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Publications of Ronn Torossian
Ron Torossian is a CEO and creator of 5WPR which is New York-based; he is a standout amongst public relations specialists in America. Ronn Torossian lives with his kids in Manhattan and is effective in different charities. For Immediate Release is the book was written by Torossian, reachable on Amazon, Barnes, and Noble and in bookshops across the nation. He is viewed as a key approach pioneer in social relationships and writes, including the emergency department, public enterprises, and an online process. He made a 5WPR company based on a basic vision. 5W is a best 15 free U.S. PR Company, made by stimulating business production O'Dwyer's.
Book Written by Torossian
His first publication, For Immediate Release released in 2011 is available in different bookshops across the world and also on Amazon in two different editions kindle and hardcover. The mother of Ronn Torossian was the main inspiration for him since childhood to get motivated in life and reach heights. This impact made him write the book for immediate release, an individual can learn about the real world public relations. The Shanghai Daily referred to his work as one of the Leading Five American business publications.
How the book helps an individual?
This book helps a person in finding out about social relations. It is necessary for companies to learn how to communicate, preemptively, and viable to exist and at a cost, it is much flatter offering and promotion battles. This is main work by the proprietor of a best 50 PR office (5WPR), For Immediate Release, he uncovers how a sponsor conclude – while describing brands; supporting groups and individuals seek writer or remain aside from it; developing business without estranging faithful clients; settling emergencies rapidly; and enhancing first page comes about on the most capable web search tool on the planet – Google. This book aids in Building up the benefits of your idea or organization and protect the essential part people think about your organization or brand amid an Internet offer is what you desire them to look at Deal with a difficulty in the finest and competent manner.
About Author
Josh Chetwynd
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Faculty Advisor
Wilkes, John M.
Worcester Public Schools
This project involved data gathering and analyzing of Worcester high school students' MBTI, MCAS and transcript. The core importance of the project was to find out if there are any correlations between students with different types of personality and their academic performance including a standardized exam such as MCAS. A relationship between MCAS scores and the S-N dimension of the MBTI was found.
Worcester Polytechnic Institute
Date Accepted
January 2002
Project Type
Interactive Qualifying Project
Copyright Statement
Access to this report is limited to members of the WPI community. Please contact a project advisor or their department to request access
Restricted-WPI community only
Advisor Department
Social Science and Policy Studies

subset: commoncrawl


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What a fabulous football game. The game lived up to its billing, one versus three in the country and it was a good one, as North Dakota State edged South Dakota State, 21-17. The Bison relied on Easton Stick's legs, running for 63 yards and some crucial first downs to ice the game against the Jackrabbits.
SDSU surged into the lead in the third quarter after as Isaac Wallace 61 yard touchdown run, but the Bison responded as Stick found the endzone to give NDSU a 21-17 lead.
The Bison defense tightened in the fourth quarter, including two huge tackles by Dan Marlette on third down.
With the win, NDSU re-takes the Dakota Marker for the first time since 2015 and gives them an advantage on SDSU in any potential tiebreaker scenario with the head to head win.
Join Jeff Kolpack, Mike McFeely, Eric Peterson and Dom Izzo as they recap the Bison win.


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Last updated: 07 August 2019
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The Super Girl wooden worry doll is the perfect purchase to gift. She will arrive beautifully presented and wrapped in fabric with his professionally printed rainbow comfort rhyme card and little bag for safe keeping. This little superhero lady would make a lovely birthday gift for a child, or party bag fillers for a Superhero themed party.
I created a little 'Fret-Me-Not' worry doll for my daughter a few years ago when she was struggling to sleep. She kept having bad dreams and would wake up crying out or shouting many nights in a row. My daughter likes to talk to her fret-me-not before she goes to sleep and will tell her all about her day – the good stuff and the stuff that has made her sad, it's a great way for her to express her feelings in a way that feels safe and non judgemental.
The Supergirl peg doll stands at 6cm high, and has been crafted using a single piece of solid wood. The superhero design has then been sketched and intricately handpainted by full-time peg doll artist Jules.
Please remember that all of my dolls are painted to order. If you need your order for a particularly date, please contact me.
Due to the individual handmade nature of each doll, designs and colours may vary slightly. Fabric wrapping and bag colour will vary.
For safety and peace of mind we advise that all Peggies items are kept away from those that like to mouth objects. If an item becomes damaged, please discontinue use. We have a recommended usage age of 3 years plus.


text: Enterprise risk management — Life OverviewHealthcare - Private sectorHealthcare - Public sectorLife Print Connect Email Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Google+ The implementation of an effective enterprise risk management framework is an important and complex task. We work closely with clients to develop comprehensive systems for risk management across their organizations. We help clients identify the right risk measures to bring perspective to their risk exposure, build economic capital models for internal and regulatory purposes, and put in place suitable risk mitigation. Our global team has been at the forefront of this field since ERM first emerged in the late 1990s. We offer practical experience in quantifying all types of business risk, combining the results to form a complete picture of how risks within various parts of the organization emerge and interact with each other. Then we offer insight into how key risks might be mitigated to insure the company remains in a strong position, no matter what the future may bring.Client example: Effective ERM faster and at lower cost One client wanted to rapidly launch an ERM programme with a goal of seeing the benefits within a year, but the approaches offered by other consulting firms would take a year or more to implement. Within a few months, Milliman's experienced team was able to design an ERM framework that gave the client reporting and structure, with a clear roll-out plan to receive actionable data within 12 months. Techniques from Milliman's Complexity-based Risk Analysis™ (CRisALIS™) methodology rapidly engaged the staff. The process also helped the client quickly identify which features of the risk exposure needed lower tolerance and where interactions between risks were causing unexpected results. Understandably, our work and results are unique to each client. Next StepsFor more information, contact:Neil CantleLondon, UKTel: +44 20 78471537E-MailNeil CantlePrincipal, Consulting ActuaryLondon, UKTel: +44 20 78471537Read more>>View bioE-Mail | VCardTwitterLinkedInGoogle+ Your choices regarding cookies on this site This website uses cookies to provide you with an optimised experience. Refer to our privacy policy for more information regarding our use of data or click here to learn more about the cookies we use and how to disable them. Agree and Proceed Required Cookies These Cookies are necessary for you to access and navigate our Sites. Analytics & Performance These Cookies are used by us or third-party service providers to analyze how the Sites are used and how they are performing. We use the following service providers and you can learn more about their privacy policies and how to opt-out of their cookies by clicking on these links: Google Analytics: https://policies.google.com/privacy#intro AI Media group: https://aimediagroup.com//user/themes/aimedia/docs/privacy.pdf Social We use 'social buttons' to enable our users to share or bookmark web pages. These are buttons for third party social media sites. We use the following service providers and you can learn more about their privacy policies and how to opt-out of their cookies by clicking on these links: Facebook.com: https://www.facebook.com/policies/cookies/ Google Inc.: https://policies.google.com/privacy?hl=en Linkedin.com: https://privacy.linkedin.com/ Twitter.com: https://twitter.com/en/privacy Agree and Proceed Cancel


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Under review
EVERY SINGLE TIME I open "Grade Center", I have to change the number in "Edit Rows Displayed" to 30 in order to have a scroll bar at the bottom of the Grade Center window and see all my students. How about making BB REMEMBER the number of rows that I displayed in that class previously, so I don't have to re-enter the same number of rows EVERY SINGLE TIME I open the class?
|Product Version (if applicable):


