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China Shipbuilding Selling Shares to Raise USD 586 Mn
In an effort to reduce its debt, China Shipbuilding Industry Co. has revealed plans to raise some CNY 3.9 billion (USD 586.7 million) through the sale of 718 million of its shares, Bloomberg cited data from the company's stock exchange filing.
The shares would be sold at a price of CNY 5.43 each to the shipbuilder's parent company, China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation (CSIC), and two wholly owned units of the group.
With this move, the parent company would support China Shipbuilding with an amount of CNY 3.16 billion, thereby increasing its stake in the firm from 52.7 percent to 54.5 percent.
Due to a sluggish shipbuilding industry the company's debt as of March 31 stood at CNY 130.7 billion (USD 19.6 billion).
China Shipbuilding added that the plan still needs to gain approval of regulators and shareholders.
According to data released by China's Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, during the first quarter of 2016 Chinese shipyards recorded an increase in newbuilding orders.
From January to March of 2016, the country's newbuilding orders jumped by 23,9 percent to 7.42 million dwt, compared to the same period a year earlier, while the shipyards constructed 8.35 million dwt in vessel tonnage during the first quarter, down by 11.8 percent.
The Chinese orderbook backlog decreased by 17 percent, as it stood at 120.35 million dwt by the end of March.
IHS Maritime & Trade earlier said that the shipbuilding industry has entered one of the toughest years in recent history.
Namely, major shipbuilding nations will be put to the test during 2016, as competition is expected to intensify as a consequence of diversification in other sectors.
Chinese yards seem to be destined to enter the technically complex areas of cruise vessels and liquefied natural gas (LNG) tankers, according to IHS Maritime & Trade.
World Maritime News Staff


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What is Rotary
What is Rotary?
|What is Rotary? Thousands have made an answer, each in his own way. It is easier to note what Rotary does than what it is. If Rotary has encouraged us to take a more kindly outlook on life and men; if Rotary has taught us greater tolerance and the desire to see the best in others; if Rotary has brought us pleasant and helpful contacts with others who also are trying to capture and radiate the joy and beauty of life, then Rotary has brought us all that we can expect.
Paul Harris, Chicago, October
Rotary, the oldest service club in the world, is a Global Network of Community Volunteers.
Founded in February 1905, it is a worldwide organization of business, professional, and community leaders who provide a broad range of humanitarian and educational programs and activities, and promote high ethical standards, to advance the organization's ultimate goal of understanding, goodwill, and peace throughout the world.
Fundamentally, Rotary is a philosophy of life that undertakes to reconcile the ever present conflict between the desire to profit for one's self and the duty and consequent impulse to serve others. This philosophy is the philosophy of service -Service Above Self - and is based on the practical ethical principle that One Profits Most Who Serves Best.
Currently, there are approximately 1.2 million Rotarians who are members of more than 33,000 Rotary clubs in more than 200 countries and geographical areas.
What is the purpose of Rotary?
Rotary clubs exist to improve communities through a range of humanitarian, intercultural and educational activities. Clubs advance international understanding by partnering with clubs in other countries. Rotary also encourages high ethical standards in all vocations.
Rotary clubs address critical issues at home and abroad by providing health care and medical supplies, clean water, food, job training, youth development, and education to millions of people in need. Examples of Rotary's focus areas include:
- Polio Eradication
- World Peace and Understanding
- International Education
- Humanitarian Projects
- Literacy
- Water Management

subset: commoncrawl


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9 Reviews
PowSlayer Jacket
The Patagonia Men's Powslayer is the jacket you'll want when you're slashing pow turns through truly bottomless conditions. Its three-layer Gore-Tex Pro shell with fully taped seams will keep you dry during those days when you spend the majority of your time gasping for breath between prolonged visits to the white room. And since the deepest stashes are often found between the trees, the super durable 40-denier nylon ripstop face will withstand heavy wear and tear when you're hunting down untracked lines between Mt. Baker's pine boughs and Hokkaido's dense stands of ash trees.
- Ski or snowboard shell designed for deep powder days
- Eco-friendly face fabric made entirely from recycled material
- Gore-Tex Pro enhances breathability for backcountry tours
- Underarm zippers provide ajustable ventilation for the skintrack
- Adjustable powder skirt customizes coverage from snow
- Helmet-compatible hood with two-way adjustment or laminated visor
- Patagonia is committed to producing sustainable outerwear
- Item #PAT01Z1
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Great jacket, zippers could be better
- Familiarity: I've used it several times
- Fit: Runs large
- Size Bought: Large
- Height: 6'0"
- Weight: 180lbs
The jacket has a great fit, an excellent number of pockets and all the features I could ask for.
My one problem is the zippers - they handles are really small and the zip action itself offers a lot of resistance. They're so small in fact that I had trouble getting a lift ticket hang tag to attach to them.
That said, I've had no issues with water getting in the pockets, so possibly the resistance has a purpose. Still, bigger zippers handles would really be nice - especially with mittens on.
When purchasing this, it was mostly between this and the Arcteryx Rush. The Rush had way, way, way easier to use zippers, but fewer pockets. I ended up going with this one mostly for the additional pockets and Patagonia's warranty.
As others have noted, the material is a bit crunchy. While annoying when trying it on, I've never noticed it while skiing so I wouldn't consider it a bad thing.
Awesome shell, lousy zips
- Familiarity: I've put it through the wringer
- Fit: True to size
Picked up the 2017-18 version and used for a busy 2018-19 ski season plus a few hikes. The Goretex Pro shell material is bomber and stands up to all weather conditions plus yardsales into deep powder while breathing very well. It feels quite a bit sturdier than standard Goretex and has held up to skiing through trees without so much as a scratch. It's not an ultralight jacket, but rather a really solid balance between performance, toughness, and weight.
The material is quite crinkly when new and while it softens up over time it remains more noisy than the average hardshell. Sizing runs a bit large in the torso if worn over just a baselayer, but this works well to permit easy movement with multiple insulating layers. Pit zips and pockets are thoughtfully designed with lots of storage space.
The one big downside is that the ergonomics of the zips feel totally out of place on such a high-end jacket. After dozens of days of use, both the main zip and pit zips remain very stiff and prone to jamming--the main zip jams nearly every time try to zip it up. The zip pulls are very small and difficult to grasp with mitts or gloves--I get that light weight is the goal, but I would gladly sacrifice an extra gram or two for a more substantial pull. The zips are billed as watertight and they do perform well in this regard, so perhaps that treatment keeps it from zipping smoothly. Regardless, something as simple as the zips on a premium jacket at this price point should just work, not require a wrestling match.
Just a quick note on the material
- Familiarity: I've used it several times
- Fit: True to size
This is a serious skiing/backcountry technical shell which is super lightweight and appears to be wind/water/snow proof. Great. I generally wear a small in my normal clothing and I ordered the small and it fit exactly how I wanted it too.
It's made out of GoreTex Pro - which sounds like GoreTex only better, but the Pro is more of a raincoat like material - it moves and sounds like it. Yes, it is much more breathable than an actual raincoat, but it's an encreadably thin material which can only be worn with other jackets and layers. This jacket has no "standalone" ability in terms of getting cold temperature out unlike standard GoreTex. I know that the sort of people who would buy this jacket have tons of layers and are probably prioritizing the light weight over these other factors, but I found it important to note.
Awesome jacket, but if you ski at a resort and only at a resort, I would point you towards something a little less high end.
- Familiarity: I've put it through the wringer
- Height: 6'0"
- Weight: 175lbs
Odd sizing
- Familiarity: I returned this product before using it
- Fit: Runs large
- Size Bought: Medium
- Height: 5'9"
- Weight: 155lbs
The color of this jacket and overall design and features are spot on. fit is somewhat of a personal thing but as other reviewers have noted to sizing on this seems odd. I am a 5'9" 155lb male who wears size medium in just about everything I have ever owned (including at least 6 patagonia jackets)I find the medium to be anything but a comfortable/functional fit. It is too long and wide at the bottom, the chest almost is almost right for layering, and the sleeves seem perfect. I found with the hood on my helmet I had pretty significant peripheral vision and head range of motion restriction. Zippers seem weirdly small as well to be used with gloves or mitts in the backcountry. I really was only buying this to replace a 20 year old shell still going strong but no helmet compatible hood so with the weird fit and poor hood function its getting returned.
Great and Recycled Material Jacket
- Familiarity: I gave it as a gift but have feedback to share
- Fit: Runs large
- Size Bought: Small
- Height: 5'4"
- Weight: 160lbs
This is a great jacket, its from Patagonia so you know they care about the earth and the jacket itself. Honestly, I don't have much to say other than it just works. I haven't been in a full on rainstorm yet, but the Gore-Tex has done its thing perfectly so far.
Shell great - few asks though
- Familiarity: I've used it several times
- Fit: True to size
- Size Bought: Medium
- Height: 6'1"
- Weight: 185lbs
Just purchased this for the 2018 ski season and have gotten a bunch of days in with it so far.
Preliminary thoughts - the shell itself is great. Excellent quality as can be expected from Patagonia. Seems durable, and is bomb proof from a moisture standpoint.
One bone to pick, @patagonia - Please make larger zippers and larger zipper pulls for your top of the line jackets/shells. The pulls on this jacket feel smaller than those on my nano-puff. The small pulls and small teeth zippers make this jacket tough to zip and unzip, especially with one hand. This is particularly relevant in zipping/unzipping the pit-vents without having to maneuver around ski poles/backpack usage, etc. Maybe zips just need to be broken in?
No other complains so far. Like the length as compared to the other Patagonia climbing/hybrid shells.
Powslayer Jacket
Ready for the snowpocalypse
- Familiarity: I've put it through the wringer
I honestly dont think there is a material or matter known to man that can penetrate this shell. Whether it is torrential down pour or 12 inches an hour of snow you will stay well protected in this jacket. I personally love this for how durable the construction is and how easy it packs away when you get hot on the skin trail. If you have the money to spend and enjoy hanging out in the high alpine as much as I do its a very worthwhile investment!
review Flagged as inappropriate or irrelevant to the product. Click here to view.
What is the center-back length of this jacket? Thank you.


