text:
FIGHTIN' WORDS: America's Rhetoric and Policies against Iran: Comparing the Bush and Obama Administrations
This was written under the supervision of Tally Helfont in the summer of 2010 at the Foreign Policy Research Institute. It was then published by the Journal of Undergraduate International Studies (University of Wisconsin-Madison) in their Fall 2013 issue. I added the images afterwards for this blog.
Here's a quote that I didn't include in the article, but it sums up this research question quite nicely:
"We experienced both Bush Jr. and Obama. Were Mr. Obama's [hostile] deeds any lesser than those of Bush? Mr. Obama has imposed heavy sanctions against Syria, Iran and Venezuela. Bush would severe heads with sword, and Obama with cotton thread. The important thing is that they both severe [heads]."
Mansour Haqiqatpour
Parliamentary National Security Committee deputy
November 19, 2012
Also, I just stumbled onto this website, which is a collection of writings for Slate Magazine from one of my heroes, Christopher Hitchens. I am quite proud that the title of his collection mirrors the title I independently chose for this paper: Fighting Words.
Abstract: "It's Morning Again" for US-Iran relations. Or, at least, it was supposed to be. When President Obama took office, analysts and journalists alike heralded a new chapter in the two countries' long and difficult history. Whereas President Bush lambasted Iran as a member of the Axis of Evil, President Obama promised a policy of engagement without preconditions. And he was sincere. It was perhaps his rhetoric and tone that impressed us most.
But three and a half years into the Obama Presidency, US-Iranian mutual enmity is worse than it ever was under the Bush Administration. With renewed earnest, the news media speculates when, not if, there will be targeted air strikes. As Washington adopts more and more adversarial policies, the President's rhetoric becomes more and more aggressive against Iran.
This article will analyze precisely those two components of America's Iran posturing: rhetoric and policy. The author will chronicle US-Iran relations, analyzing the major events by comparing presidential rhetoric with policies, contrasting the Bush and Obama Administrations. The author will conclude by answering the question: when it comes to the Iranian issue, is President Obama really different from President Bush?
Words matter. Ever since Woodrow Wilson was in the White House, Presidents have increasingly relied on speeches. Whether it is to win votes along the campaign trail, to garner support in Congress for legislation, or to inspire the people during turbulent times, today's president often serves as "Persuader in Chief."[1]
And in today's climate of hyper-partisanship, the rhetoric is arguably more biting than ever before. There are few issues that both sides of the aisle can discuss together, much less agree on. Iran, however, is one of those few issues. Since the 1979-80 Iranian Hostage Crisis, Iran has been an enemy of the United States. Presidents have made many speeches regarding Iran, and have crafted countless pages of policies against the Iranian regime. But in the aftermath of the Iraqi Occupation, many began to question President Bush's inclusion of Iran in his so-called Axis of Evil. Bush's approval rating dropped lower and lower, and President Obama was elected in many ways as a referendum on the Bush Administration. This rang particularly true for US-Iran Relations. Both President Obama's rhetoric and his policies indicated to many a departure from President Bush's tactics.
This article seeks to answer whether or not the two really were so different. In order to explore broadly the relationship between presidential rhetoric and foreign policy, this article focuses specifically on the administrations of George W. Bush and Barack Obama. But before diving into each respective administration, it is important to provide some background on Iran in the lead-up to President Bush's inauguration.
A Brief Recap Post-Revolutionary Iran
Prior to 1979, when Iran was ruled by Reza Shah of the Pahlavi Dynasty, the West generally viewed Iran as a friend. Indeed, Tehran was the site of an important Allied conference between Premier Stalin, Prime Minister Churchill, and President Roosevelt. The Shah, for his part, was enamored with the modernity of the West. And while his White Revolution in the 1960s, which included visions of women's rights in the face of Islamic customs, was arguably well-intentioned, it was accompanied with the kind of tactics one would expect from an authoritarian regime: strong-arming at gunpoint, imprisonment of dissidents, and torture.
In 1979, the Pahlavi Dynasty faced a conservative revolution. The winner of the fight against the Shah and his Western ideals was Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, who, upon taking power, established the Islamic Republic of Iran. A charismatic leader à la Mussolini, Khomeini was able to sustain the public fervor he had fomented to win the Revolution by scapegoating new enemies to replace the recently deposed Shah. America was an obvious choice, considering its history of meddling with Iran's domestic politics to ensure the Shah's hold on power. Meanwhile, after holding hostages in the American Embassy for over four hundred days, Iran quickly jumped to the top of America's list of enemies.
But Khomeini's charismatic leadership did not just focus Iran's attention abroad. Several different factions of Iranian society and politics were brought together by the Iranian Revolution, having put aside their domestic differences in the name of an Islamic Republic led by Khomeini. As a result, his death in 1989 reopened old political wounds. The next Supreme Leader, Ali Khamenei, was not as respected and, therefore, unable to prevent partisanship and government in-fighting. Slowly but steadily, politicians much less conservative than Khomeini began to gain power. In the year of Khomeini's death, Ali Rafsanjani of the Pragmatist Party won the presidential election. And while most of his two terms in office were countered by the Conservative Party majority in the legislature, [2] he was succeeded in 1997 by a Reformist candidate, Mohammed Khatami, who built upon President Rafsanjani's foreign policy efforts. The new "Dialogue Among Civilizations" movement was meant to increase Iran's likeability abroad, even with western nations including the United States. Secretary of State Madeline Albright reciprocated President Khatami's overtures by publically apologizing for the 1953 CIA-backed coup against former Iranian Prime Minister Muhammad Mossadegh – the first admission of its kind since the Revolution.[3] Indeed, in the years leading up to the Bush Administration and September 11th, US-Iranian relations were at their warmest since becoming enemies in 1979.
Important to note is the role of the Supreme Leader. Head of both religion and state in Iran, the Supreme Leader has constitutional authority to call virtually all of the shots. And so, when considering the foregoing changes in the Iranian political landscape, as well as when contrasting the following two American administrations, remember that all the while, Ali Khamenei has been Iran's Supreme Leader. Precisely when he has chosen to take a more active role in issues that matter to the US (e.g., nuclear developments, fomenting terrorism, moves towards regional hegemony, etc.) is hard if not impossible to tell. But keep in mind that for all that has changed in the past 23 years, Khamenei has been a constant presence throughout.
Bush Administration
President George W. Bush's first term began with little to no change in foreign policy vis-à-vis Iran. His first act was to continue the National Emergency with respect to Iran; every president since Jimmy Carter has cited similar reasons for signing and re-signing this type of executive order – Iran's support for terrorism, efforts to undermine the Middle East Peace Process, and the desire to acquire weapons of mass destruction.[4] And although he also extended President Clinton's Iran Libya Sanctions Act, President Bush expressed optimism for the Reformists in Iran in his accompanying statement:
I hope that the Iranian people's recently expressed desire for a freer, more open, and more prosperous society will give our two countries an opportunity to identify areas where our interests converge, and where we can work together constructively for our mutual benefit."[5]
One month later, America and the world were left reeling from the attacks of September 11th. While some in Arab countries celebrated by burning American flags, many Iranians held candlelight vigils for the victims; even Supreme Leader Khamenei publically condemned the attacks.[6] President Bush, for his part, sympathized for the Iranians who lost their lives alongside Americans and other peoples on those fateful flights.[7]
American retribution came swiftly for the Taliban in Afghanistan. Khamenei, like most other regional leaders, was by no means comforted by the strong presence of American military might in the region; he even cautioned against an invasion of Afghanistan in the same speech that he expressed solidarity with the 9/11 victims. But this all notwithstanding, Iran supported the Northern Alliance and cooperated with the United Nations to repatriate nearly one million Afghan refugees.[8] And President Bush, days before his State of the Union Address, acknowledged the role Iran was playing: "[We've] had some positive signals…early in this war from the Iranians. We would hope that they would continue to be a positive force in helping us bring people to justice."[9]
Thus, in the months leading up to and immediately following 9/11, the Bush Administration's Iran rhetoric was warming up and its Iran policy was to collaborate in the fight against a common threat posed by Al-Qaida. However, in his first State of the Union following the attacks, President Bush assigned Iran to the Axis of Evil, alongside Iraq and North Korea. The speech and its headlining metaphor quickly became a rallying point for American foreign policy making, in many ways framing a new world order. But before continuing to chronicle the Bush Administration's Iran rhetoric and policies, let us examine Axis of Evil speech itself. After all, when discussing the relationship between rhetoric and policy, this metaphor is the perfect example, because this time, rhetoric was policy.
The Axis of Evil Address
The reasons cited for Iran's inclusion in the Axis of Evil had existed for years: state sponsorship of terror, active destabilization of the region, desire for nuclear weapons, etc.[10] The Axis of Evil metaphor thus served to highlight the pre-existing threat posed by the Iranian regime, as opposed to reacting to any new Iranian aggression.
That being said, the speech and metaphor represented a fundamental shift in not only US foreign policy but in the world order generally. On a rhetorical level, Axis of Evil was intended to build off of the momentum following the attack on the World Trade Center and "restructure" the War on Terror's ethos to target groups and regimes beyond Al-Qaida that posed a threat to the United States.[11] The principle strategy was to emphasize the "indivisibility of evil."[12] To make the public react to states that sponsor terror the same way they react to terrorists themselves. Even the metaphor itself reflects this attempt to paint multiple enemies with the same brush: we defeated the Axis Powers, we battled the Evil Empire, and now we must continue our defense of freedom and liberty against the Axis of Evil.
