text:
|Simon Wiesenthal Center
Annual 3
Translated by Norma von Ragenfeld-Feldman and Henry Friedlander.
You published an essay (SWC Annual 4:309-28) by Oberstaatsanwalt Alfred Streim, the distinguished director of the Central Office for the Investigation of Nazi Crimes (Zentrale Stelle der Landesjustizverwaltungen) in Ludwigsburg, reviewing the study of the Einsatzgruppen written by Hans- Heinrich Wilhelm and me.1 The ongoing controversy between Mr. Streirn and me about the well-known criminal activities of the Einsatzgruppen concerns the important question of when the order to kill all Jews in the occupied territories of the Soviet Union was issued to the formations of the security police (Sipo)-that is, Gestapo and Kripo-and the SS security service (SID).
After personally examining the pertinent documents, testimonies of participants, and available reports on the events in the occupied Soviet territories, I concluded that this order was transmitted as a Fiffirer Order by Reinhard Heydrich, Chief of the Sipo and SID, to the Einsatzgruppen chiefs as well as the chiefs of the particular Einsatzkommandos or Sonderkommandos (which constituted the Einsatzgruppen) prior to the German invasion of the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941. By contrast, Alfred Streim concludes on the basis of the evidence at hand that
the general order for the destruction of the Jews was not issued to the Einsatzgruppen prior to the invasion of the Soviet Union; rather, it was issued weeks later, approximately between the beginning of August 1941 at the earliest and September 1941 at the latest.2Further, Mr. Streim argues that in the several weeks after the invasion "always only male Jews of draft age were executed for reasons permissible under martial law; anyhow, that is what they were told."3 If I understand Mr. Streim correctly, the "they" in this somewhat questionable qualification refers to the former members of the Einsatzgruppen testifying after the war. Mr. Streim sees their testimonies confirmed by Heydrich's undoubtedly important "letter of 2 July 1941 advising the persons designated as Higher SS and Police Leaders [HSSPF] for the Soviet areas that only Jews in party and state positions and similar 'elements' were to be executed."4 It is my view, however, that Heydrich on this occasion chose not to say more in writing. But above all, other available testimonies, as well as the contemporaneous situation reports of the Einsatzgruppen (Ereignismeldungen UdSSR) on their criminal activities, which were communicated by the Central Office of Reich Security (RSHA) to a limited number of people, convey'an impression of actual events in the occupied Soviet territories in June and July 1941 that deviates considerably from the above-mentioned testimonies and statements.
Heydrich instructed, among others, the offices of the Gestapo in Tilsit and Allenstein (East Prussia) to undertake "cleansing operations" (Rein igungsaktionen) in the occupied (Lithuanian) territories located just beyond the German border in order to "relieve" the Einsatzgruppen. (These operations are not to be confused with the self-cleansing efforts by anticommunist or anti-Jewish groups, that is, the pogroms, which by order of Heydrich were to be secretly encouraged by the Einsatzgruppen.) Heydrich's instruction to the East Prussian offices had consequences that are highly relevant for our present controversy concerning the order to shoot the Jews. One has to consider the fact that the heads of the above-mentioned offices were neither in Pretzsch in May-June 1941, when the Einsatzgruppen were assembled and detailed, nor in Berlin on 17 June 1941, when Heydrich, as he wrote on 2 Julv, issued his directives to the chiefs of the Einsatzgruppen and Einsatzkommanclos. If the heads of the East Prussian offices were to shoot Jews in the Lithuanian border region, they first needed to receive the appropriate order since the thought would never have occurred to them-this much can be said with certainty-that it was their job to shoot Jews in that border strip.
On the basis of findings in the Ulm trial and also in the Aurich trial,5 we can now consider what actually did occur: SS Brigadefahrer Dr. Walther Stahlecker, hurrying from Pretzsch in advance of his Einsatzgruppe A, appeared on 22 June 1941 (the date was corrected by the Aurich court to read 23 June) at the Gestapo office in Tilsit. Referring to the special authority he had received, Stahlecker conveyed to Hans Joachim Bohme, the head of the Gestapo office, the order "to subject all Jews, including women and children, as well as Lithuanians suspected of communism, to special treatment [that is, execution]" within the approximately 25-kilometer wide strip east of the German border. He countered "technical" objections with the argument that this was a Fiffirer Order. In fact, in the border town of Garsden, 201 Jews and "suspected communist" Lithuanians, who had been imprisoned the day before, were thereupon already shot on 24 or 25 June 1941. Furthermore, according to the (contemporaneous) Einsatzgruppen Situation Report No. 19 of 11 July 1941, in at least seven other localities of the border region another 1,542 persons, most of them Jews, were already killed between 26 June and 10 July, bringing the total to 1,743 persons. By 18 July 1941, Situation Report No. 26 recorded the number, as reported by the Gestapo of Tilsit, of "altogether 3,302" persons shot.
What can we learn about the composition and age of the victims? Using the detailed Ulm verdict, published verbatim in 1966,6 we find, regarding the massacre of Garsden, that
the prisoners consisted entirely of Jews, ranging from the young to the aged, with the exception of a few Lithuanian communists.7Further, we read that
the victims were primarily only male Jews ranging from youths to the old. This has been shown by Situation Report No. 14 of 6 July 1941, page 2, . . . indicated by the defendants [four names listed] and attested by the witnesses [eight names listed].8
Moreover, the court found that various members of the Schupo-Kommandos. . wanted an explanation ... why almost only Jews and among them persons up to seventy years old as well as so many young people were shot.9Regarding the shooting of 214 male Jews and Lithuanian communists, the court noted that "at the arrival of the defendant Bohme there were approximately 180 male Jews, ranging from youths to the aged, in the marketplace."10 In Georgenburg, the court noted, the following happened on 3 July 1941: "All told 322 persons were shot, among them five women and a few Jewish children who did not want to get separated from their parents."11
Thus I cannot agree with Mr. Streim's conclusion that
the Ulm court proceedings and court decision demonstrate that up to the beginning of August only able-bodied men were shot and, of course, here and there a woman who was described as a communist or as some other "element hostile to the Reich."12Contrary to this, the Ulm court decision reads:
Between 26 June 1941 and 10 July 1941 a total of 316 persons, among them ten women, were shot near Augustowo in at least two killing operations.13And nowhere in the Ulm court decision do I find confirmation for Mr. Streim's contention that "also men not of draft age" were, in addition to women and children, "incarcerated in camps."14
Although the Ulm court did indeed find that with a few exceptions women and children were incarcerated, the court decision does mention that Stahlecker issued repeated reminders to execute women and children and that a colleague of Bohme reproached him for his "lack of single-mindedness" because, "probably due to some inner inhibitions," he somewhat delayed the execution of women and children.15 These statements provide circumstantial evidence that the order transmitted by Stahlecker on 23 June also demanded the shooting of women and children. Furthermore, the executions that started by 24 June 1941 in the Lithuanian border strip speak for themselves. These were not only established by the Ulm proceedings but also recorded in the contemporaneous reports issued by the RSHA.
In his review Mr. Streim mentions that on 29 June and 1 July 1941 Heydrich "instructed the Einsatzgruppen 'silently' to instigate pogroms by the indigenous population" of the occupied territories, and argues that "if Hitler's destruction order had already existed at that time, it would not have been necessary to instigate pogroms."16
First, I must point out that the Nazi leadership realistically gauged the possible effects of pogroms. It did not at all, as stated in a 1973 decision of a Disseldorf court, "originally count on the native population to carry out, as part of the 'self-cleansing efforts,' the liquidation of Jewish people under their own direction."17 On the contrary, in his notorious "comprehensive report (Gesaintbericht) up to 15 October 1941" the above-mentioned Stahlecker, chief of Einsatzgruppe A, admitted quite openly:
It was to be expected from the outset that the Jewish problem in the Ostland would not be solved by means of pogroms only.18Moreover, on 29 June 1941 Heydrich himself commented to the chiefs of the four Einsatzgruppen, and on 2 July 1941 informed the Higher SS and Police Leaders in the East, that "for obvious reasons such a procedure is possible only at the beginning of the military occupation." The question why the Nazi leadership nevertheless eagerly wanted the instigation of pogroms has again been answered by Stahlecker who, with cynical though plausible frankness, justified this from a Nazi perspective in his comprehensive report:
Following orders, the security police was determined to solve the Jewish Question with all possible means and most decisively. But it was agreeable if, at least in the beginning, the security police would not be publicly associated with the unusually harsh measures that would even attract attention in German circles. It had to be shown to the world that the native population itself implemented the first measures as a natural response to the decades of Jewish oppression and to the communist terror of the recent past.Stahlecker's explanation leaves no doubt about the following: the chief of Einsatzgruppe A already knew before he tried to stage pogroms that "unusually harsh measures" had been ordered by his highest superiors and that these should follow upon the pogromswhich, as he also said in his report, were "of course" only possible in the "first days after the occupation." These were the measures he "was determined" to carry out "according to orders." Thus I think it highly unlikely that Stahlecker understood the "unusually harsh measures" actually to mean only the execution of Jews "in party and state positions." At any rate, in his two comprehensive reports19 he referred to "fundamental orders" calling for "as comprehensive an elimination (umfassende Beseitigung) of the Jews as possible," or "as total an elimination (restlose Beseitigung) of Jewry as possible." Indeed, as the investigation by the Ulm court shows, Stahlecker had issued an identical order to the Gestapo in Tilsit on 23 June 1941.
In this connection it is also interesting to note another fact: a proposal by Heinrich Himmler for a new version of the "Guidelines for Dealing with the Jewish Question," issued by the Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories on 29 January 1942-at a time when even in Mr. Streim's view the order to eliminate all Jews had already been in force for more than four months-still stated that, in the event more Soviet territory would be occupied, "possible action taken by the civilian population against the Jews ... must not be obstructed when it is compatible with the necessity of maintaining law and order at the rear of the fighting troops.20 Thus, even a farreaching order for the execution of the Jews did not, in the eyes of Himmler and Heydrich, make the instigation of local pogroms politically superfluous. Quite the contrary.
Mr. Streim argues that "the Einsatzgruppen situation reports, the so-called Jager Report, and the evidence of the majority of former members of the Einsatzgruppen show that for the most part Heydrich's directives were carried out during the first weeks of the Russian campaign.21 In other words, only Jews in party and state positions were to be executed.
Looking at the "Comprehensive Listing of the Executions Carried Out in the Area of Einsatzkommando 3 until I December 1941," known as the Jager Report and also mentioned by Mr. Streirn,22 I find that it lists the following executions in the month of July 1941: 20 communist functionaries (another entry notes that of eight communist functionaries executed; "six of them [were] Jews"), 136 Lithuanian and Russian communists, two Lithuanian women and one Pole (without further explanation), one German communist, and three murderers. In addition, during July 1941 the Report lists the execution of 4,102 Jewish men and 135 Jewish women; not even once does the Report give a reason for their execution, and certainly not a reason along the line advocated in Heydrich's 2 July 1941 letter to the Higher SS and Police Leaders.
The "operations" of Einsatzkommando 3, headed by Karl Jdger, began on 4 July, after his "assumption of the security police tasks in Lithuania ... on 2 July 1941," with the first round of execution"16 Jewish men and 47 Jewish women-in Fort VII of the old fortress of Kovno. Already on 6 July this was followed by the shooting of 2,514 Jews in the same place. (Immediately preceding this entry, Jager notes: "The executions carried out by Lithuanian partisans on my instruction and my order.") I think it impossihle that a large number of these 2,930 Jews occupied "party and state offices."
Although the Jdger Report records 135 Jewish women executed by the end of July 1941 and another 604 by the middle of August, it can nevertheless be established, as Mr. Streim has justifiably indicated, that from the middle of August on, the number of Jewish women executed increased considerably and, also during this time, the number of murdered Jewish children began to reach into the thousands. But these facts in no way compel us-particularly if we consider the high number of 739 Jewish women murdered prior to the middle of August-to accept the view that the order to the Einsatzgruppen to shoot all Jews in the occupied territories was issued only in the middle of August. Clearly we are dealing here only with the total implementation of a basic order that had already been received, but whose actual execution the chiefs of Einsatzkommando 3 as well as those of Einsatzkommando Tilsit may have delayed somewhat.
Dr. Walter Blume, former chief of Sonderkommando 7a, testified on 11 May 1971: "As far as I was concerned, Heydrich's overall objectives (Rahmenbefehl) applied from the beginning to women and children also."23 Obersturmbannfiihrer Karl Tschierschky, former head of Department III (SD) of Einsatzgruppe A, testified on 14 May 1971: "On the basis of my talk with Stahlecker, I assumed that the liquidation order referred from the beginning to all Jews, that is, including women and children.24 Former Obersturmfiihrer S. from Einsatzkommando 9, one of the subordinate functionaries who were not invited to the meeting of 17 June 1941 between Heydrich and the leaders of the Einsatzgruppen and Einsatzkommandos in Pretzsch or Berlin, and who therefore did not receive more precise information about the tasks of the Einsatzgruppen, gave this testimony: "The actual order to destroy the Jews was issued shortly after operations commenced in Russia.25 Concerning Obersturmbannffihrer Dr. Alfred Filbert, former chief of Einsatzkommando 9, S. testified: "He also announced to us the aforementioned actual order. . . . To carry out the executions, the Jews were taken out of their homes and immediately marched or driven to their execution."26
It is hardly conceivable that these executions were-or could have been- restricted to Jews in "party and state positions." Using the more precise findings of the Berlin court that investigated him, we learn that Dr. Filbert announced the Fuhrer Order for the execution of the Jews on 29 or 30 June 1941 during his stay in the East Prussian town of Treuburg (where, at any rate, the German border was crossed on 1 July).27 And a Munich court found that Dr. Otto Bradfisch told his men that "Hitler has ordered that all of occupied Russia is to be freed of Jews (judenfrei)" when his Einsatzkommando 8 executed 800 and 100 Jews, respectively, in two killing operations in Bialystok in the first half of July 1941.28 Streim argues that Bradfisch himself was supposedly "only informed about the order in approximately the middle of July 1941" by Arthur Nebe, the chief of Einsatzgruppe B.29 This, however, would still be before the time suggested by Streim for the order of destruction (that is, the beginning of August to September).
Karl Jager, however, testified in 1959, as did Dr. Blume, that in Berlin Heydrich declared before "circa fifty SS leaders" (on 17 June 1941) that in case of war with Russia "all Jews," or at least "the Jews," would "have to be shot."30 In a subsequent interrogation Jager did make the comment that "in Pretzsch ... nothing was said about shooting the Jews" and that "the speech by Heydrich in Berlin containing the comment that during operations in the East the Jews are to be shot ... [was] not repeated." And he added: "It also was not stated that this was a strict order to shoot the Jews in the East." But the later testimonies obviously refer to the events in Pretzsch, because in the course of the second interrogation Jager declared that at his "arrival at Kovno" (according to his aforementioned report, on 2 July 1941) "the executions of the Jews ... [were] already in progress." Jager then added that "these executions were supposed to have been carried out by the Lithuanian auxiliary police (Hilfspolizei). " As to "whether Erich Ehrlinger [chief of Sonderkommando lb, which had already entered Kovno a few days earlier] or Wolf [presumably a functionary of Sonderkommando lb], together with their people, played an active role," Jager was unable to say. Jager noted however, that "they certainly tolerated it, because otherwise the shootings by the Lithuanians would not have continued."31 And Jager added: "I myself did not stop these executions either, since the fact that the Jews in the East must be shot had been decided by Heydrich's speech on the occasion of the Berlin Conference." There is also Jager's noteworthy comment during his first interrogation: "I think it absolutely impossible that a written order to shoot the Jews in the East came from any office whatever."
In contrast to Alfred Streim, I am persuaded by these considerations that at a date as early as 17 June 1941, Heydrich did not want to speak about an order for the killing of all Jews and thus chose to issue in writing (in his letter to the HSSPF of 2 July 1941) only an order for the shooting of "Jews in party and state positions." The objections raised against this interpretation include, for example, the argument that Einsatzbefehle Nos. 8 and 9 (17 and 21 July 1941) ordered the selection (Aussonderung) and execution of "all Jews" in Soviet POW camps. But this argument is based on an erroneous interpretation committed even by some experts. To be sure, it is said of these "executions" that they were "forbidden inside the camp" or its immediate environs, and it is also unmistakably true that executions would be carried out. At first, however, the orders required only that "all Jews" should be located, in addition to "other elements to be eliminated," and that "the number of persons who were to be finally regarded as suspect" should be reported weekly to the RSHA, which would "thereupon ... immediately [report] the next measures" to be taken. Characteristically, for the time being, an explicit order for the shooting of Soviet prisoners of war who had been "singled out" was avoided. Only Einsatzbefehl No. 14 of 29 October 1941 decreed that "the Einsatzgruppen chiefs decide on their own responsibility on the proposed executions and issue the appropriate directives."32
Stahlecker's handwritten conclusion added to a memorandum of 6 August 1941, evidently drafted by a staff member of Einsatzgruppe A, shows that as late as the beginning of August even he continued to exercise great care when discussing the secret of the criminal orders given to the Einsatzgruppen.33 Later on, however, in October 1941 and January 1942, he spoke frankly in his comprehensive reports about the "basic orders" that had been issued "to eliminate the Jewish people as completely as possible."34 The author of the August 1941 draft memorandum criticized "The Guidelines for the Treatment of the Jews,"35 drafted by order of Reichskommissar Ostland Hinrich Lohse (although they were by no means very mild and in no way intended to obstruct "further measures, especially by the security police"), because they "failed to consider that in the East a radical treatment of the Jewish Question is possible for the first time." In his handwritten comment Stahlecker not only demanded a thoroughgoing verbal discussion "of all these questions," but also objected especially that "the draft ... to a great extent touches on general orders from higher authority to the security police that cannot be discussed in writing."36 Not too much imagination is required to figure out what was meant by the "general orders from higher authority to the security police." Later on, as indicated above, Stahlecker did not hesitate to call them by their real name (although classified as Geheime Reichssache).
To support his thesis that "the order for destruction was issued between early August and September 1941," Mr. Streim in a summation points to a number of sources, including "the report of Einsatzgruppe D at the end of August 1941, 'The solution of the Jewish Question has ... been initiated.' "37 Here several words are omitted that seem to me of some importance. The full wording of the lines quoted by Mr. Streirn from Situation Report No. 63 of 25 August 1941 is as follows: "The solution of the Jewish Question too, as one of the most important problems, has already been initiated, even if hesitantly." I can hardly imagine that in August 1941 an Einsatzgruppe would have dared to report to its superiors in Berlin that it was tackling the solution of the Jewish Question with hesitation. An examination of the context, however, shows that the quoted report refers not at all to the activity of Einsatzgruppe D itself, but to the attitude of the Romanian authorities in the Russian territory occupied by Romanian troops. Somewhat earlier in the report we find the following statement: "Of the tasks which the Romanian administration has first taken up, the following should be mentioned." The next paragraph reads: "The efforts made in the economic area are concentrated on bringing in the harvest . . ."; and two paragraphs later: "The solution of the Jewish Question, as one of the most important problems, has already been initiated, even if hesitantly." Without doubt, then, the issue here is the conduct of the Romanians.
If Alfred Streim shares this view, then I would have to reply that the critical statement made by Einsatzgruppe D concerning the hesitant attitude of the Romanians toward the Jewish Question would rule out the possibility of using the date indicated by the report of Einsatzgruppe D as evidence for the time at which the order for the execution of the Jews in the East was issued to the Einsatzgruppen themselves. In fact, the activities of Einsatzgruppe D can serve as a striking illustration of the validity of my interpretation, when we consider the report of 9 July 1941 from its Sonderkommando 10b describing the massacre in Czernowitz on 8 and 9 July 1941 as a "major operation" in which "more than 500 Jews" were killed.38
Also, Goring's well-known letter to Heydrich, presented in final form to Goring for his signature on 31 July 1941, authorizing Heydrich to make "all preparations ... for a final solution of the Jewish Question in the German sphere of influence in Europe," cannot count as reliable evidence for the date when the order for the destruction of the Jews in the occupied Soviet territories was issued to the Einsatzgruppen. As Heydrich's reference to this authorization at the so-called Wannsee Conference of 20 January 1942 shows, Goring's authorization applied to the Jews of Europe outside the occupied Soviet territories, while the orders given to the Einsatzgruppen had in general already been set by March 1941. How little Goring's authorization influenced the concrete tasks of the Einsatzgruppen is illustrated by the fact that only on 25 January 1942 did Heydrich send a copy of his "letter of appointment-39 to the commanders (BdS) and inspectors (IdS) of the Sipo and SD, four other offices of the Sipo and SD, as well as to the four Einsatzgruppen, for their "information and consideration." Why did Heydrich do so at that time? Because the Wannsee Conference had taken place five days earlier, his authorization thus beginning to have practical consequences, and because he could now conclude his own communication with the significant sentence: "Preparations have been started." After all, of the first extermination camps, Chelmno was already in operation, and Belzec was under construction.
On the basis of several eyewitness testimonies, Mr. Streirn in his review explicitly questions the reliability of Otto Ohlendorf's claim that Bruno Streckenbach, chief of Office I (personnel) in the RSHA, transmitted-"by order of Himmler and Heydrich"-the Fiffirer Order for the execution of the Jews in the occupied Soviet territories to the leaders of the Einsatzgruppen and Einsatzkommandos in Pretzsch. If the statements cited by Mr. Streirn are correct, then it is curious, on the other hand, that several witnesses testified that Streckenbach's aforementioned disclosures resulted in heated discussions at the time.40 Incidentally, even if Ohlendorf did urge his codefendants in Nuremberg to point to a Fuhrer Order so that they could from the outset use the defense of duress under orders, such a maneuver would in no way preclude the possibility that the Fuhrer Order had indeed been transmitted at that time.
As far as the events in Pretzsch are concerned, the testimony of former SS Sturmbannfahrer Karl Hennicke, who in 1941 headed Office III (SD) of Einsatzgruppe C, seems to me remarkable. He testified that a few days before Heydrich held a general "roll call" in Pretzsch (where he "did not mention liquidations"), there took place "a meeting of the chiefs of the [Einsatzlgruppen, of the leaders of the [Einsatz]kommandos, and of the heads of Office IV [Gestapo] of the Einsatzgruppen." Karl Hennicke added: "I still remember that we, the chiefs of the Offices III, found it somewhat strange that we were not invited to these talks."41 Former SS Sturmbannfiffirer Ernst Ehlers, who testified in my presence at the Tilbingen trial against Dr. Erhard Kroeger, reported that the Fuhrer Order was announced at such a meeting, in which about 40 people participated.42
Concerning the credibility of Ohlendorf's testimonies, it surpasses, on the whole noticeably, the credibility of Dr. Otto Rasch's testi- monies used by Mr. Streim. After all, on 5 November 1945 Ohlendorf testified in his first affidavit 43-at a time when the Einsatzgruppen situation reports were not yet accessible-that the number of persons shot by his Einsatzgruppe D was "approximately 90,000 men, wo- men, and children," which was virtually correct. According to Situaiion Report No. 190 of 8 April 1942, the number was 91,678.44 Yet Rasch did not hesitate to declare under oath in Nuremberg on 24 June 1947 "that he had never been in Shitomir, Lemberg, Rowno, or Kiev and never led [Einsatz1gruppe C in an operation."45 His presence (and not merely his presence) in Lemberg, however, was attested by Giinther Herrmann, the chief of Sonderkommando 4b, as well as by Erwin Schultz, the chief of Einsatzkommando 5.46
Dr. Hans Surholt, defense counsel for Rasch, was or course clever enough to choose another line of defense. As stated by him, the directives to the Einsatzgruppen gave no indication of an operation, "such as the one the prosecution now [at Nuremberg] presents as a crime against humanity or a war crime.47 These statements amounted to the rather skillful argumentation that his client had originally accepted appointment as a high functionary of the Einsatzgruppen, while in reality he was ignorant-that is to say, unsuspecting-of the tasks assigned to these formations; suddenly confronted with questionable but strict execution orders while he found himself in the middle of the area of operations (in the field, so to speak, facing the enemy), he could no longer extricate himself from his duties. The defense counsel obviously thought there was no need to take into account that the order, ostensibly given by Heydrich, to "execute" Jews in party and state positions without trial and verdict was already criminal. At any rate, as Dr. Surholt said in his opening statement for Rasch, HSSPF Friedrich Jeckeln had "delivered" the order to Rasch-"it could have been in August but also in September 1941"-to shoot all Jews, including women and children.48
To this information, the above-mentioned Erwin Schulz, Chief of Einsatzkommando 5, added that in August 1941 the Einsatzkommando chiefs of Einsatzgruppe C had been ordered to a meeting in Shimotir, at which their commander, Dr. Rasch, "disclosed to them that by order of Jeckeln, the HSSPF Russia-South, measures taken against the Jews had to be more drastic; as of now, also [sic] Jewish women and children were to be executed."49 As Dr. Surholt explained in his opening statement:
This order appeared so incredible to Rasch that he immediately went to Berlin to get further clarification there. Upon reaching Cracow the first evening, he telephoned SS Gruppenfiihrer Heydrich in order to consult with him. Heydrich confirmed the content as well as the compulsory nature of the order and added explicitly that this was a direct order of the Fijhrer that had to be carried out at all cost. Rasch does not deny that he transmitted the orders he received to his subordinate units, although he personally did not agree with, indeed rejected, these orders. [Had he not done so, I he would have been assigned by way of a concentration camp to the so-called "Lost Unit" (Verlorenen Haufen), whose members were methodically exterminated through assignment to operations with especially dangerous tasks.50In Situation Report No. 24 of 16 July 1941 from Lemberg, Dr. Rasch, allegedly outraged by the killing order, reported as "measures by the Einsatzgruppe" the execution of "ca. 7, 000 Jews in retaliation for their inhuman atrocities" (apparently instigated by the Soviet NKVD) against members of the Ukrainian national movement. "Dr. Rasch," Erwin Schulz testified at Nuremberg, "was charged with the supervision of these executions [sic]. . . . I myself saw Dr. Rasch at the scene of the executions."51 In further sworn testimony, Schulz asserted that -SS Brigadefahrer Dr. Rasch exemplified particular ruthlessness."52
In addition, it follows from the I February 1963 testimony of Giinther Herrmann, former chief of Sonderkommando 4b, that there was obviously no need for an order, such as the one allegedly delivered by Jeckeln, for Rasch to execute at least all male Jews as if it had been ordered: "The order to execute in Russia all elements hostile to the Reich, among them also the Jews [sic], was transmitted to me by Dr. Rasch only in Lemberg."53 Note the words "the Jews," which did not mean particular categories of Jews. Herrmann said "only" in Lemberg, because he had been neither in Pretzsch nor in Berlin, where at least he assumed this order had been issued. Thus, in terms of time, the phrase "only in Lemberg" meant the first days of July 1941, since an advance unit of Herrmann's Sonderkommando 4b had already entered Lemberg on 30 June, whereupon the staff of Einsatzgruppe C followed in the early morning of I July 1941. In its verdict against Herrmann, the court found that he regarded the order, which, as I have said, Rasch communicated to him in the beginning of July, to refer "at first only [sic] to male Jews."54
At any rate, in my view Herrmann's testimony contradicts the downplayed version of Rasch's defense counsel, which claimed that the operations of Einsatzgruppe C followed "upon the consideration of military necessity," with executions only allowed in cases of murder, looting, and sabotage.55 It is of course possible that Jeckeln, a fanatical Jew-hater, took the opportunity of his meeting with Rasch to impress upon him-with or without an order from Himmler-the order for the executions, obviously issued and implemented earlier, and to specify the meaning of the execution order with greater precision as applying "also to women and children." Furthermore, it is possible that at a meeting with the Einsatzkommando chiefs in the "the beginning of August," as was attested by Erwin Schulz, Rasch instructed them accordingly. It is certain, however, that for the Nuremberg trial Rasch transformed Jeckeln's disclosures into the decisive Fuhrer Order to the Einsatzgruppen calling for the murder of the Jews, thus pushing the date for the order to as late a time as possible, but still using Jeckeln's impressive attestation to argue "duress under order" for the remainder of his time in office, while classifying all massacres committed earlier by his unit as "reprisal measures."
Indeed, he had used this tactic while serving as Einsatzgruppen chief. After his unit had shot 80,000 people, he charged only 8,000 of them with "activity directed against Germany and [with] Bolshevist activity," while the other 72,000 people were all said to have been liquidated as retaliation.56 These, however, were at no time retaliatory operations but rather disguised extermination measures which, in compliance with the basic order to which Rasch referred when he met Herrmann, began to be implemented in Sokal as early as 27 June and reached their first peak in Lemberg.
Mr. Streim concedes that "we still do not know who delivered the order to the Einsatzgruppen."57 If his thesis that the Fuhrer Order for the destruction of the Jews was issued in August 1941 at the earliest is correct, then the name of the Nazi official who delivered the order at that time to the Einsatzgruppen, who had already been stationed for some time in the area of operations, would be known to us. Of course, many Einsatzkommandos had by the middle of August already executed thousands of Jewish men, and in Lithuania one of them had already killed over 700 women. For the thesis that the Higher SS and Police Leaders, Himmler's "plenipotentiaries," had passed on the order, Rasch's report about the appearance of Jeckeln is just as insufficient as evidence as the vague answer Jeckeln himself gave in response to Streckenbach's question whether Himmler had issued the Fuhrer Order to the Higher SS and Police Leaders so that they could transmit it to their subordinate units: "Yes, that's just about how it was."58
Characteristically, after hearing the disclosures that allegedly horrified him, Rasch did not turn to Himmler, Jeckeln's superior, but to Heydrich. His doing so conformed to the fact that as Chief of the Sipo and the SID, Heydrich alone was in charge of the "Einsatzgruppen of the Sipo and the SID" during the first months of the Russian campaign. His position is well illustrated by the "collection of operation orders and other instructions for operations in the East," of which "100 copies" are recorded for 2 March 1942.59 As the result of an order by Himmler, undoubtedly arranged by Heydrich himself, Heydrich reserved unto himself, through the creation of the Central Intelligence Transmission Agency, the sole right to inform Himmler about results of Einsatzgruppen operations, including "all their reports, inquiries, and communications." True, the Higher SS and Police Leaders had the authority occasionally to give instructions to the mobile units; also, their position of power undeniably grew in the course of the war. But it is for me inconceivable that Heydrich would not reserve unto himself the right to transmit as significant an order as the Fuhrer Order.
As far as Einsatzgruppen A, C, and D are concerned, I have established on the basis of their reports that they carried out mass shootings of Jews at the end of June or during the first ten days of July 1941. But the reports of Einsatzgruppe B, headed by SS Gruppenfiihrer Nebe and first active in Lithuania and soon thereafter in White Russia, supply particularly good evidence for an answer to the controversial ques ' tion about the date the order of destruction was issued and to which groups of Jews it applied. As far as the day-by-day accounts provided by the situation reports are concerned, it is necessary to remember that the operations mentioned had, as a rule, occurred several days before the reporting. Thus it is all the more striking to find the following in Situation Report No. 21 of 13 July 1941, based on a report from Einsatzgruppe B:
The activity of all units has turned out satisfactorily. Above all, the liquidations have become routine and take place daily in increased numbers.60In the same report a statement made in the first person, which is rare and apparently stems from Nebe himself, reads as follows:
In Grodno and Lida only 96 Jews have been executed during the first days. I have given orders that this be considerably increased.The first quotation and particularly the second one seem hardly compatible with the notion that the order of destruction at that time applied only to "Jews in party and state positions" or to "able-bodied Jews."
The same situation report also mentions that during a sifting of prisoners in the civilian prison camp in Minsk, "1,050 Jews [were] immediately liquidated," and "the liquidation ... of Asiatics [has also] begun." Finally we read that Sonderkommando 7a, and above all Einsatzkommando 9 in Vilna, "at first [shot] 321 Jews by July 8," and that in addition "approximately 500 Jews and other saboteurs [sic]" are "currently [being] liquidated on a daily basis" by Einsatzkommando 9 with the aid of the Lithuanian security forces (Ordnungsdienst). Moreover, Situation Report No. 32 of 24 July, also based on reports from Einsatzgruppe B, mentions that in Minsk "the whole Jewish intelligentsia (teachers, professors, lawyers, etc., except phy sicians) has now been liquidated."
The chief of Einsatzgruppe B claimed that he and his unit carried out the orders of the RSHA with precision, although we have seen that the details provided by the report were totally incompatible with instruction to restrict the executions to Jews in party and state posi tions and to able-bodied Jews. In Situation Report No. 17 of 9 July 1941, Nebe stated in his own words that "on the basis of the direc tives from the RSHA ... the liquidations of state and party officials [have been] carried out in all the cities [previously mentioned]." Did he also mean thereby the Jews that had been shot; that is, did he tacitly include them in these categories? Obviously not! Because he added: "Concerning the Jews, they were treated in the same way in accordance with the orders."61 This was certainly a suspicious euphemism for what really did happen to the Jews. But if Nebe, the crafty chief of Einsatzgruppe B, could really make the claim for himself to have followed the orders issued by the RHSA, then these must have read very differently from those of 2 July 1941 communicated by Heydrich in writing to the Higher SS and Police Leaders. After all, the operations reported by Einsatzgruppe B itself far surpassed Heydrich's orders, as did the operations of the other Einsatzgruppen.
True, one or another fanaticized noncommissioned officer might sometimes have overstepped the boundaries of certain orders. But it is not plausible that all Einsatzkommando chiefs should have done so at the onset of an operation in such a horrifying manner without a corresponding order that was issued about the same time as they arrived in the area of operations. After all, the statistics reported in the surviving reports show that by the end of July 1941 the numbers of Jews shot had already reached about 44,000.
Helmut Krausnick
1. Helmut Krausnick and Hans Heinrich Wilhelm, Die Truppe des Weltanschauungskrieges: Die Einsatzgruppen der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD, 1938-1942, Publication of the Institut fur Zeitgeschichte (Stuttgart, 1981).
2. Alfred Streim, "The Tasks of the SS Einsatzgruppen," SWC Annual 4 (1987): 312. Emphasis added.
5. Landgericht (LG) Ulm, Ks 2/57, 29 Aug. 1958; LG Aurich, 2 Ks 1/63 (1 16/63), 26 June 1964.
6. H. G. van Dam and Ralph Giordano, KZ-Verbrechen vor deutschen Gerichten: Einsatzkommando Tilsit, der Prozess zu Ulm (Frankfurt, 1966).
7. Ibid., p. 102, and also pp. 110, 112.
8. Ibid., 150. Emphasis in the original.
12. Streim, "Tasks of SS Einsatzgruppen," p. 315.
13. van Dam and Giordano, KZ-Verbrechen vor deutschen Gerichten, p. 274.
14. Streim, "Tasks of SS Einsatzgruppen," p. 315.
15. van Dam and Giordano, KZ-Verbrechen vor deutschen Gerichten, pp. 36971.
16. Streim, "Tasks of SS Einsatzgruppen," p. 314.
17. LG Dilsseldorf, Urteil gg. Giinther Herrmann u.A., 8 Ks 3/70, 12 Jan. 1973.
18. Nuremberg Doc. L-180 (15 Oct. 1941).
19. Nuremberg Docs. L-180 and PS-2273.
20. Institut filr Zeitgeschichte, Fb 104/1: Der Reichsfiihrer SS, S 11 A 2 Nr. 87 11/42- 176.
21. Streim, "Tasks of SS Einsatzgruppen," p. 314.
22. Kommandeur Einsatzkommando 3, SS StandartenfCthrer Karl J5ger, to Befehlshaber Einsatzgruppe A, SS BrigadeNihrer Dr. Walther Stahlecker, Kovno 10 Dec. 1941, facsimile reproduction in NS-Prozesse. Nach 25 Jahren Strafverfiolgung: Mk~liclikeiten-Grenzen-Er~gebnisse, ed. Adalbert Rilckerl (Karlsruhe, 1971), appendix without pagination; Streim, "Tasks of SS Einsatzgruppen," p. 324 (note 22).
23. Zentrale Stelle der Landesjustizverwaltungen zur Aufkl5rung von NSVerbrechen, Ludwigsburg [hereafter cited as ZStL1, 201 AR-Z 76/59, Vol. 8, pp. 10f.
24. ZStL, 11 AR-Z 76/59, p. 7149.
25. ZStL, 202 AR-Z 152/1959, Vol. 1, pp. 197f.
27. LG Berlin, (500) 3 P (k) Ks 1/62 (23/61), 22 June 1962.
28. LG Munich 1, 22 Ks 1/61, IV 32/61, 21 June 1961.
29. Alfred Streim, Die Behandlung sowjetischer Kriegsgefangener im "Fall Barbarossa": Eine Dokumentation (Heidelberg and Karlsruhe, 1981), p. 85.
30. For the Jiger testimonies, see ZStL, 207 AR-Z 14/1958, p. 1887.
31. In fact, a Situations- und Lagebericht of I July 1941 from SS Obersturmbannfiihrer Ehrlinger in Kovno to the RSHA and to Einsatzgruppe I (soon thereafter renamed Einsatzgruppe A) shows that one of the two auxiliary police companies in the old fort of Kovno, which was "subordinate" to the Sonderkom~nanclo and made up of "reliable [Lithuanian] partisans ... [was] carrying out the executions" (Institut ffir Zeitgeschichte, Fb 101/29). Furthermore, the verdict against Ehrlinger of 20 Dec. 1961 states that from 29 June 1941 on, at least 185 Jews (but over 250 Jews according to several other existing statements) were "shot" in several operations "by members [of] Einsatzkommando 1b, in part also with the support of the Lithuanian auxiliary police" (LG Karlsruhe, VI Ks 1/60, pp. 26-29).
32. Nuremberg Docs. NO-3414 and NO-3422.
33. Riga, Staatsarchiv, Folder Einsatzgruppe A, Stab.: "Entwurf iiber die Aufstellung vorldufiger Richtlinien ftir die Behandlung der Juden im Gebiet des Reichskommissariates Ostland," Novosselje, 6 Aug. 1941. This document was kindly placed at my disposal by Prof. Gerald Fleming, London.
34. Nuremberg Docs. L-180 and PS-2273.
35. Trial of the Major War Criminals before the International Military Tribunal [Blue Series], 42 vols. (Nuremberg, 1947-49), 27: 19-29.
37. Streim, "Tasks of SS Einsatzgruppen," p. 314.
39. Institut fur Zeitgeschichte, Fb 104/1: "Chef der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD 847/41."
40. Institut fur Zeitgeschichte, Gh 02.40/41: Staatsanwaltschaft (StA) Hamburg, Antrag auf gerichtliche Voruntersuchung im Ermittlungsverfahren gg. Bruno Streckenbach, 147 Js 31/67, 29 Dec. 1969, pp. 179, 181ff., 189, 194f.
41. LG Hamburg, (54) 4/70: interrogation Hermicke, 12 May 1971.
42. LG Tiibingen, Urteil gg. Erhard Kroeger, Ks 1/68, 31 July 1969.
46. ZStL, Il 201 AR-Z 76/59, Vol. 11, p. 249; and Nuremberg Doc. NO-3644.
47. Quoted in Alfred Streim, "Zur Erbffnung des allgerneinen Judenvernichtungsbefehls gegenUber den Einsatzgruppen," in Der Mord an den Juden im zweiten Weltkrieg: Entschlupbildung und Verwirklichung, ed. Eberhard Jackel and JiIrgen Rohwer (Stuttgart, 1985), pp. 108-9.
48. Nuremberg Doc., Case 9 (German version), pp. 316ff.
49. ZStL, 201 AR-Z 76/59, Vol. 6, pp. 64f.
53. ZStL, 11201 AR-Z 76/59, Vol. 11, p. 249.
54. LG DUsseldorf, 8 Ks 3/70, 12 Jan. 1973.
56. Nuremberg Doc. NO-2830: Ereignismeldung UcISSR, No. 132 of 12 Nov. 1941.
57. Streim, "Tasks of SS Einsatzgruppen," p. 316. Emphasis added.
58. ZStL, AR-Z 76/59, Sonderband 1, p. 157.
59. See Institut ffir Zeitgeschichte, Fa 213/3: "Sammlung von Einsatzbefehlen und sonstigen Anweisungen ffir den Osteinsatz."
61. The above mentioned situation reports are to be found in Nuremberg Docs. NO-
2937, NO-2933, and NO-2955.
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October 18th, 2019
Join me on a special ADE 2019 edition of X-Change Theory Radio from Amsterdam on Episode 141. I also have the world premiere of my new collab with Wesley Fransen that comes out next week called ...
October 4th, 2019
Get your weekend started with an hour of brand new dance music with new tracks from Armin Van Buuren, Cedric Gervais, Blasterjaxx, Laidback Luke, Knife Party, Tiesto & more on Episode 140 of ...
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Coming to you from Paris this week we have brand new tracks from Alesso, David Guetta, Bassjackers, Jewelz & Sparks, DJ Snake, Jay Hardway & More on Episode 136 of X-Change Theory Radio!!


