our suppliers, and random samples of the sheets delivered to MSPV are once more submitted for testing by the Beschussamt Munich in Germany.
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Filed Under (Suzuki) by admin on 26-02-2011
MAINTENANCE AND TUNE-UP PRO- CEDURES This section describes the servicing procedures for each item of the Periodic Maintenance requirements. AIR CLEANER I Inspect every 6 000 km (4 000 miles, 6 months) and replace every 18 000 km (11 000 miles, 18 months) . • * Remove the seat. (LF6-7) • * Lift and support the feul tank . (C-74-65) • * Remove the air cleaner box cap O. • * Remove the air cleaner element O. • * Carefully use air hose to blow the dust from the cleaner ele- ment. CAUTION Always use air pressure on the throttle body side of the air cleaner element . If air pressure is used on the other side, dirt will be forced into the pores of the air cleaner element thus restricting air flow through the air cleaner element . PERIODIC MAINTENANCE 2-5 2-6PERIODIC MAINTENANCE • * Reinstall the cleaned or new air cleaner element in the reverse order of removal . CAUTION If driving under dusty condition, clean the air cleaner element more frequently. The surest way to accelerate engine wear is to use the engine without the element or to use a ruptured element. Make sure that the air cleaner is in good condition at all times. Life of the engine depends largely on this component! NOTE: When cleaning the air cleaner element, drain water from the air cleaner by removing the drain plug . SPARK PLUG Inspect every 6 000 km (4 000 miles, 6 months) and replace every 12 000 km (7 500 miles, 12 months) . No. 1 (FRONT) SPARK PLUG REMOVAL • * Remove the radiator mounting bolt O. • * Move the radiator forward. • * Remove the spark plug cap O. NOTE: Be careful not to damage the radiator fins . A WARNING The hot radiator and the hot engine can burn you . Wait until the radiator and the engine are cool enough to touch . • * Remove the spark plug with a spark plug wrench. 1 6 I It No. 2 (REAR) SPARK PLUG REMOVAL • * Remove the seat. (r–,-6-7) • * Lift and support the fuel tank . (=4-65) 4-65) • * Disconnect the camshaft position sensor 1O and breather hose (Z. • * Remove the rubber heat shield ® . • * Remove the spark plug cap . • * Remove the spark plug with a spark plug wrench . HEAT RANGE • * Check to see the heat range of the plug . CARBON DEPOSIT •Check to see if there are carbon deposits on the plugs . If carbon is deposited, remove it with a spark plug cleaner machine or carefully using a tool with a pointed end . SPARK PLUG GAP • * Measure the plug gap with a thickness gauge . If out of specification, adjust it to the following gap . 09900-20803 : Thickness gauge Spark plug gap OA Standard: 0.6 – 0 .7 mm (0.024 -0.028 in) ELECTRODES CONDITION •Check to see the worn or burnt condition of the electrodes . If it is extremely worn or burnt, replace the plug . And also replace the plug if it has a broken insulator, damaged thread . CAUTION Confirm the thread size and reach when replacing the plug. If the reach is too short, carbon will be deposited on the screw portion of the plug hole and engine damage may result
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The Mr Simple quilted camo jacket features a mid-weight diamond quilted liner wrapped up in a tough, military-style outer. Wear it open or close it up with the solid antique brass press studs
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Squirrels delight, endear!