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Oh Deer!
How cute are these Oh Deer sculptures from Art Mind? They would look great lined up on a mantle. I know it's early but I'm already getting in the holiday spirit!
1 comment:
- ArtMind said...
Aww, thanks so much for featuring my Deers in your blog! They feel perfectly happy here! :) Happy weekend, Erin!
- 13/11/09 02:41
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You few long-time readers (all four of you) know how the media makes my head explode when there is a weather-related story, especially when snow is in the forecast.
I've written here many times about the "abandon all hope" wails from the well-coiffed Cassandras on the news desk. Last week they began to forecast a storm and it was "oh my GOD there are still LEAVES on the TREES and they will be pulled down onto your house and powerlines and millions will die!"
I'm disappointed because there are still leaves on my lawn... screw the leaves on the trees. That's lame to have snow on top of your lawn leaves. Gah.
Anyway, the storm started last night around 9pm ish (in these parts). The trucks started salting and sanding about seven hours before the storm came. I bet my town has used its entire winter snow removal budget already. For four inches of snow. God help us all when we get five inches. We currently have about 4.
Anyway, back to the media. They whip general population up into a frenzy and all the little old ladies run to the store and buy all the milk, bread and eggs. Like no cow will ever have her teet mechanically squeezed again, no farmers will exist to go to the hen house and pick up eggs (because, they're all frozen to death in their farmhouses... of course) and all the bakers died in horrible spin out accidents on the highway going to the bakery.
I've also noticed all the toilet paper gets bought too. But that doesn't fit into the new web tool I'd like to draw your attention to this morning. Over at Universal Hub, our boy Adam has launched the French Toast Alert System.
The French Toast Alert System serves to warn you when you need to get your ass to the store and start buying those aforementioned essensials (there is no mention of TP in the alert system, but be sure to grab four 24 packs, you know... just in case).
Unfortunately, this is not a nation wide alert system, so my readers in Nebraska and California and possibly even Rhode Island will not benefit from this. But.... readers in the immediate Boston area will be able to be alerted in case of extreme french toast situations.
I had always used Kent Brockman's "Category Four Kill Storm" as my gauge for levels of freakingoutness when storms were coming (for an example, see this entry from February 2006 where I go to the market, and trust I've written about 10 of these very similar entries over the last 7 years. I need to find the one where I talk about piling up the bodies of your dead neighbors who tried to break into your house and steal your french toast makings) but I think I am now going to adapt the French Toast system, so I'm on the same page with all other Boston Area bloggers. After all, one person's Category Four Kill Storm is another's Category Six... so we need to standardize our warnings.
My kids have a two hour delay today, so I'm up at my usual time. Geoff got up at 6 and got in the shower before I could tell him that he didn't NEED to be up and showered and ready... but he's just that way. He's already gone out and played in the snow for 20 minutes with the dog, and I think I may send him out with the scraper to clear off my car in about an hour.
A 2 hour delay is worse than a school closing for me personally, because Geoff would be unattended for an hour and a half by himself once Jess left the house. I can't necessarily abandon him, so I'm sticking around this morning and will probably see if my neighbor can take him in for an hour so I can actually leave for work and get there before lunch time.


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Though there are many traditional real estate coaching classes, the best way to learn today is through online real estate courses because they have lot of benefits. There are many online learning courses that picking the right one can lead to various confusions. The real estate coaching classes online, which you prefer has to be researched first. You need to look how far the real estate classes online are beneficial. You need to look at the ratings as well as reviews of that particular website so that you can get to know about it properly. You can select the online learning courses which suits your needs. You can look if there are any kinds of trial session. If there is, then you can probably try it in order to know it is really worth taking the course.
The advantages of learning the online restate courses are many. If you have are passionate about becoming a good real estate agent, then you will have to learn the basic as well as advanced concepts of real estate. Only when you know certain things, it can be really helpful when you play in the real time market. Learning about the real estate market will grow you skills and makes you gain a lot of knowledge about it. Even if you are busy in taking time out your hectic schedule for learning in traditional way, online can help you. If you prefer online courses, then you don't have to consider time as an important factor. You can begin learning whenever you are free. All you need to do is just get enrolled in best online learning course. There are many people, who apart from doing some other work, they learn these online real estate courses and try to get a certificate so that it can be useful in the future. Even if they lose their job, they can try thinking of becoming a good real estate agent and earn good money out of it. In fact this is the most ideal way to have an income. If you are thinking about learning through online, then you will have to consider certain things which are as follows:
- Check if the course is good and worth enough in making you understand the basic fundamentals and as well as the concepts of real estate if you probably are a greenhorn.
- Since there are many websites offering free online learning classes, you will have to look at the ones that are ideal. You need to look at the ratings as well as reviews of a specific online learning website so that you can get to know the real truth behind the website. If you literally don't find the one that is best for you, keep hunting with the help of internet because there are thousands of online learning websites.
- Next thing is to look at the cost of the learning package. Some might be free and few may be paid. You need to decide as to with which you want to go with. Though some learning websites are free, they will limit with the basic concepts alone. For learning deeply about the advanced concepts, you will have to pay them. The paid websites has lot of advanced features in e-learning when compared to free ones and this is literally the reason why they are "paid". But still you can blindly drop your cash in it knowing that it's paid and henceforth it will be very good. NO! You will have to investigate about them as well very carefully.
- Check the duration of the classes and also the schedule. If you are probably working, then you might not find time to learn in day time. So it will be night time when you can study. Ensure if it gives the facility of offering presentation at anytime or it's just limited.


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2018 PMBO Final Entry Videos! (3 min or less)
Entry date BEFORE (new years eve) Dec 31. (12:00 midnight your local time)
Please post all FINAL entry videos here in this thread!
If its not your final entry, Or its not posted here... It will not be part of the contest!
Good luck and HAVE FUN!!!


text: (Bloomberg) -- One of Wall Street's go-to shelters in times of trouble is showing cracks as broad concerns pile up..Bouts of selling have hit bonds backed by mortgages, auto loans and credit card payments -- typically havens during periods of stress -- amid the carnage in financial markets this month..Certain sectors of so-called securitized loans are "experiencing some headwinds," said Neil Aggarwal, senior portfolio manager and head of trading at Semper Capital. "A combination of rates, earnings, and global concerns are having an ongoing impact.".The debt class usually does better than corporate bonds during market turmoil because the securities are linked to consumer payments, rather than company performance, and typically have cash cushions to absorb initial losses. But recent weakness highlights how the sector may be unable to shrug off the chaos enveloping other assets..Commercial mortgage-backed securities may be the most affected. The Sears Holdings Corp. bankruptcy has added to pressure on the already brow-beaten retail sector. Moreover, commercial properties, which tend to be valued based on a yield spread, are being hit by rising rates, according to Aggarwal..Average spreads -- the premium above a perceived risk-free rate -- on CMBS deals as a whole have widened in secondary trading as much as six basis points so far this month, while the riskier benchmark BBB- rated spreads widened by about 25 basis points, according to index data from Bank of America Merrill Lynch and ICE Data Services. In comparison, BofA's high-yield bond index widened 23 basis points over the same period..That weakness also spread to the new issuance market. During the week of Oct. 15 after stocks plunged, primary CMBS spreads edged wider compared to recent deals.."CMBS can get led around by corporate spread movement to a degree -- which has been widening -- and certainly also by broader macro volatility," said Chris Sullivan, chief investment officer at the United Nations Federal Credit Union. "However, this could be just periodic equity volatility.".Here are more examples of how structured finance is being affected:.In the consumer sector, spreads on asset-backed bonds widened last week amid heavy supply and the stock sell-off, according JPMorgan Chase & Co.Auto-loan ABS spreads also widened across tranches during the same week, BofA said in a recent note.The trading of pre-crisis residential mortgage bonds, a popular RMBS strategy, seems to be the most immune to the wider volatility. Despite the overall weakness in the housing sector, the decreasing supply of these legacy securities is supporting the sector.."The market volatility is creating trading opportunities within structured products as certain markets are underperforming while others remain well supported," Aggarwal said..To contact the reporter on this story: Adam Tempkin in New York at email@example.com contact the editors responsible for this story: Christopher DeReza at firstname.lastname@example.com, Randall Jensen.©2018 Bloomberg L.P.


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A few days into the New Year of 2017, I decided it was time to ditch my mobile phone device, my smartphone. This was not my first time thinking about the idea of being phoneless. For a while in 2015 and 2016, I played with the idea of going backwards in time and getting a flip-phone.
At any rate, I decided that today was good as good as any. I guess I did have some middle ground I could rest upon, Google Voice. Before totally giving up my mobile phone, I set up a google voice number for instances where it seemed almost dire. (Use your own discretion as to what is deemed dire. Dire in my case was needing a number for potential clients could call and leave messages for me. )
How to Go Without a Mobile Phone?
Step #1: Open up and Tell People
This step, especially as Step 1 may seem a bit weird. Let me assure you that you will want to be as prepared as possible when doing this. Doing this step first also strengthens your resolve for the time after you have stopped using your mobile phone. You will appreciate knowing possible objections to your decisions and criticisms from others as knowing them will help you come up with creative alternatives.
Step #2: Plan Your First 30 days
Having a plan for your first 30 days will help ease the transition for yourself. For just 30 days, try to calendar out for usual interactions you would have by phone. For example, make a plan weekly to communicate with your friends and family. Going mobile less, time can be your friend or your enemy. Trust me, you want time to be your friend. Having time as your friend means that you stay committed to time contraints as much as possible and you want others aware of your commitment. When events or such circumstances require that you be at a place at a certain time, being mobile less, you do not have the option to text or call to let someone know you will be late. Planning ahead is how you make time your friend.
Step #3: Know Your Limits
Knowing yourself and your limits is crucial. Know that sometimes, you will need to communicate with others that are not immediate to you. Let's face it, in this day and age, you are probably never less than 10 feet away from a person with a mobile device or access to a telephone. Use your resources wisely. I do not advocate using unsafe measures but I have been know to walk up to a stranger or a store to ask someone to use their phone if I get lost. Know that there are limits. Know when you need to reach out for help or when you need access to a phone while you are out. Lastly, have confidence that you will be okay. Even in emergency situations, think clearly and act fast.
What have I learned since going mobile less?
I learned that there are not nearly as many emergencies that pop up that require me to have access to a phone. I also learned that I have to rely on my instinct and myself when faced with a problem or issue instead of relying on instant communication. I have learned a lot of random things going mobile less:
- I learned how to navigate my surroundings better;
- I learned that not everything is an emergency and that eventually everything works itself;
- I learned that life is more interesting when you are looking up and not down at a phone;
- I learned that I am much more resourceful than I ever could have imagined.
If you think going mobile less is for you, give it a try. Even if you don't think it's best for you, it won't hurt to give it a try and see what you learn. Let me know if you have tried to go mobile less before or if you are going mobile less now.
Good luck!


