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Kokko, Ari; Ljungwall, Christer; Tingvall, Patrik Gustavsson (Frederiksberg, 2010)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: This paper investigates to what extent income growth in the Chinese provinces is linked to growth and income levels in neighboring provinces. We find that the rate of income growth in a province is positively related to income and growth in neighboring provinces. However, we find no evidence of such positive interdependence between growth in rich coastal provinces and their immediate inland neighbors. This suggests that there has been little synchronization in economic growth rates between these regions, and/or that the immediate hinterland of the coastal growth centers might have been bypassed as China's manufacturing sector has migrated westward. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/8032
Files in this item: 1
Experiences from SingaporeOoi, Can-Seng (Frederiksberg, 2010)[More information][Less information]
URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/8969
Files in this item: 1CIBEM WP Ooi Nov 2010.pdf (85.07Kb)
Outward FDI from the BRICS countriesGammeltoft, Peter (København, 2007)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: South Korean and Taiwanese brands have long been household names. Today, however, the names of transnational companies (TNCs) from an increasingly diverse set of emerging and developing economies are regularly making if not the dinner table conversation then at least the headlines of the international business press. This reflects that companies such as Mittal and Tata (India), China National Offshore Oil Corporation (CNOOC), Haier and Lenovo (PRC), Embraer (Brazil), SAPMiller (South Africa), and Cemex (Mexico) are foraying ever deeper into the international economy and increasingly investing abroad. Even though FDI usually constitutes only a minor part of countries' total capital formation, the relationships between FDI and economic growth, welfare, and industrial upgrading in developing countries have been the object of long and extensive treatment in the literature. However, the literature has overwhelmingly focused on the impact of outward FDI from developed countries into recipient developing countries. Much less analyzed has been the increasingly important phenomenon of outward FDI (OFDI) from the developing countries themselves, be it into developed or into other developing countries. Apart from a few early pioneering studies (Lecraw 1977; Lall 1983; Wells 1983; Agarwal 1985) only few studies have been made so far of outward investment from emerging and developing economies. This is in spite of the fact that the value of outward FDI stock from developing countries reached USD859 billion in 2003, up from USD129 billion in 1990, and has increased 11 times since 1985. A limited number of recent studies do exist, though (e.g. Cai 1999; Lecraw 1993; van Hoesel 1999; Tolentino 1993; Andreff 2003; Chudnovsky and López 2000; Bulatov 1998, Yeung 2000). Furthermore, academic interest in the subject picked up considerably with the publication of UNCTAD's 2006 World Investment Report, which was dedicated to the subject of FDI from developing and transition economies. The report was succeeded by a number of journal special issues (e.g. JIBS 2007, JIM forthcoming, TC forthcoming) and books (e.g. Goldstein 2007; Benito and Narula 2007). This paper takes stock of the mounting trend of outward FDI from emerging economies, with special focus on a group of five countries, which are becoming increasingly economically and politically influential, viz. the 'BRICS' countries. An 'S' is appended here to the conventional acronym of 'BRIC' (Brazil, Russia, India, China) to include the largest economy on the African continent, South Africa. The five BRICS countries produced some USD25 billion of outward FDI flows in 2004, corresponding to some 3 percent of world FDI flows and well over half (61 percent) of total developing country outflows. OFDI from the BRICS countries has grown rapidly over the last few years, while still remaining modest compared to many developed countries. Following a brief discussion of FDI and emerging economies in general the article proceeds to hypothesise that the increase we currently observe in outward investment from emerging and developing economies may constitute a third 'wave' of OFDI, distinct from the two previous waves depicted in the literature, and outlines the contours of such a wave. An empirical analysis OFDI from the BRICS countries follows, conducted at three levels: global (what is the extent, directions, etc. of outward FDI); sectoral (in which sectors is outward FDI significant); and firm level, identifying a small number of particularly interesting TNCs from emerging and developing economies URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/6567
Files in this item: 1ijtg+ofdi+pga+w+general+fdi-2.pdf (304.2Kb)
From Czechoslovakia To The Czech Republic and SlovakiaOoi, Can-Seng; Peji´c Kristensen, Tatjana; Lomanová Pedersen, Zdenka (København, 2004)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: Tourism offers an arena through which a place identity is imagined, negotiated and contained. This paper compares the Czech Republic and Slovakia, and show how these countries construct and assert their identities through tourism. They both share a common history as Czechoslovakia, however, they are perceived differently by the outside world. These former Eastern Bloc countries are promoting themselves in several ways and they are also marginalising their socialist past and invoking their Central European identity. The Czech and Slovak search for destination identity takes into account tourists' demands and perceptions. This paper introduces the concept of the orientalist tourist gaze, and demonstrates how orientalism may manifest in tourism. Data on how these two countries are imagined were collected in Denmark. Keywords: destination identity, host society-guest interaction, impact of tourism, orientalism URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/6576
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economic integration and the Nordic CountriesBenito, Gabriel R.G.; Grøgaard, Birgitte; Narula, Rajneesh (København, 2002)[More information][Less information]
URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/6599
Files in this item: 1rn-jibs20paper.pdf (487.6Kb)
On the role of knowledge in industrial districtsHåkanson, Lars (København, 2003)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: This paper questions the prevailing notions that firms within industrial clusters have privi-leged access to 'tacit knowledge' that is unavailable – or available only at high cost – to firms located elsewhere, and that such access provides competitive advantages that help to explain the growth and development of both firms and regions. It outlines a model of cluster dynam-ics emphasizing two mutually interdependent processes: the concentration of specialized and complementary epistemic communities, on the one hand, and entrepreneurship and a high rate of new firm formation on the other. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/6627
Files in this item: 1working paper 2003-10.pdf (320.9Kb)
a study of India's corporate sectorPatibandla, Murali (København, 2001)[More information][Less information]
URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/6588
Files in this item: 1wp9-2001-mp.pdf (73.83Kb)
From A Parental to A Competitive Relationship?Kokko, Ari (Frederiksberg, 2011)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: This paper discusses the changing relationship between the EU and Vietnam, and asks whether there is a shift from a "parental" to a "competitive" relationship. The focus of the paper is on the shift from aid to trade as the main interface between the EU and Vietnam. Aid relationships are often understood as hierarchical, linking a benevolent donor to a needy recipient, whereas commercial relationships are typically expected to involve a more competitive relationship. However, we argue that the bilateral relationship was never a "parental" one, even at the time when Vietnam's relation to the EU was limited to aid. The reason is largely Vietnam's historical experiences from the aid relationship with the Soviet Union, which created dependence and eventually an economic crisis when aid flows dried up in the late 1980s. Instead, there has been substantial tension between the donor community and Vietnam during most of the period since the early 1990s, when aid flows from the EU started growing. Regarding trade relations, we note that the EU's increasing use of antidumping tariffs against Vietnamese exporters during the past years could be an indication of a less friendly and more competitive attitude towards Vietnam. However, it is likely that the antidumping measures used by the EU are not primarily directed at Vietnam, but rather at China. This means that Vietnam is affected by the re-polarization of the world economy through its proximity to and links with China, but that the relation is perhaps not as bad as the increasingly frequent trade conflicts may suggest. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/8369
Files in this item: 1Kokko_November_2011_CIBEM_WP.pdf (151.5Kb)
A Corporate Governance ApproachKnudsen, Jette Steen (København, 2003)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: This article examines why Members of the European Parliament (MEPs) in 2001 turned down a proposal for an EU take-over directive? The first explanation focuses on party ideology. However, MEPs overwhelmingly voted according to national rather than party lines. Two additional explanations emphasise national characteristics: labour market legislation (national schemes to protect employees against dismissals) and corporate governance issues. Labour market legislation can explain the UK and German MEP votes but not the Swedish and French MEPs votes. These votes can be explained by emphasising measures against take-overs such as a high level of market capitalisation and unequal voting rights. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/6617
Files in this item: 1