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Working on two big shows this summer, a Hill&Stump solo show at Bunny Gunner in Joshua Tree (opens Aug. 8) and my own exhibition at Art Produce Gallery in San Diego (reception Aug. 22). Plus getting ready to teach at Donovan State Prison, which should really rock my world, in a good way, I hope!
•Spring 2018 Solo Exhibition Sparks Gallery, San Diego
• November 2017 "Nudes," 2-person Exhibition at MuzeuMM Gallery, Los Angeles
• October 2017 Brewery Artwalk, Los Angeles
September 2019


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Self: 78% poly 22% elastaneLining: 90% nylon 10% lycra. Hand wash cold. Halter neck and back tie closures. Front contrast crochet lace panel. Bottom side tie closures. Ruched back. SKY-WX61. AE206 M1. Sky is a fashion forward contemporary brand designed and produced in Los Angeles. A collection created for a broad spectrum of women, it's Skys mission to deliver beautiful, well made garments that highlight a womans beauty.
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Systematic Review ARTICLE
Environmental Persistence of Influenza H5N1 Is Driven by Temperature and Salinity: Insights From a Bayesian Meta-Analysis
- 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
- 2Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Hospital Campus, London, United Kingdom
- 3Center for the Ecology of Infectious Disease, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
Environmental persistence of zoonotic pathogens is a key trait that influences the probability of zoonotic spillover. Pathogen survival outside of the host determines the window available for contact with the new recipient host species and the dose of pathogen available to that host. The longer a pathogen survives in the environment, the more disconnected the reservoir and recipient hosts can be in space and time, and the more likely that an infective dose will be available to recipient hosts. Therefore, environmental persistence is a key parameter for mechanistic models needed to predict pathogen spillover. Avian influenza can be transmitted from wildlife to poultry and people in part due to its ability to persist in the environment. Considerable work has been done to quantify trends in avian influenza persistence across environmental conditions, often published in separate studies with separate datasets. In this paper, we quantify the trends and variability of avian influenza viral persistence across environmental conditions by collating disjoint experimental data on viral particle persistence in water across many studies and a range of environmental conditions. The collated data represent 120 estimates from three different studies of the decay rates of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 (90 estimates from Asia and 30 from Europe) in response to temperature, pH, and salinity. We analyzed these data with a Bayesian model to control for biases with random effects and used experimental replicates and R2 estimates of the publication's regression procedures as statistical weights. We found temperature significantly decreases persistence of H5N1 virus in water, and this effect is stronger than that of salinity alone. Salinity interacts with temperature and probably drives the most contrasting persistence scenarios between cold-saline and warm-saline water bodies, where highest and lowest persistence times could occur respectively. Our work provides needed parameters for models that examine the risk of spillover of avian influenza viruses.
The capacity of microorganisms to survive in the environment has fundamental consequences for their ecology, epidemiology, and ability to transmit between individuals and species (Ewald, 1987; Kuris et al., 2014; Plowright et al., 2017). For instance, the time over which organisms can remain infectious and available for transmission can be influenced by environmental characteristics (Ewald, 1987; Walther and Ewald, 2004; Martin et al., 2015, 2017; Plowright et al., 2017). Environmental persistence times can drive temporal patterns in epidemics (Lipsitch and Viboud, 2009; Shaman and Kohn, 2009; Shaman et al., 2010; Satterfield et al., 2017), the duration and magnitude of epidemics (Walther and Ewald, 2004; Rohani et al., 2009), and virulence in reservoir hosts (Walther and Ewald, 2004).
Avian influenza viruses (AIV, Orthomyxoviridae: Inlfuenzavirus A) form a diverse group with a very broad host range spanning taxonomic orders and classes, including humans, in which these viruses have caused pandemics. Among the different genera of influenza viruses, only Influenza A viruses have had the potential to become pandemic in humans (Taubenberger and Kash, 2010). Most influenza subtypes pathogenic to humans originate in birds and swine. The latter are considered an ideal recombination vessel for influenza variants of diverse origins (Webster et al., 1992). In aquatic birds (Anseriformes and Charadriiformes), AIV replicate in and are shed from the digestive tract allowing waterborne transmission (Webster et al., 1978; Hinshaw and Webster, 1982; Markwell and Shortridge, 1982). In humans, swine and other mammal models, influenza viruses replicate in the upper or lower respiratory tract, owing to the presence of the necessary sialic acid receptors, favoring airborne transmission (Kuiken et al., 2006; Taubenberger and Kash, 2010; Lipsitch et al., 2016). For this reason, studies of the environmental persistence of influenza viruses pathogenic to humans tend to focus on airborne transmission (Weber and Stilianakis, 2008; Shaman and Kohn, 2009). However, the environmental factors that are more relevant for AIV spillover and consequent adaptation to poultry, swine and humans are more likely to be those affecting waterborne survival.
The most important zoonotic subtypes of AIV belong to the highly pathogenic lineage, more specifically the subtypes with hemagglutinin proteins 5 and 7. These viruses are thought to originate in low and mildly pathogenic AIV from aquatic birds after several passages in domestic poultry (Swayne and Suarez, 2000; Swayne and Pantin-Jackwood, 2006). Gallinaceous birds experience pathogenic systemic infections, whereas aquatic birds infected with these viruses remain asymptomatic (Swayne and Thomas, 2009). Of the two known highly pathogenic subtypes (H5 and H7), all fatal human cases but one, have been caused by the H5N1 Eurasian lineage (Swayne and Thomas, 2009). High-mortality zoonotic outbreaks of H5N1 have occurred after close interactions between poultry and humans (Perdue et al., 2000; Peiris et al., 2004; Steensels et al., 2005; Woo et al., 2006; Abulreesh et al., 2007; Park and Glass, 2007).
While low-pathogenic AIV infect both the gastrointestinal and respiratory tract of water birds, highly pathogenic AIV have adapted to bind and replicate in the respiratory tract of its recipient hosts, a critical characteristic for zoonotic transmission (Lipsitch et al., 2016). Regardless of their adaptations for direct transmission among less aquatic hosts (Brown et al., 2009), highly pathogenic AIV are capable of spilling back to and spreading among wild aquatic birds (Ellis et al., 2004; Gaidet et al., 2008). Such re-adaptation to aquatic birds whilst retaining high pathogenicity in poultry has been observed in the Eurasian lineage of H5N1 (Buisch et al., 1984; Swayne et al., 1999). The capacity to re-establish in wild aquatic bird populations facilitates zoonotic outbreaks and spread in areas otherwise less accessible to domestic poultry (Gilbert et al., 2006). For this reason, activities such as bird feeding and swimming in water inhabited by aquatic birds may increase the risk of H5N1 spillover (Artois et al., 2009; Bright et al., 2016). Consequently, better understanding the processes that facilitate transmission of influenza A viruses within avian hosts and to humans is critical for global health (Stallknecht et al., 2010; Lipsitch et al., 2016).
Previous attempts to quantify the environmental stability of AIV in water have shown that temperature, salinity, and pH are important characteristics that determine how long AIV remain infectious (Stallknecht et al., 1990a,b; Brown et al., 2007, 2009; Domanska-Blicharz et al., 2010; Dalziel et al., 2016). However, there is still poor consensus as to whether these variables have similar effects on environmental persistence across AIV subtypes or strains. Reasons for the lack of consensus might be as follows: (1) persistence times among strains of the same subtype vary as much as persistence times among subtypes (e.g., Stallknecht et al., 1990a, 2010; Brown et al., 2014); (2) biases exist in the studied subtypes and environmental conditions represented in laboratory studies (Dalziel et al., 2016); and (3) statistical estimates and laboratory settings are inadequately reported for the majority of environmental persistence studies (Dalziel et al., 2016). Of the zoonotic influenza A subtypes, H5N1 has been studied more frequently owing to high mortality events in eastern and southeast Asia, and thus there is better knowledge of the variability of responses to different environmental factors. Meta-analyses of studies involving a number of influenza strains have examined effects of water temperature, salinity, pH and between study variability on low pathogenicity AIV subtypes (Dalziel et al., 2016); the effects of water temperature, salinity and pH on disease dynamics within natural reservoirs (Rohani et al., 2009); or have focused on airborne persistence and infectivity (Shaman and Kohn, 2009; Myatt et al., 2010; Shaman et al., 2010) on fomites (Thomas et al., 2008; Dublineau et al., 2011). The latter two analyses, however, are more relevant for viruses that have already adapted to human hosts. As a result, the broader problem of identifying common drivers of environmental persistence across potentially zoonotic influenza strains remains (Horm et al., 2012).
Here we present a meta-analysis on the joint effects of temperature, pH, and salinity on the environmental persistence of many strains of highly pathogenic AI H5N1 virus from multiple avian hosts. Using published data, we present the first attempt to identify general trends of virus-environment interactions in a unified model for one of the most relevant potentially zoonotic AI viruses. Our model also identifies how abiotic characteristics influence viral transmission opportunities and spillover processes.
We analyzed the environmental persistence of zoonotic AIV from the published literature. To be included in the analysis, publications had to contain data from survival experiments of zoonotic AI in an aqueous medium; experimental conditions had to be recorded (characteristics of the substrate like temperature, salinity, and pH; titration method; number of replicates; and number of titrations in time) or available from authors; statistical analyses had to have estimated decay rates (proportion of virus inactivated per unit time, equivalent to slope coefficient in equation 1 below) at each of the different experimental conditions; and results of these analyses had to be adequately reported (contain number of experimental replicates and number of titrations in time, type of transformation of the response data such as natural or base 10 logarithm, and R2 estimates). To include a zoonotic subtype in our analyses, data needed to be available from more than one publication. To identify the zoonotic AIV subtypes, we searched the CDC weekly mortality reports and performed a search in Google Scholar with the terms "influenza human infection," "zoonotic influenza subtypes," and "human pandemic influenza subtypes." With the zoonotic subtypes identified we searched for the published material on AIV environmental persistence experiments. With the above inclusion criteria, we identified three publications from Google Scholar with appropriate data on AI environmental persistence: Domanska-Blicharz et al. (2010), Zhang et al. (2014), and Brown et al. (2014). Further details on the search results are given in the Results and Supplementary Materials. From these publications, we analyzed the relationships between the slope regression coefficient a (see equation 1 below) from each publication as functions of experimental temperature (°C), pH, and salinity (parts per thousand, ppt).
One exception was Brown et al. (2014), which only reported Rt-values (resistance time, or time elapsed until inactivation of 90% of the initial virus titer); hence, we obtained estimates of a (alog 10 from equation 1 in ln scale) using the following rationale. Because Rt is the time elapsed until 90% of the virus dies, in an exponential setting we have:
where S = 0.1 (10% of the initial titer), the remaining fraction of the virus. Therefore:
Which leads to:
To transform regression coefficients from the remaining publications from log10 scale to ln scale, we multiplied each coefficient by ln(10):
All data were then analyzed in the same ln scale.