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Oregon Health Authority Transformation Center: Oregon's Coordinated Care Organizations Advancing Health Equity
Posted on February 6, 2019 by Ignatius Bau
Since 2012, Oregon's Coordinated Care Organizations (CCOs) have integrated activities to advance health equity as part of the state's innovative model of health system and payment transformation. This report reviews CCO Transformation and Quality Strategy Reports and progress reports submitted … Continue reading →
Posted in Author, Cultural Competency, Cultural Competency: Training, Demographic Data, Demographic Data: Language Need, Demographic Data: Race and Ethnicity, Health Care Disparities, Health Care Disparities: Effective Interventions, Health Care Disparities: Stakeholders Engaged, Health Care Reform: Advancing Equity, Ignatius Bau: Ignatius' Consultant Services, Ignatius Bau: Meeting & Conference Planning, Ignatius Bau: Policy Analysis, Language Access | Leave a comment
Building Migrant Women's Resilience to Violence and Trauma
Posted on September 28, 2018 by Ignatius Bau
This paper highlights the many levels of violence and trauma experienced by migrant women: from the complex, multiple conditions of violence and trauma that can cause people to migrate, to violence at the hands of those assisting movement (smugglers, pirates, … Continue reading →
Exposing Corporate Profiteering from Immigration Detention and Enforcement
Posted on September 28, 2018 by Ignatius Bau
There has been little attention paid to the significant financial incentives that fuel harsh and punitive migration policies, what might be called the "financialization of migration." What are the financial interests and profit incentives that contribute to bad policies and … Continue reading →
Oregon Health Authority Transformation Center: Opportunities for Oregon's Coordinated Care Organizations to Advance Health Equity
Posted on August 31, 2017 by Ignatius Bau
This report summarizes the work to date and identifies future opportunities for Oregon's Coordinated Care Organizations (CCOs) to advance health equity as part of their health system transformation activities. CCOs are obligated to identify and pursue opportunities to advance health … Continue reading →
Posted in Author, Cultural Competency, Demographic Data, Demographic Data: Language Need, Demographic Data: Race and Ethnicity, Health Care Disparities, Health Care Disparities: Effective Interventions, Health Care Disparities: Stakeholders Engaged, Health Care Disparities: The Evidence of Disparities, Health Care Reform, Health Care Reform: Accountable Care Organizations, Health Care Reform: Advancing Equity, Health Care Reform: Medical Homes, Health Care Reform: Payment Reform, Health Care Reform: Quality Improvement, Health Care Reform: Workforce Development, Health Information Technology, Health Literacy, Health Status Disparities, Health Workforce Diversity, Ignatius Bau: Ignatius' Consultant Services, Ignatius Bau: Presentations, Language Access | Leave a comment
Fenway Institute: Building Patient-Centered Medical Homes for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Patients and Families
Posted on June 29, 2016 by Ignatius Bau
This issue brief published by the National LGBT Health Education Center of the Fenway Institute uses the framework of a patient-centered medical home (PCMH) to improve health care and health outcomes for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) patients and … Continue reading →
President's Advisory Commission on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders: 2014 Report
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This 2014 report from the President's Advisory Commission on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders highlights both the recent progress made as well as the continuing unmet needs of diverse Asian American and Pacific Islander communities. The report notes the continued … Continue reading →
AAPCHO: Practice Transformation Resources
Posted on December 19, 2013 by Ignatius Bau
This annotated bibliography of resources to support the transformation of physician practice in becoming patient-centered medical homes has been published by the Association of Asian Pacific Community Health Organizations (AAPCHO). The resources are especially useful for community health centers but … Continue reading →
Plain Language Summary of U.S. Supreme Court Decision on Affordable Care Act
Posted on June 29, 2012 by Ignatius Bau
In its decision yesterday June 28, 2012, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the 2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA), clearing the way for its full implementation, with one exception regarding the expansion of the Medicaid … Continue reading →
Posted in Author, Health Care Reform, Ignatius Bau: Policy Analysis | Leave a comment
California Healthline Think Tank: Creating a Culturally Competent Health Care System
Posted on June 4, 2012 by Ignatius Bau
This edition of California's Healthline's Think Tank features commentaries on the continuing importance of cultural competency in health care. In California, which has been a "majority minority" state since the late 1990s, communities of color account for about 60% of the … Continue reading →
Posted in Author, Cultural Competency, Program Officer, TCE | Leave a comment
Crosswalk of Demographic Questions for California Health Insurance Exchange Application
Posted on May 23, 2012 by Ignatius Bau
Here is a crosswalk of applicant demographic questions that are being considered for inclusion in the application for health insurance through the California Health Benefits Exchange, California's state health insurance exchange being established under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care … Continue reading →