National and local politics in branding the pastLai, Shevren; Ooi, Can-Seng (Frederiksberg, 2015)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: This paper critically examines the relationship between federal and local‐state level governments in interpreting and presenting the World Heritage brand at two Malaysian World Heritage sites, George Town and Melaka. The World Heritage status is internationally recognised. Although the World Heritage brand offers many advantages in tourism development and destination marketing, what and how the local heritage is conserved, interpreted and appreciated remains open. This article shows that the mechanisms of interpreting and presenting the WH status vary according to the agendas and needs of authorities. This working paper also shows that material heritage and heritage stories are highly politicized, and the World Heritage recognition has inevitably become a tool for further ideological intentions. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/9122
Files in this item: 1WP Lai and Ooi 2015.pdf (466.7Kb)
Exploring organizational antecedents for sustainable product development for international tour operating businessesBudeanu, Adriana (Frederiksberg, 2012)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: The development of sustainable products or services is defined by Maxwell as the process of making products or services in a more sustainable way (production) throughout their entire life cycle, from conception to the end-of-life (Maxwell & van der Vorst, 2003). Essentially, sustainable products or services are alternatives to existing ones, but of a superior quality, providing the same function to the customer, being more cost-effective, while also generating less harm on the surrounding environments or societies. The emphasis is on securing the efficiency of inputs and outputs is all actions along the life cycle of the product or service, from raw materials to discharged waste, so that unnecessary consumption of resources and generation of wastes are avoided. More advanced concepts such as product-service systems and needs-oriented-service systems aim to reduce impacts from the production and the use phase, or even at the end-of-life phase of a product (Mont, 2002; Roy, 2000). New and under development, the area of product-service systems is increasingly gaining acceptance from companies (Manzini & Jégou, 2003). URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/8544
Files in this item: 1Budeanu_WP3_2012.pdf (1.108Mb)
an empirical analysis of change in the organization of foreign distributionBenito, Gabriel R.G.; Pedersen, Torben; Petersen, Bent (København, 2000)[More information][Less information]
URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/6568
Files in this item: 1wp7-2000_bp_tp.pdf (75.02Kb)
The importance of sunk costs and spilloversSinani, Evis; Hobdari, Bersant (København, 2007)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: This paper investigates the importance of sunk costs, firm characteristics and spillovers from nearby exporters on a firm's export participation decision. The empirical analysis involves the estimation of a non-structural, discrete choice, dynamic model with firm heterogeneity. The results suggest that both sunk costs and observable firm characteristics are important determinants of export market participation. In addition, previous history matters, in that, if a firm has been exporting the last period or the period before that it significantly increases the likelihood of the firm exporting in the current period. This conclusion is robust across all specifications. Also, larger firms with high capital intensity and foreign owned are more likely be exporters. Finally, while there is no clear evidence on export spillovers, if a firm operates in an export-oriented industry increases the likelihood of exporting. Dynamic Panel, sunk costs, export decision. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/6544
Files in this item: 1exportmarketparticipation-1.pdf (440.4Kb)
Non-linearity and Absorptive CapacityChen, Taotao; Kokko, Ari; Tingvall, Patrik Gustavsson (Frederiksberg, 2010)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: Using a fixed effect variance decomposition model, we estimate SUR models to analyze FDI spillovers from contagion and spillovers from competition on local firms in China. While the former type of spillover mainly depends on the degree of foreign presence in the local industry, the latter kind is related to how foreign and local firms interact. The main conclusion is that FDI has been beneficial for the Chinese economy, but that spillovers are not evenly distributed across firms and industries. Spillovers from contagion tend to exhibit an inverse U-shaped pattern with respect to the degree of foreign presence at the industry level, whereas spillovers from competition are more linear with respect to the level of technological sophistication of foreign firms. Industries with high absorptive capacity and/or high efficiency are the ones best equipped to take advantage of spillovers from foreign-owned firms. Moreover, there are signs of substantial competition between foreign-owned firms. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/8033
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evidence from ArgentinaNarula, Rajneesh; Marin, Anabel (København, 2003)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: It is nowadays generally accepted that inward foreign direct investment (FDI) is crucial as a source of technological spillovers. One of the objectives of this paper is to review the evidence on the quantity and quality of human capital employed by domestic and foreign firms. We examine whether spillovers accrue from MNE activity, and provide a preliminary understanding of why MNE spillovers remain somewhat ambiguous, particularly in developing countries, paying particular attention to human capital development. Our analysis is supported by data from the Innovation Survey in Argentina. On the whole, MNE subsidiaries hired more professionals than domestic firms of the same size, possessed a more skilled labour force overall, and spent more on training than similar domestic firms. Subsidiaries in Argentina effectively have a higher labour productivity and pay higher wages. Yet, in terms of knowledge creation and utilisation, there was little to differentiate affiliates from domestic firms. While there is little evidence of widespread FDI spillovers, where spillovers did occur, it was where domestic firms demonstrated high investment in absorptive capacities. Our analysis also suggests that much of MNE activity - particularly after liberalisation - has been of the kind that by definition has limited opportunities for linkages and spillovers. These are activities in which MNEs may simply be able to generate economic rent from their superior knowledge of markets, and their ability to efficiently utilise their multinational network of affiliates. These assets are not generally easily spilled over to domestic firms. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/6593
Files in this item: 1narula marin 2003-016.pdf (382.4Kb)
Håkanson, Lars (København, 2008)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: Based on a social-constructivist conceptualization of knowledge as residing in groups of practitioners, epistemic communities, this paper proposes a new perspective on the knowledge based view of the firm and sketches the outline of a new research agenda. It argues that the cost of governing knowledge processes depends as much on the cognitive background of the exchange partners as on the tacitness of the knowledge. Firms exist because they may form epistemic communities in their own right with enabling and motivational properties superior to those of markets in the governance of knowledge processes across epistemic boundaries. Establishing a firm as an epistemic community requires transaction specific investments that are difficult to realize under market forms of governance. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/6534
Files in this item: 1wp4-2008.pdf (121.6Kb)
International Competition and Industrial Districts in the Italian Fottwear IndustryLorentzen, Jochen (København, 2003)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: ABSTRACT The paper analyses the effect on manufacturers in Italy's footwear districts of international competition, and investigates the underresearched nature of the link between international competition and the internal cohesion of districts. It addresses if and how global competition provokes the (partial) geographic fragmentation of local supply chains, dislocating select local parts manufacturers in its wake. The findings suggest that when international competition threatens the viability of local production, firms with the requisite organisational capabilities delocalise parts of the value chain. This helps them to retain competitive advantages but it also reduces agglomeration. This insight should inform regional development policy. Keywords: Industrial districts, footwear industry, international competition, delocalisation URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/6552
Files in this item: 1jl-wp7-2003.pdf (1.046Mb)
Engwall, Lars; Marquardt, Rolf; Pedersen, Torben; Tschoegl, Adrian E. (København, 1999)[More information][Less information]
URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/6590
Files in this item: 1wp2.pdf (98.89Kb)
a study of post-reform Indian industryPatibandla, Murali; Sanyal, Amal (København, 2002)[More information][Less information]
URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/6582
Files in this item: 1mncs3.pdf (100.5Kb)
Petersen, Bent; Welch, Lawrence S. (København, 1999)[More information][Less information]
URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/6530
Files in this item: 1wp6.pdf (64.04Kb)
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Ubuntu 7.10 Gutsy Gibbon Tribe 1: Ubuntu 7.04 Feisty Fawn has been out for less than two months but tomorrow we will see the first alpha (or in this case it's called a "Tribe") release of Ubuntu 7.10 Gutsy Gibbon. We used the daily build of Ubuntu and Kubuntu Gutsy Gibbon to do some exploring prior to the release of Gutsy Gibbon Tribe 1 tomorrow morning. While there is still many changes that will come prior to the October release of Gutsy, things are looking good for the Ubuntu camp this fall.
Copyright © 2019 by Phoronix Media. All rights reserved.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Collins' mix-and-match outfield produces early
NEW YORK -- The Mets entered this season with a blurred outfield picture, and it has not cleared considerably over the first week of the season. Yet manager Terry Collins has found a way to make it gel, mixing and matching all six of his outfielders into a melting pot of playing time.
