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If you find yourself running to your kid's room to print a colour document, waiting for your turn at the one computer in the house that has high-speed Internet access, or unplugging a telephone so you can connect the cord to your laptop and check email messages from the couch, it's time to set up a home network.
A home network can not only simplify your life but also greatly expand how and where you use your Macs. With a network, you can print files, search the Web, and check messages no matter where you are in the house. Better yet, you can listen to music saved on another computer, stream your music through a stereo, share photos, keep a collective calendar that's always up-to-date, and much more.
Modern home networks are elegant, flexible, and relatively easy to set up, but no solution is right for everyone. To create a network that truly complements the way you and your family live, you'll need to make some decisions based on the unique layout of your home and on how you use your computers. In this guide, I'll show you how to choose the gear that's right for you, how to set it up, and how to share your data with the rest of your network.
At its most basic level, a network is nothing more than a group of connected computers and devices that can share information (see "The basics"). What makes one type of network different from another is how those devices are connected.
There are two main types of network connections, Ethernet and wireless. Both of these technologies offers unique advantages and disadvantages that depend on how your home is built (its physical layout, materials, and wiring), where your devices are located, how quickly the data needs to travel, and how much money you're willing to invest in the project.
Although you can limit your network to just one type of connection by going completely wireless, for example in many cases you'll get the best results by mixing and matching these technologies to address the specific challenges of each part of your network.
But to do that, you'll need to understand the strengths and weaknesses of each technology and how they fit together in a larger home network. (For a real-world scenario that puts these technologies to work, see "Putting it all together").
Ethernet networks
If you're just looking to connect the computers and peripherals in a single room to set up a home office, for example an Ethernet network is probably your easiest and least-expensive option. Ethernet ports come standard on every shipping Mac. And Ethernet cable is relatively inexpensive you can get a 5-foot cable for under a fiver.
More importantly, Ethernet networks are fast which makes them ideal for transferring large files, such as digital-video or Photoshop files, from one computer to another.
Ethernet is by far the fastest networking technology available on the Mac. (For a comparison of networking speeds, see "Clocking your network", page 80). The two most common Ethernet standards, 10BaseT and 100BaseT, can transfer data at speeds of 10Mbps and 100Mbps, respectively. Wireless networks top out at 54Mbps, and that's running at peak performance. In 2001, Apple began including 1,000BaseT Ethernet which can transfer a whopping gigabit of data per second in all of its high-end laptops and desktop systems.
Realistically, very few home users will ever require enough bandwidth to justify the considerable expense of a Gigabit Ethernet hub. In fact, even the fastest broadband Internet connection runs at a mere 6Mbps. (the majority of broadband connections run at 512kbps). As a rule, unless you plan to transfer video or other high-bandwidth data across your network, 100Mbps is more than enough to handle all your home-network needs.
Ethernet becomes less practical when you're networking over long distances and between multiple rooms. To connect the Power Mac G5 in your upstairs office to the family iMac in the living room, for instance, you'll need to either run unattractive cable underneath rugs and over door frames, or drill into walls to string cable between the rooms no easy task.
Running Ethernet cable through your entire house can also be expensive. To get optimal performance, you'll need to hire a professional who can install the wires inside your walls and then test them to make sure they're transferring at the appropriate speeds.
In general, unless you really need the additional network speed that Ethernet offers for example, to transfer video files from one Mac to another, you'll be better off choosing one of the other networking options for long-distance connections.
Wireless Networks
If your computer line-up includes one or more laptops, creating a wireless (or WiFi) connection is an obvious choice. A WiFi network lets users connect to the Internet, check email messages, print documents, and share files from anywhere within 150 feet of the wireless router.
However, computers don't have to roam to take advantage of a WiFi network. Desktops can also join the wireless connection. In fact, since 1999, Apple has equipped every new Mac with a wireless antenna and an internal slot for a wireless network card. This makes WiFi a good choice if you need to connect several stationary computers in multiple rooms but don't want the hassle of stringing cable especially if you're already setting up a WiFi network to accommodate a laptop.
Wireless networking does have a few downsides. First, WiFi networks are relatively slow compared with Ethernet networks. Macs currently support two different WiFi standards: 802.11b (Apple refers to this as AirPort), which tops out at 11Mbps; and the newer and faster 802.11g (also known as AirPort Extreme), which offers a maximum throughput of 54Mbps. In the real world, however, WiFi networks rarely reach these speeds. Most AirPort and AirPort Extreme networks average about 3 and 25Mbps, respectively.
To make matters worse, wireless networks tend to slow down as you move farther from the base station. So if you own a large home, your wireless signal may drop off in distant rooms. If you find your wireless signal is weak, consider buying an external antenna to boost the signal.
If speed isn't a big concern for you which may be the case if you use your network primarily to surf the Web and check messages a WiFi network should fit the bill.
WiFi networks are also less stable than other types of connections. Many obstacles can hinder wireless signals: walls and metal such as the steel in large buildings and metal framing as well as 2.4GHz cordless phones, Bluetooth devices, and microwaves. In my experience, phones are the most notorious troublemakers. If you're often stuck with an intermittent or a weak connection or no connection at all check to see whether someone is on the cordless phone or popping a bag of popcorn whenever the connection goes south. If that's the case, try to adjust the router's settings to better block the interference. If you own an AirPort Base Station, for example, you can use the AirPort Admin Utility to do this. Click on the Show All Settings button and then on the Wireless Options button. When the Options window opens, activate the Enable Interference Robustness option.
Finally, WiFi is the least-secure networking option. If you're not careful, it's quite easy to give free Internet access to anyone who lives within 100 to 200 feet of your wireless network. Worse, if you don't set up your network correctly, someone with a mischievous mind could break into your network and steal valuable information. If you live in a neighbourhood where houses are fairly close together or in an apartment building, you'll want to make sure you've turned on the security features built into your wireless router (see "Don't give it away").
Using the network
Once you've set up your gear, you're ready to take advantage of your new network surfing the Internet, sharing printers, streaming music, and more. Apple's Rendezvous networking technology, which is built into the Jaguar and Panther operating systems, has greatly simplified finding and communicating with other devices on your network. However, you'll still need to adjust some settings yourself.
Sharing your Internet connection
One of the key reasons to create a network is to share a single broadband connection with all the computers on your network. But in many cases, you can't simply plug a hub into the modem supplied by your ISP and start sharing your Internet connection.
Every computer connected to the Internet needs a unique address, called an IP address, which identifies it to all the other computers on the Internet. When you sign up for an Internet account, however, your ISP typically provides you with just one address. So how do you identify the other five computers on your network?
In OS X, you can turn on the Internet Sharing option in the Sharing preference pane to let one Mac handle all your Internet traffic. But a better option is to use a router that supports Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) and Network Address Translation (NAT). These work together to assign each computer on your network an address, which the router can use to direct incoming data to the correct computer.
When a router sees a computer on your network for the first time, it uses DHCP to assign that computer an address that's just for use on your network. When that computer tries to connect to the Internet anywhere outside your home network, the router which is using the single Internet address your ISP assigned to you relays that request to the Internet, with a special notation that indicates which computer on your home network the request came from. When a reply comes back, your router looks at the unique mark and passes the data back to the appropriate computer on your home network. This process of using a router as a go-between for your home network and the Internet is known as NAT.
It's important to note that most cable and DSL modems supplied by ISPs don't offer NAT. So if you want to share your single address with other computers, you may need to purchase a third-party broadband router, such as those from Linksys or Belkin (see "Where to buy").
Alternatively, you can purchase additional IP addresses from your ISP.
Sharing files and printers
To transfer documents or other files between the Macs on your network, or to access a printer connected to another machine, you'll need to turn on File Sharing for each computer.
Enable sharing
To provide access to your Mac from other machines, open Mac OS X's Sharing preference pane and click on the Services button (see "Sharing with others"). Make sure that the name listed in the Computer Name field uniquely identifies this Mac. This is how other users on the network will identify your computer. If the name listed isn't unique or if you simply don't like it you can change it by clicking the Edit button. In the Service menu, turn on the Personal File Sharing option. To give others access to a connected printer, turn on the Printer Sharing option. Then click on Start. Keep in mind that your Mac will need to be on and awake to allow others to access the printer.
If you want to provide access to a USB printer but don't want to keep your Mac running 24 hours a day, you'll need to connect the printer directly to your network. That's no problem if you own Apple's AirPort Extreme Base Station, which offers a USB port for sharing a compatible USB printer over your wireless network. Otherwise, you may want to consider investing in a USB print server such as the Linksys PSUS4, which you can find for around $55 online (www.linksys.com).
Access networked Macs
To access files on another computer, open the Finder's Go menu and select Connect To Server. In the Server Address field, enter the name of the computer you want to access, then click Connect. If you're not sure of the name, click Browse to see all computers on your network.
Unless you have your own user account on the selected Mac, you'll be able to open files only in the user's Public folder. You can save files onto the networked Mac by placing them in the Drop Box folder located inside each user's Public folder. The Drop Box is similar to a mail slot: you can place files in it, but you can't open the folder to see what's there. To access a shared printer connected to another computer, open the Printer pull-down menu in any Print dialog box and select the desired printer from the Shared Printers menu item.
Sharing photos and music
Thanks to Mac OS X's Rendezvous networking technology, sharing music and photos with other Mac users on your network is simply a matter of turning on the appropriate setting in your iTunes and iPhoto preference panes.
But if you want to share your music and photos with devices Rendezvous doesn't support such as a streaming music server connected to your home stereo you may need to adjust some settings. To access one of these devices, you'll need to enter its IP address. This will be a problem if your router is configured to generate an IP address dynamically. It's best to assign a static IP address instead, so you'll always know where to find these devices.
The last word
With new networking gear arriving on shelves every day, there's never been a better time to set up a home network. Set up correctly, it lets you maximize all your computing resources, minimize your need for duplicate equipment, and ensure that everyone in your home or small office has access to the Internet, to printers, and to the files they need. And by matching your gear to the specific challenges and needs of your setup, you can build a network that is every bit as unique as your home. MW
