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The content of this newsletter is produced by the Second Amendment Project at the Independence Institute, a think tank in Golden, Colorado. The newsletter is electronically distributed by the Second Amendment Foundation in Bellevue, Washington. Thus, the Second Amendment Foundation will be given your e-mail address.
Archive of past issues.
The Second Amendment Project is based at the Independence
Institute, a free-market think tank in Golden, Colorado.
New Research available on the Internet: Philosophy; National Center for Policy Analysis; Guns and Public Health.
Book review of John Lott's "More Guns, Less Crime." By Dave Kopel in Chronicles magazine.
Report from the Channel Islands. What's up with gun rights in the islands between England and France
George Washington
1. New Research Available on the Internet.
a. Philosophy
The Independence Institute is proud to announce the web premiere of two important articles about philosophy and firearms:
In "Arms as Insurance" University of Connecticut Philosophy Professor Samuel Wheeler explores the ethical case for owning firearms as insurance against unjust attack. http://i2i.org/SuptDocs/Crime/ArmsAsInsurance.htm
In "Self-Defense: Rights and Coerced Risk-acceptance" Professor Samuel
Wheeler examines the morality of self-defense. http://i2i.org/SuptDocs/Crime/CoercedRisk-acceptance.htm
Both articles were originally published in Public Affairs Quarterly, and are reprinted on the Web with the permission of Public Affairs Quarterly and Professor Wheeler.
b. National Center for Policy Analysis
The National Center For Policy Analysis, a think tank based in Dallas, has been producing more and more fine research about firearms policy in recent years, by NCPA senior analyst H. Sterling Burnett.
For Burnett's research on abusive lawsuits, and other topics, go to:
c. Firearms and Public Health
Another think tank that has been investigating the firearms issue in recent years is the Claremont Institute, in southern California. Claremont is the home of Doctors for Responsible Gun Ownership, which counters the misinformation spread by gun prohibitionists in the public health community.
DRGO's latest publication is "Firearms: A Handbook for Health Professionals," written by David C. Stolinsky, MD and Timothy W. Wheeler, MD. Even if you're not a health professional, you'll find the publication useful. To find out more about DRGO and its publications, go to http://www.claremont.org/1_drgo.cfm
2. Book Review of "More Guns, Less Crime"
Damn Lies - or Statistics
by David B. Kopel
More Guns, Less Crime:
Understanding Crime and
Gun Control Laws
by John R. Lott, Jr.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 225 pp., $23.00
The most important book ever published about firearms policy is John Lott's superb More Guns, Less Crime: Understanding Crime and Gun Control Laws. No other firearms book has reshaped the political debate so profoundly or its author been subjected to such a determined campaign of lies and libels. The intensity of the campaign against Lott is a powerful confirmation of his book's importance and one reason why it should be read by everyone who cares about firearms policy, which is literally a matter of life or death: Lobbyists who are trying to prevent the public from discovering John Lott's research are indirectly responsible for the deaths of hundreds of innocent people every year.
Throughout the 19th century, "the right to keep and bear arms" meant exactly what it said: The right to carry a gun was protected just as firmly as the right to own a gun. Some states, particularly in the South, enforced laws against carrying handguns concealed, but the right to open carry was almost universally respected. By the 1970's, however, the right to carry had been restricted in most jurisdictions. America was well on the way to treating guns like cigarettes: permissible in private but completely banned from public spaces.
In 1988, however, Florida-thanks to the energetic support of the Florida Chiefs of Police Association and Unified Sportsmen of Florida-initiated a national trend by enacting a "shall issue" handgun permit law, allowing any adult who has a clean record and has taken safety training to obtain a permit to carry a concealed handgun for protection. Now, 29 states have a law similar to Florida's, while Vermont and Idaho (outside of Boise) require no permit.
Before John Lott came along, a few researchers (myself included) had studied the effects of these laws. Clayton Cramer and I (in the Tennessee Law Review) had analyzed changes in murder rates in "shall issue" states compared to national trends and found tentative evidence that murder rates fell after enactment of "shall issue" laws. David McDowall (in the Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology) had analyzed murder rates in five counties and reported that they rose. These efforts, nevertheless, proved far inferior to Lott's.
John Lott has blown all the previous research away: His work amounts to the most thorough criminological study ever performed. Lott collected data from every one of the 3,054 counties in the United States over an 18-year period and, in contrast to the Kopel and McDowall homicide-only studies, examined changes in the rates of nine different types of crime. He also accounted for the effects of dozens of other variables, including variations in arrest rates, in the age and racial composition of a county's population, in national crime rates, and in changes made to gun-control laws, including the adoption of waiting periods. Lott's findings show that concealed carry laws significantly reduce violent crime. On average, the murder rate falls by ten percent, that of rape by three percent, and aggravated assault by six percent.
While crime begins to fall off immediately, the benefits of concealed handgun laws take about three years to make themselves fully felt. This is not surprising: In most states, a flood of applications occurs in the first few weeks the law is on the books, followed by a gradual rise in the percentage of the population which has acquired permits. The larger the percentage of the population with permits, the greater the drop in crime. (That percentage typically ranges from one to five percent.) Interestingly, Lott also found a small but statistically significant increase in nonconfrontational property crimes such as larceny. Apparently, while concealed handgun laws do not reduce the appetite criminals have for other people's property, they do encourage the more rational subset to acquire it in ways that do not put their own lives at risk. And everyone, not just gun carriers, benefits from the reduced crime rate, since aggressors cannot know which potential victims might have a concealed weapon. (The only remaining safe zones for criminals are schools, thanks to laws in many states which forbid gun-carrying on school property, even by licensed adults.)
Despite the book's high level of statistical sophistication, More Guns, Less Crime makes for enjoyable reading. Lott lays out the data in an accessible manner, building from simpler statistical models to more complex ones. Indeed, the book is a good antidote to the "innumeracy" which infects even the best-educated Americans. Statistics are comprehensible if you pay attention, and More Guns, Less Crime is an excellent way to overcome numerophobia.
The most interesting part of the book is the chapter in which Lott addresses his critics. In marked contrast to the anti-gun number crunchers funded by the federal government's Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Lott has made his data readily available to any and all researchers, even supplying them with a computer disk so they needn't key it in again. Even so, certain critics have chosen to offer superficial talking points rather than reanalyze the data.
Lott's most sophisticated critic is Prof. Daniel Nagin, who engages in a form of research called "data torturing." Turning data every which way but loose, Nagin demonstrated (and Lott conceded) that concealed handgun laws require several years to have their full effect. Nagin's other criticisms, however, such as the often-repeated assertion that all the benefits of concealed carrying vanish if one removes Florida from the equation, turn out to be meaningless. The Florida factoid has partial validity-but only if one throws out the data from all U.S. counties with a population of less than 100,000. Under such conditions, concealed-carry laws do not appear to affect the incidence of murder or rape. Yet even if one looks only at counties outside of Florida with a population of over 100,000, the data still show a large decrease in aggravated assault and robbery rates.