Of the half-dozen outfielders on New York's active roster, only left fielder Lucas Duda has started each of New York's first six games. Collin Cowgill and Marlon Byrd have both started four times, Mike Baxter twice, and Kirk Nieuwenhuis and Jordany Valdespin once.
Despite so much discontinuity, the motley crew has produced. Including pinch-hit opportunities, Mets outfielders entered Sunday's play hitting .250 with three home runs, three doubles, 11 RBIs and 12 runs scored, also stealing three bases and walking 12 times. It may not be elite production, but it is hardly the black hole that the Mets feared heading into this season.
"In a perfect world, you'd like to have your three guys out there," Collins said, noting that he would prefer a more traditional outfield alignment. "But right now, we're going to mix and match. It keeps everybody sharp. It keeps everybody ready."
Given the luxury of a designated hitter for three games next weekend in Minnesota, Collins will be able to give his six-headed outfield even more playing time, slotting one of them at DH each day. The goal is to keep each individual outfielder sharp enough to contribute on a near-daily basis, either in a starting role or off the bench.
Those outfielders have also combined to solve New York's leadoff problem, with Cowgill batting atop the lineup four times, Valdespin once and Baxter once. Sunday, Baxter was back in the lineup batting fifth, a spot he had previously manned just five times in the Majors.
"I get excited when I get a chance to play, whether it's off the bench or starting," Baxter said. "I think with the group we have, we all bring unique skill sets to the table. I think T.C. does a good job mixing-and-matching that."


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Treatment Abuse, Behavior Modification, Thought Reform => Facility Question and Answers => Psych Hospitals => Topic started by: Ursus on December 13, 2009, 12:14:40 PM
SCHOOL OF SHOCK (Village Voice, 2006)
Post by:
December 13, 2009, 12:14:40 PM
Almost a year prior to Jennifer Gonnerman's epic article "School of Shock" in
Mother Jones
magazine, there was
epic article in the
Village Voice
titled "School of Shock," this one by journalist Jarret Murphy.
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the Village Voice
School of Shock
Inside a school where mentally disturbed students are jolted into good behavior
Jarrett Murphy
Tuesday, October 3rd 2006
For their last field day of summer, the students of the Judge Rotenberg Center, a private boarding school for special-education students in Canton, Massachusetts, have gotten lucky; it is an exquisite afternoon. As cars whiz by the two-building complex, the late-September sun gleams off the basketball backboard and young bodies jostle for position on the asphalt court below. The playground in the middle of the parking lot is empty, but won't be for long: Students who earned their way out of the classroom for good behavior or class performance will get, as reward, a smooth ride on the school's newly assembled swing set.
The only thing that sets these students apart from kids at any other school in America--aside from their special-ed designation--is the electric wires running from their backpacks to their wrists. Each wire connects to a silver-dollar-sized metal disk strapped with a cloth band to the student's wrist, forearm, abdomen, thigh, or foot. Inside each student's backpack is a battery and a generator, both about the size of a VHS cassette. Each generator is uniquely coded to a single keychain transmitter kept in a clear plastic box labeled with the student's name. Staff members dressed neatly in ties and green aprons keep the boxes hooked to their belts, and their eyes trained on the students' behavior. They stand ready, if they witness a behavior they've been told to target, to flip open the box, press the button, and deliver a painful two-second electrical shock into the student at the end of the wire.
Surveying the seemingly cheery outdoor scene is the school's founder and executive director, Matthew Israel. A trim 73-year-old with a head of curling white hair, Israel wears a gray sports coat over a black shirt and black-and-white-striped tie. The Harvard-educated psychologist speaks in soft tones, but he offers a full-throated defense of the skin shock treatments provided by his school, which Israel says derive from the teachings of his mentor, the famous and controversial behavioral psychologist B.F. Skinner.
Israel has about 230 "clients"--full-time students at the Rotenberg Center--who are mentally retarded, developmentally disabled with diseases like autism, or have been diagnosed with ailments such as depression, schizophrenia, or conduct disorder. Most come to this complex south of Boston from New York, but some travel from as far away as California. Many of them come not in spite of the skin shocks, but because of them. The Judge Rotenberg Center or JRC is the only school in the country that uses that type of behavioral therapy, and has come under fire from those who find its techniques cruel and unusual.
"They don't really understand," Israel says of critics who oppose his use of painful physical punishments--called "aversive stimuli"--to control behavior. "The students with whom we use the skin shock are students who can't be served anywhere else."
Over the past 35 years, Israel has repelled several attempts by regulators and legislators to shut his school down, and has grown to become not only a practitioner of aversive methods but also their champion. Now, yet again, he has a fight on his hands--this time with New York state government. New rules that the New York State Board of Regents adopted this summer on an emergency basis (and could make permanent later this month) ban the use of aversive stimuli--a range of tactics that includes not just skin shocks, but also slapping, ice applications, pinching, strangling, noxious smells and tastes, withholding food, and sleep deprivation--on New York students, even those who travel to Massachusetts to attend the Rotenberg Center.
But the Regents rules won't put Israel out of business, because the regulations allow exceptions for kids who pose a real danger to themselves or others, and for whom all other therapies fail. Opponents of aversive stimuli continue to fight for a total ban. "We are talking about the torture of school children," wrote State Senator Richard Gottfried in a letter to the Regents in August. "If we discovered that these regulations were in place at Guantanamo or Abu Ghraib, no one would have to demand Donald Rumsfeld's resignation."
Meanwhile, Israel wants the loophole opened even wider, to give the Rotenberg Center the freedom to impose its methods on children it deems in need. He recalls some of the children he has treated at JRC--kids who slapped themselves into blindness, or were so violent that a scrum of staff members struggled to hold them down. He remembers patients who rammed their heads onto tables or reached into their rectums to make themselves bleed. Israel claims that the sting of skin shocks made those kids better. In fact, he contends, the pain saved their lives.
Every inch of the Rotenberg Center's two buildings, the play area outside, and the student residences scattered around the area is monitored at all times by surveillance cameras. A team of employees watches the broadcasts from these cameras, and the people watching the cameras are observed by other cameras. The monitors look out for staff abuse and evaluate employees following every shift, to make sure students' treatment plans are followed. Some use the cameras to follow specific students who've been deemed particularly dangerous. Signs of the skin shock treatment are everywhere; the students have their backpacks near at all times, and a staff member might have as many as seven triggers hanging from his or her belt at any given moment.
Despite these hints of danger, it's hard for an outsider to detect the risks. Hillary, with long blond hair framing a soft face behind thick glasses, looks like a typical shy teenage girl--clad in baggy clothes, shrugging when introduced to a stranger, concentrating on a game of computer solitaire. It's only when she's out of earshot that you learn what happened at Hillary's last school, in Florida, where she hid in a bush, then tried to slice a staff member's neck with the jagged edge of a broken CD. When she arrived at the school, Hillary stabbed a staffer in the gut with a pencil. "She's very dangerous," says Sue Parker, the school's head of programming. "She could kill someone."
Parker has been at the Rotenberg Center for two decades, and bears scars from students who scratched her; she has had her ribs cracked three times. "We witness the tremendous progress that they've made," she says, explaining her longevity. "And I really think it's the GED," referring to the Graduated Electronic Decelerator, the shocking device's technical name.
Some of the scariest students never need the shocks; according to staff members, the mere threat of an electric jolt alone snaps them into shape. Other students actually ask to be wired up, say staff members, because they witness the improvement their peers make and the privileges they earn. But other kids don't have to ask. As Israel and Parker lead their tour of the facility, a staff member walks to the bathroom leading a kid wearing protective mitts. Every few steps the kid stops, shouts something inarticulate, then moves on. Finally, he makes it to the toilet.
"Hmmm," Parker frowns.
"Yes," Israel says, "it might be time for the GED."
One thing you won't see at the center is traditional psychological counseling. While students do meet with clinicians, there are no regular appointments or group therapy. School literature states that counseling is done "as needed," but not when it could be seen as a reward for bad behavior, and adds: "The purpose of the counseling is to enhance the student's cooperation with, and progress within the program." You also won't see most students on psychiatric drugs, even though many arrive at the school having tried several of them (one patient had been on 29 different meds) and suffering from side effects like tremors. Israel sees those meds as tools for warehousing students, not treating them.