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Young Person asks— "Do you have any pointers you can give me?"
Experience Person responds — "Don't let anyone take advantage of you."
YP — "Please explain."
EP — "You're young you still have that sparkle in your eye that drive to go out and save the day and let the rest sort itself out. But when you think like that, people can take advantage. Employers want your services. Agents want a cut of your pay. Companies want you to sell their products. If you're not careful, you give yourself away for less than you're worth. You trust people who you shouldn't. You play with fire, and you get burned."
"That's my advice to you, 'Don't get burned.'"
YP —I was more looking for things like keys to advancement."
EP — "Oh … that. Just survive. Live through enough experiences, and you'll advance. For an intelligent and smart person with your kind of background, that's the easy part. But if you do that long enough, eventually you learn that your job isn't about being self-sufficient or doing the right thing. Really, we just do what we do for money. And when that finally starts to sink in, you face the hard part of professional life: the big questions."
YP —"The big questions?"
EP —"Yeah. Is there more to life than just advancement and looting? Are we more than just numbers in some accountants ledger, statistics written on our resume? And the big one, the one that haunts you every night on the job: Why are we doing this anyway?"
(Adapted from Orconomics: A Satire [The Dark Profit Saga Book 1] by J. Zachary Pike. Gnomish Press LLC.)


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The summer started out wet and it has hurt irrigation sales, however there has been a need for drainage at many homes. Due to the wet conditions homeowners have become more aware of standing water issues on their property. With standing water brings the blood suckers; mosquitoes have been harassing many homeowners, keeping them from enjoying their yards. Add drainage to your list of services to meet your homeowner's needs.
Identifying the Problem
The rough winds, tornadoes and fierce rain have been reaching havack on landscapes, homes, yards and gardens. Properties have been put to the test and are not standing up to this season's rough and unpredictable weather. Drainage can be very expensive, especially when caught too late. Warn your homeowners of these dangers to start your projects earlier rather than later. According to the U.S. National Flood Insurance Program, drying a basement of water ranges from $1,000-$10,000 and according to the National Association of Realtors, repairing damage to a home's foundation can range anywhere from $3,500 to $25,000. According to HomeAdvisor replacing a landscape washed away from heavy rains averages $7,500 and can run as high as $30,000.
You should advise homeowners to take advantage of your company's drainage services before further home and yard damage cost them even more. To help maintain current drainage the following should be done weekly according to NDS:
- Clean out gutters and downspouts
- Inspect your yard for obstructions
- Abide by the 10-foot rule
- Clear street drains of debris
Finding a Drainage Solution
According to NDS, for fixing known drainage problems, use one of the three most common solutions that can be purchased at home improvement and hardware stores:
· Catch basin: Designed to trap sediment, debris, contaminants and pollutants so that they cannot enter drainage pipes, catch basins are installed beneath downspouts; catch basins easily connect to underground drain age pipes where the water can drain to a safe location
· Pop-up emitter: When connected to the end of an underground drainage pipe, a pop-up emitter allows water to be diverted and released to safe areas away from structures and poor drainage areas; its pop-up top allows water to be released when full while staying closed when empty to keep rodents and debris out of the system
· French drain: A trench filled with gravel, rock or a gravel-free alternative containing a perforated pipe, a French drain directs stormwater away from a specific area, blocks the passage of excess debris, and collects water over the entire length of the drain instead of one particular spot


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Welcome to Mayflower Offshore Rowing Club
Based in Plymouth at the Mayflower Marina the club encourages people of all ages to come and join us whether you have a competitive soul or would like to row socially. We take part in many events including regional as well as national regattas. We organise social rows with a stop in a local pub alongside a river or by the sea. Each year is an exciting year when we also join international events in coastal rowing.
We also welcome sponsors for our club where your name will be visible on one of our boats. Whether you would like to sponsor the equipment, boat towing or any of the regattas please Contact Us
Latest News
Le Crocs Monsieur – Jeff Hammond Celebration Event
Jeff Hammond our late Club President and whom you will all know, passed away earlier in July, with advanced pancreatic cancer. As a Club we are looking to host a [...]
Season 2019 – Part 1
The first part of our South West Coastal League season finished with our latest regatta in Plymouth with the Breakwater Bash on the 2nd June. After a couple of postponed [...]


