text:
Why Nations Fail
|Daron Acemoglu and James Robinson
|United States, Turkey
|Comparative Politics
|Crown Business
Publication date
|March 20, 2012
|Media type
|Hardcover, Audiobook, Amazon Kindle
Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty, first published in 2012, is a non-fiction book by Armenian-American economist Daron Acemoglu from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and British political scientist James A. Robinson from the University of Chicago.
The book applies insights from institutional economics, development economics and economic history to understand why nations develop differently, with some succeeding in the accumulation of power and prosperity and others failing, via a wide range of historical case studies.
The authors also maintain a website (with a blog inactive since 2014) about the ongoing discussion of the book.[1]
- 1 Content
- 2 Theories
- 3 Critical reviews
- 4 Awards and honors
- 5 Related works
- 6 See also
- 7 References
In fifteen chapters, Acemoglu and Robinson try to examine which factors are responsible for the political and economical success or failure of states. They argue that the existing explanations about the emergence of prosperity and poverty, e.g. geography, climate, culture, religion, or the ignorance of political leaders are either insufficient or defective in explaining it.
Acemoglu and Robinson support their thesis by comparing country case studies. They identify countries that are similar in many of the above-mentioned factors, but because of different political and institutional choices become more or less prosperous. The most incisive example is Korea, which was divided into North Korea and South Korea in 1953. Both countries' economies have diverged completely, with South Korea becoming one of the richest countries in Asia while North Korea remains among the poorest. Further examples include the border cities Nogales (Sonora, Mexico) and Nogales (Arizona, USA). By referencing border cities, the authors analyze the impact of the institutional environment on the prosperity of people from the same geographical area and same culture.
Acemoglu and Robinson's major thesis is that economic prosperity depends above all on the inclusiveness of economic and political institutions. Institutions are "inclusive" when many people have a say in political decision-making, as opposed to cases where a small group of people control political institutions and are unwilling to change. They argue that a functioning democratic and pluralistic state guarantees the rule of law. The authors also argue that inclusive institutions promote economic prosperity because they provide an incentive structure that allows talents and creative ideas to be rewarded.
In contrast, the authors describe "extractive" institutions as ones that permit the elite to rule over and exploit others, extracting wealth from those who are not in the elite. Nations with a history of extractive institutions have not prospered, they argue, because entrepreneurs and citizens have less incentive to invest and innovate. One reason is that ruling elites are afraid of creative destruction—a term coined by Austrian economist Joseph Schumpeter—the ongoing process of annihilating old and bad institutions while generating new and good ones. Creative destruction would fabricate new groups which compete for power against ruling elites, who would lose their exclusive access to a country's economic and financial resources.
The authors use the example of the emergence of democratic pluralism in Great Britain after the Glorious Revolution in 1688 as being critical for the Industrial Revolution. The book also tries to explain the recent economic boom in China using its framework. China's recent past does not contradict the book's argument: despite China's authoritarian regime, the economic growth in China is due to the increasingly inclusive economic policy by Deng Xiaoping, the architect of China's Opening up policy after the Cultural Revolution.
According to Acemoglu and Robinson's framework, economic growth will change the economic resource distribution and thus affect political institutions. Therefore, despite the current rapid growth, if China doesn't improve its political inclusiveness, China is expected to collapse like the Soviet Union did in the early 1990s.
This article may be too long to read and navigate comfortably. (May 2016)
The book is based on two major theories: the first theory explains the drivers of democratic and dictatorial regimes, while the second one goes a step further and explains how democratic regimes promote economic growth while dictatorial regimes prevent it.
Drivers of democracy[edit]
Acemoglu and Robinson's theory on what drives democracy is rooted in their prior game theoretic work.[2] This paper models mathematical reasons for oscillations between non-democracy and democracy based on the history of democratization of Western Europe and Latin America. The paper emphasizes the roles of the threat of revolution and social unrest in leading to democratization and of the desires of the elites to limit economic redistribution in causing switches to nondemocratic regime.
A number of assumptions underlie their game theoretic model, and allow for the authors' simplified model of society. First, Acemoglu and Robinson assume that society is simply divided between a small rich class and a large poor class. Second, they assume that regimes must be either democratic or nondemocratic; there is nothing in between. Third, people's preferences in society are defined only by monetary redistribution from the rich ruling class. The more monetary benefits they get, the more they prefer the ruling class. Fourth, people care not only about redistribution today but also redistribution in the future. Therefore, people would not only want more redistribution today but also they want to see a guarantee for more or stable redistribution in the future. Fifth, the economic output of a country fluctuates year by year, which means revolution is less costly for the ruling class during economic downturn. Finally and most importantly, each individual in the society tries to maximize their own utility.
