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History Made at Wimbledon
It was an historic day at Wimbledon Monday when the $225 million retractable roof was used for the first time, when it was closed for the conclusion of the women's round of 16 match between No. 1 seed Dinara Safina and 2006 Wimbledon champion Amelie Mauresmo. The roof stayed closed for Andy Murray's "roof-raising" five-set, fourth-round win over Stan Wawrinka. Because the closed roof also features lights, Murray's win also created history at SW19 as the first "night" match at The Championships and as the latest finishing match in the history of the tournament with an official 10:39 pm finish.
As for additional Wimbledon history on June 29, the following are events that will go along with Safina and Murray's matches, as excerpted from the book ON THIS DAY IN TENNIS HISTORY ($19.95, New Chapter Press, www.tennishistorybook.com). Excerpts from June 30 are also featured below.
June 29
1984 – Jimmy Connors wins his 65th men's singles match at Wimbledon, breaking the men's record set by Arthur W. Gore, defeating Marty Davis 6-4, 6-7 (4), 6-3, 6-4 in the third round. Says Connors, "It's an honor to have won more matches at Wimbledon than any other male, but I play to win tournaments, not matches. Maybe if I'd won three more matches, I'd have won this tournament a lot more. For me, tennis is geared around two tournaments, the U.S. Open and Wimbledon. When I leave here, I go out preparing to win the next year."
1991 – Twenty-nine-year-old Nick Brown of Great Britain scores a big upset at Wimbledon, beating 10th-seeded Goran Ivanisevic 4-6, 6-3, 7-6, 6-3 in the second round. Brown, ranked No. 591 and the lowest-ranked player in the men's championship, posts the biggest upset, based on comparative rankings, since the ATP began compiling world rankings in 1973.
1994 – Martina Navratilova sets a Wimbledon record, playing her 266th career match as she passes Billie Jean King's record of 265 when she and Manon Bollegraf beat Ingelisa Driehuis and Maja Muric 6-4, 6-2 in the quarterfinals of women's doubles.
1988 – In a match featuring the Wimbledon men's singles champions from the previous three years, 1985 and 1986 Wimbledon champion Boris Becker defeats defending champion Pat Cash 6-4, 6-3, 6-4 in the men's quarterfinals. "I watched on television and it hurt when Cash won," Becker says of watching Cash win the 1987 title. "My life changed after that Wimbledon. I realized I am a human being who plays tennis and that I'm beatable, and in the back of my mind, I thought that he was the one to beat to get the title back. But it is not over. This match has given me confidence but not the trophy yet." Mats Wilander's bid for a Grand Slam is ended as the Australian and French and Australian Open champion is defeated by Miloslav Mecir 6-3, 6-1, 6-3 in the quarterfinals. "After the match, I was very disappointed," Wilander says. "I have been thinking of the Grand Slam a little bit. But I am going to get over that in a few days. I don't think you can expect yourself to win the Slam." Ros Fairbank nearly ends Martina Navratilova's six-year grapple-hold on the Wimbledon women's singles championship as she lets 4-2 leads in the second and third set slip away in a 4-6, 6-4, 7-5 loss in the quarterfinals. Says Navratilova, "Several times today. I thought I was going to lose the match. I thought, 'What a way to go. On Court 14, to Ros Fairbank, in the quarterfinals." Says Fairbank, "I thought about ending Martina's streak all the time. Maybe that was my problem."
1977 – Thirty-one-year-old Virginia Wade stuns No. 1 seed Chris Evert 6-2, 4-6, 6-1 to become the first British woman to reach the Wimbledon women's singles final since Ann Jones won the title in 1969. An all-British Wimbledon final, however, is dashed by Holland's Betty Stove, 32, who defeats Britain's Sue Barker 6-4, 2-6, 6-4 in the other women's semifinal. Says Evert, "Virginia played more patiently than I did. I could see in her eyes how much she wanted to win. I just couldn't reach deep down inside myself for what I need to win. I didn't have it."
1946 – Frank Parker wins the first 16 games of the match and defeats Rolando Vega 6-0, 6-0, 6-2 to help the United States to a 2-0 lead over Mexico in the Davis Cup second round in Orange, N.J. Parker, a two-time U.S. singles winner, had registered one of the three "triple bagels" in U.S. Davis Cup history in the previous round, defeating Felicisimo Ampon of the Phillippines 6-0, 6-0, 6-0 on June 14.
June 30
1977 – Bjorn Borg and Vitas Gerulaitis stage one of the great Wimbledon semifinals in the history of the event, with Borg edging out his good friend and practice partner by a 6-4, 3-6, 6-3, 3-6, 8-6 margin. Playing as the first qualifier and youngest man in a Wimbledon semifinal, 18-year-old John McEnroe is defeated by No. 1 seed Jimmy Connors 6-3, 6-3, 4-6, 6-4 in McEnroe's first major singles semifinal. Says Gerulaitis of the loss, "Maybe a couple of years ago I would have been happy just to play a match like that. But today I really wanted to win and get into the final. I didn't let anything upset me. I had one intention and that was to win the match."
1991 – For the first time in the 114-year history of Wimbledon, play is contested on the middle Sunday of The Championships, due to excessive rain the plagues the first week of the tournament. The tournament opens all of its seats to fans on a first come, first serve basis that creates a "People's Sunday" as avid tennis fans, who normally do not have access to the prestigious and elite tickets, are allowed to enjoy the tennis – and do so in a carnival type atmosphere of singing, chanting, cheering and standing ovations. Derrick Rostagno and Jimmy Connors play their third round on Centre Court in front of a raucously appreciative crowd, as Rostagno follows up his second-round win over Pete Sampras by beating Connors 7-6, 6-1, 6-4, in Connors' 101st match at Wimbledon. The most exciting match of the day comes when No. 3 seed Ivan Lendl comes from two-sets down to defeat Mal Washington 4-6, 2-6, 6-4, 6-4, 7-5 in the second round.
1979 – No. 2 seed John McEnroe falls victim to Wimbledon's infamous Graveyard Court No. 2 and No. 16 seed Tim Gullikson as the 20-year-old is defeated by Gullikson 6-4, 6-2, 6-4 in the round of 16. Says Gullikson of McEnroe, "He's not playing nearly as well as he was. He's not serving as well, and the whole match — just looking across the net at him all the time — he really seemed like he was unsettled. It just seemed like there were a lot of things on his mind. Maybe it's the tremendous pressure that's been put on him. He's been kind of labeled as a bad boy, which he really isn't. He's only 20 years old, and really everybody thought he was going to win Wimbledon this year. That's a lot of pressure on anybody, and you can't play well all the time. There are a lot of good players out there."
1987 – In one of the greatest comebacks in the history of the sports, Jimmy Connors trails Mikael Pernfors 6-1, 6-1, 4-1, but incredibly rallies to a 1-6, 1-6, 7-5, 6-4, 6-2 round of 16 victory in 3 hours, 39 minutes.Writes Peter Alfano of the New York Times. "Connors added another page in a career that has required several volumes. The complete works of Jimmy Connors will now include what Wimbledon sages are saying was one of the more memorable matches in history, a comeback the equal of any staged here during Wimbledon's 101 years." Says Connors, "I don't think I'm surprised I won. I think I can still play. I didn't have time to be embarrassed today. I was too busy trying to do something to win. If I didn't want to win, I'd just lose, 6-1, 6-1, 6-1, and get off there."
1988 – Controversy strikes the 78th meeting between Chris Evert and Martina Navratilova as Evert's cross-court forehand clips the top of the net and apparently lands on the line, only to be called out by the linesman, giving the 6-1, 4-6, 7-5 victory to Navratilova, advancing her into the Wimbledon final. After fighting off a match point in the 10th game of the final set, Evert faces triple-match point serving at 5-6 in the final set. Evert is able to fight off the first two match points, before her controversial missed forehand on the third match point. Says Evert, "But I was sure it was good and I was so happy that I just turned and walked back to the baseline. Then, I turned again and saw Martina with her hand out. I put two and two together and figured the ball was called out…Maybe it was a mixture of me hoping and seeing what I wanted to see. The umpire will rarely overrule on that kind of call. It was bad luck for me considering the match was so close." Says Navratilova, "I cannot say that it was good or that it was out and there was nothing that I could do about it. It's a shame it had to be like that because now, there will always be doubts in people's minds. But we've never had a stranger ending in one of our matches than that."
1983 – Thirty-nine-year-old Billie Jean King suffers her worst defeat in 110 Wimbledon singles matches as she is defeated 6-1, 6-1 in 56 minutes by 18-year-old Andrea Jaeger in the women's singles semifinals. "She just cleaned my clock," says King. In the other women's semifinal, Martina Navratilova needs only 36 minutes to defeat Yvonne Vermaak of South Africa by the same 6-1, 6-1 score.
1982 –Thirty-eight-year-old Billie Jean King defeats Tracy Austin 3-6, 6-4, 6-2 for the first time in her career to advance to the semifinals of Wimbledon for a 13th time in her career. King's achievement makes her the oldest Wimbledon women's semifinalist since Dorthea Lambert Chambers reaches the last four in 1920 at 42.
1984 – Boris Becker's first Wimbledon ends in injury as the 16-year-old upstart retires with torn ligaments in his left ankle in the fourth set of his match with Bill Scanlon. Becker returns to Wimbledon the next year and becomes the youngest men's singles champion in the event's history.
1987 – Thirty-five-year-old Jimmy Connors reaches the Wimbledon semifinal for an 11th time in his career with a 7-6, 7-5, 6-3 quarterfinal win over Slobodan Zivojinovic of Yugoslavia.
2003 – Mark Philippoussis fires 46 aces to defeat Andre Agassi 6-3, 2-6, 6-7 (4), 6-3, 6-4 in the round of 16 of Wimbledon.
On This Day In Tennis History Is Latest Book Release From New Chapter Press
WASHINGTON, D.C. – New Chapter Press has announced the publication of its latest book – On This Day In Tennis History -a calendar-like compilation of historical and unique anniversaries, events and happenings from the world of tennis through the years – written by Randy Walker, the sports marketing and media specialist, tennis historian and former U.S. Tennis Association press officer.
On This Day In Tennis History ($19.95, 528 pages), is a fun and fact-filled, this compilation offers anniversaries, summaries, and anecdotes of events from the world of tennis for every day in the calendar year. Presented in a day-by-day format, the entries into this mini-encyclopedia include major tournament victory dates, summaries of the greatest matches ever played, trivia, and statistics as well as little-known and quirky happenings. Easy-to-use and packed with fascinating details, the book is the perfect companion for tennis and general sports fans alike and is an excellent gift idea for the holiday season. The book features fascinating and unique stories of players such as John McEnroe, Don Budge, Bill Tilden, Chris Evert, Billie Jean King, Jimmy Connors, Martina Navratilova, Venus Williams, Serena Williams, Anna Kournikova among many others. On This Day In Tennis History is available for purchase via on-line book retailers and in bookstores in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand. More information on the book can be found at www.tennishistorybook.com
Said Hall of Famer Jim Courier of the book, "On This Day In Tennis History is a fun read that chronicles some of the most important-and unusual-moments in the annals of tennis. Randy Walker is an excellent narrator of tennis history and has done an incredible job of researching and compiling this entertaining volume." Said tennis historian Joel Drucker, author of Jimmy Connors Saved My Life, "An addictive feast that you can enjoy every possible way-dipping in for various morsels, devouring it day-by-day, or selectively finding essential ingredients. As a tennis writer, I will always keep this book at the head of my table." Said Bill Mountford, former Director of Tennis of the USTA National Tennis Center, "On This Day In Tennis History is an easy and unique way to absorb the greatest-and most quirky-moments in tennis history. It's best read a page a day!"
