text:
Orion (spacecraft)
|Beyond LEO spacecraft.[1]
|Launch vehicle:
|Space Launch System, Delta IV (Exploration Flight Test 1), Ares I (cancelled)
|Launch date:
|December 5, 2014 (unmanned test launch)[3][4][5][6]
|Approximately 3.3 m (10.83 ft)
|5 m (16.5 ft)
|Pressurized volume:
|19.56 m3 (691 cu ft) [7]
|Habitable volume:
|8.95 m3 (316 cu ft) [7]
|Capsule mass:
|8,913 kg (19,650 lb)
|Service Module mass:
|12,337 kg (27,198 lb)
|Total mass:
|21,250 kg (46,848 lb)
|Service module propellant mass:
|7,907 kg (17,433 lb)
|Total delta-v:
|~1340 m/s (4,390 ft/s) [2]
|21.1 days[8]
The Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle (MPCV) is a spacecraft intended to carry a crew of up to four[2] astronauts to destinations beyond-low Earth orbit (LEO). Currently under development by NASA[9] for launch on the Space Launch System,[10] Orion will facilitate human exploration of the Moon, asteroids, and Mars.
The MPCV was announced by NASA on May 24, 2011.[11] Its design is based on the Orion Crew Exploration Vehicle from the cancelled Constellation program.[12] It has two main modules. The Orion command module is being built by Lockheed Martin at the Michoud Assembly Facility in New Orleans.[13] The Orion service module, provided by the European Space Agency,[14][15] is being built by Airbus Defence and Space.
The MPCV's debut unmanned test flight, known as Exploration Flight Test 1 (EFT-1), was launched aboard a Delta IV Heavy rocket on December 5, 2014 on a flight lasting 4 hours and 24 minutes, landing at its target in the Pacific Ocean at 10:29 Central[3][4][16][17] (delayed from the previous day due to technical problems[18]). The first manned mission is not expected to take place until 2021 at the earliest.[19]
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History 1
- Orion Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV) 1.1
- Cancellation of Constellation program 1.2
- Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle (MPCV) 1.3
Design 2
- Crew module (CM) 2.1
- ATV-based service module (SM) 2.2
- Launch abort system (LAS) 2.3
- Existing craft and mockups 3
- Orion Lite 4
Testing 5
- Environmental testing 5.1
- Launch-Abort-System (LAS) testing 5.2
- Pre-launch Orion recovery testing 5.3
- Exploration Flight Test 1 5.4
- Orion Program mission schedule 6
Likely future manned missions 7
- Explore an asteroid in lunar orbit first 7.1
- Return to the Moon first 7.2
- Manned Mars missions 7.3
- See also 8
- Notes 9
- References 10
- External links 11
Orion Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV)
On January 14, 2004, U.S. President Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV) as part of the Vision for Space Exploration.[20] The CEV was partly a reaction to the Space Shuttle Columbia accident, the subsequent findings and report by the Columbia Accident Investigation Board (CAIB), and the White House's review of the American space program. The CEV effectively replaced the conceptual Orbital Space Plane (OSP), which itself was proposed after the cancellation of the Lockheed Martin X-33 program to produce a replacement for the space shuttle. As the Vision for Space Exploration was developed into the Constellation program under NASA administrator Sean O'Keefe, the Crew Exploration Vehicle was renamed the Orion Crew Exploration Vehicle, after the constellation of the same name.[21]
Constellation proposed using the Orion CEV in both crew and cargo variants to support the International Space Station and as a crew vehicle for a return to the Moon. The Apollo-like design included a service module for life support and propulsion and was originally intended to land on solid ground on the US west coast using airbags, but later changed to ocean splashdown.[22] The Orion CEV was to weigh about 25 tons (23 metric tons), less than the 33 ton (30 metric tons) Apollo command/service module. The crew module would weigh about 9.8 tons (8.9 metric tons), greater than the equivalent Apollo command module at 6.4 tons (5.8 metric tons). With a diameter of 16.5 feet (5 meters) as opposed to 12.8 feet (3.9 meters), it provided 2.5 times greater volume.[23] The service module was originally planned to use liquid methane (LCH4) as its fuel, but switched to hypergolic propellants due to the infancy of oxygen/methane-powered rocket technologies and the goal of launching the Orion CEV by 2012.[24][25]
The Orion CEV design consisted of two main parts: a conical crew module (CM) and a cylindrical service module (SM) holding the spacecraft's propulsion system and expendable supplies. Both were based substantially on the Apollo command and service modules (Apollo CSM) flown between 1967 and 1975.[26]
The Orion CEV was to be launched on an Ares I rocket to low Earth orbit, where it would rendezvous with the Altair lunar surface access module (LSAM) launched on a heavy-lift Ares V launch vehicle for lunar missions.
Cancellation of Constellation program
On October 11, 2010, the Constellation program was cancelled, ending development of the Altair, Ares I, and Ares V. The Orion Crew Exploration Vehicle survived the cancellation and was renamed the Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle (MPCV), to be launched on the Space Launch System.[27]
Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle (MPCV)
On October 30, 2014, the spacecraft completed its first Flight Readiness Review (FRR), allowing the vehicle to be integrated with the Delta IV rocket that carried it to space on the successful Exploration Flight Test 1 (EFT-1) on December 5, 2014.[28][29]
The Orion MPCV resembles its Apollo-era predecessors, but its technology and capability are more advanced. It is designed to support long-duration deep space missions, with up to 21 days active crew time plus 6 months quiescent.[30] During the quiescent period crew life support would be provided by another module such as a Deep Space Habitat. The spacecraft's life support, propulsion, thermal protection and avionics systems are designed to be upgradeable as new technologies become available.
The MPCV spacecraft includes both crew and service modules, and a spacecraft adaptor.
The MPCV's crew module is larger than Apollo's and can support more crew members for short or long-duration spaceflight missions. The service module fuels and propels the spacecraft as well as storing oxygen and water for astronauts. The service module's structure is also being designed to provide locations to mount scientific experiments and cargo.
Crew module (CM)
The Orion crew module (CM) is the reusable transportation capsule that provides a habitat for the crew, provides storage for consumables and research instruments, and serves as the docking port for crew transfers.[31] The crew module is the only part of the MPCV that returns to Earth after each mission and is a 57.5° frustum shape, similar to that of the Apollo command module. As projected, the CM will be 5.02 meters (16 ft 6 in) in diameter and 3.3 meters (10 ft 10 in) in length,[32] with a mass of about 8.5 metric tons (19,000 lb). It is to be built by the Lockheed Martin Corporation.[33] It will have more than 50% more volume than the Apollo capsule, which had an interior volume of 5.9 m3 (210 cu ft), and will carry four to six astronauts.[34] After extensive study, NASA has selected the Avcoat ablator system for the Orion crew module. Avcoat, which is composed of silica fibers with a resin in a honeycomb made of fiberglass and phenolic resin, was previously used on the Apollo missions and on select areas of the space shuttle for early flights.[35]
Orion's CM will use advanced technologies, including:
- "Glass cockpit" digital control systems derived from those of the Boeing 787 Dreamliner.[36]
- An "autodock" feature, like those of Russian Progress spacecraft and the European Automated Transfer Vehicle, with provision for the flight crew to take over in an emergency. Previous American spacecraft (Gemini, Apollo, and Space Shuttle) have all required manual piloting for docking.
- Improved waste-management facilities, with a miniature camping-style toilet and the unisex "relief tube" used on the space shuttle (whose system was based on that used on Skylab) and the International Space Station (based on the Soyuz, Salyut, and Mir systems). This eliminates the use of the much-hated plastic "Apollo bags" used by the Apollo crews.
A nitrogen/oxygen (N
2) mixed atmosphere at either sea level (101.3 kPa or 14.69 psi) or slightly reduced (55.2 to 70.3 kPa or 8.01 to 10.20 psi) pressure.
- Much more advanced computers than on previous manned spacecraft.
The CM will be constructed of the aluminium lithium (Al/Li) alloy used on the shuttle's external tank, and on the Delta IV and Atlas V rockets. The CM itself will be covered in the same Nomex felt-like thermal protection blankets used on parts on the shuttle not subject to critical heating, such as the payload bay doors. The reusable recovery parachutes will be based on the parachutes used on both the Apollo spacecraft and the Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Boosters, and will also use the same Nomex cloth for construction. Water landings will be the exclusive means of recovery for the Orion CM.[22][37]
To allow Orion to mate with other vehicles it will be equipped with the NASA Docking System, which is somewhat similar to the APAS-95 docking mechanism used on the Shuttle fleet. The spacecraft will employ a Launch Escape System (LES) like that used in Mercury and Apollo, along with an Apollo-derived "Boost Protective Cover" (made of fiberglass), to protect the Orion CM from aerodynamic and impact stresses during the first 2 1⁄2 minutes of ascent. Its designers claim that the MPCV is designed to be 10 times safer during ascent and reentry than the Space Shuttle.[38] The CM is designed to be refurbished and reused. In addition, all of the Orion's component parts have been designed to be as generic as possible, so that between the craft's first test flight in 2014 and its projected Mars voyage in the 2030s, the spacecraft can be upgraded as new technologies become available.[31]
Orion ground test article in Colorado on May 13, 2011.
EFT-1 Orion after final weld on June 22, 2012.
The Orion MPCV ground test vehicle is lifted into the acoustic chamber at Lockheed Martin's facilities near Denver in preparation for the Launch Abort Vehicle Configuration Test.
The Orion ground test vehicle sits on a work stand in the Operations and Checkout O&C Facility at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida.
ATV-based service module (SM)
In May 2011 the ESA director general announced a possible collaboration with NASA to work on a successor to the ATV (Automated Transfer Vehicle).[39] On June 21, 2012, Airbus Defence and Space announced that they had been awarded two separate studies, each worth €6.5 million, to evaluate the possibilities of using technology and experience gained from ATV and Columbus related work for future missions. The first looked into the possible construction of a service module which would be used in tandem with the Orion capsule.[40] The second examined the possible production of a versatile multi purpose orbital vehicle.[41]
On November 21, 2012, the ESA decided to develop an ATV derived service module for the Orion MPCV.[42] The service module will likely be manufactured by Airbus Defence and Space in Bremen, Germany.[43]
"ESA's contribution is going to be critical to the success of Orion's 2017 mission"
NASA announced on January 16, 2013 that the ESA service module will fly on Exploration Mission 1, the debut launch of the Space Launch System.[14]
Launch abort system (LAS)
In the event of an emergency on the launch pad or during ascent, a launch escape system called the launch abort system (LAS) will separate the crew module from the launch vehicle using a solid rocket-powered launch abort motor (AM), which will produce more thrust (though for a much shorter duration) than the Atlas 109-D booster that launched astronaut John Glenn into orbit in 1962.[44] There are two other propulsion systems in the LAS stack: the attitude control motor (ACM) and the jettison motor (JM). On July 10, 2007, Orbital Sciences, the prime contractor for the LAS, awarded Alliant Techsystems (ATK) a $62.5 million sub-contract to, "design, develop, produce, test and deliver the launch abort motor." ATK, which had the prime contract for the first stage of the Ares I rocket, intended to use a "reverse flow" design for the motor.[45] On July 9, 2008, NASA announced that ATK had completed a vertical test stand at a facility in Promontory, Utah to test launch abort motors for the Orion spacecraft.[46] Another long-time space motor contractor, Aerojet, was awarded the jettison motor design and development contract for the LAS. As of September 2008, Aerojet has, along with team members Orbital Sciences, Lockheed Martin and NASA, successfully demonstrated two full-scale test firings of the jettison motor. This motor is important to every flight in that it functions to pull the LAS tower away from the vehicle after a successful launch. The motor also functions in the same manner for an abort scenario.
Existing craft and mockups
- Space Vehicle Mockup Facility (SVMF) in Johnson Space Center, includes a full-scale Orion capsule mock-up for astronaut training.[47]
- Exploration Flight Test 1 (EFT-1) Orion (re-designation of OFT-1) constructed at Michoud Assembly Facility,[48] was delivered by Lockheed Martin to the Kennedy Space Center on July 2, 2012.[49]
- The Boilerplate Test Article (BTA) underwent splashdown testing at the Hydro Impact Basin of NASA's Langley Research Center. This same test article has been modified to support Orion Recovery Testing in the Stationary and Underway recovery tests.[50] The BTA contains over 150 sensors to gather data on its test drops.[51] Testing of the 18,000 pound mockup ran from July 2011 to January 6, 2012.[52]
- The Ground Test Article (GTA) stack, located at Lockheed Martin in Denver, is undergoing vibration testing.[53] It is made up by the Orion Ground Test Vehicle (GTV) combined with its Launch Abort System (LAS). Further testing will see the addition of service module simulator panels and Thermal Protection System (TPS) to the GTA stack.[54]
- The Drop Test Article (DTA), also known as the Drop Test Vehicle (DTV) is undergoing test drops at the US Army's Yuma Proving Ground in Arizona. The mock Orion parachute compartment is dropped from an altitude of 25,000 feet from a C-130.[54] Testing began in 2007. Drogue chutes deploy around 15,000 and 20,000 feet. Testing of the reefing staged parachutes includes partial failure instances including partial opening and complete failure of one of the three main parachutes. With only two chutes deployed the DTA lands at 33 feet per second, the maximum touchdown speed for Orion's design.[55] Other related test vehicles include the now-defunct Orion Parachute Test Vehicle (PTV) and its replacement the Generation II Parachute Test Vehicle (PTV2). The drop test program has had several failures in 2007, 2008, and 2010.[56] The new PTV was successfully tested February 29, 2012 deploying from a C-17. Ten drag chutes will drag the mock up's pallet from the aircraft for the drop at 25,000 feet. The landing parachute set of eight is known as the Capsule Parachute Assembly System (CPAS).[57] The test examined air flow disturbance behind the mimicked full size vehicle and its effects on the parachute system. The PTV landed on the desert floor at 17 mph.[58] A third test vehicle, the PCDTV3, is scheduled for a drop on April 17, 2012. In this testing "The CPAS team continued preparation activities for the Parachute Compartment Drop Test Vehicle (PCDTV3) airdrop test, scheduled for April 17, which will deploy the two drogue parachutes in the highest dynamic pressure environment to date, and will demonstrate a main parachute skipped second stage."[59]
- On December 5, 2014 NASA launched a fully functional Orion test vehicle, short only of some minor onboard human interface equipment, which orbited the earth twice, and was successfully retrieved in the Pacific ocean. See Exploration_Flight_Test_1 below for further information on this fully functional Orion spacecraft mission.
Orion Lite
Orion Lite was an unofficial name used in the media for a lightweight crew capsule proposed by Bigelow Aerospace in collaboration with Lockheed Martin. It was to be based on the Orion spacecraft that Lockheed Martin was developing for NASA. It would be a lighter, less capable and cheaper version of the full Orion.
Environmental testing
NASA performed environmental testing of Orion from 2007 to 2011 at the Glenn Research Center Plum Brook Station in Sandusky, Ohio. The Center's Space Power Facility is the world's largest thermal vacuum chamber.[60]
Launch-Abort-System (LAS) testing
ATK Aerospace successfully completed the first Orion Launch-Abort-System (LAS) test on November 20, 2008. The LAS motor could provide 500,000 lbf (2,200 kN) of thrust in case an emergency situation should arise on the launch pad or during the first 300,000 feet (91 km) of the rocket's climb to orbit. The 2008 test firing of the LAS was the first time a motor with reverse flow propulsion technology of this scale had ever been tested.[61]
On March 2, 2009, a full size, full weight command module mock-up (pathfinder) began its journey from the Langley Research Center to the White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico, for at-gantry launch vehicle assembly training and for LAS testing.[62]
On May 10, 2010, NASA successfully executed the LAS PAD-Abort-1 test at White Sands New Mexico, launching a boilerplate (mock-up) Orion capsule to an altitude of approximately 6000 feet. The test used three solid-fuel rocket motors – a main thrust motor, an attitude control motor and the jettison motor.[63]
Future LAS test plans: As of February 2014, NASA planned to launch the Orion Multi Purpose Crew Vehicle Ascent Abort 2 test flight (AA‑2) from Spaceport Florida Launch Complex 46 in 2018.[64]