Don't give it away
One downside to setting up a network is the potential for inadvertently sharing your data or your high-speed network connection with unauthorized users. Wireless networks are particularly sensitive to security breaches. Because your network is travelling over the airwaves, it's accessible to anyone around you who has a wireless network adaptor in his or her computer.
To protect yourself from wireless snoops, take time to turn on some of the security features built into your wireless router. For example, it's a good idea to activate WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access) or WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) encryption when setting up your router. Both WEP and WPA encrypt the data that crosses your wireless network. Users who want to join your network must then enter a password. Of the two, WPA offers the highest level of security. However, you must have Panther installed to take advantage of it.
Wired networks are generally more secure than wireless ones. If your router uses DHCP and NAT to assign IP addresses dynamically to the rest of your network, you're already getting a minimum level of protection, since your internal computers are essentially masked from the rest of the world. Security is more of an issue if you have a static IP address because outsiders can use that address to access your computer.
If security is a big concern for you, consider purchasing a router that includes an integrated firewall. Firewalls act as barriers, keeping anyone outside your network from hacking in.
At the very least, consider turning on Mac OS X's integrated Firewall software. To do this, open the Sharing preference pane, click on the Firewall tab, and then click on the Start button. You can also install individual third-party firewall software on each Mac.
Ethernet networks
Ideal use: Home offices; transferring large files.
Pros: Very fast; standard on all current Macs; inexpensive over short distances.
Cons: Expensive over long distances; connecting multiple rooms requires unsightly cables or drilling holes in the wall; may require professional installation to guarantee highest speeds.
Average Cost: Cable, £1 to £2 per metre; five-port 100BaseT hub, £35; router, £45. Prices vary on pro installation get at least two quotes.
Wireless networks
Ideal Use: Networks that include one or more laptops.
Pros: Lets you connect to the network from anywhere within range; no cable clutter.
Cons: Network slows down as you move away from the router; walls, phones, microwaves, and Bluetooth devices can cause interference; the least secure of all networks; networking multiple computers can be expensive.
Average Cost: 802.11g wireless router, £80; 802.11g wireless network adaptor, £79 per Mac.
The basics
Considering all the confusion that surrounds networking terminology, the process of setting up a basic home network is surprisingly straightforward. Regardless of the type of network you're building, the basic pieces of equipment are essentially the same. You'll need a modem, a router, at least one hub, and a network adaptor for each computer. Although I show each part of the network as a separate piece of hardware, companies often combine several functions in one device. For example, a DSL modem may also serve as a router. While this crossover cuts down on the number of devices you have to buy, it can also make shopping confusing.
What you need
Cable or DSL modem
A modem is essentially a doorway that connects your internal network to the outside world. Often your ISP gives you a free modem when you sign up for cable or DSL service.
A modem opens or closes the connection to the Internet. To direct the traffic coming through that connection, you'll need a router. A router is an intelligent piece of hardware that looks at every piece of data en route and figures out whether to send it to a location inside your network or route it out to the Internet.
The router then passes the incoming data to the rest of your network via radio waves (if it's a wireless device) or via a cable. Wireless routers are sometimes referred to as wireless gateways or access points. Apple's AirPort Extreme Base Station is a wireless router with perks such as a USB printer port thrown in.
A router is one of the few pieces of networking hardware you'll need to configure before using. Most companies include the necessary software and instructions in the box.
To connect desktop Macs and other wired devices to your network, you need a hub. This piece of hardware sits in the middle of your network like a traffic roundabout, letting data get from one device to another. Hubs are typically differentiated by the number of Ethernet ports they offer. You'll need one port for every wired device you plan to add to your network.
Many routers include extra network connections, allowing them to function as both a router and a network hub.
Network adaptor
This is the part of your computer that sends and receives data across the local network. In the case of wired connections, the network adaptor is your Mac's Ethernet port. For wireless connections, you'll need to have a wireless network adaptor, such as an AirPort card, installed in your Mac.
Don't give it away
One downside to setting up a network is the potential for inadvertently sharing your data or your high-speed network connection with unauthorized users. Wireless networks are particularly sensitive to security breaches.
Because your network is travelling over the airwaves, it's accessible to anyone around you who has a wireless network adaptor in his or her computer.
To protect yourself from wireless snoops, take time to turn on some of the security features built into your wireless router. For example, it's a good idea to activate WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access) or WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) encryption when setting up your router. Both WEP and WPA encrypt the data that crosses your wireless network. Users who want to join your network must then enter a password. Of the two, WPA offers the highest level of security. However, you must have Panther installed to take advantage of it.
Wired networks are generally more secure than wireless ones. If your router uses DHCP and NAT to assign IP addresses dynamically to the rest of your network, you're already getting a minimum level of protection, since your internal computers are essentially masked from the rest of the world. Security is more of an issue if you have a static IP address because outsiders can use that address to access your computer.
If security is a big concern for you, consider purchasing a router that includes an integrated firewall. Firewalls act as barriers, keeping anyone outside your network from hacking in.
At the very least, consider turning on Mac OS X's integrated Firewall software. To do this, open the Sharing preference pane, click on the Firewall tab, and then click on the Start button. You can also install individual third-party firewall software on each Mac.
Putting it all together
No one type of network is right for every situation. To get the best coverage and the easiest setup, you'll often need to combine different networking technologies to match the unique challenges of your home.
Consider our example family we'll call them the Williamses. They want to share the high-speed Internet connection in the upstairs office with the rest of their computers and Internet-ready devices. They'd also like to share their collective music libraries in hopes of eliminating the epidemic of vanishing CDs and access their inkjet and laser printers from any computer in the house. Here's how the Williamses solved their problems.
Portable power
Because he and his daughter own laptops, Steven Williams knew he needed a wireless network that could extend to most areas of the house including the outdoor patio. So he decided to use Apple's AirPort Extreme Base Station as the network's main router.
To get the wireless network started, Steven runs an Ethernet cable from the DSL modem in the office to the WAN port on the AirPort Base Station . Because he needs to configure the Base Station before setting up the rest of the network, he temporarily connects an Ethernet cable from the Base Station's LAN port to the Ethernet port on a nearby Mac and runs Apple's AirPort Setup Assistant software.
Once the router is up and running, Steven inserts AirPort cards in the iMac in his son's room. (The laptops already had cards in them.)
Finally, to provide access to the inkjet printer attached to his son's iMac, Steven opens up the iMac's Sharing preference pane and turns on the Printer Sharing option. Because the iMac will have to be on and awake for others to use the printer, Steven also sets the iMac's Energy Saver preference pane to never go to sleep.
In the office
Lauren Williams and her business partner run a small design company out of the family's home office. Because she needs a lot of bandwidth to exchange large graphics files with her partner, she's decided to set up an Ethernet network for all the office equipment.
First she unplugs the Ethernet cable between the Base Station and the office Mac (which Steven had used to configure the Base Station), and instead connects the Base Station to an Ethernet hub . She then runs separate Ethernet cables from both office computers to the hub.
Because the laser printer has an Ethernet port, she can connect it to the network by plugging it into the Ethernet hub. However, because the network router is an AirPort Base Station, Lauren could also have shared the USB printer by connecting it directly to the Base Station's USB port.
Out of reach
The most difficult room in the house is the basement better known to the kids as the Game Lair. Because their Xbox system is too far away from the AirPort Base Station to get a decent signal, and because their parents refuse to pay for an additional phone line, the kids currently can't use their Xbox to compete against others online creating a serious social stigma.
To solve this problem Steven connects an AirPort Express base station into a wall outlet in the office, which wirelessly connects to the nearest other base station. He then runs a cable from the AirPort Express to the Xbox.
Expanding the network
Once they have the basic network set up, the Williams family will have no problem adding other devices and computers to it.
For example, since he's gone to all the trouble of setting up a wireless network, Steven decides to take full advantage of it by connecting a wireless receiver to the living-room stereo system. That way he can listen to his laptop's iTunes playlists as well as Internet radio stations from all over the world while he works in the living room. Of course, he could also have connected the receiver to the network via a second AirPort Express.
Clocking your network
|Network speeds compared
|Network connection
|Raw Speed
(in Mbps)
|Broadband Internet
|Cable modem
|Speed varies according to whether you're using a dedicated line or a shared line.
|DSL Modem
|Speed varies dramatically according to where you're located in he country and how far you are from the service hub. In some cases, DSL connections range from 128Kbps to as high as 768Kbps. Some newer providers promise speeds as high as 6Mbps.
|To gain the highest speeds possible, you'll need to make sure all of your 100BaseT 100 networking hardware and wiring is capable of handling data at those speeds.
|1,000BaseT (Gigabit Ethernet)
|Aitport Express
|Speed varies widely depending on your distance from the base station and potential interference from outside sources, such as walls and wireless telephones. Most connections range from 3Mbps (for AirPort) to 25Mbps (for AirPort Extreme).
Whether we're talking about cars or computers, we generally assume that faster is better. But when it comes to building a home network, the issue of speed is a little more complex.
For one thing, all of your network's different parts affect its overall speed. Ethernet and WiFi technology all transfer data at very different rates (see "Networking speeds compared", above). Ultimately, your network is only as fast as its slowest device. So despite the fact that the Ethernet port on your G5 can transfer a gigabit of data per second, if your network hub can handle only 10Mbps, your data will travel only at 10Mbps.
If speed is important to you which may be the case if you transfer large files from one device to another you'll want to make sure every piece of equipment between your computer and the destination is optimized for speed. For maximum throughput, go to Apple's specifications database (www.info.apple.com/support/applespec.html) to figure out how fast your Mac's network card is and then choose hubs and routers that match or exceed its speed.
But before you invest in faster and significantly more expensive networking gear, consider whether you really need it. By far the biggest bottleneck in any network is the Internet connection. Even if your network runs only at a paltry 10Mbps, that's nearly ten times faster than the data entering your network from the Internet. So if you're not transferring files, there's little advantage to investing in high-speed equipment.
Apple AirPort
Now that Apple has two AirPort products it would be easy to get them mixed up. AirPort Extreme is the base station, this is n