Walker is a writer, tennis historian and freelance publicist and sports marketer. A 12-year veteran of the U.S. Tennis Association's Marketing and Communications Division, he served as the press officer for the U.S. Davis Cup team from 1997 to 2005 and for the U.S. Olympic tennis teams in 1996, 2000 and 2004. He also served as the long-time editor of the U.S. Open Record Book during his tenure at the USTA from 1993 to 2005.
More information on the book can be found at www.tennistomes.com as well as on facebook at http://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=1627089030&ref=name and on myspace at http://profile.myspace.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=user.viewprofile&friendid=428100548
People mentioned in the book include, Roger Federer, Rafael Nadal, Novak Djokovic, Andy Roddick, Lleyton Hewitt, Goran Ivanisevic, Andre Agassi, Venus Williams, Serena Williams, Lindsay Davenport, Monica Seles, Jelena Jankovic, Ana Ivanovic, Maria Sharapova, Justine Henin, Kim Clijsters, Amelie Mauresmo, Anna Kounikova, Jennifer Capriati, Yevgeny Kafelnikov, Martina Hingis, Gustavo Kuerten, Svetlana Kuznetsova, James Blake, Wilmer Allison, Mal Anderson, Arthur Ashe, Juliette Atkinson, Henry "Bunny" Austin, Tracy Austin, Boris Becker, Kark Behr, Pauline Betz, Bjorn Borg, Jean Borotra, John Bromwich, Norman Brookes, Louise Brough, Jacques Brugnon, Butch Buchholz, Don Budge, Maria Bueno, Rosie Casals, Michael Chang, Philippe Chatrier, Dodo Cheney, Henri Cochet, Maureen Connolly, Jimmy Connors, Jim Courier, Ashley Cooper, Margaret Court, Jack Crawford, Allison Danzig, Dwight Davis, Lottie Dod, John Doeg, Laurence Doherty, Reggie Doherty, Dorothea Douglass Lambert Chambers, Jaroslav Drobny, Margaret duPont, Francoise Durr, James Dwight, Stefan Edberg, Roy Emerson, Chis Evert, Bob Falkenburg, Neale Fraser, Shirley Fry, Althea Gibson, Pancho Gonzalez, Evonne Goolagong, Arthur Gore, Steffi Graf, Bitsy Grant, Darlene Hard, Doris Hart, Anne Jones, Gladys Heldman, Slew Hester, Bob Hewitt, Lew Hoad, Harry Hopman, Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman, Joe Hunt, Frank Hunter, Helen Jacobs, Bill Johnston, Perry Jones, Bob Kelleher, Billie Jean King, Jan Kodes, Karel Kozeluh, Jack Kramer, Rene Lacoste, Bill Larned, Art Larsen, Rod Laver, Ivan Lendl, Suzanne Lenglen, George Lott, Gene Mako, Molla Mallory, Hana Mandlikova, Alice Marble, Dan Maskell, Simone Mathieu, Mark McCormack, John McEnroe, Ken McGregor, Kitty Godfree, Chuck McKinley, Maurice McLoughlin, Frew McMillian, Don McNeill, Elisabeth Moore, Angela Mortimer, Gardnar Mulloy, Ilie Nastase, Martina Navratilova, John Newcombe, Yannick Noah, Jana Novotna, Betty Nuthall, Alex Olmedo, Rafael Osuna, Frank Parker, Gerald Patterson, Budge Patty, Fred Perry, Nicola Pietrangeli, Adrian Quist, Patrick Rafter, Dennis Ralson, Vinnie Richards, Nancy Richey, Cliff Richey, Bobby Riggs, Tony Roche, Mervyn Rose, Ken Rosewall, Elizbeth Ryan, Gabriela Sabatini, Pete Sampras, Arantxa Sanchez Vicario, Manuel Santana, Dick Savitt, Ted Schroeder, Gene Scott, Richard Sears, Frank Sedgman, Pancho Segura, Vic Seixas, Frank Shields, Pam Shriver, Stan Smith, Fred Stolle, Bill Talbert, Bill Tilden, Tony Trabert, Lesley Turner, Jimmy Van Alen, John Van Ryn, Guillermo Vilas, Ellsworth Vines, Brian Gottfried, Virginia Wade, Holcombe Ward, Watson Washburn, Mal Whitman, Mats Wilander, Tony Wilding, Helen Wills Moody, Sidney Wood, Robert Wrenn, Bob Bryan, Mike Bryan, Todd Woodbridge, Marat Safin, Leslie Allen, Sue Barker, Jonas Bjorkman, Mahesh Bhupathi, Donald Dell, Albert Costa, Mark Cox, Owen Davidson, Pat Cash, Mary Carillo, John Isner, Roscoe Tanner, Vijay Amritraj, Mark Woodforde, Tim Henman, Richard Krajicek, Conchita Martinez, Mary Joe Fernandez, Cliff Drysdale, Mark Edmondson, Juan Carlos Ferrero, Zina Garrson, Roland Garros, Wojtek Fibak, Tom Gullikson, Andres Gimeno, Vitas Gerulaitis, Fernando Gonzalez, Tim Henman, Goran Ivanisevic, Andrea Jaeger, Ivo Karlovic, Richard Krajicek, Petr Korda, Luke Jensen, Murphy Jensen, Rick Leach, Iva Majoil, Barry MacKay, Ivan Ljubicic, Cecil Mamiit, David Caldwell, Alex Metreveli, Nicolas Massu, Todd Martin, Gene Mayer, Thomas Muster, Tom Okker, Charlie Pasarell, Mary Pierce, Whitney Reed, Leander Paes, Renee Richards, Helen Sukova, Michael Stich, Betty Stove, Ion Tiriac, Brian Teacher, Wendy Turnbull, Richards, Fabrice Santoro, Ai Sugiyama, Patrick McEnroe, Camille Pin, Phil Dent, Jelena Dokic, Mark Edmondson, Gael Monfils, Xavier Malisse, Dinara Safina, Barry Lorge, Stefano Pescosolido, Fabrice Santoro, Roscoe Tanner, Philipp Kohlschreiber, Roger Smith, Erik van Dillen, Gene Mayer, Tamara Pasek, Stefan Koubek, Jie Zheng, Gisela Dulko, Kristian Pless, Chuck McKinley, Marty Riessen, Brad Gilbert, Tim Mayotte, Andrea Petkovic, Klara Koukalova, Bobby Reynolds, Dominik Hrbaty, Andreas Seppi, Christopher Clarey, Casey Dellacqua, Anders Jarryd, Janko Tipsarevic, Nadia Petrova, Christian Bergstrom, Ramesh Krishnan, Emily Sanchez, Marcos Baghdatis, Mark Philippousssis, Wally Masur, Paul McNamee, Daniela Hantuchova, Gerry Armstrong, Younes El Aynaoui, Thomas Johansson, Pat Cash, Lisa Raymond, Jo-Wilfried Tsonga, Chanda Rubin, Tony Roche, Alex O'Brien, Petr Korda, Karol Kucera, Amelie Mauresmo, Juan Gisbert, Pablo Cuevas, Jim Pugh, Rick Leach, Julien Boutter, Larry Stefanki, Chris Woodruff, Jill Craybas, Sania Mirza, Mike Leach, Maggie Maleeva, Guillermo Canas, Guillermo Coria, Donald Young, Dick Stockton, Johan Kriek, Milan Srejber, Zina Garrison, Slyvia Hanika, Karin Knapp, Laura Granville, Kei Nishikori, Scott Davis, Paul Goldstein, Alberto Martin, Nicolas Kiefer, Joachim Johansson, Jonathan Stark, Jakob Hlasek, Jeff Tarango, Amanda Coetzer, Andres Gomez, Richey Reneberg, Francisco Clavet, Radek Stepanek, Miloslav Mecir, Jose-Luis Clerc, Colin Dibley, Mikael Pernfors, Martin Mulligan, Robbie Weiss, Hugo Chapacu, Victor Pecci, Charlie Bricker, Greg Rusedski, Robin Finn, Kimiko Date, David Nalbandian, Goran Ivanisevic, Mikhail Youzhny, Nicole Pratt, Bryanne Stewart, Novak Djokovic, Rennae Stubbs, Corina Morariu, Marc Rosset, Kenneth Carlsen, Kimiko Date, Ryan Harrison, Richard Gasquet, Jimmy Arias, Jim Leohr, Felix Mantilla, Cedric Pioline, Annabel Croft, Brooke Shields, Jaime Yzaga, Slobodan Zivojinovic, Alberto Mancini, Peter McNamara, Andrei Chesnokov, Fabrice Santoro, Bud Collins, Mardy Fish, Sebastien Grosjean, Donald Dell, Petr Kuczak, Magnus Norman, Hicham Arazi, Nduka Odizor, Lori McNeil, Horst Skoff, Karolina Sprem, Ros Fairbank, Linda Siegel, Chris Lewis, Kevin Curren, Thierry Tulasne, Guy Forget, Fred Tupper, Jaime Fillol, Belus Prajoux, Ricardo Cano, Georges Goven, Ray Moore, Charlie Pasarell, Paul Annacone, Tomas Smid, Dmitry Tursunov, Elena Dementieva, Arnaud DiPasquale, Carl Uwe Steeb, Bill Scanlon, Jose Higueras, Jay Berger, Jana Novotna, Bill Dwyre, Lisa Dillman, Sean Sorensen, Paul McNamee, Jiri Novak, Benjamin Becker, Ion Tiriac, Neil Amdur, Tim Gullikson, Jan-Michael Gambill, Taylor Dent, Bryan Shelton, Vijay Amritraj, Martin Verkerk, Brian Gottfried, Carlos Moya, Jacco Eltingh, Adriano Panatta, John Feinstein, Aaron Krickstein, Wilhelm Bungert, Derrick Rostagno, Torben Ulrich, Daniel Nestor, Ray Ruffels, Cliff Drysdale, James Reilly, Andy Murray, Leander Paes, Alicia Molik, Barry MacKay among others.
New Chapter Press is also the publisher of The Bud Colins History of Tennis by Bud Collins, The Roger Federer Story, Quest for Perfection by Rene Stauffer and Boycott: Stolen Dreams of the 1980 Moscow Olympic Games by Tom Caraccioli and Jerry Caraccioli and the soon to be released title The Lennon Prophecy by Joe Niezgoda. Founded in 1987, New Chapter Press is an independent publisher of books and part of the Independent Publishers Group. More information can be found at www.newchapterpressmedia.com


text:
Published: 17th April 2012
Number Of Pages: 312
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The definitive guide to mass spectrometry techniques in biology and biophysics
The use of mass spectrometry (MS) to study the architecture and dynamics of proteins is increasingly common within the biophysical community, and Mass Spectrometry in Structural Biology and Biophysics: Architecture, Dynamics, and Interaction of Biomolecules, Second Edition provides readers with detailed, systematic coverage of the current state of the art.