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What That Confusing Letter From VA Means Despite what a confusing letter you may have received fro VA says, opting into RAMP does not mean that your appeal is "withdrawn" or "discontinued."
Getting service connected or receiving TDIU benefits does not solve everything for our clients. Finding ways to process their military experiences is a separate challenge. Getting service connected or receiving TDIU benefits doesn't solve everything - finding ways to process military experiences is a separate challenge for vets
Three Ways to Win an Increased Rating for Service Connected Diabetes Find out how to increase your monthly compensation. Three Ways to Win an Increased Rating for Service Connected Diabetes
Untreated PTSD Results In Hate Crime Charge Why a Veteran with PTSD's Lack of Access to Mental Health Care May Cost Him Time Behind Bars
C&P Exams: What They Are and Why They Matter A Compensation and Pension exam is a key element of the VA disability claims process, but many don't realize exactly what it entails or why it matters
Supreme Court Questions VA Doctors Qualifications Justices of the Supreme Court question whether VA doctors should always be presumed qualified to render medical opinions on Veteran's disabilities.
Winning Service Connection For Smoking Related Disabilities Disabilities caused by addiction to smoking (which can be caused or worsened by a service-connected disabilities such as PTSD) can be service connected
Government Accountability Office Suggests VA Reform Hiring Surge and Process Reform Suggested by Government Accountability Office to Decrease VA Disability Claims Backlog
New VA Chief Supports Modernization, Mental Health Upgrades Though he's been VA secretary for only a month, David Shulkin vows to modernize the VA and provide mental-health services to veterans with bad-paper discharges
Gulf War Deadline Extended For Veterans that are diagnosed with certain diseases before December 31, 2021, service-connection is presumed.
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Low-calorie salads – recipes tasty low calorie salads
Recipes low-calorie salads: vegetable, fruit, fish, shrimp, chicken breast, cheese and mushrooms.
Low-calorie salads will appeal to those who care about their health, longevity and a beautiful figure. Delicious and healthy, they are never "stale": the endlessly combining different ingredients and dressings, you can every day to cook something new.
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Low-calorie salads: recipes
Low calorie chicken salad
You will need: 2 fresh cucumber, 7 quail eggs, chicken breast (200g) 4 tablespoons low-fat sour cream, 1 bunch of tarragon leaves, 1 clove of garlic, salt and black pepper, to taste.
Chicken breast cut into large chunks, peeled cucumbers – julienne, cut the eggs in half. Of sour cream, spices, the chopped tarragon and garlic make the sauce. Continue reading
TOP 10 most exotic dishes of the world
In our rating You will read about the shark meat, grasshoppers and even the brain of the monkey.
In recent times gained great popularity a gastronomic tourism. And on that not only are foodies, to try unusual and exotic dishes. And restaurants, in turn, do everything possible to meet the needs of an insatiable longing for the exotic stomach. TSN.Tourism we offer you a list of 10 most exotic dishes that need to be resolved to try once in your life.
Shark meat is one of the favorite delicacies gourmets from around the world
Delicacy is shark fin soup. Fins can be bought in advance, sell them in purified and unpurified form. Meat of almost all kinds of sharks (over 300 species) are edible, but the most popular meat of the shark, which eats plankton. But the most delicious is the meat of a gray shark.
In China Scorpions steamed and served in a tortilla with sauce and vegetables. Thailand Scorpion and make shish kebabs served on sticks as snacks to drinks. It is now possible to buy canned Scorpions, which have undergone heat treatment. Continue reading
Where in Krasnoyarsk to try exotic dishes? City guide, Food
In the life of our editorial staff comes a time when a Caesar salad, pizza Margherita and fruit smuzzi bored worse bitter radish. Sigh, we get out of our comfort zone and wander to catering in search of something hateful.
Our order: "Fish vegetarian gourmet" (160 rbl.), "the Ladd meats" (70 RUB.), coffee beverage "Health" of milk (60 rubles).
For the first portion of an undeniable exoticism, we went to the gathering place of the Krasnoyarsk vegetarians. Walls with you strictly look Einstein, Tesla, and van Damme, as if hinting that the true geniuses steak despise. We had been peaceful when waiting for the menu for more than 10 minutes at an empty room, when it was revealed that of the 13 varieties of tea on the menu, in reality there is only one, and the "need to clarify". We even suffered when sweet brought us forward hot, because "it was prepared before". And this long-awaited "Fish vegetarian gourmet" was a piece of cheese paneer in a sheet of nori seaweed, fried in batter. Continue reading