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The barbell squat
A description of the differences in bar positioning for a squat, by Mark Rippetoe in his book "Starting Strength". At CrossFit Power Factory, we teach the high bar back squat instead of the low bar back squat. We believe that the vertical torso and hip flexibility required in the high bar- and the front squat


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1Department of Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
2Dept of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
Received date: September 23, 2013; Accepted date: November 06, 2013; Published date: November 08, 2013
Citation: Attanasio G, Mammola CL, Covelli E, Cagnoni L, De Seta D et al. (2013) Ossicles Autograft Safety in Cholesteatoma: A Histological Study. J Cytol Histol 4:190. doi: 10.4172/2157-7099.1000190
Copyright: © 2013 Attanasio G, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Visit for more related articles at Journal of Cytology & Histology
Objective: The aim of the study is to define, just before any sort of cleaning procedure, if there is any epithelial inclusion inside the ossicles of patients with cholesteatoma and if the findings could be correlated with surgical aspect of cholesteatoma.
Methods: The specimens used for this study were 19 malleus and 15 incuss which were intraoperatively obtained from 24 patients. Each ossicles was grouped on the basis of cholesteatoma intraoperatively aspect as follows: Stage 1: ten ossicles obtained from encapsulated cholestatoma, non-invasive, easily cleavable. Stage 2: fourteen ossicles obtained from partially encapsulated cholesteatoma, non-invasive, non-easily cleavable. Stage 3: ten ossicles obtained from not encapsulated cholesteatoma, invasive, not cleavable. Two stapes and 1 malleus have been taken from patients who underwent middle ear surgery for conductive hearing loss and they have been used as control. The ossicles were examined histopathologically after the removal.
Results: Our results do not show any epithelial inclusion inside the ossicles independently from the macroscopic aspect or growing aggressiveness of cholesteatoma. In addition there was not inflammatory cells infiltration in stage 1, but it was present in one incus (7.1%) of stage 2 and in five ossicles (50%) of stage 3. In ossicles of grade 3 it has been found up to four layers of epithelial cells on the surface of the ossicles.
Conclusion: The results of the present study reject the hypothesis that epithelial inclusions into the ossicles could cause cholesteatoma recurrences, but strongly suggest to perform safe cleaning procedure of ossi
Cholesteatoma; Ossiculoplasty; Timpanoplasty; Incus; Malleus; Middle ear reconstruction
Ossicular chain reconstruction or ossiculoplasty is a procedure used to re-establish the connection between the eardrum and the inner ear during middle ear surgery. Ossiculoplasty can be performed directly at the time of tympanoplasty (first-stage surgery) or after an average period of 6 months/1 year (second-stage operation). Various materials such as autologous or homologous cartilages or ossicles and synthetic prosthetic materials have been proposed to reconstruct the conductive apparatus of the middle ear. Much attention has been given to the autograft ossiculoplasty proposed for the first time by Hall and Rytzner in 1957, because of its easy retrieval, its low costs and its biocompatibility. The most commonly used autograft material is the incus body, which is often reshaped to fit between the manubrium of the malleus and the stapes capitulum. However the choice of the graft during middle ear surgery for cholesteatoma is still discussed. The main risk associated with autograft ossiculoplasty in this kind of surgery is connected to the possibility of harboring residual disease on the surface of the ossicles with a consequent failure of the entire procedure (residual cholesteatoma). For this reason alloplastic materials are the most commonly used materials for ossicular reconstruction today. With the improvement of microscopy and technologies several authors have started to try to define the best way to clean up ossicles. In 2002 Miman et al. have proposed autoclavization as a safely technique to minimize the risk of residual cholesteatoma [1]. In 2003 Siu Kwan et al. have performed a histological study to investigate whether autologous ossicles can be safely employed in ossicular chain reconstruction after attempting cholesteatoma removal with microscopic stripping or drilling [2]. With the same purpose in 2005 Ferekidis et al. assessed the status of 114 ossicles using both surgical microscope and scanning electron microscope [3]. The aim of our study is not to define the best procedure to be adopted to clean up the ossicles in autograft ossiculoplasty, but to define, just before any sort of cleaning procedure, if there is any epithelial inclusion inside the ossicles of patients with cholesteatoma and if the findings could be correlated with surgical aspect of cholesteatoma.
The specimens used for this study were 19 malleus and 15 incus which were intraoperatively obtained from 24 patients, 14 female and 10 males (mean age 56.3 years) with cholestatoma between June 2011 and July 2012. At the time of removal, all patients were operated on by the same surgeon who was asked to classify the surgical macroscopic aspects of cholesteatoma into 3 stages as follows:
Stage 1: Encapsulated cholestatoma, non-invasive, easily cleavable.
Stage 2: Partially encapsulated cholesteatoma, non-invasive, noneasily cleavable.
Stage 3: Not encapsulated cholesteatoma, invasive, not cleavable.
Each ossicle was assigned to one of the three grades on the basis of this classification and they were all categorized as follows:
• Stage 1: ten ossicles (5 malleus; 5 incus).
• Stage 2: fourteen ossicles (8 malleus; 6 incus).
• Stage 3: ten ossicles (6 malleus; 4 incus).
Two stapes and 1 malleus have been taken from patients who underwent middle ear surgery for conductive hearing loss and they have been used as control. Furthermore, it was specified whether the removed ossicle, or part of it, was in contact with the cholesteatoma or it was absorbed inside of it.
Light Microscopy and Immunohistochemistry (IHC)
Ossicles were fixed in 10% buffered formalin at room temperature for one week. Ossicles were then decalcified in 10% EDTA Na2 0.26% and HCl 2.21% solution (Decalcifying agent for histology by Carlo Erba) for three or four weeks until the specimens were pliable and soft. They were dehydrated with alcohol, cleared in xylene and embedded in paraffin, 3 μm sections were stained with haematoxylin-eosin and Masson's trichrome.
Immunohistochemical (IHC) reactions were carried out according to a procedure set by the Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopedic Sciences of the Pharmacology and Medicine Faculty, Sapienza University of Rome [4,5].
The approximately twenty cytokeratins -intermediate filament cytoskeletal proteins characteristic of the epithelial cells- known nowadays are classified according to their molecular weight and isoelectrical point.
Rabbit anti-Cytocheratin WSS is used to identify keratin positive epithelial cells by IHC method; it labels a variety of keratins, which constitute a wide range of molecular weight proteins. Particularly, the immunogen mainly consists of the epidermal keratin subunits 58, 56, and 52 kD but also subunits of 60, 51 and 48 kD, that is, high molecular weight cytokeratins distributed in the squamous epithelium.
For immunohistochemistry (IHC), sections were mounted on glass slides coated with 0.1% poly-L-lysine. After deparaffination, endogenous peroxidase activity was blocked by 20-minute incubation in hydrogen peroxide (2.5%). Sections were incubated for one hour at room temperature with antibodies for Pan-Ck (Cytocheratin Wide Spectrum Screening WSS Dako Z0622, 1:50). Samples were then rinsed with PBS for 5 minutes, incubated for 20 minutes at room temperature with secondary biotinylated antibody (Dako LSAB Plus System, HRP, Milan, Italy), then with Dako ABC (Dako LSAB Plus System, HRP) and finally developed with diaminobenzidine (Dako) to check whether the reaction took place, following the development with a microscope. In the end, the slices were counterstained with Mayer hematoxiline. For all immunoreactions, negative controls (the primary antibody was replaced with pre-immune serum) were also included.
Sections were examined in a coded fashion by Leica Microsystems DM 4500 B Light microscope). IHC observations were processed with an Image Analysis System (IAS - Delta Sistemi, Rome - Italy)
In Control group, light microscopy examination showed a normal structure of bone tissue ossicles and their lamellar architecture was preserved.
In Stage I all the ossicles (five malleus and five incus) preserved the lamellar structure and no inflammatory cell infiltrate was present. No remnant of epithelial tissue was found, but two ossicles presented light features of fibrous connective tissue on the surface (Figure 1A).
Figure 1: (A) Incus: Normal bone tissue histomorphology and regular ossicle architecture are present. Arrows: features of fibrous connective tissue on the surface. (B) An incus, showed evident features of fibrous connective tissue on the surface and inflammation (arrows). (C) Malleus head: On the surface, residual disease with squamous epithelium was observed. Inflammatory cells infiltration was present in the perimatrix. Arrows: keratinizing squamous epithelium in residual cholesteatoma; all remnant disease are superficial. (D) Malleus head: Squamous epithelia Pan-CK expression was normally seen in the whole layers of squamous epithelia. Arrows: epithelial tissue in residual cholesteatoma. (L.M., Stage I Ematoxilin-Eosin stain Original magnification 20x; L.M., Stage III Immunoistochemistry, IHC, staining to evaluate Pan-CK expression Original magnification 20x).
One ossicle of Stage II, an incus, showed evident features of fibrous connective tissue on the surface and inflammation (Figure 1B).
In Stage III all ossicles (6 malleus; 4 incus) were preserved with their lamellar structure. In one of them, an incus, features of fibrous connective tissue on the surface and inflammation were evident. In five ossicles of this group (three malleus and two incus) lymphocytic infiltration was detected.
In Stage III part of cholesteatomatous tissue with matrix (squamous epithelium) was identified in less than 30% of ossicles that were not suitable for reconstruction. In three ossicles (three malleus), squamous epithelial tissue on the bone surface was present, but no deep invasion of metaplastic stratified squamous epithelium was observed. The perimatrix, or chorion (dermis), consisted of subepithelial connective tissue displaying inflammatory cells infiltration and limited areas of fibrous connective tissue were found in one malleus of this stade specimens. The infiltrate consisted of lymphocytes, histiocytes and plasma cells, the lymphocytes being the most predominant cell population (Figure 1C). The epithelial cell layer consisted of flat polygonal cells or cuboidal cells. The epithelium varied in thickness between one and three or four layers. The fibrous layer consisted predominantly of collagen, fibroblasts and some capillaries. The presence of iperkeratinization with anucleate squames is noted. No macrophages were seen neither in the epithelial layer nor in the fibrous layer.
Immunoistochemistry examination was negative for I and II experimental groups.
In Stage 3 Pan-CK expression was normally seen in the whole layers of squamous epithelia; the intensity of expression was the same in the suprabasal and basal layers (Figure 1D).
Cholesteatoma is a non-neoplastic but potentially aggressive lesion characterized by the presence of keratin-producing squamous epithelium in the middle ear space or mastoid [6]. Regardless of its origin, cholesteatoma is histologically composed of keratinaceous debris in a concentric fashion surrounded by keratinizing squamous epithelium that is also called matrix [7,8]. The underlining subepithelial inflammatory tissue (i.e., perimatrix) consists of mononuclear and multinucleated macrophages, lymphocytes, neutrophils, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells [9]. Progressive bone erosion of the ossicles and surrounding bone is one of the hallmarks of cholesteatoma. By histology, a combination of keratinous material and stratified squamous epithelium is required to make a pathologic diagnosis of cholesteatoma. The presence of squamous epithelium in the middle ear (which is normally lined with glandular epithelium) is abnormal. Unlike the epidermis of the skin, the squamous epithelium does not contain adnexal structures or rete ridges [10].
The epithelial lining of the cholesteatoma is thinner than the dermis of the external auditory canal, missing adnexal structures, but owing all the features of the germinal layer. The subepithelial layer is 1-2 millimetres thick and is in direct contact with the underlying bone and is made of connective tissue in which fibroblasts can be found. Between the perimatrix and the bone inflammatory cells can be present.
It often remain unclear whether cholesteatomatous epithelium is normal tissue merely in the wrong place or pathologic tissue with qualitative changes. Cytokeratins (CK) are known as the intermediate filament proteins of epithelial origin and they comprise a family of at least 19 polypeptides. Pan-CK polyclonal antibody is normally express in all epithelial tissues. The pattern of CK expression is affected only, if at all, by neoplasia and some proliferative epidermal diseases including cholesteatoma [11,12]. The patterns of CK expression correlate well with the state of keratinocyte proliferation, migration, and differentiation. These patterns are known to be affected during the formation of cholesteatoma.
Our results do not show any epithelial inclusion inside the ossicles independently from the macroscopic aspect or growing aggressiveness of cholesteatoma. In addition there was not inflammatory cells infiltration in grade 1, but it was present in one incus (7.1%) of grade 2 and in five ossicles (50%) of grade 3. In ossicles of grade 3 it has been found up to four layers of epithelial cells on the surface of the ossicles. These observations (Stage III) are in agreement with other studies [1,2,13,14].
The use of autologous ossicular remnants is considered one option in reconstruction following the eradication of cholesteatoma. However, the risk of residual cholesteatoma on the ossicular remnants may jeopardize the whole operation and predispose to recurrence and further operations. The results of the present study reject the hypothesis that epithelial inclusions into the ossicles could cause cholesteatoma recurrences, but strongly suggest to perform safe cleaning procedure as drilling, stripping or autoclaving of ossicular remnants to make them usable in ossicular chain reconstruction in patient with partially or not encapsulated cholesteatoma. We think that drilling would be better for the autograft ossiculoplasty because it allows to clean up the surface of the ossicle and at the same time it removes the inflammatory cells infiltration.
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Scripting For "The Hobbit" Officially Begins!
Ringer Deej found this article on EW.Com:
Post your comments on the TORN Forum – it's an exciting day for Hobbit fans! Thanks again to ringer Deej for posting this on our boards. EW.ComPosted in Hobbit Movie on August 20, 2008 by DiveTwin Source: Entertainment Weekly Scripting For "The Hobbit" Officially Begins! | Discuss


