text: Every now and then, I have to merge a stereo recording that's split into separate L and R files (like a Pro Tools stereo track) into a single, interleaved stereo file. There are plenty of ways to do this conversion using a DAW, but when I'd rather not wrestle with a full-blown audio-editing application to bounce/render tracks while making sure the application's stereo pan law doesn't subject the audio to a gain change (and therefore unwanted math), I open Interleaver (www.railjonrogut.com/interleaver.zip), a tiny, standalone, Windows utility (less than 500 KB), authored by notable engineer Rail Jon Rogut of Platinum Samples (www.platinumsamples.com). Its user-interface is dead simple, and it can batch- process any number of merges in one go. ••• In previous Gear Geeking columns, I've mentioned using short (12'', 18'', 36'') IEC power cables from Cyberguys.com (Tape Op #57, #70) to neaten up the wiring in the back of my racks. At about $2 a piece, it's a no-brainer to replace all the removable power cables feeding your racked gear. But then what do you do with all the unused 6-10 ft power cords that came with the gear? Well, when you order your short replacement cables, remember to also order a bunch of PC Power Outlet to 110 V AC Adapters ($16.80 for 10) to convert all those leftover IEC cables into standard extension cords. I also suggest buying some Power Strip Liberator Classics ($12.49 for 5) so you can plug big-ass wall warts into your power strips without losing use of any outlets. You might find the Flat Plug Liberators ($12.95 for 5) more useful if you need to access AC outlets behind furniture; yes, the heads of these are flat (duh), but even cooler, they're rotated 120 degrees so you can still use them with power strips. ••• I'd bet that most readers of this column have laid cable between two points that are far enough apart that you can't reach both with your hands at the same time. If you're working with long cable runs, a tone and probe kit, like the Fluke PRO3000 ($65 street; www.fluke.com) is extremely handy for tracing multipairs from one end to the other. You clip the generator on one end and then wave the probe at the other end until you hear a buzz or beeps as you get closer to the correct multipair. ••• You may have noticed while assembling your computer (or performing an upgrade to its internal components) or teching audio gear manufactured in Europe (or New Zealand) that your regular Phillips drivers weren't grabbing the screws very well. If that's the case, you probably encountered Pozidriv heads without knowing it. A telltale clue is the use of cross- shaped marker lines placed 45 degrees off of the driver slots on the fastener head. There are many advantages to Pozidriv over Phillips, all of which become irrelevant if you use the wrong tool! Although it's tough to find Pozidriv tools in a typical American hardware store, I've purchased high-quality Pozidriv tools made by Wiha, Felo, and GearWrench from Amazon.com.


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Mentoring For Us By Us
It's been my passion to mentor young people since I began my teaching career over twelve years ago. I had
It's been my passion to mentor young people since I began my teaching career over twelve years ago. I had
America harms children every day, and this is not just a contemporary issue. In the current moment, people all over
#LoveLearnLead Feature with the Campaign for Black Male Achievement
We call them DREAMERS. These DREAMERS, or DACA-mented individuals, are young people who were protected under the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program.
The critical mentoring concept stresses the importance of context in the mentoring approach. And our current context includes an apparent and purposeful attack on the progress people of color have made. Here three things mentors can do to support youth in the wake of Charlottesville:
JAY Z sounds like Black elders all over America who have endured decades of racialized experiences and now opt to bare their battle scars for the youth who have not yet had time to make the same mistakes.
A recent editorial published in The Chronicle for Evidence-Based Mentoring highlights my critical mentoring work. I am thankful for my
Critical Mentoring Is Critical to College Success CGI America supports the development of cultural relevance in youth development
It was an honor to work with noted researchers on this guide! Please check it out! Source: MENTOR Releases Guide

subset: commoncrawl


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Baby Toothbrush for Baby Teeth Care – 2019 Update
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Baby teeth may be small and minute but just like your permanent ones, they are also very important. They are also known as milk teeth and primary or deciduous teeth, which eventually fall off so that the permanent ones can take place. And those cute little pearly whites will be their first tool for chewing and chomping their first solids. Even if baby teeth are temporary, caring for them is very important. And the best way to take care of those tiny pearly whites is to get them a good baby toothbrush and teach them how to use one.
You'll notice that your baby will start to fuss, cry a lot, and may even experience fever when they start coming in. And they start to emerge somewhere between six to ten months. Getting a baby toothbrush is also a great way to celebrate this stepping stone so that those mini pearly whites can stay clean and cavity-free. It is also a great way to introduce your babies to this very important routine so that they will continually do it independently on to their preschool years and onwards.
When to start
Babies tend to get their teeth at different times so there is no one standard time to start brushing. Brushing can start as early as little guy's first pearly whites, probably the incisors, starts poking through their small gums. It is important that you choose a toothbrush has soft and small bristles to avoid discomfort when brushing. Take note that you can use a small amount of toothpaste only when your child already knows how to spit. However, you can also use fluoride-free toothpaste. Dental cleaning should start even when a tooth hasn't come out yet. Parents can use tooth and gum wipes, washcloth or sterile gauze. After feeding, gently wipe the excess food off from the gums.
It is important to keep baby gums and teeth clean in order to avoid bacteria build-up and to aid in relieving soreness due to teething. Getting them used to mouth cleaning will also allow them to adjust and be cooperative when a baby toothbrush is introduced. You can use Dr. Brown's Tooth & Gum Wipes for better cleaning, but a warm and damp washcloth or gauze will do perfectly fine. Also, never take the tongue for granted since bacteria can significantly build up in there too.
Kinds of baby toothbrush
Gum brushes or wipes
These clean those baby gums before the first set of teeth come to surface. A lot of gum brushes come in similar to a thimble that could be worn on an adult finger. Some are presented as wipes which can be wrapped on your finger. Toothpaste is not required for these gum wipes because the wiping effort will be enough to do the cleaning. Gum brushes or wipes will be very much appropriate in little mouths which do not have a lot of tooth, still gums.
Teether toothbrush
This kind of toothbrush does not only clean baby's mouth but also relieves gum pain. These are often chewable and are perfect for babies who still aren't comfortable with the idea of brushing. Toothpaste is also not necessary for this one.
Baby's first toothbrush
Your baby's first toothbrush should be made with super soft bristles and a small brush head. You may use a small amount of no fluoride tooth gel or toothpaste so you can be worry-free even if your babies will swallow them.
Electric toothbrush for toddlers/babies
This is very similar to the adult electric toothbrush only that they are a lot smaller and gentler. The good thing about this type of toothbrush is that they can do all the scrubbing for your baby. You can dab on a small amount of toothpaste for babies and gently run the brush on little one's gums and pearly whites when it is turned on, then those tiny pearly whites are good to go.
Toddler toothbrush
This type of toothbrush is made for little kids who are able to brush on their own. They are still a lot smaller than the adult toothbrush but the handles are less complicated and simpler. Even though your child is able to brush on their own, you still need to keep an eye on them and guide them. It is advisable to make use of fluoride-free toothpaste up to the age of 3.
Best Baby Toothbrush
Baby Buddy Baby's 1st Toothbrush Teether
This one is shaped perfectly for tiny little mouths. What's fun about this baby toothbrush is that it is basically toothbrush that is shaped and molded as a teether. Using a baby toothbrush on babies who do not like the task is very challenging and we know that. If you have a baby who totally hates traditional toothbrushes, this toothbrush teether will be perfect for them. With the Baby's First Toothbrush, your little one can have healthy oral hygiene just through chewing. You can just hand this one to your baby and let them chew on it and eventually all the parts and corners of that tiny mouth will be cleaned.
This H-shaped toothbrush also helps your babies get used to the feel of bristles in their mouth so that transitioning to a traditional baby toothbrush will soon be easy. This is because the soft silicone bristles of this one will help in preparing your child for a bristle brush soon when those little pearly whites start to come out. This innovative baby toothbrush is also safe, it is BPA-free, Phthalate-free and lead-free! It can be cooled to help soothe teething pains and can be used with or without toothpaste and teething gel. This can be cleaned easily through a sterilizer or dishwasher.
Recommended for: 4 months and older
The Brushies with Brushies Story Book
This tiny toothbrush looks more like a toy puppet than a cleaning tool for baby's teeth. The Brushies is created and founded by two doctor moms who longed to create tooth-brushing time a fun task. These finger toothbrushes offer a couple of fun designs and characters that you can playfully introduce to the baby. They have Momo the monkey, Chomps the dinosaur, Willa the whale and Pinkey the pig – pick one that your baby will surely love. The Brushies even includes a cute little storybook for added fun and entertainment!
Although these baby brushes are not that flexible, moms still love how they can effectively clean the baby's mouth. They are created in the United States from 100% safe food-grade material, these Brushies are tested non-toxic, BPA-free, latex-free, and phthalate-free. They can be sterilized, dishwasher-safe, plus an eco-friendly recycled packaging. Parents love how these fun-looking tools can effectively transform a boring chore into a playful bonding experience.
Recommended for: 1 month to 4 years
Baby Banana Bendable Toothbrush
This bendable baby toothbrush is very famous among parents and babies not only because of its cute looks but also because of its effectivity. It comes with thick yet super soft bristles made from silicone that do the superb cleaning while being gentle on baby's gums and teeth. The handles looking like a banana peel aren't just decors on the toothbrush but they serve as trusty handles for babies to grasp easily. The handle also avoids choking. These banana brushes are freezer safe, you can cool them to soothe baby's gums when teething. They are also dishwasher safe!
The Baby Banana bendable toothbrush is constructed from food-grade and safe silicone and is BPA-free, latex-free, and phthalate-free. They are specially designed to make brushing fun for babies and they come in bright colors. The whole bendable toothbrush is made of 100% flexible silicone to prevent mouth injuries.
Recommended for children up to 12 months
Set of Gum and Tooth Care by Nuby
This adorable set for oral hygiene comes in four stages that is the perfect fit for baby in protecting baby teeth. They come in three combination colors which are pink and green, red and blue, and aqua and green combos. All the brushes in the different stages are BPA-free. Parents can begin by making use of the stage one very soft massager made of silicone and gum cleaner for delicate gums to wipe the gums clean. You can then move to stage two, the soft gum massager for teeth that have just emerged. They can hold and chew the stage two brush similar to a teether. Parents will again take over when using stage three.
The stage three brush will massage and clean both little pearly whites and gums during teething. The last stage is a brush for toddlers with nylon bristles plus gentle but good scrubbing power that gently cleans those baby teeth. The Nuby Tooth and Gum care set is particularly endorsed by a pediatric dentist, Dr. Yum. Every brush is carefully designed to make it effective and comfortable for babies. All of the brushes have a spot on the holder that is good for convenient use.
Recommended for babies and toddlers
1st Step Baby Toothbrush by Jordan
Similar to the Brushies, the Jordan baby toothbrush could also be considered as a toy. These brushes come in a very fun design and even won a Reddot Design Award! It's super colorful and fun design helps to make babies put these brushes inside their tiny mouths. It boasts super-soft bristles on a tiny paddle-shaped head to provide efficient but gentle cleaning. Parents will also love the colored bristles at the core, which shows the recommended amount of toothpaste that's safe for kids.
This particular toothbrush for babies has a ring that can be used as a teether on one end and a soft-bristled brush on another. You may utilize the brush to clean your little kid's teeth and massage sore gums with the teether. The whole item is BPA-free, Phthalate-free and made of non-toxic materials. It also sports an ergonomic handle good for both parents and babies.
Recommended for children 0 to 2 years
Training Toothbrush Set (Grins and Giggles) by NUK
NUK is no question, a very known brand to produce great bottle nipples, baby bottles, and pacifiers. Well, they also create awesome baby toothbrushes. This training toothbrush set includes a brush to massage gums and introduces your little ones to the idea of brushing. This tool can also be cooled to soothe baby's sore gums due to teething. A baby brush that cleans with flexible, bite-resistant material is also included. It comes with a ring that protects and also you can fit on the brushes for safety and prevention of pushing the brush too far inside baby's mouth, to avoid making them gag or choke. This ring also works as a holder or stand for storage.
Recommended for children 3 months and older
Pure Baby Toothbrush by Radius
This baby toothbrush may not have the most colorful or fanciest designs, but they have softest bristles ever! The Radius Pure baby toothbrush is best for babies who have very sensitive teeth and gums. Not only babies but also the Parents love the remarkably soft bristles of this brush. The American Dental Association even recommends this brand! The simple design includes a tapered handle which makes it easy for little hands to hold. The Radius baby toothbrush is BPA-free and made without any synthetic dyes.
Recommended for children 6 to 18 months
Brush-Baby Electric Toothbrush (BabySonic)
This electric toothbrush is just like a mini version of the electronic adult toothbrushes. The Brush-Baby has a very small sized brush for the babies that you can easily change to the larger size for toddlers once when they reach 3 years of age. The gentle vibrations of this brush do not only relaxes baby's gums but also provides an easy and deep, effortless cleaning. It comes with a timer light built in the brush, which the little ones love, which will let you and your baby will be aware of how long they should be brushing. The light pulses every thirty seconds for an enjoyable countdown! This vibrating brush has soft bristles and a small head that is super safe and suitable for a baby's small mouth.
Recommended for children up to 3 years
Importance of baby teeth care
So why is it important to take care of baby teeth even when they are still temporary? Not only that proper care will make their little pearly whites clean, but it will also lead your little ones to a lifetime of good dental health.
So, here are the reasons why baby teeth care is truly important:
- Lost baby teeth can interfere with speech development and speaking clearly.
- Decayed teeth can be very painful and uncomfortable for your little ones, and it will lead to trouble with chewing and nutrition intake. That's why it has to be avoided through proper baby teeth care.
- Baby teeth hold a proper place for their permanent or adult teeth so it is important they remain healthy and present. They should only start coming off when it's time for the permanent teeth to come through.
- Gums should remain healthy and milk teeth should stay in place so that permanent ones will not come in crooked or full of gaps.
What you should do if baby is not a fan of brushing time
It is expected that not all babies will find joy and fun when brushing teeth. Some may even get really irritated and result in bad tantrums. Most especially when they've started teething making their gums really sensitive, painful, and tender. Even though our little angels never liked this task, we have to let them know how important it is to have their teeth and mouth clean.
Parents can try these strategies and techniques to help when brushing time turns into a challenge:
Be gentle
It is important that you go easy and stay patient when the baby is resisting to get his mouth cleaned up. Babies' gums are very sensitive in general, so if they continue to be resistant, you can try to work with teeth and gum wipes first before transitioning to a toothbrush. When getting a toothbrush, remember that softer bristles are always better.
Incorporate story time or singing a song
Sometimes, babies just need a little entertainment or distraction. You can tell them fun and silly stories, show them relevant yet fun videos or sing them their favorite nursery rhymes to turn tooth-brushing into a fun experience. You'll be super happy when you get your little angel's lovely-toothed smiles after all the entertaining songs and stories.
Set an example or better yet, be an example
If your babies have older siblings, they can show them how they have been religiously brushing their teeth and that they enjoy the task. Even you can show them how much you enjoy brushing your teeth. Your babies will love seeing mom and dad having fun or making silly faces during brushing time. You can even tell them to brush their teeth with their older siblings or with you. The brushing time that used to be dreadful will now become an easy and fun bonding time for you and your kids.
Let them play and be familiar
When your little one will first lay eyes on a very cute and fun-looking toothbrush, curiosity will eventually spark. You can encourage their interest by letting them hold and familiarize the brush at their own pace. They may even put the toothbrush in their mouth, all on their own.
Baby toothbrush buying tips
- When choosing a toothbrush, pay attention to the age-grading to find a brush that's best suited to your child's needs.
- Look for a baby toothbrush with super soft bristles to avoid hurting baby's delicate mouth and gums. Soft bristles will help make brushing become a comfortable and relaxing task.
- The head of the toothbrush should be small enough to be comfortable for baby to use. A too large toothbrush head will also be difficult to work with and maneuver inside your baby's little mouth.
- Having attractive and fun designs are also a plus for a baby toothbrush. Choosing something that is fun and entertaining to look at will ultimately make tooth brushing more fun and a lot easier.
- Never forget to take the occasional trips to the dentist too. And if you are never sure, you can always ask the professionals about your baby toothbrush concerns.