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Leviticus Has Unusual Name And Position
Leviticus Payne is 5'10", 187 pounds, but he doesn't act like it.
"I try to play like I'm 6'5", 230," said Payne with a laugh. "I really try to man."
Although he isn't big, Payne plays a huge role on the Bearcats defense.
As college teams increasingly go to spread offenses, defenses have had to counter by having more players on the field with coverage ability. On the Bearcats roster, Payne is a cornerback. But on the depth chart, he is listed as the starting strongside linebacker.
"He's a little bit of both," said head coach Tommy Tuberville. "He's playing a linebacker position, but everybody plays four or five wide receivers now so you always play nickel. That's pretty much our base defense now. We call it a 4-2-5 instead of a 4-3-4."
"I think you have to have five defensive backs on the field," said co-defensive coordinator Steve Clinkscale. "Most teams' normal formations have a three wide receiver look and you need to match- up. I think we can still play our coverages and fit the run with this type of defense."
"When they gave me the opportunity, I tried to take advantage of it and this is where I am right now," said Payne. "I'm truly blessed to be honest with you. I love that nickel spot. I love it."
"I thought it worked pretty well for us," said Tuberville. "We kind of fell into it. He has a lot of experience now and I expect him to have a good year."
Payne's position requires a unique skill set: Quick enough to cover receivers, but physical enough to defend the run.
"He's a great man-to-man cover guy," said Clinkscale. "He matches up well with the slot receivers and either though he's small in size; he's very physical and aggressive. He's a great player for us and has helped us really build this defense around him."
"If the other team comes with two backs and a tight end in the game, he has to line up with the big boys," said Tuberville. "He handles it well. He has good athletic ability and can make big guys that are trying to block him miss."
"As a kid, I played middle linebacker and fullback if you can believe that," said Payne. "So I'm used to contact and I really enjoy it to be honest with you."
Payne finished fourth on the team in tackles last year with one interception and a pair of sacks, including a critical fourth quarter sack of Miami's Andrew Hendrix in the annual Battle for the Victory Bell.
Leviticus will be expected to make big plays as a senior at a position that is as unique as his first name.
"I'm a hybrid," he told me. "Just a hard-nosed little guy with some quickness."
"You always want to coach guys that reflect what you believe," said Clinkscale. "I'm an aggressive person. That's the way I was raised in Youngstown, Ohio. Payne is from Detroit, Michigan. He's going to hit you. He's going to try to knock out your biggest guy. He wants to cover the best receiver. He wants to be the guy who makes the play for the team. He definitely plays big and we couldn't do it without him."
"My main goal is to get to another BCS bowl and get to the (four team) playoff," said Payne. "I'm going to do anything in my power to help us get there."
I'd love to hear from you at firstname.lastname@example.com
If you're on Twitter, you can follow my tweets at http://twitter.com/Dan_Hoard
And I'm on Facebook at www.facebook.com/dan.hoard.1