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Carcinoid & Neuroendocrine Tumors
Information on the symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and symptom management of NETs.
This article provides basic information regarding carcinoid (neuroendocrine) tumors, how they are diagnosed and how they are treated.
This article details information about carcinoid tumors, a type of neuroendocrine tumor that most commonly arises in the gastrointestinal system (esophagus, stomach, intestines) and the lungs.
This article provides an overview of Merkel cell carcinoma, a rare neuroendocrine cancer of the skin, its diagnosis, and treatment.
Articles about treatments used for neuroendocrine tumors.


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The Good, The Bad, and the League: 1/24 - 1/30
Your weekly dose of server problem-os, NA League news, and other! LCS returned, Pre-Season brought a whole new slew of must pick/ban/ignores (as well as Iron Tier), Positional Ranking is up and running, and a few things more than usual broke. **Follow-Ups:** * Wrong Season Border still ongoing * Fix will be in 9.3 or 9.4, stay tuned * Crafted Skins not currently in store fixed (1/24) **Server Stuff: ** * **LEC live game wasn't counting towards watch missions (1/25, ~90 minutes) **Watching live games from other regions than a player's set region wasn't advancing the watch missions. Reconfiguring the settings on live streams fixed this, enabling players to watch any live game and have it count, as originally intended. * **"This is the reason" mission progress failed to update until stage 7 (1/27, ~ongoing) **Visual progress of the mission doesn't update until checkpoint 7, making players think the mission is stuck, even though it's been tracked on the back-end. Reasons why the visuals aren't updating properly has Heimerdinger confused, as he's still digging into the issue. * **Loot entry mis-configuration causes 2019 Revel Grab Bag unopenable (1/28, ~25 minutes) **Sejuani got a little spooked by her firecrackers and refused to open Grab Bags. The upload of the config for item recipes had an incorrect entry, preventing Grab Bags from ever opening. With a little magic, the correct config was uploaded and loot verified Grab Bags were openable again. Happy New Year! **Game Stuff: ** * **Players can't queue with friends in ranked (1/24, ~42 hours)** Parties that earned provisional rankings during games sometimes couldn't continue queuing up together. Once Amumu was coaxed out of the server rooms, players were able to queue up for the duration of provisional rankings properly. * **Players get a black screen after ready check, forcing them to dodge (1/24, ~19 hours)** Nocturne decided to throw a surprise party, making players unable to see the client and click buttons. An slow bd wasn't populating stats data fast enough to enable the client to transition between states properly, causing the black screen. When cleaned up and stats loaded within correct times, this error disappears. **Player Support Trend:** Looks like there's a slightly higher number than normal of log-in issues. Check [here ](https://support.riotgames.com/hc/en-us/articles/201761944-Login-Issues)for info about how to ensure you can log in before contacting Player Support! Morgageddon & Couch Commando
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The investment banks knew which way the financial winds had been blowing, but governments didn't. If the business contacts you before you go nuclear, you possibly can agree to turn over the domain names and twitter (and different social accounts) in alternate to your refund. Use an air air purifier with a HEPA filter within the room where you learn your paper; this will help lessen the 'mud' from turning pages in order that you do not breathe in particles in a while. You mustn't ever, ever cease considering that you recognize sufficient to keep you on top of what you are promoting.
It is our pleasure to take the chance to introduce our team, Unisoft Business Solutions, one of many main IT Solution Provider in Garments Industries, having broad expertise in Software and Website development, database administration and likewise in promoting hardware.
However, for those who opt for corporate magazines, you should buy the magazine that target the aspects of the work you do. By opting for such a journal, it will be simpler for you to get the advices that are associated solely to your area and thus it is possible for you to to make use of the guidelines for the advance of your business.
Some are began by print journal publishers transferring on-line, some by small businesses who see value in sharing their knowledge, however most are being started by individuals with specialist expertise or a deep passion for their subject. In late 2016, she wanted to know the business world and jumped in headfirst by beginning a puny stationery store. Before you think about this, remember to identify the weaknesses within the on-line reputation of the enterprise.
For instance, financial modifications, such because the latest international collapse, a dispute involving compensation and re-attachment of the things that continue to affect the core of society. This is the story of how I got my money back after a enterprise ripped me off and refused to present me a refund.


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How to Make a Jam Jar Topper
Jam jars have sported fabric caps for years, but you will love this new twist on an old favorite fabric jam jar topper!
Instructions and images from Mason Jar Madness by Ana Araujo, published by Design Originals.
8 oz. quilted jelly jar or 16 oz. regular mouth jar »
Embellishments: buttons, acrylic paint, punched paper tag
Hair elastics
1. Cut a circle 6 inch (15 cm) in diameter from your chosen fabric.
2. Pin the trim to the edge of the fabric circle and stitch it in place using a running stitch.
3. Make jar jewellery out of hair elastics, a jump ring, and a wooden tag. Coordinate the colors of the jar jewellery with the fabric and the jam you plan to store. Embellish as desired.
4. Center the fabric on top of the jar with the lid screwed on, and then stretch the hair elastics of the jar jewellery around the jar rim, securing the fabric in place.