In their model, a country starts as a nondemocratic society in which a small rich group controls most of the wealth and rules the poor majority. As the ruling class, the rich receive taxation from the economy's output and they decide on the taxation rate as the only means of extraction. The poor majority can either take what is offered to them by the rich after they tax the output (the economy's output after tax divided by the population size), or they can choose to revolutionize against the ruling class, which comes with a certain cost. In a revolution, the poor's ultimate payoff is the benefit of the revolution minus the cost of the revolution. Under that circumstance, the payoff of the rich ruling class is split between, when the poor revolutionizes, the punishment for the ruling class and when the poor acquiesces, the taxation income.
That is, the authors describe a two-stage sequential game (diagrammed below) in which the rich first decide on the taxation rate and the level of redistribution and then the poor decide whether revolution is the optimal choice. Because of the potential loss of economic benefits by revolution, knowing what the poor majority would prefer, the rich have an incentive to propose a taxation rate that doesn't provoke revolution, while at the same time not costing the rich too many benefits.
Thus, democratization refers to the situation where the rich willingly increase monetary redistribution and thus franchise to the poor in order to avoid revolution.
|Change to variable
|Oppressed Payoff
Without Revolution
|Oppressed Payoff
With Revolution
|Oppressor Payoff
Without Revolution
|Oppressor Payoff
With Revolution
|More Likely to Democratize?
|Annual economic output
|During economic downturn, economic output decreases and thus poor would want to resort more to revolution. To compensate for it, rich would increase redistribution and franchise to prevent the poor from revolutionizing.
|Cost to oppressed for attempting a revolution
|With lower cost of revolution (for example, if one is unemployed vs. employed, the cost is much lower when unemployed), the poor tends to resort more to revolution; the rich would thus give more benefits to the poor to prevent that from happening
|Cost to oppressors for a successful revolution
|With higher punishment, the rich would be more willing to increase redistribution to the poor to avoid more severe punishment
|Benefit to oppressed of successful revolution
|If the benefits for revolution are higher, revolution appeals more to the poor and thus the rich again have more incentive to redistribute to avoid revolution
Based on the analysis above, it is not hard to conclude that the threat of revolution constantly incentivizes the rich to democratize. The theory also resonates with a paper by Clark, Golder and Golder in which the government decides between predate and not to predate citizens based on the payoff while the citizen has the option to exit (migrate to other countries), remain loyal and voice their concerns at a cost (protest).[3][unreliable source?] Similarly, this game also provides insights into how variables like exit payoff, cost of voicing and value of loyalty change state's behavior as to whether or not to predate.
How democracy affects economic performance[edit]
Given that the factors leading to democratic vs. dictatorial regimes, the second part of the story in Why Nations Fail explains why inclusive political institutions give rise to economic growth. This argument was previously and more formally presented in another paper by Acemoglu and Robinson, Institutions as the Fundamental Cause for Long-Run Growth.[4] With this theory, Acemoglu and Robinson try to explain the different level of economic development of all countries with one single framework.
Political institutions (such as a constitution) determine the de jure (or written) distribution of political power, while the distribution of economic resources determines the de facto (or actual) distribution of political power. Both de jure and de facto political power distribution affect the economic institutions in how production is carried out, as well as how the political institutions will be shaped in the next period. Economic institutions also determine the distribution of resources for the next period. This framework is thus time dependent—institutions today determine economic growth tomorrow and institutions tomorrow.
For example, in the case of democratization of Europe, especially in England before the Glorious Revolution, political institutions were dominated by the monarch. However, profits from increasing international trade extended de facto political power beyond the monarch to commercially engaged nobles and a new rising merchant class. Because these nobles and the merchant class contributed to a significant portion of the economic output as well as the tax income for the monarch, the interaction of the two political powers gave rise to political institutions that increasingly favored the merchant class, plus economic institutions that protected the interests of the merchant class. This cycle gradually empowered the merchant class until it was powerful enough to take down the monarchy system in England and guarantee efficient economic institutions.