We also homogenized the scale of salinity data. Domanska-Blicharz et al. (2010) and Brown et al. (2014) reported salinity in ppt, whereas Zhang et al. (2014) reported salinity as conductivity (S·m−1, Siemens per meter). To transform Zhang et al. (2014) data to ppt, we transcribed the Fortran code of the Cond2Sal algorithm of the UNESCO technical papers in marine sciences (Fofonoff and Millard, 1983) to R code. The algorithm uses the following inputs: pressure (result of the depth at which the water sample was taken), temperature of collection, and salinity in S·m−1. For these calculations, we assumed zero depth, hence pressure of 0 (Zhang et al., 2014 did not report the depth, although zero depth is a reasonable assumption), and used the reported temperature of collection. This algorithm is most reliable for salinity conversion values between 2 and 42 ppt; however, the UNESCO report (Fofonoff and Millard, 1983) mentions that unless estimates are <0.05 ppt, values between 0.05 and 2 are plausible. Hence, we omitted the truncation included in the original Fortran code for such range of values.
Our compiled dataset consisted of estimates of a, temperature, salinity, pH, source of the data, titration method, if experiments were performed in filtered or unfiltered medium, the H5N1 strain used in the laboratory analyses, sample size, approximate number of titrations through time, and R2 of each linear regression. These data comprised of 120 records of the decay rate a, and were analyzed with a Bayesian model. These data cover a range of temperatures (4, 10, 16, 17, 20, and 28°C; all approximately evenly represented, full dataset in the Supplementary Materials) and salinities, from 0 to 30 ppt (parts per thousand) with relatively evenly distributed intermediate values of 6.4, 15, and 25.1 ppt. As for pH, available data only covered a narrow range of 6.9–8.9. All the factors that might affect the dispersion of a were included as random effects, and factors affecting the reliability of the data were used as weights (sample size and R2, Dalziel et al., 2016). Brown et al. (2014) did not report R2 of the regressions used to estimate Rt; however, we extracted their raw data from graphs in log10 scale with the precision of one decimal to recreate R2. For this procedure, we assumed the closest point to the regression line corresponded to the data used for that regression. We acknowledge this could inflate R2; however, this is unlikely to result in major differences as the overall weight of each observation in that study was smaller compared with the other two studies (Domanska-Blicharz et al., 2010; Zhang et al., 2014) due to their considerably larger sample sizes.
We next modeled a as a function of temperature, salinity, and pH using distinct functional forms (linear, quadratic, and with interactions). To find the optimal fixed effects structure of the model, we formulated separate models for a(Temp, pH), a(Temp, Sal) and for a(Sal, pH). For the models of a as a function of temperature and pH, we allowed for a bimodal response to pH, in which a decreases from its value at low or acid pH to a minimum at neutral pH values (7.2–7.4), and then increases as pH becomes alkaline. We did this by setting interactions of temperature and salinity with parameters of the expression (Brown et al., 2007, 2009):
Interactions with each parameter allow temperature and salinity to regulate the size effect of pH on virus inactivation rates (interaction with b), the width of the peak effect (parameter c), and the optimal pH for persistence (parameter d). Given the available narrow range of pH data (6.8–8.9), we were unable to find a joint effect of pH and temperature on any of the features described above; we therefore only show the temperature-salinity model.
The relationship between temperature, salinity, and survival is simpler than with pH; thus we only included simple linear terms and interactions between both variables. The form of the Bayesian model was:
Here ai is the coefficient data in ln scale, βi is a vector of the effects of temperature and salinity and its interactions, γi are the random effects per observation, is the weighted mean, N is the number of experimental replicates, and titrations is the number of virus titrations through time in each experimental replicate. To select the optimum model, we modified the structure of the model matrix X to include only the single linear terms or their interactions and with or without an intercept. The final model was selected upon the minimization of the deviance information criterion (DIC, Spiegelhalter et al., 2002), compliance with normality of residuals, and by consideration of the effects of salinity found in other publications that specifically tested its effect in controlled conditions in several influenza subtypes and strains (Stallknecht et al., 1990a,b; Brown et al., 2007, 2009, 2014). We established significance of statistical effects (inferred parameters) if parameter posteriors did not contain 0 within the range of 95% of samples. The other monitored parameter during MCMC sampling was the Bayesian R2; for more details on how this was calculated, we refer the reader to the JAGS (Plummer, 2003) code in the Supplementary Materials.
With the resulting model for a, we calculated the specific effect of temperature and salinity on Rt by finding the required temperature or salinity change for doubling the estimated Rt. First, if Rt = –ln 0.1/a, then Rt would double when a halves in response to temperature or salinity. Hence to find how a halves in response to temperature and salinity changes, we found da/dTemp and da/dSal. We solved these derivatives for dTemp (or dSal) when da = –a/2 (see Supplementary Materials for more details).
Data Collection
With our systematic search, we identified the following zoonotic influenza subtypes: H1N1, H3N2, H2N2 (Webster, 1998), H5N1 (Webby and Webster, 2001; CDC, 2003; Peiris et al., 2004), H9N2 (Peiris et al., 1999), H7N2 (Wentworth et al., 1997), H7N7 (Fouchier et al., 2004; Koopmans et al., 2004), and H7N3 (Tweed et al., 2004). Of these subtypes, we only found environmental persistence experiments for H1N1 (Brown et al., 2009; Dublineau et al., 2011; Shigematsu et al., 2014) H3N2 (Brown et al., 2009), H5N1 (Paek et al., 2010; Dublineau et al., 2011; Brown et al., 2014; Shigematsu et al., 2014; Zhang et al., 2014), H9N2 (Zhang et al., 2014) and H7N3 (Brown et al., 2007). We found other publications with environmental persistence experiments; however, these focused on airborne transmission and are listed in the Supplementary Materials. Only three publications, Domanska-Blicharz et al. (2010), Zhang et al. (2014) and Brown et al. (2014), met the criteria for inclusion in our analyses (Liberati et al., 2009). Two of the studies that met most criteria for inclusion were Paek et al. (2010) and Shigematsu et al. (2014); however, we were unable to obtain the necessary data from the authors upon request (e.g., medium salinity, number of replicates, and R2 estimates of regressions) for inclusion. The final sample size was 120 different estimates of the slope coefficient (or decay rate) a (Equation 1): 30 estimates from Domanska-Blicharz et al. (2010), 24 estimates from Zhang et al. (2014), and 66 estimates from Brown et al. (2014). Further details on the number of replicates, titrations through time, R2 estimates, and strains are available in the full dataset in the Supplementary Materials.
Our dataset contains potential bias through the number of replicates per strain: four experimental replicates in Domanska-Blicharz et al. (2010) with close to 17 measurements through time with only one H5N1 strain (30 estimates); three experimental replicates and three to four titrations through time in Zhang et al. (2014, 24 estimates) with only one H5N1 strain; and no experimental replicates with two to five titrations through time in Brown et al. (2014) with 11 H5N1 strains (66 estimates). We tried to control for these differences between publications by including random effects and using sample sizes as weights in the regression. While some strains might be overrepresented, their overall contribution to our models are likely weak given that the total number of records per publication is also uneven and because the weight of the data points also depends on how well its models explained the regressed data (R2 estimates, Dalziel et al., 2016). The distributions of estimates of a per publication are given in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Decay rates a (N = 120) extracted from three publications (66 from Brown et al., 2014, 30 from Domanska-Blicharz et al., 2010, and 24 from Zhang et al., 2014). Data points have been made transparent to allow visualization of overlap.
The Model
All models of the joint effect of temperature and pH failed to show an effect of pH, probably due to the narrow range of pH values and the dispersion of the available data among experiments for H5N1. However, the wider range of salinity levels and its stronger effect on survival facilitated its inclusion in the analyses. The final model was simple (Equation 3) and showed a positive effect of temperature and a negative effect of salinity on a; the interaction between temperature and salinity also had a positive effect on a (Table 1):
The DIC of model from equation 3 (267.8) was <3 DIC units larger than a more complex model (DIC 267.77; the same terms as equation 3 but with an additional parameter, β0, as the intercept). Therefore, the set of fixed effects in equation 3 was the most parsimonious. Further, the resulting credible intervals for the model with the lowest DIC were unrealistically large and exceeded the observed range of a. Parameter estimates of the reported model are shown in Table 1. The selected model's Bayesian R2 was 0.278 (0.154–0.392, 95% Cr. I).
Of the random effects that could be included in the model, we only retained the experimental medium (substrate; e.g., filtered or unfiltered water and allantoic fluid), as no other random effects (source of the data and strain) had a significant effect (95% credible intervals of posterior samples did not include zero). In addition, removing random effects of publication source helped reduce the model's DIC and improved normality of residuals. Another reason was that the experimental medium was correlated with publication source, effectively addressing possible pseudoreplication and bias. The models which included publication source as a random effect instead of culture medium had the same parameter estimates and led to the selection of the same model reported here. The effect of the experimental medium was significant in all cases (γ estimates are provided in Table 1), and the lowest a estimates occurred in allantoic fluid (Brown et al., 2014), followed by filtered and unfiltered water (Domanska-Blicharz et al., 2010; Zhang et al., 2014).
Model Estimates
As temperature increased, the decay rate, a, increased, meaning that temperature decreases survival of H5N1 strains given that all data were experimental. Salinity as an isolated term had a negative effect, but the interaction between temperature and salinity was positive. This results in the decay rate, a, increasing in response to salinity at high temperatures and decreasing at low temperatures (Figure 2). The distribution of a by the model produced the resistance times (time to death of 90% of the initial virus) provided in Figure 3, using the formula Rt = –ln(0.1)/a.
Figure 2. Surface plot of the model with credible intervals (gray planes above and below the median of model estimates in color). Color code indicates the observed (data points) and estimated (plane) value of decay rates a. The vertical lines show the distance between data points and the plane (without random effects) estimated by the model.
Figure 3. Resistance time in days (Rt) until 90% of the virus is inactivated in response to temperature and salinity. Color scale is for reference and indicates the estimated Rt with 95% credible intervals obtained with the posterior parameter samples (gray planes above and below the color plane).
A representation of the effects of temperature, salinity, and time on H5N1 decay in the environment is given in Figure 4. Based on the final model for a, the changes in temperature and salinity necessary to double Rt can be identified using:
Figure 4. Color scale indicates the log10 of the proportion of viable H5N1 during a lapse of 30 days (cutoff in time in the gray panels). Each time snapshot includes the range of temperature (x-axis) and salinity (y-axis) over which viability was evaluated.
We note that some obtained estimates are unlikely to be biologically feasible. For instance, Rt can double when temperature decreases by 22.11°C (13.15–41.74°C95% Cr. I.) at salinity 0 ppt and decreases to 8.77°C (6.39–12.25°C95% Cr. I.) at 30 ppt (Figure 5). Whereas, with respect to salinity, Rt could both increase or decrease at any observed temperature, especially around 17° (Figure S1, Supplementary Materials). Ambiguity is due to the negative effect of salinity alone in the model (β2 < 0, P < 0.05, Table 1) and the positive effect of its interaction with temperature (β3 > 0, P > 0.05, Table 1). Furthermore, the range of salinity changes needed to double Rt are infeasible based on the credible intervals. According to our model, doubling Rt would occur when there are more parts of salt per parts of water (salinity −2,500–2,000 ppt). Thus, salinity would rarely drive strong changes of influenza H5N1 survival. Instead, such changes are predicted to occur more frequently in response to temperature changes in saline water bodies.