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The All Seasons Center annual membership season is valid from June 1 through May 31 of each year. The summer membership season is valid from June 1 through August 31 of each year. Membership prices are subject to change each season. Memberships are available to residents and non-residents. Residents are considered to be either anyone living in the Sioux Center School District (PDF) or anyone whose children attend the Sioux Center schools.
The All Seasons Center offers three types of membership packages.
At the time of membership purchase, every member receives a membership card. To gain entrance, membership cards are required. If the member's card cannot be produced at the time of admission, daily admission or a replacement card may be purchased (cost for
An important item to keep in mind when purchasing summer or annual memberships is that family babysitters and visiting relatives are not considered immediate family members. They will need to purchase their own package or pay for daily admission.


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Company Directory
|Explore by Product or Service Type
Dacon Inspection Technologies Co., Ltd.
Dacon brings global expertise and international experience to all inspection techniques from Intelligent Pigging and API Inspections through to Rope Access and Risk Based Inspections. Using all conventional and advanced NDT techniques, Dacon offers complete solutions to bring it's clients asset integrity that can be trusted day in and day out. http://www.dacon-inspection.com
Delta Inspection & Expediting Consultation
#3rd party inspection company world wide http://deltainspection.nl
DFC Tank Pressure Vessel Manufacturer Co., Ltd
Set up in 1984, DFC Tank Pressure Vessel Manufacturer Co., Ltd. is a professional manufacturer who always has stringent requirements for pressure vessels. Our product scope includes pressure vessel, heat exchanger, storage vessel, filter, separator and so on. http://www.dfctank.com
Draco Global Solutions
Draco Global Solutions provides clients with customized inspection and non-destructive testing solutions designed for optimal performance, efficiency and safety. Draco Labs delivers essential materials evaluation to optimize equipment life. http://www.dracogs.com/
DÜRR NDT GmbH & Co. KG
DÜRR NDT provides industrial X-ray inspection systems for non-destructive testing (NDT), such as CR imaging plate scanners, DR flat panel detectors, X-ray inspection software, automatic film processors and X-ray chemicals. http://www.duerr-ndt.com


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Health Insurance and the Rotary Phone: Does Either Make Sense Anymore?
I recently had an occasion to climb into the attic above my garage, where I encountered a technological relic. Bolted to the rafters was our old television antenna, its slender arms folded back against itself like an aluminum lobster. Analog television signals have not been broadcast over the air since 2009, and most households converted to digital transmission long before that. Seeing the antenna made me remember a summer day in the 1960s when my dad was up on the roof of our house, twisting his TV antenna in an effort to aim it at the city, shouting to ask me whether the picture had improved enough to discern images from the blizzard of signal interference that people used to call "snow." We don't use television antennae anymore. We have far better alternatives.
After climbing down from the attic, I noticed an envelope on the kitchen counter. It was an explanation of benefits from our health insurance company – a printed accounting of the financial transactions related to a recent medical episode. As I held the insurance form, I thought again of the old television antenna in the attic. Does health insurance – the way it has been structured with annual policies linked to your employer – make sense anymore?
The traditional concept of health insurance was protection against catastrophic financial loss in the event of a serious illness. Early insurance policies focused on acute hospitalizations, the costs of which could swamp a family financially. With the advent of health maintenance organizations (HMOs) in the second half of the 1970s, ambulatory care benefits were expanded significantly, funded through savings arising from reduced inpatient utilization. Until that time, ambulatory services had largely been paid for out of pocket. Richer benefits fundamentally changed the market; as outpatient demand and the associated costs escalated, the pendulum swung back to higher deductibles and increased coinsurance in an effort to slow the rate of increase in premiums.
The underlying structure of health insurance, with an annual deductible and coverage spanning 12-month intervals, has existed for over 50 years. The link between insurance and employment has its roots in the administration of Franklin D. Roosevelt. With wage and price controls in place to battle inflation, employers and trade unions turned to health benefits as a way to circumvent restrictions on higher compensation. The tradeoff between wages and health benefits has been part of employment arrangements ever since. The time may be upon us to question the wisdom of that insurance model moving forward.
The 12-month commercial insurance cycle, with its annual resetting of the deductible, works well for unpredictable single events that have a discrete beginning and an end, but is not particularly well-suited for chronic or complex episodes of care that span more than a single calendar year. Consider a patient diagnosed with cancer in October of a given year. They might incur a $3,000 deductible or even $5,000 in out-of-pocket expenses by year-end, then another $5,000 in January as their deductible and policy limits reset. Or take a patient with congestive heart failure whose illness will extend far beyond the current one-year insurance cycle.
What incentive does the insurer have to invest in services which may avoid multiple hospitalizations several years from now when there is no guarantee that the patient will still be covered by the same insurer? Or consider an employee whose child has hemophilia and for whom gene therapy could eliminate the long-term need for monthly infusions but at enormous upfront cost; what is the economic model that incents the employer to provide a lifetime of benefits to the dependent of an employee who may only work for the company for a year or two?
To protect themselves from the financial impact of selection bias, where beneficiaries gained coverage, incurred significant claims costs, then left the risk pool (either to be covered elsewhere or dropping coverage entirely), insurers historically excluded coverage for preexisting conditions, or they instituted lengthy waiting periods during which patients went uncovered for those conditions. It was much easier for insurers to avoid the risk than to manage it.
To increase the portability of insurance as employees move from one employer to another, regulations limited the insurers' ability to impose restrictions on coverage for preexisting conditions. As part of the recent tax reform legislation, Congress eliminated the individual mandate, a move that will undermine the stability of already shaky insurance exchanges. Recent proposals under consideration in Washington to allow short-term policies, with durations of less than one year, would be even more destabilizing. Any movement of beneficiaries from one insurance risk pool to another, and particularly the option of discretionary participation in coverage, opens the door to selection bias.
The private sector insurance market has evolved into a patchwork quilt of annually renewing policies tied to transient employment relationships. The very nature of cyclical insurance coverage matches up poorly with the most expensive subset of the population – individuals with chronic and complex illnesses. Incentives are badly misaligned; short-term plan sponsors (employers and insurers) have no economic interest in treatment modalities that deliver years or even a lifetime of benefits at costs that can reach hundreds of thousands of dollars. Universal longitudinal coverage would better align incentives and more efficiently spread the financial risk of chronic and complex illness across the broader population. Additionally, it would eliminate the selection bias that arises from the transitory nature of annual employer-based insurance policies.
With the analog television antenna lying dormant in the attic, I found myself watching an old episode of Andy Griffith on the high-definition flat screen TV. Picking up the telephone, which had no mechanism to dial, Andy spoke into the receiver and said, "Sarah, can you connect me with the mayor?" In the years since that show was filmed, we have gone from shouting into a telephone at an operator to rotary dial phones to touch tone phones and now back to shouting at the telephone and asking to be connected with a friend or relative. Telephones have come full circle; it may be time for insurance plans to evolve.
About the author and the Vizient Research Institute™. As executive director of the Vizient Research Institute, Tom Robertson and his team have conducted strategic research on clinical enterprise challenges for 20 years. The groundbreaking work at the Vizient Research Institute drives exceptional member value using a systematic, integrated approach. The investigations quickly uncover practical, tested results that lead to measurable improvement in clinical and economic performance.


text: SAN FRANCISCO (MarketWatch) -- A steep drop in crude-oil prices weighed heavily on energy stocks at the open Thursday. The Amex Oil Index XOI, -0.36% was off 1.5% at 1,483 points, carving into the previous session's comeback rally. Occidental Petroleum OXY, -0.08% was showing the biggest decline, down 4.5% at $72.50 in opening trades. The Amex Natural Gas Index XNG, -0.10% was down 1% at 573 and the Philadelphia Oil Service Index OSX, +1.19% was down 2.1% at 292.6 points. Crude-oil for February delivery was off $1.85 at $93.82 a barrel in New York. It dropped as low as $93.30 overnight on growing concerns that economic weakness in the United States and Europe spells a drop in energy demand.


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Elvet Bridge
Elvet Bridge
Elvet Bridge
|River Wear
|City of Durham, County Durham, England
|Heritage status
|Grade I listed building
|Pointed arches with reinforcing ribs. Piers with cutwaters.
|33 feet (10 m)
|No. of spans
|10 known; possibly 14 total
|Piers in water
|Construction start
|Construction end
|13th century
Elvet Bridge is a mediaeval masonry arch bridge across the River Wear in the city of Durham, in County Durham, England. It links the peninsula in central Durham and the Elvet area of the city, and is a Grade I listed building.[1]
Building of the bridge began in AD 1160[2] in the time of Bishop Hugh de Puiset (1153–95).[3] De Puiset, also known as "Bishop Pudsey" was a powerful Prince Bishop who instigated a significant amount of building work in northern England.[4] A key reason for building the bridge was the urban development taking place in what was the then Elvet borough.[4] The bridge took many years to complete: in 1225 and 1228 indulgences were still being granted to people who contributed to "the building of the new bridge at Elvet".[3] Of the current arches only one is late 12th century; the remainder are 13th century.[1]
Elvet bridge was not Durham's first bridge over the Wear. The Foedarium of Durham Cathedral Priory, compiled early in the 15th century, records:
Bishop Hugo built the bridge of Elvit, called the New Bridge to distinguish it from the other bridge, already built, which is called the Old Bridge.[3]
The bridge has 10 visible arches,[2] but there is some dispute over how many arches exist in total.[4] The early 16th-century antiquary John Leland believed there were 14 arches,[5] but this has never been proven.[4] The river flows through four full arches – the remaining are dry or partly so.[4] The early 19th-century antiquary Robert Surtees wrote that there were 10 arches,[5] and this number has been verified. Others may be hidden beneath the street on the Elvet side or beneath Souter Peth.[4]
Subsequent history[edit]
The bridge was repaired extensively in the time of Bishop Foxe between 1495 and 1501, and again in 1601.[2] In 1771 a flood badly damaged the bridge and the three central arches were renewed.[1] The bridge was 15 feet (4.6 m) wide until 1804–05, when it was widened by 18 feet (5.5 m)[5] on its upstream (northern) side.[1]
In the Middle Ages Elvet Bridge was guarded by a gate and towers, and there was a number of buildings on the bridge. They included a chapel at either end: St James' at the western end and St Andrew's on a pier at the eastern end.[6] St Andrew's may have been the larger of the two, as an inventory compiled in 1549 in the Edwardine Reformation measured the lead on their roofs as 36 square yards (30 m2) at St James' but 88 square yards (74 m2) at St Andrew's.[6] St James' chapel was replaced with a House of Correction (prison) in 1632.[1][6] In the 18th century the House of Correction and many buildings at the north end of the bridge were demolished.[6]
The chapel on the eastern, Elvet, side of the bridge has partially survived and is particularly visible from the riverbanks to the south. A number of buildings incorporate part of the bridge, and 18 Elvet Bridge is also Grade I listed as a result.[7]
The bridge is reputed to be the narrowest row-through bridge in Europe.[citation needed]
|Next bridge upstream
|River Wear
|Next bridge downstream
|New Elvet Bridge
|Elvet Bridge
|Kingsgate Bridge
- ^ a b c d e Historic England (6 May 1952). "Elvet Bridge, River Wear (1121355)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 4 October 2013.
- ^ a b c Johnson 2004[page needed]
- ^ a b c Jervoise 1931, p. 40
- ^ a b c d e f Simpson 2006[page needed]
- ^ a b c Jervoise 1931, p. 42
- ^ a b c d Jervoise 1931, p. 41
- ^ Historic England (30 April 1971). "18, Elvet Bridge (1323228)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 4 October 2013.
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Elvet Bridge.
- Jervoise, Edwyn (1931). The Ancient Bridges of the North of England. II. Westminster: The Architectural Press for the SPAB. pp. 40–43.
- Johnson, Margot (2004). Durham: Historic and University City. Jarrold Publishing. ISBN 0-946105-16-2.
- Simpson, David (2006). Durham City. Business Education. ISBN 978-1-901888-50-8.