After the speech, policy-makers kicked into gear. In April 2002, the House Subcommittee on National Security held a hearing titled "Combating Terrorism: Axis of Evil, Multi-lateral Containment or Unilateral Confrontation?" The hearing included testimony from former officials of the Clinton and Reagan administrations concerning how those governments fought terrorism, with the hopes of applying lessons learned to the fight against Iran, North Korea, and Iraq.[13] By Fall 2003, the military journal Parameters published a piece analyzing the four ways that President Bush could constitutionally authorize assassinations inside those countries.[14] And in August of 2003, once the Hussein regime had been toppled, Republican Party chairman Jon Kyl issued a directive to his party members to refocus their sights on Iran and North Korea, urging that, "There is no time for delay in addressing these threats." [15]
And while the speech's impact on domestic actors is clear, President Bush also hoped to inspire dissidents inside Iran:
And the fact that the president of the United States would stand up and say Iran is just like Iraq and North Korea — in other words you've got a problem — and the president is willing to call it, is part of how you deal with Iran. And that will inspire those who love freedom inside the country.[16]
In other words, President Bush hoped that his words would bolster the confidence of frustrated Iranians, and that they would go on to destabilize the regime. Thus, the Axis of Evil metaphor is an illustrative example of targeted, purposeful rhetoric, aimed at influencing actors to craft and implement subsequent policies.
Bush Administration, Continued
In 2003, and in the wake of Operation Iraqi Freedom, the Bush administration refused to take the military option off the table in dealing with Iran. This threat was bolstered by toppling the regime in Iraq, an event which spurred the Iranian government to offer an olive branch. [17] In a letter from the Swiss Embassy, Iran put it all on the table: the nuclear program, support for proxy groups, and potential recognition of Israel's right to exist, all in exchange for Iran's sovereignty and ending the pre-existing sanctions.[18] But at the time, the authenticity and credibility of the document was questioned by some, so the Bush Administration didn't act on it.[19] Instead, President Bush continued to publically criticize Iran's government for aiding Al-Qaida,[20] for not complying with the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty,[21] and for abusing human rights,[22] while also praising the Iranian people's desire for freedom, democracy, and human rights.[23], [24]
In December, after the devastating earthquake in Bam, Iran, which killed approximately 50,000 people, President Bush extended his sympathies to the victims and offered to help.[25] US Deputy Secretary of State Richard Armitage and Iran's UN envoy, Mohammad Javad Zarif, conversed on the phone in a rare instance of direct contact.[26] Still, to the press, President Bush affirmed that this conversation and subsequent humanitarian aid did not indicate any thaw in US-Iran relations.[27] So here, the Administration's rhetoric was tough, and its policies for the most part mirrored that.
Starting in 2004, controversy around Iran's nuclear program grew to become the defining issue of US-Iran relations. President Bush's State of the Union that year anticipated this in its only reference to Iran:
America and the international community are demanding that Iran meet its commitments and not develop nuclear weapons. America is committed to keeping the world's most dangerous weapons out of the hands of the most dangerous regimes[28]
The UN condemned Iran for keeping some of its nuclear activities secret, Iran kicked out the inspectors, and in response European leaders put together a trade package with the hopes of enticing Iran to suspend its uranium enrichment. But for the most part, President Bush's rhetoric had little to do with the nuclear issue. Rather, he returned to the Axis of Evil refrain; it was, after all, an election year. Immediately after a sentence about Iraq, President Bush's stump speech criticized Iran and North Korea for "challenging the peace."[29] On nearly thirty separate occasions, President Bush delivered these lines, further cementing his Axis of Evil metaphor by mentioning the three countries in succession. It is perhaps unsurprising then, that this rhetoric/policy dissonance – in which the speeches harped on the vague Axis of Evil metaphor while the specific policy goal was to dissuade Iran from developing nuclear weapons – resulted in no substantial changes on the Iranian front for US foreign policy. In other words, by repeating the same Axis of Evil refrain over and over again, no attention was called to the nuclear issue, all but ruling out the possibility of crafting any new and substantive policies.
By 2005, the Bush administration's rhetoric had gravitated back to the nuclear issue, and a major policy shift resulted. In March of that year, the US agreed to support France, Germany, and Great Britain (the EU-3) in their negotiations with Iran by contributing to the trade packages being offered in return for Iran halting its nuclear program.[30] As the Iranian Government considered the package, President Bush reaffirmed his desire for diplomacy to work.[31] He even applauded Russia's potential compromise to provide Iran with enriched materials in exchange for Iran's agreement that it would not to build reactors and acquire the technology themselves.[32]
But unfortunately for the United States, the Conservative candidate Mahmoud Ahmadinejad was elected President of Iran in June. From the Iranian perspective, the Reformist Party had had its chance. That Khatami's "Dialogue Among Civilizations" initiative was met with the "Axis of Evil" metaphor represented a stinging failure for those advocating better relations with America and simultaneously was a boon for the conservatives and ultraconservatives.[33] And even though President Bush didn't know at the time just how much Ahmadinejad's presidency would cool US-Iran relations and policy, he still spoke out strongly against the unfair and oppressive manner of the 2005 election.[34]
Just three months after Ahmadinejad's election, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) found that Iran was in violation of the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT). If the nuclear issue was central to US-Iran relations before, it was even more important now. The Bush administration applied a series of tactics to prevent Iran from acquiring a nuclear weapon. The policies included economic sanctions, UN resolutions of condemnation, and occasional leaks of a possible targeted military strike on nuclear facilities.[35] Rhetorically, these efforts were buttressed by support for the EU-3's efforts and insistence on seeing diplomacy through,[36] calls for the world to work together with "one voice" against Iran's nuclear program,[37] and praise for the freedom-seeking groups in Iran. This last piece of rhetoric was in fact featured in the President Bush's 2006 State of the Union:
Tonight let me speak directly to the citizens of Iran: America respects you, and we respect your country. We respect your right to choose your own future and win your own freedom. And our Nation hopes one day to be the closest of friends with a free and democratic Iran[38]
The intentions behind this overture were twofold.[39] The first was to delegitimize the Iranian Government and its self-purported right to nuclear power – in other words, since the Iranian regime is not a representative one, America will speak to and respect the people of Iran instead of the regime that rules over them. The second intention represented more long-term thinking, in that, America predicts that Iran's leaders will one day fall to a popular revolution led by today's disenchanted youth; America must not alienate the latter at this time. Rather, America's rhetoric should convey in the clearest possible terms that aggressive policies aren't targeted at Iran's youth, but rather at the regime currently oppressing them, their freedoms, and their future.[40] Put another way, this second strategy aimed to make an ally out of the Iranian people by emphasizing that they and America share a common enemy: the regime.
The nuclear issue remained at the forefront of US-Iranian relations through the end of the Bush Presidency. And of course the friction points that pre-date the Bush years still existed, such as Iran's support for terrorist groups, what that meant for Israel, and retaliatory economic sanctions. But in late 2007, the National Intelligence Estimate (NIE), a joint communiqué from various intelligence agencies, cast serious doubts on Iran's nuclear intentions. Not only did the NIE claim that Iran had halted its nuclear weapons program in 2003 (which makes some sense, considering that Iran saw in that same year what happens to anti-American regimes that are accused of having weapons of mass destructions), but it further questioned how much nuclear technology the Iranians even possessed:
We judge with moderate confidence that the earliest possible date Iran would be technically capable of producing enough [highly enriched uranium] for a weapon is late 2009, but that this is very unlikely. We judge with moderate confidence Iran probably would be technically capable of producing enough [highly enriched uranium] for a weapon sometime during the 2010-2015 time frame…All agencies recognize the possibility that this capability may not be attained until after 2015.[41]
The NIE stirred up considerable policy debate in the US. And while at the time many close to the Bush Administration questioned the NIE's findings, the evidence compiled is generally accepted today. Still, the end of President Bush's term was in sight, so the Administration didn't make any rhetoric or policy changes towards Iran. Instead, Barack Obama inherited America's Iran policy that focuses intently on the nuclear program.
Obama Administration
Throughout the 2008 presidential campaign, and as President Barack Obama entered the White House, analysts and journalists alike heralded a near 180 degree departure from President Bush, his rhetoric, and his policies. President Obama criticized the Bush Administration heavily for refusing to meet face to face with the Iranian government.[42] And President Obama publically signaled a desire for this shift:
We should take an approach with Iran that employs all of the resources at the United States disposal, and that includes diplomacy. And so my national security team is currently reviewing our existing Iran policy, looking at areas where we can have constructive dialog, where we can directly engage with them. And my expectation is in the coming months we will be looking for openings that can be created where we can start sitting across the table, face to face, diplomatic overtures that will allow us to move our policy in a new direction[43]
Interesting to note is the phrase, "and that includes diplomacy." Even a cursory glance at the statements relating to Iran from President Bush – be they in interviews, press conferences, or speeches – demonstrates the rhetorical emphasis placed on and faith in the diplomatic process, albeit one led by the EU-3. President Obama therefore implied that President Bush's policies didn't match up with that bit of rhetoric; and that the new administration would work harder to implement diplomacy in more tangible forms of policy. During his first Nowruz Address,[44] President Obama did indeed convey substantial differences from his predecessor's addresses.[45] Most striking was the following portion:
I would like to speak clearly to Iran's leaders: We have serious differences that have grown over time. My administration is now committed to diplomacy that addresses the full range of issues before us and to pursuing constructive ties among the United States, Iran, and the international community. This process will not be advanced by threats. We seek instead engagement that is honest and grounded in mutual respect.[46]
Keeping in mind President Bush's rhetorical dismissal of the Iranian regime in favor of speaking "directly to the Iranian people," this piece of rhetoric from the Obama Administration was a fundamental departure. Not only is the tone friendlier and focused more on future solutions than on past problems, but the speech respects the leaders of Iran by speaking plainly to them (later in the address, President Obama also used Iran's official title as an Islamic Republic). And the new rhetoric was for a time met with new policies. President Obama reportedly sent a secret letter to Supreme Leader Khamenei, he re-acknowledged the US's role in the Mossadegh coup, he affirmed Iran's right to a peaceful nuclear program, and he announced that the US would attend future diplomatic meetings between Iran and the UN (such as the P5+1 talks).[47]
But in June of 2009, this show of warmth met its first roadblock: the Iranian presidential election. President Ahmadinejad was announced as the winner, but the lack of free and fair elections, the speed with which the results were announced (suggesting that many votes weren't actually counted), and the results themselves (the Reformist challenger, Mir Hossein Mousavi, was far more popular than the final results indicated) pushed Iranian citizens to take to the streets and protest electoral fraud. Faced with the first large-scale and public protests since its inception in 1979, the Islamic Republic flexed its authoritarian muscles. Several factions within its military structure, from the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps to its Basij youth militia, were unleashed upon the peaceful "Green Movement." The movement then evolved from protesting the election result specifically to questioning the very legitimacy of the Islamic Republic generally. Tear gas, gunfire, imprisonment, kidnapping, rape, and torture soon silenced the movement, however..