Pre-launch Orion recovery testing
Prior to the first actual test flight and recovery of the Orion space vehicle at sea in December of 2014, several preparatory vehicle recovery tests were performed. In 2009 during the Constellation phase of the program, the Post-landing Orion Recovery Test (PORT) was designed to determine and evaluate methods of crew rescue and what kind of motions the astronaut crew could expect after landing. This would include conditions outside the capsule for the recovery team. The evaluation process supported NASA's design of landing recovery operations including equipment, ship and crew necessities.
The Port Test used a full-scale boilerplate (mock-up) of NASA's Orion crew module and was tested in water under simulated and real weather conditions. Tests began March 23, 2009 with a Navy-built, 18,000-pound boilerplate when it was placed in a test pool at the Naval Surface Warfare Center's Carderock Division in West Bethesda, Md. Full sea testing ran April 6–30, 2009, at various locations off the coast of NASA's Kennedy Space Center with media coverage.[65]
Under the Orion program testing, Orion continued the "crawl, walk, run" approach used in PORT testing.
The "crawl" phase was performed August 12–16, 2013 with the Stationary Recovery Test (SRT). The Stationary Recovery Test demonstrated the recovery hardware and techniques that were to be employed for the recovery of the Orion crew module in the protected waters of Naval Station Norfolk utilizing the USS Arlington as the recovery ship. The USS Arlington is a LPD 17 amphibious assault ship. The recovery of the Orion crew module utilizes unique features of the LPD 17 class ship to safely and economically recover the Orion crew module and eventually its astronaut crew.[66]
The "walk" and "run" phases were performed with the Underway Recovery Test (URT). Also Utilizing the LPD 17 class ship, the URT were performed in more realistic sea conditions off the coast of California in early 2014 to prepare the US Navy / NASA team for recovering the unmanned Exploration Flight Test 1 (EFT-1) Orion crew module. The URT tests completed the pre-launch test phase of the Orion recovery system.
Exploration Flight Test 1
On December 5, 2014 the Orion capsule was launched atop a Delta IV Heavy rocket, and performed its first test flight. Although the launch had first been planned for the previous day, sluggish rocket valves and excessively high wind caused the delay. The December 5th liftoff went as planned, with the capsule orbiting the Earth twice for a total of 4.5 hours before splashdown at 10:29 AM Central Time. It was NASA's first launch of a vehicle for manned space travel since the final retirement of the Space Shuttle fleet in 2011, and the first time that NASA had launched a spacecraft capable of taking humans more than a few hundred miles into space since the launch of Apollo 17 in 1972 (42 years prior). Astronauts were deliberately left off the flight to test the heat shield, parachutes, jettisoning components, and on-board computers before committing a crew. As a result, instead of standard seats, cockpit displays, and life-support equipment, the craft was filled with sentimental toys and memorabilia including bits of Moon dust, the crew patch worn by America's first spacewoman Sally Ride, a Capt. James Kirk collector's doll owned by Star Trek actor William Shatner, and more. The Orion's splashdown and recovery took place with the USS Anchorage performing the retrieval.[67] Orion's first manned flight is currently scheduled for 2021.[68]
Orion Program mission scheduleList only includes relatively near missions; more missions are planned than are listed below.
|Mission name
|Launch Date
|Exploration Flight Test 1
|December 5, 2014
|Delta IV Heavy
|4 hours, 24 minutes (two orbits)
|High apogee test flight of the Orion crew module in Earth orbit. Mission completed successfully.
|Exploration Mission-1[69]
|September 30, 2018[70]
|SLS Block I[69]
|7–10 days[71]
|Send an Orion on a circumlunar trajectory.[71]
|Exploration Mission-2[69]
|As early as 2021[72]
|SLS Block I[69]
|To be the first manned Orion mission. Several different mission objectives are under consideration, including a flight which would loop around the moon.[72][73][74]
|Exploration Mission-3
|August 15, 2023[70]
|SLS Block IA[69]
|Destination to be announced, though it may send a crew to visit a captured asteroid in lunar orbit.[70][74]
Likely future manned missions
Debates over the preferred sequence of Orion's future manned missions are ongoing.[75][76] In particular, the United States House Science Subcommittee on Space is exploring the merits of undertaking an Apollo-like return to the Moon first, as compared with prioritizing an asteroid rendezvous mission.[75]
The crux of ongoing debates hinges upon answers to these following questions:[75]
- Is the proposed Asteroid Retrieval Mission (ARM), a lunar landing mission, or another mission better as a precursor for an eventual human mission to Mars?
- What things could we learn and capabilities would we develop from a Moon landing that we could not learn from the proposed Asteroid Retrieval Mission?
- How do different destinations or missions affect a strategic approach with our potential international partners as well as technical architectures?
Presently, the United States House Science Subcommittee on Space is debating two possible paths,[75][76] whether to:
- Return to the Moon first or
- Explore an asteroid towed to lunar orbit prior to launching a manned mission to Mars first.[75]
Regardless of which of the following sequences is selected, "the ultimate goal of human exploration is to chart a path for human expansion into the solar system."[75]
Explore an asteroid in lunar orbit first
The reasons provided for first exploring an asteroid, as follows, versus returning to the Moon first as above, appear to revolve around reduced cost[upper-alpha 1] and technical advancement:[upper-alpha 2]
- This mission would place an asteroid in lunar orbit, rather than sending astronauts to an asteroid in deep space.[75]
- The Keck Institute for Space Studies at the California Institute of Technology, in partnership with the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, estimates a mission cost of approximately $2.6 billion.[75][77] By contrast, original estimates for colonization of the Moon, as a part of the Constellation Program, reached a total cost of $150 billion.[78] However, the $2.6 billion estimate is solely the cost of a mission to capture a 7 m asteroid. It does not include any developmental costs, nor does it cover the costs of manned flights to the asteroid once it is captured, so this comparison does not include the full costs of this enterprise.[77]
- The Obama Administration estimates that this mission would actually cost even less than the estimated $2.6 billion[75] and is already a part of the FY2014 budget request.[75]
- Steps toward accomplishing this mission would simultaneously develop advanced solar electric propulsion technology.[75]
Return to the Moon first
These are the primary reasons for returning to the Moon first:[75]
- "On the international front, there appears to be continued enthusiasm for a mission to the Moon."[79]
- The Moon could become a training ground and test bed to prepare for more complex missions. Ultimately, manned operations on other planets will require training and preparation. The Moon seems like a logical place to do this training.[75]
- Landing on the Moon would develop technical capabilities that NASA has not had experience with for over four decades now.[75][upper-alpha 3] NASA has neither landed humans upon nor launched humans from another large celestial body since December 1972.[upper-alpha 3]
- Establishing a semi-permanent or permanent presence on the Moon would provide humans with some working/living experience in radically different, non-Earth environments. Projects Mercury and Gemini built up experience for Apollo's subsequent success to the Moon; in much the same way returning to the Moon would provide experience prior to exploring Mars.[75]
- The Apollo program was not a straight shot to the Moon; it included several precursor missions to test new capabilities and gain experience. In much the same way, NASA will need to acquire new capabilities to travel to Mars and beyond.[75]
- The United States National Research Council reports (December 2012) there is "little evidence that a current stated goal for NASA's human spaceflight program – namely, to visit an asteroid by 2025 – has been widely accepted as a compelling destination by NASA's own workforce, by the nation as a whole, or by the international community."[75][79]
- Legal dictates to utilize the Moon prior to exploring beyond are still in place and contained within the NASA Authorization Acts of 2005 and 2008 (October 16, 2008).[75][80]
Manned Mars missions
While NASA offers that the Orion capsule will be a part of some future manned Mars mission, with only 80 cu. ft. of living space per crew member,[7] it would clearly only serve as a "near Earth delivery vehicle" in such a mission, delivering astronauts up to some point in the vicinity of Earth, and then onto another (as yet to be designed) interplanetary transport ship, which will then transport the future Mars astronauts onwards on their proposed 16 month round trip mission to Mars.[81]
See also
- Space Shuttle successors
- NASA Authorization Act of 2010
- Space policy of the Barack Obama administration
- Crew Exploration Vehicle (previous version of Orion)
- Mission to a Near-Earth object
- Exploration of Mars
- Manned mission to Mars
- Space Launch System
- Space Exploration Vehicle
- Deep Space Habitat
- Nautilus-X (not currently funded)
- Skylab Rescue
CCDev 1 and 2 and CCiCap (formerly CCDev 3) Related:
- CST-100 crew capsule being developed by Boeing and Bigelow Aerospace
- Dragon being developed by Space Exploration Technologies (SpaceX)
- Dragon V2 crew-carrying variant being developed by Space Exploration Technologies (SpaceX)
- Dream Chaser being developed by Sierra Nevada Corporation
- Cygnus being developed by Orbital Sciences Corporation and Thales Alenia Space
- Dragon (cargo variant) developed by Space Exploration Technologies (SpaceX)
Other countries:
- Soyuz (spacecraft) and Progress (spacecraft) used by the Russian Federal Space Agency (RKA)
- Prospective Piloted Transport System (PPTS) or Advanced Crew Vehicle (ACV) (to be launched on an Angara A5 rocket)[82] in development by the Russian Federal Space Agency (RKA)
- Shenzhou (spacecraft) used by the China National Space Administration (CNSA)
- Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)
- Automated Transfer Vehicle (ATV) used by the European Space Agency (ESA)
- Crew Space Transportation System (CSTS) or Advanced Crew Transportation System (ACTS) in development by the European Space Agency (ESA)
- H-II Transfer Vehicle used by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)
- ^ Please refer to reason numbers (2) and (3) in paragraph provided.
- ^ Please refer to reason number (4) in paragraph provided.
- ^ a b The last time humans landed on the moon was Apollo 17 on December 7, 1972.
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- ^ "NASA – Orion Crew Exploration Vehicle" (Press release). NASA. February 7, 2009. Retrieved February 7, 2009.
- ^ "'"Lockheed to build Nasa 'Moonship. BBC News. August 31, 2006. Retrieved March 1, 2007.
- ^ "NASA Names New Crew Exploration Vehicle Orion" (Press release). NASA. August 22, 2006. Retrieved March 3, 2007.
- ^ "NASA Selects Material for Orion Spacecraft Heat Shield" (Press release). NASA Ames Research Center. April 7, 2009. Retrieved April 16, 2009.
- ^ Coppinger, Rob (October 6, 2006). "NASA Orion crew vehicle will use voice controls in Boeing 787-style Honeywell smart cockpit".
- ^ "NASA Denies Making Orion Water Landing Decision – and Deleting Touchdowns on Land". NASA Watch. August 6, 2007. Retrieved November 23, 2010.
- ^ "NASA Announces Key Decision For Next Deep Space Transportation System".
- ^ "US and Europe plan new spaceship". BBC News. May 5, 2011. Archived from the original on May 6, 2011. Retrieved 2011-05-14.
- ^ "ATV evolution studies look at exploration, debris removal". Spaceflight Now. June 21, 2012. Retrieved 2012-06-23.
- ^ "Airbus Defence and Space awarded two ATV evolution studies from ESA". Astrium. June 21, 2012. Retrieved 2012-06-23.
- ^ Bergin, Chris (November 21, 2012). "UK steps up, as ESA commit to ATV Service Module on NASA's Orion". NASASpaceFlight.com. Retrieved 2014-07-15.
- ^ "Breaking News | ESA member states fund Orion service module". Spaceflight Now. 2012-11-21. Retrieved 2014-07-15.
- ^ "Mission to the Moon: How We'll Go Back – and Stay This Time". popularmechanics.com. Retrieved February 8, 2008.
- ^ "ATK Awarded Contract for Orion Launch Abort Motors". PRNewswire.
- ^ "Orion's New Launch Abort Motor Test Stand Ready for Action". NASA.
- ^ "NASA Extreme Makeover—Space Vehicle Mockup Facility". nasa.gov. Retrieved 2014-12-05.
- ^ Bergin, Chris (October 9, 2011). "NASA managers "serious" about ATV role as Orion Service Module". nasaspaceflight.com.
- ^ Lockheed Martin Lockheed Martin Delivers Orion Spacecraft To NASA Kennedy Space Center, Press release, Denver, July 2, 2012
- ^ "What Goes Up Must Come Down As Orion Crew Vehicle Development Continues". Space-travel.com. Retrieved 2014-07-15.
- ^ "Orion Continues to Make a Splash". Space-travel.com. Retrieved 2014-07-15.
- ^ "Orion Drop Test - Jan. 06, 2012". Space-travel.com. Retrieved 2014-07-15.
- ^ Bergin, Chris (November 6, 2011). "NASA managers approve EFT-1 flight as Orion pushes for orbital debut". NASASpaceFlight.com. Retrieved 2014-07-15.
- ^ a b Bergin, Chris (October 17, 2011). "Space-bound Orion taking shape – "Lunar Surface First" missions referenced". NASASpaceFlight.com. Retrieved 2014-07-15.
- ^ "NASA Conducts Orion Parachute Testing for Orbital Test Flight". Space-travel.com. Retrieved 2014-07-15.
- ^ Bergin, Chris (February 10, 2012). "Orion hoping for success with second generation parachute system". NASASpaceFlight.com. Retrieved 2014-07-15.
- ^ Bergin, Chris (February 26, 2012). "Orion PTV preparing for drop test on Wednesday – EFT-1 Orion progress". NASASpaceFlight.com. Retrieved 2014-07-15.
- ^ "NASA Conducts New Parachute Test for Orion". Space-travel.com. Retrieved 2014-07-15.
- ^ Bergin, Chris (April 11, 2012). "Orion parachutes preparing for another milestone drop test on April 17". NASASpaceFlight.com. Retrieved 2014-07-15.
- ^ "NASA Glenn To Test Orion Crew Exploration Vehicle". SpaceDaily.
- ^ "NASA: Constellation Abort Test November 2008". Nasa.gov. December 11, 2008. Retrieved November 20, 2010.
- ^ "NASA Orion LAS Pathfinder". Nasa.gov. Retrieved November 20, 2010.
- ^ "NASA Completes Test of Orion Crew Capsule". foxnews.com. May 6, 2010. Retrieved April 6, 2013.
- ^ Messier, Doug (2014-02-11). "ATK to Upgrade Space Florida's Launch Complex 46". Parabolic Arc. Retrieved 2014-02-12.
- ^ "NASA Orion PORT Test". Nasa.gov. March 25, 2009. Retrieved November 20, 2010.
- ^ "NASA & US Navy Test Demonstrates Water Recovery of Orion Crew Capsule". Universetoday.com. Retrieved 2014-07-15.
- ^ Anchorage poised to collect NASA's Orion spacecraft after historic mission, retrieved 2014-11-28.
- ^ Dawn of Orion: NASA opens new era in space - AirForcetimes.com, 5 December 2014
- ^ a b c d e Bergin, Chris (February 23, 2012). "Acronyms to Ascent – SLS managers create development milestone roadmap". NASASpaceFlight (not associated with NASA). Retrieved August 5, 2012.
- ^ a b c Bergin, Chris (November 3, 2014). "SLS manifest targets Europa and Mars Sample Return missions". NASAspaceflight.com. Retrieved December 5, 2014.
- ^ a b Kohrs, Richard (March 8, 2012). "NASA ADVISORY COUNCIL HUMAN EXPLORATION & OPERATIONS COMMITTEE NAC HEOC". NASA. Retrieved August 5, 2012.
- ^ a b NASA's FY2014 Asteroid Strategy.
- ^ NASA's Orion Spacecraft Poised for Critical Test Flight CBS News by William Harwood. Published 2 December 2014. Downloaded 7 December 2014
- ^ a b Bergin, Chris (November 28, 2014). "Orion's crewed asteroid mission unlikely to occur prior to 2024". nasaspaceflight.com.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r United States House of Representatives Committee on Science, Space and Technology, Subcommittee on Space, Next Steps in Human Exploration to Mars and Beyond, May 21, 2013.
- ^ a b "Subcommittee on Space". house.gov.
- ^ a b Brophy, John R.; Friedman, Lou; Culick, Fred (May 30, 2012). "Asteroid Retrieval Mission Feasibility Study" (presentation). NASA Small Bodies Assessment Group (SBAG). Retrieved January 15, 2014.
- ^ Chang, Kenneth (January 27, 2012). "For a Moon Colony, Technology Is the Easy Part – NYTimes.com".
- ^ a b National Research Council (2012). NASA's Strategic Direction and the Need for a National Consensus (PDF).
- ^ This is contrary to NASA activities currently implemented: Per Oral Testimony of Administrator Charles Bolden before the House Science, Space and Technology Subcommittee on Space, "there is no money in the Administration's budget for ... returning humans to the Moon", April 24, 2013.
- ^ BBC: Orion: Uncertainty ahead for new US spaceship Discussion of politics behind the Orion space capsule by Paul Rincon. Downloaded 7 December 2014
- ^ "Russia Converts Unmanned Rocket for New 6-Crew Spacecraft - Russia ACV & Angara A5". Space.com.
External links
- Official website
- Spherical panoramas of the GTA in Michoud, LA & Littleton, CO
- ESA Photo Gallery
- Mission concept for combined Orion/Sample return
- Use mdy dates from January 2014
- Articles with hAudio microformats
- Articles containing potentially dated statements from February 2014
- All articles containing potentially dated statements
- WorldHeritage articles incorporating text from NASA
- Commons category without a link on Wikidata
- Manned spacecraft
- Proposed spacecraft
- Deep Space Habitat
- Orion program