What you do see here is a lot of color--an avalanche of it. The reception area is full of oversize lime-green chairs, and the walls are hung with bold glass renderings of blooming flowers. All over the school are couches and chairs in pink and yellow, overstuffed and inviting. The walls in the main building are covered top to bottom with bright prints of flowers, while in the newly refinished classroom building the hallways are painted a pleasing dark green. The splashes of color give JRC a lively feel. But there are no traditional classrooms. Each student works on an individualized program that is computer-based; there are no teachers writing math on blackboards or lecturing on American history.
Each classroom, however, is slightly different because JRC students exhibit a range of abilities and behaviors. In a classroom of lower-functioning students, one of the girls can't stop bouncing up and down, and her peers wear mitts to prevent scratching or grunt instead of talk. But down the hall, a higher-functioning class has kids studying chemistry and a girl named Fatima who's starting a job at Bertucci's that afternoon. Other rooms are "alternative learning centers," where extra staff is on hand to monitor kids who are too unruly for regular classes; there are mats on the floor and restraints at the ready because the students are so often wrestled down or bound to a chair.
But in every class the logic of the Skinner Box comes into play. There are rewards for acting the right way. Kids wear cards on their belts, where they collect tokens for good behavior, hard work, or adhering to a "contract" to sit still for a few minutes or get through the morning without acting out. Most classrooms have a "reward box" full of goodies like puzzles and games that the kids can take home, and a "reward corner" where deserving students can watch cartoons for a few minutes at a time. There's also a dazzling "reward room," equipped with a pool table and arcade games, to which the well behaved earn entrance, as well as a "contract store" where students can buy DVDs or handbags with points they've earned for staying on track. Pizza parties, weekly field days, and less restrictive housing placements are also part of its positive programming. There's even a "whimsy room," a magical-looking chamber with color-crowded walls, a cartoonishly enormous chandelier out of a Dr. Seuss book, and a grand table with high-backed chairs made of clear plastic laced with color. The room, which exists for parties, looks like a designer's attempt to paint a picture of fun.
In the early days of his work with aversive stimuli, Israel and his staff used spanking, pinches, muscle squeezes, water sprays, aromatic ammonia, and unpleasant tastes to punish problematic behavior. They still withhold food from some students as an aversive, but shocks are their main treatment. The school began using electric shock in 1989, but the device they first used, called SIBIS, was so weak that many students grew accustomed to it, eroding its effectiveness. So Israel developed the GED, which he registered with the Food and Drug Administration in 1995. (The GED was classified in such a way that it only required FDA registration, not approval.) When students grew innured to that, Israel brought forth the GED-4, three times as powerful as the original GED. That version is not registered with the FDA, which now says the Rotenberg Center is exempt because it's only using the machines in-house. The skin shocks at Rotenberg aren't a form of "electroshock therapy," which involves far more powerful shocks traveling through the brain. The GED-4 sends 45 milliamperes into the surface of the skin, the kind of current that a fairly weak recharger can send to your laptop battery. It's enough to hurt, delivering a rapid, vibrating pain. Some compare the sensation to a strong pinch, a bee sting, or a tattoo needle's bite. "Painful shock, muscular control is lost" is one federal- government shorthand for the experience.
Aside from a momentary tingling, the faint whiff of singed hair, and a couple small pinpoint marks on the skin, a single shock administered to a visitor at Rotenberg didn't produce any lasting physical effects. Five of the kids under Israel's care have died in the 35 years he's run the school, but none of those deaths were linked to aversive therapy. Israel insists the GED is better than the alternatives for his students--debilitating drugs or physical restraints.
**There are around 150 New Yorkers at the Center; 100 or so are from New York City. About half the students at JRC, and half the New Yorkers as well, get skin shocks. The JRC obtains local court approval and an independent psychologist's review before it can physically punish a student. And, Israel says, he always obtains a parent's permission (Parents can even log on to a special website to see how often their kid gets shocked.)
Students usually start by wearing three GED devices so they won't know where the next shock will hit, and won't be able to pull off all the devices at once. A person might wear up to five, but only one operates at a time. Every hour in each classroom, a computerized voice tells the teachers to rotate the GEDs so students don't get zapped repeatedly in the same area. Most students wear GEDs in which the electrodes are right next to each other. But some wear a different version that arrays the electrodes several inches apart, so that the current runs from the palm to the tip of a finger or from the ankle to the ball of the foot, and hurts more--or as the staff puts it, is "more aversive." Students wear the GEDs 24 hours a day. If a student's behavior improves, the GEDs are removed one at a time. Then the student goes GED-free for an hour, then two, and so on, until he or she is completely off the machine. They can always be hooked up again, however, if they lapse.
The goal of the GED, explains Israel, is to deliver punishment immediately so that even a student with a low IQ or a severe psychiatric disorder might be made to understand that whatever he just did was unacceptable. Even kids who hurt themselves, he says, react differently to pain outside their control. Each student has a sheet listing the types of behaviors that prompt a staff member to administer a shock. When one of the target behaviors occurs, the staffer is supposed to confirm with a colleague that a shock is warranted.
While psychologists write the aversive treatment plans for JRC students, it's the school's "mental-health aides"--required only to have a high school diploma, complete a two-week course, and attend regular in-service training--who monitor the classes and do the shocking. With confirmation in hand, the staff member zaps the student and then explains to him why he's being punished.
Sometimes the explanation to the student--and to outside observers--is simple and obvious: no tearing out your hair, no hitting yourself, stop scratching. But sometimes, the reasons are more obscure. Don't raise your hands, no swearing, stay in your seat. In the school's point of view, dangerous behaviors are sometimes preceded by seemingly benign ones. When the school detects a pattern, it might punish the prelude in order to prevent the harmful act. If a student typically slaps the arms of his chair, swears, and stands up before he attacks a teacher, a staffer might shock him when he stands up, when he swears, or perhaps when he slaps the arms of his chair. This approach is valid, say psychologists who defend Israel's approach--as long as whoever is administering the shock is sure that the minor behavior he's punishing is actually a predictor of something serious.
That caution also applies to the automatic shocking devices that the facility sometimes uses. A child who tears his hair out might be told never to put his hands to his head. He might be instructed not to even raise his hands from his sides. To enforce this rule, the center in some cases will rig plastic holsters to the student's hips. He has to keep his hands in the holsters. If he lifts his hands out of them, a device automatically shocks him, and keeps shocking him at one-second intervals until he puts his hands back. The rationale behind the device is that punishment must be immediate to be effective.
But after some serious incidents the student is not punished right away. For example, when a student attacks a staff member in a life-threatening manner, "we don't go to the cops," says Israel. "We don't do that." Instead, Rotenberg Center officials keep both crime and punishment in-house: The student has his hands and feet restrained and is then shocked five times, at random intervals, over a period that can last up to 30 minutes.
Sometimes, the student gets shocked for doing precisely what he's told. In a few cases where a student is suspected of being capable of an extremely dangerous but infrequent behavior, the staff at Rotenberg won't wait for him to try it. They will exhort him to do it, and then punish him. In these behavior rehearsal lessons, staff members will force a student to start a dangerous activity--for a person who likes to cut himself, they might get him to pick up a plastic knife on the table--and then shock him when he does.
Automatic devices, lengthy shocking sessions, and behavior rehearsal lessons are not what typical students receive. Israel says that among the students who get skin shocks, the average is one zap a week. Rarely does someone get shocked as often as 15 times a day, but Israel wouldn't be embarrassed if they did. He's sure it works, recalling one of his toughest cases--a kid who made himself vomit constantly and was at risk of starving to death. "I mean, his life was saved," Israel says. "If we hadn't had the GED, I don't know how we would have kept him alive."