While academic critics of Lott's research have stuck to statistical analysis, the anti-gun lobbies have unleashed a furious and thoroughly dishonest public relations campaign against Lott himself, with the most scurrilous attacks coming from the Violence Policy Center (an organization which chides Handgun Control, Inc., for its timidity). The VPC claims that Lott's study was "in essence, funded by the firearms industry." In truth, Lott's study wasn't paid for by anybody: While at work on the book, he drew his regular salary as a University of Chicago law professor. (Lott is presently a member of the Yale Law School faculty.) The University of Chicago, like many other high-ranking universities, was given an endowed chair by the Olin Foundation. The Olin Foundation plays no role in selecting the holder of a chair or in determining his field of research. Some of the Olin Foundation's money came from the late John M. Olin, who acquired part of his fortune in the firearms and ammunition business. To claim that everything any Olin professor does is "paid for by the gun industry" is like claiming that everyone who gets a grant from the Ford Foundation is subsidized by the automobile industry.
The anti-Lott campaign continues to bear fruit in the form of opinion columns written by propagandists who are too lazy to read Lott's book and rely instead on bullet-points from groups like the VPC. For example, Molly Ivins claimed that Lott "himself admits, he didn't look at any other causative factors-no other variables, as they say." Of course, anyone who bothered to crack the book would see that Lott accounted for dozens of other causal factors. These distortions show just how weak the case against concealed carry really is.
The vicious campaign against Lott reveals the fundamental extremism of the anti-gun movement. Concealed handgun laws are precisely the type of moderate, "reasonable" laws which the anti-gun groups claim to support. Except in Vermont and rural Idaho, a person must go through a licensing process and background check in order to get a permit, and many states require applicants to take safety training as well (though Lott found that the safety training requirement had no statistically discernible effect on crime rates or gun accident rates).
So why the intense opposition to laws which encourage controlled gun use? The answer is that the anti-gun movement's greatest concern is not that Lott might be making up his data, but that the data might be correct. In their minds, armed self-defense by private citizens is immoral. As Sarah Brady of Handgun Control, Inc., put it, "To me, the only reason for guns in civilian hands is for sporting purposes." Her husband, Jim Brady, identified the circumstances in which he believes people should be allowed to possess handguns: "[F]or target shooting, that's okay. Get a license and go to the range. For defense of the home, that's why we have police departments." Mrs. Brady's long-term goal, she told the New York Times, is a "needs-based licensing" system. Under the Brady system, all guns would be registered. The local police chief would decide if a person who wanted to buy a gun had a legitimate "need." Mrs. Brady listed hunters and security guards as persons having a legitimate need, but not regular people who wanted guns for self-protection.
Much of the anti-gun lobby's agenda involves trying to restrict self-defense by marketing gun restrictions as "reasonable." For example, there is currently a push to require gun owners to lock up their guns, in the name of preventing access by juvenile criminals. But if a gun has to be locked up all the time, then it is much less readily available in an emergency, such as a home invasion. And concealed handgun laws (which cost the government nothing, the licensing system being paid for by user fees) are a far more cost-effective way to reduce crime than prison construction, hiring more police, subsidizing midnight basketball, or anything else that government does.
The longer the gun-prohibition lobby and its political allies delay "shall issue" legislation in the 19 states which do not have such a law, the more people will be murdered, assaulted, robbed, and raped. And the more people who read More Guns, Less Crime, the sooner streets in every state will become safe zones for good citizens, rather than for predators.
To buy a copy of Lott's book, go to: http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0226493636/independenceinstA/
3. Report from the Channel Islands
The Channel Islands, which lie in-between England and France, in the English Channel, are part of the United Kingdom, but they are not subject to the British Parliament. They have their own Parliament, and make their own domestic laws. Below is a report on the firearms situation in the Channel Islands, written by Derek Bernard, head of the Firearms Users Group in the Channel Islands.
A Historical Perspective
The passage of the new Firearms Law through the States on 17th November 1999 was clearly some sort of a watershed in FUG's history - hence this review. If all the amendments that were passed in the States debate, are actually reflected in the new Law when it finally emerges, then there is no doubt that, while the Law will certainly be a thoroughly bad Law, it will also be,
by a substantial margin, the least destructive of the 7 Firearms Laws in the British Isles. That result is something that FUG and all those who lobbied States Members so effectively, should feel quite proud of.
Nevertheless it is a great deal less satisfactory than seemed reasonably probable right up to October, when the Defence Committee suddenly discovered, 120 years after the Porte d'Armes Law was introduced, that it was so badly written, that it unintentionally did not allow visitors to shoot. Many States Members who had been intending to oppose the Law, felt
compelled to support it in the light of the perceived threat that, without the new Law, Clay Target shooting was likely to be substantially destroyed.
The ability and readiness of our Government to use its own past mistakes to distort the democratic process, crush reasoned opposition and ban traditional and entirely benign sporting activities is very frightening.
FUG became aware of this development in October, when Mo Gotel told Derek Bernard that he was being forced to cancel the Open Clay Championship event scheduled for the end of the month, with the loss of #6,000 in sponsorship, because the authorities were refusing to issue Visitor's Certificates. Derek immediately spoke to both Senator Pierre Horsfall and the Attorney General and managed to persuade the AG to exempt the Championship from the new interpretation, on the basis that it had been planned under the previous interpretation. The AG so instructed the Police the same evening.
To go back to FUG's birth. In 1985 a draft new Firearms Law was published. It was substantially based on the 1973 UK Green Paper No. 5297, despite that Paper having been withdrawn because of the heavy criticism it attracted. It is interesting to note that that Green Paper was in turn based on the still-unpublished McKay Report of 1972 and that that Report disclosed the true, long-term agenda:
"we consider that the number of firearms in private hands should be kept to the absolute minimum."
Derek Bernard wrote to the then Attorney General, Vernon Tomes, in October 1985, seeking clarification on and the reasoning behind, various aspects of the draft Law. This started a long discussion process with Vernon, which culminated in 1995 (see 10. below).
More correspondence followed, with the President of Defence, Chief of Police and others. The letters and replies were circulated to a widening circle of interested parties in the shooting community. This process led to a well-attended, open meeting at the Quatre Bras Hotel on 5th December 1985, with further meetings in January and February '86. It was agreed that an ad hoc organisation called "The Jersey Group of Shooting Clubs and Associations" would be formed and an initial delegation of Derek Bernard (Chairman), David Dorgan, Chris Le Boutillier and Mo Gotel was elected to seek consultation meetings with the Constables, Defence and the Police. The Group's recommendations resulted in the formation of a Firearms Advisory Council, initially under the Chairmanship of Deputy Edgar Bequet.