May 2, 2017 by Contributing Author
Filed under All Posts, Animal News, Small Pets, Wild Animals
Tweet Adorable little squirrels are some of the most beloved critters in the animal world! Graceful... [Read more of this article]
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October 1, 2016 by clarice
Filed under All Posts, Animal News, Horses
Strawberry Roan Clydesdale, Anna Louise Let's take a step back to the not so distant past, where draft horses were an intrigal part of life! Being a horse whisperer was not just an exciting novelty or specialty skill, as it's viewed today. People and animals, living and working in close harmony, were the engine that provided for the very... [Read more of this article]
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August 29, 2016 by Contributing Author
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Betta care infographic! A handy cheat sheet that will benefit any keepers of the fabulous Siamese Fighting Fish. Are You Taking Proper Care of Your Betta? Nobody gets into fishkeeping with the aim to neglect or poorly care for their fish. Indeed, quite the opposite is true! Being the caring animal lovers we are, we want to provide a happy and fulfilling... [Read more of this article]
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Bringing a pet to work provides many benefits for you, your special companion, and often your co-workers too! Animals have been our companions for thousands of years, working alongside us and keeping us safe. Our relationship has changed quite a bit from being primarily work and protection based, to that of a pet loving society. But interacting together... [Read more of this article]
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July 8, 2016 by Contributing Author
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Last July (which feels like years ago!) I made a pineapple cake from the "Coronation Cakes and Pastries" booklet provided free with 23rd January 1937 edition of Woman's World magazine. This was the coronation of King George VI i.e. the present Queen's father. Of course, nowadays he's known to us as Colin Firth, thanks to the wonderful film "The King's Speech".
As it's Oscar weekend I thought it would be fitting to revisit this booklet and make another recipe from it. It's my way of supporting the King's Speech and hoping that it gets all the accolades it deserves, (it probably won't, but I'll settle for Colin Firth and Geoffrey Rush coming out of it with shiny new trinkets for their mantelpieces!)
Anyway, the cake. Light fruit cakes are a thing of beauty and this one relies solely on sultanas for its fruit. I do love sultanas. Often I'll use extra sultanas in a cake rather than the currants the recipe lists. They're golden and soft and sweet and I can just eat them by the handful!
The original recipe recommended dusting the baked cake with caster sugar but I did this before the cake went in the oven to ensure a nice crisp top. I also did 1.5x the quantities as it looked a bit mean (the quantities set out below are the quantities that I used).
This is probably close to Mr CC's perfect style of cake. It's a beautiful cake to enjoy with a cup of tea and a sit down!
170g/6oz unsalted butter, at room temperature
170g/6oz caster sugar – plus extra to sprinkle on top
3 eggs
340g/12oz self raising flour
225g/8oz sultanas
6 tablespoons milk
Preheat oven to 180˚C/fan oven 160˚C/350˚F/ Gas mark 4.
Line a 20cm round springform tin with baking paper.
Beat together the butter and sugar until light and creamy. Take your time on this stage to get lots of air into the mix.
Beat in the eggs, one at a time.
Stir in the flour.
Stir in the sultanas.
Stir in the milk until the dough is soft. Add more milk if necessary.
Spoon into the prepared tin and level the surface.
Sprinkle an extra 2-3 tablespoons of sugar over the surface of the cake.
Bake for approximately 1.5 hours or until a skewer inserted into the cake comes out clean. Mine took 1 hour 10 minutes. I recommend checking the cake after an hour just to make sure it isn't browning too quickly – if it is, cover it loosely with foil and continue cooking.
Leave to cool on a wire rack and remove the tin when it's cool enough to handle safely.
Leave the cake to cool completely on the wire rack before storing in an airtight container.
Bask in the glory of the wonderful thing you have made.


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Freshman Kenneth Crawley doesn't agree with Buffs vets knocking younger players' study habits
I caught up with Colorado's true freshman cornerback, Kenneth Crawley, for the first time since some veterans questioned younger defensive backs' study habits. Parker Orms and Ray Polk didn't name names — except themselves, whom they admitted have also made mistakes — but Crawley is the most prominent true freshman in the secondary.
He got beat twice for touchdowns by USC's Robert Woods in Saturday's 50-6 loss to the Trojans. Colorado coach Jon Embree talked to Orms and Polk about the comments. Sounds like Crawley wanted to talk to them, too. He said he doesn't agree with them.
"No, absolutely not," Crawley said. "I have no idea what other people do. Some people have their own study habits. We have school. That probably interferes with study time and film but that's not right. It's not right."