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Interactive interfaces for technology-enhanced learning
Lauw, Deborah
Date of Issue2016
School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
The art of learning has been studied by many around the world and different theories and studying methods have been conceived to provide insights about how human brains' understand concepts. As technology continues to improve over the years, majority of the learning institutions in the world are using computers as a tool to enhance learning. Ipad apps, websites, video lectures are examples of how the world has embraced the use of technology to improve learning. This project explores the possibility of bringing technology to help students enhance learning and teachers bridge the gap of understanding how students learn through an active feed backing system. It is a web platform that uses tagging technique through highlighting to help teachers understand what goes behind the minds of students when they study. It gives teachers an insight of students' studying patterns. This highlighting technique creates unique tags that spur students to delve deeper into thinking why they do not understand a concept. The author studies deeper into the theories of learning, documents the algorithm and software engineering aspects to achieve its aims in the highlighting technique that provides an active feedback.
Final Year Project (FYP)
Nanyang Technological University


text:
Australia (AUD)
One Brand, Two Stories. Learn more
One Brand, Two Stories. Learn more
We have a new Carhartt WIP website for customers in the US and Canada. Now offering domestic shipping and returns. Check it out.
The Vans family welcomes Carhartt WIP teamrider Rob Smith with this video from the House Of Vans in London/ UK!
(Bastian Loewen)


text:
World War II veteran Lt. Julian Jordan was laid to rest at the Lewis Funeral Chapel at Naval Base Kitsap, Wash., 75 years after the attack on Pearl Harbor, Aug. 29.
Jordan was assigned to Nevada-class battleship USS Oklahoma (BB 37) as the assistant engineering officer, at the age of 37, when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor where the ship was moored.
"The only reason we can do what we do today with our freedoms and liberties is because of what those who came before us accomplished," said Machinist's Mate 2nd Class David Gorey, assigned to NBK. "With what's going on in the world today, it puts it all into perspective."
Jordan's remains were recovered from Oklahoma along with many of his shipmates, but were unidentified until recently through DNA profiling.
"This is a very gratifying moment and it has been a long time coming," said Julian "Jay" Remers, the grandson of the World War II hero. "We've been eagerly anticipating this time to come."
Sailors assigned to NBK participated in the ceremony in dress uniforms to honor Jordan.
"It's an honor to participate in this ceremony; to have active-duty personnel render full honors is a privilege," said Lt. Alfredo Lozano, assigned to NBK. "We don't get this opportunity very often and to lay to rest a World War II veteran means the Navy still holds tradition and the highest regard to our veterans."
The traditional 21-gun salute was demonstrated during the ceremony alongside "Taps" played on the bugle.
"I'm humbled and honored to be here with the family and assist them lay to rest a World War II hero," said Senior Chief Machinist's Mate (Auxiliary) Jerrold Bishop, assigned to Trident Training Facility Bangor. "It is important to remember those who gave their lives to ensure our freedoms."
A folded American flag alongside a pouch holding the shell casings from the 21-gun salute was delivered to the family before Jordan was lowered into the ground.
"I didn't know a lot about my father," said Ann Jordan Remers, daughter of Jordan, "but we had been talking about this day and I'm happy that we could finally lay my father to rest."