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The BEST Episodes of Rise
Every episode ever - ranked by fan votes!
Last Updated: Dec 5, 2019
Network: Viceland (US)
We travel to Indigenous communities across the Americas to meet people protecting their homelands and rising up against colonization.
#1 - Red Power: Standing Rock Part II
Season 1 - Episode 2
Over 5,000 Red Power warriors have descended on Standing Rock camp to stand in solidarity and protect tribal burial sites from the construction of the Dakota Access Pipeline.
#2 - The Urban Rez
Season 1 - Episode 5
An urban reservation in Canada aims to fight poverty, crime and violence against girls and women.
#3 - Apache Stronghold
Season 1 - Episode 3
The Apache's most sacred land has been handed over to a multinational mining company by the US government, but the San Carlos Apache are fighting to stop the transfer.
#4 - Sacred Water: Standing Rock Part I
Season 1 - Episode 1
The people of the Standing Rock Indian Reservation of North and South Dakota fight to stop a pipeline from being built on their ancestral homeland.
#5 - Hawaiian Sovereignty
Season 1 - Episode 6
Young Indigenous Hawaiians fight to reclaim their Occupied Kingdom from US control, resisting the construction of a billion-dollar telescope at the summit of their sacred Mauna Kea.
#7 - MMA Warriors
Season 1 - Episode 4
Young Navajo fighters who engage in mixed-martial arts in order to combat alcoholism, racism and violence are spotlighted.