Offering an unrivalled overview of modern MS-based armamentarium that can be used to solve the most challenging problems in biophysics, structural biology, and biopharmaceuticals, the book is a practical guide to understanding the role of MS techniques in biophysical research. Designed to meet the needs of both academic and industrial researchers, it makes mass spectrometry accessible to professionals in a range of fields, including biopharmaceuticals.
This new edition has been significantly expanded and updated to include the most recent experimental methodologies and techniques, MS applications in biophysics and structural biology, methods for studying higher order structure and dynamics of proteins, an examination of other biopolymers and synthetic polymers, such as nucleic acids and oligosaccharides, and much more.
Featuring high-quality illustrations that illuminate the concepts described in the text, as well as extensive references that enable the reader to pursue further study, Mass Spectrometry in Structural Biology and Biophysics is an indispensable resource for researchers and graduate students working in biophysics, structural biology, protein chemistry, and related fields.
Preface to the First Edition xiii
1 General Overview of Basic Concepts in Molecular Biophysics 1
1.1 Covalent Structure of Biopolymers, 1
1.2 Noncovalent Interactions and Higher Order Structure, 3
1.2.1 Electrostatic Interaction, 3
1.2.2 Hydrogen Bonding, 6
1.2.3 Steric Clashes and Allowed Conformations of the Peptide Backbone: Secondary Structure, 6
1.2.4 Solvent--Solute Interactions, Hydrophobic Effect, Side-Chain Packing, and Tertiary Structure, 7
1.2.5 Intermolecular Interactions and Association: Quaternary Structure, 9
1.3 The Protein Folding Problem, 9
1.3.1 What Is Protein Folding?, 9
1.3.2 Why Is Protein Folding So Important?, 10
1.3.3 What Is the Natively Folded Protein and How Do We Define a Protein Conformation?, 11
1.3.4 What Are Non-Native Protein Conformations?: Random Coils, Molten Globules, and Folding Intermediates, 12
1.3.5 Protein Folding Pathways, 13
1.4 Protein Energy Landscapes and the Folding Problem, 14
1.4.1 Protein Conformational Ensembles and Energy Landscapes: Enthalpic and Entropic Considerations, 14
1.4.2 Equilibrium and Kinetic Intermediates on the Energy Landscape, 16
1.5 Protein Dynamics and Function, 17
1.5.1 Limitations of the Structure--Function Paradigm, 17
1.5.2 Protein Dynamics under Native Conditions, 17
1.5.3 Is Well-Defined Structure Required for Functional Competence?, 18
1.5.4 Biomolecular Dynamics and Binding from The Energy Landscape Perspective, 19
1.5.5 Energy Landscapes Within a Broader Context of Nonlinear Dynamics: Information Flow and Fitness Landscapes, 21
1.6 Protein Higher Order Structure and Dynamics from A Biotechnology Perspective, 22
References, 22
2 Overview of Traditional Experimental Arsenal to Study Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics 26
2.1 X-Ray Crystallography, 26
2.1.1 Fundamentals, 26
2.1.2 Crystal Structures at Atomic and Ultrahigh Resolution, 27
2.1.3 Crystal Structures of Membrane Proteins, 27
2.1.4 Protein Dynamics and X-Ray Diffraction, 28
2.2 Solution Scattering Techniques, 28
2.2.1 Static and Dynamic Light Scattering, 28
2.2.2 Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering, 29
2.2.3 Cryo-Electron Microscopy, 29
2.2.4 Neutron Scattering, 30
2.3 NMR Spectroscopy, 30
2.3.1 Heteronuclear NMR, 32
2.3.2 Hydrogen Exchange by NMR, 33
2.4 Other Spectroscopic Techniques, 34
2.4.1 Cumulative Measurements of Higher Order Structure: Circular Dichroism, 34
2.4.2 Vibrational Spectroscopy, 37
2.4.3 Fluorescence: Monitoring Specific Dynamic Events, 39
2.5 Other Biophysical Methods to Study Macromolecular Interactions and Dynamics, 41
2.5.1 Calorimetric Methods, 41
2.5.2 Analytical Ultracentrifugation, 43
2.5.3 Surface Plasmon Resonance, 45
2.5.4 Size Exclusion Chromatography (Gel Filtration), 46
2.5.5 Electrophoresis, 47
2.5.6 Affinity Chromatography, 48
References, 48
3 Overview of Biological Mass Spectrometry 52
3.1 Basic Principles of Mass Spectrometry, 52
3.1.1 Stable Isotopes and Isotopic Distributions, 53
3.1.2 Macromolecular Mass: Terms and Definitions, 57
3.2 Methods of Producing Biomolecular Ions, 57
3.2.1 Macromolecular Ion Desorption Techniques: General Considerations, 57
3.2.2 Electrospray Ionization, 58
3.2.3 Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization (MALDI), 60
3.3 Mass Analysis, 63
3.3.1 General Considerations: m/z Range and Mass Discrimination, Mass Resolution, Duty Cycle, and Data Acquisition Rate, 63
3.3.2 Mass Spectrometry Combined with Separation Methods, 64
3.4 Tandem Mass Spectrometry, 65
3.4.1 Basic Principles of Tandem Mass Spectrometry, 65
3.4.2 Collision-Induced Dissociation: Collision Energy, Ion Activation Rate, and Dissociation of Large Biomolecular Ions, 66
3.4.3 Surface- and Photoradiation-Induced Dissociation, 68
3.4.4 Electron-Based Ion Fragmentation Techniques: Electron Capture Dissociation and Electron Transfer Dissociation, 71
3.4.5 Ion-Molecule Reactions in the Gas Phase: Internal Rearrangement and Charge Transfer, 71
3.5 Brief Overview of Common Mass Analyzers, 72
3.5.1 Mass Analyzer As an Ion Dispersion Device: Magnetic Sector Mass Spectrometry, 72
3.5.2 Temporal Ion Dispersion: Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer, 73
3.5.3 Mass Analyzer As an Ion Filter, 75
3.5.4 Mass Analyzer As an Ion-Storing Device: The Quadrupole (Paul) Ion Trap and Linear Ion Trap, 76
3.5.5 Mass Analyzer As an Ion Storing Device: FT ICR MS, 78
3.5.6 Mass Analyzer as An Ion Storing Device: Orbitrap MS, 80
3.5.7 Ion Mobility Analyzers, 81
3.5.8 Hybrid Mass Spectrometers, 82
References, 82
4 Mass Spectrometry Based Approaches to Study Biomolecular Higher Order Structure 89
4.1 Direct Methods of Structure Characterization: Native Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry, 89
4.1.1 Preservation of Noncovalent Complexes in the Gas Phase: Stoichiometry of Biomolecular Assemblies, 89
4.1.2 Utilization of Ion Chemistry in the Gas Phase to Aid Interpretation of ESI MS Data, 91
4.1.3 Dissociation of Noncovalent Complexes in the Gas Phase: Can It Lead to Wrong Conclusions?, 93
4.1.4 Evaluation of Macromolecular Shape in Solution: The Extent of Multiple Charging in ESI MS, 94
4.1.5 Macromolecular Shape in the Gas Phase: Ion Mobility--Mass Spectrometry, 97
4.1.6 How Relevant Are Native ESI MS Measurements? Restrictions on Solvent Composition in ESI, 98
4.1.7 Noncovalent Complexes by MALDI MS, 98
4.2 Chemical Cross-Linking for Characterization of Biomolecular Topography, 99
4.2.1 Mono- and Bifunctional Cross-Linking Reagents, 99
4.2.2 Chemical Cross-Linkers with Fixed Arm-Length: Molecular Rulers or Tape Measures?, 100
4.2.3 Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Chemical Cross-Linking Reaction Products, 102
4.2.4 Intrinsic Cross-Linkers: Methods to Determine Disulfide Connectivity Patterns in Proteins, 108
4.2.5 Other Intrinsic Cross-Linkers: Oxidative Cross-Linking of Tyrosine Side Chains, 109
4.3 Mapping Solvent-Accessible Areas with Chemical Labeling and Footprinting Methods, 110
4.3.1 Selective Chemical Labeling, 110
4.3.2 Nonspecific Chemical Labeling, 115
4.4 Hydrogen Exchange, 116
4.4.1 Hydrogen Exchange in Peptides and Proteins: General Considerations, 116
4.4.2 Probing Exchange Patterns with HDX MS at the Local Level, 116
References, 119
5 Mass Spectrometry Based Approaches to Study Biomolecular Dynamics: Equilibrium Intermediates 127
5.1 Direct Methods of Monitoring Equilibrium Intermediates: Protein Ion Charge-State Distributions in ESI MS, 127
5.1.1 Protein Conformation as a Determinant of the Extent of Multiple Charging in ESI MS, 127
5.1.2 Detection and Characterization of Large-Scale Conformational Transitions by Monitoring Protein Ion Charge-State Distributions in ESI MS, 128
5.1.3 Detection of Small-Scale Conformational Transitions by Monitoring Protein Ion Charge-State Distributions, 130
5.1.4 Pitfalls and Limitations of Protein Ion Charge-State Distribution Analysis, 133
5.2 Chemical Labeling and Trapping Equilibrium States in Unfolding Experiments, 135
5.2.1 Characterization of the Solvent-Exposed Surfaces with Chemical Labeling, 135
5.2.2 Exploiting Intrinsic Protein Reactivity: Disulfide Scrambling and Protein Misfolding, 136
5.3 Structure and Dynamics of Intermediate Equilibrium States by Hydrogen Exchange, 137
5.3.1 Protein Dynamics and Hydrogen Exchange, 137
5.3.2 Global Exchange Kinetics in the Presence of Non-Native States: EX1, EX2, and EXX Exchange Regimes in a Simplified Two-State Model System, 138
5.3.3 A More Realistic Two-State Model System: Effect of Local Fluctuations on the Global Exchange Pattern Under EX2 Conditions, 141
5.3.4 Effects of Local Fluctuations on the Global Exchange Pattern Under EX1 and Mixed (EXX) Conditions, 143
5.3.5 Exchange in Multistate Protein Systems: Superposition of EX1 and EX2 Processes and Mixed-Exchange Kinetics, 144
5.4 Measurements of Local Patterns of Hydrogen Exchange in the Presence of Non-Native States, 146
5.4.1 Bottom-Up Approaches to Probing the Local Structure of Intermediate States, 146
5.4.2 Top-Down Approaches to Probing the Local Structure of Intermediate States, 150
5.4.3 Further Modifications and Improvements of HDX MS in Conformationally Heterogeneous Systems, 153
References, 153
6 Kinetic Studies By Mass Spectrometry 160
6.1 Kinetics of Protein Folding, 160
6.1.1 Stopped-Flow Measurement of Kinetics, 160
6.1.2 Kinetic Measurements with Hydrogen Exchange, 162
6.2 Kinetics by Mass Spectrometry, 163
6.2.1 Pulse Labeling Mass Spectrometry, 163
6.2.2 Continuous-Flow Mass Spectrometry, 168
6.2.3 Stopped-Flow Mass Spectrometry, 169
6.2.4 Kinetics of Disulfide Formation During Folding, 171
6.2.5 Irreversible Covalent Labeling As a Probe of Protein Kinetics, 172
6.3 Kinetics of Protein Assembly, 174
6.4 Kinetics of Enzyme Catalysis, 178
References, 181
7 Protein Interactions: A Closer Look at the Structure--Dynamics--Function Triad 186
7.1 Direct Methods of Monitoring Protein Interactions with Their Physiological Partners in Solution by ESI MS: From Small Ligands to Other Biopolymers, 186
7.2 Assessment of Binding Affinity with Direct ESI MS Approaches, 189
7.3 Indirect Characterization of Non-covalent Interactions Under Physiological and Near-Physiological Conditions, 190
7.3.1 Assessment of Ligand Binding by Monitoring Dynamics of ?Native? Proteins with Hydrogen--Deuterium Exchange (HDX MS), 190
7.3.2 PLIMSTEX and Related Techniques: Binding Assessment by Monitoring Conformational Changes with HDX MS in Titration Experiments, 192
7.3.3 Binding Revealed by Changes in Ligand Mobility, 194
7.4 Indirect Characterization of Noncovalent Interactions Under Partially Denaturing Conditions, 194
7.4.1 Ligand-Induced Protein Stabilization Under Mildly Denaturing Conditions: Effect of Ligand Binding on Charge-State Distributions of Protein Ions, 195