text:
Steve Grilli
|Steve Grilli
|Born: May 2, 1949
Brooklyn, New York
|MLB debut
|September 19, 1975, for the Detroit Tigers
|Last MLB appearance
|September 17, 1979, for the Toronto Blue Jays
|MLB statistics
|Win–loss record
|Earned run average
Stephen Joseph Grilli (born May 2, 1949) is an American former professional baseball pitcher, who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Detroit Tigers and Toronto Blue Jays. Grilli played for six seasons in baseball, but only played in the major league for parts of four seasons. After graduating from Gannon University,[1] Grilli was signed as an undrafted amateur free agent by the Tigers in the middle of the 1970 season, although he didn't make his major league debut until five years later at the age of twenty-six on September 19, 1975 as a reliever in a game against the Boston Red Sox at Tiger Stadium in which he pitched three innings and allowed one hit without surrendering a run.[2] Plagued by control problems with his pitches and walking more batters than he struck out,[3][4] he worked out of the bullpen for the next two years until being purchased by the Blue Jays before the 1978 season.
Wearing uniform number 45, a change from the number 49 he wore in Detroit,[4] Grilli worked as a starter during some seasons and as a closer in others while playing in the Blue Jays organization.[5] Grilli made his final major league appearance on September 17, 1979 in a loss against the Boston Red Sox at Exhibition Stadium in Toronto.[6]
He was traded to the Orioles organization during the 1981 season, and played for their AAA affiliate, the Rochester Red Wings. There, on June 23, 1981, he pitched the 33rd inning of the longest professional baseball game, a game whose first 32 innings were played in April, before he'd even joined the team.[7] He faced three batters and gave up one run without recording an out against the Pawtucket Red Sox, recording the loss.[8]
Grilli retired after the 1981 season at the age of thirty-two, with a 4-3 win-loss record in seventy appearances over four seasons in the majors.[1][5]
He has a son, Jason, who is a pitcher for the Texas Rangers.[5][9] Grilli also is the owner of a bar in the city of Syracuse, New York, called "Change of Pace".[citation needed]
- ^ a b "Steve Grilli Statistics". Baseball Reference. Retrieved 2008-08-17.
- ^ "Boston Red Sox 7 Detroit Tigers 5". Baseball Cube. Retrieved 2008-08-19.
- ^ "The Ballplayers - Steve Grilli". Baseball Library. Archived from the original on 2011-06-04. Retrieved 2008-08-19.
- ^ a b "Steve Grilli Baseball Stats". Baseball Almanac. Retrieved 2008-08-19.
- ^ a b c "Steve Grilli statistics". The Baseball Cube. Retrieved 2008-08-17.
- ^ "Boston Red Sox 5 Toronto Blue Jays 3". The Baseball Cube. Retrieved 2008-08-19.
- ^ Sheinin, Dave (2006-04-18). "Long Memories From a Baseball Classic". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2010-10-05.
- ^ "The Longest Game in Baseball History". PawSox.com. Retrieved 2008-08-17.
- ^ "Jason Grilli statistics". The Baseball Cube. Retrieved 2008-08-17.
External links[edit]
- Career statistics and player information from Baseball-Reference, or The Baseball Cube, or Baseball-Reference (Minors)
- Baseball Almanac biography
- 1949 births
- Living people
- American sportspeople of Italian descent
- American expatriate baseball players in Canada
- Baseball players from New York (state)
- Detroit Tigers players
- Evansville Triplets players
- Gannon Golden Knights baseball players
- Lakeland Tigers players
- Major League Baseball pitchers
- Montgomery Rebels players
- Rochester Red Wings players
- Rocky Mount Leafs players
- Toledo Mud Hens players
- Toronto Blue Jays players
- St. Louis Cardinals scouts
- Syracuse Chiefs players


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Aktuelles | Tagungen
3. - 5. Dezember 2019
- Details
- Veröffentlicht: Donnerstag, 16. Mai 2019 19:25
Wednesday, December 3 – Friday, December 5. 2019
Universidad Internacional de Andalucía, Baeza (Spain)
Traditionally seen as a transitional style between the Baroque and Classical periods, the galant style is recognized today, thanks to the work of D. Heartz and R. Gjerdingen, among others, as the principal musical style cultivated in Europe and the Americas between 1720 and 1780. This transnational style of composition and performance, an example of cultural modernity with marked roots in the theater, developed in the conservatories of the Kingdom of Naples and from there it was disseminated to and adapted by different geographies and institutions, initially by Italian musicians, who transformed the musical aesthetics heard in churches, theaters, and aristocratic chambers in a profound way. Ignacio Jerusalem (Lecce, 1707 – Mexico City, 1769), a progressive Neapolitan musician active in Italy, Spain, and Mexico, actively contributed to the diaspora of the galant style, and through his three musical roles, he paradigmatically embodies the reception of the new style in the Iberian world: composer for the theater and the church, violinist, and teacher.
Leveraging the commemoration of the 250th anniversary of Jerusalem's death, and considering him a useful model for understanding the distinct issues associated with the reception of the galant style, this conference aims to both communicate current knowledge and inspire new theories and lines of investigation regarding aspects of stylistic development on the Iberian Peninsula and Spanish and Portuguese America during the "long" eighteenth century. In order to cover these themes, some of the most recognized specialists in galant music of Europe and the Americas will be present. In addition to the invited keynote presentations (violinist and conductor Fabio Biondi is confirmed as a speaker), free papers related to the thematic scope of the conference will also be accepted by the scientific committee. Paper proposals related to the following topic areas, among others, will be considered:
- Ignacio Jerusalem: new findings regarding his life, work, and reception
- Methodologies, historiographic problems, and sources for the study of the reception of galant music in the Iberian world
- Migration of Italian musicians to the Iberian Peninsula and Spanish and Portuguese America
- Circulation, reception, persistence, and transformation of imported galant repertories
- Galant styles: analytic methods and formal characterization of the different generations of galant composers
- Processes of circulation of galant music among the theater, church, and salon
- Poetic texts and galant music: processes of literary and musical adaptation
- Galant style, devotional practices, and cultural aspects
- Coexistence of the galant style with traditional styles
- Pedagogical methods associated with the galant style
- The galant style as a performance practice
Proposals for individual 20-minute papers in Spanish, English, Italian, or Portuguese are welcome. The proposals must include:
- Abstract (ca. 200 words)
- Institutional affiliation (if applicable), brief biography (150 words), and email of the author
- Audiovisual requirements
Abstracts should be sent to Ascensión Mazuela: Diese E-Mail-Adresse ist vor Spambots geschützt! Zur Anzeige muss JavaScript eingeschaltet sein!
- Deadline for the receipt of abstracts: September 1, 2019
- Date on which authors of accepted abstracts will be notified: September 15, 2019
- Official languages of the conference: Spanish, English, Italian, Portuguese
We understand that some international participants may not be able to travel to Baeza for the paper presentation, mainly for financial reasons. In such cases, it will be possible to participate by video conference, as long as participants register for the conference.
The conference will culminate in a series of concerts by outstanding ensembles in the field of early music, including La Europa Galante, Ignacio Prego, L'Estro d'Orfeo, Nereydas, and Teatri 35, among others (between December 6 and 8). The concerts will take place in both Úbeda and Baeza, UNESCO World Heritage Sites of great historical and artistic interest. The presentation of the first volumes in the series of musical editions, Ignacio Jerusalem (1707–1769): Obras Selectas (Dairea Ediciones, Spain), will be under the auspices of the conference.
Javier Marín-López (Universidad de Jaén / Festival de Música Antigua de Úbeda y Baeza)
Drew Edward Davies (Northwestern University / MUSICAT, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México)
Egberto Bermúdez (Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá)
Andrea Bombi (Universitat de València)
Cristina Fernandes (INET-md, Universidade Nova de Lisboa)
Robert Gjerdingen (Northwestern University, Evanston, USA)
Paologiovanni Maione (Conservatorio de Musica "S. Pietro a Majella", Napoli)
Evguenia Roubina (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México)
Ascensión Mazuela-Anguita (Universidad de Granada / Festival de Música Antigua de Úbeda y Baeza)
- Universidad Internacional de Andalucía, Baeza (Spain)
- Centro Nacional de Difusión Musical (Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte, Gobierno de España)
- Festival de Música Antigua de Úbeda y Baeza
Study Group "Música Antigua y Nuevo Mundo," International Musicological Society


text:
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text:
Armenia's former president has been elected prime minister amid large-scale protests.
The Armenian parliament voted overwhelmingly today to confirm Serzh Sargsyan as the new prime minister.
Mr Sargsyan served as the country's president from 2008 until earlier this year, when he stepped down because of term limits.
He is becoming head of government under a new political system that gives the president less authority and has the prime minister taking a dominant role.
Just a few minutes ago, several hundred protesters came to Melik Adamyan St., that has been blocked by special forces since the beginning of the protests. The ruling RPA office is located here + gov. bldg. They stayed for a few min and then left. #Yerevan #Armenia pic.twitter.com/lTWQOjxQsO— EVN Report (@evn_report) April 17, 2018
Thousands of opposition supporters have rallied since the weekend to protest against what they think is Mr Sargsyan's attempt to stay in power indefinitely.
Protesters surrounded government buildings and started a sit-in outside the seat of government today.
At least 46 people have been injured as thousands protest against former president Serzh Sarksyan's candidacy for prime minister in Armenia pic.twitter.com/2z49u165ce— TRT World Now (@TRTWorldNow) April 17, 2018
- Press Association


text:
Warehouse Handler
Title: Warehouse Handler
Location: Vancouver
Department: Distribution
Employment Type: Full-Time (40 hours/week)
Reporting To: Warehouse Supervisor
Compensation: $24/hour
Our mission
Feeding the Future. Skretting is an essential link in the feed-to-food chain, and we aim to contribute to meeting the rising food needs of a growing population in a sustainable manner. Headquartered in Vancouver, BC, Skretting is the leading manufacturer of quality feed for the aquaculture industry in North America with production facilities in British Columbia, New Brunswick and Utah. Skretting is a wholly owned subsidiary of Nutreco, which employs approximately 11,000 people in 35 countries across the world. For more details refer to http://www.nutreco.com.
We have a new opening for an experienced Warehouse Handler in our Vancouver, BC location. This position is responsible for shipping and receiving quality materials safely, efficiently, accurately, on-time and in good condition.
What you bring
You are a proactive warehouse professional, who is experienced in all areas of shipping, receiving and order processing. You are proficient with computers systems, have strong organizational skills, maintain a high attention to detail and thrive in a fast-paced environment.
As a Warehouse Handler, you will be responsible for
- Loading and unloading freight trucks and barges
- Maintaining shelving stock
- Filling inbound and outbound orders
- Scheduling and controlling shipments to customers
- Ensuring adequate and timely transportation of goods, while maintaining shipping accuracy
- Operating forklift – regularly performing checks to reporting deficiencies
- Ensure all skids are properly labelled
- Rotate finished goods
- Ensure that the warehouse is in neat and orderly condition
Your strengths
- A minimum of 3 years' forklift experience in a warehouse environment
- Shipping/receiving experience
- Able to work well independently
- A keen attention to detail
- Proficient with computers/ERP
- Certified on a SDCB forklift
- Safety conscious and promote safety awareness
- A high school diploma
- Strong mathematical skills
As a member of the Skretting team, you can expect
- A diverse and inclusive culture
- Competitive compensation, including bonus
- Comprehensive benefits package
- Internal advancement opportunities
- Annual employee events
- An organization that supports the local community
If you would like to join a progressive international company in a rapidly growing industry, please forward your cover letter and resume to email@example.com.