The Obama Administration spoke out strongly against Iran's human rights abuses:
We call on the Iranian Government to stop all violent and unjust actions against its own people. The universal rights to assembly and free speech must be respected, and the United States stands with all who seek to exercise those rights… If the Iranian Government seeks the respect of the international community, it must respect the dignity of its own people and govern through consent, not coercion.[48]
Still, President Obama tried to tow the rhetorical line between criticizing the show of tyrannical force and interfering in Iran's domestic politics by siding with the protesters:
The United States respects the sovereignty of the Islamic Republic of Iran and is not interfering with Iran's affairs. But we must also bear witness to the courage and the dignity of the Iranian people and to a remarkable opening within Iranian society. And we deplore the violence against innocent civilians anywhere that it takes place. The Iranian people are trying to have a debate about their future. Some in Iran–some in the Iranian Government, in particular, are trying to avoid that debate by accusing the United States and others in the West of instigating protests over the election. These accusations are patently false…This tired strategy of using old tensions to scapegoat other countries won't work anymore in Iran. This is not about the United States or the West; this is about the people of Iran, and the future that they–and only they–will choose.
And President Obama's policy towards the Green Movement reflected this delicate balance. Despite his solidarity with the victims of the violence, President Obama did not aid the protestors. However, instead of punishing the Iranian government, he acknowledged President Ahmadinejad as the winner of the election. His rhetoric/policy choices mirrored America's attitude towards China's human rights abuses: condemn without action.
In September, and as if to refocus America's attention as the protests died down, the chief of the IAEA announced that Iran couldn't produce a nuclear weapon in the near future and that the threat posed had been exaggerated.[49] A few weeks later, Iran revealed a previously undisclosed nuclear enrichment facility in Qom. President Obama signaled America's return to old priorities in his remarks to the United Nations later that month, in which he mentioned the threat of Iran's nuclear program, without making reference to the Green Movement.[50], [51] Great Britain, France, America, China, Russia, and Germany met in October, and Iran subsequently agreed to swap the lion's share of its enriched uranium in exchange for fuel to produce medical isotopes.[52] But in the months that followed, Iran delayed responding to the proposal and ultimately rejected it despite the initial positive indications. This was the second and final roadblock to President Obama's engagement policy. The day after Iran announced its rejection of the deal, President Obama very clearly announced the end of his attempts to engage:
At the beginning of my administration, we put in place a policy that we have executed as drawn up over the last several months. What we said was that we would take a new approach and say to Iran that we are willing to engage them directly…we indicated that our offer would be on the table for a certain period of time, and that when that time ran out, we would look at other approaches that would increase pressure on Iran to give up its nuclear weapons program.
And so as a consequence, we have begun discussions with our international partners about the importance of having consequences…we will be developing a package of potential steps that we could take that will indicate our seriousness to Iran.[53]
These were not empty threats. The international community rallied with President Obama and sought to punish Iran. It took little over a month for the IAEA to pass a resolution, censuring Iran for its secret plant at Qom. And President Obama's rhetoric became more aggressive as well. Whereas at the Green Movement's height he was careful to defend human rights without patently siding with the protesters, his remarks in December weren't nearly so neutral:
The United States joins with the international community in strongly condemning the violent and unjust suppression of innocent Iranian citizens, which has apparently resulted in detentions, injuries, and even death.
It's about the Iranian people and their aspirations for justice and a better life for themselves. And the decision of Iran's leaders to govern through fear and tyranny will not succeed in making those aspirations go away…I'm confident that history will be on the side of those who seek justice.[54]
These phrases are reminiscent of President Bush's attempts to drive a wedge between Iran's frustrated citizens and their government. And considering that when the crackdown was at its height President Obama's rhetoric was relatively weaker, it seems as though here, he was applying indirect pressure on Iran over the nuclear program with the tried-and-true tactic of emphasizing the people/regime disconnect. The State of the Union Address a month later made reference first to Iran's nuclear obligations and second to America's support for the "human rights of the women marching through the streets of Iran,"[55] further indicating this mixed approach.
Tensions over the nuclear issue escalated throughout 2010. Although Ahmadinejad at times indicated a softening of Iran's position, these promises were always either not fulfilled or followed closely by aggressive acts (e.g., rocket launches, naval maneuvers, further enrichment, etc.). In February, the IAEA concluded that Iran was pursuing a nuclear weapon. In March, Russia announced plans to build a reactor in Iran over the summer. Two days later, President Obama's Nowruz Address also escalated, again calling attention to the dissonance between the Iranian people and the regime, but this time with special attention to the nuclear issue. He argued,
Iran's leaders…have refused good faith proposals from the international community. They have turned their backs on a pathway that would bring more opportunity to all Iranians and allow a great civilization to take its rightful place in the community of nations."[56]
So whereas before, the Iranian government's disrespect for its own people was cited indirectly in response to the nuclear issue, here President Obama was blending the two ideas even more closely together: Iran's insistence on a nuclear program is yet another way in which the government is making life harder for its citizens.
This rhetorical escalation was matched by policy. In June, after lobbying extensively and spending a great amount of political capital in Russia and China, America's policy efforts came to fruition, and for the fourth time the United Nations Security Council passed another set of broad sanctions on Iran.
These are the most comprehensive sanctions that the Iranian Government has faced. They will impose restrictions on Iran's nuclear activities, its ballistic missile program, and, for the first time, its conventional military. They will put a new framework in place to stop Iranian smuggling and crack down on Iranian banks and financial transactions. They target individuals, entities, and institutions, including those associated with the Revolutionary Guard, that have supported Iran's nuclear program and prospered from illicit activities at the expense of the Iranian people. And we will ensure that these sanctions are vigorously enforced.[57]
President Obama at the same time took the opportunity to rhetorically reinforce the people/regime wedge, including an explicit reference to the Green Movement:
These sanctions are not directed at the Iranian people…[when] faced with the opportunity to find a new way forward, one that would benefit its own people, the Iranian Government has chosen instead to remain a prisoner of the past.
Saturday will mark one year from the day that an election captivated the attention of the world, an event that should have been remembered for how the Iranian people participated with remarkable enthusiasm, but will instead be remembered for how the Iranian Government brutally suppressed dissent and murdered the innocent.[58]
And the following month, President Obama supplemented the UN's newest policy with another round of unilateral sanctions from America. By this time, not only did Iran face the world's strongest condemnation to date, with America piling on more than anyone else, but it was also at the receiving end of President Obama's harshest rhetoric since taking office. There is even a case to be made that President Obama's rhetoric outmatched that of President Bush.[59] For while the latter did proscribe Iran to the Axis of Evil, his rhetorical tactics were kept distinct from one another most of the time. President Obama, on the other hand, was by this point combining various arguments (e.g., nuclear aggressions, people/regime dichotomy, human rights abuses, etc.) and hurling them at Iran in a rhetorical whirlwind.
And so, since the end of President Obama's active attempts to engage due to Iran's behavior, relations between the two countries have worsened. Meanwhile, both President Obama's rhetoric and his policies have kept pace. He publically sided with Iran's dissidents[60] and continued to leverage human rights abuses against the nuclear program.[61] Iran was caught plotting to assassinate the Saudi Arabian Ambassador in Washington.[62], [63] President Obama authorized the use of Stuxnet, a sophisticated cyber-attack, against Iran's nuclear facilities.[64] And Israel, not to be left out, feels increasingly threatened by the possibility of a nuclear Iran. This puts even more pressure on President Obama to keep the military option on the table (just like his predecessor). But until that day of military conflict comes (if it ever does), the economic warfare continues. As recently as July 30, 2012, President Obama enacted additional economic sanctions on Iran, targeting financial institutions that deal with the heart of Iran's economy: oil revenues.[65] A month later, the IAEA revealed that Iran had doubled the number of centrifuges in the subterranean power plant in Qom.[66]
Is President Obama's Iran record, both of word and of deed, really different from that of George W. Bush?
The answer is undoubtedly complicated, and much of the evidence is circumstantial. Until the attacks of 9/11, President Bush was on par with his predecessors in his treatment of Iran. And up to that point, relations were warming, due at least in part to Rafsanjani and his Pragmatist platform. But after 9/11, President Bush and the country were eager to crack down on terrorism worldwide, so relations soured throughout the Bush Presidency.
President Obama took over claiming to want to halt the skid, and his initial policy of engagement did yield different rhetoric and policies. But this time it was Iran that either failed to capitalize on this shift or was not interested due to the figures in power (i.e., Ahmadinejad). America then returned to its old ways of dealing with this member of the Axis of Evil. In fact, in this year's Nowruz Address, President Obama accused the Iranian government of lowering, "an electronic curtain…around Iran… cutting the Iranian people off from the world."[67] By playing on the Iron Curtain metaphor from WWII, President Obama continued the pattern of borrowing metaphors used against past enemies, just like President Bush did in 2003.