subset: commoncrawl


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Tehran Stock Exchange Placed First
Market News
* Continuing its ascending trend, the Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE) All-Share Index entered into the 92,000-point channel the other day, registering a new all-time high; positive signals from global markets, mostly metals and investors' optimism towards oil refining companies' positive EPS adjustment along with the recent rally in USِِِD/IRR were among the major drivers of such a growth. All in all, the TEDPIX posted a 20% return, placing Iran Capital Market first, which was followed by the Gold Coin and US dollar markets registering a 16.2% and 12.4% return, respectively; the money market has also benefited its participants with an 11% return YTD.
* In response to concerns over the recent rise in US dollar price, mostly its rally on Tuesday when it hit IRR 42,000, the governor of the Central Bank of Iran predicted the moderation of this price in the upcoming future, stressing that this price is not its real price.
* Over a meeting held on December 9th between officials from the National Development Fund of Iran (NDFI) and a delegation from the International Monetary Fund (IMF), NFDI structural and operational aspects along with its legal regulations related to resource allocation and investment process were discussed.
Corporate Earnings
- Lavan Oil Refining has recognized IRR 622 EPS over the 6 month ending 22 September 2017, posting a 1,169% growth compared to the same period last year; it has covered 90% of its estimates over this period.
- While it had made IRR 34 loss per share in H1 2016, Tabriz Oil Refining has realized IRR 517 EPS in H1 2017; its performance covers 75% of its predictions for the FY ending March 2018.
- Piazer Agricultural Company has reduced its EPS for the FY ending March 2018 from IRR 539 to IRR 327 based on its H1 performance; in addition to this 39% negative adjustment, it has realized 67% of it, equal to IRR 67 in the said period.
- Shiraz Oil Refining has made IRR 1,111 EPS in the first half of 2017/18, proving an 850% rise compared to the same period last year; it has covered 92% of its estimates in this 6-month period.
- Razak Pharmaceutical is planning to raise its capital by 45% to reach IRR 593 bn; 10% is planned to be obtained from shareholders' paid-in capital and claims while the remaining 35% will be provided using the company's retained earnings.
In the Market
The shutdown of the North Sea's most important oil and gas pipeline system intensified with an explosion at an oil processing facility in Austria pushed oil prices above $65 pb for the first time since 2015. With the majority of names in the Oil Products group halted, the remaining names went through positive trades.
Influenced by the positive movements in global metal prices, the majority of symbols in the Metals group settled with good gains, including Hormozgan-e Jonoub Steel (FOHZ1), Khuzestan Steel (FKHZ1), Iran Alloy Steel (FAIR1), led by Esfahan Steel (ZOBZ1).
A similar sentiment dominated the Iron Ore group, led by Mines and Metals Development (MADN1), with Bafq Mines (BAFG1) hitting its high.
Excluding Iran Tractor Forging (ATIR1, +4.4%) and Iran Khodro Investment Development (GOST1, +1.99%), nearly the entire Automotive industry went through negative trades, shedding almost 2% on average. The volume of trades was significant in today's session.
The whole Conglomerates space, on the other hand, ended in the green with most names growing more than 3%.
Following rumors around Hi Web ticker (HWEB1), specifically when its second price rally started after its reopening, the company CEO announced that their presence in the capital market seeks the goal of being able to finally compete with the Telecommunication of Iran Organization, as the one and only rival of all FCP companies, owning 55% of the market share, relying on the financing instruments available in Iran capital market; as has been said before, this competition also lies behind the company's merger with Pars Online. After its IPO, the raised funds (IRR 1,100 bn) were re-injected to the company, contrary to the current method in Iran where the funds provided from the IPO are mostly spent on settling the company's outstanding debts. The upcoming 17% block trade, is to settle a major part of the deal price to Pars Online owners. The point is that if the funds needed for purchasing Pars Online would be to provide through banking facilities, it raised the cost of capital and would question the value of such a purchase. It seems that the reason for the market attention to this share lies in its major shareholder's (i.e. its CEO) support, which has pictured a bright future ahead of the company; in fact, the ticker has benefited its shareholders with a 25% return after its reopening and faced a buy queue today as well; the symbol was halted in the final hour. An SEO official mentioned the probable effect of the base price announcement (for that block share) as the reason behind this halting, which resulted in the cancellation of today's trades.
DISCLAIMER: This report has been prepared and issued by Agah Brokerage Firm on the basis of publicly available information, internally developed data and other sources believed to be reliable. The information contained herein is not guaranteed, does not purport to be comprehensive and is strictly for information purposes only. Agah does not assume any liability for any direct, indirect or consequential loss that may result from the reliance by any person upon any such information or opinions. Any expressions of opinions are subject to change without notice.
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I started going to Panera for breakfast religiously last year with my dad. We used to go at least once every single week and get breakfast together. We still often get coffee, but not so much breakfast anymore.
I used to love getting their fall oatmeal. It had apple chips, sliced almonds, dried cherries, and a cinnamon crunch topping. Although I loved the combination of the ingredients, the stand out star for me was always the apple chips.
Since then, I've obviously learned a lot more about working with ingredients… especially apples.
If you read my last post, you know I successful have made my own homemade apple chips. It made me realize that I can now make it at home… at no cost!
I'm all for that 🙂
Now, Panera uses steel cut oats, so obviously I wanted to do the same.
If you have never made them before, click here to learn. Or you can read my post on how to prep quinoa if you want to make it in bulk. The proportions are the same.
Once you make them, make sure you have apple chips and then you can go to town with your toppings.
I decided to make up my own combination, so I added
1. ground flax seeds (2 tsp? I didn't measure)
2. a handful of mixed nuts (peanuts, sliced almonds and walnuts)
3. those apple chips I mentioned 🙂
4. maple syrup to sweeten
Mix them all together and enjoy!
Now you can go to panera and get the pumpkin bagel 🙂
Okay I'm off to Chipotle then I'm going to class.
Anyone come up with any apple recipes for the Fall Blogging Challenge yet?