text:
Mark Twain called the late 19th century the Gilded Age as a play on Golden Age, referring to the way people gilded things with a thin layer to make them appear as solid gold. His novel by that same name satirizes the greed and corruption of the times. Those traits defined the age in some ways — maybe they do all ages — but it was also an era of tremendous economic growth as we saw in the last chapter (the first three chapters or so of this text are set in the Gilded Age). With the economy expanding and changing so quickly, political parties were less defined in their platforms and constituents than they are today. The Republicans — or GOP, for Grand Old Party — spurred industry but didn't cater to the masses of workers who made the engine run. Yet the Democrats didn't take full advantage of the opening that presented them. That left a void filled by more active third parties than at any time in American history. In this chapter, we'll look at how the political system, local and national, responded to the growing economy of the industrial age and large-scale immigration.
Political Machines
The Democratic Party struggled to reinvent itself after the Civil War. They were, in effect, the losers of the war, but remained solidly in control of the Southern states after the return of Redeemer (ex-Confederate) politicians in the 1870s. Democrats supported the Ku Klux Klan in the South while, in the North, they campaigned among the very Catholic, Jewish and Eastern European immigrants the Klan hated and hoped to keep out of the country. The Democrats were a mess nationally because they cast such a wide regional and ethnic net. In the North, they helped immigrants get on their feet in an era before employment agencies or institutionalized welfare.
When immigrants arrived in New York's Castle Gardens (or after 1892 Ellis Island), customs processed the vast majority, turning a few back for illness or quarantining them temporarily, like the young Vito Corleone in The Godfather II (1974). The teeming, ethnic neighborhoods of lower Manhattan and nearby boroughs were America's prototypical "melting pots" and others landed in smaller ports like New Orleans and Galveston and moved to interior cities. It's common today for people to distinguish themselves by saying that their ancestors were legal immigrants, but there wasn't really any such thing as illegal immigration at the time.
Onshore, a local precinct captain, alderman or ward boss, a foot soldier for the Democratic Party, greeted the newly-arrived immigrants. They offered to set the family up in a tenement apartment, find them a job, or take care of other little concerns to ease their transition. They might find a school or job for the kids (more likely job), keep utilities functioning, or even turn on the fire hydrant in summer heat. In exchange, it was understood that they would vote Democrat. In fact, they had to vote Democrat, or else. Voting wasn't yet private, so people could see your ballot. By maintaining single-party rule over big cities, Democrats created rings, or political machines. Both parties ran machines and still do depending on how you define them (see HBO's The Wire for a look at modern Baltimore), but they're most famously associated with big-city Democrats in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with Chicago's Daley Machine starting in the mid-20th century after decades of two-party rule there.
Democrats headquartered at Tammany Hall in New York City were infamous, as were their leaders Boss Tweed and George Washington Plunkitt. The mostly Irish-American machines were ideal for politicians looking to line their own pockets through graft: skimmed profit made possible by controlling the municipal government, including city hall, police, and utilities. Politicians in charge of dispensing contracts to construction companies expected kickbacks from winning bidders — enough to pay others to look the other way and keep the rest for themselves. Or, if they were popular enough among voters, they could even force city employees to pay them for the privilege of not being fired. (Accountants in the public or private sector can also create false receipts at higher prices.) There was a lot of money to be made as cities were growing rapidly and putting in streetcars, water lines, and gas and electric infrastructure. Mayor Plunkitt later conceded that the rate of kickbacks rose "accordin' to the opportunities." In Pittsburgh, the Democratic Party gave up any pretense of public bidding and just started their own private road-paving company.
The system wasn't entirely without merit, even as the machines left upper-middle-class reformers and taxpayers outraged (the initially Republican New York Times, for instance, railed against Tammany corruption). Chicago rebuilt quickly after a disastrous fire in 1871, as did San Francisco after its famous earthquake and fire in 1906. American cities were the best in the world by 1900 if measured by the quality of running water, access to electricity, or number of bridges, parks, and paved streets. In other words, stuff got done despite, or maybe because of, what Mayor Plunkitt called "honest graft." Another upside was that the ward bosses provided some handouts to the working classes in an age before there were any formal social services. But their goal was not to lessen crime and disease by eradicating poverty so much as it was to capitalize on poor people by cashing in their votes. It was a parasitical, if functional, system. Tammany Hall supplemented their income by shaking down gamblers and prostitutes (leaving them in place to pay an informal tax) and even extorting protection money from small businesses in tandem with gangsters. Politicians "on the take" aren't focused on curbing crime.
Corrupt municipal politicians are still with us. One modern example of graft involving city contracts was Detroit in the early 21st century. Mayor Kwame Kilpatrick (D) and his family and friends pilfered everything they could before heading to prison, even winning one re-election in the process. While the $9.6 million they pocketed in kickbacks wasn't the main cause of the Motor City's $20 billion-dollar bankruptcy in 2013 — the largest in American municipal history — their corruption scared off potential business and bond investors, and their rampant bribery, fraud, and extortion schemes displaced effort they might otherwise have put into helping the struggling city. New York Republicans Dean Skelos and Michael Grimm were indicted for felonies in recent years. While there are plenty of local and state politicians today from both parties that end up in prison (see list), the term corruption is a somewhat misleading way to describe the rest because campaign donations offer interest groups and individuals a legal form of bribery. Wealthy donors usually don't need to break the law when they can just pay politicians to change the law. Thus, people today are more likely to peddle influence with cash than to threaten violence.
Conversely, any traditional "machine" truly deserving of the term worked with and reinforced organized crime. Gangsters "delivered" elections to politicians by intimidating voters or tapping union connections, most famously the Teamsters. Criminal control over the Teamsters Union, such as what occurred under the leadership of Cornelius Shea, meant that gangsters could demand political favors in exchange for "delivering" big blocks of voters and not disrupting the flow of goods in and out of a city. Gangsters beholden to politicians for keeping police off their backs could coerce unions to vote in one direction or the other. Politicians, to return the favor, wouldn't interfere with the criminals' rackets and, in the Teamsters' case, the Mob skimmed off their union pension. Organized crime thrives in societies with either corrupt or weak local government. In U.S. history, often only federal law enforcement (or federally-backed local) has been strong enough to confront gangsters. Syndicates like the Mafia worked three sides of the organized labor equation: with companies to break strikes, with politicians to deliver votes, and with unions to intimidate strikebreakers, provide security, recruit new members, or jostle with other unions. Jimmy Hoffa's Teamsters drove off a rival CIO union in 1930s Detroit with Mafia backing. Then the Mafia lent to Las Vegas casinos from the Teamsters' pension and paid it back with cash skimmed from casino counting rooms while keeping plenty for themselves. Combined with torturing and murdering anyone who interfered, this provided a sustainable business model and built the Vegas Strip without reducing truckers' retirement checks. Some criminal intimidation goes on today to prevent unionization in packing plants and service industries (see Eric Schlosser's Fast Food Nation), but it's not nearly as widespread as in the early 20th century. Then, gangs vied openly to control labor racketeering, as in New York's Labor Slugger Wars of the 1910s and 20's. In big cities, a lot of people owed a lot of other people a lot of favors.
Once unions or governments owed organized criminals favors, gangsters could turn off people's power, make sure their garbage wasn't picked up, or ensure they couldn't get necessary building permits. These "shakedowns" were friendly reminders that businessmen had to pay them for the privilege of doing business in that neighborhood. If the business owner resisted or didn't understand the reminder, their shop would be destroyed or they'd be injured or killed to send a message to others. The Mafia offered "protection" to those that paid up insofar as they didn't kill them and kept rival gangs away. Extortion rackets represented an underbelly of political machines. In some ways, protection rackets are miniature versions of politics in its most rudimentary form. Medieval kings collected taxes in exchange for protecting their subjects and that was pretty much all governments then did. We'll examine organized crime more in Chapter 4 with Prohibition, and in Chapters 11 and 14 when the government cooperated with the Mafia in Sicily during World War II and during Castro's Cuban Revolution.
Americans can console themselves that compared to many countries, their political system hasn't been as thoroughly rotted out. As mentioned, a form of pseudo-bribery called lobbying "corrupts" most tiers of the American system, depending on how one defines the term. Courts have defined campaign donations as lobbying which is, in turn, protected by the First Amendment right to "petition the government for a redress of grievances." Lobbyists write the laws that politicians sign in exchange for funding expensive campaigns and personal gifts. But, at the local level, most of us would be surprised if we went to the Department of Motor Vehicles and the clerk asked for an extra $50 to make sure our driver's license got processed correctly. Our first reaction would be to seek out the employee's boss and file a complaint. Such a reaction would be considered naïve in much of the world, where petty corruption and bribes are a way of life.
And, while paperwork and bureaucracy in America can be onerous, it's not as bad as elsewhere. If you wanted to start something as simple as a lemonade stand in New York City in 2018, you'd be looking at around 65 days of red tape before opening day. In many countries, you'd spend a few years navigating the bureaucracy, at which point you would've paid so many bribes you'd struggle to get out of debt; better to become a bureaucrat and stay on the receiving end. In poorer countries, graft is the very reason many people seek work in local government, whereas in the U.S. some politicians seek higher office for unscrupulous gain but not a job in the DMV or post office. Corruption in developed countries, while widespread, is more functional and less debilitating than poor countries even though the corruption that does exist is still an ongoing waste of taxpayer money and warps public policy.
We've meandered around long enough exploring the corrupt if functional byzantine underbelly of big city politics and diverted into tangents on modern lobbying and bureaucracy. The key takeaway here is that, during the Gilded Age, the united GOP represented business interests and northern upper-middle classes while the Democrats were cobbled together. Democrats dominated local politics in the South by pandering to racism and in northern cities with political machines made possible partly by one-party rule and law enforcement too weak to confront the organized crime with which machines operated. Democrats didn't make a concerted play nationally for blue-collar workers on farms and ranches and in factories and mines. Instead, the Bourbon Democrats led by President Grover Cleveland (1885-89 & 1893-97) endorsed free markets and tried to compete with pro-business Republicans while distancing themselves from labor. Workers accurately saw both parties as "in the pocket" of business interests. This left a window of opportunity for third parties to appeal to workers on the left side of the political spectrum, which we'll unpack later in the chapter. First, we'll examine American labor in more detail.
Gilded Age politicians operated in the thriving industrial economy we explored in Chapter 1, but it was uneven in terms of both wealth distribution and growth rates. Capitalist economies are cyclical, moving through cycles of booms and busts, and the busts hit the working classes hardest. Management and labor didn't get along well in the late 19th century, especially during downturns like the Panic of 1873 and Panic of 1893. Miners and factory workers could unionize but management could fire the workers or break up strikes with force. Unions lacked the legal right to collective bargaining, meaning that management wasn't compelled to negotiate with unions the way they were in many industries after the 1930s and some today.
While government maintained a mostly laissez-faire (or free market) hands-off policy toward business, they were willing to intervene in strikes on behalf of management. Business owners could call out state militias, federal troops, or Pinkerton or Baldwin-Felts detectives to dispel strikers or even attack them. If troops weren't available, they could find some "muscle" (thugs) looking to cash in.
This happened several times in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, including the Great Railroad Strike of 1877, the Homestead Strike at Andrew Carnegie's steel mill in 1892, the Pullman Strike in Chicago in 1894, and Rockefeller Jr.'s Ludlow, Colorado mine in 1913. Carnegie fancied himself as running a progressive company and didn't have the nerve to crack down hard on workers who were protesting their 72-hour weeks. He hired Henry Frick as his right-hand man to deal with strikers, renegotiate contracts with suppliers, and cut labor costs, then left for his native Scotland on vacation. Workers took over Homestead and Frick hired the Pinkerton Detectives to break their strike. Pinkertons were America's mercenary force, hired mostly to apprehend train robbers and, during the Civil War, to protect Lincoln from assassination. By the 1870s, they had more firepower than the slimmed-down U.S. Army. At Homestead, Pinkertons killed nine workers and the governor called in two brigades of state militia to restore order. They ended the strike and production resumed with no gains for workers. Carnegie was wise (if cowardly) to hide out in Scotland; the public blamed Frick and an anarchist shot and stabbed him, but he survived — luckily for us as he assembled a great art collection worth viewing if you're ever in New York City.
At Pullman's plant, the disruption of train car manufacturing slowed down the region's economy to the point that federal troops came in to break the strike, killing 30 and injuring 57 workers. George Pullman was a generous boss, building an upscale company town on Chicago's south side with schools and churches for his employees, but the Panic of 1893 caused him to lower pay and lay off workers without lowering rents in the town's homes they weren't allowed to own. This triggered a violent "wildcat strike" (strike initiated without union authorization) and boycott of all trains using Pullman cars (most). President Grover Cleveland sent in the Army to break up the strike.
Even more dramatic, one of John D. Rockefeller Jr.'s subsidiaries, Colorado Fuel & Iron Co., ordered a military attack on its mining town in Ludlow in 1913, where the Colorado National Guard killed twenty-five people, including eleven kids, some asphyxiated in their tents. In this company town, like many others, workers were paid in coupons only redeemable at the company store, and the death rate was double the national mining average. In response to the National Guard's massacre, coal miners retaliated throughout the state, killing dozens of troops and Baldwin-Felts agents. The Colorado Coalfield War, overall, was the worst strike-related violence in American history, prompting Congress to push legislation on child labor and the 8-hour day. Rockefeller himself ordered an investigation into the incident, though the strikers lost and went back to work.
While you could look at broken strikes as victories for management, Ludlow suggested that America was teetering on the edge of class warfare in the early 20th century. That prospect was potentially disruptive enough to business that management wanted to defuse the threat. This wasn't the watered-down version of "class warfare" we use today to spin arguments over whether the rich should be taxed at 36% or 39+%. In 1917, the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia demonstrated that there were more radical options out there if enough workers got pushed to the brink. The fact that American workers struck at all under their unfavorable conditions shows how desperate they really were. Who would strike today if it meant they were going to get shot? Often they worked 60-72 hours a week with no injury compensation or vacation and were forced to buy from company stores that overcharged them enough to keep them in debt, making it impossible to leave and find other work. As country singer Tennessee Ernie Ford sang: "You load sixteen tons and what'ya get? Another day older and deeper in debt. St. Peter don't ya call me 'cause I can't go…I owe my soul to the company store."
That form of virtual enslavement is called peonage and its victims are known as debt peons. When Blacks in the post-Civil War South tried to break away from sharecropping and farm their own land, they often found themselves in peonage. For an excellent cinematic treatment of the miners' plight see John Sayles Matewan (1987), set in a West Virginia coal-mining town in 1920. Like Ludlow, federal troops attacked Matewan's workers, in this case bombing them from Martin MB-1's. Matewan climaxed eight years of labor tension and violence in West Virginia known collectively as the Mine Wars. While mining companies supplemented troops with hired muscle in the form of Baldwin-Felts agents, coal miners led by Mother Jones — now famous for a namesake leftist magazine — armed themselves more heavily than most labor disputes. Near the town of Matewan in 1920, around a hundred miners and strikebreakers died in the Battle of Blair Mountain, leading to nearly a thousand arrests after the biggest single armed shootout in the U.S. since the Civil War. West Virginia's state government declared martial law, seizing thousands of high-powered rifles and rounds of ammunition along with a few machine guns and assorted blackjacks, daggers, bayonets, and brass knuckles. The short-term result was a victory for management and membership in the United Mine Workers plummeted in the 1920s. However, widespread anger over Ludlow and Matewan rallied workers nationwide and helped lead to the right to collective bargaining during the New Deal of the 1930s and the strengthening of a larger umbrella labor union, the AFL-CIO.
Prior to the 1930s, American workers had less leverage than those in other countries because there were ongoing waves of immigrants willing to work for lower wages than the preceding group. When Chinese workers arrived in Rock Springs, Wyoming in 1885, willing to work for lower wages than Irish and Italian miners, the Union Pacific's coal department naturally hired them and fired the Europeans. Whites took matters into their own hands, killing 28 Asians and burning 75 homes. You might think the government would've supported them in that case due to racism, but they backed the Chinese because they provided cheaper labor. Troops escorted the survivors back to town.
Rock Springs triggered smaller, sporadic violence against Asians across the West, such as attacks on hop-pickers in Issaquah, Washington, outside Seattle. The Chinese had served their purpose by building the railroads, so "Native Americans" (Whites) of the Northwest chased most of them away. The U.S. passed anti-immigration legislation aimed at Chinese in the 1880s while some of those already in the country were literally forced underground in Seattle and Portland.
Political Spectrum & Third Parties
How would the political system respond to class tension? Working classes had won the right to vote in America, but neither major political party seemed eager to court their vote. Republicans represented management and Democrats were hesitant to be associated with any labor groups that middle classes viewed as anarchistic or revolutionary. Grover Cleveland made sure that American Labor Day would be September 1st, not the May 1st celebrated in many countries as International Workers' Day. America also had a handful of anarchists, who believed that all government was oppressive and all capitalism was theft.
In 1886, someone threw a bomb into the crowd at the Haymarket Riot in Chicago, killing seven policemen. The gathering had begun as a peaceful demonstration in favor of eight-hour workdays. No one ever knew who actually tossed the bomb, but newspapers were quick to depict all the strikers as violent revolutionaries and a chemist testified that shrapnel found at the scene matched a bomb found in one anarchist's apartment. President Cleveland came down on management's side, just as he did in the Pullman Strike eight years later (Cleveland was the only president to ever serve discontinuous terms, though Teddy Roosevelt tried and failed).