Because the Axis of Evil metaphor in many ways epitomizes President Bush's foreign policy, those who saw President Obama as a stark change to the Bush Doctrine must have been shocked to see this president not only using his predecessor's exact same rhetorical tactics, but also implementing even harsher policies.
Perhaps this confirms George Friedman's recent hypothesis that when conducting American foreign policy, the particular person in the White House doesn't matter so much as the constraints of the current geopolitical world order.[68] And since President Obama inherited a post 9/11 world, one framed by the War on Terror against the Axis of Evil, his engagement policy with Iran was doomed to fail. To put Friedman's point another way, Iran escalated its aggression and forced President Obama to respond in kind.
Or maybe the timing just hasn't been right. Khatami's "Dialogue Among Civilizations" was tried in the post-9/11 world, and President Obama's attempts to engage were directed at an increasingly conservative Iranian political culture. If the leaders of both countries are willing to improve relations at the same time, and if the world order is conducive to East-West cooperation, then Iran and the US might just have a chance of finally ending this decades-long state of mutual enmity.
Note from the Author
Nearly all direct quotes from Presidents Bush and Obama were retrieved online from the American Presidency Project, sponsored by the University of California at Santa Barbara and run by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley at: http://www.presidency.uscb.edu.
Due to the incredibly large database of speeches, footnotes in this document making reference to a presidential quote are intended to serve as supporting examples, not citations of pre-existing analysis. Anyone interested in determining the extent to which a piece of rhetoric really was used as the author argues it was (e.g., the "nearly thirty times" that President Bush discussed Iran in his 2004 stump speech) is free to visit the site themselves.
Works Cited
BBC. Timeline: US-Iran Ties: A Chronology of Key Events. January 16, 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3362443.stm (accessed 2012).
Bush, George W. "Address Before a Joint Session of the Congress on the State of the Union." Washington, DC, January 29, 2002.
—. "Address Before a Joint Session of the Congress on the State of the Union." January 20, 2004.
—. "Address Before a Joint Session of the Congress on the State of the Union." January 31, 2006.
—. "Address Before a Joint Session of the Congress on the United States Respose to the Terrorist Attacks of September 11." Washington, DC, September 20, 2001.
—. "Exchange with Reporters in Kennebunkport, Maine." June 15, 2003.
—. "Interview with Al-Arabiyya of the United Arab Emirates." May 29, 2003.
—. "Message to Congress on Continuation of the National Emergency with Respect to Iran." Washington, DC, March 13, 2001.
—. "Remarks at a Bush-Cheney Luncheon in Louisville." February 26, 2004.
—. "Remarks Following a Meeting with the Economic Team and an Exchange with Reporters." January 10, 2002.
—. "Remarks on New Year's Day and an Exchange with Reporters." January 1, 2004.
—. "Remarks on the 20th Anniversary of the National Endowment for Democracy." November 6, 2003.
—. "Remarks on the war on Terror and a Question-and-Answer Session in Manhattan, Kansas." January 23, 2006.
—. "Statement on Signing the ILSA Extension Act of 2001." Washington, DC, August 3, 2001.
—. "Statement on the Earthquake in Iran." December 26, 2003.
—. "Statement on the Presidential Elections in Iran." June 16, 2005.
—. "Statement on the United Nations International Day in Suport of Victims of Torture." June 26, 2003.
—. "The President's News Conference." March 16, 2005.
—. "The President's News Conference." April 28, 2005.
—. "The President's News Conference in Crawford Texas." August 9, 2005.
—. "The President's News Conference with President Vladimir Putin of Russia in St. Petersburg, Russia." June 1, 2003.
Ceaser, James W. "The Rise of the Rhetorical Presidency." Presidential Studies Quarterly, 1981.
Clinton, Hilary. "Remarks on Iran Assassination Plot." October 12, 2011.
Council on Foreign Relations. U.S.-Iran Relations Since World War II: An Interactive Timeline. n.d. http://www.cfr.org/iran/timeline-us-iran-relations-since-world-war-ii/p17701 (accessed 2012).
Country Profile: Iran. A monograph and primer, Washington, DC: Federal Research Division, 2008.
Erdbrink, Thomas, and Glenn Kessler. "Obama's Tone in Iran Message Differs Sharply from Bush's." The Washington Post, March 21, 2009.
Friedman, George. "The Election, the Presidency and Foreign Policy." Stratfor, 2012.
Heradstveit, Daniel, and G. Matthew Bonham. "What the Axis of Evil Metaphor Did to Iran." Middle East Journal, 2007.
"Iran Memo Expurgated." The New York Times. April 29, 2001. http://www.nytimes.com/packages/pdf/opinion/20070429_iran-memo-expurgated.pdf.
Katzman, Kenneth. Iran: U.S. Concerns and Policy Responses. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service Report, 2011.
Kyl, Jon. Iran and North Korea: U.S. Policy Toward the "Axle of Evil". Republican Policy Committee, 2003.
Muir, Jim. "Iran Condemns Attacks on US." BBC News, September 17, 2001.
National Intelligence Council. "Iran: Nuclear Capabilities and Intentions." National Intelligence Estimate, 2007.
Obama, Barack. "Address before a Joint Session of Congress on the State of the Union." January 27, 2010.
—. "Camp David Declaration." May 19, 2012.
—. "Executive Order 13622 – Authorizing Additional Sanctions with Respect to Iran." July 30, 2012.
Obama, Barack, interview by Bahman Kalbasi. Interview of the President by Bahman Kalbasi, BBC Persian (September 24, 2010).
—. "Remarks on Improving Homeland Security in Kaneohe, Hawaii." December 28, 2009.
—. "Remarks on the United Nations Security Council Resolution on Iran's Sanctions." June 9, 2010.
—. "Remarks to the United Nations General Assembly in New York City." September 23, 2009.
—. "Statement on the Situation in Iran." June 20, 2009.
—. "The President's News Conference." February 9, 2009.
—. "The President's News Conference with President Lee Myng-Bak of South Korea in Soeul, South Korea." November 19, 2009.
—. "The President's News Conference with President Lee Myung-Bak of South Korea." October 13, 2011.
—. "Videotaped Remarks on Observance of Nowruz." March 20, 2010.
—. "Videotaped Remarks on the Observance of Nowruz." March 20, 2009.
—. "Videotaped Remarks on the Observance of Nowruz." March 20, 2012.
Pape, Matthew S. "Can We Put the Leaders of the "Axis of Evil" in the Crosshairs?" Parameters: U.S. Army War College, 2002.
Public Broadcasting Service. The "Grand Bargain" Fax: A Missed Opportunity. n.d. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/showdown/themes/grandbargain.html.
Sanger, David E. "Obama Order Sped Up Save of Cyberattacks Against Iran." The New York Times, June 1, 2012.
Sanger, David E., and William J. Broad. "Inspectors Confirm New Work by Iran at Secure Nuclear Site." August 30, 2012.
The Arms Control Association. History of Official Proposals on the Iranian Nuclear Issue. August 2012. http://www.armscontrol.org/factsheets/Iran_Nuclear_Proposals.
U.S. Congress House Sub-Committee on National Security, Veteran Affairs, and International Relations. "Combating Terrorism: Axis of Evil, Multi-lateral Containment or Unilateral Confrontation?" Washington, DC: 107th Congress, 2nd Session, 2002.
Westall, Sylvia. "Iran Nuclear "Threat" Hyped: IAEA's ElBaradei." Reuters, September 23, 2009.
Woodward, Bob. Plan of Attack. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2004.
[1] James W. Ceaser et al., "The Rise of the Rhetorical Presidency," Presidential Studies Quarterly 11 (Spring 1981).
[2] Country Profile: Iran. A monograph and primer prepared at the request of the Library of Congress, Federal Research Division, May 2008, pg 3. Accessed: http://frontiers.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Iran.pdf.
[3] Kenneth Katzman, "Iran: U.S. Concerns and Policy Responses," A Congressional Research Service Report prepared for members and committees of Congress, February 14, 2011, pg 50. Accessed: http://www.parstimes.com/history/crs_feb_11.pdf.
[4] George W. Bush: "Message to the Congress on Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to Iran," March 13, 2001.
[5] George W. Bush: "Statement on Signing the ILSA Extension Act of 2001," August 3, 2001.
[6] Jim Muir, "Iran Condemns Attacks on US," BBC News, September 17, 2001.
[7] George W. Bush: "Address Before a Joint Session of the Congress on the United States Response to the Terrorist Attacks of September 11," September 20, 2001.
[8] Michael Moran, "U.S. – Iran Relations Since World War II: An Interactive Timeline," Council on Foreign Relations, http://www.cfr.org/iran/timeline-us-iran-relations-since-world-war-ii/p17701.
[9] George W. Bush: "Remarks Following a Meeting With the Economic Team and an Exchange With Reporters," January 10, 2002.
[10] George W. Bush, "Address Before a Joint Session of the Congress on the State of the Union," January 29, 2002.
[11] Daniel Heradstveit and G. Matthew Bonham, "What the Axis of Evil Metaphor Did to Iran," Middle East Journal 61 (2007), 423.
[12] Ibid., 424.
[13] U.S. Congress. House. Sub-Committee on National Security, Veterans Affairs and International Relations. Committee on Government Reform. Combating Terrorism: Axis of Evil, Multi-lateral Containment or Unilateral Confrontation?: Hearing before the Sub-Committee on National Security, Veterans Affairs and International Relations. 107th Cong., 2nd sess., April 16, 2002.
[14] Matthew S. Pape, "Can We Put the Leaders of the "Axis of Evil" in the Crosshairs?" Parameters: U.S. Army War College 32 (Fall 2002).
[15]Jon Kyl, U.S. Senate. Republican Policy Committee, "Iran and North Korea: U.S. Policy Toward the "Axle of Evil," August 25, 2003.