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All Scriptural quotes are from the KJV unless otherwise stated
Further research into Deuteronomy 32:8,9. The results are posted below. As is often the case when Biblical study is undertaken, we find a plethora of different translations of the Holy Bible – not to mention the Apocryphal texts. There are so many learned discussions and disagreements on almost all aspects of the Biblical texts that I have attempted to ignore most of them – not always successfully I might add! Additionally, not being myself an expert in any of the Hebrew, Greek, Aramaic and Latin languages, one by necessity is required to accept (not always willingly it must be said) the results of others who declare themselves to be such experts.
I have strayed into areas I had no intention of entering when I first set–out on this journey. A pamphlet rather than a blog posting would have been a more appropriate vehicle for this considering its length.
Has the journey borne fruit? Well, I don′t believe that I have completed the journey. I give NO definitive answers but attempt to adhere to the advice given to us all in 1 Thessalonians 5.21 Prove all things; hold fast that which is good.
I leave the interested reader to reach their own conclusions, for I have by no means exhausted the research potential of these two verses of Deuteronomy. We may return to them in the coming future.
Deuteronomy 32:8,9, When the most High (עֶלְיוֹן – 'elyown) divided to the nations their inheritance, when he separated the sons of Adam (אָדָם – man, mankind), he set the bounds of the people according to the number of the children of Israel. 9 For the LORD'S (יְהֹוָה – Yĕhovah) portion [is] his people; Jacob [is] the lot of his inheritance.
The above verses are as translated in the King James Version of the Holy Bible. However, if we take a look at translations from other Bible versions we find a quite different, and perhaps more correct statement, regarding how the bounds of the people were divided?
Septuagint Bible LXX
Deut.32.8 When the Most High divided the nations, when he separated the sons of Adam, he set the bounds of the nations according to the number of the angels of God.
Revised Standard Version (RSV)
32.8 When the Most High gave to the nations their inheritance, when he separated the sons of men, he fixed the bounds of the people according to the number of the sons of God.
New Revised Standard Version (NRSV)
32.8 When the Most High apportioned the nations, when he divided humankind, he fixed the boundaries of the peoples according to the number of the gods;
Deuteronomy 32 from Scroll 4Q45 PaleoDeuteronomy
32.8 When the Most High gave to the nations their inheritance, when he separated the children of men, he set the bounds of the peoples according to the number of the children of Israel.
32.8 When the Most High gave to the nations their inheritance, when He separated the children of men, He set the borders of the peoples according to the number of the children of Israel.
Complete Jewish Bible (CJB)
32.8 "When 'Elyon gave each nation its heritage, when he divided the human race,
he assigned the boundaries of peoples according to Isra'el's population;
We see quite a variation in translation in the above quotes from only a few Bible versions. We could go into a long and expansive discussion on which, if any, of them are deemed to be the correct translation. Indeed, if the interested reader cares to research the topic they will find that it has been the subject of much debate.
As I stated in an earlier posting – Concerning the division of the nations – The descendants of Noah are believed to have divided them by divine direction? Gen.10:1-5, could be used to verify this statement. However, the children of Israel (Jacob) were not in existence at that time, but as it is Moses who is given credit for writing the book of Deuteronomy then the children of Israel would have existed in his day.
Instead of speculative analysis we can look for any supporting evidence in the Holy Bible (here a little there a little) that suggests that one of the above translations may be the correct one?
We begin our journey at the Tower of Babel.
Genesis 11.5 And the LORD came down to see the city and the tower, which the children of men builded. 6 And the LORD said, Behold, the people is one, and they have all one language; and this they begin to do: and now nothing will be restrained from them, which they have imagined to do. 7 Go to, let us go down, and there confound their language, that they may not understand one another's speech.
The word us – beney ha'elohim in above verse is the same translation of the word us in Gen.3.22 And the LORD (Yĕhovah) God ('elohiym) said, Behold, the man is become as one of us, to know good and evil: and now, lest he put forth his hand, and take also of the tree of life, and eat, and live for ever:
In Genesis 11 it is revealed that Yĕhovah came down (from where – heaven?) in order to confuse the language and to separate the people by boundaries – or into nations. These people were the descendants of Adam through Noah and his sons, who survived the flood. Genesis 10.1 Now these are the generations of the sons of Noah, Shem, Ham, and Japheth: and unto them were sons born after the flood.
We can see that the various Bible translations appear to agree on the generations of the sons of Noah, although not identically translated – sons of Adam, human race, children of men, sons of men, humankind.
Where the Masoretic Text (which is the authoritative Hebrew and Aramaic text of the Tanakh) differs from the Septuagint LXX ( which is a Koine Greek translation of a Hebraic textual tradition that included certain texts which were later included in the canonical Hebrew Bible) is in the way the boundaries of the people were set!
The people may have been divided into 70 groups or nations as stated in Genesis Chpt. 10 – descendants of Noah?
There are several separate works of the apocryphal Book of Jasher. All composed much later than Biblical times – give a somewhat different rendering of the division of the nations.
Jasher 9.32 And God (Yĕhovah) said to the seventy angels who stood foremost before him, to those who were near to him, saying, Come let us descend and confuse their tongues, that one man shall not understand the language of his neighbour, and they did so unto them.
How much credence we should give to this rendering of the division of the nations is open to debate. The Book of Jasher is mentioned in two verses of the KJV – Joshua 10.13 and 2 Samuel 1.18. However, it is debatable as to whether the Books of Jasher currently in circulation are the original texts as mentioned in the KJV?
Jasher does, however, support the translation given in the Septuagint LXX. The RSV and the NRSV translate to the number of the sons of god and the number of the gods, respectively. We therefore need to ask the question – Are angels to be equated with the sons of god? We will return to this question a little later.
It is interesting to note that the number of angels as stated in the Jasher account tally exactly with the number – 70 – of the descendants of the sons of Adam, or actually the descendants of Noah in Genesis Chpt. 10. It should also be noted that Jacob, or Israel, is not named as one of the 70 descendants of Noah. It would therefore appear that the setting of the boundaries of the people according to the number of the children of Israel is rather out of context with the time period the text of Deuteronomy 32 appears to be referring to?
It should also be remembered that it was universally accepted in the ancient world that individual nations were allocated their own spiritual god.
We need to search a little further to see if we can find any other Biblical support for one or other of the differing statements made in the various translations.
Biblical Evidence
It becomes clear in the few selected passages of Scripture recorded below that the planet Earth and all that live upon it ( including the actions of human kind) would appear to be influenced by what we may call higher powers.
An interesting passage is found in 2 Chronicles 18.18
Ahab king of Israel and Jehoshaphat king of Judah (note that Judah and Israel are two separate kingdoms) are planning to go to war (v.3). As was the custom, the prophets were consulted – all 400 of them!(v.5). However, the prophet Micaiah was the only one through whom Yĕhovah spoke.
In verse 18 Micaiah speaks – Again he said, Therefore hear the word of the LORD ( Yĕhovah) ; I saw the LORD sitting upon his throne, and all the host of heaven standing on his right hand and on his left 19 And the LORD (Yĕhovah) said, Who shall entice Ahab king of Israel, that he may go up and fall at Ramothgilead? And one spake saying after this manner, and another saying after that manner. 20 Then there came out a spirit , and stood before the LORD, and said, I will entice him. And the LORD (Yĕhovah) said unto him, Wherewith? 21 And he said, I will go out, and be a lying spirit in the mouth of all his prophets. And the LORD said, Thou shalt entice him, and thou shalt also prevail: go out, and do even so.
Host of heaven – The word host translated from Hebrew – tsaba' – army, war, warfare, host (of organised army), host (of angels), of sun, moon, and stars.
The word heaven translated from the Hebrew – shamayim – visible heavens, sky, as abode of the stars. Heaven (as the abode of God)
The host of heaven are associated with spirit beings. The above verses clearly reveal the influence of heavenly or celestial powers in the world. However, to which one of the 3 heavens mentioned in the Scriptures are these verses referring?
It should be noted that the Scriptures mention 3 different heavens. The English translations use mainly the one word–heaven–for all three. It is therefore necessary to identify which heaven is being alluded to when studying.
A hint as to just how the lying spirit achieves its mission brings to mind the following verse >Ephesians 2.2 Wherein in time past ye walked according to the course of this world, according to the prince of the power of the air, the spirit that now worketh in the children of disobedience:< . If we consider how we are all influenced by the air waves in our world, then perhaps the above verse in Ephesians gives us an indication as to how these influences are achieved?
It should also be noted that Ahab apparently could NOT be enticed from the position of the throne of Yĕhovah. The so–called spirit said I will go out, and Yĕhovah said go out and do even so. What is meant by go out and what powers the so–called spirit actually used to influence Ahab′s prophets I leave the reader to speculate upon. Perhaps verses 2 Chronicles 18.23, 24 gives us some indication? 23 Then Zedekiah the son of Chenaanah came near, and smote Micaiah upon the cheek, and said, Which way went the Spirit of the LORD from me to speak unto thee? 24 And Micaiah said, Behold, thou shalt see on that day when thou shalt go into an inner chamber to hide thyself. OR – Ezekiel 2.2 And the spirit entered into me when he spake unto me, and set me upon my feet, that I heard him that spake unto me.
We find a similar example in the Book of Job – see below*
In Hebrews 2.5, we are given to understand that it will NOT be angels who subject the world to come (Millennium?) – For unto the angels hath he not put in subjection the world to come, whereof we speak. Are we to deduce from this statement that our present world is indeed heavily influenced, if not ruled, by powerful heavenly beings – angels? Albeit through the council of Yĕhovah.
The wording of 2 Chronicles 18.18 thro′ 21 in the KJV is similarly translated in the CJB, RSV, NRSV, Septuagint, and many other translations.
In the Book of Job (KJV) we also find passages of Scripture revealing that the sons (banah) of God ('elohiym) appear to meet regularly (Job 1.6,7) – in council with the LORD (Yĕhovah) . We are also made aware that the Adversary is also among them – on occasion at least (Job 1.6,7). He is busy going to and fro in the earth and walking up and down in it. (Job 1.7). In verse 12, it is revealed that the Adversary is given the power, by command of Yĕhovah, to directly influence the life of Job, and make life so difficult for him that the Adversary expected that Job would end up cursing thee (Yĕhovah) to thy face. The manner in which the Adversary accomplishes this is not stated but the results of his influences are. Job 2.1 thro′ 6 gives a similar rendering.
Are we deduce from this that Satan, or Lucifer, as he was at one time called, was originally created a son of God? Ezekiel 28.15 Thou wast perfect in thy ways from the day that thou wast created, till iniquity was found in thee. If this is actually the case then it appears that the sons of God can and do change from perfect to extremely imperfect – Not unlike the human race I would suggest? – More on this a little later.
Sons of God or Man?
It is here that we run into a problem that can, and does, cause problems when attempting to understand the Scriptures. There are those of the Christian faith who believe that as we humans are created beings then we are already the sons and daughters of God (Many within the LGBT+ community would perhaps disagree?). Others would claim that it was Adam and Eve who were the original creations of God, and thus could be called son and daughter of God. Human kind since that time has procreated through the physical union of man and woman. It would therefore be logical to call them sons and daughters of man.
Jesus Christ (Yĕhovah) (use the name most commonly in use), himself, was called the Son of man because He was physically born of a woman on this earth. Example> Mathew 20.18 Behold, we go up to Jerusalem; and the Son of man shall be betrayed unto the chief priests and unto the scribes, and they shall condemn him to death.
Mankind – Eccl. 1.13 And I gave my heart to seek and search out by wisdom concerning all things that are done under heaven: this sore travail hath God ('elohiym) given to the sons (ben) of man ('adam) to be exercised therewith.
The Septuagint translates above verses in Job as angels of God rather than sons of God. The CJB uses the same wording as the KJV, as does the RSV. The NRSV translates as heavenly beings.
Note. That this world is heavily influenced by what we may call heavenly beings appears to be reinforced by taking a look at Mathew 4.1thro′11. However, just like Jesus Christ, we are commanded to reject any thought of worship of them.
Examples from KJV.
Colossians 2.18 Let no man beguile you of your reward in a voluntary humility and worshipping of angels (aggelos) , intruding into those things which he hath not seen, vainly puffed up by his fleshly mind.
Jeremiah 2.19 And the houses of Jerusalem, and the houses of the kings of Judah, shall be defiled as the place of Tophet, because of all the houses upon whose roofs they have burned incense unto all the host of heaven, and have poured out drink offerings unto other gods ('elohiym)
There are many more examples of warnings given to both Israel and Judah regarding worshipping of strange gods. It was actually one of the greatest sins the children of Israel committed (and many continue to do so) if we consider the First Commandment.
God of this world – a prince among other princes?
If we hark back a moment to Ephesians 2.2, we read that the old Adversary (a heavenly being) is called a prince of the power of the air). In 2 Corinthians 4.4, he is called the god (theos) of this world. He is not the only heavenly being given the title of a prince in the Scriptures. If we look further in Daniel 10.5 we read how Daniel − Then I lifted up mine eyes, and looked, and behold a certain man clothed in linen, whose loins were girded with fine gold of Uphaz: 6 His body also was like the beryl, and his face as the appearance of lightning, and his eyes as lamps of fire, and his arms and his feet like in colour to polished brass, and the voice of his words like the voice of a multitude. Clearly, this was no ordinary man (verse 18) . What is interesting to us, with respect to the division of the nations, is that in verse 13, Daniel is informed by the man− But the prince of the kingdom of Persia withstood me one and twenty days: but, lo, Michael, one of the chief princes, came to help me; and I remained there with the kings of Persia.