Figure 5. Temperature change in response to increasing salinity required to double resistance time. Note the negative scale of temperature, indicating that at higher salinity (parts per thousand) the temperature decrease required to double the time to inactivate 90% of the initial virus titer is less in average than at lower salinity levels. Shades of gray indicate the 95 and 68% credible intervals.
We provide estimates of the joint effect of salinity and temperature on the rates of decay of several strains of influenza H5N1, showing a stronger effect of temperature on environmental viability compared to salinity. The stronger effect of temperature occurred in both types of experimental substrates included in the analyses: studies that tightly controlled substrate conditions in the laboratory (Brown et al., 2014) and studies that used water samples from natural water bodies (Domanska-Blicharz et al., 2010; Zhang et al., 2014). The estimated rates of decay identified here are consistent with estimates for other influenza subtypes in response to salinity and temperature (Stallknecht et al., 1990a; Brown et al., 2007) and with those of low pathogenicity AIV (Dalziel et al., 2016).
The most significant effect of salinity on H5N1 viability was through its interaction with temperature: the decrease of temperature required to double the resistance time (Rt) is smaller at higher salinity (Figure 5). Thus, longer persistence could occur across a wide range of salinity levels, especially at low temperatures, whereas small changes in temperature have non-linear effects on virus persistence. The same trend is present Brown et al. (2007) experiments, and the same pattern is apparent in that some H5N1 strains react differently to higher salinity and temperature combinations (Brown et al., 2014). The random effects included in our model to control for experimental substrate indicate that a was lower in the data from Brown et al. (2014); therefore, it is unclear how the estimates of salinity effects relate to persistence in natural water bodies. Other studies have found similar effects of salinity, pH, and temperature between viability in distilled water and samples from natural water bodies in the same strain of H6N2 (Stallknecht et al., 1990a; Brown et al., 2007) and in highly pathogenic H5N1 (Horm et al., 2012). Hence, it is possible that the trends we found occur among various influenza subtypes when facing different salinity levels.
One of the variables we tried to model was pH; however, the narrow range of pH values hampered its inclusion in our analyses. Regardless of the ubiquitous non-linear response of AIV to pH (Stallknecht et al., 1990a; Brown et al., 2009), it remains unclear how the non-linear responses are relevant in the context of water bodies where AIV occur naturally. For instance, Brown et al. (2009) performed survival experiments with 12 subtypes (none were H5N1) in a pH range of 5.8–8.6, while the water from natural bodies used for the experiments included in these analyses had pH extremes of 6.9 (Domanska-Blicharz et al., 2010) to 8.9 (Zhang et al., 2014). There is not a clear effect of pH within the range of existing pH data on the different H5N1 strains. Nevertheless, the possibility to further study the effects of a wider range of pH in several different subtypes and strains could be important to understand the relationship between inactivation pH and zoonotic potential (Lipsitch et al., 2016) and should therefore be a research priority.
During the model fitting process, we found that strain as a random effect was not significant and its inclusion in the model increased DIC. One possible explanation was that Domanska-Blicharz et al. (2010) and Zhang et al. (2014) only used one strain, while Brown et al. (2014) used 11 strains, none of which had experimental replicates or measurements in different substrates. However, the large difference of strain numbers between studies translates into limitations and potential biases. An approach to test the limitations of this study could be a qualitative comparison with the results of new experiments of untested H5N1 strains. Likewise, the lower persistence estimated with the model compared with Brown et al. (2014) might be a product of our statistical weights. Because statistical effects estimates from larger sample sizes are deemed more reliable than estimates from studies with small sample sizes (Garamszegi, 2014), weights here increased the importance of the experiments from Domanska-Blicharz et al. (2010) and Zhang et al. (2014) given their larger sample sizes (Figure 2). The inclusion of statistical weights in meta-analyses is common as is the inclusion of random effects where specific experimental or observational settings might influence effect sizes (Hedges et al., 1999; Deeks et al., 2008).
Studies of low-pathogenic AIV dynamics in wild aquatic birds have concluded that environmental transmission in response to water temperature and pH is important for the initiation and duration of epidemics (Rohani et al., 2009). The influenza persistence data used by Rohani et al. (2009) are similar to the Brown et al. (2014) data used here, which had the highest estimates of Rt likely from the tightly controlled experimental substrate conditions. Hence, it is probable that in light of the probable lower persistence of AIV in natural water bodies (data from Domanska-Blicharz et al., 2010; Zhang et al., 2014), the contribution of environmental persistence of AIV to epidemic takeoff and duration in aquatic birds is lower than that found in the simulation studies of Rohani et al. (2009). Furthermore, in a broader context, many other factors contribute to the effect that environmental persistence of AIV has on its transmission dynamics among hosts. For example, cross reactivity between subtypes and strains could affect transmissibility of closely related strains circulating in a population (Lipsitch et al., 2016). Similarly, the adaptive changes necessary to establish infection in terrestrial hosts derived from the different available binding receptors (Aubin et al., 2005; Gabriel et al., 2005; Lipsitch et al., 2016); the reassortment of Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase types (de Vries et al., 2015); and the development of pathogenicity through novel cleavage sites (Wright, 2007) all introduce variability in environmental persistence, and result in trade-offs that affect viral fitness (Beauchemin and Handel, 2011; Park et al., 2013; Gog et al., 2015). As a result our model should be interpreted as a trend among highly pathogenic H5N1 strains. However, we argue that the mentioned complexities that affect the relevance of environmental persistence of AIV toward its transmission dynamics among reservoir hosts are overcome in the context of zoonotic transmission to influenza-naive recipient hosts (Plowright et al., 2017).
Finally, we emphasize the need to further investigate the pH inactivation dynamics of influenza viruses due to their non-monotonic nature. This characteristic of decay responses, in addition to its potential to indicate zoonotic risk (Lipsitch et al., 2016), could help identify optimal water characteristics for zoonotic transmission to humans and domestic animals. Given that the ability of viruses to persist in the environment is an important component of whether or not pathogens can spill over (Plowright et al., 2017), future work on pH inactivation of AIV will be important to prevent future pandemics.
With these analyses, we provide estimates for parameters that will be useful for holistic models that assess or predict risk of zoonotic AIV spillover. Temperature has a significant effect on the environmental persistence of H5N1 AIV. The effect of salinity, however, might depend on its interaction with temperature. We therefore infer that AIV could persist in both high salinity warm water and high salinity cold water. These two abiotic conditions might represent contrasting environmental contexts for determining AIV spillover. Further studies are required to understand the effect of salinity and its interaction with temperature within the geographical areas where AIV strains originate, such as the effects of the local environmental conditions and reservoir host species on overall resistance. Moreover, more work is needed to reconcile data on viral persistence from field and laboratory experiments. Finally, there is a need to further study how pH affects viral persistence, as pH may be an important characteristic that determines optimal conditions for spillover.
Author Contributions
GM Performed the strategic search, designed selection criteria, extracted data, performed the analyses and wrote the manuscript. DB Identified the requirements for the research to be framed as a meta-analysis, helped design and refine the statistical analysis and helped in manuscript preparation. RP Obtained the funding, developed the main ideas for research and helped in manuscript preparation.
Conflict of Interest Statement
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
This research was developed with funding from the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA; D16AP00113), the National Science Foundation DEB-1716698, the National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number P20GM103474 and P30GM110732, and SERDP RC-2633. The views, opinions and/or findings expressed are those of the author and should not be interpreted as representing the official views or policies of the Department of Defense or the U.S. Government. We thank Alex Washburne for helpful feedback on earlier versions of the manuscript, and the reviewers whose contributions helped improve the quality of this paper.
Supplementary Material
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fevo.2018.00131/full#supplementary-material
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Satterfield, D. A., Altizer, S., Williams, M. K., and Hall, R. J. (2017). Environmental persistence influences infection dynamics for a butterfly pathogen. PLoS ONE 12:e0169982. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169982
Shaman, J., and Kohn, M. (2009). Absolute humidity modulates influenza survival, transmission, and seasonality. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106, 3243–3248. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0806852106
Shaman, J., Pitzer, V. E., Viboud, C., Grenfell, B. T., and Lipsitch, M. (2010). Absolute humidity and the seasonal onset of influenza in the continental United States. PLoS Biol. 8:e1000316. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1000316
Shigematsu, S., Dublineau, A., Sawoo, O., Batéjat, C., Matsuyama, T., Leclercq, I., et al. (2014). Influenza A virus survival in water is influenced by the origin species of the host cell. Influenza Other Respir. Viruses 8, 123–130. doi: 10.1111/irv.12179
Spiegelhalter, D. J., Best, N. G., Carlin, B. P., and van der Linde, A. (2002). Bayesian measures of model complexity and fit. J. R. Soc. Stat. 64, 583–639. doi: 10.1111/1467-9868.00353
Stallknecht, D. E., Goekjian, V. H., Wilcox, B. R., Poulson, R. L., and Brown, J. D. (2010). Avian Influenza virus in aquatic habitats: what do we need to learn? Avian Dis. 54, 461–465. doi: 10.1637/8760-033109-Reg.1
Stallknecht, D. E., Kearney, M. T., Shane, S. M., and Zwank, P. J. (1990a). Effects of pH, temperature, and salinity on persistence of avian influenza viruses in water. Avian Dis. 34, 412–418.
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Woo, P. C., Lau, S. K., and Yuen, K. (2006). Infectious diseases emerging from Chinese wet-markets: zoonotic origins of severe respiratory viral infections. Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis. 19, 401–407. doi: 10.1097/01.qco.0000244043.08264.fc
Wright, P. F. (2007). "Orthomyxovriuses," in Fields Virology, eds N. Bernard, D. M. Knipe, and P. M. Howley (Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer Health; Lippincott Williams and Wilkins).
Zhang, H., Li, Y., Chen, J., Chen, Q., and Chen, Z. (2014). Perpetuation of H5N1 and H9N2 avian influenza viruses in natural water bodies. J. Gen. Virol. 95, 1430–1435. doi: 10.1099/vir.0.063438-0
Keywords: influenza, H5N1, environmental persistence, zoonotic pathogens, temperature, salinity, meta-analysis
Citation: Martin G, Becker DJ and Plowright RK (2018) Environmental Persistence of Influenza H5N1 Is Driven by Temperature and Salinity: Insights From a Bayesian Meta-Analysis. Front. Ecol. Evol. 6:131. doi: 10.3389/fevo.2018.00131
Received: 18 October 2017; Accepted: 16 August 2018;
Published: 07 September 2018.
Edited by:Sabir Bin Muzaffar, United Arab Emirates University, United Arab Emirates
Reviewed by:Diann J. Prosser, United States Geological Survey, United States
Abdessamad Tridane, United Arab Emirates University, United Arab Emirates
Copyright © 2018 Martin, Becker and Plowright. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Gerardo Martin, email@example.com