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The passing of Ed Wittmeier is sad. Ed had a major impact throughout the Chico area. Knowing Ed as I did, a casual now-and-then friendship, I felt he chose to be a quiet, out of the spotlight person. Not a recluse, he just held others as more important. I wasn't surprised that there were "no services," Ed would have been embarrassed that people would be standing after all the chairs were taken. I was ahead of Ed at Durham High, but that didn't matter because we were all friends.
That particular magical time (1958-1961), Durham High produced some special people. Each one had an impact. 'Thinking about a few, there were Ruth Boles, a nurse at Enloe for years who helped care for many families. Joan Tilley taught at Durham Schools for 30 years. Tom Dauterman changed the almond industry with his machinery (Thomas Welding and Machine). His brother, Doug Dauterman, gifted the farming industry with his mastership of hydraulics (Thomas Hydraulics). Wayne Cook brought heritage back to Chico with his restoration of the Diamond Hotel, etc. Bob DuBose started Guy Rents and Tink's Manufacturing. Ed was the Super Car Dealer. t's a wonder that these talented people came from one spot during four years. All deserve our appreciation before we lose anyone else; we've lost Ruth, now Ed.
Ed may think he left quietly, but not without us saying thank you. And certainly not without extending our love to his family.
Here's to you, Ed.
— Butch (Stanley) Fortier, Chico