In another paper with Simon Johnson at Massachusetts Institute of Technology called The Colonial Origins of Comparative Development: An Empirical Investigation,[5] the authors use a natural experiment in history to show that different institutions result in different levels of economic growth. The paper examines institutional choices during the colonial period of several nations in relation to the same nations' economic development today. It found that in countries where the disease environment meant that it was hard for colonizers to survive (high mortality rate), they tended to set up extractive regimes, which resulted in poor economic growth today. In places where it was easier for colonizers to survive (low mortality rates), however, they tended to settle down and duplicate institutions from their country of origin—especially from Britain, as we have seen in the colonial success of Australia and United States. Thus, the mortality rate among colonial settlers several hundred years ago has determined the economic growth of today's post-colonial nations by setting institutions on very different paths.
The theory of interaction between political and economic institutions is further reinforced by Acemoglu, Johnson and Robinson in The Rise of Europe: Atlantic Trade, Institutional Change, and Economic Growth,[6] which covers the economic rise of Europe after 1500. The paper finds that the Atlantic Trade (slavery, commodities and so on) after the year 1500 increased profits from trade and thus created a merchant class that was in a position to challenge monarchical power. By conducting regression analysis on the interaction variable between institution type and the Atlantic trade, the paper also demonstrates a significant interaction between the Atlantic Trade and the political institution: the presence of an absolutist monarch power hampers the effect of the Atlantic Trade on economic rise. It explains why Spain, despite the same access to the Atlantic Trade fell behind England in economic development.
Acemoglu and Robinson have explained that their theory is largely inspired by the work of Douglass North, an American economist, and Barry R. Weingast, an American political scientist.[citation needed] In North and Weingast's paper in 1989, Constitutions and Commitment: The Evolution of Institutions Governing Public Choice in Seventeenth-Century England,[7] they conclude that historical winners shape institutions to protect their own interests. In the case of the Glorious Revolution, the winning merchant class established property rights laws and limited the power of the monarch, which essentially promoted economic growth. Later on, North, Wallis and Weingast call this law and order open access, in their 2009 paper Violence and the Rise of Open-Access Orders.[8] With open access—inclusiveness, equality and diversity—societies are more able to flourish and prosper.
Critical reviews[edit]
The critical reviews below are noticeable responses either directly or indirectly addressed towards the book, the authors, or the arguments made by the book. The section below is arranged in alphabetical order of the respondent's first name.
Arvind Subramanian[edit]
Indian economist Arvind Subramanian points out the potential problem of reverse causality in Acemoglu and Robinson's theory in his publication in The American Interest.[9] Why Nations Fail takes political institutions as causes and economic performance as results for granted. However, according to Modernization theory, causation can also go the other way around—improvement of political institutions can also be a result of economic modernization. The book thus fails to explain why this alternative perspective doesn't work.
Subramanian also points out the limitation of the book to explain the recent economic development in China and India. Under an authoritarian regime (theoretically extractive political institution), China has achieved rapid economic development while democratic India (theoretically inclusive political institution) has lagged much behind. According to Surbramanian, one can say that China and India are outliers or that it is still too early to decide (that is, China might collapse and India might catch up according to the book's prediction). However, it is still unsatisfying that the theory is unable to explain the situation of 1/3 of the world's population, and it is unlikely that China or India will change drastically in the near future, according to the prediction.
Acemoglu and Robinson counter[10] that their theory distinguishes between political and economic institutions and that it is not political institutions that contribute to growth directly but economic institutions shaped by the political institutions. In the case of China, even though the political institutions on a higher level are far from inclusive, the incentive to reform Chinese economy does come from political institutions; in 1978 from Deng Xiaoping's Opening up policy at the end of the internal political feud during the Cultural Revolution. This exactly fits into the theory that the change in political institutions has shaped economic institutions and thus has influenced economic performance. This economic growth is further expected to shape the political institutions in China in the future. One can only say that China is an outlier to the theory when in the future China becomes as wealthy as U.S. or Germany but still remains an authoritarian regime.
Regarding the case of India, the authors deny an equivalence between inclusive political institutions and electoral democracy. Electoral democracy is the de jure system adopted by a country while political institutions refer to the de facto structure and quality of political system of a certain country. For example, India's political system has long been dominated by the Congress Party; the provision of public goods is preyed upon by political Patrimonialism; various members of Lok Sabha (the Indian legislature) face criminal charges; and caste-based inequality still exists. The quality of democracy is very poor and thus the political institutions are flawed in India, which explains why economic institutions are equally poor and economic growth is stymied.