7.4.2 SUPREX: Utilizing HDX Under Denaturing Conditions to Discern Protein--Ligand Binding Parameters, 196
7.5 Understanding Protein Action: Mechanistic Insights from the Analysis of Structure and Dynamics under Native Conditions, 198
7.5.1 Dynamics at the Catalytic Site and Beyond: Understanding Enzyme Mechanism, 198
7.5.2 Allosteric Effects Probed by HDX MS, 201
7.6 Going Full Circle with MS: Native ESI MS Reveals Structural Changes Predicted by HDX MS Measurements, 201
7.7 Understanding Protein Action: Mechanistic Insights from the Analysis of Structure and Dynamics under Non-Native (Partially Denaturing) Conditions, 203
References, 206
8 Other Biopolymers and Synthetic Polymers of Biological Interest 212
8.1 Nucleic Acids, 212
8.1.1 Characterization of the Covalent Structure of Nucleic Acids, 212
8.1.2 DNA Higher Order Structure and Interactions with Physiological Partners and Therapeutics, 215
8.1.3 Higher Order Structure and Dynamics of RNA, 219
8.2 Oligosaccharides, 223
8.2.1 Covalent Structure of Oligosaccharides, 225
8.2.2 Higher Order Structure of Oligosaccharides and Interactions with their Physiological Partners, 226
8.3 Synthetic Polymers and their Conjugates with Biomolecules, 226
8.3.1 Covalent Structure of Polymers and Polymer--Protein Conjugates, 229
8.3.2 Higher Order Structure of Polymers and Polymer--Protein Conjugates, 232
References, 233
9 Mass Spectrometry on the Frontiers of Molecular Biophysics and Structural Biology: Perspectives and Challenges 239
9.1 Mass Spectrometry and the Unique Challenges of Membrane Proteins, 239
9.1.1 Analysis of Membrane Proteins in Organic Solvents, 240
9.1.2 Analysis of Membrane Proteins Using Detergents, 241
9.1.3 Analysis of Membrane Proteins Utilizing Other Membrane Mimics, 244
9.1.4 Analysis of Membrane Proteins in Their Native Environment, 249
9.2 The Protein Aggregation Problem, 249
9.2.1 The Importance and Challenges of Protein Aggregation, 249
9.2.2 Direct Monitoring of Protein Aggregation and Amyloidosis with Mass Spectrometry, 250
9.2.3 Structure of Protein Aggregates, Amyloids, and Pre-Amyloid States, 253
9.3 The Many Faces of Complexity: Mass Spectrometry and the Problem of Structural Heterogeneity, 258
9.4 How Large Is ?Too Large?? Mass Spectrometry in Characterization of Ordered Macromolecular Assemblies, 263
9.4.1 Proteasomes, 264
9.4.2 Ribosomes, 264
9.4.3 Molecular Chaperones, 267
9.5 Complexity of Macromolecular Interactions In Vivo and Emerging Mass Spectrometry Based Methods to Probe Structure and Dynamics of Biomolecules in Their Native Environment, 269
9.5.1 Macromolecular Crowding Effect, 269
9.5.2 Macromolecular Properties In Vitro and In Vivo, 270
9.5.3 ?Live? Macromolecules: Equilibrium Systems or Dissipative Structures?, 271
References, 272
Appendix: Physics of Electrospray 279
Index 285
Series: Wiley Series on Mass Spectrometry
Audience: Professional
Format: Hardcover
Language: English
Number Of Pages: 312
Published: 17th April 2012
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons Inc
Country of Publication: US
Dimensions (cm): 28.7 x 22.12 x 2.11
Weight (kg): 0.94
Edition Number: 1
Edition Type: Revised
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Yes, I know I shot this in portrait.
Pranks, Power and Pop Culture
Yes, I know I shot this in portrait.
This post contains "SPOILERS."
I've just seen World War Z, and have some initial thoughts on the film's politics. This is far from a comprehensive analysis, but I wanted to get these ideas down while the film is still fresh. It's also submitted with the caveat that I have not read the novel on which it's based.
The movie is about a sudden zombie pandemic. It follows Brad Pitt's character Gerry, a weary UN investigator on a global hunt to discover the cause and find a cure.
Like all zombie movies, World War Z is an allegory. In this case, the zombies represent the threat of global terrorism. This is made explicit in two of the film's set pieces, an early scene in Philadelphia that evokes the 9/11 attack on the World Trade Center (as Spielberg's War of the Worlds did before it) and a later scene on an airplane which references the doomed Flight 93. However, it is the film's lengthy detour to Israel which is its most overtly allegorical and problematic sequence. In its analysis of the film, Mother Jones notes the Israel plotline but thoroughly misreads its politics.
Here's my take on this section of the film.
First, Gerry learns that the Mossad had advance knowledge of the zombie threat and kept it a secret from the world. This seems to obliquely reference some of the more controversial 9/11 conspiracies about Israel's supposed foreknowledge of the attacks.
Gerry flies to Jerusalem (identified in the film's titles as "Jerusalem, Israel") to meet a Mossad agent. The man initially mistrusts him, because Gerry as a UN investigator and good liberal, has written critical things about Israel in a book. The agent then gives a speech about the historical need for Jewish vigilance in the face of existential threats. He references the Holocaust, Munich and the 67 war, all of which are connected, in this fairly obvious dialogue, to the current zombie threat.
The agent then reveals that the walls around Israel (which in real life are apartheid walls), were actually designed to create a fortress to protect humanity from the coming zombie threat. Not just a fortress for Israelis, but for everyone. He shows Gerry the border where the benevolent Israelis are allowing Arabs to immigrate into Israel for safety. We see Arabs passing through an open border, warmly greeted in brotherhood by Israelis. Israeli flags and Palestinian flags fly in harmony. This is pure liberal fantasy– a point that Mother Jones acknowledges, without really unpacking. In this film, real-life walls of apartheid are shown to be not only necessary, but an act of tremendous benevolence, enabling racial harmony.
But the utopia is short-lived. This easing of borders becomes Jerusalem's downfall. At the crossing, the noise of an Arab woman's celebratory song attracts a zombie horde. The zombies form a pyramid to climb over the apartheid wall as the IDF tries to kill them. This is a very disturbing image. It is impossible not to see this scene as an apocalyptic evocation of Israeli fears of Arab invasion, whether through literal acts of violence or "demographic threat." The city is finally overtaken by zombies. In compromising security for brotherhood, Israel's worst fears are realized.
In the final escape from Jersualem, an IDF soldier sacrifices himself with a grenade to help Gerry get away (ironically, a suicide bombing). Gerry and a wounded female IDF soldier are the only survivors and become the film's central heroes. The US and Israel (with a benevolent assist from the UN) working together to save civilization from a unknowable, unstoppable terror.
For the past few months, I've been experimenting with Twitter's new video app, Vine. I've adopted my bedside companion, a Westclox digital alarm clock as my muse. Each night before bed, I shoot a very short video documenting my bedtime.
Sometimes I choose the audio first, and other times, I simply match it to my visual idea. Editing happens in camera, so these videos are usually shot and edited within the space of a minute. The best ones are often happy accidents, made intuitively without much planning.
I'm doing this mostly to explore the formal possibilities of Vine, but I guess there is also an autobiographical dimension. I've had a conflicted relationship with sleep for most of my life, and this alarm clock has been with me for years because its nagging loud beep is guaranteed to wake me.
This past year, I turned 40 and am beginning to appreciate the cliche that time seems to move faster as one gets older. If there is any deeper meaning to my nightly experiments with Vine, it is to express how I'm feeling about time at the end of each day.
A note about these videos: Vine videos play more smoothly and seamlessly when viewed on an iPhone. The embedded videos have a noticeable hiccup when they end. Most of my videos are made to play as seamless loops. So, if you have an iPhone, that's the best way to watch them.
In September of 1987, I was 14 years old and just starting my sophomore year in high school. I was also a movie critic, having produced, with the help of my parents, a self-published newsletter of movie reviews since the 8th grade. I sent a few issues of my newsletter to one of my heroes, Roger Ebert, never expecting to hear back. One day, I opened my P.O. Box and found a letter sent from the offices of the Chicago Sun-Times. It was a response from Ebert, apparently typed on his personal computer and proofed by hand. Tonight, I was relieved to find this letter stuffed in a box of mementos my mom gave me when I moved away from home.
In 1987, Ebert's words of encouragement made a strong impression on me, a brainy fat kid who felt less comfortable in his skin than in the darkness of a movie theater. I didn't grow up to be a movie critic (or a journalist or an actor). But in that year, I began to feel more confident in myself as a writer. I found my voice, and in time, felt less awkward in my body.
Revisiting this letter, I am struck by its personal touch. He took issue with my opinions on a couple of movies (let's face it, he was right about Beverly Hills Cop 2), just as he would any colleague's. Ebert was also self conscious enough to proofread his own letter, perhaps realizing that I would find his typos. He closed the letter with his signature, and a red rubber stamp of his iconic thumbs up. I took this as a final gesture of encouragement.
In the last few days, many of Ebert's friends, colleagues and readers have been sharing stories that confirm what a decent, down-to-earth and altogether generous human being he was. This letter is my contribution to those testimonials. Now that it's been digitized, scanned, blogged, and tweeted, I've tucked the letter back into my box of childhood memories. Thanks for writing, Roger.
Updated below
Here, in these photos from Abu Ghraib, you have everything that the Islamic fundamentalists believe characterizes Western culture, all nicely arranged in one hideous image – imperial arrogance, sexual depravity … and gender equality.- Barbara Ehrenreich
Zero Dark Thirty is a badass movie about a badass chick who tracks down a terrorist…directed by a woman! Haha. Women: 1, patriarchy: 0!- Twitter comment
In August of 2012, the Hoover Institution's Amy Zegart conducted a poll on American attitudes toward torture, and found that Americans had become more supportive of the use of torture in the previous half decade. Zegart reported that:
In an October 2007 Rasmussen poll, 27 percent of Americans surveyed said the United States should torture prisoners captured in the fight against terrorism, while 53 percent said it should not. In my YouGov poll, 41 percent said they would be willing to use torture — a gain of 14 points — while 34 percent would not, a decline of 19 points.