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35 Bangalow Road,
Byron Bay, NSW
RARE 1,106 SQM WITH DA APPROVED PLANS FOR TWO LOTSSet on a rare 1,106 sqm site just a short walk from the heart of town. Bursting with potential, investors, renovators and developers alike will jump at the chance to snap up one of Byron Bay's last elevated lots, currently approved for a two-lot subdivision.
The property has DA approved plans to convert the block into two strata lots; perfect for the developer wanting to create two houses in the highly-sought after location. Imagine building the DA approved modern home at the back of the lot boasting four bedrooms, multiple living spaces. A designer kitchen that open out to a central deck that flows down to a sparkling pool and gorgeous gardens. The potential of this exciting property is only limited by your imagination.
A massive 1106 sqm, elevated block with sunset views over Byron Bays hinterland
DA approved for subdivision with plans for a second 4-bedroom, 2 baths, home with pool.
The second home is ready to build, rent the main house or live there while you build
House currently let for $63,000.00 nett
Access from quiet cul-de-sac off Keats street.
Walking distance to shops cafes, town and the beach
Investors will appreciate the $63,000 (net pa) income potential, and with such a unique position, great elevation and panoramic views. Perfect for the developer wanting to create modern accommodation in the highly-sought after location.
Those wanting to restore the grand four-bedroom home will find an abundance of original 1940's features including polished timber floors, timber sash windows and high ornate ceilings. Alternatively, architectural plans that embrace and enhance the natural light and stunning views have already been created for this dream block.