David R. Henderson[edit]
David R. Henderson wrote a generally positive review in Regulation[11] but criticized the authors for inconsistency when talking about a central government's role in promoting development. In some parts of the book, the authors attribute the failure of the states like Afghanistan, Haiti and Nepal to the lack of a strong central government that imposes rule and order. However, in other parts of the book, the authors seem to embrace weak government for growth, as in the example of Somalia after losing its central government. In addition, Henderson asserts the authors have made two errors in the book about the United States. First, the authors falsely accuse "monopolists" like Rockefeller of being the extractive power. But in fact Rockefeller didn't raise the price of oil but lowered the price to gain market share rather than to extract from the economy. Second, he says the authors are oblivious of the mainstream scholarship on American economic history between the American Civil War and civil movements in America. Rather than diverging from the rich North, the South was actually converging.[11]
Francis Fukuyama[edit]
In his article in The American Interest, Francis Fukuyama criticized Acemoglu and Robinson's approach and argument for being very similar to a book by North, Wallis and Weingast in 2009, Violence and Social Order.[12] Fukuyama argued that the conception of states being inclusive or extractive oversimplifies the problem. He also pointed out that the approach is too conceptual and fails to unpack the practical meaning of different institutions. The historical approach to prove the argument was also subjected to interpretation. Finally, Fukuyama specifically pointed out that the argument by Acemoglu and Robinson does not apply to the case of modern China, as China has extractive institutions but still flourishes economically.
In response to Fukuyama's comments, Acemoglu and Robinson replied on their blog.[13] First, they agreed that their work is largely inspired by North, Wallis and Weingast's work but explained that they build on and complement each other's work. Second, with reference to the criticism of oversimplification, they countered by describing the oversimplification as an approach to decompose complex political institutions; that it is necessary to conceptualize and to avoid focusing too narrowly on a single aspect of institutions. Last, on China, they attribute the rapid economic growth in China to the some (but yet limited) level of inclusiveness, as was also seen in the example of the Soviet Union in the 1970s.
Jared Diamond[edit]
In Jared Diamond's book review on The New York Review of Books,[14] he points out the narrow focus of the book's theory only on institutions, ignoring other factors like geography. One major issue of the authors' argument is endogeneity: if good political institutions explain economic growth, then what explains good political institutions in the first place? That is why Diamond lands on his own theory of geographical causes for developmental differences. He looks at tropical (central Africa and America) vs. temperate areas (North and South Africa and America) and realizes that the differences of wealth of nations are caused by the weather conditions: for example, in tropical areas, diseases are more likely to develop and agricultural productivity is lower. Diamond's second criticism is that Acemoglu and Robinson seem to only focus on small events in history like the Glorious Revolution in Britain as the critical juncture for political inclusion, while ignoring the prosperity in Western Europe.
In response to Diamond's criticism,[15] the authors reply that the arguments in the book do take geographical factors into account but that geography does not explain the different level of development. Acemoglu and Robinson simply take geography as an original factor a country is endowed with; how it affects a country's development still depends on institutions. They mention their theory of Reverse of Fortune: that once-poor countries (like the U.S., Australia, and Canada) have become rich despite poor natural endowments. They refute the theory of "resource curse"; what matters is the institutions that shape how a country uses its natural resources in historical processes.
Diamond rebutted[15] Acemoglu and Robinson's response, reinforcing his claim of the book's errors. Diamond insists geographical factors dominate why countries are rich and poor today. For example, he mentions that the tropical diseases in Zambia keep male workers sick for a large portion of their lifetime, thus reducing their labor productivity significantly. He reinforces his point that geography determines local plantations and gave rise to ancient agrarian practices. Agricultural practice further shapes a sedentary lifestyle as well as social interaction, both of which shape social institutions that result in different economic performances across countries.
Diamond's review was excerpted by economist Tyler Cowen on Marginal Revolution.[16]
Jeffrey Sachs[edit]
According to Jeffrey Sachs,[17] an American economist, the major problem of Why Nations Fail is that it focuses too narrowly on domestic political institutions and ignores other factors, such as technological progress and geopolitics. For example, geography plays an important role in shaping institutions, and weak governments in West Africa may be seen as a consequence of the unnavigable rivers in the region. Sachs also questions Acemoglu and Robinson's assumption that authoritarian regimes cannot motivate economic growth. Several examples in Asia, including Singapore and South Korea, easily refute Acemoglu and Robinson's arguments that democratic political institutions are prerequisites for economic growth. Moreover, Acemoglu and Robinson overlook macroeconomic factors like technological progress (e.g. industrialization and information technology).