But the GED isn't only used when a life is at stake, or when a student hurts himself or another, but also for "noncompliance" or "simple refusal." "We don't allow individuals just to stay in bed all day," says Dr. Robert von Heyn, a Rotenberg clinician, in a video for parents. "We want to teach people. So we may use the GED to treat noncompliance." Other behavior that doesn't appear dangerous also could earn a zap. While it might seem excessive to shock a student for nagging his teacher, Israel asks, what if the kid nags all the time, every minute, every day? The nagging interferes with his learning, so he can't learn self-control and develop normally. JRC's choice is to shock him, stop the nagging, and let him learn.
Amid the black leather couches and abundant glass sculptures in Israel's office, a curious collection of boutique kaleidoscopes is displayed on the coffee table. Peering into each tube, watching the crystals shift together and apart, you see the picture constantly changing. Whether it looks like chaos or beauty depends on the beholder. The decor is fitting: Israel knows that outsiders and laypeople get upset when they see kids getting shocked at JRC, but he says that's because they don't understand the true impact of what they witness. A half-century ago Israel was the one laboring to clear the picture, a college student shifting the shards of 1950s Cold War ideological struggle for an explanation of human behavior, with its stark choice between Communist materialism and democratic capitalism. He discovered another option. "Skinner said a man isn't good or evil," Israel recalled of the philosophy that inspired him. "He's what he's made by his environment and his genetics. . . . Human behavior is lawful."
Before B.F. Skinner, a lot of psychology concerned itself with understanding how the inner workings of the mind affect the way people act. Skinner thought this approach was nonsense; he believed that it was neither possible nor necessary to know what was going on in someone's head; all that mattered was behavior. He wasn't the first psychologist to adopt a behavioral approach, but he took it further than his predecessors. He argued that people's behaviors were purely the product of their environment, specifically of a process called "operant conditioning," in which the consequences of our action determine whether we repeat it: If it's rewarded, we do it again; if not, we stop.
The experiment that most clearly illustrated this was the so-called Skinner Box, a cage in which a rat had a bar to press. If Skinner awarded a food pellet when the rat pushed the bar, the rat would push it again. As Skinner changed the pattern of awards, the rat's behavior changed. Skinner extrapolated the logic of the Skinner Box to society as a whole, believing that all human suffering could be eased through the application of proper conditioning, and even penned a utopian novel in 1948, Walden II, that depicted such a world.
The seeming elegance of Skinner's approach moved Israel to dedicate his life to applying it. After leaving Harvard with a Ph.D. in 1960, Israel started a company to manufacture so-called "teaching machines," one of the technologies Skinner advocated to properly condition young learners. By the late '60s, Israel had started two communes that applied behavioral techniques. But the teaching-machine business was never successful enough to support the communes. So Israel instead launched a school that applied "Skinnerian" techniques to students with severe behavioral problems. The Behavioral Research Institute began in Providence, Rhode Island, in 1971. In the mid 1970s it opened branches in Massachusetts. Israel later changed the school's name to honor a Massachusetts judge, Ernest Rotenberg, who had sided with Israel in a battle against Bay State regulators in the mid 1980s over his use of painful aversive stimuli.
Aversive therapy first emerged in experiments with animals. Then in the 1960s, around the time Skinner's behavioral analysis was dominating psychology, some scientists used aversion to try to "cure" homosexuals. But Skinner was never a major advocate for aversive stimuli. His work concentrated mainly on the use of rewards to encourage good behavior, not punishments to discourage bad conduct. In the world he envisioned in Walden II, Skinner foresaw little punishment. But Israel says Skinner acknowledged that places like JRC were not utopias. JRC does employ a comprehensive program of positive reinforcement, consisting of those prizes and privileges that students can earn for the simplest tasks. But for Israel, punishments are just the flip side of rewards.
That view is not universal. The American Association for Mental Retardation calls aversive therapies "inhumane" and wants them eliminated. The New York Civil Liberties Union seeks a total ban in New York, dubbing aversive therapies "outmoded and ineffective." But while there's not an abundance of research on the effectiveness of skin shocks because of the ethical issues involved with shocking human subjects, many psychologists believe that in a very few, very serious instances of dangerous behavioral problems, skin shocks might be a legitimate therapy option. "Only in your most extreme cases where there's a threat of harm would you use it," says Kathryn Potoczak, a professed Skinnerian psychologist at Shippensburg University, a public college in Pennsylvania. She, like many psychologists, believes the choice in those cases is between shocking patients and allowing them to hurt themselves so severely they might die.
Students who end up at the Rotenberg Center usually begin their educations in a local school district's special-education programs. When regular schools cannot handle a child, local officials and parents look for private school options, including those out of state. No matter where the child goes, the state assumes the cost, under its obligation to provide a sound education for everyone until the age of 21. (Most students return to New York once they reach 21, but there are 24 New York adults who've remained at Rotenberg.)
The Rotenberg Center--with an annual tuition of $214,000--has been positioned as the program of last resort: It doesn't automatically reject anyone except for sex offenders and those with very serious medical conditions. Many of its students were thrown out or refused by other schools.
That's what happened to Samantha, a 13-year-old with autism from Roslyn Heights who has been at the school since March 2005. "We had her in four different schools and they tried all kinds of therapy, all kinds of positive behavioral therapy, and we had various therapists coming all over the house and it basically didn't work," says her father, Dr. Mitchell Shear, an internist who practices in the Bronx. "She became more aggressive. She would bite and scratch people. She was basically constantly crying." She also smacked herself in the head so hard she detached both retinas. The Anderson School in Purchase, where she'd been staying, said they couldn't handle Samantha anymore. A person at Anderson recommended Rotenberg to the Shear family.
The Shears' desperation resembles that of Bronx resident Lorraine Slaff 18 years ago. Slaff's autistic son Matthew had troubles early; she recalls having to pad his crib because he kept ramming his head into the sides. As he grew up, he began banging his head on sharp points like the corner of a table, bashing deep holes into his scalp. When he was home, Slaff didn't sleep for fear that she'd miss the sound of her son trying to do himself harm. When other facilities told Slaff that they couldn't handle her then 17-year-old boy, Rotenberg offered itself as a willing alternative. The catch: Slaff would have to consent to her child being subjected to physical pain. Shear faced the same choice. Neither parent blinked. "It didn't bother me because I thought he was going to die," recalls Slaff. "There was nothing else." Matthew's twin, Stewart, is also autistic, but exhibited symptoms later than his brother, and now Slaff believes Stewart would benefit from aversive therapy. But she cannot obtain that treatment for him in New York--because adult facilities here don't use aversives--or get him into the Rotenberg Center. While some children remain at the center after they reach adulthood, the state does not place adults there.
While many psychologists agree with Israel that aversive therapy can work as a last resort in a very few cases to control dangerous behaviors--the school contends that the skin shocks are almost 100 percent effective in reducing those--there's less consensus on whether a method like skin shocks can really cure someone.
Israel's theory is that by shocking to discourage dangerous behavior, the therapist buys time to use positive approaches that teach patients how to control themselves. But evaluating whether the school has succeeded with students is difficult because they arrive with such different talents and troubles. Higher-functioning students--those with normal IQs but severe emotional problems, who constitute about half the school--can have normal lives: The center's website features testimonials from kids who have joined the Marines, or have been the first in their family to complete high school, or have even gone on to college.
Other students are severely mentally retarded or developmentally disabled, and have no such prospects. "They're never going to be normal, fruitful taxpayers, but they can have some dignity and happiness," says Israel. A student named Caroline, who is in her thirties and has lived at the facility for more than 20 years, still wears a protective helmet and requires one-on-one staff monitoring, but JRC staff consider the fact that she's still alive a measure of success. Slaff's son Matthew also remains at JRC. He has stopped banging his head and can take vacations with his mom, but he still hurts himself sometimes, and still wears the GED.
Shear says he and his wife only visit their daughter once every six weeks or so; he doesn't know how long Samantha will be there. He does know the limits of optimism. "She'll never be cured of what she has. Her mental capacity will never approach that of a normal person," he says. "I believe that the GED will eventually come off her and she'll be able to maintain control of her behavior and be happy because she's not hurting herself or crying all the time."
Shear believes Samantha has already come a long way in her time at the Rotenberg Center. "I mean, when we went up last time," he says, "she was actually happy."