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In today's posting, we will take our readers through the many various features which are offered during the 30 day Free Trial of AudioAcrobat's services, while offering plenty of incentive to continue on with a paid subscription.
AudioAcrobat Subscriber Resources
In today's posting, we will take our readers on a guided tour through the many available resources available to all AudioAcrobat members within their comfort of their online accounts.
How to Effectively Syndicate your Podcast
In today's posting, we will show our readers how to quickly and easily enable syndication of their Podcast to over a dozen Directories … without ever leaving the comfort of their AudioAcrobat account!


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Crescent ♑ Capricorn
Moon phase on 24 October 2085 Wednesday is Waxing Crescent, 6 days young Moon is in Capricorn.Share this page: twitter facebook linkedin
Waxing Crescent is the lunar phase on . Seen from Earth, illuminated fraction of the Moon surface is 33% and growing larger. The 6 days young Moon is in ♑ Capricorn.
Thursday Thu
Friday Fri
Saturday Sat
Sunday Sun
Monday Mon
Tuesday Tue
Wednesday Wed
Previous main lunar phase is the New Moon before 5 days on 18 October 2085 at 17:00.
Moon rises in the morning and sets in the evening. It is visible toward the southwest in early evening.
Moon is passing about ∠11° of ♑ Capricorn tropical zodiac sector.
Lunar disc appears visually 0.1% wider than solar disc. Moon and Sun apparent angular diameters are ∠1931" and ∠1930".
Next Full Moon is the Beaver Moon of November 2085 after 8 days on 1 November 2085 at 19:08.
There is low ocean tide on this date. Sun and Moon gravitational forces are not aligned, but meet at big angle, so their combined tidal force is weak.
The Moon is 6 days young. Earth's natural satellite is moving from the beginning to the first part of current synodic month. This is lunation 1061 of Meeus index or 2014 from Brown series.
Length of current 1061 lunation is 29 days, 15 hours and 21 minutes. It is 1 hour and 3 minutes longer than next lunation 1062 length.
Length of current synodic month is 2 hours and 37 minutes longer than the mean length of synodic month, but it is still 4 hours and 26 minutes shorter, compared to 21st century longest.
This lunation true anomaly is ∠234.1°. At the beginning of next synodic month true anomaly will be ∠271.2°. The length of upcoming synodic months will keep decreasing since the true anomaly gets closer to the value of New Moon at point of perigee (∠0° or ∠360°).
10 days after point of apogee on 14 October 2085 at 00:42 in ♍ Virgo. The lunar orbit is getting closer, while the Moon is moving inward the Earth. It will keep this direction for the next 5 days, until it get to the point of next perigee on 29 October 2085 at 23:49 in ♓ Pisces.
Moon is 371 146 km (230 619 mi) away from Earth on this date. Moon moves closer next 5 days until perigee, when Earth-Moon distance will reach 365 120 km (226 875 mi).
1 day after its ascending node on 23 October 2085 at 05:04 in ♐ Sagittarius, the Moon is following the northern part of its orbit for the next 11 days, until it will cross the ecliptic from North to South in descending node on 4 November 2085 at 22:57 in ♊ Gemini.
1 day after beginning of current draconic month in ♐ Sagittarius, the Moon is moving from the beginning to the first part of it.
1 day after previous South standstill on 22 October 2085 at 19:20 in ♐ Sagittarius, when Moon has reached southern declination of ∠-23.402°. Next 11 days the lunar orbit moves northward to face North declination of ∠23.345° in the next northern standstill on 4 November 2085 at 14:11 in ♊ Gemini.
After 8 days on 1 November 2085 at 19:08 in ♉ Taurus, the Moon will be in Full Moon geocentric opposition with the Sun and this alignment forms next Sun-Earth-Moon syzygy.


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Tips & News
Renson Inc. won the 'The Award for Excellence' at HD Expo
The International Interior Design Association (IIDA) held the 19th Annual IIDA/HD Product Design Competition at HD Expo in Las Vegas. Awards in 14 categories were presented. We are proud to have won the 'The Award for Excellence' with our Camargue terrace cover.
An overview of the winners in each category can be found here.


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InkPillows.com Press Seen on TV and Social Media News
Barbara Viteri of Designerlebrity made it possible for InkPillows.com to be on these television networks. She specializes in spotlighting celebrity interior news, headlines, products, events and exclusives. Her story is absolutely amazing. You can get a glimpse of it by watching this video here: Designerlebrity.
Barbara reached out to me (Theresa, creator of InkPillows.com), last Christmas. I was a bit skeptical as people who have reached out in the past are looking to promote the business for unaffordable amounts of money.
I must admit it was Christmas time. I was on vacation with a terrible cold, so I sort of brushed it off until after the Holiday break. When I finally got a chance to speak with Barbara, I found she wasn't like any other promoter I've ever had spoken with in the past. She was more interested in me as a person, business woman, and my story. It was like talking to an old friend I hadn't spoken to in years. Before I knew it, my pillows were on national T.V. stations. She believed in me and the purpose of InkPillows.com. It is with profound gratitude that God sent her my way.
I don't think I could ever repay her for what she did for my family. She boosted our business for thousands of viewers to see and learn the name "InkPillows.com." We won't ever forget, so I'm dedicating this press page to her. Thank you Barbara Viteri.


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Press Conference
Mass Action Law Suit Opposing Health Care Act
May 26, 2010 10 a.m.
The Alamo, 300 Alamo Plaza,
The Justice Foundation will hold a press conference in front of the Alamo, 300 Alamo Plaza, San Antonio, Texas, on Wednesday, May 26 at 10:00 a.m. to discuss the mass action lawsuit they are preparing to represent plaintiffs who oppose the new health care legislation on a number of constitutional grounds.
This effort, known as Project Liberty USA, seeks ten thousand plaintiffs from across the country with the same beliefs. The health care law is being challenged on the basis of the Ninth Amendment, economic and personal liberties, and rights – which are reserved to the People — and the Tenth Amendment, which reserves rights to individuals and to the States. It is also based on the First Amendment, including individuals who object to being forced to pay for abortions in violation of their free exercise of religion.
Plaintiffs will be on hand from Grassroots
"We believe this Health Care Act is unconstitutional and interferes with our individual rights and liberty to make our own health care decisions," said JoAnn Fleming, Executive Director of Grassroots America — We the People and Spokesperson for many of the plaintiffs in this mass action.


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Howdy WordCampers! We're ecstatic to announce that WordCamp Brisbane is sold out! We've had amazing support from the local communities these past few weeks, and we've had far more last minute tickets than we ever anticipated. WordCamp Brisbane is on tomorrow! Registration opens at 8.30am sharp. Please bring a water bottle if possible.
visit WordCamp Brisbane 2015 – The first WordPress conference in Brisbane


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A Qualitative Inquiry into the Systemic Influences upon the Wellness of Home and Community Based Counselor
Defense Date
Graduation Date
Fall 12-21-2018
Immediate Access
Submission Type
Degree Name
Counselor Education and Supervision (ExCES)
School of Education
Committee Chair
Debra Hyatt-Burkhart
Committee Member
Eric Owens
Committee Member
Jered Kolbert
grounded theory, home and community based counseling, wellness, counselor wellness, home-based
Home and community based counseling services have become instrumental to the treatment of children and adolescents struggling with mental illness. Counselors working in these systems of care face significant challenges in this unique setting. Most home and community based counselors (HCBCs) face these challenges as recent graduates, not having adequate preparation for the home setting, while receiving little supervision. HCBCs have reported feeling isolated and unsupported and question their effectiveness as counselors. Macchi, Johnson, and Durtschi's (2014) results point to the importance of self-care to HCBC wellness, especially when the HCBC is lacking supervision. Yet, we are unable to glean from prior research which self-care strategies may benefit the HCBC. It is also unclear how systemic factors may affect HCBC wellness. A broad review of the literature revealed that studies examining the individual and organizational factors that may influence counselor wellness have yielded inconclusive results. Individual interviews were conducted with eight HCBCs and four supervisors working for three different home and community counseling agencies and data were analyzed using constructivist grounded theory. Out of the grounded analysis, this researcher identified seven concepts: helping others, confronting the realities of the work, taking care of yourself, finding support, striving for work-life balance, and moving forward. The experiences shared by the HCBCs and supervisors make it clear that it is not just the individual practices that matter, organizational and supervision practices impact wellness as well. Recommendations for supervisors, HCBCs, and agencies are provided.
Recommended Citation
Moore, E. (2018). A Qualitative Inquiry into the Systemic Influences upon the Wellness of Home and Community Based Counselor (Doctoral dissertation, Duquesne University). Retrieved from https://dsc.duq.edu/etd/1734


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All our new recordings are uploaded here: LATEST RECORDINGS!
Check out our Downloadable Media here! New Web Links page is up!
Latest Special Topic meetings can be found HERE!
Feel free to listen, download and pass onto others that are interested! If you are in the NYC area on a Friday night and desire to experience our meeting live, please visit us!
Please remember if you have been through the steps (as laid out in the Big Book of AA) with an OA Sponsor and are at least halfway through step 9 and have been abstinent for 90 days then please contact us and let us know that you are available to speak at There Is A Solution! We'd love to have you!