Over the following years the Group made tremendous efforts to develop a genuine consultative dialogue, based on serious research and analysis, with the FAC and its successors. This proved to be a very uphill struggle and remained so even after the States formally adopted a policy of strict cost/benefit analysis for all regulations. Somehow Defence has remained totally immune from such reasonable requirements. Nevertheless, the established existence of the Group was of immeasurable value in being able to respond promptly, knowledgeably and effectively after the Hungerford murders of 1987 (and again after Dunblane in 1996).
By 1992 the Committee of Derek Bernard, Richard Benest, George Arnold and David Dorgan was well-established. That year the name changed to FUG and a very useful and packed meeting in St. Mary was organised by Senator Jean Le Maistre to see if New Zealand experience could be of use. Sadly, Defence and the States Police denied that they had anything to learn, presumably because the evidence from NZ clearly showed that the registration of firearm serial numbers was an expensive and wholly counter-productive process.
In 1995 Defence brought their new Law to the States. FUG mounted a powerful campaign to expose the absence of any meaningful consultation, as well as the serious flaws in the Law. Senator Vernon Tomes was by then wholly convinced that the Defence Committee's position was fundamentally unsound. He prepared a very powerful speech recommending that the Law be thrown out, but even without using it, the Law was rejected by 37 to 13.
In 1999, the Defence Committee's secret weapon undermined both reason and good government and forced a bad Law onto the Statute books. Sadly, it is a fact that the new Law provides ample mechanisms for the authorities to damage, destroy, or simply crush with bureaucracy, any or all branches of sport shooting, without the slightest realistic prospect of any social benefits. Thus, much as all the FUG Committee Members would like to lay down their pens and focus on shooting and organising good competitions, the need for a strong and united FUG remains as great as ever. To borrow and modify a well-known saying, we are sadly confident that, if we do not hang together, we are very likely to hang separately.
4. George Washington
As America's most immoral President ever prepares to devote his final year in office to destroying the Second Amendment, it is a good idea to look back at America's first President. Below is a commentary on George Washington, written by Larry Arnn, President of the Claremont Institute.
December 14 was the 200th anniversary of Washington's death, and Arnn's commentary reminds us of the great example set by Washington, which ought to still be imitated today. The commentary is reprinted with permission of the Claremont Institute.
If you would like to receive excellent commentary every weekday from the Claremont Institute, you can subscribe for free at:
And BTW, the long George Washington quote about firearms and liberty which circulates on the Internet is bogus. George Washington did enough great things in his life that we don't need to invent good speeches for him.
The Claremont Institute--PRECEPTS |
December 14, 1999
Visit http://www.claremont.org
No. 207
As the century (not quite the millennium) comes to a close, we reflect upon the sweep of the past, and we look for its peaks and its valleys. Today is the 200th anniversary of the passing of one of the highest peaks of human excellence in all of time.
In a more literate era, children learned that George Washington was the Father of Our Country, because he was "first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen." Today we forget the deeds that won him this appellation.
In war, George Washington possessed that rare sort of courage that exhibited complete self-control in the face of menace. At the Battle of Princeton, for example, he rode his horse deliberately upon a line of British soldiers firing, it seemed to those standing near, all directly upon him. When the smoke cleared neither he nor his horse had been harmed or even diverted, and the British were in retreat. For such actions as these, he became known to brave men in that brutal and direct form of warfare as the bravest of them all.
He began to prepare for peace before the war was over. Near the end of the war, the men Washington had commanded were transformed from a rabble to a warrior clan, victorious over the vast armies and mercenaries of the British. The politicians in the Continental Congress had not seen fit to pay them. And so talk began that they should demand their pay or quit the field to some unsettled place, which would leave the nation unarmed. It was only right. They were owed, and mighty men such as they need not beg anyone for what was theirs.
At a meeting called to discuss this scheme, Washington surprised his officers by appearing in person and begging leave to speak. He reminded his comrades of the service they had done together and of the principles for which they had fought. And then he promised that they could "command his service" in the matter of their pay. And so these warriors were taught by precept and example the magic that lies at the bottom of freedom, namely that strong and weak alike -- and especially the strong -- must sacrifice interest on the altar of liberty. Only a man who had suffered with them, only a man who had served himself in refusal of pay, could have the stature to make that argument. But Washington was more than that: he was the best man on every battlefield he walked. And every soldier knew it.
The King of England, George III, expected that Washington would become the King of America. We can forgive him this, if only we consider that this was the natural result of conquest, in all the experience of the world before Washington. King George rested hopes that Washington would prove a bad king, and the people would want back their rightful monarch. Said a Minister, "I understand that General Washington intends to resign his office and return home." "If he does that," replied the startled King, "he is the greatest man alive." And so he did, and so he was.
Events such as these, multiplied by every year and every month of the war, gave Washington the stature to make the constitutional convention possible to call, and the Constitution it wrote possible to pass. In all the fierce debates that raged over that greatest instrument of law ever conceived, one fact anchored support and moderated opposition. Washington was for it. And so of course not Hamilton nor Jefferson, not Adams nor Lee, not Madison nor Henry, nor any other could be considered for the first presidency. Of all the great men who lived in that day, and there were so very many of them in that day, for Washington alone was that office constructed.
When one wonders at the success, the greatness and the goodness of this greatest of modern nations, he can find some explanation in the remarkable fact that we are the children of George Washington. About midway through the first speech a president ever gave, President Washington said: "there is no truth more thoroughly established than that there exists in the economy and course of nature an
indissoluble union between virtue and happiness."
Had we not a better (if similar) one in the Declaration of Independence, this could be the creed of our nation. It gives us the terms by which we may safely call George Washington one of the happiest men who ever lived.
Other great men have had great things to say about our First President. I invite you to read some of these reflections on our web site at http://www.claremont.org/publications/gw991213.cfm, or go to
our home page at http://www.claremont.org.
Larry P. Arnn
President, The Claremont Institute
Copyright (c) 1999 The Claremont Institute
As always, the Independence Institute website contains
extensive information on:
Criminal Justice and the Second Amendment:
The Columbine High School murders:
http://i2i.org/suptdocs/crime/columbine.htm and
The Waco murders: http://i2i.org/Waco.htm
The Independence Institute's on-line bookstore. Start your
browsing at the Second Amendment section:
This is the last issue for 1999. May Christmas and the New Year refresh you for the epic struggle for truth, justice, and the American Way which awaits us in 2000.