But after visiting the Rotenberg Center this spring, New York state inspectors concluded that "the background and preparation of staff is not sufficient," that JRC shocks students "without a clear history of self-injurious behavior," and that it uses the GED "for behaviors that are not aggressive, health dangerous, or destructive, such as nagging, swearing, and failing to keep a neat appearance." What's more, the inspectors said, the program for withholding food raised health concerns, and the classroom instruction was substandard.
Israel says the inspection was conducted by psychologists biased against his methods. But the New York report is just the start of JRC's current troubles. The Massachusetts agency (all JRC's operations have been located in the Bay State since 1996) that licenses JRC will inspect the school in coming months to see if requirements it imposed after a 2003 visit have been met. A separate Massachusetts agency has referred an allegation of abuse at JRC to local police; the claim is that the GED burned a student. Meanwhile, a Long Island mother whose son Antwone was treated at the JRC has sued her local school board and the center for using aversive therapy that allegedly caused the boy "serious physical injuries and mental anguish." At the same time, the New York legislature is considering a new bill that would ban skin shock outright on New York students.
Then there are the Regents regulations, which were prompted by the spring inspection. They prohibit all aversive stimuli but permit certain limited exceptions. Israel says the New York rules would tie his hands by restricting the skin shocks to kids who are endangering their lives or others--preventing shocks in cases of "health dangerous" behavior. The rules also bar automatic shocks. A group of JRC parents who agree with Israel went to federal court this summer to stop the imposition of the new rules on their children. The case is still pending, but the judge did block some of the rules temporarily for the students whose parents sued. Israel says that other New York kids who are no longer getting skin shocks are regressing.
But if that's true, it only fuels Israel's critics who say that all he's doing is hurting kids, not curing them. "This isn't a bell ringing. This is somebody getting an electric shock. It hurts them, so they stop," says Beth Haroules, a staff attorney at the NYCLU. "But if you take away the pain device, they haven't learned to stop what they're doing."
Even the center's aggressive methods--like automatic shocks and behavioral rehearsal lessons--have some scientific support. But the endorsements are cautious, and limited only to cases where painful techniques are the only hope--and where they work. Experts note that there is a "slippery slope" risk with aversives: If they work for a very serious behavior, why not use them for a slightly less serious one? And then there's the question posed by partial success: If skin shocks reduce a behavior but don't eliminate it, do you keep shocking for months, years, or even decades? The scientific process of peer review could address some of these questions. But many practitioners admit that when it comes to aversives, pure science isn't the only issue. The ethical limits on how to use science are also in play.
Albany's recent regulatory attention to his practices puzzles Israel. "It isn't as if we just started to do something unusual," Israel says. "We've been doing the service since the 1970s for New York." So why is the state only acting now?
People on all sides of the debate over aversives ask the same question. New York showed some concerns about the school's approach in the '70s and '80s; the state balked at paying for the school until parents sued. But it wasn't until this summer--with a lawsuit in the mix--that the New York State Education Department moved to regulate the use of aversive techniques on its students. (While the Rotenberg Center is the only place where New York students get skin shocks, two private preschools that New Yorkers attend--one near Albany and the other in Maine--use noxious tastes like lemon juice to punish kids.) The New York State Office of Mental Health bars any aversive techniques. Eleven other states already ban or restrict aversive therapies. And while psychologists largely support the validity of aversive methods, practitioners generally believe that such techniques must be used sparingly and very carefully. But only now is New York attempting to control their use.
Rebecca Cort, who oversees special-education placements for the state education department, says the need for rules only became apparent in 2005 when New York did a routine inspection of the institution. "A much higher number and percentage of students who were coming from New York State were being placed on aversive intervention," she says. That's partly because in the past couple years, the number of New Yorkers going to the school has swelled--but not necessarily because their behaviors led other schools to pass on them. "It was that the in-state beds were full," Cort says. "They were getting a larger number of students because of a lack of capacity in New York State."
Cort says the state is trying to build beds here, prodded by the legislature to do so. The alleged abuse of a New York man named Vito "Billy" Albanese, who'd suffered a traumatic brain injury, in a New Jersey facility a few years ago prompted state lawmakers in 2005 to pass the so-called "Billy's Law," which tries to tilt special- education placements toward in-state facilities.*** That's how the new regulations have to be seen--not just regulating Rotenberg, but erecting a framework for someday treating some of the worst behavioral disorders within New York's borders.
Given that context, some say the Regents have built a flawed framework. The New York State Psychological Association says the rules "effectually legalize corporal punishment." More than one New York school district is being sued for the use of "time-out rooms," but the new rules permit them. And there's not much confidence that the state education department--which only last year was found to have put residents at its School for the Blind in "immediate jeopardy to individual's health or safety"--is up to the task of handling people who, had they gone to the Rotenberg Center, would have received the treatment of last resort.
Schools using skin shock could open here. Or the Rotenberg Center could move to New York State, an option Israel says he has considered. But even though Cort says there's no move to take the Rotenberg Center off the approved list of out-of-state facilities, Israel claims the state's education department now discourages parents from placing their children with him. Even if he had a branch of JRC inside New York, Israel acknowledged by e-mail, the hostility toward the Rotenberg Center would not change. And so, unless lawmakers or regulators stop his practices, Israel and his school will remain where they are, and the shocks will continue.
Copyright © 2009 Village Voice LLC
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Camden Lesbian Gay Bisexual and Transgender Forum
(Camden LGBT Forum. Includes the Homophobic Harassment Hotline and Outtakes Project)
Chair Nigel Patrick Harris. The forum aims to provide an official channel of communication and influence between the Camden lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) community and organisations that are responsible for ensuring community safety. It acts as a non-police reporting site for incidents. It…
020 7388 5720 07798 705324 (Mobile) 0800 328 2509 (Homophobic Harassment Hotline open Mon-Fri 8am - 10pm)
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Members of the network have an information pack for referrals and copies of an information leaflet. Premises have a sticker showing that help will be offered.
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A statutory body enforcing equality legislation and advising employers, organisations and individuals. (The details shown here were taken from the organisation's website).
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London-based self-help group for the parents of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) people and gender-atypical children. Monthly meetings in Kings Cross.
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Cat News Reader Opinion Poll
It seems almost every day something curious about cats pops up in the news. I often find myself reading the cat news and wondering what you might think about some of the interesting new products, trends and ideas that surface on the internet. So we started the Reader Opinion Poll where post a couple of cat topics and then we can all weigh in with what we think about them.
At the end of each topic summary, there is a poll that asks you to vote by selecting Purr, meaning you like this idea, Hiss, meaning you don't like this idea. and Yawn, meaning you are indifferent; you neither like nor dislike the idea. Here is the first topic.


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I've been thinking about getting an Atheist tattoo and my wife is worried about possible hate crimes. Anyone ever heard of something like that? I love in Indiana and as anywhere in this country there are some strong willed Christians. I'm hoping someone has some feedback on how it might effect how other parents treat me and my kids, work environment if others see it, etc.
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I just got a happy human tattoo yesterday. I live in a very religious little town in south georgia
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Shoulder blade or Calf - easily covered & easily accessible.
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Not To Worry–Pretty Soon, No Republicans Will Be Influential
Gallup finds that the GOP is in retreat among almost all demographics. Meanwhile, Robert Stacy McCain does fierce battle against that most dangerous of creatures: the conservative who is taken seriously outside of the confines of the cocoon. The Gallup findings are interesting, because they show that conservatives are among the least likely to have stopped identifying themselves as Republicans, yet they remain convinced that pursuing an agenda geared towards appealing to them (and only to them) is the means to win back all the other people who have drifted away since '01.
The Midwest figures are stunning: Republican ID in this region has dropped by nine points. This is not just the heartland, which the GOP is supposed to represent so well, but it has been the historic core of Republican politics at a national level since the founding of the party. Even having lost the Northeast is not quite as bad as being decimated in the Midwest. The GOP has even lost five points among married voters, six points among whites, seven points among men and nine points among middle-income voters, all of which are equal to or greater than the national average. This is the hollowing-out of the Republican coalition as we know it. McCain will be pleased to find that Republican ID among college graduates has dropped by ten points in the last eight years–the danger of more arrogant young punks involving themselves in conservative politics has been substantially reduced.