Leftists groups like the Industrial Workers of the World (aka Wobblies) fought fire with fire, willing to fight back against repression with baseball bats of their own. However, that made them susceptible to being arrested or deported, and the Marxist (communist) solution of workers seizing the means of production (factories and mines in this case) never gained traction in America. The U.S. was a country defined by opportunity and the right of enterprising people to rise up and get ahead, not a place that punished those that got ahead by stealing their businesses from them. And virtually no Americans favored suspending representative government in favor of a communist dictatorship.
In 1894, Coxey's Army, officially the Army of the Commonweal in Christ, tried a different tack. Hundreds of unemployed marched on Washington — the first of many such marches in U.S. history — to demand that the government create public works jobs for them, paid in newly printed currency to put more cash in circulation. Thousands fell in and joined Coxey as his army marched across the country, while others rode trains from the West. Since there was massive unemployment of ~20% after the 1893 Panic and roads were in terrible shape, why not have the government put people to work building and repairing roads? Instead, they were arrested for stepping on Capitol grass and the movement dwindled. Coxey was fined $5 and sentenced to 20 days in jail for carrying a picket on Capitol grounds. While lambasted and lampooned by politicians of both parties and journalists, Coxey's idea laid the foundation for public works stimulus packages during the Great Depression of the 1930s.
Democratic socialism, roughly similar to what's practiced today in Canada, Europe, and Japan, was a more popular option than Marxism or walking a thousand miles only to be arrested for trampling congressional grass. America's democratic socialists proposed using the vote to create a regulated capitalist economy that benefited all rather than just a few. Their leader Eugene V. Debs garnered 6% of the presidential vote in the 1912 election, an impressive showing considering that it was a four-horse race, including a progressive in Teddy Roosevelt, and that the Left had no mainstream history to build on in America. The government had jailed Debs for overriding a court injunction to lead the secondary (concurrent) railroad boycott during the Pullman Strike in 1894. In jail, he read up on democratic socialism, liked the sound of it and converted.
Out of jail, Debs started the Democratic Socialist Party of America in 1901 and gained a significant following in Southern Plains states like Texas and Oklahoma, running for president in 1912. Then, arrested for protesting America's entry into World War I, Debs garnered 3.4% of the presidential vote from prison in 1920, setting the record for inmates.
More popular among farmers and rural workers was the People's Party, or Populists — "Pops" for short — an initially loose conglomeration of granges, co-ops, and alliances that emerged in response to exploitive railroads and banks. The revolution began in Kansas led by Annie Diggs and Mary Elizabeth Lease but spread across rural America in the 1890s. Populists included grain and cotton farmers, coal miners, and railroad workers, among others. Friction with railroads stemmed from all the free land the government had doled out to freight companies. They didn't grant just narrow strips, but rather wide swaths to resell cheaply or give away as farmland (in yellow below). West of the Mississippi, the government gave more land to railroads than the total size of New England. When railroads re-sold the land, it was a seemingly great deal for European immigrants and Eastern farmers looking for a fresh start, but there was a catch. Similar to how printers are cheap today but ink is expensive, farmers got cheap land but then had only one option to ship produce and livestock back east. The freight companies could charge what they pleased, including different rates to different customers depending on how vulnerable they were.
Desperate farmers joined forces, similar to the way factory workers formed unions. In their case, they formed cartels called granges to set price basements, below which no one would sell commodities to the railroads. The biggest such organization struggled to come up with a snappy name, eventually settling on the National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry. In 1875, the first Farmer's Alliance formed in Lampasas County, Texas to protest the power of commodities brokers to dictate which crops farmers grew. Groups like the Farmer's Alliance congealed into the broader Populist movement by 1892. While the original purpose of these granges was economic, they expanded into dances, barbecues, and sewing bees, forming the social fabric of the rural South and Plains in the late 19th century. No one wants to pay unfair shipping rates, but it's also important to gossip, have a good time, and marry off your kids.
The Populists were the first grass-roots political party in U.S. history and illustrate well both the potential of participatory democracy and its limitations. Without big financial backing, they never actually won control of the Presidency or Congress, but they appealed to enough voters that the two-party system had to take notice of their platform. Populists eventually influenced Democrats and progressive Republicans even though, at first, nothing came of their 1892 Omaha Platform. But starting in 1894 the Democrats endorsed the Populists' idea of a national income tax to redistribute wealth and some claim that Populists also originated the idea of a Federal Reserve. Other Populist ideas gradually came to fruition, including railroad and bank regulation, direct democracy (in the form of referendums, propositions, recalls, and initiatives), and the first major regulatory agency, the Interstate Commerce Commission. Most significantly, they influenced two constitutional amendments: the 16th of 1913 that created the Federal Income Tax and the 17th mandating direct election of senators (citizens originally only voted for the lower House of Representatives while state legislatures elected Senators).
The 16th Amendment redistributed wealth since the tax code was graduated, or progressive, with rates (not just totals) escalating with higher incomes. Redistribution wasn't dramatic at first but was significant for portions of the mid-20th century before the top brackets came back down in the 1980s, and even today top rates are moderately higher for income if not investments (more in Chapter 5). There was a national income tax once before, during the Civil War, but the Supreme Court deemed it unconstitutional prior to the 16th Amendment.
Populists also brought about private "Australian" polling so that voters could no longer be intimidated, bribed or charmed at the voting booth, and public ownership of the telephone-telegraph companies. As we saw in the previous chapter, Ma Bell, named for telephone inventor Alexander Graham Bell, broke up in 1984, leading to the private "Baby Bells" of AT&T, Verizon, CenturyLink, etc. Today both parties complain from time to time of voter intimidation at the polls, but whoever is doing the "intimidating" can't see who the voters are voting for, unlike the 19th century. They can only intimidate by profiling people and keeping them away from the polls.
Despite including many black farmers, Populism often had racist undertones, including anti-Semitism toward purported Jewish influence on Wall Street and opposition to immigration. Tom Watson (right), a prominent Georgia Populist, editor, Senator, and Democratic vice-presidential nominee, wrote:
"We have become the world's melting pot. The scum of creation has been dumped on us. Some of our principal cities are more foreign than American. The most dangerous and corrupting horde of the Old World has invaded us. The vice and crime they planted in our midst are sickening and terrifying. What brought these Goths and Vandals to our shores? The manufacturers are mainly to blame. They wanted cheap labor, and they didn't care a curse how much harm to our future might be the consequence of their heartless policy."
Watson's brand of xenophobia weaves its way in and out of American history and we'll revisit immigration in Chapter 7 when the U.S. passes a law keeping out most Old World "hordes" from 1924 to '65. Populism presents a quandary for young historians prone to dualistic stories of good guys (immigrants and working classes) versus bad ("The man"). As developed in more detail in the optional article at the bottom of the chapter, working classes already in America often don't favor lenient immigration. Similarly, some Suffragists allied with racists to oppose black men winning the vote before white women. A full picture of Populism includes its bigoted and often ignorant underbelly, along with consideration for that fact that banks who loan farmers money have a right to expect it back under agreed upon terms. Otherwise, for one thing, they'd eventually go out of business and be unable to lend to future farmers. However, banks charged usuriously high interest rates of 20-30% to some during the Gilded Age. Many of these sodbusters remembered a time when they were more or less self-sufficient and naturally resented falling further and further behind to Eastern corporations despite working hard. For many, fighting back politically wasn't just a matter of resentment, but even survival.
While the Populist Party isn't around anymore and economic populism is mostly dead — or at least on life support in the form of Occupy Wall Street, Senator Elizabeth Warren (D-MA), Bernie Sanders' 2016 campaign, or perhaps Steve Bannon — the granger spirit lives on in member-owned companies called cooperatives. The first co-op predated the Populists and was also the nation's first department store: Brigham Young's Zionist Cooperative Mercantile Institution (ZCMI) opened in Salt Lake City in 1868. Cooperatives aren't cartels like the granges, but their businesses keep control in the hands of members and employees instead of upper management or corporate boards. Independent retailers, for instance, "chain" together to form Ace Hardware and True Value. Credit unions are member-owned banks. Texas has rural electrical, food, housing, and radio co-ops and even an incubator called Cooperation Texas. Here in Austin, we have Wheatsville Food (1976- ) and Black Star Pub & Brewery (2010- ) that, in turn, inspired more brewpub co-ops in Austin (4th Tap), Los Alamos, NM (Bathtub Row), Seattle (Flying Bike), Minneapolis (Fair State), and Dayton (Fifth Street). Not all co-ops are small. There's the national REI retail chain and farmers/ranchers own St. Paul-based Fortune 100 company Cenex Harvest States, or CHS. Others include W.W. Norton & Co. (publishers), Land O'Lakes, Ocean Spray, Sunkist, Welch's, Organic Valley, and New Belgian Brewing (Fat Tire). Nearly a billion people worldwide belong to cooperatives and they employ more people (100 million) overall than multinational corporations.
The Populists were waning by the late 1890s, but still had too much power to be ignored. Democrats reached out to co-opt them, just as Republicans have soaked up Tea Partiers and the Freedom Caucus more recently. In this case, Democrats got crushed outside the South in the 1894 midterms and needed to expand their geographic footprint. One historian noted that third parties are like honey bees: "Once they've stung, they die." But co-opting cuts both ways, as this cartoon with a Populist snake devouring the Democrats indicated and as the modern GOP has discovered with the Tea Party/Freedom Caucus and Donald Trump. These divergent groups borrow tactics from each other. The conservative/libertarian FreedomWorks, for instance, taps into Saul Alinsky's Rules for Radicals (1971) even though Alinsky (right) was famous for leftist community organizing.
The term populist — like enlightenment, reconstruction, progressive, democrat, and republican — has a different meaning depending on whether or not it is capitalized. The Populists were the conglomeration described above, but populist with a small p is used to describe any politician, group or policy more popular among the "people" than "elites." Bernie Sanders, Sarah Palin, and Donald Trump, for instance, are arguably populists. Historian Francis Fukuyama describes populist broadly as "a label political elites attach to policies supported by ordinary citizens they don't like." GOP columnist David Brooks reminded readers of the potential downside of populism, writing in the New York Times op-ed page that "Populism doesn't demand the effort required to understand the best that has been thought and said. Populism celebrates the quick slogan, the impulsive slash, the easy ignorant assertion. Populism is blind to mastery and embraces mediocrity."
Silverites vs. Goldbugs
Democrats also tapped into farmers' frustration at the lack of currency in circulation. They pushed for printing more money by converting the U.S. from a gold standard, whereby paper money corresponded to bullion in treasury vaults, to a bimetallic standard of gold and silver. Printing more money is inflationary, but farmers were more likely to be debtors, borrowing in the spring to plant and paying back in the fall after harvesting. Business leaders and creditors (lenders) supported the traditional gold standard and disliked inflation. Unlike debtors who profit from inflation (e.g. students, homebuyers, farmers, governments), creditors lose money when people repay later after the original amount borrowed in nominal dollars is worth less than the real amount in adjusted dollars. Earlier, the reverse process sparked the Greenback movement among farmers because the real value of their loans was going up with deflation (Greenbacks ran James Weaver as a third-party presidential candidate in 1880). In the growing economy of the late 19th century, paper money was tied to the finite gold supply. Even now, all the gold ever mined would only fill up three Olympic swimming pools, or a third of the Washington Monument. Democrats lobbied for unlimited silver coinage after debate at their 1896 convention in Chicago, where Silverites derided incumbent president Grover Cleveland and the Bourbon Democrats for cratering to banker J.P. Morgan by keeping the U.S. on the gold standard.
Workers and consumers were also agitating to break up the big trusts run by Morgan, Andrew Carnegie, and John D. Rockefeller and wanted an income tax on the wealthy to replace tariffs as a source of federal revenue. This was a significant transition for the Democratic Party, which had been a party of Jeffersonian small government since its inception in 1791. Populists and Democrats (and some "Silver Republicans") all nominated the same man to lead the bimetallic charge as their presidential candidate in 1896 and 1900: fiery Nebraska politician William Jennings Bryan, with the forenamed Tom Watson as his vice-president in 1896. Bryan inverted trickle-down economic (he called "leak") by arguing that if politicians legislated to benefit the masses, their wealth would trickle-up to the classes that depend on them. Pioneering the whistle-stop campaign (previous chapter), W.J. Bryan appealed to his constituency by arguing that cities needed farms more than farms needed cities: "Burn down your cities and leave your farms, and your cities will spring up again as if by magic; but destroy our farms and the grass will grow in the streets of every city in the country." Channeling a Christ-like martyrdom in support of the bimetallic standard, Bryan declared, "You shall not crucify mankind on a cross of Gold!"
1896 Election
William McKinley (R), a Civil War veteran, defeated William Jennings Bryan (D, P) twice, in 1896 and 1900. The 1896 election signaled entrenchment of the two-party system, with the Democrats having soaked up the Populists, even though, according to our cartoon, they were being digested by the Populist snake. It was also the first election when Republicans openly collected corporate campaign donations. Carnegie, Rockefeller, and Morgan resolved to put their differences aside temporarily and buy themselves a president, each pitching in around $20 million adjusted for inflation. That bought them, among other things, editorial rights over their candidate McKinley's speeches.
Some background on campaign finance is in order here. In 1881, a campaign supporter killed President James Garfield because he was denied a government post. Congress reacted by creating the Civil Service to provide such jobs based on actual merit, cutting off patronage as a source of campaign influence. However, in a classic case of regulation solving one problem by creating another, that had the unintended effect of sending politicians elsewhere for funds. GOP campaign manager Mark Hanna demanded campaign donations from the country's biggest corporations, impressing upon them that the alternative of having a worker-friendly president and "revolutionary, anarchistic" Democrats would be far worse. That wouldn't have been the case if Grover Cleveland was still the Bourbon Democratic candidate, but W.J. Bryan threatened the "Top 1%." The results were nearly as regional as the Civil War-era 1860 election.
The Industrial Revolution of the Gilded Age pitted workers against the wealthy and leftist historians mark the 1896 election as a point when money and capitalism won out over democracy and equality. The government tossed Coxey in jail, sent in troops to break strikers in Pittsburgh and Chicago, and Robber Barons bought the 1896 election, blunting the will of the people as represented by the Populist-infused Democratic Party, according to this narrative. The GOP told workers that they were already being paid well and that their paychecks were only worth something because the government backed their cash with gold. However, in 1896 the Republicans didn't just squash farmers, miners, and factory workers; they made their own policies more worker-friendly.
Here's how. The overriding problem plaguing the American economy was over-production. Farmers were growing more food than Americans could eat and factories were making more goods than Americans could consume. Simply put, production was outrunning consumption. The solution Republican candidate William McKinley offered was to expand militarily and tap overseas markets. That would not only be good for business, it would fill the plates of workers. McKinley flipped the script on Bryan's trickle-up theory, arguing instead that money would trickle down from spenders and job-creators to workers — or, as he put it in his 1900 campaign slogan, a "full lunch pail." For good measure, Republican managers told factory workers they'd be locked out if they voted for William Jennings Bryan and monitored polling stations. The 1896 election thus led directly to the private polling that Populists supported and later got enacted. For more good measure, the GOP dropped alcohol prohibition from its platform hoping to win some immigrant votes.
The discovery of gold in Alaska and the Yukon Territory in 1896 allowed the government to print off more money while staying on the gold standard, ending the bimetallic controversy. The monetary stimulus helped the economy get out of the recession. After the election, the two main parties colluded to make it more difficult for third parties like the Populists to get on ballots. Like their southern counterparts, northern states instituted literacy tests, in their case to disenfranchise immigrants rather than Blacks and Hispanics. Having excluded much of the "riff-raff" they didn't want in the democracy, the parties felt comfortable turning to primaries to decide their candidates. Unlike primaries conducted since the 1970s, those of the early 20th century were just elaborate opinion polls rather than being binding. Since today's primaries actually determine candidates (superdelegates notwithstanding) and changes in the 1960s banned voting restrictions like literacy tests, Gilded Age laws enacted to make the country less democratic ironically made it more democratic in the long run by introducing primaries.
President McKinley defeated W.J. Bryan again in 1900, but a loner anarchist named Leon Czolgosz (shul-gosh) shot and killed him at Buffalo's Pan-American Expo in 1901, catapulting his new VP Teddy Roosevelt to office. Czolgosz, a Polish immigrant, was laid off at one of the steel mills taken over by J.P. Morgan's U.S. Steel conglomerate and felt McKinley was to blame. After his bosses blacklisted him for striking he took on the alias Niman, German for nobody. Anarchist clubs rejected him because they thought he was nuts and seemed too eager to kill leaders. The anarchist clubs rejected him, in other words, because they feared he was a true anarchist. He seems to have gone after McKinley to win them over and purchased the same model .32-caliber Iver Johnson revolver another anarchist used to assassinate King Humbert of Italy in 1890. Some Thomas Edison footage captures the crowd outside the building as news of the shooting spread. The wounded McKinley told the crowd to go easy on Czolgosz and to break the news gently to his wife, Ida, as they took him off to a makeshift operating room to repair his torn stomach. He died a few days later, saying, "It is God's way…His will be done." Edison capitalized by filming a re-enactment of Czolgosz' electrocution.
In the next chapter, we'll examine how McKinley and Roosevelt had already expanded America's fledgling overseas empire, even before McKinley's assassination. In the chapters after that, we'll see how the ornery Roosevelt took on the very corporations that put his fallen boss in office. After the Ludlow Massacre, for instance, he called the Rockefellers "a bunch of crooks." Roosevelt made a prophet out of McKinley's aid Mark Hanna, who'd opposed putting Roosevelt on the ticket and asked, "Don't any of you fools realize that there's just one life between that damned cowboy and the White House?"
Optional Reading:
Joshua Zeitz, "Historians Have Long Thought Of Populism Was A Good Thing. Are They Wrong?" Politico (1.14.18)