Additionally, Zegart found an increase in support for a number of specific tactics known to be used during the Bush era, including waterboarding, intimidation with military dogs and naked stress positions. Among the reasons for this shift in consensus, she cited the possible influence of spy movies and TV shows, which have increasingly depicted torture as heroic. According to her poll, so-called "spy TV watchers" were more likely to support a range of abusive tactics.
Zegart's findings were predicted in 2008 by a Parent's Television Council report which observed a significant spike in the depiction of torture on prime time television—and more critically a shift in which characters were using torture. Increasingly, it was the "good guys" carrying out the torture. We can observe what Zegart calls "torture drift" in the changing perception of women as practitioners of prisoner abuse. In 2004, when the Abu Ghraib prison abuse scandal made headlines, Americans were shocked to see photographs of female soldiers engaged in acts of torture and sexual humiliation. And yet, in 2012, the character of the CIA agent Maya in the film Zero Dark Thirty uses similar tactics and is praised as a hero and feminist role model.
This essay argues that since the terrorist attacks on 9/11 and the subsequent Abu Ghraib prison scandal, popular American television and cinema have participated in the normalization and justification of state torture. I argue that one of the most prominent features of this phenomenon is the depiction of women who engage in torture as national and feminist heroes. In particular, I will analyze the depiction of the CIA agent Maya in the film Zero Dark Thirty, as well as the marketing of the film and its cultural reception as a feminist product. This essay will start by looking back at some of the feminist responses to the Abu Ghraib scandal to inform our present discussion of Zero Dark Thirty as a "feminist" text.
9/11 & Abu Ghraib As Sexual Violation
In her essay "TV and Torture," Amy Laura Hall argues that 9/11 was "a mass spectacle of violation that continues to shape American conceptions of gender, sexuality, and safety," and that the felled towers marked the symbolic castration of the West. Hall reads the subsequent popularity of the TV show 24 with its macho torturing hero Jack Bauer as "a kind of collective catharsis – a way many Americans sought manageably to endure violation and also to recalibrate a myth of afflicted, but yet still potent, masculinity." Hall further suggests "that the gender politics of such shows may take their form from the same cultural impulse that led to the ritualized emasculation of Muslim prisoners in places like Abu Ghraib," pointing out that sexual violation was a routine feature of torture at the facility.
Following from this analysis, we can interpret some of the tortures at Abu Ghraib as a form of gender-based revenge for the trauma of 9/11. The photos and subsequent reports do not simply depict emasculation, but in many cases, the feminization of male prisoners, as well. Some prisoners were forced to wear women's underwear and to simulate so-called "homosexual" acts. There are reports of prisoners "sodomized" with a chemical light and a broomstick. In one of the most iconic photos, Lynndie England holds a naked prisoner on a dog leash. There are also reports that a prisoner was ordered to roll on the ground and kiss the boots of the guards.
In her article, "Sexualized Torture and Abuse at Abu Ghraib Prison: Feminist Psychological Analyses," Eileen Zurbriggen notes that many of these scenarios "enact a stylized power imbalance, with a sexual overtone. As such, these practices align with the sexualized power imbalance that comprises the prototypical or traditional heterosexual relationship, with man in a dominant or active role and woman in a submissive or passive role." To support this reading, Zurbriggen points to the testimony of Dhia al-Shweiri, a former prisoner at Abu Ghraib, who told the Associated Press that:
They were trying to humiliate us, break our pride. We are men. It's okay if they beat me. Beatings don't hurt us, it's just a blow. But no one would want their manhood to be shattered. They wanted us to feel as though we were women, the way women feel, and this is the worst insult, to feel like a woman.
This testimony underscores how the tortures at Abu Ghraib reflected an assumed hierarchy with American men and women at the top and Iraqi men, occupying the subjugated, "feminine" role– a system of power relations conveyed most starkly in the photo of Charles Graner and Lynndie England giving a thumbs up to the camera while standing over a pyramid of naked and faceless Iraqi male prisoners.
Women Who Torture
If the male prisoners at Abu Ghraib were feminized, then how should we view the three women who participated in their torture? Were they imitating male behavior? Were they taking revenge on Muslim men for the violation of 9/11? How does their gender matter in an analysis of the scandal?
In response to Abu Ghraib, feminist theorist Barbara Ehrenreich writes that the photos of Megan Ambuhl, Lynndie England and Sabrina Harman participating in detainee abuse "broke my heart." She also remarks with ironic horror that they constitute evidence of "gender equality," proving that women can be just as sadistic as men. Ehrenreich's prescription for change is for women to not simply assimilate into male institutions, but to "infiltrate and subvert them" by challenging authority. Though Ehrenreich also mentions the need for continued struggle "against imperialist and racist arrogance," her prescriptions fall within a liberal reformist framework. The military can be fixed, the argument goes, if good men and women question and challenge authority.
This analysis does not allow for the possibility that the military cannot be reformed, and that both institutionally, and within the context of its broader mission, represents an ethos of masculinized violence and expansive colonialism. There is no reason to believe that the events at Abu Ghraib were an aberration, either during the Iraq War or in past military campaigns. Can an institution predicated on dehumanizing the enemy—on literally preparing soldiers to kill other people—be truly reformed? None of these problems are likely to change simply with the full and equal participation of women, or with modest reforms. Ehrenreich herself ruefully notes that the prison was overseen by a woman, Sgt. Janis Karpinski, while the occupation was managed by Condoleeza Rice.
Transnational feminist scholars, such as Basuli Deb and Melanie Richter-Montpetit have challenged Ehrenreich's analysis of the events at Abu Ghraib. For instance, in "Transnational Feminism and Women Who Torture: Reimag(in)ing Abu Ghraib Prison Photography," Deb notes the limitations of arguments based in equality, observing:
…in liberal feminist thought, premised on equality, the male remains normative, and patriarchy is undisturbed as the onus lies on women to enter structures of privilege. According to this theory, women who control male detainees have successfully reversed the power inequalities, at least for themselves. Exercising power violently consolidates their status within patriarchal structures into which they have assimilated.
This assimilation through the mastery of male violence is, as I will argue later, precisely the method by which the character Maya in Zero Dark Thirty is shown to become the equal of her male colleagues. Deb's observation also underscores the problem with a liberal discourse which elevates individual achievement over institutional change. This analysis explains how real life figures as diverse as Margaret Thatcher, Hillary Clinton and Condoleeza Rice could be praised as Western feminist role models despite the leading role they take in pushing occupation and imperialism.
Melanie Richter-Montpetit also challenges Ehrenreich's focus on gender equality as overly reductive. Richter-Montpetit suggests that the phenomenon of women-identified soldiers torturing prisoners "should be located within colonial desires." President Bush, she reminds us, claimed after 9/11, that "[w]e wage a war to save civilization, itself." Language like this has characterized other colonial missions, which position the West as the civilized opposite of the savage Orient. This postcolonial analysis of American rhetoric complicates the feminist reading of Abu Ghraib and the larger project of the War on Terror.
One of the West's key justifications in recent conflicts has been the need to rescue Muslim women from oppression by their own culture. In April of 2010, Wikileaks released an internal CIA report encouraging NATO allies to appeal to feminist concern for Afghan women's rights to boost flagging public support for the war. It urged that "Afghan women could serve as ideal messengers in humanizing the ISAF role in combating the Taliban" and suggested "outreach initiatives that create media opportunities for Afghan women to share their stories with French, German, and other European women could help to overcome pervasive skepticism among women in Western Europe toward the ISAF mission." This document reveals the CIA's intent to exploit feminist sympathies in the service of war propaganda.
In July of 2010, while American popular support for the war in Afghanistan was on the wane, Time magazine ran a cover story featuring a disturbing portrait of a young Afghan woman whose nose was cut off by Taliban militants. The headline accompanying the photo put the question starkly, "What Happens If We Leave Afghanistan." Writing for The Guardian, Priyamvada Gopal observed that the cover was a "cynical ploy" to manipulate concern for Afghan women to promote an unpopular war. Gopal argued:
Time is not alone in condensing Afghan reality into simplistic morality tales. A deplorable number of recent works habituate us to thinking about Afghanistan as what Liam Fox, Britain's defence secretary, called a "broken 13th-century country," defined solely by pathologically violent men and silently brutalised women.
Gopal underscores the pervasiveness of these gendered morality tales in the West's war propaganda.
Drawing our attention back to Abu Ghraib, Basuli Deb argues that white female soldiers have a critical role to play in this narrative of liberation. Deb draws from Gargi Bhattacharya's analysis of the Abu Ghraib photos and Lynndie England's symbolic function in their staging. Bhattaacharya argues that while leaders like Condoleeza Rice and Laura Bush pitch the necessity of war, England represents "'the emancipated Western woman in the war zone itself." Deb describes two images in detail:
England stands next to naked and hooded male detainees with a cigarette dangling from her lips, as she points her forefinger at a prisoner's genitals while giving the thumbs-up sign. In another photograph two naked and hooded prisoners face the camera, their hands above their heads in a gesture of submission. One of them is made to sit on the shoulders of a third detainee, squatting on the floor, so that his buttocks and genitals touch the bare back of the other. England smiles at the camera as she points to the genitals of the man and shows the thumbs up sign again.
England represents the "liberated Western Woman showing her dominance" and triumph over "brown male bodies." Deb further argues that white women serve a special function in the war effort. They must protect the "emancipated status of American womanhood from the 'barbaric' orientalism of Muslim men," but they must also "become agents of a transnational sisterhood' to lure Arab women into an alliance with the American enterprise." This special mission, Deb argues, is inscribed in the images from Abu Ghraib:
…the brutal torture and humiliation of Iraqi men at the hands of the empire's white women is projected as a victory of Arab women over Arab men who impose Islamic cultural markers such as head scarves and veils on their women and it is also a victory for the American enterprise of messianic imperialism as well as for individual women in the enterprise who are comrades in torture with military men, and can be as tough as any of their male counterparts.
The white female torturer signifies the perceived victory of Western feminism over Muslim misogyny. She achieves equality with her male colleagues by inflicting violence on Muslim men.
Maya: The Torturer as Feminist
It is this last observation which informs my analysis of Zero Dark Thirty, which uses a heroic female protagonist to advance an apologia for torture. The film rehabilitates the degraded image of "leash girl" Lynndie England by re-imagining the female torturer as a careerist go-getter. Zero Dark Thirty maps the familiar feminist arc of films like Norma Rae and Working Girl onto the workplace of the CIA. One critic has dubbed it "Erin Brockovich for fascists."
I will not analyze the entire film, which encompasses over a decade of the War on Terror, culminating in the killing of Osama bin Laden. Instead, I will focus on the staging of the film's torture scenes, specifically the power relationships and the depiction of Maya, the film's protagonist.
Zero Dark Thirty opens with a black screen and an audio montage of real 911 calls placed during the attacks on the World Trade Center. The most prominent voices are those of women in fear. This gendering of the trauma is significant, because it sets the stage for a female hero to gain vengeance on behalf of women, even though as Amy Laura Hall notes, "the victims of the 9/11 murder were overwhelmingly male."
Two years later, the film transports us to the staging of that revenge, a CIA black site where Ammar, a beaten and bloodied terror suspect is surrounded by men in balaclavas. Dan, a handsome and imposing white male interrogator bursts into the room and speaks the first scripted words of the film, "I own you Ammar. You belong to me." The masked men proceed to beat Ammar while Dan yells abuse. The other masked figure, Maya, who (in later scenes) the other agents derisively call "The Girl," stands at the back of the room, silently watching. In sadomasochistic terms, Dan is the master, and this is dungeon. Dan's claim of ownership, as the film soon shows us, applies equally to "The Girl" Maya and to the prisoner Ammar.