[16] Bob Woodward, Plan of Attack (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2004), p. 87.
[17] "The "Grand Bargain" Fax: A Missed Opportunity," Public Broadcasting Service, Accessed: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/showdown/themes/grandbargain.html.
[18] "Iran Memo Expurgated," New York Times, April 29, 2001, Accessed: http://www.nytimes.com/packages/pdf/opinion/20070429_iran-memo-expurgated.pdf.
[19] Kenneth Katzman ,"Iran: U.S. Concerns and Policy Responses," A Congressional Research Service Report prepared for members and committees of Congress, February 14, 2011, pg 50-51, Accessed: http://www.parstimes.com/history/crs_feb_11.pdf.
[20] George W. Bush, "Interview With Al Arabiyya of the United Arab Emirates," May 29, 2003.
[21] George W. Bush, "The President's News Conference With President Vladimir Putin of Russia in St. Petersburg, Russia," June 1, 2003.
[22] George W. Bush, "Statement on the United Nations International Day in Support of Victims of Torture," June 26, 2003.
[23] George W. Bush, "Exchange With Reporters in Kennebunkport, Maine," June 15, 2003.
[24] George W. Bush, "Remarks on the 20th Anniversary of the National Endowment for Democracy," November 6, 2003.
[25] George W. Bush, "Statement on the Earthquake in Iran," December 26, 2003.
[26] Moran, "Timeline."
[27] George W. Bush, "Remarks on New Year's Day and an Exchange With Reporters," January 1, 2004.
[28] George W. Bush, "Address Before a Joint Session of the Congress on the State of the Union," January 20, 2004.
[29] George W. Bush, "Remarks at a Bush-Cheney Luncheon in Louisville," February 26, 2004.
[30] "Timeline: US-Iran ties: A Chronology of Key Events," British Broadcasting Company, January 16, 2009, Accessed: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3362443.stm.
[31] George W. Bush, "The President's News Conference," March 16, 2005.
[32] George W. Bush, "The President's News Conference," April 28, 2005.
[33] Heradstveit and G Bonham, "What the Axis of Evil Metaphor Did to Iran," pg 432.
[34] George W. Bush, "Statement on the Presidential Elections in Iran," June 16, 2005.
[35]Kenneth Katzman ,"Iran: U.S. Concerns and Policy Responses," A Congressional Research Service Report prepared for members and committees of Congress, February 14, 2011, pg 50-51, Accessed: http://www.parstimes.com/history/crs_feb_11.pdf.
[36] George W. Bush, "The President's News Conference in Crawford, Texas," August 9, 2005.
[37] George W. Bush, "Remarks on the War on Terror and a Question-and-Answer Session in Manhattan, Kansas," January 23, 2006.
[38] George W. Bush, "Address Before a Joint Session of the Congress on the State of the Union," January 31, 2006.
[39] There was a third instance of appealing to Iranian reformers and youth. Somewhat less direct (but no less frequently applied), this goal was to double down on the mission in Iraq. For example, at the National Newspaper Association Government Affairs Conference in 2006, "A free Iraq will inspire reformers in Iran."
[40] Katzman, "Iran," pg 51.
[41] "Iran: Nuclear Capabilities and Intentions," National Intelligence Estimate, National Intelligence Council, November 2007, Accessed: http://www.iranwatch.org/government/us-cia-irannie-1107.pdf.
[42] Moran, "Timeline."
[43] Barack Obama, "The President's News Conference," February 9, 2009.
[44] An annual tradition dating back to President H. W. Bush in which America wishes Iranians well during one of their most prominent holidays
[45] Erdbrink, Thomas, and Glenn Kessler. "Obama's Tone in Iran Message Differs Sharply from Bush's." Washington Post, March 21, 2009.
[46] Barack Obama, "Videotaped Remarks on the Observance of Nowruz," March 20, 2009.
[47] Katzman, "Iran," pg. 52.
[48] Barack Obama, "Statement on the Situation in Iran," June 20, 2009.
[49] Sylvia Westall, "Iran Nuclear "threat" hyped: IAEA's ElBaradei," Reuters, September 2, 2009.
[50] Barack Obama, "Remarks to the United Nations General Assembly in New York City," September 23, 2009
[51] Interestingly, President Obama mentioned North Korea in the same breath, reinforcing The Bush era's emphasis on the remaining members of the Axis of Evil.
[52] "History of Official Proposals on the Iranian Nuclear Issue," The Arms Control Association, August 2012, Accessed: http://www.armscontrol.org/factsheets/Iran_Nuclear_Proposals.
[53] Barack Obama, "The President's News Conference with President Lee Myung-Bak of South Korea in Soeul, South Korea," November 19 2009.
[54] Barack Obama, "Remarks on Improving Homeland Security in Kaneohe, Hawaii," December 28, 2009.
[55] Barack Obama, "Address before a Joint Session of the Congress on the State of the Union," January 27, 2010.
[56] Barack Obama, "Videotaped Remarks on Observance of Nowruz," March 20, 2010.
[57] Barack Obama, "Remarks on the United Nations Security Council Resolution on Iran's Sanctions," June 9, 2010.
[58] Ibid.
[59] Consider too that the Bush administration's fear of WMDs being held by Iran was largely confirmed after Obama took office.
[60] Barack Obama, "Interview of the President by Bahman Kalbasi," BBC Persian, September 24, 2010.
[61] Barack Obama, "Camp David Declaration," May 19, 2012.
[62] Hillary Clinton, "Remarks on Iran Assassination Plot," October 12, 2011.
[63] Barack Obama, "The President's News Conference with President Lee Myung-bak of South Korea," October 13, 2011.
[64] David E. Sanger, "Obama Order Sped Up Save of Cyberattacks Against Iran," The New York Times, June 1, 2012.
[65] Barack Obama, "Executive Order 13622 – Authorizing Additional Sanctions With Respect to Iran," July 30, 2012.
[66] David E. Sanger and Broad, William J., "Inspectors Confirm New Work by Iran at Secure Nuclear Site," The New York Times, August 30, 2012.
[67] Barack Obama, "Videotaped Remarks on the Observance of Nowruz," March 20, 2012.
[68] George Friedman, "The Election, the Presidency and Foreign Policy," Stratfor, July 31, 2012.
Related articles
- "We're Tired of Revolution [in Iran]" (jafriedel.wordpress.com)
- Iran-Pakistan Relations (jafriedel.wordpress.com)
- Iranian Expatriates & Their Impact on Iran: An Undergraduate Thesis in International Relations, Part I (jafriedel.wordpress.com)
- Are the Sanctions Justified? Analyzing the Correlation between US Economic Sanctions against Iran & Iran's Support for Terrorist Groups (jafriedel.wordpress.com)
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text:
By Scott Bolthouse
Hub Editor
email@example.com Twitter: @ScottMBolt
30-year-old James Cross (white shirt) and 37-year-old Emanuel Fulks were caught red-handed by police as they attempted to steal the rims and tires off a stolen Cadillac Escalade. Photos courtesy of the Huron Township Police Department.
Two Detroit men were arrested during a recent crime spree that involved three stolen vehicles and attempted rim and tire theft.
Police Chief Everette Robbins says that just before 4 a.m. on April 1, Huron Township Police received a call from the 20400 block of Gentz Road regarding a suspicious situation that was taking place.
A resident in the area reported that he saw two men "messing" with a vehicle outside of his neighbor's house.
The vehicle, a Cadillac Escalade, was stolen by the men out of the 20500 block of Gentz and driven a few blocks over where they intended to steal the rims and tires.
The thieves originally used a stolen 2015 Dodge Ram out of Macomb County to travel to the area to commit the crimes, Robbins said.
When police arrived, the men, identified as 30-year-old James Cross and 37-year-old Emanuel Fulks, both of Detroit, fled the area on foot through the woods, and stole a Grand Marquis out of the 19200 block of Savage, which is about a half-mile west.
That resident reported to police that they observed their car being stolen and that they were following it.
Dispatch was able to keep the residents on the phone and update police with the location of the thieves, who were then taken into custody following a traffic stop.
"This was a perfect storm that was created by our residents working hand in hand with our Police Department. The residents in this case called us immediately and our officers responded quickly; we can do great things when we work together," Robbins said.
Further investigation revealed to police that the men were driving throughout the area attempting to steal tires and rims off of vehicles.
"The suspects' intention was to steal the tires and rims off of the Cadillac Escalade, but were interrupted by the police response and fled the scene," he said.
"Our dispatcher really did a great job in relaying the information from the victims to our responding patrol staff."
Both men were charged with motor vehicle theft, which is a five year felony, and two counts of receiving and concealing stolen property.
Both men, who are also four time habitual offenders, could each face 15 years in prison.
They were arraigned and both are being held in the Wayne County Jail on a $25,000/10 percent bond.
"Theft of tires and rims continue to be a huge problem throughout the Metro Detroit area. We believe these individuals could be responsible for several recent thefts in our community. We used every resource available to us to obtain a conviction on these individuals. Our Detective Bureau and Evidence Technicians did an outstanding job responding and following up on this incident and their work will prove essential to the outcome of this investigation," Robbins said.
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Woodburn police build trust with immigrants
Hundreds gathered on Monday to support immigrant communites in Woodburn amid fears of Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE). ANNA REED / Statesman Journal
When immigration agents confronted a Woodburn family outside their home, they called the police. That's what the chief wants: trust in sanctuary policies in the face of Trump administration rhetoric.
Advocates say this is Oregon's sanctuary law at work. The state's 30-year-old policy limits police from cooperating with federal immigration efforts. A number of cities and counties, including Portland, have their own policies promising immigrants protection.
And that, supporters of such policies say, means immigrants with no criminal record feel comfortable calling law enforcement — even if they're calling to ask local police to protect them from federal agents.