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If you dont see properly this newsletter please click here
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Twenty-nine years after his death, Richard Rodgers continues to delight music lovers everywhere as his work is revitalized. This summer two distinct albums of Richard Rodgers music have been released, one gives his timeless music a modern twist and the other unveils Rodgers playing, conducting and singing his works.
On August 19th, guitarist-vocalist John Pizzarelli brings us With A Song In My Heart, a collection of Richard Rodgers songs with lyrics by Lorenz Hart and Oscar Hammerstein II. The renditions of the beloved songs serve as both a legacy to the man himself, while giving the tunes a unique and modern feel indicative of Pizzarelli's style.
Some of the notable tracks include the Rodgers & Hammerstein classics "Happy Talk" and "You've Got To Be Carefully Taught" from the Broadway musical SOUTH PACIFIC. "Happy Talk" is revisited with an emphatic Latin groove, implemented by pianist Cesar Camargo Mariano. "You've Got To Be Carefully Taught" is presented as a pop-ballad resulting from Pizzarelli's choice to change the time signature. Much of the album is devoted to Rodgers' earlier work with Lorenz Hart, bringing us the melancholy song "She Was Too Good To Me" and, of course, the brassy and light-hearted title track "With A Song In My Heart. "Order your copy on Amazon.com today. You can also learn more about John Pizzarelli and his talented family from artspass.com.
On September 30th, Harbinger Records will release Richard Rodgers Command Performance, which showcases the re-mastered versions of Rodgers' original piano rolls from the 1920s–1950s. The piano roll was an early recording technique used by artists to document their work, including the early compositions of Richard Rodgers. These priceless recordings exemplify how Rodgers intended his work to be presented, and offer a rare glimpse into the composer's own performance style. To learn more about the creation of Rodgers' piano rolls and this new CD, read R&H President Ted Chapin's article below.
On Richard Rodgers
There is nothing more mysterious than the act of composing. Each of us has the capacity to conjure up words in our own vocabulary and string them together to create comprehensible sentences (as I am doing right now typing this). But music is a different language. We all understand the end result, but there are very few with the ability to "string together" the "words" that create the "sentences." That is the act of composing. And those of us who cannot do it marvel at those who can.
Richard Rodgers (1902–79) was a composer. Of that there is no doubt. He looked like a banker and sounded like a die-hard New Yorker, and he didn't fit into central casting's idea of what a composer might look like, or be like. That makes the mystery of where his music came from all the more fascinating. But out flowed music, of a consistently high quality, for nearly 60 years.
On this CD we get a direct view into his creative mind. The piano rolls and other recordings represent the composer's intention—as close as we'll ever get. As a man of the theater, Rodgers mostly wrote songs for characters and shows. He had clear ideas of how he wanted his music performed, but demonstrating his wishes to fellow artists was clearly more interesting to him than performing his own material.
In fact, before Bill Rudman approached me about the piano rolls, I had only known of the existence of one. It was stuck in a file cabinet in the office, and I assumed it had been a publicity stunt or some such thing. And Rodgers himself never mentioned any of the rolls in interviews or in his memoirs.
Most of the demos and radio air checks included here were also unknown to me. All of this makes the CD that you're holding historically significant. I am grateful to Bill, Ken Bloom and Albert Petrak for their hard work—and to Michael Feinstein, who provided several gems from his collection.
Although most of what they've selected comes from the Rodgers and Hart years, the team of Rodgers and Hammerstein is represented as well. Many have debated the difference between those two eras, but my favorite assessment comes from an article published in a BBC magazine during the year of Rodgers' centennial. After cataloging the creative output of Rodgers & Hart ("witty, infectious tunes, streaked with melancholy") and Rodgers & Hammerstein ("uplifting ballads, avatar of homespun Americana"), the writer, Robert Sandla, sums it up by saying: "The fact is, Richard Rodgers was two of the best composers of 20th-century American popular song."
When Rodgers made the earliest of his piano rolls, he was just 24 years old, with four Broadway shows already to his credit. Not bad. And as far as I know, his vocals on the demos from Mississippi may well be the only time we hear him sing his songs. How amazing is that? Yet another window into the creative being that was Richard Rodgers.
What a treat this CD is!
-Ted Chapin
President, The Rodgers & Hammerstein Organization
May 2008


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For you, the animals & the planet
In everything we do, we believe in contributing to a better world.
We believe in a green world full of love, where all people and all earthlings are treated with respect, and where our environment is nurtured and protected.
We create change by wearing our beliefs. With eco-friendly material and minimalistic & classy designs we voice our opinion.
With every purchase a % of your goes towards spreading the word of cruelty free. Part will go to cleaning the ocean, and part will go as donations to animal sanctuaries.
Last but not least, we will plant a tree for every shirt sold!
We believe in a world where you must give to have. And we love every moment of doing so. Join the movement and become a part of the TFC Fashion Family today.


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Anurag kumar, Asst. Prof., CSE Dept, Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam UIT Jhabua (M.P.) Subject : Data Mining Unit III Lecture I What is Data Mining? Data mining is looking for hidden, valid, and potentially useful patterns in huge data sets. Data Mining is all about discovering unsuspected/ previously unknown relationships amongst the data. It is a multi-disciplinary skill that uses machine learning, statistics, AI and database technology. The insights derived via Data Mining can be used for marketing, fraud detection, and scientific discovery, etc. Data mining is also called as Knowledge discovery, Knowledge extraction, data/pattern analysis, information harvesting, etc. Market Analysis and Management Listed below are the various fields of market where data mining is used − • Customer Profiling − Data mining helps determine what kind of people buy what kind of products. • Identifying Customer Requirements − Data mining helps in identifying the best products for different customers. It uses prediction to find the factors that may attract new customers. • Cross Market Analysis − Data mining performs Association/correlations between product sales. • Target Marketing − Data mining helps to find clusters of model customers who share the same characteristics such as interests, spending habits, income, etc. • Determining Customer purchasing pattern − Data mining helps in determining customer purchasing pattern. • Providing Summary Information − Data mining provides us various multidimensional summary reports. Corporate Analysis and Risk Management Data mining is used in the following fields of the Corporate Sector − • Finance Planning and Asset Evaluation − It involves cash flow analysis and prediction, contingent claim analysis to evaluate assets. 1
Anurag kumar, Asst. Prof., CSE Dept, Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam UIT Jhabua (M.P.) • Resource Planning − It involves summarizing and comparing the resources and spending. • Competition − It involves monitoring competitors and market directions. Fraud Detection Data mining is also used in the fields of credit card services and telecommunication to detect frauds. In fraud telephone calls, it helps to find the destination of the call, duration of the call, time of the day or week, etc. It also analyzes the patterns that deviate from expected norms. Data Mining Functionalities Data mining functionalities are used to specify the kind of patterns to be found in data mining tasks.Data mining tasks can be classified into two categories: descriptive and predictive. • • Descriptive mining tasks characterize the general properties of the data in the database. Predictive mining tasks perform inference on the current data in order to make predictions. Concept/Class Description: Characterization and Discrimination Data can be associated with classes or concepts. For example, in the Electronics store, classes of items for sale include computers and printers, and concepts of customers include bigSpenders and budgetSpenders. Data characterization Data characterization is a summarization of the general characteristics or features of a target class of data. Data discrimination Data discrimination is a comparison of the general features of target class data objects with the general features of objects from one or a set of contrasting classes. Mining Frequent Patterns, Associations, and Correlations Frequent patterns, as the name suggests, are patterns that occur frequently in data. There are many kinds of frequent patterns, including itemsets, subsequences, and substructures. • Frequent Item Set − It refers to a set of items that frequently appear together, for example, milk and bread. • Frequent Subsequence − A sequence of patterns that occur frequently such as purchasing a camera is followed by memory card. • Frequent Sub Structure − Substructure refers to different structural forms, such as graphs, trees, or lattices, which may be combined with item-sets or subsequences. Association analysis 2
Anurag kumar, Asst. Prof., CSE Dept, Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam UIT Jhabua (M.P.) Suppose, as a marketing manager, you would like to determine which items are frequently purchased together within the same transactions. buys(X,"computer")=buys(X,"software") [support=1%,confidence=50%] where X is a variable representing a customer.Confidence=50% means that if a customer buys a computer, there is a 50% chance that she will buy software as well. Support=1% means that 1% of all of the transactions under analysis showed that computer and software were purchased together. Classification and Prediction Classification is the process of finding a model that describes and distinguishes data classes for the purpose of being able to use the model to predict the class of objects whose class label is unknown. "How is the derived model presented?" The derived model may be represented in various forms, such as classification (IF-THEN) rules, decision trees, mathematical formulae, or neural networks. A decision tree is a flow-chart-like tree structure, where each node denotes a test on an attribute value, each branch represents an outcome of the test, and tree leaves represent classes or class distributions. A neural network, when used for classification, is typically a collection of neuron-like processing units with weighted connections between the units. 3
Anurag kumar, Asst. Prof., CSE Dept, Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam UIT Jhabua (M.P.) Neural Network Cluster Analysis In classification and prediction analyze class-labeled data objects, where as clustering analyzes data objects without consulting a known class label. There are many other methods for constructing classification models, such as Bayesian classification, support vector machines, and k-nearest neighbor classification. Whereas classification predicts categorical (discrete, unordered) labels, prediction models Continuous-valued functions. That is, it is used to predict missing or unavailable numerical data values rather than class labels. Although the term prediction may refer to both numeric prediction and class label prediction, Cluster Analysis The objects are grouped based on the principle of maximizing the intraclass similarity and minimizing the interclass similarity. That is, clusters of objects are formed so that objects within a cluster have high similarity in comparison to one another, but are very dissimilar to objects in other clusters. Outlier Analysis A database may contain data objects that do not comply with the general behavior or model of the data. These data objects are outliers. Most data mining methods discard outliers as noise or exceptions. The analysis of outlier data is referred to as outlier mining. 4