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French Strisselspalt Pellet Hops (1 oz)
Strisselspalt Hops is one of the few varieties from France, and other varieties from the country include Elsasser, Precoce de Bourgogne, and Tardif de Bourgogne. Strisselspalt is a natural variety grown mainly around Stasbourg.
Strisselspalt is used around the world, and is sought after for its aromatic qualities. It has helped to shape many of the varying style beers from the French breweries. Its a low yielding plant of medium size cones which are moderately compact. Despite the susceptibility to disease and fungus, Strisselspalt lives on due to the demand of this industry shaping hops variety.
Brewing Usage: Aroma
Pedigree: Major aroma hops of the Alsace area of France near Strasbourg
Storage Stability: Fair to Good
Typical Beer Style(s): Belgian Ale
Possible Substitution(s): Crystal, Mt. Hood, German Hersbruker, more...
Source: Beer Legends


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AP Model School Inter Online Apply 2019 - APMS 1st year Inter Admission NotificationAP Model Schools Inter Admission 2019 Model School Inter Online Application form at Official website www.cse.ap.gov.in. AP Model School Junior College online applications for admission into Inter first year into English Medium for the academic year 2019-20. APMS invite to Applications for Admissions into BiPC, MPC, CEC and MEC groups form the eligible SSC passed candidates. AP Model School inter Admissions 2019 Online Application Last date. APMS Intermediate Admissions 2019 Notification. AP Model School for inter Admissions, Fee Details, Fee last date, Schedule, Online Application Last date. AP Model School Inter first year admissions. AP School Education Inter 1st year Admission Notification issued for AP Model School Inter first year Admissions 2019.
AP Model School Inter Online Apply 2019 - APMS 1st year Inter Admission Notification
|AP Model School Inter 1st year Admission 2019
AP Model School Inter Admission Details :Name of The Organization : AP Model School
Couses : Inter MPC, BiPC, MEC, CEC and HEC Groups
No of Posts various Posts
Category : Government Colleges
Location : Andhra Pradesh
Application Mode : Online Process
Last Date : soon
Website : www.apms.apcfss.in
Eligibility Criteria of AP Model School Inter Admission:1. SSC Public Exams Passed in 2018-19
2. Admission in with M.P.C, Bi.P.C., M.E.C and C.E.C groups in AP Model Schools.
3. Each Group Only 20 Students in EM & TM Medium and Co-Education.
How to Apply:1. Students Apply Online at Official website http://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/
2. Click on AP Model School Online apply for 1st year inter Admission
3. Please Enter the 11 Digit Reference Fee Receipt Number generated in Online/Mee Seva.
4. Enter Your Details and submit
Selection Procedure fot 1st year Inter Admission:1. Selection procedure based on SSC Grades for admission into Inter first year.
2. The selection of the students will be made through a committee formed under the chairmanship of Additional Joint Collector of the district and DEO, RIO, RMSA and one principal of Residential School.
Registration Fee:1. General Candidates who wanted to get admission have to pay registration fee of Rs.100/-
2. SC/ST Candidates who wanted to get admission have to pay registration fee of Rs.50/- only.
Important Dates for 1st year Inter Admission :1. Online payment of registration fee for Admission : -04-2019 to -05-2019
2. Downloading the list of candidates registered for admission by the Principal : -05-2019
3. Preparation of school wise merit list by the concerned schools : -05-2019
4. Submit the merit list for scrutiny and approval of the admission committee : -05-2019
5. Publication of selection list in the notice board of School/ DEO : -05-2019
6. Verification of Certificates and Admission of the selected candidates : -05-2019 to -05-2019
7. Commencement of the classes : -06-2019