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Legal Formalities For Marriage
Unless you are marrying in the Church of England or Church in Wales by Banns or Common Licence, notice of marriage has to be given personally to your local superintendent registrar(s) at the Register Office in the district in which you and your partner reside. A notice of marriage states the names of the parties to the marriage, age, marital status, address, occupation nationality and the intended venue for the marriage. It is a legal document covered by the Perjury Act 1911.
Both of you must have lived in a registration district in England or Wales for at least seven days immediately before giving notice at the register office. If you both live in the same district, you should both attend your local register office together to give your notices of marriage. If you live in different registration districts then each of you will need to give notice separately in your respective district. After giving notice you must wait a further 28 days before the marriage can take place, (for example, if notice is given on 1 July the marriage may take place on or after 29 July).
Your marriage cannot go ahead unless the legal formalities have been completed.
Notices of marriage must be given in person to the superintendent registrar by you and your partner. No one else can do so on your behalf.
Where an advance booking for a marriage has been made, it is essential that a formal notice is given to the superintendent registrar, once you are legally able to do so.
Registration Officers have a statutory duty to report any marriage they suspect has been arranged for the sole purpose of evading statutory immigration controls.
There are nationally set fees for giving notice to the superintendent registrar and the registrar's attendance at the marriage at a register office or religious building. However, the fee for the attendance of the superintendent registrar and registrar at a marriage in an approved premises (for example, at a hotel) is set by the local authority. The superintendent registrar of the district where you wish to marry will be able to provide you with details of the fees payable.
On the day of the wedding you will need to bring with you at least two other people who are prepared to witness the marriage and sign the marriage register.
If you wish to know more about marriage ceremonies at register offices or at approved premises please ask the superintendent registrar for details. While a marriage ceremony in the presence of a superintendent registrar cannot, by law, contain any religious aspects, it may be possible, with agreement, to include non-religious music and/or readings and for the wedding to be videoed.
This information is issued for general guidance and is not a complete statement of the law. For further information on any aspect of the formalities to, or the ceremony of marriage, please seek the advice of the superintendent registrar at the local register office. The telephone number and address can be found in your local telephone directory under 'Registration of Births, Deaths and Marriages'.