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We provide Consultancy Services in below mentioned capacities
• Image Building / Brand Consultancy Wing
I. Image building action plan
II. Graphic designing
III.Sales promotion techniques
IV. Cost management
V. Event management
• Visual Production Wing
I. HR training documentaries
II. Export oriented documentaries
III.Commercial Ads
IV. Public messages
• Electoral Campaign Designing Wing
Fresh or Experienced Freelance business development exective, must have degree in MBA Marketing or atleast 2 year marketing experience in field.


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Last Updated: 2018-12-04
Employer: Apex RecyclingLocation: Fairmont City, IL
Since our humble beginnings back in 1997, when Apex consisted of only two employees and a small storage unity, we have continued to grow every year. Each year we have increased our number of employees, increased the kinds of materials that we handle, increased the technology of our equipment and…
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Posted: Oct 02, 2018
Compton, Calif. - Freshman Jose Rodriguez earned his fifth goal of the season, scoring late in the match, but it wasn't enough as the Compton men's soccer team dropped a 2-1 contest to El Camino on Tuesday afternoon.
Rodriguez found the back of the net on a header in the 86th minute off a corner feed by freshman Elias Gonzalez Palacios.
The Tartars battled to control the ball in the final minutes but were unable to get another shot off before the end of regulation.
Freshman Ruben Martinez counted five saves in the goal, playing all 90 minutes.
Compton (2-5-1, 0-2-0) continues South Coast Conference play at Long Beach on Friday, Oct. 5 at 4 p.m.


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You'll love this
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A delicious take on the traditional mimosa mixing unfiltered apple cider and rich maple flavor.
semi-sweet taste of Strongbow Artisanal blend and basil leaves balance the
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Strongbow Gold Apple sweetness blends perfectly with the bright and fragrant
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A wintery take on a summertime favorite. This sangria combines typical winter citrus fruit into a deliciously-drinkable cocktail.
Unfortunately, it looks like Drizly isn't available in your area yet.
We'll make sure you're the first to know when we launch near you.


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Archive for the 'Say It Poetically' Category
Friday, September 28, 2018
As Bhagawan quite often reminds, human life is nothing but, reaction, reflecton, resound…that it is time for man to understand this, striving on, 'endeavouring' to follow His dictum of Love All, Serve All, Help Ever, Hurt Never writes Sri Jullie Chaudhuri. read more »
Posted in Say It Poetically
Guru Deva…Priya Deva…Sai Deva…
Friday, July 27, 2018
The One, Whose Presence Is delightfully cherished, that is so transcendental and captivating, He Is The One Who Is The Source And Force Of Entire Existence. No words will ever do justice to glorify Him, as He Is Beyond The 'Beyondest'. Yet, we can keep extolling as it is the heart that has to be filled to the brim…with Love That He Is… a poetic extolling by our 'Mother-Sai-Poet', Sri Jullie Chaudhuri from Prasanthi Nilayam. read more »
Posted in Say It Poetically
So Long As I Can Think Of You…
Monday, July 9, 2018
So long as I can think of You, Sweet Mother… it doesn't matter…these poetic wordings resound as words of greater faith, supreme faith a devotee can ever murmur to her Beloved Lord, looking unto Him, face to Face… In a world full of myriad problems when one thinks of Him, the world pales into insignificance…rhymes Sri Jullie Chaudhuri… read more »
Posted in Say It Poetically
Oh! 2018…What Manifestations Will You Be Revealing…
Sunday, December 31, 2017
When 2017 transcended quietly into 2018, it turned out to be an occasion for renewed hopes and renovated ambitions, all for a good cause, to see the world around in real 'Sai-Fold' practising Him…following Him…making it a haven of supreme peace…What Manifestations will you be revealing…? Will you make my heart once again… …with incomparable, unsurpassable joy eternally sing…? asks Sri Jullie Chaudhuri, welcoming the New… read more »
Posted in Say It Poetically
The Vedas Are Eternal Intonations Timeless And True…
Tuesday, November 21, 2017
The Vedas Are Eternal Intonations Timeless And True…rhymes Sri Jullie Chaudhuri delving deep into the greater significance of the ancient beauty, on the sidelines of the ongoing International Veda Conference here, in Prasanthi Nilayam. What are the greater scopes, greater attributes a pure soul envisions…Read on… read more »
Posted in Say It Poetically
Women Are The Repositories Of Truth And Culture…
Saturday, November 18, 2017
19th November marks the Ladies' Day…a special boon bestowed upon by Bhagawan Sri Sathya Sai on the womenfolk, sending a strong message to the world around of the need to honour, respect and revere the blessed folk. What entails the Ladies' Day celebrations in the eyes of Prasanthi Nilayam, rhymes Jullie Chaudhuri on the occasion. read more »
Posted in Say It Poetically
Stop Chinta… …Do Chintan…
Thursday, November 9, 2017
To the heart that is tuned to Him, that is beating incessantly for Him….seeking His Kingdom to come, He choose to unravel, at times with message profound. The author here shares with us a strong intuitive message as delivered by Bhagawan, titled Stop Chinta…Do Chintan… a poetic beauty from Sri Jullie Chaudhuri. read more »
Posted in Say It Poetically
Call Him, Invite Him…Invoke Him…
Saturday, October 28, 2017
Shivajirao Jadhav's invitation was worded with care, and decorated with the colours of love. It reached the Divine hands and got acquiescence and thus 'manifested' The Divine Sojourn To Pune-Hadshi, eight years back, in October 2009. On the glorious commemorative occasion of Bhagawan's most momentous Divine visit to Pune-Hadshi, let's recap the blissful nostalgia through Jullie Chaudhuri's poetic lines. read more »
Posted in Say It Poetically
No War, Know Peace…Know War, No Peace…
Monday, August 21, 2017
Humanity, now at the crossroads, should 'Know Peace' while decrying a firm "No" to war…writes Sri Jullie Chaudhuri advocating an expansive god-ward living shunning away all the negatives, all that are not desirable… Read on… read more »
Posted in Say It Poetically
In Krsna's Heart…Never Apart…Forever A Part…
Friday, August 18, 2017
Now nothing in this world can hold me or keep me tied… …everything drops away seemingly falsified… With Krsna i must posthaste be unified… rhymes Sri Jullie Chaudhuri opening her heart up to The Supreme Divine Who Is The Eternal Enchanter Of Wholesome Creation… Rare Beauty Beyond Compare… read more »
Posted in Say It Poetically