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I get so tired of poetry blogs that just throw poems at me without any comments. Why did they choose the poem, what do they like about it? You know, actual sharing. So I started this blog. You are welcome here always. Caution: Instructional materials are volatile. WARNING: DO NOT READ POETRY WHILE OPERATING HEAVY MACHINERY! Material may be explosive. P.S. please check out my kickstarter project if you've got a free moment http://kck.st/1o6eess. Thanks!
Thursday, August 30, 2012
I know I have been absent from the site for quite a while but I was finishing up my children's book (The Dark Possum Book One: A Brotherhood of Bothers or a Botherhood of Brothers?) and trying to balance (like so many right now) my life with an unemployment check that (I don't mean to sound ungrateful) is never remotely enough. One does a great deal of robbing Peter to pay Paul except that Peter ain't got much either. Lots of folks in the same washtub but the moon belongs to everyone. Did you see it last night? Gorgeous.
Now that the book is published I am working on a compilation of entries from Hyacinth and Biscuits for a small book and working on the sequel to The Dark Possum. (It's at Amazon.com right now FYI)
But I find I miss working on the site so back I come with (I hope) another year's worth of poems and cartoons and goofy stuff I hope you'll like.
We'll start up on Monday ( Sept. 3) with a doozy- a big one and possibly my favorite poem (if I was winched down, beaten and forced to pick one) in the English language. As with all the longer poems we do (don't worry it's not THAT long), I'll leave it up for a few days.
I may choose a few longer poems this time but not always. Just a heads up.
Thanks for sticking with me.
1 comment:
I just found your blog today and have already left a comment on one of the poems. I found you through looking for information on "Autobiography of a Lungworm." Your comparison of "Fire and Ice" to the Inferno was perceptive. As a writer myself with money problems myself who is interested in publishing on poetry myself, I think you might enjoy the poetry-related parts of my blogs: garethseducation.blogspot.ca and garethsljones.blogspot.ca.ReplyDelete
Whether you do or not, thank you and good luck.


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LONDON ISSUE 372 Nov 2012
David Townend London photographers
David Townend travels throughout the UK and abroad for clients, bringing his own creative style and energy to their briefs. He is equally at home shooting in a FTSE 100 boardroom as he is suspended from a cage 200 feet above a multi-million pound construction project.
David is a member of the Association of Photographers, London. Visit his website to see more of his award-winning imagery. He is also familiar with current Health & Safety working practices on site and holds a current CSCS Card. A full client list is available upon request.
Call David on +44 (0)7770 622144 or + 44 (0)1279 777597 for more information.
Tag your comment using @productionparadise to share with us!


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Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh Hockey Academy, Maharashtra and Punjab registered wins in their respective pool matches on the third day of the ninth Senior Women's National Championship (Division A) in Hisar, Haryana on Sunday.
In Pool A, Karnataka registered their second consecutive win by beating Hockey Coorg 3-0. With this win, Karnataka remained in the second spot in their pool with six points and are in contention for a spot in the quarter-finals of the competition.
In Pool B, Madhya Pradesh Hockey Academy secured a 3-1 win over Hockey Bhopal to register their second victory in as many games, while Maharashtra secured an emphatic 6-0 win over Central Reserve Police Force in a Pool C game.
Punjab later defeated Kerala Hockey 3-0 in a Pool D match to register their second win in as many games.


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Request Demo
Learn how your company can avoid the major pitfalls of choosing an ERP and learn realistic ways to compare ERP solutions.
119 West York StreetNorfolk, Virginia 23510 USA+1-757-461-3022
"xTuple" (verb) — to grow; to increase exponentially. Our mission is to help manufacturing and inventory-centric companies use management software and best practices to grow their business profitably.


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Bug You No More pest and termite control serves Alpharetta, Buckhead, Canton, Cartersville, Chamblee, Douglasville, Highlands, Holly Springs, Kennesaw, Marietta, Roswell, Sandy Springs, Smyrna and Woodstock GA. We remove or exterminate Ants, Cockroaches, Spiders, Termites, Rodents and Wildlife from your property and if you have a pest that's not listed call us and we will try to find a solution.
Bug You No More desires to build a trusting long term relationship with each and every one of our customers and provide the finest quality lawn care and pest control in the Atlanta area.
Our Pest Control specialists have more than 20 years of experience in the pest service industry, and our pest service programs are specifically designed for the Atlanta region. It is own goal to really know our customers and create a relationship built on trust and communication. Let Bug You No More show you what a true pest service is all about. Call us today!
If your lawn needs expert Lawn Care Programs, please feel free to call today: 770-794-7444. Our sister company www.MapleLeafLawnAndPest.com offers great pricing on bundled services.


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Phyllis M. Brown: A Guestbook In Loving Memory
Anita's Old Blog
World Premiere Event, September 10, 2011
Anita Brown Jazz Orchestra: 27 EAST
Merry Christmas!
Rehearsal Clips of Unrecorded Works for Jazz Orchestra
NYSCA Submissions
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Special Offers
Recorded Music
Newly Commissioned Works
Printed Music
Educational Services
Music Preparation Services
Fun, related images for "Major Nepenthe" (music page) Flight Crew of a USMC "CH-53E" Heavy Lift Transport Helicopter
ABJO 7/20/09 Rehearsal, Local 802, NYC
The Joy of Working With Great Friends
"A Great Night In Harlem" Gala Fundraiser for The Jazz Foundation of America: Nnenna Freelon sings Anita's arrangement with Frank Foster's Loud Minority Big Band under the direction of Ceci
Slices of the Gradient: Related Images
ABJO Rehearsal for 2007 IAJE Conference, January 2007
ABJO at Club 91, Nyack, NY 2002; Photos Extracted from Video by David Kaminsky
The Joy of Great Parties with Great Friends
The Composer Residency Project
The Making of "27 EAST"
"The End" of Route 27 EAST, Montauk, NY
"27 EAST" Photoshoot
The Artist, Anne Watkins
Anita's Blog
World Premiere Event, September 10, 2011
World Premiere Event, Septembe...
Stand: Movement I. The Homelan...
Stand: Movement I. The Homeland
Anita Brown
Anita Brown
A N I T A B R O W N J A Z Z O R C H E S T R A Presents A Program Honoring America's Collective Grief and Resilience Relating to Our National Tragedy on September 11, 2001 September 10, 2011 ~ A World Premiere ~ Stand: A Symphony for Jazz Orchestra Composed, Arranged & Conducted by Anita Brown An original symphony for jazz orchestra in five movements I. The Homeland Solos: Dave Pietro, alto sax; Ed Xiques, baritone sax; Kenny Wessel, Guitar; Jim Ridl, piano; Mike Christianson, trombone; Ralph Lalama, tenor sax; Tatum Greenblatt, trumpet A blues, this cyclical, American form, treated in the definitively American swing tradition, allows some of our nation's most accomplished jazz artists to speak freely through their unique voices. Pre-dating 9/11/01, we are reminded of the security we enjoyed as a nation on 9/10/01. The melody for this blues was derived from manipulation of the melody in Movement V.
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Family Trust
Generally, any trust established to benefit an individual's spouse, children, or other family members is a family trust.
Estate Planning Blog
Get useful estate planning insights about wills, trusts, elder law, special needs planning, and more from the estate planning attorneys at TuckerAllen.
O'Fallon, MO
2897 State Hwy K Suite 210
O'Fallon, MO 63368
1001 S. Kirkwood Rd. Suite 130
Kirkwood, MO 63122
239 N. Main St.
Edwardsville, IL 62025


text: The Experimental Research Center was built in 1950s. The center includes hydrology and meteorology laboratory, water cycle laboratory and water environment laboratory, to provide experimental platform for research on hydrology basic theory, distributed hydrological modelling, non-point pollution, flood control and drought relief, disaster prevention and mitigation, water resources utilization and management. In hydrology and meteorology laboratory, the equipment includes Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP), sounder depth meter, the automatic meteorological station, the meteorological satellite imagery receiving and processing system and so on. The water cycle laboratory has several experiment sites with analysis equipment, artificial rainfall-runoff experimental field, MAT253 stable isotope mass spectrometer and so on. In water environment laboratory, the equipment includes multi-parameter water quality analyzer, spectrophotometer, A/O contact oxidation wastewater treatment and A2 / O sewage treatment simulation system, etc. All of that can provide the simulation and analysis infrastructure for hydrological and meteorological monitoring, the analysis of water cycle and material transfer pattern, water pollution governance, water environment protection, ecohydrology, etc. The center also developed the digital basin and reservoir operating automatic system. In addition, the center develops extensive cooperation and researches, for example, the ecohydrology experimental base for lake study established jointly by Hubei Provincial Bureau of Hydrology and Water Resources.