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Music – "A Life Well Lived" from A Life Well Lived by Earth Mama. Released: 2012
This is not a Walt Disney production, but rather it is a brief story about a genteel lady, who recently passed away at the age of 101 years and 5 months. She was a very dear friend of my late mother, who died in 2006 at the age of 89. Although this lady was born in the USA, her family moved to Canada in the early 1930's, where she grew up and spent the rest of her very long life.
When I heard from her daughter that this lady had died, I started to think of all of the innovations in food and technology she must have experienced since her birth in 1916, and also those witnessed by my own mother, who was born in 1917. What most of us take for granted now wouldn't be on the dinner table or in our households for many years to come.
In the year of this genteel lady's birth, the first mass-produced electric refrigerators were available to the general public, for $900. DOMELRE (The name DOMELRE is a contraction of DOMestic ELectric REfrigerator) was a very early model. Given inflation, in 2017, that same refrigerator would be worth $21,096 ! No wonder not many families could afford them in 1916!
However, her parents might have been able to purchase the first commercially available automatic dishwasher, which Josephine Cochrane created as an improvement on an earlier version from the late 19th century. She showed the dishwasher at the 1893 Chicago World's Fair, but only restaurants and hotels showed an interest in it. Cochrane founded a company to manufacture her dishwashers, which eventually became KitchenAid®.
In 1927, Kohler invented the "Electric Sink", which advertised "Let The Sink Do the Dishes".
The first "electric cook stove", invented by The Hughes Electric Heating Company was founded in Chicago by George A. Hughes (1871-1944) and was displayed at a convention in St. Louis, Missouri, in 1910. Whether our lady grew up with one as a child is unknown.
Also, in 1916, James L. Kraft applied for the first U.S. patent for a method of making processed cheese.
But our genteel lady would have to wait until 1950 to make a sandwich using the first commercially available, shelf-stable, processed cheese slices.
In 1916, her parents would be paying $.07 for a loaf of bread and $0.15 per pound for coffee. Eggs were $.34 a dozen (available to be supplied in egg cartons, which were invented in 1911 by a Canadian), sugar was $.04 per pound, a quart of milk was $.09 and a pound of steak was $.26 (cheaper than eggs!)
Her mother would not have had a copy of "The Boston Cooking School Cookbook", by Fannie Farmer, on her kitchen shelf. It wasn't published until 1918.
Although she was too young to imbibe, if our lady had been "of age", she would not have been able to purchase alcoholic beverages. In 1920, Prohibition began in the USA, which banned the sale of all alcoholic beverages. This grand lady was 8 years of age, when Caesar Cardini, of Tijuana, Mexico, "invented" the Caesar Salad in 1924.
While she spent the majority of her life in Canada, American products were, for the most part, available to Canadians. She probably had home-baked bread, since "Wonder Bread" did not debut in the USA until 1921.
There were no "Birds Eye Frosted Foods" in her mother's freezer in the 1920's (if she had a freezer). Charles Birdseye didn't patent his products until the late 1920's or early 1930's.
It was not until this grand lady was 7 years old, in 1923, when she might have been able to taste Welch's Grape Jelly or Sanka Coffee (which her parents probably prohibited her from sampling!) However, she likely wouldn't have been able to put jelly on her toast until the "Toastmaster", a pop-up toaster for households, was available in 1926.
In 1927, at the age of 11, she would have been too old to slurp up the newly marketed Gerber's Baby Foods, but she might have been able to purchase a Pez Candy Dispenser for a few pennies.
Between the ages of 14 through 23, this grand lady would have witnessed a plethora of foods available to consumers, that for most of us, have been around "forever": Hostess Twinkies (1930), Bisquick (1931), Skippy Peanut Butter (1932), Campbell's Chicken Noodle Soup (1933), and Ritz Crackers (1934). It was not until this young lady was 20 would she have ever heard of Betty Crocker. Betty wasn't born until 1936. And Lifesavers candy was available in Canada, using the famous Dionne Quintuplets in their advertising.
And, no feasting on Spam! That didn't hit the market until 1937. Not even a Dairy Queen in sight until 1939 in the USA.
She would not have been given a TV dinner by her mother, and parked in front of the TV set, at least not until she was 37 years old! Swanson's "TV Brand Frozen Dinner" was not available until 1953 and television sets were expensive and generally not really marketed in Canada until the early 1950's.
In her 51st year, 1967, this grand lady would have been able to purchase the first countertop microwave oven available to residential kitchens, by the Amana Corporation. That year, she would also have been able to sample the offerings at the opening of the first McDonald's in Canada, however, she would have had to travel across the country to Richmond, BC to do so!
Some of the many utilitarian and household items we now take for granted were simply unavailable to this grand lady until later, for example, "Tupperware" and similar containers weren't patented until 1948. Paper towels weren't sold for general household use until the 1930's.
If you or I were to take a look around our homes at our possessions, so many of the items were just a twinkle in some inventors' eye at one time, so to speak. This grand lady would not even have seen a home computer until she was 61, and even then, they were not generally available until she was about 65 years old. Until her later years, there was no e-mail, no IPads or IPods, no Instagram or Facebook, no Internet, no online shopping, no cell phones or laptop computers.
Imagine a time when people grew up without these devices, if you can. Imagine not having a mega-TV screen (let alone a TV!), a smart phone, or a car that can brake automatically and park itself. Imagine no intelligent refrigerator, no LED lights, no jumbo jets, no space station, no vacuum food sealer, no Costco or Sam's Club, no slow cooker or air fryers. Can you even remember a time when you couldn't run to just about any local grocery store and have access to more than 35,000 items from around the globe? This grand lady and my own Mom saw it all, the best and the worst. What a time to have lived!


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Man threatened to 'stick' garda to wall during Limerick incident
Limerick District Court was told gardai were contacted by the man's former partner
VICTIM impact statements are to be prepared in the case of a young man who assaulted two gardai after they responded to a domestic dispute on the southside of Limerick city.
Limerick District Court was told gardai were contacted by the man's former partner after she found him asleep in a room at her home at around 3am on December 27, 2016.
Sergeant Donal Cronin said having contacted gardai, the woman, whose aged in her late 20s, informed them the man had threatened her after she asked him to leave the house.
Following the arrival of gardai at the house, which is located in the Ballinacurra Weston area, the defendant told one of them he would "dig the f****** head off you. I don't give a f*** that you are a guard".
The 27-year-old told another garda that he had nothing to lose before threatening to ram him off the road.
"The next time I see you in the car I will stick you to a wall," he told the garda.
Sergeant Cronin said pepper spray was deployed by the gardai to subdue the defendant given his aggression and behaviour on the night.
"He was highly intoxicated and verbally abusive," he said adding that two young children were in the house at the time of the incident.
Sgt Cronin accepted the defendant did not make contact with the gardai and that neither sustained any injury during the incident.
Judge Marian O'Leary adjourned the matter to early March to ascertain if the two gardai wish to make victim impact statements as part of the sentencing process.


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Deadline: 1st September 2018
The Trustees of the True Colours Trust have set aside funds towards a small grants programme for hospices and palliative care providers across Africa to support the development of palliative care.
Applications and approved grants are administered by the African Palliative Care Association. Funding is primarily for one-off projects, with a duration of no more than one year.
Grant Information
The size of grants ranges from £500- £5,000.
Funding Priorities
Trustees favour support for items which directly improve the patient experience and the standard of palliative care services for people of all ages. Priority is given to the following, in no particular order:
- Training courses for palliative care service providers held in Africa (applicants must supply a curriculum / outline of the topics covered, and supply the name of the accrediting body. Funds will be released on receiving the letter of acceptance for the training institution)
- Equipment for patients (e.g. beds, wheelchairs). For equipment we will require at least three quotes attached to the application, with the preferred quote indicated and reasons why.
- Projects supporting paediatric palliative care services (this could include purchasing toys, integrating paediatric services into an existing programme, developing materials for advocacy, etc.).
- Capital improvement costs (such as refurbishing buildings to improve the patient experience, buying furniture, etc.)
- Developing small palliative care projects (integrating palliative care components in existing health care services, adapting palliative care models, quality improvement activities e.g Palliative Care standards, developing materials, etc.) and helping health care providers to establish new palliative care projects where none currently exist.
- Increasing access to palliative care in rural areas.
How to Apply
Interested applicants must download the application form though the given website.
For more information, please visit Small Grants Programme.