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No matter what your "this" is, when you face all that's in front of you, with KPMG beside you, it makes all the difference. Our Audit, Tax and Advisory professionals can help you keep your head ahead of the curve, give you the confidence you need to propel your business forward and make your aspirations a reality.
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Earlier this month, Ubisoft launched a Web site teasing what apparently is a new member of the Tom Clancy family of games. The Flash site spouted interesting snippets of audio, detailing what appeared to be war on a massive scale spread across the globe.
There were also mentions of Ghosts and Splinter Cells, prompting some to think the project was an extension of the Ghost Recon or Splinter Cell franchises and others to think it was an all-new property that would possibly tie in all the Tom Clancy games.
Now it appears as though the latter group can pat itself on the back. Ubisoft today revealed Tom Clancy's EndWar, a new game currently in production at Ubisoft Shanghai. EndWar marks new ground for the Tom Clancy titles. It will be a strategy game set during World War III--likely the same war that has been set up by the plots of Splinter Cell Double Agent, Ghost Recon Advanced Warfighter 2, and Rainbow Six Vegas.
As for what kind of strategy game--turn-based, real time, or other--it's still unknown. However, gamers can expect to be in control of large armies and take their battle plans online, possibly in massively multiplayer combat, according to Serge Hascoet, chief creative officer at Ubisoft.
"A strategy game like no other, EndWar will allow gamers to lead their own armies against hundreds of others online in real global locations on the massive battlefields of World War III," said Hascoet (emphasis added).
EndWar is currently in the works for "next-generation consoles" and will be released sometime during Ubisoft's current fiscal year, which ends March 31, 2008. GameSpot will have more details on EndWar next month.I am not a big fan of Tom Clancy games just because I played them a lot back on the original X BOX. However this might get me back into it with the online capabilities. Especially since our clan keeps growing.
What do yall think?


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Games For Windows - Free Subscription Offer!
January 4, 2007 11:22 AM | Simon Carless
Just a quick update, since Jason over at Ziff Davis has sent over "a very short-run free subscription offer for Games for Windows: The Official Magazine -- it only runs until January 8th." Which I pass on to you, the GSW reader!
He explains: "Games for Windows: The Official Magazine is the new name for the former Computer Gaming World. It's created by the same completely independent editorial staff, led by Jeff Green, with the same great features, plus some new bonus stuff now that we're the official magazine of PC gaming."
Our paper-mag crazy Kevin Gifford recently reviewed the January 2007 issue, commenting that it was: "A pretty run-of-the-mill issue, one that's remarkably close in content to PC Gamer's February issue with all the same previews and hardware coverage. The main highlights are in Extend, with Tom playing Bruce in DEFCON and Jeff Green returning to his roots with a reinstall of EverQuest 1." But he palpably liked it, and all of us would like it more for free, so go get it!
[UPDATE: Jason @ Ziff writes: "A clarification on this Games for Windows: The Official Magazine free offer -- as soon as you hit "submit" on the first page, you're automatically signed up for a free year of Games for Windows: The Official Magazine with whatever address you entered. It redirects you to SOE's page, but your magazine subscription is already set at that point." But THEN he writes: "Looks like this offer is ending early, taken down in the next few minutes." So it may be done at this point!]
Categories: PC


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Dec 12, 2012
I am pleased to announce the results of the civil society coordination group process to provide representatives on the 1net steering committee.
Our representatives will be
Joana Varon
Rafik Dammak
Anriette Esterhuysen
Vladimir Radunovik
Anja Kovacs
With Marilia Maciel to fill any vacancy should any of the others find it impossible to continue.
The selection committee was formed from representatives of the networks of NCSG (Robin Gross), APC (Chat Garcia Ramilo), Diplo (Virginia Paque), and Best Bits (Jeremy Malcolm). Ian Peter was an independent facilitator. Internet Governance Caucus (IGC) was involved with the process and the call for nominations, but when its representative and sole co ordinator at this stage (Salanieta Tamanikaiwaimaro) withdrew at a late stage it was not possible to provide a replacement in the short time frame. Hopefully these difficulties within IGC will be resolved for future efforts (with IGC co ordinator elections due now). However, with 3 ex-coordinators of IGC involved with the selection process we believe its interests were fully represented.
Calls from nominations were invited on the mailing lists of Diplo, Best Bits, IGC, NCSG and other civil society networks. Diplo community undertook a process of narrowing its large pool of nominations to two names before consideration by other selection committee members, and the result of the various calls from various networks was that 13 names were considered by the committee. The final names were arrived at by consensus of all the representatives involved.
All of these representatives were chosen for their capacity to represent civil society as a whole, not just their individual organisational affiliations. We believe these representatives give a good cross section of the various interests of civil society in internet governance issues.
Ian Peter
Independent Facilitator
for Civil Society Coordination Group


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I admit to never being a fan of the likes of Counter-Strike, Rainbow Six, or other games/franchises that tend to place a lot of emphasis on tactical FPS squad-versus-squad deathmatches. But when a new one is being published by Annapurna Interactive, of all people, one has to pay attention. Aside from being released by a publisher with an amazing track record so far, it notably seems to stand out from the likes of their other games such as Gorogoa or What Remains of Edith Finch, which had a much larger emphasis on narrative. And while Due Process does indeed have a backdrop concerning a dystopian alternate future with various dissidents taking on task forces, it's the fast-paced gunfight action that takes center stage here, delivering a ton of thrills.
In order to achieve those thrills, Seattle-based developers Giant Enemy Crab only had to make two notable additions to the formula. The first was having all of the maps be procedurally generated, switching up the layouts, room locations, and entry points each time. The second was adding a planning stage where players get to draw on the screen, described as being a playbook-style way to determine exactly what approach your team would like to take, and what weapons they choose to bring in. Simply by reading the description, you may not immediately believe how relatively small changes like these can shake things up. But I assure you, they do indeed make a noticeable impact.
During the demo we played, a team of five enforcers had to break into a building occupied by five rebels about to set off a bomb, and disarm it in the process. But as the map was randomized, we had to quickly get used to it in the limited time we had available. Both sealed and unsealed entrances were highlighted, as were breakable walls, in case explosives may be involved, and power sources. While we each got a chance to play offense and defense, the strategy was similar for either side: Plan to set up an effective strike/perimeter while attempting to predict the opponent's moves, like a classic game of chess. I mean, it's chess that quickly went off the rails when our plans went south and we had to improvise, but still.
There are other factors you also have to get used to, such as the fact that enforcers only have a limited amount of ammo and weapons that carry over all three rounds, so you need be careful in choosing who gets what, or that enforcers can also see two of the three weapons that the defensive team is choosing. It's little touches like that which add an extra, nifty bit of strategy to everything, alongside helpful bits like having the lines drawn on the map actually appear in-game in their blocky form to guide you. Speaking of which, we may as well talk about the graphics, which are stylistically a bit more low-poly and designed to resemble arcade shooters of the late '90s, from when the tactical FPS genre was getting started. And be it a simple warehouse or a convenience store with an arcade to lurk in, they all look quite colorful and impressive.
So between the unique element of planning that adds more strategy, a near-endless amount of well-designed maps, effective retro aesthetics, and a wide variety of weapons to experiment with, Due Process definitely not only has what it takes to be the next great tactical FPS, but even just a damn good shooter in general that anyone can pick up and play. It may seem like a slight oddity for Annapurna, but one we're glad they took the time to invest in. No release window has been announced yet, but expect Due Process out for the PC (and other possible platforms) in the future, and make sure to keep an eye out for it.