Following this statement Daniel is informed (verse 14) Now I am come to make thee understand what shall befall thy people in the latter days: for yet the vision is for many days. If we move on to verse 20, Daniel is given to understand that − Then said he, Knowest thou wherefore I come unto thee? and now will I return to fight with the prince of Persia: and when I am gone forth, lo, the prince of Grecia shall come 21 But I will shew thee that which is noted in the scripture of truth: and there is none that holdeth with me in these things, but Michael your prince.
Although both the Adversary and Michael are called princes it should be noted that the Adversary appears to have dominance or a higher rank than Michael. Jude 1.9 Yet Michael the archangel, when contending with the devil he disputed about the body of Moses, durst not bring against him a railing accusation, but said, The Lord (kyrios) rebuke thee.
Lord – Greek – kyrios – 1. he to whom a person or thing belongs, about which he has power of deciding; master, lord. 2. the owner; one who has control of the person, the master. 3. this title is given to: God, the Messiah
It would appear that the above verses in Daniel are revealing to us that there are heavenly beings (princes) who have each been given charge of nations. Daniel 12.1 even reveals the name of one of the chief princes and over which nation he has been given charge – And at that time shall Michael stand up, the great prince which standeth for the children of thy people: and there shall be a time of trouble, such as never was since there was a nation even to that same time: and at that time thy people shall be delivered, every one that shall be found written in the book.
If we return to Deuteronomy 32:8,9, then it would appear that the division of the nations was unlikely to have been set according to the number of the children of Israel? It would appear that the sons of god is a more accurate translation? If we look at Revelation 5.11 And I beheld, and I heard the voice of many angels (aggelos) round about the throne and the beasts and the elders: and the number of them was ten thousand times ten thousand, and thousands of thousands. It would therefore appear unlikely that the bounds of the people were set according to the number of the angels of God?
We could continue researching this topic, as there is much more to be gleaned from the Word of God. I will, however, leave it to the interested reader as I would like to continue this posting by directing attention to the council of Yĕhovah. It will be noted that it is Yĕhovah who heads–up the council and not 'elyown – the Most High.
Heavenly Council
We continue by having a look at a rather disturbing passage of Scripture in Psalm 82. It only consists of 8 verses and I am going to quote all of them. However, as usual there are disagreements, among the learned, as to how this Psalm should be interpreted. It is understandable that there is disagreement as the Psalm is worded in such a way that different interpretations can be made with Biblical support for a number of them. I will give a very brief overview of some of the interpretations and allow the reader to decide which, if any, is the correct one.
Psalm 82.1 [[A Psalm of Asaph.]] God ('elohiym) standeth in the congregation of the mighty; he judgeth among the gods ('elohiym). 2 How long will ye judge unjustly, and accept the persons of the wicked? Selah. 3 Defend the poor and fatherless: do justice to the afflicted and needy. 4 Deliver the poor and needy: rid them out of the hand of the wicked. 5 They know not, neither will they understand; they walk on in darkness: all the foundations of the earth are out of course. 6 I have said, Ye are gods ('elohiym) ; and all of you are children of the most High('elyown). 7 But ye shall die like men ('adam), and fall like one of the princes (sar). 8 Arise, O God ('elohiym), judge the earth: for thou shalt inherit all nations.
Most Biblical translations of Psalm 82 concur with the KJV with some differences.
Septuagint – 1. God stands in the assembly of gods; and in the midst of them will judge gods… 6 I have said, Ye are gods; and all of you children of the Most High. 7 But ye die as men, and fall as one of the princes.
Complete Jewish Bible
1 God has taken his place in the divine council; in the midst of the gods he holds judgment:… 6 I say, "You are gods, children of the Most High, all of you; 7 nevertheless, you shall die like mortals, and fall like any prince.
Hebrew Bible in English
1 God standeth in the congregation of God; in the midst of the judges He judgeth:… 6 I said: Ye are godlike beings, and all of you sons of the Most High. 7 Nevertheless ye shall die like men, and fall like one of the princes.'
So we come to the question of translation:
Sons of God – Mortal human beings?
There are those who interpret verse 1 as meaning that God is actually standing, or presiding, over the congregation, or assembly, of His inherited children of Israel (gods) through their leaders or judges. The children of Israel are often described as a congregation in the Old Testament. God is judging those who are responsible for upholding His laws (given at Sinai). among the Israelites. That He calls them gods is due to this being alluded to in John 10.34, 35 – Jesus answered them, Is it not written in your law, I said, Ye are gods? 35 If he called them gods, unto whom the word of God came (John 1.1), and the scripture cannot be broken;
The word gods in John 10.34 is translated from the Greek word THEOS, which, depending on the context of the passage can also mean God′s representative, magistrates or judges. Exodus 21,22 & 23 could possibly be used to support this view?
If we take the view that the divine council, judges, great assembly, of gods, as stated in various translations are indeed mortal beings, appointed by God, responsible for the just rule of the nations, and not heavenly beings, it would appear rather illogical to state in verse 7, that ye shall die like men, and fall like one of the princes.' If they were mortal then it would hardly be necessary to remind them that they shall die like men? However, to fall like one of the princes (Adversary?) would be looked upon as a divine judgement due to their neglect, if not rejection, of God′s Laws as related in verse 2 thro′ 5. Their resurrection into the coming Kingdom as spirit born sons of God is in peril? Perhaps the assembly of human judges had such a high opinion of themselves that they looked upon themselves as almost immortal? Nevertheless, they would end their days in exactly the same way as any other mortal being.
Another popular interpretation of these sons of God is found in Genesis 6. 1–5. When the sons of God ('elohiym) came in unto the daughters of men, and they bare children to them. These children became mighty men – possibly part divine and part mortal? – They could die. Greek mythology and the mythology of a number of other cultures also feature these so–called demigods. These beings displayed abilities above and beyond that of a natural mortal man. Pure speculation on my part, but verse 7 of psalm 82 – But ye shall die like men ('adam), and fall like one of the princes, would then make sense
Let us see if there are any other indications that the sons of God are indeed mortal?
Luke 3.38, is sometimes used, by some, to confirm that the sons of God are indeed physical human being. In this chapter of Luke we are given the genealogy of Jesus.
The final verse 38 – Which was the son of Enos, which was the son of Seth, which was the son of Adam, which was the son of God.
Another verse used to confirm this i Malachi 2.10 Have we not all one father? hath not one God created us? why do we deal treacherously every man against his brother, by profaning the covenant of our fathers?
As stated above – Others would claim that it was Adam and Eve who were the original creations of God, and thus could be called son and daughter of God. Mortal Human kind since the time of Adam have procreated through the physical union of man and woman. It would therefore be logical to call them sons and daughters of man ('adam)?
Luke 20.34 And Jesus answering said unto them, The children of this world marry, and are given in marriage: 35 But they which shall be accounted worthy to obtain that world, and the resurrection from the dead, neither marry, nor are given in marriage: 36 Neither can they die any more: for they are equal unto the angels; and are the children of God, being the children of the resurrection.
These three verses are referring to resurrected physical human beings, who being found worthy, will be resurrected from the dead and become spirit BORN sons and daughters of God. Verse 36 could also be interpreted to infer that the angels and the resurrected children of this world are equally classified as children of God?
Romans 8.14 For as many as are led by the Spirit of God, they are the sons of God.
In this mortal life, those who are led by the Spirit of God are only physically BEGOTTEN sons of God – with the potential to become spirit BORN on resurrection (John 3.6,7)
Sons of God – Immortal Beings?
Can we find any scriptural evidence for considering Psalm 82 as revealing an assembly of immortal beings ('elohiym) in divine council with God (Yĕhovah)? God judges among the gods − Returning to the Book of Job we find the council assembled in the first chapter, verse 6. Now there was a day when the sons of God ('elohiym) came to present themselves before the LORD (Yĕhovah), and Satan came also among them.
The sons of God, they are sons, or children, of the Most High – and all of you are children of the most High ('elyown)(Psalm 82.6). God (Yĕhovah) is portrayed as an 'elohiym – judging among the gods – who are also 'elohiym. Are these sons of God, as mentioned in Job, the same beings that are called angels in other passages of the Scriptures?
The Book of Hebrews appears to reveal to us two interesting truths. 1. That angels are NOT sons of God. 2. That Yĕhovah was anointed above all his fellows – including angels – Being made so much better than the angels, as he hath by inheritance obtained a more excellent name than they (Hebrews 1.4)
Hebrews 1.1 God, who at sundry times and in divers manners spake in time past unto the fathers by the prophets,…5 For unto which of the angels said he at any time, Thou art my Son, this day have I begotten thee? And again, I will be to him a Father, and he shall be to me a Son? 9 Thou hast loved righteousness, and hated iniquity; therefore God, even thy God, hath anointed thee with the oil of gladness above thy fellows….13 But to which of the angels said he at any time, Sit on my right hand, until I make thine enemies thy footstool? 14 Are they not all ministering spirits, sent forth to minister for them who shall be heirs of salvation? (KJV)
Verse 9 is an exact repetition of Psalm 45.7. The word translated fellows is from the Hebrew word – chaber – associate, fellow, worshippers, companion.
His fellows in the divine council, according to Psalm 82, do not appear to have the same love of righteousness, and indeed appear not to be averse to allowing iniquity to flourish in the earth?– all the foundations of the earth are out of course They are to be harshly judged for failing to act as sons og God.
The leader of the council, Yĕhovah – Colossians 1.16 For by him (referring to Yĕhovah) were all things created (John 1.3), that are in heaven, and that are in earth , visible and invisible, whether they be thrones, or dominions, or principalities, or powers: all things were created by him, and for him: – Yĕhovah, as leader of the divine council, was acting on behalf of God the Father – His position as the FIRST BORN of every creature gave Him this right. Colossians1.15 appears to confirm this – Who is the image of the invisible God, the firstborn of every creature (KJV).
Yĕhovah, is also the only son of God who took human form in the flesh through physical birth – as far as is revealed in Scripture at least. Through His death and resurrection it has now become possible for physical, mortal humans to become BEGOTTEN (NOT Born Again as many people mistakenly believe) sons of God. It is only through spiritual development during a lifetime on this earth and the process of resurrection (there is more than one period or time of resurrection – Rev. 20.5, 6) after physical death that humans can potentially receive divine status as Spirit BORN sons of God – John 3.6 That which is born of the flesh is flesh; and that which is born of the Spirit is spirit.
Hebrews 1.5, makes clear that angels and sons of God are two different types of celestial being – For unto which of the angels said he at any time, Thou art my Son, this day have I begotten thee? The sons of God appear to have greater power than that of angels. However, both types appear to have a role to play as ministering spirits to those who are deemed worthy of being called the heirs of salvation (Heb. 1.14)
Sons of God – The elders?
Revelation 4.4 And round about the throne were four and twenty seats: and upon the seats I saw four and twenty elders sitting, clothed in white raiment; and they had on their heads crowns of gold.
Could these elders, with crowns on their heads, be the actual sons of God? A crown denotes kingship. Fellows of Jesus Christ? Jesus, Himself, qualified to receive the kingship of this planet – but has not, as yet, claimed it from the present god of this world. It may be that some, or all, of these elders, with crowns on their head, are qualified rulers of other planets?
The sons of God are not mediators between God the Father and the human race on earth. That right and privilege was reserved for Christ alone – 1 Timothy 2.5 For there is one God, and one mediator between God and men, the man Christ Jesus;
At the Beginning
It would appear that the sons of God were in existence before the earth was created – Job 38.4 thro′7. When the morning stars sang together, and all the sons of God shouted for joy?
Rev.22.16 I Jesus have sent mine angel to testify unto you these things in the churches. I am the root and the offspring of David, and the bright and morning star.
Jesus Christ is called the only begotten son of God (1 John 4.9). While in His mortal body Jesus could only be a BEGOTTEN son of God. It would appear that God the Father and Yĕhovah took a monumental risk in allowing Yĕhovah to be born of a mortal woman into this world. He was subjected to the same temptations as any other mortal being. If he had succumbed to the temptations that this world has to offer then He would presumably have lost His position in the heavenly sphere and mankind would have lost their only mediator (1 Timothy 2.5).
In other words Yĕhovah is a unique entity – begotten – Greek – monogenēs. May be from the root word menō. Can be reference to state or condition. To remain as one, not to become another or different. Certainly applies to Jesus Christ – Unfortunately (or rather fortunately), the carnal human condition does require change.
1 Peter 3.22 Who is gone into heaven, and is on the right hand of God; angels and authorities and powers being made subject unto him.
Sons of God are certainly not angels.
Deuteronomy 32.8,9
To finally return to Deuteronomy 32.8,9 it may be possible for us to accept – or not – that the translation of these verses in the Revised Standard Version and the NRSV are the most accurate? The nations were divided according to the number of the gods, or, the number of the sons of God. Psalm 82 would appear to support this conclusion? The Septuagint LXX states that the nations were divided according to the number of angels of god. Revelation 5.11, appears to refute that.
There are 195 countries in the world today. This total comprises 193 countries that are member states of the United Nations and 2 countries that are non-member observer states: the Holy See and the State of Palestine. See following URL. http://www.worldometers.info/geography/how-many-countries-are-there-in-the-world/
So who are these SONS of GOD? – I leave the interested reader to reach their own conclusion.
Thank you for taking the time to read through this posting!