That's important to Jim Ferraris, who has been chief of the Woodburn Police Department since December 2015.
The city of about 30,000 is arguably the most diverse in Oregon with a population that's 65 percent Latino, 10 percent Russian, with a growing number of Somali residents and a community of mostly white retirees centered around a golf course.
Even before Trump took office, Ferraris said, he's made improving relations between the police and immigrant populations a priority.
Oregon Chief Justice: ICE directive on courthouse arrests finds middle ground
2017: Warrantless ICE arrest of man inside house is investigated


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Call of Duty: Infinite Warfare Requires 130 GB of Disk Space
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Probably audio files. You can complain about cod a lot but they include full audio for a lot of languages. I think most of the last few cod games space was taken up by audio. Its even worse now that multi maps have characters call out audio messages.
And the winner of the most pretentious post award goes to you!
Those who buy the game on consoles have to install too. The default storage for a PS4 is only 500GB, and it's impossible to use multiple at the same time. Upgrading requires replacing the thing and transferring data.
Also, try $8.12 for storage for just this game on a compatible drive for the PS4. That's the price for 7.5% of the cheapest 2TB 2.5mm SATA 2 5400rpm drive on Amazon. Some people don't live in a world where tossing another $124 (for that drive) is an easy thing to do at the drop of a hat.
The cost of space means nothing for developers not doing part of their job. When your game takes up more than a fifth of the total storage capacity that comes baked into a basic PS4, you're doing something wrong.
Audio files were the reason that Titanfall's size was 48GB. They made up 73% of its disk usage!
Anyone care to guess how many days it will take to install this behemoth onto either consoles or the p.c. or how long it would take to load at start/between areas?
First, glad to see your first response is an insult. Very classy.
Second, http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pretentious. Me thinks you'll need to find a different pejorative. "Pretentious" makes no sense in this context. Like....at all.[1]
Right, which is an inherent problem of the consoles, and not something I'm being "pretentious" about when I point out how absurd it is.
Me pointing out the low price per gigabyte of disc space isn't a slight against the users. It was squarely pointed at the companies that overcharge for that space. (see: Microsoft, Sony, etc)
You clearly can do some math and did some limited searching of online retailer prices for hard drives, but you don't seem to fully understand what my previous post entailed. The price per gigabyte is based on the baseline storage capacity and does not take into account retailer price inflation, added cost from the inclusion of extra features on the drive (like disc read/write speeds, cache, etc).
Here are some of the sources I used -
So while it's good to see that you can use Amazon.com to find hard drives, you're just demonstrably wrong about your price.
And did I say that should be the case? No, I didn't. I only said 130 gigs is a 'drop in the bucket' when it comes to disc space today, both in terms of capacity and cost. Again, it's not my fault the consoles are technologically neutered. If someone chose to play on one of those consoles[2] then that person must accept the console's limitations.
That's incredibly presumptive of you. How do you know they haven't done 'part of their job'?
Again, that's very presumptive. The game features what effectively amounts to five games. Three, if we're being picky. (we'll go with 3 from here on out). And that means that there is three games worth of content in there, which puts each at just over 40 gigs. Each of those 40 gigs includes all of the core content on the game, estimates for early patches, updates, and DLC, it includes standard, HD, and 4K textures, compressed and uncompressed audio, some of which will included numerous languages, etc.
Put simply, it all adds up.
But let's not forget what was actually said in Activision's post on the matter.
So the games may, in fact, not take up 130 gigs.
Besides, of all the people complaining about the space requirements around here, who among them were actually considering buying the game beforehand? Given how much energy this community expends hating on the series, I assume very few. Which would mean we have a bunch of people complaining about a game they had no interest in to begin with.
Fantastic. I love this community.
While the amount of space involved is very easy to explain, given the sheer breadth of content the CoD games provide, one also cannot deny that that is an absolutely incredible amount of space for a game, pre-any DLC that'll come out.
Storage may be cheap, but many ISPs like to throw around caps or bandwidth limitations making downloading the game a challenge - heck, in the US, Comcast is actually trying to introduce datacaps in a bunch of cities right now.
So the amount isn't all that unreasonable, but holy crap that's still quite a lot of data
I'm not denying any of that. One hundred thirty gigs (if the full download is that amount at launch) is a lot of data, but it's not really all that surprising or unheard of in this day and age.
So sure, it could be a turnoff for those who may have otherwise considered buying the game. A turnoff I can appreciate. But to be as flabbergasted and appalled as so many seem to be just seems like an overreaction.
Yeah, I can agree with that.
|Pages PREV 1 2


text:
EMCluster (0.2-12)
EM Algorithm for Model-Based Clustering of Finite Mixture Gaussian Distribution.
EM algorithms and several efficient initialization methods for model-based clustering of finite mixture Gaussian distribution with unstructured dispersion in both of unsupervised and semi-supervised learning.
Wei-Chen Chen
Author(s): Wei-Chen Chen [aut, cre], Ranjan Maitra [aut], Volodymyr Melnykov [ctb], Dan Nettleton [ctb], David Faden [ctb], Rouben Rostamian [ctb], R Core team [ctb] (some functions are modified from the R source code)
License: Mozilla Public License 2.0
Uses: MASS, Matrix
Enhances: RColorBrewer, PPtree
Reverse suggests: cubfits, fdapace
Reverse enhances: pbdDEMO
Released 9 months ago.
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text:
Seatons Solicitors
Business Address: 1 Alexandra Road, Corby, Northamptonshire, NN17 1PE
Country: England,
Business Email: Send message
Social Media
About Seatons Solicitors
Seatons is a firm of Solicitors based in Northamptonshire. We deal with the following areas of law: Accident Claims Care Fee Funding Civil Litigation Commercial Law Court of Protection Criminal Law Commercial Property Family Law Landlord Services Lasting Power of Attorney Motoring Offences Probate and Estates Property Conveyancing Residential Care Fee Protection Settlement Agreement Wills
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This is an excellent product to help have quality time with parents, family members, friends, colleagues and even people you've just met. This means that the prompts can't only be used between parents and their kids but by basically anyone and everyone. Great way to initiate in creative and fun conversations through simple yet deep questions. A must buy!
I've searched for the "perfect" planner for years. I really appreciate how the BestSelf planner combines my life organization with my life goals. It takes "stay on track" to a whole new, insanely productive level. Thank you!
It's BIG! I have both taped to separate foam core boards that rest on an open drawer on my bureau in front of my desk by day and is hidden away behind bureau by night. I love the shiny surface as it's perfect for using and reusing tape, colour-coded post-its + dry-erase markers on. I also love that I could begin in December rather than having to wait for January because it's blank and reusable.
Love it
I love the Weekly Action Pad! I added it to the Best Self Journal and it has helped me stay on track, not miss a follow up and schedule my priorities. Thank you for these wonderful tools!
The shipping got delayed so they almost didn't come in time for what I wanted them for, but they are very nice, good for developing relationships. I'm looking forward to trying it out in more situations and with more people. :)
SELF Journal
Really enjoyed using this product!
I've been looking for a place to organize & track my new desired goal behaviors to become "Habits" & I finally found the perfect tool to do just that!
Awesome product. Very helpful for all types of relationships
I bought this for my husband and me to use at dinner on our 11th anniversary, and it made such a difference in our conversation. I actually learned things I didn't know about him! To be honest, we've been coming off a hard year in our marriage, and I dunno... something shifted between us after using this deck to spark our connection... I highly recommend for couples who only talk about the kids and domestic issues!
I randomly spread cards on the Thanksgiving tables to help guests get to know one another and stay away from current or divisive events. They worked great!
Very thought provoking and detailed on how to make informed decisions
My boyfriend and I really enjoy this deck! It has led to so many deep and meaningful conversations between us and really helped make our communication in our relationship stronger.
I ordered the planner. Just what I was looking for. I like the organization of it.s
My husband and I have only done about 5 cards over the past couple of weeks but it has really helped us to learn more about each other and have deeper conversations in a comfortable and fun way!
Well thought out cards. I got dice with matching colors to turn it into more of a game. Just have to figure out how to get my SO to play. :(
Intimacy Deck
Intimacy Deck
Intimacy Deck
Great purchase, be prepared to be open with your partner
2020 Universal Wall Calendar
Courage Over Comfort Deck
I decided to give the planner a try, after having the journal for the past two years. All I can say is wow, after using it for just a few weeks, I have no idea how I've survived without it. If you are someone that struggles with staying organized and on time, this will change your life, I promise. It's simply amazing!! Love it, Love it! Will always keep one with me whenever I go. Just perfect the way it is!
Love the company!
My boyfriend and I loved doing this. We got through all of them in 2 nights and we got closer than ever. Surprisingly lots of the questions were ones we hadn't thought of and it definitely helped us get to know more about each other.
Great conversation starters. We talked for hours.
This is an unassuming but very useful notebook. I had no intention of it being my go-to notebook at work over my fancy German and Italian notebooks, but so it did. Dotted corners to keep track of what page I was on, bendy enough to bear my shoving it in backpacks and purses countless times, and with solid bleedproof pages. Somehow the elastic binding even survived my cat gnawing on it (he likes the mouthfeel of journal elastics - go figure). Also because the notebook wasn't black like every other thing I own (including cat), I was able to locate it quickly. Highly recommend!!
I'll be honest upfront. I was only a fan of about half of the cards. Normally, this would leave me dissatisfied, but I got something greater than a game. The concept is a great way to solidify bonds and reinforce the idea that a support structure and team mentality need to be in place. Now, I can custom tailor my own decks for specific groups of friends, and even use this as a teambuilding exercise at work; passing out customized decks to fit the challenges of our various groups and divisions. The message to drive home is that being flawed or even the weakest link isn't a matter to be discouraged about. It is a learning experience and a chance to grow. I've been looking into getting monogrammed products from BestSelf for our company anyway. Maybe the 'winner' from each group or division will win products from this store suited to their betterment. Thank you for the inspiration.