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Crytek: 'F2P could make PS3 the key console'
Crytek boss Cevat Yerli has discussed why Sony's move to the free-to-play market could propel PS3 to the top of the console food chain. It comes as his company moves into free-to-play development with Warface and other projects.
Speaking with MCV, Yerli commented on Sony's interest in the free-to-play space, "Sony making that game is a great step forward, and they should be applauded. If Sony embraces free-to-play as a major way for PlayStation, that could be the key console."
Yerli's comments follow Sony's decision to reposition Singstar as a free-to-play service, and its adoption of CCP Games' MMOFPS shooter Dust 514. On the latter, CCP's marketing boss David Reid added, "It's natural that the console challenger is going to be more ambitious and take more risks than the leader.
"Last generation I was at Xbox and we were having our arses handed to us," Reid continued, "And Xbox was the one that was trying to do crazy things with Xbox Live and so on. Five years later, things have changed and now Sony is being more aggressive. It is a cyclical business and it feels like we're coming around to another big turn again."
What's your take on the matter? Should console platform holders do more to embrace the industry's interest in F2P gaming? How could that be achieved? Let us know below.


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The Falcons are waiting for wide receiver Julio Jones' foot to heal enough for him to make a full return to the practice field, but it doesn't sound like that is going to happen until the team gathers for training camp this summer.
Atlanta has OTAs this week and their mandatory minicamp next week, which doesn't leave Jones much time to take part in a full practice before the offseason program comes to an end and he told SI.com that he doesn't expect that his recovery will come to an end before that point. Jones is confident that the extended rehab time isn't putting anything at risk come the regular season.
"Week One, I'll be ready to go," Jones said.
Jones sounded some optimistic notes about his condition. He said that he's been running routes and that his foot "feels really good" when he plants on it while going through his workouts. He's working on getting his stamina back up after such a long spell out of action, which is good news for an Atlanta team that will likely lean heavily on the talented receiver they missed so much last season.


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Peter Mayhew 'back as Chewbacca'
Peter Mayhew is reportedly set to return to the role of Chewbacca in Star Wars: Episode VII.
The original cast member was introduced as the Wookiee in the first Star Wars film in 1977, which later became Episode IV - A New Hope, and according to The Hollywood Reporter will be rejoining for the latest movie.
Rumours surfaced that Peter would be playing Chewbacca again when he cancelled an appearance at Texas convention Comicpalooza "due to filming", and now a source has told The Hollywood Reporter that he has been cast.
The rest of the cast has not been announced yet, but it's thought other original actors including Harrison Ford, Mark Hamill and Carrie Fisher will also be back, and that Adam Driver will play a villain.
Star Wars: Episode VII is being directed by JJ Abrams and picks up 30 years after the events of Return Of The Jedi. It is due to begin filming in May for a December 2015 release date.
Walt Disney CEO Bob Iger hinted in March: "There will be some very familiar faces along with a trio of new young leads."
In April, Disney Studios chairman Alan Horn added of the cast: "We have a lot of them [in place]. We're just not completely done yet."
Peter also played Chewbacca in The Empire Strikes Back, Return Of The Jedi and Revenge Of The Sith.
PA Media


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The Accounting Historians Journal Vol. 15, No. 1 Spring 1988
Thomas Tyson CLARKSON UNIVERSITY
Dedicated to the memory of Norman X. Dressel, a devoted accounting historian. I would also like to thank Robert Colson and an anonymous reviewer for their helpful comments and suggestions.
Abstract: J. Henry Rushton was the preeminent American builder of canoes and small pleasure boats in the late nineteenth-century. Beginning in the mid 1890s, Rushton personally maintained books of cost records and cost finding rules for his boat-building opera-tions. In conjunction with the company's product catalogs and Rushton's personal letters, these books reveal the nature and function of cost keeping for this enterprise. They also suggest that pressures from increased competition and an economic depression may have stimulated Rushton to undertake detailed costing pro-cedures.
J. Henry Rushton built canoes and other small pleasure boats in Canton, St. Lawrence County, New York between 1874 and 1906. Through a combination of high quality workmanship and aggressive catalog marketing, Rushton successfully ex-panded his business and attained international recognition. Rushton's detailed cost records and cost-finding rules reveal his concerns for the cost side of the enterprise.
This case study of the Rushton boat building business describes cost accounting practices of a late nineteenth century small business. As discussed by Chandler [1977] and Solomons [1968], costing methods such as used by Rushton were not standard management practice at the time. The archival re-cords for the case study suggest business conditions that may have stimulated Rushton to undertake such formal costing procedures as a basis for rational managerial decision making. These conditions include increased competitive pressures, market development strategies, catalog and special order pricing decisions, and profitability concerns.
Rushton's cost accounting records were maintained in two volumes he kept himself, in a labor operations record book kept


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From the thumping tribal drumbeats of opener 'Apply' to the enraptured twinkling of wind-chimes that meander their way through the record's entirety, the debut LP from L.A's one-woman orchestra, Cameron Mesirow, presents a sonic antithesis to the sprawl of Californian concrete in which it was recorded. It's an album one can imagine being discovered in an enchanted forest alongside some dusty old Joni Mitchell or Joanna Newsom recordings. Yet to judge Mesirow's debut as Glasser purely by its beguiling mix of exotic instrumentation and dreamlike tenor would be a mistake. For despite Ring exhibiting impressive musical ambition and genuine vocal talent, a distinct air of rushed compromise pervades – a great shame given the strength of its meticulously crafted standout tracks.
Seamlessly following on from the lush vocal layerings and raw synth pulses of 'Apply', recent single 'Home' is a perfectly-formed gem that stresses the fragility of seemingly permanent human retreats. Underpinned by xylophone loops and hand clapped rhythms, Mesirow's mesmeric voice soars above the ethereal beats below, repeating the lyric "home" until swept aside by a grand orchestral current. It's a startlingly unique four minutes that encapsulate Ring's finest elements: original composition, adventurous instrumentation and subtle electronics. Unfortunately, though, any hopes that Mesirow's debut will continue to unfold along such strong lines are soon dashed, with the following new-age, faux-folk trudge of 'Glad' veering a little too close to Wicker Man soundtrack territory for comfort. Indeed whenever Glasser attempts to jettison electronic aspects in favour of wholly organic sounding arrangements, Ring's hypnotic charm rather diminishes, with a mid-section marimba workout during 'Treasure of We' lending the song a somewhat uninspired Vodafone ad vibe.
Anchored by two slices of intricately sculpted electronica, Ring's second half reveals the influence of producer Van Rivers, with the haunted ambient pop of 'Mirrorage' being powerful enough to slip easily into the back catalogue of his last musical ally, Fever Ray. All razor-sharp percussion, vocoder vocals and cascading wind-chimes, the track not only acts as Ring's stand alone highlight, but also as its thematic peak, a crescendo to which (filler or not) all preceding songs have been building up to. Regrettably Glasser fails to round off proceedings at such an opportune moment, with the brave but rather clumsy saxophone driven dub/jazz stomp of 'Clamour' taking the record's final bow – an odd move but one somehow in keeping with the character of Ring. For although these 38 minutes more than prove Glasser to be an innovative musical talent, too much half-baked filler dilutes Ring's most potent moments. An ultimately frustrating listen, not because of the quality of Ring per se, but because of the undoubted class of record it could have been if only it were a little more thought through. Still, there's certainly enough potential to justify Glasser's rising reputation as a worthy heir to a certain Icelandic lady's throne.
6Guy Baillie-Grohman's Score


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A green Halloween? Yes, it can be done. As you've probably figured out from walking into any store this October, Halloween has become a bit of a nightmare for the environment. These days anything short of an entire yard transformed into a lit-up plastic graveyard or petro-chemical-based spider hatchery has come to be considered un-festive.