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I remember being sixteen in 1987 and standing in the middle of multiple four-foot-high stacks of black Joshua Tree LPs in a music store in Munich, Germany. People were going absolutely nuts to get their hands on the albums, but as I had not yet made the band's acquaintance, I just stood and watched for a while, wondering who these guys were and why they seemed to mean so much to my European counterparts. Finally touched by the madness, I bought a cassette and brought it back with me to the States.
That was all it took.
As I alluded in my earlier post this week, U2's music has played as a meaningful soundtrack to the second half of my life, especially the last 8-10 years. As is true for many fans, the albums through the 90's were not some of my favorites (though there were still some great songs, particularly on Achtung Baby), but when the band came back with All That You Can't Leave Behind in 2001, I remember feeling the way I did in Munich again. Who were these guys, and why did the music they made mean so much to me?
Much of my affection for U2 then had to do with where I was in life at the time. I'd just transitioned roles with The Navigators and was investigating a possible missionary opportunity in Uganda (the album served as the soundtrack for my first trip to Africa). Bono's lyrics to songs like "Walk On" were particularly motivating, as I wanted nothing more than to do what God wanted me to do long-term, but I just wasn't sure what exactly that was (though I was pretty sure it was along different lines than what I was doing then).
By the time the next album, How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb, came out at the end of 2004, it was again the same feeling, both musically and in terms of ministry. Perhaps not surprisingly, it was right around this time that we decided to make the huge transition from Colorado Springs to St. Louis to begin seminary. Thankfully, Megan had come to love the band as well, and as we were moving to the Midwest in the spring and then to St. Louis that summer, we decided our last fling before I began Greek in June would be to see U2 in May in Chicago on the first leg of the Vertigo tour (which, by the way, got recorded as part of this).
Wow. We said it then and we still say it now: wow. Greatest concert ever.
Like every true U2 fan, we have all the albums and enjoy the "standards" from each, but the last two albums (along with Joshua Tree) hold the most meaning for me. I remember totaling my car in high school swatting at a fly while listening to "Where the Streets Have No Name" (consider the irony); I remember Megan and I deciding, after making up from yet another awful fight, that "With or Without You" was "our song" (in case you're wondering, it still is); I remember semi-seriously planning my funeral in my head in case I didn't make it back from Uganda the first time, wanting "Walk On" played for the benediction (thankfully, I safely returned); I remember standing alone in the middle of our seminary apartment that first summer listening to "Sometimes You Can't Make It On Your Own," literally weeping because of all the insecurity I was feeling (there was a lot of it).
The list could go on, but I won't bore you with my reminiscing. The good news is that we've got a new set of songs to play and play again – good songs with actual melodies we can sing and lyrics with real meaning we can take from and add to (in other words, what we've come to expect from and experience with U2 all these years).
The girls know and love U2's music and they all have their favorite tunes. One dream I have is to take them all to a first concert before they fly the coop. Will this album's tour be the one we all make? I don't know, but how cool for them if they could say, "My first concert was U2." Surely that experience would count for something when we're all sitting in family therapy ten years from now.