Have a very Merry Christmas, and a Happy New Year!


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subset: commoncrawl


text: An easy question… you think You answer with your name and job You tell me the groups To which you belong and conform to -religion race" wealth, ability, desirability and even favourite place to drink All just COMPARISONS with the world around you. STOP PEOPLE! LOOK WITHIN! WE are not […] Who Are You?This entry was posted in clear thinking and tagged Abundance comfort zone competition consciousness creativity Dream Big Higher Self one consciousness philosophy spiritual being Three magic words transformation on 12th July 2016 by ameetadavis


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Writer's Digest is holding their annual competition, and a friend forwarded me the info for it.
I always have mixed feelings about contests; they're hailed as a great way for new talent to break into a market, but that's only true if you win. And I cannot imagine that contests with cash prizes get fewer submissions than the magazines I submit to. Then there's the entry fee to consider; submitting work for publication to a magazine only costs me postage. The WD contest charges $20 for the first entry and $15 for each additional entry. That's quite a chunk of change just to have someone look at your story, and then (in all likelihood) discard it.
I haven't yet decided to enter, but the contest rules create an interesting dilemma. The word limit for genre short stories (like science fiction) is 4,000. According to the rules, stories that are 4,001 words will be disqualified.
Perfect Justice in its most recent draft is over 4,400 words. And already I have feared that it didn't provide quite enough character development, that the plot wasn't intricate enough, etc. But leaving aside the question of possible improvements, which 400 words are non-essential to the story? Do I go find 400 adjectives and conjuctions I can cut? Or whole scentences? Or a whole scene?
What would you do?
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Here's a sample of our volunteer opportunities:VIEW AS
Mission Statement
The SuperSchade's Foundation, founded August 20th, 2013, is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization. We work with local organizations and businesses to help supplement the cost of summer camp for families of children and young adults with special needs and provide a summer camp devoted to empowering individuals to become independent as possible. We hope to assist in providing a better quality of life for all individuals regardless of ability. Build relationships today for their tomorrows...
SuperSchade's SuperCamp is an 8 week program focued on assisting transitional aged individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities to develop a variety of life skills required for a successful transition into adult life. Through the use of experiential opportunities in the community and group instruction/activities, we will work towards skill development specific to each person in the following areas:
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Engine in, then out, then in again. Got it together and for some reason it wouldn't shift out of fifth gear.
From this
To this took 20 minutes. Then the cover came off again, nothing seemed to be amiss but then we put the cover back on and it shifted fine. No clue. Got it back together and fired it up after a little bit of drama because I forgot to bolt the carbs back to the heads
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arithmetic] [Signals
noise] [Smoothing]
Sharpening] [Harmonic
analysis] [Fourier
convolution] [Fourier
deconvolution] [Fourier
filter] [Peak
measurement] [Linear
Squares] [Multicomponent
Spectroscopy] [Iterative
Fitting] [Hyperlinear
absorption spectrophotometry] [Appendix
Case Studies] [Peak
and Measurement] [iPeak]
Fitters] [iFilter]
downloadable software] [Interactive
[Applications] [Matlab/Octave]
Fourier deconvolution is
the converse of Fourier convolution
in the sense that division is the converse of multiplication. If
you know that m times x equals
n, where m and n are known
but x is unknown, then x equals n
divided by m. Conversely if you know that m
convoluted with x equals n,
where m and n are known but x
is unknown, then x equals m deconvoluted
from n.
In practice, the deconvolution of one signal from another is usually performed by point-by-point division of the two signals in the Fourier domain, that is, dividing the Fourier transforms of the two signals point-by-point and then inverse-transforming the result. Fourier transforms are usually expressed in terms of complex numbers, with real and imaginary parts representing the sine and cosine parts. If the Fourier transform of the first signal is a + ib, and the Fourier transform of the second signal is c + id, then the ratio of the two Fourier transforms is
by the rules for the division
complex numbers. Many computer languages will perform this
operation automatically when the two quantities divided are
Note: The word "deconvolution" can have two meanings, which can lead to confusion. The Oxford dictionary defines it as "A process of resolving something into its constituent elements or removing complication in order to clarify it", which in one sense applies to Fourier deconvolution. But the same word is also sometimes used for the process of resolving or decomposing a set of overlapping peaks into their separate additive components by the technique of iterative least-squares curve fitting of a proposed peak model to the data set. However, that process is actually conceptually distinct from Fourier deconvolution, because in Fourier deconvolution, the underlying peak shape is unknown but the broadening function is assumed to be known; whereas in iterative least-squares curve fitting it's just the reverse: the peak shape must be known but the width of the broadening process, which determines the width and shape of the peaks in the recorded data, is unknown. Thus the term "spectral deconvolution" is ambiguous: it might mean the Fourier deconvolution of a response function from a spectrum, or it might mean the decomposing of a spectrum into its separate additive peak components. These are different processes; don't get them confused.
The practical significance of Fourier deconvolution in signal processing is that it can be used as a computational way to reverse the result of a convolution occurring in the physical domain, for example, to reverse the signal distortion effect of an electrical filter or of the finite resolution of a spectrometer. In some cases the physical convolution can be measured experimentally by applying a single spike impulse ("delta") function to the input of the system, then that data used as a deconvolution vector. Deconvolution can also be used to determine the form of a convolution operation that has been previously applied to a signal, by deconvoluting the original and the convoluted signals. These two types of application of Fourier deconvolution are shown in the two figures below.
Fourier deconvolution is used here to remove the distorting influence of an exponential tailing response function from a recorded signal (Window 1, top left) that is the result of an unavoidable RC low-pass filter action in the electronics. The response function (Window 2, top right) must be known and is usually either calculated on the basis of some theoretical model or is measured experimentally as the output signal produced by applying an impulse (delta) function to the input of the system. The response function, with its maximum at x=0, is deconvoluted from the original signal . The result (bottom, center) shows a closer approximation to the real shape of the peaks; however, the signal-to-noise ratio is unavoidably degraded compared to the recorded signal, because the Fourier deconvolution operation is simply recovering the original signal before the low-pass filtering, noise and all. (Matlab/Octave script)
Note that this process has an effect that is visually similar to resolution enhancement, although the later is done without specific knowledge of the broadening function that caused the peaks to overlap.