Dan and Maya step out of the cell and into the sunlight, to give Ammar time to contemplate his predicament. Maya takes off her mask. She appears to be in her late 20s, has pale white skin and long red hair. She's slender and conventionally feminine in appearance. She unzips her overcoat, revealing a pantsuit, a kind of symbolic shortcut to signify a woman's eagerness to be taken seriously in a man's world. Dan mocks, "You're rocking your best suit for your first interrogation."
"Just so you know, this is gonna take awhile," he says. "He has to learn how helpless he is." Dan suggests they take a coffee break, but she insists that they continue with the interrogation. He says that she can watch from a TV monitor. Maya opts to return to the interrogation room, unmasked. She doesn't want to be a spectator. She wants to be like Dan. Maya becomes in this moment both an audience surrogate and a symbol of women's equality. When she passes the threshold again, she'll also be a party to torture. By this strategy, we also become complicit.
What's significant in the staging of the subsequent torture scenes is that Maya is not simply an audience surrogate. She is also a mirror for Ammar's psychological and emotional distress—her actions and expressions matching his. In this way, though we are shown the brutality of torture, our focus is redirected from the suffering of the victim to that of the perpetrator. In his analysis of the film, Slavoj Zizek argues that this serves an ideological function, noting that "our awareness of the torturer's hurt sensitivity as the (main) human cost of torture ensures that the film is not cheap rightwing propaganda: the psychological complexity is depicted so that liberals can enjoy the film without feeling guilty." This observation is supported by the film's widespread popularity with liberal film critics, who have praised the film's moral nuance.
Zero Dark Thirty's strategy is made all the more effective by giving the audience a female identification figure, because it takes advantage of the widespread cultural perception of women as more empathetic to the suffering of others. When Maya learns to master her feelings and accept the necessity of torture, she becomes more powerful and successful. In this way, the film explicitly links Maya's increasing comfort with torture to her personal empowerment, and models this attitude for the viewer.
In the next scene, Dan submits the beaten and bound Ammar to a series of questions about his connection to Al Qaeda. Maya watches at a distance, arms folded. When Ammar refuses to give up information, Dan signals to one of the masked men to prepare Ammar for waterboarding. The camera cuts away to show us Maya's distressed expression. She folds inward, shields her eyes and grimaces as Ammar is forced onto the ground and a rag placed over his face. Dan barks at her to grab a bucket and to fill it with water (fetching the water is perhaps coded here as "women's work"). Frightened, she follows his commands. As Dan waterboards Ammar, Maya kneels nearby averting her gaze.
In a later scene, we see Maya passed out on a cramped sofa and rudely awakened at dawn by the Muslim call to prayer. The film immediately cuts to Ammar who is chained in a stress position while being bombarded with deafening heavy metal music. The comparison is subtly made here that Maya, like Ammar is suffering for her work. The parallel also offensively equates Maya's cultural disorientation in a Muslim country with Ammar's torture via the weaponized use of Western rock music.
Dan and Maya return to Ammar's cell. She has traded her pantsuit for a pair of jeans and a plain top, signifying an increased willingness to get her hands dirty and a shift away from using masculinized clothing worn to earn male respect. Dan switches off the music and helps Ammar into a chair. In parallel action, Maya is shown taking a seat. Adopting a "good cop" approach, Dan offers a sobbing Ammar food and drink. Maya watches with pity. Dan proceeds with the interrogation, but Ammar tells him a lie. Maya, dreading what will come next, averts her eyes. Dan threatens to subject Ammar to another waterboarding and demands information. Ammar refuses and Dan explodes, kicking the chair out from under him. Mirroring this, Maya jumps out of her own chair.
Dan hoists Ammar to his feet, and grabs his head, directing his eyes at Maya. "You see how this works?" he asks rhetorically, a question directed equally at both Maya and Ammar. Then the gender dynamics implicit in Ammar's torture are made explicit. Dan pulls down Ammar's pants taunting "you don't mind if my female colleague checks out your junk, do you?" Dan then humiliates Ammar by observing that he's "shit his pants." He suddenly leaves the cell, barking at Maya "you stay here!" The distinctly sexual nature of this scene recalls Zurbruggen's observation that the incidents at Abu Ghraib depicted a "sexualized power imbalance" reflecting the "traditional heterosexual relationship, with man in a dominant or active role and woman in a submissive or passive role." Here, both Maya and Ammar have been constructed as submissive, feminine subjects, in a hierarchy under Dan's hyper-masculine authority.
With Dan gone, Ammar turns his head to Maya and begs her for mercy. "Your friend is an animal. Please help me." An eerie calm settles in Maya's face. She walks toward Ammar and tells him flatly, "You can help yourself by being truthful." Maya's empathetic connection to Ammar has been broken. Dan returns with a dog collar, and places it around Ammar's neck. While there is no evidence that dog collars were used in the CIA's torture program, the image automatically recalls the infamous photo of Lynndie England holding a naked Iraqi prisoner on a dog leash. Though the film invokes this charged image of a woman holding a man on a leash, Maya never takes the lead. England's apparent delight while participating in torture (though notably not in the leash photo) is a form of female transgression that would likely undermine our identification with Maya and make the sexually-charged nature of these scenes too explicit. It would also derail the film's depiction of torture as a grim, but necessary tool in the CIA's arsenal.
As Dan walks Ammar around the room, Maya shrinks into the darkness of the corner. Dan bombards the prisoner with questions about the date of a future attack. Ammar begins to babble random days of the week. Dan forces Ammar into a small wooden box and gives him a final chance to give up the information. The film cuts to a tight shot of Ammar's face as he babbles. This time, rather than shrinking away in fear, Maya moves toward Ammar. Her face is utterly calm and focused, as Dan slams the door shut.
Maya is no longer the timid new girl. She survives this sadistic ordeal, inflicted as much on her as on Ammar. She has chosen to break her identification with Ammar and becomes more powerful, more mature, more masculine. It is significant that Dan's torture scenario depends on Maya's gender to complete its meaning. Maya's ability to master her emotions and participate in the sexual humiliation of Ammar becomes a benchmark in her development as a feminist hero.
Laura Sjoberg's comments on Abu Ghraib are instructive here:
…the sexual abuse of Iraqi men by American women communicates (whether it was intended to or not) a disdain for Iraqi masculinities so strong that subordinated American femininities are the appropriate tool for their humiliation. Sexual torture is certainly about power, but were it only about power, there are plenty of non-sexual ways to express power over people. Sexual torture is about comparative sexual power; here, the sexual power of American masculinities and militarized/masculinized femininities over their understanding of Iraqi masculinities.
Drawing from Sjoberg, I read Maya as an example of this militarized and masculinized femininity. Her role in Dan's scenario demonstrates her power over Ammar by underscoring her submission to Dan. Ammar's humiliation is derived from the message that he is less than a woman, at the very bottom of this hierarchy of power relations.
The film's subsequent interrogation scenes depict Maya's emergence as Dan's equal. Zero Dark Thirty's pivotal interrogation scene—the one that controversially suggests torture was critical to locating bin Laden—is the result of Maya's cleverness. She proposes that they trick the sleep- deprived Ammar into believing he has already given up the names of his accomplices. Ammar is removed from his cell and presented with a meal. He's shell-shocked from torture and sleep deprivation. They tell him he has already given up his accomplices in a past session and ask him to repeat the details. Ammar initially falls for the trick, revealing some information, but he stops short of naming names. Dan threatens to restart Ammar's torture if he won't comply. At this moment, Ammar surrenders the name of the Al Qaeda courier that will eventually lead to the discovery of Osama bin Laden. Though this scene is depicted as a traditional "good cop/bad cop" scenario, the most salient detail is that Maya succeeds by using her wits. The threat of torture is her prerogative, but it is carried out by men.
From this point forward, Maya is shown to be solely fixated on her goal and extremely resourceful at obtaining information through torture. She watches hours of brutal interrogations on videotape while her face registers no emotion. Maya conducts interrogations without Dan's assistance. She speaks with commanding language. She threatens to send one prisoner to Israel unless he talks. He willingly cooperates, saying "I have no wish to be tortured again. Ask me a question and I will answer it."
When torture is deemed necessary, she relies on male violence as an extension of her authority. In one scene, a detainee evades her question and she taps a guard on the arm, to command him to punch the prisoner. In another she orders and calmly supervises the waterboarding of a detainee. Curiously, her costuming also suggests a return to female signification. In some scenes, she wears a dark wig as a disguise. In others, she wears a headscarf, which could be read as a symbolic identification with the Muslim women for whom Maya and other militarized Western women are presumed to be seeking vengeance. Maya still suffers emotional exhaustion from her work, but she is able to hide it from others. After waterboarding a prisoner, she seeks out the privacy of the restroom, rips off her wig, stares into the mirror and hyperventilates while clutching the edges of the sink.
By contrast, her former superior Dan becomes impotent, unable to conceal the psychological toll the work has had on him. He informs Maya that he can no longer stand to look at naked men, and that he will be taking an office job in Washington DC. Maya has now surpassed Dan as an equal and has become a superior field agent, setting her on the path to the eventual location and killing of Osama bin Laden. There is no trace of "The Girl" left in Maya. Basuli Deb, reflecting on Abu Ghraib argues "that the tortured body of the male detainee became the very territory on which militarized femininity negotiated with militarized masculinity for the recognition of military women as soldiers and not women soldiers." If we apply this reading in relation to Zero Dark Thirty, Maya's success as a feminist hero can be seen finally as predicated on her success as a torturer of Muslim men's bodies.
Marketing Maya
Zero Dark Thirty's director, Kathryn Bigelow, and the producer/screenwriter Mark Boal have both claimed that their film does not take a position on the efficacy of torture, and both claim to oppose the practice on moral grounds. In response to widespread criticism of the film, and a Senate Intelligence Committee investigation into the filmmakers' unusual level of access to classified information, Bigelow took to the pages of the LA Times to defend her film. She began by declaring herself a "pacifist" and arguing that the film's depiction of torture is not an endorsement, implying that the movie is intended as a kind of Rorschach test for the audience's moral and political sensibilities. In spite of these assertions, Bigelow finished her column by paying tribute to "the brave work" of "professionals in the military and intelligence communities" and reminded readers that bin Laden wasn't defeated by superheroes, but "by ordinary Americans who fought bravely even as they sometimes (emphasis in the original) crossed moral lines…" We should note the inherent contradiction here. Bigelow asserts that her film does not take a position on torture, but continues to praise those who did the torture as heroes. Whether intentional or not, Bigelow is acknowledging the extent to which her film is an apologia for torture.
With the film mired in controversy and the Academy Awards approaching, the filmmakers began to advance another narrative—that Zero Dark Thirty was a story of female empowerment. Recalling his research for the film, Boal told an entertainment reporter that "the thing that surprised me the most was the role of women in this story … I think it's ironic that … al-Qaeda was in some sense defeated by the spectre that they feared most … a liberated, Western woman." Boal's comment echoes Ehrenreich's claim that the Abu Ghraib photos would most upset fundamentalist Muslims because they represent "gender equality." In both cases, the Orientalist notion at work is that "liberated" and "Western" are the assumed opposites of "oppressed" and "Muslim." Where President Bush once remarked of Islamic fundamentalists, "they hate our freedom," this new, more liberal message can be summed up as "they hate our women's freedom."