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Old Drug, New Uses?Anemia drug also protects against nerve damage
Damaris Christensen
Reduce, reuse, recycle. Most people are better at recycling their trash than at either reducing or reusing it. But the idea of turning old products to new uses has a long history-and drug companies are now benefiting from the approach. Testing the safety of drugs in people takes years and can cost millions of dollars. However, research often suggests novel uses for drugs that have been on the market for years.
One of the most recent additions to the list of old drugs with new possible uses is a hormone called erythropoietin, or EPO. It's been used for about a decade to treat anemia in people and, less openly, to boost endurance in athletes. Now, laboratory studies and preliminary trials in people indicate that EPO may be useful in treating nerve damage caused by stroke and spinal cord injuries.
The drug speeds formation of iron- and oxygen-carrying red blood cells. The body naturally increases its production of EPO to compensate for a shortage of oxygen, whether from high altitudes, breathing problems during sleep, or lung disease. Doctors use EPO to treat people suffering from anemia, a condition in which patients have fewer red blood cells than normal. Athletes use EPO because extra red blood cells can carry additional oxygen to hard-working muscles during exercise.
The hormone is made primarily in the kidneys. Just a few years ago, though, researchers found signs that EPO is also made by cells in the brain and spinal cord.
The researchers guessed that, as in the rest of the body, EPO might help protect nerve cells against a lack of oxygen. Of all the tissues in the body, active brain tissue uses the most oxygen.
Indeed, research shows a beneficial effect of added EPO on nerve cells. It doesn't, however, act primarily to increase red blood cells around them. The hormone seems to prevent healthy nerve cells from dying in response to signals sent by damaged nerve cells. That's important because in both stroke and spinal cord injury, signals from acutely injured nerves send other nerves into death spasms. This effect accounts for most of the ultimate damage from those traumas.
Scientists are still trying to tease out the variety of pathways through which EPO protects nerves. Even without that information, the researchers are excited about using the drug to treat often-crippling neurological ailments.
"There's a great need for drugs that can protect against nerve damage," says Anthony Cerami of the Kenneth S. Warren Laboratories in Tarrytown, N.Y. "Most neuroprotective drugs fail because of side effects. We already know EPO is safe and well tolerated in people. I think the life that it will have as a tissue-protecting factor is at least as extensive as the life it has had as a treatment for anemia."
Head to the brain
Interest in new applications for EPO took some time to gain momentum. In the early 1990s, a team of Japanese scientists unexpectedly identified EPO-producing brain cells called astrocytes. At first, says lead researcher Ryuzo Sasaki of Kyoto University, "I was quite doubtful that EPO had a physiological function in the brain." But he says that further studies by other teams showed that brain cells have docking spots for EPO, suggesting that the compound must play some natural role.
Sasaki and his colleagues hypothesized that the hormone might affect how brain cells respond to insufficient oxygen. In many strokes, an oxygen deficiency-such as that caused by a clot cutting off blood flow-typically causes some nerve cells to die. Over the next few hours, nearby cells die in response to distress signals that had been sent from the oxygen-deprived cells.
The researchers showed that injecting EPO into gerbil brains protected cells from dying after an animal's blood flow to the brain was temporarily blocked. Further, agents that soak up naturally produced EPO made cells in the gerbils' brains dramatically more sensitive to low oxygen concentrations. That finding implies that EPO normally plays an important role in minimizing nerve damage, he says.
Sasaki's team injected EPO directly into the brain because few hormones or other large molecules can cross the blood-brain barrier, a tight network of cells along blood vessels that limits which molecules cross from the blood into the brain and spinal cord. However, Cerami and his colleagues, who were studying other actions of EPO, wondered whether the hormone might be among the molecules that the body specifically pumps across the blood-brain barrier. They had found that when healthy animals had the drug injected into their abdomens, they learned new tasks faster and remembered old tasks better than did animals that didn't get EPO.
Cerami reports that high doses of EPO injected into the rats' bloodstream guards the animals against brain damage caused by temporarily obstructing the blood vessels in the brain. "We can protect against about 90 percent of the cell damage in the brain" by administering EPO before or up to 3 hours after inducing strokes in the rats, Cerami says. The hormone also seems to reduce inflammation near the injury, which can further damage nerve cells.
When it was given up to 6 hours after the rats suffered strokes, EPO protected nerve cells from the secondary cell damage, albeit not as well, Cerami says. That long period of effectiveness is appealing because many people who have suffered strokes take several hours to arrive at hospital emergency rooms. Thus, they're not eligible to get the only drug currently on the market that can reduce brain damage from stroke. This clot-busting drug, called tPA, must be given within 2 to 3 hours of a stroke's onset.
In a small pilot study of people with stroke in Germany, 20 patients treated with EPO within 7 hours of stroke later had fewer physical, speech, and memory problems and needed less day-to-day assistance than did 20 who didn't get the hormone. People treated with EPO also tended to have smaller areas of damaged brain tissue, as measured by brain scans a month after their stroke.
People who have had the most-severe strokes seem to benefit most from treatment with EPO, reports Hannelore Ehrenreich of the Max-Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine in GÃâ*ttingen, Germany. She and her colleagues published their findings in the August Molecular Medicine. The German team is now developing a trial of about 500 patients at several medical centers.
"I think this is a stunning result," says J. Donald Easton of Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University School of Medicine in Providence. "There are fates worse than death, and the disabling consequences of stroke may be one of them."
At least at this early stage in the evaluation, the benefits from EPO for stroke appear to be at least equivalent to that of tPA, Easton says. However, unlike tPA, which poses life-threatening risks of hemorrhage and thus can only be given in hospitals, EPO may be safe enough for potential stroke patients to get the drug on their way to the hospital, he adds. Since the two drugs work in different ways, physicians might also combine them.
Moving on
Though less common than stroke, spinal cord injuries can be devastating-the 11,000 people who get these injuries each year in the United States tend to be decades younger than stroke patients and are typically severely disabled for the rest of their lives. In most cases, people with spinal cord injuries lose control of whatever muscles are linked to nerves coming off the spinal cord below the damaged point. There are no widely effective therapies to repair spinal-nerve damage, though very high doses of steroids have helped limit it in some patients.
Cerami and his colleagues looked first at an infrequent type of spinal cord injury, one that's similar to stroke. If blood flow to the spinal cord is blocked-say, during abdominal surgery-paralysis may result. In the Feb. 19 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, the scientists described an experiment in which rabbits received an injection immediately after surgery that blocked blood flow to the spinal cord. Animals given EPO had better muscle control of their hind limbs than did rabbits getting saline instead of the hormone. Over the next 2 days, muscle function worsened in the saline-treated animals, but the EPO-treated rabbits improved. At the end of that time, they also showed less nerve damage than did those that got injections of saline.
In the July 9 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, the researchers demonstrated that EPO counteracts the nerve damage associated with two more common kinds of traumatic spinal cord injury in people. In rats with spines damaged by compression of the nerves, a single dose of EPO after injury boosted the animals' hind leg movements within 12 hours of the injury compared with those of rats getting placebo injections. After 28 days, the EPO-treated rats-some of which were given additional doses on the second and third days after injury-had near-normal movement of their hind limbs, Cerami says, while animals given the dummy injections were still paralyzed.
The researchers also examined direct trauma to rats' vertebrae and spinal cord that caused injuries and paralysis more severe than those resulting from compression. The researchers didn't see any recovery of muscle movement or limb function in this group at first, whether or not the animals were given EPO. However, between the 4th and 12th day after injury, animals treated with one dose of EPO an hour after injury had better muscle tone and more coordinated leg movements and were also better at swimming than rats treated with a placebo were. When the researchers examined the rat spines 28 days later, the rats given EPO showed fewer signs of swelling and cell death surrounding the injury than placebo-treated rats did.
"I haven't seen anything [else] that has yielded effects this strong," says Steven A. Goldman of the Weill Medical College of Cornell University in New York City. Finding a benefit from EPO in a variety of spinal cord injuries is "very encouraging" and suggests the hormone could produce similar results in people, he adds.
Nonetheless, Goldman cautions, "even where things work wonderfully in animal models, it's not uncommon to fail in human trials."
"You can always be fooled, so it's important that other groups replicate these results," says Ron Cohen, president of Acorda Therapeutics in Hawthorne, N.Y. That said, the magnitude of the effect of EPO on rats' spinal cord injuries is impressive, he remarks. People with spinal cord injuries would benefit from even slight lessening of their nerve damage. "If you could just give them a little function, in many cases that could be the difference between sitting in a wheelchair and being able to feed yourself versus being in bed and dependent on others," Cohen says.
Applications abound
Even as researchers are examining basic questions about how the hormone crosses the blood-brain barrier and exploring the multiple actions through which it might exert its beneficial effects, they're already pursuing EPO's potential for treating several additional diseases.
Researchers are concerned about potential problems with using the drug to treat chronic diseases. One recent study has suggested that in rare instances the genetically engineered EPO may cause a person's body to stop producing red blood cells at all, perhaps by causing the immune system to attack both the genetically engineered and normal EPO. In people without underlying anemia, long-term therapy with EPO could conceivably increase the number of red blood cells and thus trigger blood clots. However, most doctors say this side effect can be easily monitored and treated by simply removing blood from a patient with too many red blood cells.
Researchers are already looking into whether EPO might offer benefits to people with multiple sclerosis, glaucoma, and heart disease. Cerami and Pietro Ghezzi of the Mario Negri Institute of Pharmacological Research in Milan report in the Oct. 11 issue of Brain Research that giving EPO to rats with experimentally induced multiple sclerosis reduces symptoms of the disease.
In the Aug. 6 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, a team of researchers including Cerami reports that EPO may protect against the damage caused by glaucoma-a leading cause of blindness. In glaucoma, high inner-eye pressure blocks blood flow to the optic area and damages cells important to vision.
Cerami says he also has unpublished data suggesting that EPO improves outcomes in animal models of heart attacks, which cause widespread cell death and inflammation.
The hormone may also have applications in infant care. When babies don't get enough oxygen during birth, some die and many have lifelong neurological problems. Sandra E. Juul of the University of Washington in Seattle is beginning studies to see whether EPO can benefit these babies.
These projects all contribute to a groundswell of scientific interest in studying EPO's mechanisms and effects. Says Juul, "This is not a silver bullet, but it may be better than what we have, because we don't have anything. I'm very excited about the possibilities."
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References and Sources
Agnello, D. . . . and P. Ghezzi. In press. Erythropoietin exerts an anti-inflammatory effect on the CNS in a model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Brain Research.
Brines, M.L. . . . and A. Cerami. 2000. Erythropoietin crosses the blood-brain barrier to protect against experimental brain injury. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 97(Sept. 12):10526-10531. Available at http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/97/19/10526.
Celik, M. . . . A. Cerami, et al. 2002. Erythropoietin prevents motor neuron apoptosis and neurologic disability in experimental spinal cord ischemic injury. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 99(Feb. 19):2258-2263. Available at http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/99/4/2258.
Ehrenreich, H., et al. In press. Erythropoietin therapy for acute stroke is both safe and beneficial. Molecular Medicine.
Gorio, A. . . . A. Cerami, et al. 2002. Recombinant human erythropoietin counteracts secondary injury and markedly enhances neurological recovery from experimental spinal cord trauma. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 99(July 9):9450-9455. Abstract available at http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/99/14/9450.
Junk, A.K., et al. 2002. Erythropoietin administration protects retinal neurons from acute ischemia-reperfusion injury. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 99(Aug. 6):10659-10664. Abstract available at http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/99/16/10659.
Sakanaka, M. . . . and R. Sasaki. 1998. In vivo evidence that erythropoietin protects neurons from ischemic damage. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 95(April 14):4635-4640. Available at http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/95/8/4635.
Sirùn, A.-L. . . . A. Cerami, et al. 2001. Erythropoietin prevents neuronal apoptosis after cerebral ischemia and metabolic stress. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 98(March 27):4044-4049. Available at http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/98/7/4044.
Further Readings:
Chikuma, M. . . . and R. Sasaki. 2000. Tissue-specific regulation of erythropoietin production in the murine kidney, brain, and uterus. American Journal of Physiology, Endocrinology and Metabolism 279(December):E1242-E1248. Available at http://ajpendo.physiology.org/cgi/co...=XNxexdeYPkaKs.
Digicaylloglu, M., and S.A. Lipton. 2001. Erythropoietin-mediated neuroprotection involves cross-talk between Jak2 and NF-kB signalling cascades. Nature 142(Aug. 9):641-647. Abstract available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35088074.
Goldman, S.A., and M. Nedergaard. 2002. Erythropoietin strikes a new cord. Nature Medicine 8(August):785-787.
Sasaki, R., S, Masuda, and M. Nagao. 2001. Pleiotropic functions and tissue-specific expression of erythropoietin. News in Physiological Sciences 16(June):110-113. Available at http://nips.physiology.org/cgi/content/full/16/3/110.
Siebenlist, U. 2001. Barriers come down. Nature 412(Aug. 9):601-602.
Bert Brunekreef
Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences
Utrecht University
P.O. Box 80176
3508 TD Utrecht
Anthony Cerami
The Kenneth S. Warren Laboratories
765 Old Saw Mill River road
Tarrytown, NY 10591
Murat Digicaylloglu
Center for Neuroscience and Aging Research
The Burnham Institute
10901 North Torrey Pines Road
La Jolla, CA 92037
Hannelore Ehrenreich
Max-Planck-Institute for Experimental Medicine
Hermann-Rein-Str. 3
D-37075 Goettingen
Pietro Ghezzi
Laboratory of Neuroimmunology
Mario Negri Institute of Pharmacological Research
20157 Milan
Steven A. Goldman
Department of Neurology
Neuroscience Weill Medical College
Cornell University
New York, NY 10021
Stephen T. Holgate
Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences
Utrecht University
P.O. Box 80176
3508 TD Utrecht
Stuart A. Lipton
Center for Neuroscience and Aging Research
The Burnham Institute
10901 North Torrey Pines Road
La Jolla, CA 92037
Ryuzo Sasaki
Division of Integrated Life Science
Graduate School of Biostudies
Kyoto University
Kyoto 606-8502
From Science News, Vol. 162, No. 19, Nov. 9, 2002, p. 296.
Copyright (c) 2002 Science Service. All rights reserved.
"Those who seek to predict the future... might first look to the past. The past is a mirror -- and those who ignore its sometimes dark reflection, are doomed to repeat it... Will it be those seeking redemption who shall decide the future... or will those driven only by greed and envy shape our destiny? Even a hundred years later, the outcome is still very much in doubt. .." Outer Limits(Heart's Desire)