A different application of Fourier deconvolution is to reveal the nature of an unknown data transformation function that has been applied to a data set by the measurement instrument itself. In this example, the figure in the top left is a uv-visible absorption spectrum recorded from a commercial photodiode array spectrometer (X-axis: nanometers; Y-axis: milliabsorbance). The figure in the top right is the first derivative of this spectrum produced by an (unknown) algorithm in the software supplied with the spectrometer. The objective here is to understand the nature of the differentiation/smoothing algorithm that the instrument's software uses. The signal in the bottom left is the result of deconvoluting the derivative spectrum (top right) from the original spectrum (top left). This therefore must be the convolution function used by the differentiation algorithm in the spectrometer's software. Rotating and expanding it on the x-axis makes the function easier to see (bottom right). Expressed in terms of the smallest whole numbers, the convolution series is seen to be +2, +1, 0, -1, -2. This simple example of "reverse engineering" would make it easier to compare results from other instruments or to duplicate these result on other equipment.
When applying Fourier
deconvolution to experimental data, for example to remove the
effect of a known broadening or low-pass filter operator caused by
the experimental system, there are four serious problems that
limit the utility of the method:
(1) the convolution occurring in the physical domain might not be accurately modeled by a mathematical convolution;
(2) the width of the convolution - for example the time constant of a low-pass filter operator or the shape and width of a spectrometer slit function - must be known, or at least adjusted by the user to get the best results;
(3) a serious signal-to-noise degradation commonly occurs; any noise added to the signal by the system after the convolution by the broadening or low-pass filter operator will be greatly amplified when the Fourier transform of the signal is divided by the Fourier transform of the broadening operator, because the high frequency components of the broadening operator (the denominator in the division of the Fourier transforms) are typically very small, resulting in a great amplification of high frequency noise in the resulting deconvoluted signal (See the Matlab/Octave code example at the bottom of this page);
(4) if the denominator vector contains even a single zero value, the result will be a "divide-by-zero" error and the whole operation fails. The problem of low values or zeros in the denominator can be reduced by using the "remove zeros" function, rmz.m, or by smoothing the data before convolution and by constraining the Fourier deconvolution to a frequency region where the denominator is sufficiently high.
You can see the amplification of high frequency noise happening in the example in the first example above. However, this effect is not observed in the second example, because in that case the noise was present in the original signal, before the convolution performed by the spectrometer's derivative algorithm. The high frequency components of the denominator in the division of the Fourier transforms are typically much larger than in the previous example, avoiding the noise amplification and divide-by-zero errors, and the only post-convolution noise comes from numerical round-off errors in the math computations performed by the derivative and smoothing operation, which is always much smaller than the noise in the original experimental signal.
In many cases, the width of the physical convolution is not known
exactly, so the deconvolution must be adjusted empirically to
yield the best results. Similarly, the width of the final smooth
operation must also be adjusted for best results. The result will
seldom be perfect, especially if the original signal is noisy, but
it is often a better approximation to the real underlying signal
than the recorded data without deconvolution.
As a method for peak sharpening, deconvolution can be
compared to the derivative
peak sharpening method described earlier or to the power method, in
which the raw signal is simply raised to some positive power n.
SPECTRUM, the freeware signal-processing application for Mac OS8 and earlier, includes a Fourier deconvolution function.
and Octave have a built-in function for Fourier
deconvolution: deconv. An example
of its application is shown below: the vector yc (line 6)
represents a noisy rectangular pulse (y) convoluted with a
transfer function c before being measured. In line 7, c
is deconvoluted from yc, in an attempt to recover the
original y. This requires that the transfer function c
be known. The rectangular signal pulse is recovered in the lower
right (ydc), complete with the noise that was present in
the original signal. The Fourier deconvolution reverses not
only the signal-distorting effect of the convolution by the
exponential function, but also its low-pass noise-filtering
effect. As explained above, there is significant amplification of
any noise that is added after the convolution by the
transfer function (line 5). This script demonstrates that there is
a big difference between noise added before the
convolution (line 3), which is recovered unmodified by the Fourier
deconvolution along with the signal, and noise added after
the convolution (line 6), which is amplified compared to that in
the original signal. Execution time: 0.03 seconds in Matlab; 0.3
seconds in Octave. Download this
y(900:1100)=1; % Create a rectangular function y,
% 200 points wide
y=y+.01.*randn(size(y)); % Noise added before the convolution
c=exp(-(1:length(y))./30); % exponential trailing convolution
% function, c
yc=conv(y,c,'full')./sum(c); % Create exponential trailing rectangular
% function, yc
% yc=yc+.01.*randn(size(yc)); % Noise added after the convolution
ydc=deconv(yc,c).*sum(c); % Attempt to recover y by deconvoluting c from yc
% The sum(c2) is included simply to scale the amplitude of the result to match the original y.
% Plot all the steps
subplot(2,2,1); plot(x,y); title('original y'); subplot(2,2,2); plot(x,c);title('c'); subplot(2,2,3); plot(x,yc(1:2001)); title('yc'); subplot(2,2,4); plot(x,ydc);title('recovered y')
Click here for
a simple explicit example of Fourier convolution and
deconvolution, for a small 9-element vector, with the vectors
printed out at each stage.
% Deconvolution demo 2
% Underlying signal with a single peak (Gaussian) of unknown
% height, position, and width.
% Compute observed signal yy, using the expgaussian function with time
% constant tc, adding noise added AFTER the broadening convolution (ExpG)
Noise=.001; % <<<< Change the noise here
tc=70; % <<<< Change the exponential time constant here
% Guess, or use prior knowledge, or curve fit one peak, to
% determine time constant (tc), then compute transfer function cc
% Use "deconv" to recover original signal uyy by deconvoluting cc
% from yy. It's necessary to zero-pad the observed signal as shown here.
yydc=deconv([yy zeros(1,length(yy)-1)],cc).*sum(cc);
% Plot the signals and results in 4 quadrants
plot(xx,uyy);title('Underlying 4 Gaussian signal, uyy');
plot(xx,cc);title('Exponential transfer function, cc')
plot(xx,yy);title('observed broadened and noisy signal, yy');
plot(xx,yydc);title('After deconvoluting transfer function, yydc')
An alternative to the above deconvolution approach is to use iterative curve fitting (which is covered in a further section) to fit the observed signal directly with an exponentially broadened Gaussian (shape number 5):
>> [FitResults,FitError]=peakfit([xx;yy], 26, 50, 1, 5, 70, 10)
Both methods give good values of the peak parameters, but the Fourier deconvolution method is faster, because fitting the deconvoluted signal with a simple Gaussian model is faster than iteratively curve fitting the observed signal with the more complicated exponentially broadened Gaussian model.
If the exponential factor "tc" is not known, it can be determined by iterative curve fitting, manually adjusting the exponential factor ('extra') interactively to get the best fit:
which in this particular case gives a best fit when the exponential factor "tc" is adjusted to about 69.9 (very close the correct value of 70 in this simulation).