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I am not participating in NaNoWriMo this year. The time commitment is simply too much at this point. Additionally, as I have mentioned before, I do not write fiction. Every time I have ever attempted it, I have failed miserably. Yes, I recognize that as a great reason to participate, especially given that the goal is to write, not edit, thereby maximizing one's creativity without the pressure of perfection.
However, I have learned to accept that all creative and artistic endeavors involve ebbs and flows. There are times when I just can't tear myself away from the keyboard because the urge to write is so strong. There are other times when writing gives way to other pursuits and, due to any number of factors, I dread sitting down at the keyboard.
The last couple of weeks, I have been experiencing the latter.
Why? There is no reason in particular that I can pinpoint … and there are myriad reasons. My attention is drawn to other matters right now — real life considerations. I find that my musical pursuits tend to follow the same pattern. There are times when all that I want to do is make music and then there are days when I have to make myself pick up my flute or piccolo, or sit down at the piano keyboard.
I haven't felt like writing all weekend, for instance, but have been unable to put my flute away. In fact, my cheeks are actually sore as I type this because I just finished rehearsing for more than three solid hours. It was an intensely productive practice session and one that I sorely needed because I have holiday season performances coming up.
For a period of time last spring and into the early summer, the opposite was true. I completed a lot of writing — some of which I was very satisfied with — but hardly practiced my instruments. I was burnt out from the weeks of concentrated and focused preparation for my trip to New York City and performance at Carnegie Hall. That was indeed a "mountaintop" experience — a lifetime dream fulfilled. Afterward, I found myself working to formulate new musical goals because, after all, that was a huge accomplishment for every member of my band, as well as our director, that gave rise to a brief period of asking myself, "Now what?"
I know from experience that my need to write will return and when it does, I will be ready. I have a lot of ideas for articles percolating right now. They will come to maturity and fruition in good time. The best thing I can do is not fight how I am feeling because, as I have also learned the hard way, trying to talk myself into feeling creative is a losing proposition.
Californication, the Showtime series starring David Duchovney that just wrapped its first season, is currently one of my favorite shows, in large part because Duchovney's character, Hank Moody, is a writer. More pointedly, he is a writer who did not write anything for a long time, causing his agent, daughter, and ex-lover much consternation. Duchovney's portrayal of Hank is a revelation — who knew he could play such a complexly flawed character? He is fascinating and infinitely relateable as he struggles to find inspiration and his literary voice.
Like Hank, my writing and blogging "mojo" will be back. In the meantime, I will wait patiently and give myself permission to not feel much like writing until . . .
Do you experience ebbs and flows of your passion for writing and desire to express yourself? Leave a comment!