Two days before the LA Times published her column, Bigelow and the film's distributor Sony, sought out the services of a social media startup called Thunderclap, which crowdsources support for a cause by essentially spamming Twitter and Facebook with a single message. In this case, the message read, "Join me in saluting the crucial role women play in America's national security #ZeroDarkThirty." This unsubtle tactic sought to shift attention away from the torture debate while conflating Maya with actual women working in the fields of intelligence and defense. This first effort a success, Bigelow drafted a new message which more carefully underscored the narrative of gender and power the film advances. It read, "Women helped find the world's most dangerous man. Are you surprised? #ZeroDarkThirty"
This strategic message got a boost on January 24, 2013 when the Pentagon announced that it would be repealing its ban on women in combat. During the same week, filmmaker Michael Moore declared Zero Dark Thirty "a 'women's film' and a great achievement for women in general," subsequently calling it a "21st century chick flick." Moore's coinage became a headline on the popular women's blog Jezebel, which also published a defense of the film.
There is also an autobiographical dimension to the discussion of Zero Dark Thirty and feminism. Kathryn Bigelow is the first and only woman to win an Academy Award for Best Director (for The Hurt Locker), and her exclusion from 2012's list of Best Director Oscar nominees was widely regarded as a snub. In his analysis of the film, David Bromwich notes:
The propaganda value of the female protagonist in a film like this should not be neglected. When Bigelow won her academy award, it was widely treated not only as a feminist triumph but as a special and "gendered" sort of vindication. After all, the director's chosen subject was the male subject of war. She had beaten the men at their own game. And that is what Maya is seen to do in the hunt for Bin Laden in Zero Dark Thirty.
This conflation of Bigelow's triumph in Hollywood with Maya's triumph in the CIA redirects discussion of the film away from the morality of torture toward a more narrow discussion of gender equality.
Even the film's admirers note the sophistication with which it uses feminism as cover for torture apologia. In an article chillingly headlined, "Is torture worth defending with feminism?" liberal film critic, Andrew O'Hehir uses the film as a launching pad to ask a pair of disturbing rhetorical questions.
Does a society that produces female CIA agents (and reelects a black president) gain the right to commit atrocities in its own defense? Is torture justified if the torturer is a university-educated woman, and the tortured a bigoted Muslim fundamentalist? I think those are excellent questions for us to ask ourselves, arguably defining questions of the age, and I think the longer you look at them the thornier they get.
O'Hehir doesn't actually answer these questions, opting to reassure us of his left-libertarian credentials. He further admits to wanting some "wiggle room" on these questions and notes that "morality is always relative, and only available in shades of gray." By surrendering moral clarity on an issue as basic as torture, O'Hehir shows how far the political consensus has shifted, and demonstrates the unusual role feminist narratives have played in that shift. O'Hehir's emphasis on a "university-educated woman" suggests that Maya's class status makes her a more persuasive symbol for the feminist torturer than Lynndie England who was a working class grunt. His remarks explicitly juxtapose the empowered, liberated Western woman against the stereotypical bigoted Muslim fundamentalist. These comments, horrifying though they may be, are perhaps the most honest assessment of the film's appeal to liberal American audiences.
As if to solidify its reputation as a feminist movie, Zero Dark Thirty swept the annual EDA awards given by The Alliance of Women Film Journalists. In perhaps the most ironic turn of events, they also gave the film's star Jessica Chastain, who plays Maya, a special honor "for Humanitarian Activism" reserved "for the portrayal of the 'most positive female role model'" and "for putting forth the image of a woman who is heroic, accomplished, persistent, demands her rights and/or the rights of others."
The rights of the Othered—the Arab Muslim men her character waterboards, beats and sexually humiliates– escaped consideration.
The New Consensus
What space is there in American discourse to push back against the normalization of torture? Though President Obama has banned many of the worst methods, he has impeded justice for torture victims, forgiven the CIA for destroying the videotapes of their crimes and allowed military prosecutors at Guantanamo to censor testimony about torture at detainee trials. The only CIA agent to be federally prosecuted in relation to the torture program is whistleblower John Kiriakou who was recently sentenced to 30 months in federal prison.
Obama has codified and expanded many of the abuses pioneered by his predecessor. In doing so, he has also shifted the consensus, on everything from indefinite detention and surveillance to drone warfare. In fact, our debates about Bush-era torture may very well seem quaint when judged against Obama's even more radical practice of targeted assassinations without due process. The United States has found new ways to inflict violence on Muslim bodies through disembodied drone warfare. Drone technology combines the near-limitless powers of surveillance with borderless powers to kill. In a recent Der Spiegel interview, a former drone pilot confessed that when he was bored between kills, he would watch his targets' most intimate moments. "I saw them having sex with their wives. It's two infrared spots becoming one." The drone's gaze is not simply murderous, but sexually voyeuristic. This is not an improvement over Abu Ghraib.
Drones too, can be draped in liberal feminist rhetoric. In a recent interview with The Daily Show, MIT aeronautics professor Missy Cummings made the case for the necessity of drones. When Cummings told host Jon Stewart about her history as a military pilot, he praised her for "breaking barriers for women."
With women's right to serve alongside men in combat now secured, the American narrative of empowered, militarized Western women saving Muslim women from their culture will likely become more entrenched. For a possible way out of such cynical narratives, I offer Basuli Deb's argument for a "transnational feminism of responsibility." Deb proposes:
…that framing ethical transnational feminist responses to women who torture enemy men is an act of responsibility to the politics of feminism. It is an attempt to deter torture in the name of women's emancipation, an attempt to stop imperialism from marching under the banner of women's rights, and an attempt to intervene in a liberal feminist politics that advocates for the unconditional empowerment of individual women.
This essay has shown how liberal feminist politics have provided a discursive and narrative justification for the so-called "War on Terror," and are now being used to legitimize the use of torture, shaping a new popular consensus. Where once the image of Lynndie England abusing naked Iraqi detainees inspired horror, Zero Dark Thirty has rehabilitated torture by dramatizing a feminist hero whose empowerment is linked to her domination of Muslim men's bodies. This essay has shown the power of this narrative to persuade and misdirect the sympathies of liberal Americans. It has also renewed the immediacy of transnational feminist critiques of Abu Ghraib, which call into question liberal feminism's narrow emphasis on equality.
This piece is a slightly modified version of an academic essay I recently wrote. If you'd like to see the original, please contact me. Thanks to Ron Blum, Andrea Luquetta, Maryam Griffin, Papagena Robbins and Mom for giving me valuable feedback on earlier drafts of this essay.
There are a few items I ran across in my research that did not fit into this already lengthy essay, so I'm including them below.
1) This essay focused on the sexualized torture and rape of men at Abu Ghraib, but there is another, mostly forgotten story about the rape and abuse of women at Abu Ghraib and other facilities in Iraq. The accounts covered in this Guardian piece suggest an equally important phenomenon that has mostly been lost in the discussion of the Abu Ghraib photos.
2) My analysis of Abu Ghraib explored women participating in masculinized violence toward prisoners. Accounts from Guantanamo, however, painted a different picture of women's roles in interrogation. This Washington Post article reminds us that "…women rubbed their bodies against the men, wore skimpy clothes in front of them, made sexually explicit remarks and touched them provocatively." Some detainees at Guantanamo complained of being visited by "prostitutes" in late night interrogation sessions.
3) There is some evidence that Mark Boal's role in the making of Zero Dark Thirty was more significant than usual for a screenwriter and first time producer. This article in the Hollywood Reporter cites anonymous sources claiming Boal was a de facto co-director and reduced Chastain to tears on set. Though this may be industry gossip (not to mention a sexist rumor designed to undercut Bigelow's achievement), it also suggests that the gendered power dynamics of the torture scenes may have been mirrored on the set itself.
Anyone who follows me on Twitter would be forgiven for assuming I hate movies. I spend a lot of time cursing the darkness (looking at you Zero Dark Thirty). When I do get excited about a movie, it's usually an online cat video– really the only new art form of the 21st century– where the Japanese formalists are in a race with the Russian New Wave to define the genre. The truth is that I saw nearly a hundred features last year (and 200 more if you count the films I screened for Sundance and AFI). I liked a lot of them. So I made a belated list of my favorites.
Most of the movies I loved last year showed their characters in perpetual motion. Two take place almost entirely inside of limousines. Two followed lovers on fateful camping trips. One was a car vs. fixies chase through the streets of New York. Maybe I'm just restless, but these are the films that took me somewhere new.
Leos Carax's triumphantly weird return to filmmaking is many things. An elegy for the death of movies, a showcase for Denis Lavant's chameleonic acting and a surreal hybrid of everything from David Lynch and Jacques Tati to Matthew Barney and Pixar. I enjoyed it as an (almost) sci-fi story about a near future where cinema has been subsumed by the surveillance society. Lavant's shapeshifting Mr. Oscar is an actor, but he's also just like the rest of us– dislocated subjects lost in the matrix. He applies fake beards and pops through manhole covers with the same ease with which we log in and out of our various online avatars. Like us, he's just looking for a few moments of authentic connection.
2) Cosmopolis
Like Holy Motors, David Cronenberg's Cosmopolis is structured around a crosstown limo drive with various "appointments" as narrative detours, but this is a freakier, kinkier ride. Where Holy Motors mourns the death of cinema, Cosmopolis is a funeral procession for undead capitalism. Robert Pattinson plays a modern vampire, a currency trader entombed in a coffin-like stretch limo, getting daily prostate exams that ensure his immortality. This vampire loves to count, speaking in the abstract patter of pure capital. The dialogue is so alienating that you may wish for death. Our protagonist sure does. He's a 1% ghoul who just wants a haircut and a wooden stake through the place where his heart ought to be.
3) The Loneliest Planet
Julia Loktev's unsettling drama follows a young couple who, while backpacking in the Caucasus Mountains, experience a trauma that throws assumed gender roles into sharp relief. By rights, The Loneliest Planet should have launched a thousand angry MRA blog posts, with aggrieved men complaining about the unfair expectation of male heroism. But Loktev isn't simply out to push buttons or take sides in a battle of the sexes. Instead, she shows how one small moment can reveal character and forever alter a relationship. Her film charts the couple's shifting power dynamics with an uncomfortable intimacy, all the more impressive for being rendered in mostly wordless long shot.
Wes Anderson's childhood fable looks like it was shot through the world's most twee Instagram filter and, like all of his films, it revels in artificiality. Somehow it's also his most deeply felt movie. The adults are two dimensional while the young lovers in the foreground are almost painfully real. Anderson takes childhood seriously and deploys his imaginative skills to give us a child's eye view of love. Fleeing their cartoonish authority figures, our young heroes make their own seaside Eden. The film centers around a first kiss, which is at once poignant and unsettling in its eroticism. Anderson doesn't idealize innocence, but instead reminds us of the moment when we lost it.
5) Premium Rush
David Koepp administers an adrenaline shot of pure genre filmmaking with a welcome (accidental?) subtext for post-OWS times. Joseph Gordon Levitt is the hotshot leader of a scrappy mutiracial band of bike messengers. Michael Shannon is a bug-eyed murderous NYPD who chases him through the city streets. The misfit messengers are the heroes while the Keystone KKKops are the bad guys. Whose streets?