Alternatively, you can use peakfit.m with the unconstrained variable exponentially broadened Gaussian (shape 31), which will automatically find the best value of "tc", but in that case the best results will be obtained if you give it a rough starting guess ("start") at least within a factor of two or so of the correct values:
>>[FitResults,FitError]=peakfit([xx;yy],0,0,1,31,70,10, [20 10 50])
FitResults = Peak# Position Height Width Area tc
1 25.006 0.99828 10.013 10.599 69.83
GoodnessOfFit =
0.15575 0.99998
The value of the exponential factor determined by this method is 69.8, again close to 70. However, if the signal is very noisy, there will be quite a bit of uncertainty in the value of the exponential factor so determined - for example, the value will vary a bit if slightly different regions of the signal are selected for measurement (e.g. by panning or zooming in ipf.m or by changing the center and window arguments in peakfit.m). See Appendix H: Fourier deconvolution vs curve fitting for another example with four overlapping Gaussians.
Segmented deconvolution. If the peak widths or tailing vary substantially across the signal, you can use a segmented deconvolution, which allows the deconvolution vector to adapt to the local conditions in different signal regions. SegExpDeconv(x,y,tc) divides x,y into a number of equal-length segments defined by the length of the vector 'tc', then each segment is deconvoluted with an exponential decay of the form exp(-x./t) where t is corresponding element of the vector tc. Any number and sequence of t values can be used. SegExpDeconvPlot.m is the same except that it plots the original and deconvoluted signals and shows the divisions between the segments by vertical magenta lines to make it easier to adjust the number and values of the segments. SegGaussDeconv.m and SegGaussDeconvPlot.m are the same except that they perform a symmetrical (zero-centered) Gaussian deconvolution. SegDoubleExpDeconv.m and SegDoubleExpDeconvPlot.m perform a symmetrical (zero-centered)exponential deconvolution. If the peak widths increase regularly across the signal, you can calculate a reasonable initial value for the vector 'tc' by giving only the number of segments (NumSegments) , the first value, "startt", and the last value, "endt":
In iSignal version 5.7, the downloadable interactive multipurpose signal processing Matlab function, you can press Shift-V to display the menu of Fourier convolution and deconvolution operations that allow you to convolute a Gaussian or exponential function with the signal, or to deconvolute a Gaussian or exponential function from the signal. It will ask you for the width or the time constant (in X units).
This page is also available in French,
at http://www.besteonderdelen.nl/blog/?p=41,
courtesy of Natalie Harmann.
Revised January, 2018. This page is
part of "A
Pragmatic Introduction to Signal Processing", created
and maintained by Prof.
Tom O'Haver , Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The
University of Maryland at College Park. Comments, suggestions and
questions should be directed to Prof. O'Haver at firstname.lastname@example.com.
Unique visits since May 17, 2008:


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Praise for Diane Keyes & This Sold House
"Tops on my wish list for Diane Keyes' This Sold House is that it would have been published about a year sooner. My family spent over a year trying to sell a home. If I'd had this incredible expert's wisdom to call on, we might have saved ourselves money, time, and a fair amount of anxiety! Diane entertains and educates in this easy-to-read book. If you want to dive into the real estate pool, consider this book a life preserver!"
—Joan Steffend, host of HGTV's Decorating Cents
"After having our condo for sale for a year, we got This Sold House and followed Diane's advice. We spent around $100, borrowed a few items from friends and spent a week getting it ready. Although there were six other units for sale in our building—and lots of new construction around us—we sold our home after the first showing! We highly recommend taking Diane's advice. It sold our house, and we're sold on This Sold House!"
—Will Harpest, teacher and Chicago homeowner
"If you're planning to sell your home in this difficult market, you should grab this book, read it cover to cover, and implement all Diane Keyes' ideas, tips, and techniques. Unlike most such books, This Sold House is written for common folk with limited money and little time to make elaborate changes. After reading the Curb Appeal chapter, I found several ways to make my own home more appealing and create a better first impression. Darn good ideas make this book worth your reading time and no doubt will be the ticket to a quicker and more profitable sale."
—Connie Anderson, president, Words and Deeds
"While nothing beats Diane in person, This Sold House is the next best thing. This wonderful book is a must-read for Realtors®, sellers, and even buyers. If you or someone you care about is contemplating selling a home this year, you need this book. This is an edge that sellers shouldn't be without. "
—Sarah M. Richard, Realtor®
"I love this book. Chock full of common sense, it is useful not only for sellers but also those looking to simplify and make their home more appealing to everyone. I refer to it often and will recommend this book to all my friends, whether they are planning to move or not. It is the perfect handbook to help homeowners emphasize the best features of every home."
—Kathleen Pettit, author, producer, community organizer
"Diane Keyes has been an important part of my marketing plan for the last fifteen years. She has prepared hundreds of my listings, helping them to sell quickly and more profitably. Other realtors often compliment me on how well my listings show. The reason is clear—Diane Keyes. Following the advice in this book is the best investment you'll ever make in your home."
—Mary Sommerfeld, Master's Circle Realtor®
"I highly recommend Diane's book. I always thought that staging was just about making the property look pretty, nicely decorated, or simply neat and tidy. As Diane points out, it also means removing obstacles, increasing the sense of space and flow, neutralizing decorating extremes, anticipating potential buyer objections, and most importantly getting inside the head of the buyer. She brings a whole new dimension to staging I haven't found elsewhere, with her understanding of the psychology of a home sale. You'll attract more buyers by reading This Sold House.
—Jeff Jackson, Mortgage Lender, Durango, Colorado
"Pay close attention to the advice that Diane Keyes gives in This Sold House. Our own house sold for full price in three days after following Diane's suggestions! You will find no one better qualified and with more experience to help you prepare your home for sale. Homeowners, real estate professionals, and investors alike will benefit from the insight and common sense in This Sold House."
—Andi Saylor, CRP and author of ON THE MOVE: The Complete Guide to Relocating
"If you are one of the millions of people who will sell their home this year, this book is an absolute must-have! I always thought that getting my house ready for sale meant spending lots of money—not true!
As Diane Keyes points out, it's not about having the right stuff that's so important—it's having your stuff in the right place! Diane takes you step-by-step through the whole process of getting MORE money for your home—and isn't that what selling your home is all about?"
—Colleen Szot, author, TV scriptwriter
"A must-read for all realtors who call themselves professionals, this book can help give you that competitive edge."
—Peggy Sparr, Realtor®
"This Sold House clearly describes our own experience. After having been on the market for eight months without selling, we took Diane's advice and our home sold in less than one week. The first person who saw the house bought it! Diane's uncanny ability to recommend simple changes to enable a successful sale made an immediate and striking difference. We highly recommend Diane as well as her book."