And here's a spooky Halloween fact: Last year alone more than 40 million kids went trick-or-treating. All that adds up to a huge amount of consumerism and waste with ghoulish impacts on our environment and wild lands.
That said, I love Halloween and I sure don't want to be the neighborhood curmudgeon who shuts herself in and turns off the lights on Halloween night. So I think I'll balance my guilt by having myself a green Halloween. I invite you to join me in any way you can.
Here are ten ideas for making your own green Halloween:1. Green Halloween Costumes: Leave the toxic Halloween costumes on the rack: Halloween costumes are supposed to be fun-scary, not scary-scary. Yet, store-bought costumes are often made up of nonrecyclable petro-chemical based plastic and synthetic fibers. Those Halloween costumes can include one of the scariest plastics--polyvinyl chloride (PVC), a soft plastic and known carcinogen that releases harmful toxins in its creation and breakdown. Avoid these toxic Halloween costumes and go for a green Halloween costume made of natural fabrics and materials.
2. Know what's in your Halloween face paint: In their 2009 Pretty Scary report, Campaign for Safe Cosmetics sent ten kid's make-up sets to a lab and found that all ten contained lead, which can lead to neurological damages in children, as well as nickel, cobalt and chromium. Six out of ten contained cobalt and/or chromium at levels far exceeding safety standards. These metals are not listed on product labels. Look for organic, non-toxic face paints that comply with standards set by the Campaign for Safe Cosmetics or try these homemade recipes for your green Halloween face paint:
Try making your own fake blood from natural products.
4. Shop the ultimate green Halloween markets: Last year alone 41.2 million kids went trick-or-treating, according to the U.S. Census Bureau. That's a lot of Halloween costumes, not to mention the packaging they come in. Decrease the waste and have some fun sorting through costume selections at local thrift shops. These places have clearly beefed up their Halloween selections over the years, offering an inspiring selection of used costumes and period pieces these days.
5. Hold a green Halloween costume swap: Arrange a Halloween costume swap at your school, church or community center, or do it in your neighborhood.
6. Select not-so-scary Trick-or-treat bags: Avoid the ubiquitous bright orange plastic jack-o-lanterns that have no chance at ever breaking down in a landfill. Instead use reusable shopping bags, canvas totes or the ole pillowcase trick. A funky thriftshop handbag can add a fun twist to a green Halloween costume as well.
7. Choose green Halloween treats with less packaging: Decrease candy packgaging waste by buying in bulk and selecting Halloween candy that uses the least packaging. Candies that come in individual boxes have a chance at getting recycled, whereas those that come in plastic don't. Other waste-less ideas include pencils made from recycled money, small coins or recyclable items that will find a useful place in a kid's life--as opposed to a home at the bottom of the garbage bin. One of our staff members reports of a neighbor who hands out books every year. Not a bad idea if you live in a neighborhood with light Halloween traffic.
8. Give organic Halloween candy: Yes, it's a bit pricier but certainly less scarier for the environment. Organic means less environmental damage during production and transportion, as well as healthier ingredients:
- Endangered species chocolate gives ten percent of net profits to fund endangered species and conservation products.
- Yummy Earth certified organic sells individually wrapped lollipops that can be purchased at Wholefoods, Toys R Us, Vitamin Cottage, Sprouts and others.
10. Make your own green Halloween decorations. Halloween is the second biggest decorating holiday of the year, and so many of the decorations being peddled are made of non-recyclable plastics. If you do buy new items, at least choose durable non-petroleum based items that will last for many years. Otherwise, make a dent in the waste by creating your own homemade decorations with recycled household items.
A few green Halloween decorating ideas:
- Giant Spider: Use black trash bags for a giant tarantula (stuff with garden leaves--or newspapers but be sure to recycle the newspapers and trash bags when you're done). How to here.
- Ghosts: Stuff old bed sheets with leaves or newspaper, tie with a string to form a head and hang from trees.
- Spiderwebs: Make with shredded black pantyhose or cotton balls, instead of the sythetic messy ones from the store. If you're extra crafty, and want a dramatic look, weave a web of yarn near your entryway. Just select organic cotton or other eco-friendly yarns: Yarn web instructions.
- Eco-friendly Halloween craft ideas
- Halloween craft ideas from recycled items: To make these extra eco-friendly, choose non-toxic paints with low or no VOCs and other kid and earth friendly craft supplies.
- Plastic pumpkin makeovers: If you've already got plastic Halloween trick-or-treat pumpkins from yesteryear, the ones the kids have outgrown, but that are too faded or cracked to donate, don't throw them away. Those pumpkins can be given new life. Just be sure to use non-toxic eco-friendly paint and second-hand props for these ideas Check out these ideas.
[via The Wilderness Society]


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1. When and where are the tournament games played?
Numerous organizations offer tournaments throughout the DC Metro area and so the overwhelming number of tournaments entered are within the Metro area (Fairfax County, Prince George's County, Montgomery County).
Most tournaments are 4-games and games are played on Saturday and Sunday, generally two games played each day. In rare cases some tourneys have Friday night games. Some tournaments can be one-day events, with 3 games held in one day.
Unfortunately, game times and specific locations for each tournament are generally posted only a few days before the start of action. And, it is very common for tourney schedules to change in the days before and even the day of a tournament. This is not something that the Matrix organization or any individual Matrix coach controls - it is simply the nature of AAU tournaments.
Some of our teams may participate in 1-2 out of town tournaments over the course of the season. Check with your coach for details on their schedule/travel plans.
2. How long does the season last?
The spring season tournaments start in March and run through mid-June. If a team qualifies for AAU Nationals and decides to attend, the AAU season will continue until Nationals is complete, generally in July. Older Matrix teams will enter college exposure tournaments throughout July. Younger teams may choose to participate in a local summer league through July. Although the main AAU season concludes in July, some Matrix teams also opt to participate in fall league or fall tournaments, prior to county season.
3. When will the team know its tournament schedule for the spring?
We know that it is important for families to manage their busy schedules when participating on a Matrix AAU team.
As such, each teams should have a preliminary schedule completed by the end of March and much of that schedule may be penciled in at tryouts. To maximize the benefit to the team, final schedules won't be completed until after each team is formed.
However, even once these schedules are distributed, they are subject to change as a variety of factors could arise after the issuance of the original schedule -- e.g., tournament changes, coach's availability, etc. We will do everything we can to minimize changes to our tournament schedules.
4. What teams will be we playing?
We will primarily be playing AAU teams from around the DC Metro area as well as teams from up and down the east coast in the tournaments. Our scheduling objective at tournaments will generally be to get match-ups against teams in which we will have a competitive game. So this means that any given team could be playing younger teams, or older teams, Division 1 or Division 2 teams -- whatever gets us a good match-up.
However, sometimes tourney schedules end up scheduling games vs. teams that are older or younger teams or teams in our own age group that just are not good match-ups. The Matrix works hard to schedule competitive games, but in tournaments, this is not always within our control.
5. Is it a problem that our daughter may have to miss a tournament?
No. That's why most Matrix AAU team rosters carry slightly more players than a traditional 10 player winter roster. All potential conflicts should be communicated to your daughter's coach as soon as possible.
6. What is the Matrix policy toward playing time during the AAU season?
All Matrix AAU teams are highly competitive "select" teams, not recreational teams. As is the case with the overwhelming majority of AAU programs, the Matrix program does not provide for any type of "equal playing time" or "minimum playing time" policies for the players on a Matrix team.
Yet as a program with a strong developmental focus (as compared with program where many players may rarely play), the Matrix is committed to providing significant playing time to all the girls on the team over the course of the season. But this does mean that some girls may play more than other girls, and possibly significantly more in some games based upon the discretion of the coach and the game situation. Playing time can vary greatly from game-to-game depending on player availability, game situations, on the court match-ups and other variables identified by the team's coach.
Every coach may apply this general policy somewhat differently, but as long as the commitment to significant playing time over the course of the season is met, the coach is complying with the Matrix general policy on playing time.
District and National Tournament games. These games are generally intensely competitive and our teams will be playing these games to win -- period. As such, playing time in these games could be especially tight.
Last updated: January 1, 2018.
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