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Durable & Dependable! Sony's New Tough SD Cards
The good folks over at Sony are back, and they are looking to set the bar much higher for SD cards. Sony's new Tough SD cards offer up the quickest, most durable cards on the market, packing performance and storage into one sleek design. The cards boast 300MB read and 200MB write speeds, ideal for high-end DSLRs and 4K video.
The cards also feature a one-piece molded construction, rocking high levels of bend strength and it's the first to feature a ribless design that removes the write protection slider, so there are no moving parts. If that wasn't impressive enough, the SD cards also feature an IPX8*5 waterproof rating, an IP6X*5 dustproof rating, and it's shock resistant, X-ray proof, anti-magnetic, static proof, and has UV protection. Check out the new Tough SD cards in the image up top and speak your thoughts on it after the jump. Stay tuned for much more from Sony coming very soon.


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Dietary Information
We use the best quality ingredients and our cakes are never frozen. Therefore most of our products are suitable for home freezing. Not everything is freezable so please read the storage instructions in the product description.
All our cakes contain Wheat, Dairy, Egg, Lactose & Refined Sugar unless indicated, but they are all baked in the same place so if you have an allergy we don't recommend eating them. Most of our recipes don't contain nuts, but if they do we'll let you know in the description.
Our Made Without section has a range of products for those of you with specific dietary requirements. We currently bake Gluten Free and Vegan cakes (which are also dairy and eggs free). The flavours can be easily adapted to suit your needs so if you can't find what your looking for then get in touch!


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Sayonara Zetsubou Sensei
Sayonara Zetsubō Sensei revolves around a very pessimistic high school teacher named Nozomu Itoshiki who tries to hang himself on a cherry blossom tree. Despite his best efforts, he is saved by a very optimistic girl known as Kafuka Fūra (whose real name is unknown). She explains to him that it is simply unforgiveable to hang himself on a day such a nice day, especially in front of such beautiful trees. She decides to nickname Nozomu, "Pink Supervisor", offering to pay him fifty yen to do so. After having enough of the strange girl, Nozomu bolts to the school and starts his homeroom class, but the attempt was in vain as he finds that the girl is one of his students.
from Wikipedia
Check out what else is airing this Summer 2007 season. Découvrez ce que le reste est diffusée cette Summer 2007 saison.
Alternative Names: Goodbye Teacher Despair, So Long Mr. Despair
Genre: Comedy, School Life, Slice of Life
Demographic: Shounen
Based on a shounen manga, Sayonara, Zetsubou-Sensei - Manga by Koji Kumeta serialised in Shounen Magazine. Prequel to Sayonara Zetsubou Sensei Dainiki.
Dark and hilarious. Want to see more before giving an opinion.
The title is translated as So Long Mr. Despair! The title character is a suicidal relentlessly pessimistic man who happens to a high school teacher. Of course, he discovers in the pilot that one of the schoolgirls in his class is a fanatical optimist who persistently rejects the fundamental tenents of his carefully thoughtout fatalistic philosphy spite of her own pecularly ditzy version of reality. First, she refuses to let him hang himself then she demands the right to rename him in her brand new naming scheme inspired by cherry blossoms and (this is my favourite part) offeres him 50 yen to change his mind when he balks. That kind of guerrilla assault on the bastons of existenialism is the perfect ballance between twisted irony and sheer silliness.
Michael Eh?
Another fine twisted summer anime where the concepts of pessimistism and optimism, hope and despair is challenged. Quick witten dialogue with word play on everything including characters names. Simply a twisted black comedy which may be not for everyone but speaks to everyone.
a maniac and entertaining blend of humour and philosophy
Great Dark Comedy. Unique almost graphic design style art. Humour is mostly spoken but there are some brilliant visual humour/puns.
Club Notes
Review Dates: Sept 9 & 11 2007 VAC
External Links
Official Website Japanese
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