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Recalls in May 2000
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Pool Alarms No Substitute for Barriers, Vigilance05/26/2000ConsumerAffairs
Pool Alarms No Substitute for Barriers, Vigilance...
WASHINGTON, May 26, 2000 -- Memorial Day weekend is the time many families open their home pools for the summer. Pool owners, especially those with young children and grandchildren, should always keep in mind the deadly hazards a pool can pose.
About 350 children under 5 years old drown in pools each year nationwide and 2,600 are treated in hospital emergency rooms for near-drowning incidents. Most of the cases involve residential pools.
To prevent this tragedy, many pool owners use pool alarms designed to sound a warning if a child falls into the water. Sales of pool alarms have doubled since 1994. A study released today by the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) tested the performance of various pool alarm systems.
The CPSC study looked at three types of alarms: floating alarms that detect waves on the surface; underwater alarms that detect waves under the surface; and a wristband alarm, which is worn by a child, and alarms when exposed to water.
CPSC's tests showed that underwater alarms performed the most consistently (with one surface alarm - PoolSOS - performing almost as well). Underwater sensors worked more consistently and were less likely to set off false alarms. When a test object, intended to simulate the weight of a small child, was pushed into a pool, the underwater sensors detected it most reliably.
The underwater alarms also can be used in conjunction with pool covers, whereas the surface alarms cannot. The wristband device worked well but can be impractical because the caregiver must remember to put it on the child, and it also responds when exposed to any water source, such as tap water.
|Pool Alarms that Performed Well in the CPSC Tests
|Underwater Alarms
|Floating/Surface Alarm
|Poolguard - PBM Industries
|PoolSOS - Allweather Inc.
|Sentinel LINK - Lambo Products Inc.
"Pool alarms can be used as an extra safeguard, but should never be relied upon as the only line of defense in preventing a child from drowning in your pool," said CPSC Chairman Ann Brown. "The keys to preventing these tragedies are placing barriers around your pool, closely supervising your child and being prepared in case of an emergency."
BOB Jogging Strollers05/02/2000ConsumerAffairs
BOB Jogging Strollers Recall...
WASHINGTON, May 2, 2000 -- BOB Trailers Inc., of San Luis Obispo, Calif., is voluntarily recalling about 3,700 jogging strollers because of a problem with the front wheel.
The stroller's front wheel connector can crack during use, causing the wheel to separate from the frame. A jogger could lose control of the stroller or the stroller could suddenly collapse resulting in injury to a child.
BOB Trailers has received seven reports of the wheel connector cracking causing the front wheel to become loose. No injuries have been reported.
The recall involves the BOB Sport Utility Stroller and BOB Sport Utility Stroller D'lux. The strollers have three wheels and are pacific blue and black, or hunter green and black. Each stroller has a canopy. The "BOB" logo is on the stroller's frame, canopy and on the seat back. Bike, baby and outdoor product stores and web sites retailers sold the strollers nationwide from November 1998 through March 2000 for about $280 to $370.
Consumers should stop using the stroller immediately, and return it to the store where purchased for repair. Consumers also can return the strollers to BOB Trailers for repair. For more information, call (800) 893-2447 between 9 a.m. and 5 p.m. PT Monday through Friday or access the company's website.


text: Check Out Our Special Offers in Jonesboro, AR Click on a coupon to print it. 10% Off Military Discount Expires Dec 31, 2019 10% off on everything including supplies. Discount is only valid for local moves (not applicable for interstate moves) and it is not to be combined with other offers.


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This content is PDF only. Please click on the PDF icon to access.
This first of three volumes to be presented on studies of approximately 18 000 women within the Kaiser-Permanente Medical Care Program at Walnut Creek, California, describes patterns of contraceptive use, effects of steroid contraceptive drugs on a generally free-living population, and population-based laboratory and clinical data of value for reference purposes. It brings together published papers, elaborates on background data supporting these reports, presents some unpublished findings, and describes the study population as well as clinical and laboratory procedures. The observations include a battery of medical and psychologic questionnaires, selected examinations, and an encompassing laboratory profile. Examination is repeated annually
The Walnut Creek Contraceptive Drug Study. A Prospective Study of the Side Effects of Oral Contraceptives.. Ann Intern Med. 1976;84:764. doi: https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-84-6-764_1
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Published: Ann Intern Med. 1976;84(6):764.
Copyright © 2019 American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.
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Arizona Jazz Pioneer extraordinaire Doc Jones debuts in zip code 85040 at Travis L. Williams American Legion Post 65 Labor Day Weekend Address: 1624 E Broadway Rd, Phoenix, AZ 85040! Tickets available at the door
September 14th
An Evening Of Jazz With Tanner Fundraiser
This will feature THe Musical Magic of the Doc Jones Ensemble featuring Nayo Jones. It will also be a fundraisser, in which a portion of the proceeds will benefit Tanner's Outreach Ministries. For more information and tickets call Tanner Chapel at 602-293-4676 or the ASU Kerr Box Office at480-596-2660. By e-mail you can reach Tanner Lay Member at or the ASU Kerr Box Office at ASU Kerr Cultural Center, 6110 N Scottsdale Rd, Scottsdale, Arizona 85253, Scottsdale, United States
Friday Dec 6th
Jazz Day AZ Productions co-presents Nayo Jones, Home for the Holidays
December 6 at 7:30 pm
$35 premium, $30 reserved, $25 general admission
Vocalist Nayo Jones, a spirited young veteran of legendary events such as French Quarter Fest and the New Orleans Jazz and Heritage Festival, shares her sultry jazz, soul, funk and rhythm and blues selections in this very special intimate performance. When she's not performing solo, Jones, based in New Orleans, performs with the New Orleans Jazz Orchestra and tours with trumpeter Kermit Ruffins. Lovers of Ella Fitzgerald, Nina Simone and Natalie Cole will find lots to love in this rising star's powerful voice. She'll be sure to add a festive holiday favorite or two!
Sat Feb 15th
ASU Kerr Cultural Center
6110 No Scottsdale RD
A tribute to SOUTH AFRICA FEATURING MOABI KOTU
Moabi, a native of Soweto, South Africa will be celebrating the heritage of South Africa and celebrating the diversity and heritage of Bantu people; their history and traditions through song. Featuring his band and local talent such as: Havoc to make this a memorable night. Join us on Feb 15th, as we bring Africa to Scottsdale Kerrv Center
for more information https://moabikotu.com/
Sat: April 4, 2020 3:00 PM
Scottsdale Center Kicks off Jazz Appreciation Month 2020 with the performances by Donald Harrison, Nayo Jones, Carlos Rivas e Mexcal. Mario Abney, an international trumpeter from New Orleans, La. (by way of Chicago, Ill.). Purchase your special VIP ticket for a reserved seat. All contributions are tax deductible. General Admission tickets are free. 3:00 PM to 9:30 PM
7380 E 2nd St, Scottsdale, AZ 85251Phone: (480) 499-8587
Wed April 15: 11:00 AM to 3:00PM
Arizona Capitol
1700 W Washington, Phoenix, AZ 85007
4rd Annual Jazz At Lunch Time. This outdoor event complete with local food and retail vendors – will feature: jazz saxophonist and keyboard artists William "Doc" Jones, founder of NextStudent Academy; smooth jazz recording artist and saxophonist Neaman Lyles; and Phoenix Country Day School Varsity Jazz Band under the direction of David Rowe. In addition to other guest performance, special appearances will be made by Valley mayors, senators and representatives speaking on the importance of supporting music in education as well as recognizing the role of seniors in society.
Arizona State Capitol lawn 1700 W. Washington
Sunday April 26: 4:00 to 9:00 PM
Mesa Arts Center joins more than 196 global Jazz Day celebrations in April, officially designated by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) as Jazz Appreciation Month. The festival celebrates jazz and the role it plays in uniting people around the world.
With an illustrious career spanning into its fourth decade and a staggering number of Awards, there are few artists who have had more influence on Straight Head jazz, and Smooth Jazz than Donald Big Chief Harrison Sun. Harrison's standing and influence on modern Jazz has produced iconic partner- ships with artists ranging from Art Blakey, Terence Blanchard American jazz trumpeter, to name a few.
Thursday April 30th TBA
Heard Museum
2301 N Central Ave, Phoenix, AZ 85004
The 9th Int'l Jazz Day will be Lecture celebrated at the Heard Museum in honored of Russell Big Chief Moore (August 13, 1912 – December 15, 1983) was an American jazz trombonist. Moore was a Pima American Indian, and lived in Blue Island. A gifted trombonist whose distinctions included playing in Louis Armstrong's All-Star Band, as well as with Lionel Hampton.
May 3rd 4:00PM
Heard Museum
2301 N Central Ave, Phoenix, AZ 85004
International Jazz Day AZ Foundation & the Heard Museum Presents
Native Americans in Jazz—Present and Past
2020 Jazz Day AZ Pays Tribute To Russell Big Chief Moore August 13, 1912 – December 15, 1983
That Native jazz exists shouldn't really surprise us, given the common thematic ground, (homesickness, hardship, heritage) between African and Native American cultures— given also the abundance of historical African-Native intersections, as established within extant African-Native American studies.
Back in the big band 1930s era, an immediate Native was presence thanks to Big Chief Russell Moore playing with all the Jazz Cats like Louis Armstrong, Bird Charlie Parker, just to name a few. After Russell hit the scene the cats begin calling what he was doing "Red Jazz"


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Led by our deacons, Knox has a long history of partnering with Family Life Services, a pregnancy resource center for at-risk moms. Currently they are looking for two childcare volunteers to watch a small group of children ages 7 months – 5 years from 9:45 AM-noon on Wednesday mornings while parents are in class.
Come try it out a couple of times, or volunteer for just one Wednesday a month to fit your schedule. You will be blessed!
Please contact Family Life Services, for more information.