Everything good
All Decks Bundle
My bf and I recently went on vacation and spent a night playing the cards. We learned a lot about each other—it was wonderful!
This beautiful deck of cards is life changing. Not only does it push you to step out of your comfort zone, it gets you thinking/reflecting on so many other aspects of your day to day actions. Highly recommend Courage over Comfort. Buy them for yourself and those you love.
It immediately got me and my SO to talk about many different topics and we have to say that it made us even closer. You really can't go wrong with the Intimacy deck! We love it!
great for the nonsocial ppl like me. gets the conversation going. and alot of em are open ended questions and not yes or no. most of em anyways. then those split into their own series of questions.
Bought this for get togethers. Gave it try with my kids and a friend and her teen. Great way to get a glimpse into who my kids are growing up to be. My oldest loved it and all enjoyed the quality time. I'll probably be ordering the kid specific deck soon too!
Great conversation starter.
Use it at school with my advisory
It had questions i never thought to ask my boyfriend of 2 years. I learned more about him and how he felt about us. We had wine and did this and it was a lot of fun.
Going to buy for all my family and friends, have had so many wonderful experiences because of this desk.. I hope they will make a new one top with new ideas! Also wish there were 365 instead of 150 so I could do one everyday of the year
really interesting question. sure to at least evoke a positive emotion from your other. if only i had one lol.
Use it every day
I love it
Loved it. Definitely makes things interesting and a lot of more openness in the relationship.
Bought this for my niece
Some of the cards are more intense than others, but they are all pretty great prompts to get you thinking about development within yourself and how you grow with others.


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Engineered Infection Prevention
Class 1's new Engineered Infection Prevention (EIP) was just named a Top 10 World Patient Safety Innovation by the Patient Safety Movement. EIP is based on automated disinfection technology built into healthcare infrastructure and offers the potential to eliminate up to 80% of preventable Healthcare Acquired Infections (HAIs), the third leading cause of death in Canada, the US and other industrialized countries around the world.
To learn more about 'The Problem' see below:
To learn more about 'How it Works' see below:
That's the future we envision. Come join us.


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|Home > Design and Production > Machinima
Tifflrol's Journey
Jul.21 2004 - Oct.09 2005
One of the longest projects I worked on for Age of Mythology before I realized the scope I was going for was just unfeasible. The amount of time spent redoing maps as I got better at designing was also an obstacle. The best product out of this is probably the intro cinematic.
(Downloaded 1217 times)
Save File As: FLV
Licensed by Creative Commons


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Blue Jays vs. racist stereotype
When the Blue Jays head to Cleveland for the American League Championship Series, the Ontario Human Rights Commissioner wants news outlets to avoid using their opponent's full name.
Commissioner Renu Mandhane is far from alone in her concern the name — the Indians — and the team's bucktoothed, slant-eyed, red-faced logo is an offensive caricature of indigenous people.
[url=http://news.nationalpost.com/sports/mlb/dont-use-clevelands-team-name-wh...'t use Cleveland's team name when covering next Blue Jays series, human rights commissioner urges[/url]
I remain astonished at that mascot's name. IIRC, it was a common catch-all slur for anyone indigenous when I was younger.
http://www.cbc.ca/player/play/783897667670/ Short news video about a radio sports caster who's refused to say the full name of such teams since 1992.
[url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/architect-douglas-cardinal-files-h... Douglas Cardinal files human rights complaint against use of Cleveland's name, logo[/url]
"Mr. Cardinal, who has long fought for the rights of Indigenous Peoples, has simply had enough," says his lawyer.
Here's my question...if the nickname for Cleveland's team is "The Tribe", why don't they change the name to the tribe of the actual indigenous group on whose lands the city was built? They'd be the Cleveland Eriez then.
It's in court as I type.
Go Cubs
I won't link to her, but Christie Blatchford has a surprisingly even-handed take on the whole thing in today's Post.
Oh, and the judge denied the injunction request.
The Human Rights complaints will be up next.


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Interested In Finding Out The Cost of Traveling to New Orleans for BCS? Watch VideoBy
If you are interested in knowing the cost to go down to New Orleans to see the Crimson Tide take on LSU, this news story breaks it all down for you. Great piece by the way, check it out!
Oh... Yes ladies and gents, that's Oleta Adams in Alabama football swag. Story was shot, produced, written & edited by David Wood for WHNT News 19 Huntsville, AL! Lee Marshall and Jerry Hayes are anchoring!
Roll Tide!
<iframe width="550" height="309" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/ZUFgVpgQx5k" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>
Visit Football Fanatics for Alabama Crimson Tide
Alabama Products For Sale:
Follow us on Twitter! AlCrimsonTide1 http://twitter.com/AlCrimsonTide1


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Wentworth to Renmark via Old Coach Road
Chowilla Old Coach Road
Lindsay Island
Renmark Paringa Visitor Centre 0.03km
Renmark Ave & Ral Ral Ave 0.03km
Harry Clarke Fountain 0.05km
Captain Charles Sturt Memorial Cairn 0.1km
Renmark Irrigation Trust 0.14km
Renmark Bandstand 0.27km
David Ruston OAM Sculpture 0.34km
St Augustine's Church 0.37km
Renmark 0.51km
Mildura Turn Off - Renmark 0.58km
Renmark Dump Point (Free) 0.6km
Renmark Pumping Station 0.71km
P.S. Jane Eliza Boiler 1.14km
Causeway Island 1.2km
Big4 Renmark Riverfront Holiday Park 1.43km
Goat Island 1.54km
Paringa Paddock Information Sign 1.77km
Old Stock Bridge 2.02km
Deep Creek - Murray River 2.04km
Lock 5 Lookout 2.16km
Lock 5 and Weir Renmark 2.34km
Riverbend Caravan Park 2.42km
Paringa Historic Spanning Bridge 2.53km
Bert Dix Memorial Riverside Park 2.74km
Plush's Bend Turn Off 2.93km
Margaret Dowling Reserve Boundary 2.99km
The Black Stump 3.08km
Paringa Township Turnoff 3.11km
McCormick Centre for the Environment 3.11km
Paringa 3.12km
Paringa Caravan Park 3.26km
Renmark Irrigation District 4km
Kylie Island 4.1km
Berribee and Lindsay Point Turn Off 4.23km
Goolwa Street Boat Ramp 4.26km
Whirlpool Corner 4.53km
Mundic Creek 4.6km
Renmark Township Lookout 4.8km
Renmark Lookout Turn Off 4.87km
Plush's Bend Camping Area 5.01km
Renmark West 5.27km
Airstrip 5.32km
Pike Lagoon 5.67km
T M Price Rotary Park 5.88km
Calperum 5.94km
Kylie Creek - Murray River 5.96km
Murray River National Park 6.19km
Bulyong Creek 6.36km
Ral Ral Creek Boat Ramp 6.8km
Bulyong Creek Entrance - Murray River 7.14km
Cooltong Conservation Park Boundary Track Junction 7.54km
Renmark Airstrip 7.61km
Historic Stock Yards - Bulyong Island, Ral Ral Creek 7.67km
Ral Ral Creek 8.69km
Cooltong Conservation Park Boundary Track Junction 8.78km
Nelbuck Creek 8.99km
Main Wentworth Rd & Cooltong Ave 9.1km
Nelbuck Creek Entrance - Ral Ral Creek 9.36km
Woolenook Bend World War 11 Internment Camp 9.43km
Wonuarra 9.6km
Cooltong Conservation Park Boundary Track Junction 9.81km
Nelbuck Creek Entrance - Murray River 9.94km
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Next: Exploring BI Publisher 11g : DataModel Editor
Just finished my OBIEE 11g successful installation on Windows XP Professional – SP3 with 2GB Memory and 50 GB available disk space. I have my local Oracle instance is running on the same machine as well. Before writing this article, I tested couple of demo reports and yes they are working, So If you are looking for the simple and clean installation steps, here you go ….
1) The first step is to download software. Yes it is around 5 GB, you have to have high speed uninterrupted connection. Other wise you end up with couple of hours in waiting to complete the download. Please follow following links to download OBIEE11g and RCU.
Accept the license and download all the four files blongs to "Oracle Business Intelligence, v. 184.108.40.206.0 (for Microsoft Windows x86 (32-bit)" and one file for " Repository Creation Utility (22.214.171.124.3) for Microsoft Windows (32-bit)"
2) If your system use the dhcp to access network, make sure to install LookBack Adopter. Please refer following URL for installation details.
How to install the Microsoft Loopback adapter in Windows XP
3) Make sure you have enough disk space. Software needs 11gb of free disk space,
4) Unzip the RCU zip file into some directory and run the rcu.bat under BIN directory. Make sure your database is up before running the RCU; this will install the BI and Metadata schema.
Click next..
Select Create option and click next.
Provide the Database connection details. Use the user, which has SYSDBA privilege. Better use the sys or system user to avoid any confusion. This user will be used to create the schema.
Oops!!, Warning !! . My Oracle database version is 10.2.0.2.0 , while it is required minimum 10.2.0.4. Any way I clicked the ignore, So you can do the same or get the right version.
You can select an existing prefix or select the next prefix.
Check the Oracle Business Intelligence. Please note down the schema name. You will need it during OBIEE installation. It is DEV1_BIPLATFORM in this case. Metadata Services is already checked for you
Click Next.
Select the simple installation for demo purpose. Click Next
It will check the Prerequisite,
On Next step, specify the location, where you want to install the software. Make sure it has around 11gb free disk space.
Select the username, password for weblogic server, the same userid, password will be use to access the OBIEE.