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Change is coming to downtown Delray Beach.
The planned demolition of the former Delray Beach Antiques Mall and Carrol Financial Centre this coming April marks the start of a $200-million dollar project set to change the face of downtown Delray…for the better!
After nearly a decade of planning, the large Atlantic Crossing project is on track to revitalize an area of downtown Delray Beach that many local residents regard as a "dead zone". The new mixed-use office, retail and residential space is set to be constructed on nine acres between East Atlantic Avenue and NE 1st street, overlooking Veterans Park and the Intracoastal Waterway.
Redefine the Way You Think Downtown Delray Beach!
The 9-acre development is slated to include a stunning 76,000…


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July 11, 2005
[editor's note: this post was "pasted" in — it appeared originally at the old Dawson's Danube site, which is archived here.]
I've read through all four PDFs of the "leaked No 10 dossier". That was some really painful reading. I would say nine-tenths of the opinions and recommendations can be summarized by this: the British government needs to make things easier and better for Muslims.
Below are a few thoughts on some specific parts of the documents. Note that page numbers refer to the PDF page number, not the printed page number that is visible in the scanned documents.
The documents are full of the obligatory and politcally-correct reference to the notion of the "small minority". Everything is always qualified by reminding us that we're talking about a "small minority" of Muslims who are extremists. I really wish people would stop saying that. Of course it is a minority: if it wasn't there would be all-out civil war in Britain and in many other countries.
The second document tries to record just how tiny that minority is. On p. 1 it mentions that an ICM Poll "published by the Guardian on 15 March 2004 recorded 13% of British Muslims as thinking that further terrorist attacks on the USA would be justified."
Depending on what the subject is, I would agree that sometimes 13% can be considered a small minority. But if 13% of a 1.6 million member religious community think that indiscriminate murder is justified, my first reaction is not "phew, thank God that's a 'small minority'", but rather, "uh oh, that's a whole hell of a lot of bad people." And if you look closely at the poll you see it's actually a full 15% of those under 34 years of age who believe al-Qaeda attacks against the United States are justified. And the Muslim population in Britain is very young.
(Note: the actual question on the poll, which you can find here, was: "Would you regard further attacks by Al-Qaeda, or similar organisations, on the USA as justified or unjustified?")
On p. 2 of the second document, we're warned that we might offend some Muslims if we use the term "Islamic fundamentalism". In other words, we should stop calling a thing by its name:
Policy objectives include persuading young Muslims that they can be Muslim and British, and that Islam is not regarded with hostility. In this context, the term "Islamic Fundamentalism" is unhelpful and should be avoided, because some perfectly moderate Muslims are likely to perceive it as a negative comment on their own approach to their faith.
P. 13 of the second document contains praise of the mainstream muslims:
The mainstream Muslim community has been vocal in its public condemnation of extremism. For example, the Muslim Council of Britain expressed sympathy with the people of Spain after the Madrid bombings…
That was mighty big of them. And I seriously question the accuracy of the assertion made there. Is is really true that mainstream muslims have been vocal condemning extremism? Or is it more like they are vocal condemning terrorism? I'm sure everytime there is a terrorist attack they do come out and condemn it. But what about if an Imam preaches about the re-establishment of the caliphate? Do they raise a fuss like they should? I seriously doubt it.
On p. 14 I am glad to see this note of caution: "But it is important to identify moderates correctly — some of those who are influential in the extremist world purport to be moderates." (Ken Livingstone skipped that page.)
P. 9 of the third document contains a nice reminder for those who are so insistent on pointing to Iraq policy as the clearest cause of terror: "up to 80% [of polled Muslims] disapproved of the war in Afghanistan." Personally, I don't hold out any hope for people who are against the war in Afghanistan.
Many parts of the documents (see esp. p.2 of the second document) contain the familiar refrain about British foreign policy being a factor in the disaffection experienced by British muslims. The fact that this matter is brought up so often within the documents makes me worry that the touchy-feely side of western governments is too often ready to help make terrorism pay. (The fact that billions were alotted to the Palestinians at G8 is an example of what I'm talking about.) If I were a British islamicist, I would read through these documents and think, "We can really push them on the foreign policy stuff — a little terror here, a little terror there, and an army of do-gooders in social services and other government branches who are always on the lookout for the 'root causes' of our disaffection. That's a nice combo we can use."
Hopefully I'm wrong about that. But if I were to have written the document, the entire discussion of foreign policy would have been one small paragraph:
Apparently the foreign policy of HMG is seen as a contributor to the anger and disaffection experienced by British muslims. The Muslim community should be reminded again and again that unlike so many others among the ummah throughout the world, British Muslims can peacefully express their disagreements in public and can affect change by exercising their right to vote. They should be further reminded that any among them who publically suggest or carry out non-democratic and/or violent means of affecting change shall be watched closely, considered threats to the community and, when necessary, dealt with severely.


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Not sure if this changed in the March release or if it's always been this way (or if i'm just crazy). I have a lot of PBIX reports that are all set to auto-refresh on a schedule (daily) and it works great when hitting the PBIRS web server and looking at the reports. However, the "download" and "edit in power bi" buttons load the original version of the PBIX file, which has none of the data that has changed in the weeks since it was uploaded.
Practically, this means any time you download the file, it won't look like the online version you just pulled it from. For me, it means i have to hit a desktop PBI refresh button and go get coffee any time i want to download a pbix file and work with it, so it has the same data as the online version, but this seems like something that wasn't an issue in the past.
Is this a bug? A normal behavior that i missed previously?
Go to Solution.
You're not missing anything, it's expected behavior for now. Do up-vote it on PowerBI user voice.
Just purely for background, when PowerBI report is uploaded, the underlying model is pulled out of the file and mounted on an internal instance of analysis services and stored seprately. The "re-stiching" of the model and report back into a single file is tricky and not currently supported.
View solution in original post
Hi Kraius,
Can you please let me know the option on how to schedule the auto refresh option once the reports are published on the reporting server. Also looking for setting an email subcription to the report baswcially a screenshot to email after the scheduled refresh is completed.
No idea on the subscription part of the question as we never really played with it. You can schedule refreshes of reports in the web GUI. click the three dots in the corner of the report tile and go down to manage. it will have both "data sources" and "scheduled refresh" sections that you'll need to configure to set it up to refresh
I have been downloading the pbix files from the Report Server at the beginning of the month to have a copy of the reports each month. And, now I have realized that the data weren´t of the download date. This behavior is not logical, is very confusing!
Is there any issue in https://ideas.powerbi.com to ask for changing that behavior?
If you just want the modeled data out of the pbix file every month, you might be better off exporting it via a script. Something like the below PBI_Exporter.ps1 would probably work well:
That way you can easily pull that exported monthly snapshot back into a PBI report if needed (it's just a CSV/XLS dump of the non-measure data in the model). There might be newer/better ways to do this now (if your using the cloud service), but i think you're limited to options like this if using on-prem (report server) or local desktop solutions
Thanks Kraius for your message.
- -
(When I need download intensively pbix with data updated I´ll test this solution:
I couldn't find an idea to vote on, so I added this:
Read the announcement for more information!
We're rolling out new Kudos Given badges. Find out how many Kudos you've given.
Get an overview of the events and great community content from November.
Find out where you can attend!


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Cinema Bandit is here to provide the aspiring actor or actress with as many resources as possible. Look below for helpful links.
Things Aspiring Actors Can Do Right Now
"Do The Thing That Makes You Happy" Tara Platt Talks About Acting, Producing, and Being a Self-Starter in the Film Industry
"It's a Really Empowering Time for Young People" Beth Curry and Marieve Herington Talk About Their New Web Series, Acting, and Today's Hollywood.


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The mysterious superpowered teenager named Seven is still on the run, while billionaire Bo Vincent Chen is racing against time to assemble a team of superheroes for secret missions. Will the MMA fighter Alex Winters, also known as Deathmill, be the next recruit . . . or a threat to Bo's ultimate goal?
Thank you for suggesting a theme! It will undergo our approval process shortly.