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Agricultural activities for the 2017/2018 summer cropping season have kicked off in Nyamandlovu in Umguza district, following the recent rains that were experienced in most parts of Matabeleland North province.
The wet spell that prevailed in most parts of the province in the past few days have seen most communal farmers getting down to their fields to start ploughing for the current agricultural season.
The maize crop is already germinating in areas where communal farmers embarked on conservation farming.
Some of the farmers have also decided to hire tractors to allow their livestock to recover from the dry season.
The farmers, however, are still facing challenges with inadequate inputs which include maize seed and fertiliser.


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Wrap – Week Ended 2/22/13
Busy and tough little week. Comments will be included in the Monday post. Holdings Watch: MMR – We closed out the remainder of our long held MMR position as the name continues to creep higher following the FCX buyout, nudging the implied valuation of the future Ultra Deep RT towards a range where we will […]


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Radha Mohan
Ravi Kishore, Gopika, Krishna, Revathi... more
Ponniyin Selvan is a tamil movie, directed by Radha Mohan, starring Ravi Kishore, Gopika, Krishna, Revathi along with others. Here, on the movie page, you will find every thing that you need to know. Get the up-to-date news updates of Ponniyin Selvan, as it happens. Check out what others are saying about the movie on twitter.
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R&H Theatricals, a division of the Imagem Music Group, is proud to announce its representation of the stock & amateur rights to the 2008 Tony Award winning Best Musical IN THE HEIGHTS, with a Tony Award winning score by Lin-Manuel Miranda and a Tony Award nominated book by Quiara Alegría Hudes.
We can hardly wait to begin making IN THE HEIGHTS available to you. The nice 'problem,' of course, is that IN THE HEIGHTS is still enjoying a smash run on Broadway, and on US National Tour, so we cannot accept license requests at this time. We promise to keep you updated as to when and how soon that will change. Until then, we urge "Paciencia y Fe" ('patience and faith'), to quote one of Lin's great songs from the score.
To learn more about IN THE HEIGHTS, click on its new show page at www.rnhtheatricals.com.


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The hole in the wall
A little boy looks into a dry stone wall and imagines who might inhabit it. Poem with illustrations. A6 softback (postcard size) 24 pages.
Words and illustrations by Ann Perrin
Produced by The Dry Stone Walling Education Project
The Puppeteers Daughter
The poems explore the complexity of life as the daughter of marionette makers and performers. There are poems concerned with life, love and loss, also the seaside, artists, allotments and the eccentricities of life.
Buy now - £6.60
Don't Throw Away the Daisies (illustrated)
Ann's poetry covers the big topics of love and death with originality. Take for instance the title poem which is full of surprises yet also wonderfully poignant.
Recent Posts
- The undercliff walk and a poem about the seaside as a child
- I discover a journal about my visit to India in the 80s!
- Why on earth did I try to become a poet?
- Poem 'Minding Grandpa' for Remembrance Sunday and diary entries from my Facebook page.
- A weekend of exploration, poetry and writing workshops
- World Mental Health Day
- A handful of my poems and pictures for National Poetry Day.
- As autumn approaches – a poem – a visit to Emmetts – bits and pieces.
- Our old coal scuttle – modern haiku and other small poems.
- The Traditional Village Fair in Rottingdean
- Poetry at the Little Chelsea Food and Art Festival in Eastbourne last Saturday.
- Ann Perrin – stage name Ann Field was this really me?
- Up to the Summer Exhibition at the RA
- Poetry for the book 'Paul Smith by Rottingdean Bazaar'.
- A garden full of roses. News of a new poetry course and other cheerful chatter.
- April and into May – catch up time.
- Nearly time to get back into the garden!
- The magic of Bob Pelham in Marlborough
- Hooray! A blue plaque for Bob Pelham in Marlborough
- Caught in a blizzard – poem
Copyright© Ann Perrin, 2010. Unauthorized use and/or duplication of this material, including all illustrations without express and written permission from this blog's author and/or owner is strictly prohibited. Please leave a comment for moderation if you wish to contact the author and illustrator with any enquiry.
Tag Archives: Poem about cancer
The snail trail – autumn and my one and only poem about cancer…
Snellie is a tribute to Mrs Ellen Nye Chart, known as Nellie who took over as owner and manager of the Theatre Royal in Brighton in 1875. Among other things she invited 1000 inmates of the workhouse to a … Continue reading


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12856 - Bromeliads (Wild) - 2016-11-09
(Dimension: 1530 x 2050 pixels - Counter: 2705)
Locality: Peru - Leymebamba District - About 10 km up the La Petaca River from the Museum in Leymebamba, Near the cliff tombs of La Petaca.
Photographer: Scott Sandel
Note: This photo is for scale. The silver-gray Puya clump in question is to the right of us climbers.
Identification: asked
(Click on the picture to enlarge)


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Egyptians have no history of self governance. They have lived under absolutist rulers for 5,000 years. Any government that is created in the heat of the moment will either be one ruled by a tyrant or will soon fall to tyranny. We must let cooler heads prevail, end the protests, and begin the long process of negotiations in which a realistic solution can be reached. This can best be done by letting Mubarak serve out his term.
Run time 13 minutes
05 February 2011
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Komeen Crystal 20 pound
- Granular herbicide which provides excellent control of sumbersed plants
- Added tool for treatment in deep water, high flow sites or spot treatments along shoreline
- No water use restrictions following application
Typical Rate: 12lbs/acre or 5.5oz/1000sq ft
Is a 17.5% granular chelated copper herbicide (8% metallic copper equivalent). This high-load formulation allows efficient use rates, improved spatial targeting and deep water performance. Komeen Crystal provides improved delivery to targeted submersed weeds such as hydrilla, vallisneria and charophytes achieving better exposure resulting in improved results and reduced recovery. Waters treated with Komeen Crystal may be used for drinking, swimming, fishing watering livestock and for irrigating crops, turf, fairways, putting greens and ornamental plants immediately following treatment.
Read and follow all local, state and federal regulations pertaining to the use and application of this product before ordering.
DUE TO GOVERNMENTAL REGULATION, WE DO NOT SHIP OR SELL THIS PRODUCT TO THE FOLLOWING STATES: CA, CT, ME, NY, NJ, OR, and WA.
Additional information
|20 lbs


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Treviso look to end losing run
November 6, 2007
Benetton Treviso captain Silvio Orlando insists the Italian champions have no intention of being the Pool 1 soft touches after successive whitewashes in the competition.
After three Pool wins in the 2004 / 2005 campaign, the Italian side have lost 12 straight games after being drawn in daunting groups.
But Italian international flanker Orlando says they are more equipped to compete in this season's tournament having been paired with Perpignan, Newport Gwent Dragons and London Irish.
"Rugby is certainly on the way up in Italy and we feel that in a few years time we will be on the same level with the rest of the European club teams," he said.
"At the moment we are still slightly behind the other sides, but, looking at the scores in the last few years, they show we are certainly getting closer. Hopefully we can take a scalp in this season's competition and there's no reason why we can't do so.
"I think we have to target one or two home wins and anything else away would be a bonus. It would be a tall order to qualify, but winning your home games is the start."
Despite Treviso's disappointing return in last season's competition, the Italian champions are hoping to build on two encouraging performances against former finalists Perpignan when they face London Irish for the first time in the opening weekend of matches.
"We ran Perpignan close and we can take heart out of that when we face them and the other two teams," added Orlando.
"It's important we begin well in our first game otherwise it can be a long run of games in front us."
And for their part London Irish captain Bob Casey believes a big win over Benetton Treviso can kick-start their bid for a first Heineken Cup quarter-final place.
The former Ireland and Leinster lock and his Exiles team-mates clash with the Italian champions at the Madejski Stadium on the opening Saturday before meeting the challenges of Newport Gwent Dragons and Pool 1 favourites Perpignan.
And Casey believes anything less than a try bonus triumph would leave them facing an uphill task for the rest of the group stages.
"Hopefully a win can get us up and running," said Casey. "This competition is all about building momentum and that's why a big win from our first Pool game has to be our target.
"Last season we lost to Llanelli Scarlets at home and straight away we were up against it. We know there will be harder games to go in our Pool this season, but a good bonus point win against Treviso is the sort of morale-boosting start you look for."
London Irish have never gone beyond the group stages in the competition, but 28-year-old Casey believes his new-look cosmopolitan side can make it third time lucky.
"Our squad in our previous two Heineken Cup competitions hasn't had the depth it has now," he added. "But we have recruited well in the pre-season and we have high hopes for our European campaign."
HEINEKEN CUP 2007 / 2008 - (All kick-offs LOCAL times)
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Of the 10 songs that have notched the most plays in one week, 8 joined the list
in the last three years. And the oldest of the 10, Avril Lavigne's "Complicated," dates only to 2002.
Wowzer. In today's world, is it possible for radio to break new artists like, for example, WMMS (Cleveland) broke David Bowie to the USA? Or is radio just a means of promoting downloads, and thus forcing top 40 to listeners at the bequest of the labels? The problem is, this is a self-perpetuating cycle. Radio keeps playing the same songs over and over because people want to hear popular songs (remember Outkast's "Hey Ya"?!) - but the more radio plays the songs, the more listeners realize what a limited medium radio is as compared to their iPods and satellite stations. As radio loses listeners, they play songs that are "popular" to attract listeners back. And so it goes... (But see the following justification from a program director who played one song 78 times last week: That is not so much out of concern over digital competition as it is a desire to respond to listeners' busy lives. For real?)
Of course, this commentary relates only to pop-radio - there are still plenty of college/indie stations that play what they want to play (see any CMJ magazine!).