6) Damsels in Distress
Whit Stillman's idiosyncratic comedy is so light and inconsequential, it seems in danger of floating away. It's anchored by the unstoppable Greta Gerwig, who delivers Stillman's playfully stilted language as if it were her mother tongue. Gerwig plays the optimistic leader of a busybody college clique committed to ending campus suicide by inventing a dance craze. (Yes, that's really the plot.) Meanwhile, Stillman's WASPy conservatism is expressed through a disdain for anal sex and a odd obsession with good hygiene. Damsels is old-fashioned in another way– it's a refreshing throwback to screwball comedies that passes the Bechdel Test and acts as an antidote to the Mean Girls of modern movies.
7) For Ellen
So Yong Kim's third feature is a throwback of another sort– to the downbeat character studies of 70s American cinema. Paul Dano plays a deadbeat dad with delusions of rock and roll stardom. Dano's performance is so good, and so lived-in, we nearly forget that we've seen this story many times before. Kim's naturalistic approach captures at least one indelible scene in which a lonely Dano drunkenly sings along to Whitesnake's "Still of the Night." That this moment is funny, sad and rendered without any trace of irony is a small miracle in 2012.
Denis Côté's experimental documentary is an intimate, wordless examination of animals in captivity. Using static compositions and uncanny sound design, he draws us in to the confined spaces where the animals are kept during winter at a zoo in Quebec. We look at the animals. And sometimes they seem to be looking back. We don't learn much about the functioning of the zoo, except to sense its ritualized cruelty. Instead, we're forced to abandon the anthropomorphic fantasies we came with and confront how little we know about the inner lives of animals.
9) Silver Linings Playbook
Yeah, so shoot me. I knew it had Bradley Cooper and Jennifer Lawrence as cutesy mentally ill people. I knew it was a romantic comedy. I knew it hinged on shamelessly manipulative plot devices. But none of that prepared me for actually loving this misbegotten thing. David O. Russell proves that he can still pull off an ensemble comedy (see also Flirting With Disaster) with a feel for the the messiness of life, and he gets the best performance in years out of Robert DeNiro. What are the odds?
10) Cabin In the Woods
Joss Whedon's tribute/deconstruction of American horror movies plays like Holy Motors for the Fangoria crowd. Whedon takes on the tired tropes of slasher cinema and reinvigorates them with a goofy narrative device that I won't spoil here. Sure, by the end it's just a bunch of fan service with famous monsters popping out of every elevator shaft. But I am a fan. And I enjoyed the service.
Eleven more:
Compliance- This is the Milgram Experiment applied to the world of fast food wage slavery. Like Zero Dark Thirty, it's a true story. Unlike ZDT, it lays bare how power systematically justifies cruelty.
Central Park Five- A reminder that America (and the NYPD in particular) are racist as hell.
The Avengers- Joss Whedon understands that comic book movies shouldn't take themselves too seriously. The Pentagon disagreed.
The Kid With a Bike- The Dardenne Brothers are cinema's most dedicated humanists. And they will make you care about this wayward orphan dammit. I cared.
Looper- For a better time travel movie, watch Men in Black 3 (seriously.) But for a scarily plausible near future, see Looper. Now if Rian Johnson could just write women characters…
Magic Mike- Steven Soderbergh continues his fascination with bland muses. In this case, the muse is Channing Tatum's abs. But Wooderson still steals the show.
Bernie- Small town anthropology wrapped around a winningly weird Jack Black performance.
Barbara- The Cold War sure was chilly.
Starlet- That rare film about female friendship, which also explores the delicate bonds we forge to build surrogate families. More in my AFI capsule.
Beyond the Black Rainbow- This is what Kraftwerk's music looks like. Logan's Run for goths.
The Ballad of Genesis & Lady Jaye- The year's most beautiful love story. And it's shot with a Bolex(!)
Honorable mention: The Paperboy
Lee Daniels may be cinema's master troll, but he did provide 2012 with its single most satisfying image: Nicole Kidman peeing on Zac Efron. Run, don't walk, to your local Redbox.
Zero Dark Thirty doesn't judge the actions of the CIA and the Navy Seals. Instead, it lets the audience decide for itself. Many have decided that they hate Muslims and are happy to watch them die. Here are just a few responses I found on Twitter.
Women's Empowerment
Zero Dark Thirty's critics are wrong. The movie doesn't glorify torture. It justifies it. The film takes pains to show that there is no glory. The torture scenes are grueling and unpleasant. Make no mistake, torture works. But, like everything else in the story, it's presented as grimly necessary. The upshot is "it's a dirty job, but someone had to do it."
The film gives us tortured Muslim bodies and, finally, Osama's corpse. But in doing so, it also tortures us. Masochistic liberal guilt serves an ideological function. We must suffer to be reminded that we're Good Liberals. Zero Dark Thirty is the feel good feel bad movie of the year. This explains why some of the movie's biggest fans seem so conflicted. David Edelstein calls the film "borderline fascistic" before declaring it a "masterpiece."
Zero Dark Thirty begins with actual anguished emergency calls placed on 9/11 and ends with its heroine , not celebrating, but alone shedding tears on the tarmac. No low angle shots of the hero. No triumphant score. This is today's po-faced propaganda. Ambient music. Ambiguous tears. Conflicted heroes.
Its storytelling is minimal, almost affectless, as if the script were transcribed from a top secret Wikipedia page. Documentary footage is woven seamlessly into the mix. In its bones, it's an action movie. But all of the fun has been drained out. It is dark, punishing and grim. In this sense, Zero Dark Thirty strikes the precise posture of ambivalence necessary in the Obama era. We must have a veneer of moral seriousness. We must have flawed heroes. We can celebrate this patriotic murder, but in a dignified, nuanced way.
The viewer must feel complicit, but not too complicit. The final murderous raid on bin Laden's compound is seen partially through the green tinted POV of the Seals' night vision goggles. The shots are held long enough for us to be reminded of their similarity to "first person shooter" video games, but not too long for us to draw any unpleasant comparisons to the films' Medal of Honor marketing tie-ins. Many critics have defended Zero Dark Thirty's apparent moral ambiguity by seizing on this complicity. Maya, they claim, is our surrogate and through her, we are implicated in the crimes of the national security state.
This may be true, but it distracts us from a more important fact. We are already complicit.
The crimes depicted in Zero Dark Thirty actually happened. They were done in our name. The victims have been denied justice. Some of them died. Their stories can't be told in a courtroom. The people who planned and defended these crimes have been rewarded with jobs in academia and in the Obama administration. The CIA destroyed the videotapes documenting these crimes and then conspired with the makers of Zero Dark Thirty to restage them in a more flattering context.
The true complicity in Zero Dark Thirty is not between Maya and the viewer but between the filmmakers and the CIA. Screenwriter Mark Boal recently compared his situation to CIA whistleblower John Kiriakou. But Kiriakou is going to prison, while Boal is going to the Oscars. If the atrocities depicted in the film are based in fact, then Boal and Bigelow may have learned privileged information about crimes against humanity. Information that has been denied to journalists, to the public, and apparently even to the Senate Intelligence Committee. Information that could help torture victims and their families pursue the justice that has been consistently denied to them by President Obama.
The characters of Maya and Dan are based on real CIA agents. They are not flawed heroes. They are war criminals. Neither Maya, nor her likely real life counterpart are feminist role models. This is not simply, as Boal claims, the story of "a Western liberated woman who brought down Al Qaeda." It is also the story of a torture regime that operated with impunity. The film acts as that regime's liberal apologia, laundering crimes of systematic torture and sexual humiliation in what amounts to cynical "feminist" pinkwashing. Maya and Dan's real-life counterparts belong in a courtroom, not as heroes on a movie screen.
Boal and Bigelow also make themselves complicit in their press appearances for the film, by carefully avoiding the word "torture" in favor of the euphemism "enhanced interrogation." This equivocation may be the most telling aspect about Zero Dark Thirty. Boal and Bigelow are content to rub our noses in the sadism of the CIA's torture program– to make us squirm as Maya does, when she first sees a man chained by his wrists and stripped naked. But when it comes to naming the images they show us, they default to the sterile language of the technocrat.
It is true that the focus on torture distracts us from equally important issues. The raid on bin Laden's compound was itself illegal, a fact that no one seems keen to revisit. Despite early White House claims, the raid was also a kill mission, with no effort made to capture bin Laden. This paved the way for Obama's increasing use of extrajudicial assassination, a tactic that should be at least as troubling as the now defunct torture program. The film also confirms that the mission's code name for bin Laden was Geronimo, underscoring the racist, colonialist nature of the War on Terror.
While the film operates in a notably dour register, muting the traditional patriotic cues, its marketing is far less nuanced. Zero Dark Thirty is being advertised as nothing less than the story of "the greatest manhunt in history." The movie's Twitter feed is particularly jingoistic, often pairing tributes to real life military figures with images from the film.
It's almost as if they want you to confuse the movie with real life.
Further reading:
There have been many articles written on the film, and there are still more to come as it opens nationwide today (also the 11th anniversary of the opening of the Guantanamo Bay prison.) Here are a few that I think are essential reading on the topic.
Glenn Greenwald has done a thorough job of compiling the quotes of people who believe the film promotes the efficacy of torture. Peter Maas wrote about Zero Dark Thirty as an example of "government embedded filmmaking." Jane Mayer dissected the film's depiction of torture. Documentary filmmaker Alex Gibney's piece looked at the film's style and substance.
The debate about Zero Dark Thirty has been characterized as a fight between pundits and film critics, or as Scott Tobias said between "the political class" and "aesthetes." I think the true divide is the same one we've seen ever since Obama took office– between leftists and liberals. If you're looking for formal analysis, I highly recommend the reviews by film critics Richard Brody and Jeff Reichert. I don't know how either critic identifies on the political spectrum, but their essays illuminate the relationship between the film's troubling ideology and its aesthetics.
You might have heard that there's a debate about whether Zero Dark Thirty presents torture as a crucial tool in the hunt for Osama bin Laden. Within the first 20 minutes of the film, we see a detainee named Ammar subjected to brutal torture (or as the CIA & the filmmakers have called it "enhanced interrogation"), including being chained to the ceiling by his wrists, waterboarded, sexually humiliated and confined in a small box. During these scenes, Ammar doesn't break and doesn't give up any useful intelligence.
What happens next is the subject of some debate. Ammar is hauled out of his cell and given a meal by his torturers. While he eats hummus, they try a rapport-based interrogation. It is during this scene that Ammar divulges the name of the Al Qaeda courier, which will eventually lead our heroes to bin Laden.
Zero Dark Thirty's many defenders have cited this scene as proof that the film doesn't promote torture. Mark Boal, the film's screenwriter calls the scene "a civilized lunch." Michael Moore takes this claim a step further, asserting that the "lunch" scene takes place after torture has been abandoned by the CIA. His tweet implies that they simply bring the prisoner lunch and he cheerfully offers up the information.
Moore and Boal are both conveniently eliding the most important moment in the scene. Ammar only gives up the name after an interrogator threatens to "hang (him) back up to the ceiling," thereby subjecting him to further torture.
Watch the brief clip above to decide for yourself. Is this a civilized lunch?