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The world of embedded systems can be a daunting one, but not when tackled one small step at a time! Throughout the semester, students have been bombarded with new and exciting concepts like Pulse Width Modulation and serial communication. In an effort to further grasp those concepts and flex their scientific minds, Team 6 currently works to assemble a basic machine implementing those very practices. The machine itself has a simple goal — distribute playing cards to players around a table for any number of games; but the production hosts its own underlying objectives. With this automated card dealer, the team aims to advance its experiences with external sensors, servos, 3D modeling tools, as well as the coding which coincides with each of their functionalities. Continue reading Team 6 — Deal Me In!
Category: Card Dealing Robot
Team 6 — Testing Piezo Elements
The initial plan for the automated card dealer was to utilize three vibration sensors for point triangulation. The sensors would be placed in a triangular formation, each one equidistant from the other. The necessary angle the servo would need to rotate for the card-firing mechanism to face the vibration's origin would then been calculated accordingly.
Where Theta = arc-sin(speed of sound within medium in meters per second * time difference between first sensor to register vibration and the second sensor to register vibration) / (distance in meters between sensors 1 and 2). The third sensor would then aid the system in determining whether the cards should fire north, south-west, or south-east. Continue reading Team 6 — Testing Piezo Elements
Team 6 — Final Composition + Demo!
After some experimentation, the most promising plan was to utilize the A3BU's LCD screen and to introduce a menu to the system. The menu used the GFXMonochrome library for text display as well as the A3BU's three on-board buttons and q-touch sensor to accept user input. The two sensors on the left-hand side of the screen (button in the top-left and q-touch on the bottom-left) allowed the user to scroll through menu options and increase/decrease values such as "Number of players" and "Number of cards to initially deal." Additionally the player could select from a number of pre-programmed games like Blackjack or Go Fish which would each pre-set the number of players and initial cards. Continue reading Team 6 — Final Composition + Demo!


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Our letter of the week is F.
Our number of the month is 2.
Our color of the month is orange.
Our shape of the month is a oval.
Our animal of the week is a horse.
Our Bible Verse is: I will never leave you or forsake you. Hebrews: 13:5
We read stories: The Little Red Hen, Cluck, Cluck, Splash, Splash, Hands Are Not For Hitting
We sang songs: ABCs, Jesus Loves Me
We practiced these skills: gluing, coloring, playing with play doh.
We showed our creativity with: making a rainbow like the one that God made over Noah's ark.
For snack we had ritz, goldfish and fig bars.
We also went to enrichment, got new library books and learned about a farm.
Don't forget to sign up for Farm Days.


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We are reckoned among the well-known manufacturer and supplier of High Speed Rotogravure Printing Machine that is used for obedient packaging manufacturing and printing process including polyester, nylon, foil, polypropylene bag, cellophane, roll paper, paper packing bags for food, supermarket handbags, vest bags and clothes bags, low density polyethylene, etc. It is a recently developed machine in printing machine category.
We provide this machine with two sided printing services with high speed hot air dryers. Offered high speed rotogravure printing machine has the enormous flexibilities and high resolution color combination at faster speed. It is well designed and highly appreciated for their most significant features such as high speed, technically designed having excellence, robustness, long lasting, easy packaging film handling with perfect efficiency and performance, high durability and reliability with standard parts made from powerful resources.
Offered printing machine is globally recognized for their rugged construction, simple functionality, rust resistance and hassle free operation. With the sincere efforts of our logistic associates, we have been able to deliver these products within a fixed time frame.
With the help of latest technology and sophisticated mechanism, we have been able to manufacture Rotogravure Printing Machine (high speed) at our manufacturing unit under the supervision of our qualified professionals using the quality assured raw materials sourced from the most trusted dealers of the market. It is cost effective and requires negligible power consumption. Furthermore, we provide this printing machine to our prestigious clients as per their specifications and provided them at their pocket friendly prices.


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Medium hairstyles offer comfortable hair length that is not too long and not too short. These hairstyles vary between long hairstyles and short hair styles. Some of the choicest long hairstyles as well as short hair styles can be conceived with medium hair. The bob is a great sample of a medium haircut that can go shorter or a little longer for several different hair styles and suits everybody perfectly. These hairstyles are a favorite choice of many people; from letting it flow down, Bunning it up, to curling up the ends, mid-length hairstyles offer a variety of beautiful hairdos. Many variations of these hairstyles are available. Because mid-length hair is extremely adaptable, there are various methods to add perceptible flair and change to them to create totally dissimilar hairstyles. From cute to pretty to formal, these hairstyles are very versatile. Hairstyles with hair length to the shoulders or a tiny bit above them bring out many facial features with many options for styling. The bob, the shag, and the straight cut are some popular mid-length hairstyles.
Medium hairstyle look great with a lot of volume and bounce, so any medium hairstyle you choose, it is wise to get a product that assist in adding extra volume and shine. Some people with medium length hair feel that is difficult for them to achieve a formal look. A great formal look for medium hairstyles would be pulled back hair into a low ponytail or bun, accented with a fringe or side swept bangs. One of the easiest ways is changing the layout of the hair. Changing the arrangement of bangs can invent news style as well. Medium hairstyles with slightly swept bangs still appear quite fashionable. Small curls at the tips of bangs or side sweeps can deliver very elegant hairstyles for grandiose occasions as well.
Ideas & Tips for Medium Hairstyles
Although it is easier to handle than long hair, medium hair still needs proper care, especially at the ends. Adding noticeable changes like curls, waves, and others can make hairstyles more unique and exotic. Slight flips to the ends outward or other alternative orientations can provide an abundance of hairstyles. Trying long hairstyles or a short hairstyles that are not too out of range can produce good medium hairstyles Adding little changes like curls, waves, an others can make a medium hairstyle more unique and exotic There are so many beautiful mid-length hairstyles for all types of hair, faces shapes, and styles so watch around for one that fits you.
Rob Maraby is the author of over 25 self published books on health, beauty and marketing! Try Mira hair oil for Free Hairstyles for Medium Hair Lengths-click here and you will not be disappointed
Article from articlesbase.com
Find More Short Hairstyles Articles


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HONG KONG (MarketWatch) -- Rio Tinto rtp RIO, +1.60% is to issue a statement to Australian securities regulators at 5:00 p.m. (1:00 a.m. Eastern). A company spokesman would not comment on whether the statement was related to the miner's ongoing stake-sale talks with Aluminum Corp. of China, or Chinalco. Rio said in a statement on its Website Wednesday that it is in talks with Chinalco and that it would issue a further announcement shortly. Rio requested a suspension in trading of its shares on the Australian Stock Exchange Thursday. The miner's American Depositary Receipts traded on the New York Stock Exchange were suspended Wednesday.
Rio Tinto shares suspended; miner to issue statement
Quote References
+1.58 +1.60%


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[rwp-review id="0″]
Paradise Candy Company boast about their high quality, organic and "Consistent THC" marijuana infused edibles and today we take a close look at their product line.
One thing that stands out is their offering of careful dosages of the mayo clinic recommended 5 mg CBD edibles for medical marijuana patients with those specific cannabinoid requirements. Each CBD package cost about $14 and has 4, 5mg candies.
All the remaining products are geared to the THC seeking, recreational marijuana users. They offer 40 mg THC regular strength candies and 100mg extra strength edibles. They also have caramels, lollipops and ranchers in a multitude of flavors such as, kiwi, guava, raspberry, root beer, peppermint, caramel apple and my personal favorite, XXX caramels.
Another of our favorites is the unique caramel apple pop. The buttery sweet caramel opposite the tart green apple lolli give a dynamically delicious flavor that will make you forget all about the very slight marijuana flavor hiding beneath the palette. That is until the effects of 100mg of thc flood into your brain.
Each package is labelled in detail with ingredients and THC and CBD potencies, allergen information and more. Lab test data proves the labelling to be accurate to 2/10ths percent on the positive side of the activated THC content.
The candies of Paradise candy company are top notch edible that provides great taste, accurate and thorough labelling as well as a huge variety of flavors. Blazing Gear rating: 5 Pot Leafs