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Project Engineer – Western Australia
- Localización: Australia
- Sueldo: $100-150K
- Referencia: AR19
The Role
This position will work across multiple packages keeping the Project Manager fully updated on the progress, ensuring that the packages are executed efficiently.
Key Responsibilities
- Reviewing and understanding the Contractor's designs, scopes, packages of works, program of works, inclusive of daily, weekly and monthly monitoring of progress up to and including on site.
- Monitoring and verifying compliance through sufficient auditing of test results generated by the Contractor.
- When on site monitoring and recording the Contractor's site activities and report unsafe acts.
- Liaise with the contractor over any unsafe acts and or working practices you may observe or experience.
- Creating and maintaining accurate contemporaneous records in the form of daily diary entries.
- Pre-empt and mitigate risk across the IPT as it relates to NPI works.
- Be fully conversant with the terms and conditions of the requirements.
- Fully understand, manage and when necessary control any and all potential variations and or actual variations in the scope. Through the creation and use of an appropriately detailed change register agreed with the Project Manager NPI, the IPT commercial manager and project contracts.
- Ensure that maximum mitigation measures are deployed, to prevent any unreasonable cost overruns and time delays.
- Work proactively, plan ahead, resolve problems, resolve conflict and help coordinate the designs and documentation in consort with the Engineering Manager in order to maintain or improve upon planned progress.
- Verify progress of works to identify any gaps or issues – take remedial action to recover.
- Through weekly analysis of the project program/schedule and observation of progress, determine the impact of change on planned deliverable sequence activities, with support from the Project Controls Team. Ensure that findings are recorded (to form contemporaneous records) in the form of official correspondence, minutes of meetings and electronic correspondence.
- Maintain an accurate and up to date issues register, recording all issues raised during the design and documentation process.
Role Requirements
- At least 5 years' relevant experience in infrastructure on similar mining projects including NPI/Camp/Water experience.
- Minimum 5 years' experience working on mining projects based in remote Western Australia. This experience should include Perth Office based work and Mine Site.
The salary range for this is around $100-150K depending on experience.


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Investment Management
Palmer Capital launched its first fund in 2004 and has since raised seven further funds and two segregated mandates focused on either
Palmer Capital's funds focus on adding value through active asset management as well as through superior market knowledge and underwriting. The funds have the unique advantage of access to regional operating partners backed by Palmer Capital, providing investors with an extensive network offering and an
Current Active Vehicles
Core Mandates
Palmer Capital Income Fund
- Open ended.
- The current portfolio comprises 29 assets with circa £190m
(as at 30th September 2019).
- Targeted to deliver 5% income return pa and 7% total return pa.
Segregated Accounts
- Mandates totalling c.£368m of core investment assets.
- Targeted to deliver c.7% income pa (levered).
- HNWI investor base.
- Investment undertaken on a deal-by-deal basis into core, income producing assets.
Value Add
Residential Land Partnership
- The Residential Land Partnership is a joint collaboration between Palmer Capital and Schroders.
- The vehicle targets land where planning can be gained for residential and then sold.
- Targeted to deliver a 15% IRR.
Palmer Capital Development Fund IV
- A programmatic venture with clients of CBRE GIP.
- Focused on acquiring/developing speculative building across the UK.
- Targeted to deliver a 15% IRR.
Co-investments/Joint Ventures
Joint ventures offer clients the opportunity to work with Palmer Capital either on a single specific transaction or on a series of opportunities. Palmer Capital is therefore able to combine its local management expertise often with its corporate finance and banking expertise to unlock value in challenging assets.
What can Palmer Capital offer you?
Contact us today and one of our property professionals will be in touch


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Mandy Siegel
Life Coach, Speaker and Trainer
Mandy Siegel is a transformational speaker, coach, educator and performer with extensive experience in Human Resources and Life Coaching.
With 30 years experience on the stage as a singer, speaker and educator, Mandy is fully equipped to give you the tools to take your communication and presentations to the next level of confidence you desire.
She is a speaker coach for the Tedx Canberra team, helping the speakers share their message and also inspires heart-centred entrepreneurs to master their voice on stage, in their business and in their lives.
Mandy believes that never before has there been a better time for women in business to speak from your heart, spread your message and grow your business by being authentically YOU!
Helping you realise that your confident voice is your vehicle for change!
Mandy Siegel
The Power To Speak and Be Heard
E: email@example.com
W: www.mandysiegel.com
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Playlist- Happy July!
July is always a special month (and that's partially due to but not consumed by the fact that I am turning 18 the day after tomorrow and the prospect of looming adulthood gives me cramps). Late enough in the summer spectrum to actually feel like it, and early enough to allow ignorance regarding a return to our individual educational institutions in the fall. A time for travelling, beer, ice cream and air-con hopping- speaking of which, I will be visiting Seoul at the end of the month which is very exciting. Hope you enjoy the hour-long compilation of tunes and I'll talk to you soon, most likely after I can no longer call myself a (technical terms needed) kid.


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In the first edition titled "Olive-Mill Waste Management'' emphasis was given to olive-mill waste. In the second edition, the original title has been modified to encompass all types of by-products generated during olive tree cultivation and olive fruit processing. In the case of olive tree cultivation, information is presented referring to pruning and harvest residues but does not include wasted fertilizers, herbicides, and insecticides which constitute a subject matter of their own. In the case of olive processing, information is presented referring to olive-milling waste-waters, solid, gaseous and energy wastes, and table olive processing wastewaters. In addition, information has been included concerning the management of used olive oil from cooking or other activities. Literature references and patents published or located since the first edition have been examined and incorporated where appropriate.
Two entirely new parts have been added. Part IV presents information on the characterization, environmental effects, treatment processes, and uses of waste generated during table olive processing. Part V gives an economical and legislative overview concerning olive-mill waste.
Finally, corrections and suggestions from colleagues and other interested researchers have been taken care of in this edition.
We acknowledge the valuable contribution of several people who helped us during the formation of the second edition. Many thanks go to E. Karatzas, Research Associate of the Waste Management Laboratory — University of the Aegean, for his valuable help with various aspects of this edition. To a lesser extent, we would like to also thank other members of the above mentioned laboratory who contributed i.e. G. Giouzepas, M. Hadjimanolakis, and D. Balabanis.
We are also grateful to our colleagues for providing valuable comments and recommendations during the preparation of the manuscript, namely: L. Di Giovacchino, L. Gilles, A. Bourgonje, N. Azbar, T. Colliner, E. Z. Panagou, A. Giannes, and M. Lorenz.
Our thanks are also due to W. Bolger for contributing to this edition. Many thanks also go to Ms Jasmin Bakker of Elsevier Amsterdam; the professional work and cooperation of Cepha Imaging Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore, India is greatly appreciated.
Dr. M. Niaounakis Professor C. P. Halvadakis The Hague, May 2005
Part I
Background Information
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Master The Backwoods of Internet Entrepreneurship All Distilled into a Single Most Powerful Guide! Like a long pole, that can shift a great weight with little effort such is the case with succeeding in business. Your chances of succeeding-as an 'army of one' fall somewhere between zip, zilch and nill.


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Elina Halimi: beauty and travel tips
Due to my job I travel a lot. A healthy lifestyle plays an important role in my life. Every morning I start my day with a large glass of water with lemon on an empty stomach no matter where I am. Why? Because it's activates the digestive system.
As supplements I take Spirulina and Green Vibrance which I get in New York, while I am there for work. Green's is very important for me. It's an excellent antioxidant and a good source of iron. It helps me to maintain my ideal weight and to look younger. Every morning for breakfast my must have is AlkaVie.
I find THIS MIX full of the right amount of nuts, Vitamins, dried fruits, chia seeds and minerals.
The other perfect place for me to buy all supplements is Whole foods in the US.
All of that is very important for me this is how I start my mornings no matter what. Because I travel so much for work I have to organize my schedule in advance.
The moment I get in the plane I immediately change the time on my watch. It helps me rebuild and immediately switch to a new hour zone.
For long time flights I prepare my travel kit. In the plane the skin usually gets very dry. When I fly over long distances, Milan- New York- Japan, I always make sure that there is no make up on my skin and I
put moisturizer on my face every 3 hours in order to minimize dehydration.
I never eat on the plane because our digestion slows down and it becomes hard for our stomach to digest the food we eat on the plane.
However, I always have with me some nuts and dried fruits because they are perfect snack if you are hungry on the plane.
The lack of humidity in the cabin air during the flight can lead to dehydration. For that reason I do drink plenty of water but no alcohol.
There is nothing better when you arrive at your destination and then take a shower or a long bath. It always helps me to restore my energy and is also excellent before a good sleep.
Bon voyage!
Elina Halimi


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It's a good idea for replacement windows to be on ENERGY STAR®'s Most Efficient 2017 models list. Contact us today to find out how you can save with our Energy Star window options.
What are high-performance windows?
High-performance windows are designed to reduce energy loss; condensation and outdoor noise helping you save on heating and cooling costs and increasing your home's resale value.
What are the benefits
Increase your home's resale value by upgrading to high-performance windows.
Reduce your heating and cooling to increase your savings and decrease your home's carbon footprint.


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yellow gold diamond shaker bar bracelet
1 in stock
Watch loose, mixed cut, white diamonds free fall within a white sapphire encasing. This incredible bracelet is set in rich yellow gold and features a clasp at the side, creating an easy and secure way to put on and take off.
18k yellow gold, white sapphire, 1.60cttw white diamonds
2 1/8" diameter, 1 ¼" length of diamond bar, 3/8" width of diamond bar
measurements are approximate