—Suzan McGinnis, attorney, collections librarian


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Are internet dating sites a waste of time
Groucho Marx once famously quipped "I don't care to belong to a club that would have me as a member." I sort of feel the same way about online dating sites. Do I call myself Optimus Gandalf and admit from the get-go that I'm an alpha nerd? I love long walks, going to see live indie bands, and wha-a-a-atever.There has got to be a better way to meet people, people. Unless you know what I was just thinking, in which case, e-mail me. Do I overshare a little too much and pick Edgar Allan Eeyore? Or more importantly, who am I when it comes to who I want someone else to think I am, so they will contact me, go out with me, and eventually touch my genitals. I made sure to pepper everything with winking non-sequiturs and casual attempts at pop profundity.Why are well educated, busy professionals signing up for free online dating sites? Identity theft, personal safety, and cat fishing are just a few of the serious considerations when setting up an online profile.
Remember that we are the largest free online dating service, so you will never have to pay a dime to meet your soulmate. I do fairly well for a guy I may get 1 or 2 messaged a day but I have male friends who have never received a single message.
Since I've never really had many friends I have never had a friendship at the level of having someone who loved me.
Because of my problems fitting in and understanding social cues I often end up losing the friends that I do make.
So I have spoken to a few girls that have told me that their inbox is flooded with messages on POF. So if there are in fact twice as many men on here than women it seems women can have their pick.
So since the odds are not good for your average Joe should average men even bother with online dating?


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Evelyn Paley was a woman who always had something to say, friends and family recalled April 1 at Evans Chapel.
Whether it was sharing research on children or marriages, or telling her granddaughter she looked better when the hair was swept back so she could see her face, Paley was never shy about expressing her opinions.
Paley, a professor emerita and founder of DU's Graduate School of Professional Psychology (GSPP), died March 27 at the age of 87.
Although she retired in 1990 and was diagnosed with lung cancer a year later, she didn't let anything slow her down, says her granddaughter Sarah Todd. Instead she dedicated time to volunteering at organizations like The Gathering Place, a drop-in center for women and children experiencing homelessness and poverty.
"Her body gave out long before her mind did," Todd says, recalling that the two would spend hours talking and sharing stories.
Even through deteriorating health, she was still herself, her daughter Judy Paley adds. "She had a spark of humor and wit and was a keen observer of others," she says.
Her observant nature was especially relevant for her training as a psychologist, having earned a master's and doctoral degree in psychology from DU in 1963 and 1968, respectively. She was an assistant professor in the school of psychology before co-founding GSPP with Nelson Jones and Joe Dodds in 1976.
GSPP, which focused on preparing students for clinical practice, was the third program of its kind in the country. Paley was the first director of the school's training clinic, which offered affordable psychotherapy in the Denver community.
"She is always mentioned by alumni as holding high standards for personal and professional development, encouraging critical thinking and competence," says GSPP Associate Professor Shelly Smith-Acuna. "She was known for her no-nonsense approach and her dedication to mentorship."
Paley's research on subjects like single living, people in their middle-ages and the survival of cardiac surgery patients were frequently referenced in media and research groups during her career.


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The catechism of the decade is no best paper-or-plastic but paper-or-paperless. How do you like your cancellation at the bounded retailer?
The agenda receipts movement, started by Apple in 2005, blends an acceptable mix of chump accessibility and all-inclusive ecology savings. Celerant, a retail technology company, estimated in a 2012 abode that it takes about 10 actor copse and about 250 actor gallons of oil to accomplish the 640,000 accoutrements of thermal cancellation cardboard produced anniversary year for retailers.
Visit The Home Depot, Sears, Dick's or added above banker and you'll get a cancellation emailed or printed — or both. Your choice. Eventually, the printed cancellation will accompany the buzz booth, the video arcade and the dark date as victims of avant-garde technology.
"Twice now back I paid for something," says Elizabeth Leete of West Hartford, "the agent asks to accelerate the cancellation by email or argument and claims they're clumsy to affair a cardboard receipt."
But back The Bottom Line is offered cardboard or paperless receipt, he consistently chooses cardboard — alike admitting that cardboard may accommodate aerial levels of bisphenol A, or BPA, the actinic banned from artificial baptize bottles. (Remember the furor aftermost year?) What's added toxic, a little BPA or abrogation oneself accessible to targeted business campaigns, abeyant abstracts breaches and phishing attacks and added character annexation scams by abyss who abduct email addresses?
"You accept to ask yourself whether that is article you appetite to do," says Howard Schwartz, of the Connecticut Better Business Bureau.
Unless you already use a store's adherence card, which agency your email abode is already entered into the retailer's database, a paperless cancellation should be advised with acute caution. Here's how a clandestine email abode becomes allotment of a phishing attack. Afterwards abyss abduct the address, they affectation as the banker (or bank) and accelerate the abode owners an email requesting added advice or alerting to an annual botheration that requires actual activity by beat on a link.
"The link," says Schwartz, "may booty you to a counterfeit armpit that asks for your claimed information, or it ability download malware on your computer that will chase your adamantine drive for annual numbers and passwords."
If you accede to an email receipt, says the BBB:
>> Open an retail-use-only email annual that keeps business email out of your claimed inbox and banned acknowledgment to theft.
>> Check your email, in the store, anon afterwards signing off on an email receipt. Make abiding the cancellation was beatific to the actual address.
>> Find out if you can opt-out of business email.
>> Ask the abundance if it sells your email abode to third parties.
>> Update your computer's anti-virus software.
Until retailers authenticate they can assure claimed information, will not advertise it or contrarily corruption it, an email cancellation isn't account the convenience.
Are Sales Receipts Mandatory?
Q: Is a banker appropriate to accord a chump a cardboard cancellation back blockage out?
A: If a banknote annals has a affectation arresting to the chump at checkout, no. The accompaniment Department of Chump Protection addendum these exceptions: sales of motor fuel, back a retailer's acknowledgment action refers to a cancellation or if assurance accouterment requires one.
Potato Chips:
Case Closed
Tom Krupinski of Torrington — whose abnegation of a chargeless bag of potato chips at a bounded abundance back he cited the state's Get One Chargeless Regulations led to a Bottom Line cavalcade and a abundance appointment by the accompaniment Department of Chump Protection investigator — alternate to the abundance recently. He capital his bag of potato chips.
The store, which approved to allegation Krupinski $2.95 for a distinct bag of potato chips apparent 2 for $4, now knows the accompaniment regulations. If account up to $20 scans incorrectly, the chump can appeal that account free. (The account charge authorize beneath the state's defintion of t depleted or replaced.)
Krupinski asked for the manager, who offered two accoutrements of chips.