In response to Sachs' critique, Acemoglu and Robinson replied on their book blog with twelve specific points. First, on the role of geography, Acemoglu and Robinson agree that geography is crucial in shaping institutions but do not recognize a deterministic role of geography in economic performance. Second, on the positive role authoritarian governments can play in economic growth, especially in the case of China, the fast economic growth could be part of the catch-up effect. However, it does not mean that authoritarian governments are better than democratic governments in promoting economic growth. It is still way too early, according to Acemoglu and Robinson, to draw a definite conclusion solely based on the example of China. Last, on industrialization, they argue that industrialization is contingent upon institutions.
Based on Acemoglu and Robinson's response, Sachs wrote a rebuttal on his personal website.[18] Rather than replying to the specifics of their reply, Sachs proposes the structural differences between two groups of scholars and comments on them. Sachs disagrees with the historical determinism that Acemoglu and Robinson propose, as Sachs believes that the actions taken by colonists two hundred years ago had no power in explaining economic performance today. Sachs insists on retaining complexity (geography, technological progress, etc.) in explaining differences in economic performance, rather than just simplifying to one factor (institutions). As Sachs describes, the evidence suggests that economic development is a multidimensional dynamic process, in which political, institutional, technological, cultural, and geographic factors all play a role. Such a view of history might not be "powerful" in the sense that Acemoglu and Robinson would like, but it has the virtue of being accurate and useful.
Mitt Romney[edit]
Though Republican Party presidential candidate Mitt Romney never explicitly mentioned the book during his campaign, his comment "culture makes all the difference"[19] when commenting on what causes the different level of economic development between Israel and Palestine invoked a response from the two authors. In an article called "Uncultured" on Foreign Policy,[20] the authors point out Romney's fallacy. First, Romney conflated culture and institution. What he called "good work ethic" could be seen as culture on the surface but is essentially shaped by institutions with incentive structures. Furthering the arguments in the book, Acemoglu and Robinson refer to the Jewish education system and historical contingencies, none of which is cultural. Why Palestine is less developed is simply because inclusive economic institutions were not able to develop there, due to the colonial occupation and regional political machination.[citation needed] Lastly, the authors mention South and North Korea as an example against "culture" as determinant for economic development, as South and North Korea both came from the same homogeneous culture before splitting up and adopting different institutions.
Paul Collier[edit]
Development economist Paul Collier from the University of Oxford reviewed the book for The Guardian.[21] Collier's review summarizes two essential elements for growth from the book: first, a centralized state and second, inclusive political and economic institutions. Based on the case of China, a centralized state can draw a country out from poverty but without inclusive institutions, such growth isn't sustainable, as argued by Acemoglu and Robinson. Such process is not natural, but only happens when the elites are willing to cede power to the majority under certain circumstances.
Peter Forbes[edit]
Peter Forbes reviewed the book for The Independent: "This book, by two U.S. economists, comes garlanded with praise by its obvious forebears – Jared Diamond, Ian Morris, Niall Ferguson, Charles C. Mann – and succeeds in making great sense of the history of the modern era, from the voyages of discovery to the present day."[22] Besides singing high praises for the book, Forbes links the message of the book and contemporary politics in developed countries like the United States and the United Kingdom. Though the two countries are by far some of the most inclusive economies in the world, various parts of them are, by nature, extractive—for instance, the existence of a shadow banking system, of conglomerate manufacturers, and so on. He warns against extractive practices under the guise of an inclusive economy.
Warren Bass[edit]
Warren Bass reviewed the book for the Washington Post, writing: "It's bracing, garrulous, wildly ambitious and ultimately hopeful. It may, in fact, be a bit of a masterpiece."[23] Despite his applause, Bass also points out several imperfections of the book. First of all, the definition of extractive and inclusive institution is vague in a way that cannot be utilized in policymaking. Second, though Acemoglu and Robinson are ambitious in covering cases of all nations across history, this attempt is subjected to scrutiny of regional experts and historians. For example, their accusation of Ottoman Empire as "highly absolutist" might not be correct, given the level of tolerance and diversity inside the Empire as compared to its European counterparts.