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Hey guys
I'm building a huge led matrix myself (shitload of work!!!). It looks quite good, if you want to take a look:
OMG! Its HUGE!
Arduino, Seeeduino Serials and mutants. Share your problems and experence on arduino compatible board such as seeeduino/stalker, etc.
Moderators: lily.li, violet, salmanfarisvp
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This last week was all about celebration and release.
- the action of marking one's pleasure at an important event or occasion by engaging in enjoyable, typically social, activity.
Celebration of our personal Outdoor Ed goals – some of which included:
- Spending the night away from our parents even when it is difficult;
- Getting along with others even when it is difficult;
- Seeing a snake;
- Eating cheese puffs (!);
- Staying warm at night in the tent;
- Staying safe and keeping others safe;
- Having fun and working together in a new setting.
The students had a lot to celebrate and reflect on from their Outdoor Ed experience. Thank you for supporting your children as they tried on new roles and independence on ODE, as they challenged themselves to grow and take risks within a safety net, and as they learned about the importance of teamwork, trust, and goal setting.
Students also celebrated the completion of their PLACE projects that they worked on at school by sharing them with their family groups at All School Meeting. The kids put so much effort into these and their enthusiasm was contagious.
And, finally, another big celebration ~ PERSON, PLACE, THING PROJECTS! Thank you parents for helping your child work after school on their one major home project this year. We know your nights are busy and it takes extra effort to get these done, so kudos to you all! The kids are extremely proud of their work and the projects are amazing! We are learning so much about cupcakes, mahi-mahi, space, Japanese cherry blossoms, lions, and much, much more!!
- allow or enable to escape from confinement; set free.
- allow (something) to move, act, or flow freely.
Release…release of our butterflies!! When our little caterpillars arrived in April they were only about a centimeter long. The students cared for and observed the painted ladies as they grew to be up to 2 inches long! We studied these little creatures as they moved to hang in a J shape from their silk buttons, then into chrysalises, and finally, into butterflies. We even found that they laid eggs!! On Friday, we held a ceremony of release in the school garden. The students wore lifecycle headbands to honor their butterfly and the metamorphosis it underwent. It was a beautiful experience!
Release…we are releasing some of our stress as we near the end of the school year. We are wrapping up lessons and assessing to measure our goals that we set at the end of the year! We are getting ready for summer release!
This week:
- End of year math – show what you know! (assessments)
- Writing – reflecting and sharing what you learned this year with next year's incoming 1st and 2nd graders!
- Project presentations…continued…
- Reading…celebrating success and reflecting on how far we have come in literacy this year!
Next week: (final few days of school)
- Wednesday, June 6th: STEP-UP! 2nd graders step-up celebration.
- ***All students will need a sack lunch for Wednesday, June 6th. 1st and 2nd grade will walk to Burt and Ernie Park to have a picnic and watermelon treat, and to celebrate the 2nd graders as they step-up to 3rd grade. Parents are welcome to join! We will leave the school at about 11 am to begin the walk. We will go directly from our picnic/ celebration to the triathlon. (Mike will pick us up in the bus at about 1:00 pm and we will go cheer on 5th – 8th grade as they challenge themselves in the triathlon).
- Thursday, June 7th: Last Day of School!! Move up, goodbye circle, field day, and noon release.
- 6/8 and 6/11 – End of Year Conferences (students should attend with parent)
- Wednesday, June 6th: STEP-UP! 2nd graders step-up celebration.


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Out of the mouths of babes! If you haven't had a chance to watch last week's video, you may want to take a moment and hear what teenagers are saying about spending "on purpose" time with their parents! You won't be disappointed. Just click here.
Just to make it clear, they want to spend time with us. Even if it's hard. Especially if it's hard. It means that we aren't going anywhere. It means that we love them unconditionally, first. There is something to be said about being someone's priority. And, "on purpose" time tells your teenager that they are definitely your priority.
Schedules are packed, time is scarce, patience is often thin. And, it is for that very reason why this is so important! Just ask yourself how you would feel if another person dropped everything just to invest in you. You might never receive encouragement, a thank you or even a grunt from your teenager. But, you will make an impact because you are their greatest influence!
Walking this journey with you,
The BYN Staff


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So what a night last night was. Brilliant banter and a brilliant crowd up at Polmanter. My friend Anne was there with her lovely family from the US of A and they were very rowdy but in a good way.
I was quite touched when I got there and a little lad ran up to me and said ''hey oop missus are you Quiz Liz'' and when I said ''yes'' he actually thrust his hips, punched the air and said ''yes''. It's nice to be loved, even if it is by 9 year old kids from Yorkshire!
A team called 'Fickheads' won and I asked everyone to be original in their choice of team names. Here are a selection of names from the last few weeks.
Norfolk Enchants
I like a quickie with Liz ( ! )
Quizteam Aquilera
The Yorkshire Terriers
Norfolk and Clue
Norma Snockers
Everyone there had a fantastic time. I loved every minute of it. I told everyone I was open to bribery, I was offered jager bombs and lots of other drinks which I surprisingly declined as it's not good to be drunk in charge of a microphone. I know this. I have done it before and I am not proud of it.
Tricky question of the night? I put a couple of stinkers in and I do love my anagrams so here goes -
'Athletic harpoons' is an anagram of which popular Northern dish?
Which Radio One DJ and presenter found his name being used in Cockney rhyming slang from 2004 onwards?
What is the only word in the English language that ends with the letters MT?
Which Roman goddess is also a brand of margarine?
Oh and also, H reckoned Bradley Wiggins was there last night. I cant really comment on if it was him or not but he was the spitting image! I wanted to yell 'BRADLEY' to see if he turned round but I managed to contain myself.
I also met 2 posh scousers. They were from Chester but they had a hint of an accent. I am meeting them there on Friday to play Bingo. I have promised them a professional dobber pen and they have promised me that they won't wear shell suits. I am also dragging Leanne to the bingo. She is from Bristol and I have warned her that it's cut throat. She is no stranger to danger and is a bit excited about it all.


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Time Out says
Hype. It can work wonders. With one restaurant for every 1,700 people, Hong Kong has one of the highest per capita concentrations of eateries in the world. So when a new fine dining joint opens it's just gotta stand out, and hyping it up can be a surefire way to get the crowds in from day one. Hype comes in spades at new Hollywood Road art haven, Bibo. But does it live up to the expectations the team behind it has been busy creating for months now?
Long before we found out that Bibo was going to be a restaurant, we'd already caught wind of a slew of street artists like Vhils, Invader and Mist arriving in Hong Kong to work their magic on the interiors of this mysterious place. And we'd also heard there was a mystery man called Bibo behind the project. And then, when news emerged about the restaurant opening, we heard Bibo was a street artist. Or it was just the owner's nickname. Or that the moniker didn't refer to a person at all – it's actually short-form for 'bilingual bohemian'. Or even that Bibo was an investment conglomerate looking for a tax effective way to invest in art. Hell, we're still none the wiser. It could be all or none of those things. Whatever the background, this place used mystery and art to get the hype going – and it generated enough buzz to have paparazzi camping out the front before the big opening, hoping to catch a glimpse of the interiors.
So, when we finally descend the stairs into Bibo, we're excited. And we're immediately impressed. In the dining area, there are splendid works by prominent artists in every nook and cranny of this slap-you-in-the-face trendy joint. There's a Takashi Murakami sculpture on a shelf, a massive wooden installation by Kaws and a scooter with the King of Kowloon's calligraphy all over it – and the pieces blend seamlessly into a cohesive style, setting an eclectic mood across the venue as vibrant as the colours and textures all around.
Bibo is a French fine dining restaurant. Okay, the space is a contemporary art fan's wet dream – but the punters are also here for the food. And the first thing we notice on the menu, above the simple French dish names, is the instruction that suggests ordering four to five plates per person. This really hints at the portion sizes we're to expect, despite the hefty prices of each. There are plates for sharing, like 'le boeuf' ($1,800 for two) and 'le poulet' ($1,600 for three), but we order more items so we can taste as much as possible.
We start the meal light with 'la salade végétarienne' ($150), 'l'oeuf mayo' ($60) and 'les coquillettes' ($100), which is basically mac 'n' cheese. The salade, loaded with figs, artichokes, asparagus and an extremely fragrant truffle vinaigrette, has plenty of fresh spring flavour. And the oeuf – egg – is cooked to perfection at 64 degrees, with a yolk that's creamy but not runny. It's testament to the skills of executive chef Mutaro Balde and his team. The coquillettes, though seasoned with anchovies and parmesan, are not so noteworthy. The pasta is too soft and the flavours are sadly unsurprising.
For mains, we go for a trio of dishes. For something more substantial, we dig into the – as the menu states – 'large' portion of 'la Saint Jacques' ($340) scallops. We're disappointed, though, that 'large' means just four scallops – and they're overcooked and rubbery, despite the bright fresh pesto garnish. And the 'foie gras poêlé' ($260) is pan-seared with a perfectly crisp outer shell but the grenadine-poached rhubarb beneath isn't tart enough to cut the oiliness of the delicacy, leaving us wishing for a fruity sauce on the side. 'La tartine' ($350), though, is a sliced truffle on sourdough toast and it thankfully fares much better than the other two dishes as it uses superior ingredients like Perigord truffles and Bordier butter. It's pricy – but worth every cent.
Dessert is a pleasant affair. We order 'la pomme' ($150) to clean our palates – and this apple sorbet is as refreshing as we'd hoped. The calvados apple compote is layered with apple caramel, which adds a rich texture to the light sorbet, ending the evening on a high note.
So, the hype worked. And the contemporary art throughout Bibo creates one big masterpiece. If we could, we would give five stars to this joint just for the ambience alone. But, with the food, though the presentation is luxurious and the ingredients are mostly superb, the execution doesn't really live up to expectations – and the dishes are a pretty penny to boot. Shame. A place like this deserves as much art in the food as it displays on the walls.
Bibo163 Hollywood Rd, Sheung Wan, 2956 3188; bibo.hk


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Tag: Lea Hickman
Challenges and Opportunities in the Future of Mobile Applications
Over recent years, mobile applications have become key in providing solid experiences for both consumer and business smartphone users, increasing the rate of mobile application development. According to GigaOM Pro, mobile app development is poised to grow five to nine percent across iOS and Android mobile phones, and three to twelve percent across iOS and Android tablets. Scott Kevdon of...
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