Click Next
On Configuration component, select the component. I installed all three components
On Database details screen, enter the Database details where we have installed the BI schema through RCU. Our Database Schema was DEV1_BIPLATFORM, though, you see DEV1_BIPLATFORM in the above screen shot. Please do not get confuse, and enter the correct Schema as DEV1_BIPLATFORM and the password.
Skip the next screen security Updates and click Next.
Review the installation summary on following screen and click install.
After clicking the Install button, Installation process will start. The process will take some time, so have patient. In the middle of the process you will see a blank command window ..
The installation proves will take around 20 minutes. It could be more or less depend on the available resources.
The next step is Configuration Progress, this will automatically start after completion of installation and it took around 30 minutes for me.
Finally the configuration 100% completed. Click the next button.
We can access the Enterprise Manager to administrator Weblogic Server through http://localhost:7001/em and analytics as http://localhost:9704/analytics url
Lets see if we can access the most awaited webpage. If every thing goes smooth during installation, you can access the presentation services through http://localhost:9704/analytics URL. Enter the userid and password, the one we set during Weblogic server installation.
Here is the Home page ...
Let's test one simple report to make sure, every thing works fine.
Go to open tab and click it, it will open the Open popup window. Select the Revenue Budget Actual and Detail.xdo, this is a BI Publisher Report from Sample Lite folder.
If every thing is fine, the report should render within the Report viewer
If you could able to make up to this point, you have installed your OBIEE11g successfully.
Next article : Exploring BI Publisher 11g : A simple report with DataModel Editor


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Shared posts
Draft of a new ELF Dates standard
Servidor de data e hora no Debian - NTP
Enviado por juliano ramos (profjulianoramosΘgmail·com)
O artigo "Servidor de data e hora no Debian - NTP" foi originalmente publicado no site BR-Linux.org, de Augusto Campos.
ARIEX: Automated ranking of information extractors
Source:Knowledge-Based Systems, Volume 93
Author(s): Patricia Jiménez, Rafael Corchuelo, Hassan A. Sleiman
Information extractors are used to transform the user-friendly information in a web document into structured information that can be used to feed a knowledge-based system. Researchers are interested in ranking them to find out which one performs the best. Unfortunately, many rankings in the literature are deficient. There are a number of formal methods to rank information extractors, but they also have many problems and have not reached widespread popularity. In this article, we present ARIEX, which is an automated method to rank web information extraction proposals. It does not have any of the problems that we have identified in the literature. Our proposal shall definitely help authors make sure that they have advanced the state of the art not only conceptually, but from an empirical point of view; it shall also help practitioners make informed decisions on which proposal is the most adequate for a particular problem.
Pre-order: Grim Fandango Remastered
Grim Fandango resurrected.
Grim Fandango Remastered marks the return of gaming's most recognisable, and notoriously unavailable, cult classic - now on Windows, Mac, and Linux. This upcoming release got everybody so excited, Tim Schafer even prepared a special trailer all about how you can pre-order Grim Fandango Remastered (and why that's a fine idea) right now, exclusively on GOG.com for the first week!
Grim Fandango is by far the single most wishlisted game by the GOG.com community with an overwhelming 45,000 votes. It's a unique blend of Mexican folklore with film noir stylings, and has been critically praised for its art direction, writing, and memorable characters.
Grim Fandango Remastered refreshes, refines, and remasters the award winning title and Tim Schafer's last hurrah as LucasArts' adventure-gaming-extraordinaire. The remaster modernizes the game's presentation and gameplay with completely repainted textures, widescreen support, and quite possibly best of all: modern controls. You can now say goodbye to unwieldy tank controls, a staple of the early 3D era, and enjoy a fully point-and-click interface - but only if you want! The option to play the game as originally envisioned is always there.
Have you missed Grim Fandango the first time around? Now's your chance to experience gaming history like never before, or if you have played it in its heyday - you're probably long overdue for another go anyway. You can pre-order Grim Fandango Remastered right now on GOG.com!
The pre-order will last until Tuesday, January 27, when the game is expected to launch on GOG.com.
It took a lot to bring this classic back to life. If you'd like to learn more about the remaster, Double Fine and 2 Player Productions have just released the newest episode of The Making of Grim Fandango Remastered - a recommended watch.
Series Gem Promo: Little Big Adventure 1&2
Embark on the finest of adventures!
Little Big Adventure and Little Big Adventure 2, a pair of stunning classics set in a fantastic world on a brink of a calamity that can only be saved by Twinsen--a prophet, a savior, and one of the most memorable characters from the history of gaming, are available 60% off. However, if you get them both, the discount goes up to 70%! That's as little as $1.79 for each of those unforgettable classics, for the next 24 hours!
The Little Big Adventure series remains the pinnacle of storytelling to this day. Back in the 90s the magicians at Adeline Software were able to create a genre-transcending masterpiece, that pulled you in for long hours and constantly surprised gamers with fresh and daring ideas. The story leads the plucky hero, Twinsen, through a world of wonder and beauty agitated only by the shadow of impending doom. In LBA 1 you will try to stop the evil Dr.Funfrock from enslaving your world, and in LBA 2 you'll have to save the planet from total annihilation plotted by an alien race. Both games features state-of-the-art animation, that made both the funny and disturbing moments feel fantastical and yet alarmingly real. With plenty of puzzle-solving, challenging combat, unforgettable characters, and, above all, an engaging story, the series has instantly become a benchmark for imaginative game design and remains a strong influence for generations of devs and gamers alike.
If you value unrestrained imagination and love to lose yourself in a gripping story, grab both Little Big Adventure games--for as little as $3.58! The offer lasts until Tuesday, August 26, at 9:59AM GMT.


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It is very easy for an accident at work to happen – in some cases this is because of the relatively dangerous nature of the job that a person is doing – but in other cases this is not the case. It is simply that there are a large number of potential accidents that can occur as a result of human error or negligence on someone's part – accounting for the number of compensation cases brought against individuals or businesses for accidents in the workplace. As companies have a legal obligation to ensure the safety of their employees, it is useful to know some of the major accident types that can occur in the workplace.
Trips and slips
This is perhaps the most common type of workplace accident – and one that is fairly common in life generally. Indeed figures suggest that trips and slips account for around a third of all workplace accidents. The problem for businesses arises if such an accident is the result of negligence – i.e. if floors are unsafe, or not properly labelled when slippery; if wires and cables are trailing into walking areas; or if there are not enough handrails or poor lighting. Any of these factors can potentially result in a compensation suit.
Heavy lifting or handling
Again this accounts for a significant number of the persona injury in the workplace compensation claims that are made in the UK. Injury can result from workers being required to lift, pull, push or carry heavy loads for too great a distance with insufficient support. In order to avoid negligence action, employers should ensure that strenuous labour of this kind is kept to a minimum; that workers who do need to undertake such tasks are instructed in the correct methods for lifting and carrying heavy loads and that they are provided with decent breaks, to rest.


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Back to school is tough for everyone—your pooch included! When kids go back to school, dogs can become depressed or develop separation anxiety. They miss their playmates! Your pooch's normal levels of people-time have dwindled dramatically, and especially if he or she is the only living soul in the house during the day, loneliness can become a serious issue. Here are three key aspects of keeping your dog out of the back-to-school blues:
Keep a Routine
Dogs are creatures of habit. It is easier for them to become used to a different schedule like school if they are integrated into a similar routine slowly before the big change happens. It is especially important to get your pooch used to being alone in the house for extended periods of time. During summer, you can practice this a few days a week and build up the time you spend away gradually.
Exercise, Play, and Toys
Taking your dog on a walk or playing in the backyard in the morning will help him or her be calm during the time you and your kids are away. Dogs are ready to go after a good night's sleep, so burning off that energy can help reduce the chance that they'll be rowdy in the house while you are gone. It's a good idea, if you are able, for someone in your family to return in the middle of the day to let your dog out and run around a bit. Doggy daycares, dogsitters or dogwalkers are other good alternatives to keep your dog exercised and engaged. If you have to leave your dog home alone, leave interactive toys out for him or her to play with. Boredom can be a recipe for disaster, so get creative!
Keep it Calm
It is important for you and your kids to stay calm when leaving and returning every day. Your pooch picks up on what you are feeling: if you or your kids get into the habit of emotional goodbyes, your dog will get emotional too! Don't make a big deal out of leaving or coming home. Your dog will pick up on this cue and learn to react calmly themselves.
Remember the big picture: your dog loves you and your kids, and he or she still needs to spend time with you! So be mindful of your schedules and proactively create a routine that gives your dog the attention he or she needs.
Check out the links below for even more tips on how to make this transition easier on your dog.
North Shore Animal League America


text: While wearing prescription eyeglasses, you're more susceptible to glare and sun-related eye discomfort. This is especially a problem while driving, on the water, or when there's snow on the ground. Keep your prescription eyeglasses and protect your eyes with our fitover sunglasses. Our men's and women's fitover sunglasses are specially designed to lay comfortably and stylishly over your prescription frames. This sunglasses style is thicker on the temples and gradually gets thinker toward the earpiece to hide the fact you're wearing two pairs of frames. Our men's and women's fitover sunglasses come in a variety of frame and lens color combinations, making it easy to find a pair that fits your style. Shop our collection of wear-over sunglasses today!


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Panasonic HCV700K 3D Brief Review
Panasonic HCV700K 3D
Full 1920x1080p HD; 2D to 3 D conversion; 28mm Wide Angle lens
The top-of-the-line 1MOS camcorders, the Panasonic's HC-V700 and HC-V700M models, capture stunning indoor and nighttime shots, regardless of dark lighting conditions. Thanks to the High Sensitivity Sensor, which greatly improves image quality in low-light conditions, users can record crisp, bright images with minimal noise whether they are shooting in good light or in poor light. After capture, the user can view the video on an ultra-sharp 460K dot LCD with touch control.