"I told him no, that would be too much," says Krupinski. "I alone capital the one account that the action advantaged me to. So I larboard with my bag of chips."
Understand The Background Of Home Depot Email Receipt Now | Home Depot Email Receipt – home depot email receipt
| Allowed for you to my blog, with this time period We'll demonstrate with regards to home depot email receipt
. And after this, this can be a very first graphic:


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Help using computers
IT Buddy sessions
In some libraries, volunteers are available to help you:
- get online
- with basic problems
- access information
- complete relevant forms online. Our volunteers cannot provide advice or complete forms and payments for you.
Contact your local library for more details or to book a session.
Free computer course
Learn my way is a free computer course which will teach you how to do things such as use a computer, browse the web, send an email and find work online.
Ask your local library for details.


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Having first opened their doors in 1990, NSquare, Inc. has served commercial, residential, and government clients in the Southern Florida region for over 25 years. While they originally served local communities as a remodeling and renovation general contracting company, NSquare, Inc. saw a need to provide alternate solutions for deep foundation systems in Naples, Weston, Wellington and surrounding areas.
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We are determined to take our industry by storm; creating a remarkable customer experience one would never expect in a contracting company. NSquare, Inc. is a team of believers; believing that by doing things differently, better, and with intention, we are able to live feeling fulfilled, creating impact in our communities and providing our customers with peace of mind as a result of their experience with us. We believe "doing it right the first time" means using superior-quality materials, providing exceptional customer service and offering a permanent repair solution. We will redefine the customer-contractor experience.
We are honored to offer many foundation repair services, including:
NSquare, Inc. was featured in Out and About Southwestern Florida as a trusted local foundation repair company.
NSquare, Inc. installed their first helical pier system in November 2005 and has since grown to be one of the leading installers of helical piers and anchors in the Southern Florida region.
In 2010, NSquare, Inc. accepted an invitation to join the Supportworks national network of foundation repair contractors.
As members of FSI, they enjoy the shared research, experience, and advancements in foundation repair experts across the country.
NSquare, Inc. is a state certified general contractor (CGC045302) that specializes in three areas of construction; renovation and remodeling, helical piers and anchors and sinkhole repair and repair. Additionally, they are members of the Collier Building Association (CBIA).
Looking for a price? Get a no cost, no obligation free estimate.


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This is about a month over due!
I can't believe Claire is
officially 4 years old.
Tonight I was filling out her preschool forms
and I couldn't help the tears from springing forward.
Where does the time go?
Can someone please figure that out for me?
For Claire's birthday
she had decided months before
that she wanted to go camping with her friend Maddie.
So that's what we did!
We booked a site at Cultus Lake,
the same campground I went to when I was a kid.
What a beautiful part of the world.
My uncle and aunt have a cabin
about a two minute walk from our camp site.
It was so nice to spend the weekend with them.
It reminded me how important family is.
We spent time with them at their cabin,
and they would walk their dogs to our campsite.
We participated in the regatta weekend events
with their neighbours, including a parade.
We went out on their boat a couple of times
and Claire and Spencer even went tubing.
Our little adventure seeker absolutely loved tubing.
We had my grandparents, my mom,
my brother, sister-in-law and nephew come one
day for a beach day and wiener roast.
The next day Spencer's parents came
as well as some of our friends, including Maddie!
We spent the day at the beach and on the water.
Had a pot luck dinner and some sparklers to complete the birthday weekend.
Claire had such a great weekend,
I am so glad.
She declared she wants to do this for her
birthday every year and I am fine with that plan.
Starting the day with cupcakes at Super Pake and G.G.'s house.
A birthday song and sundae from Red Robin.
A water fight with her new water gun from great grandma and great grandpa.
( next 3 photos from Diane)


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The 1937 florin is the first florin to be minted during the reign of George VI.
The 1937 florin coins take on a new design; with "One Florin" now bein greplaced with "Two Shillings".
Photographs shown may not be the actual coin and may differ in terms of grade, die numbers, design flaws and other minor details. Contact us if you require a photograph prior to purchase.
|Obverse Grade
|Reverse Grade
There were three different "types" of florin issued during George's reign:-
First Issue
From 1937 to 1946 inclusive, British "silver" coins including florins were made of 50% silver.
Second Issue
The second issue is identical to the first issue except for their composition, being made of an alloy of copper and nickel called cupro-nickel.
Third Issue
On the third issue, the inscription on the reverse was changed to FID DEF TWO SHILLINGS (DATE).
The edge is milled
The obverse design shows the king facing left. The engraver's initials H.P. can be seen under the neck near the right hand side.
The obverse inscription reads:
The design of the reverse shows a crowned rose, with a thistle above a letter G at the left, and a shamrock above the letter R at the right. The engraver's initials K.G. can be seen to the left of the rose stem near the bottom of the coin.
The reverse legend reads:
|Spink Reference
|Issuing Monarch
|George VI (1936-1952)
|United Kingdom
We aim to dispatch orders within 48 hours of receiving cleared funds. Our standard delivery methods are as follows
Orders over £60 - Fully Insured Delivery.
Within the UK and BFPO - Next day fully insured and tracked. Delivery starts from £9.
International - Royal Mail International Signed / Royal Mail International Tracked / Royal Mail International Tracked and Signed For. Items sent via this method will normally arrive between 3-7 working days. Delivery starts from £15.
Orders under £60
Within the UK and BFPO - Royal Mail 2nd Class. Your order will normally arrive within 2-3 working days. Delivery starts from £3.50.
International - Royal Mail International Standard. Your order will normally arrive between 3-7 working days. Delivery starts from £6.
If you wish to have your order sent by an alternative method (e.g., Saturday Guaranteed) please contact +44 1253 343 081 for more information. Please note, we will not dispatch high value orders over a bank holiday weekend.
For international delivery, please check with your local customs office for more information on custom duty and taxes.
Postage Insurance
We offer fully insured delivery on all special delivery options. We do need to pass on the cost of this insurance as it soon adds up shipping high value gold and silver products.
Orders < £1000 there is no additional fee
Orders > £1000 we charge a fee in order to cover the increasing costs of insurance. For every £1000 we apply a £1 fee.
Full delivery information can be found by clicking here
If you would like to know more about some of the most promintent designs in coinage then we reccomend the following:
A Brief History of Coinage in Britain


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Lion's Park Campgrounds (located just north of the Golf Course) – Power, showers as well as a sewer dump and children's playground – first come, first served booking basis – register at the Kelvington Golf Club
Kelvington Fairgrounds – Some power spots available. Facilities available for renting for family and class reunions, weddings, etc. Contact (306) 325-4313 for more information