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I have sold a property at 34571 CAMBRIDGE PL in Mission.
Hatzic Beauty. Custom built 2900 SF, 3 level home with 3 bdrm, could be 5 bdrm, 4 bath home, offers clean contemporary design warmed w/rich natural materials. Main flr features vaulted ceilings, open beams, polished Birch floors, rock faced f/p, bright maple kitchen, dining Rm, media room, and 2 spacious bdrms, all surrounded in windows & skylight that offer dynamic Fraser Valley Views. MBdrm, with W/I closet, luxurious 4pc ensuite & large open loft den. Roomy basement with office or hobbies, plenty of storage, an over height garage, 4 large decks & easy care landscaping. Friendly, self managed 5 executive home, bare land strata takes care of common road & snow removal. Worry free at only 35.00/month. Close to commuter routes, shopping, tons of recreation & the most glorious scenery in Mission.


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Palm Springs Arial Tramway:
Palm Springs, CA 08 Nov
The Palm Springs Aerial Tramway opened in 1963 and is one of three rotating tramways in the world and is the largest. The 2 ½ mile ascent from the Chino Canyon(elevation 2,643 feet) to the Mt. San Jacinto State Park (elevation 8,516 feet) takes only 10 minutes. The tram cars can hold up to 80 passengers while they rotate slowly two times, giving everyone a 360 degree view of the cliffs and distant mountains. It is breathtaking! The weather at the top of the mountain is generally 30-40 degrees cooler than at the bottom.
At the Mountain Station there is a restaurant, a gift shop and observation decks. A video presentation of the history of the attraction plays continuously in a theater at the Mountain Station. There are 50 miles of hiking trails with the option of renting snow shoes in the winter. We ascended the mountain in the winter. It was over 80 degrees in the dessert below and 50 up on top. We only needed a light jacket. There was also 4 feet of snow on the ground due to recent snow falls. The snow was so deep that the picnic tables and sign posts were almost completely covered. The path leading from the Mountain Station was shoveled. There were many people sledding down the hills and enjoying the snow. A ride on The Palm Springs Ariel Tramway is a ride that you definitely do not want to miss!
Posted: November 5, 2017
1Tram Way
Palm Springs, CA. 92262
Phone Number:
Adult: $25.95
Seniors (65+): $23.95
Children (3-10): $16.95
Children under 3: free
Website: https://www.pstramway.com
Monday – Friday – First Tram up 10:00am
Saturday, Sunday and Holidays – First Tram up 8:00am
Daily – Last Tram down at 9:45pm
Summer Hours (May 25 through September 1):
Monday – Thursday – First Tram up 10:00am
Friday, Saturday, Sunday and Holidays – First Tram up 8:00am
Sunday – Thursday – Last Tram up at 8:00pm, Last Tram down 9:45pm
Friday & Saturday – Last Tram up 9:00pm and last Tram down at 10:30pm
Cars depart at least every half hour.
Approximate Distance from:
Los Angeles: 1 hour, 40 minutes
San Diego: 2 hours


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In a world where witches have declared war against humanity, causing two-thirds of the world to fall apart, the surviving human population has gathered specialists with the power to hunt and destroy witches.
Tasha Godspell, also known as the "Magic Marksman," is one of the best Witch Hunters there is. Along with his sword-wielding Jack-o'-Lantern partner known as Halloween, Tasha puts his magical training and weaponry to good use, in his constant battles against witches. And yet, he cannot bring himself to fully hate the very witches he is tasked to destroy.
Description taken from Wikipedia.
So for conveniency's sake, I wrote this up as a manga review. In reality, WITCH HUNTER and the WITCH HUNTER series are manhwa (man-ha), which means they're Korean comics and not Japanese. Most people won't know the difference and in reality, it's not very apparent if you're skimming the manga/manhwa section at your local library or bookstore. One key difference is that manhwas tend to read left to right, but mangas read right to left. There's also manhua, which is from China, and is in single-issue, fully colored format. They're all very popular, for example the One Piece series has very popular character such as monkey d luffy and nico robin which add to its popularity.
On to WITCH HUNTER though, I've only gotten into manhwa recently (the only reason I didn't read it before being that I didn't have access to it nor did I know it existed) and so far, WITCH HUNTER has been one of the better ones that I've read.
For those of you who enjoy anime, WITCH HUNTER is also in anime form. For those of you who enjoy rule 34 (don't ask or look if you don't want to know) you may be able to find some WITH HUNTER adult content on a site like this.
WITCH HUNTER tells the story of Tasha Godspell, who tends to appear as a money-grabbing, penny-pinching snot who only really cares about himself. However, that is not the case–and that is one of the many reasons why I really liked WITCH HUNTER.
I'll face it. This is not SWORD ART ONLINE, clever and unique and amazing all at the same time. But I did really respect the way that WITCH HUNTER was set up, and I found myself enjoying the world building much more than I thought that I would. Tasha's quest is to take back his little sister from the clutches of the witches, but along the way he has to confront his own demons about his sister, accept the help of others and fight people (and witches) even stronger than himself.
There are some things that don't make sense in this series. For the sake of not giving away spoilers, I won't mention them, but there are certain inconsistencies to who beats who and who is stronger than who or certain magical powers. Overall, I really enjoy WITCH HUNTER though and I'm looking forward to reading more of it.
If this is your first time or you're still just beginning to read manga, especially shounen manga (action/adventure meant for boys) then I would suggest beginning with something a little more mainstream such as REBORN!, BLEACH, ATTACK ON TITAN, SWORD ART ONLINE or even NARUTO. If your local library doesn't have all the volumes of these extensive series, then I would suggest reading on a computer or a phone. I use Manga Rock and Mango. Both awesome apps available on Android and iPhone. 4 stars.


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Falun Gong is an ancient Chinese spiritual discipline in the Buddhist tradition. Pronounced "Fah-loon Gong," it consists of moral teachings, a meditation, and four gentle exercises that are a truly unique and highly effective way to improve your health and energy levels.
At the core of Falun Gong are the values of Truth fulness, Compassion, and Tolerance (or in Chinese, Zhen □ Shan □ Ren □). Falun Dafa teaches that these are the most fundamental qualities of the universe, and takes them to be a guide for daily life and practice.
In the words of Falun Gong's founder, Mr. Li Hong-zhi, "assimilation to the highest qualities of the uni-verse—Zhen □Shan □ Ren □ —is the foundation of practice. Practice is guided by these supreme quali-ties, and based on the very laws which underlie the development of the cosmos."
Falun Gong is also commonly known as "Falun Dafa."
By 1999, Falun Gong had grown to become the largest and fastest growing practice of the sort in Chinese if not world history. In just seven years since its 1992 introduction to the public, an estimated 100 million people were practicing Falun Gong.
Cultivating Oneself with
Falun Gong
In Asia, spiritual practices of this variety are often referred to as ways of "cultivation," or "self-cultivation," and form an integral part of classical Chinese culture. Various Daoist, Buddhist, and Confucian practices fit this rubric.
Through consistent and dedicated practice, the student of Falun Gong comes to achieve a state of selflessness, greater insight and awareness, inner purity, and balance—the deeper workings of what might be called true health. Ultimately he or she approaches a state of spiritual attainment that in the Asian tradition is known as "enlightenment" or "attaining the Dao (Way)."
Unlike monastic paths of cultivation, Falun Gong is practiced in society, with students marrying, raising children, and pursuing a wide variety of careers. As such, while Falun Gong aspires to inner transformation of the self, it nevertheless typically translates outwardly into positive change in the world, insofar as the practitioner becomes a more patient family member, a more conscientious employee, or a more active member of society
Awards in China and Beyond
Falun Gong has thus been the subject of many citations, awards, and proclamations, conferred by government officials and a variety of organizations. Many who practice Falun Gong have been the recipients of service awards in their communities and at their workplaces.