William Easterly[edit]
In a mixed review of the book in the Wall Street Journal, William Easterly was generally supportive of the plausibility of the book's thesis but critiqued the book's failure to cite extant statistics-based evidence to support the validity of the historical case studies.[24] For example, in the book's example about Congo, the stated reason Congo is impoverished is that Congo is close to slave trade shipping points. The approach of this historical case study only offers one data point. Moreover, Easterly also points out the danger of ex-post rationalization that the book only attributes different levels of development to institutions in a way a bit too neat. For example, to explain the fall of Venice, it could be the extractive regime during the time or it could also be the shift from Mediterranean trade to Atlantic trade. The historical case studies approach might be biased.
Awards and honors[edit]
- 2012 Paddy Power And Total Politics Political Book Award (International Affairs)[25]
- 2012 Financial Times and Goldman Sachs Business Book of the Year Award, Shortlist[26]
- 2013 Lionel Gelber Prize, Longlist[27]
- 2013 Arthur Ross Book Award, Honorable Mention[28]
Related works[edit]
- The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith
- Guns, Germs, and Steel by Jared Diamond
- Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed also by Jared Diamond
- The Elusive Quest for Growth by William Easterly
- The Wealth and Poverty of Nations by David Landes
- IQ and the Wealth of Nations by Richard Lynn and Tatu Vanhanen
- Violence and Social Orders by Douglass North, John Wallis, and Barry Weingast
- The Modern World-System, vols. 1-4 by Immanuel Wallerstein
See also[edit]
- ^ "Why Nations Fail". Retrieved 2013-09-21.
- ^ Acemoglu, Daron; Robinson, James (2001). "A Theory of Political Transitions" (PDF). American Economic Review. 91 (4): 938–963. doi:10.1257/aer.91.4.938.
- ^ Clark, William; Golder, Matt; Golder, Sona N. "Power and Politics: Insights from an Exit, Voice and Loyalty Game" (PDF). Cite journal requires
- ^ Acemoglu, Daron; Johnson, Simon; Robinson, James A. (2005). "Institutions as a Fundamental Cause of Long-Run Growth". In Aghion, Philippe; Durlauf, Stephen (eds.). Handbook of Economic Growth. Vol 1, Part A. pp. 385–472. doi:10.1016/S1574-0684(05)01006-3. ISBN 9780444520418.
- ^ Acemoglu, Daron; Johnson, Simon; Robinson, James (December 2001). "The Colonial Origins of Comparative Development: An Empirical Investigation". American Economic Review. 91 (5): 1369–1401. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.313.7172. doi:10.1257/aer.91.5.1369.
- ^ Acemoglu, Daron; Robinson, James (June 2005). "The Rise of Europe: Atlantic Trade, Institutional Change, and Economic Growth" (PDF). American Economic Review. 95 (3): 546–579. doi:10.1257/0002828054201305.
- ^ North, Douglass; Weingast, Barry (December 1989). "Constitutions and Commitment: The Evolution of Institutions Governing Public Choice in Seventeenth-Century England". Journal of Economic History. 49 (4): 803–832. doi:10.1017/S0022050700009451. JSTOR 2122739.
- ^ North, Douglass; Wallis, John; Weingast, Barry (January 2009). "Violence and the Rise of Open-Access Orders". Journal of Democracy. 20 (1): 55–68. doi:10.1353/jod.0.0060.
- ^ Subramanian, Arvind (October 30, 2012). "Which Nations Failed". The American Interest. The American Interest. Retrieved May 4, 2016.
- ^ "China, India and All That". November 2, 2012.
- ^ a b Henderson, David (Spring 2013). "The Wealth -- and Poverty -- of Nations" (PDF). Regulation (a publication of the Cato Institute). Retrieved 2013-11-21.
- ^ Douglass, North (2009-02-26). Violence and Social Order. ISBN 978-0521761734.
- ^ Acemoglu, Daron (April 30, 2012). "Response to Fukuyama's Review". Why Nations Fail. Retrieved April 17, 2016.
- ^ Diamond, Jared (2012-06-07). "What Makes Countries Rich or Poor?". The New York Review of Books. Retrieved 2013-09-21.
- ^ a b Acemoglu and Robinson, Daron and James (August 16, 2012). "Why Nations Fail". The New York Review of Books. Retrieved May 5, 2016.
- ^ Cowen, Tyler (2012-03-18). "Jared Diamond reviews *Why Nations Fail*". Marginal Revolution. Retrieved 2013-09-21. Italic or bold markup not allowed in:
- ^ Sachs, Jeffrey. "Government, Geography, and Growth".
- ^ Jeffrey, Sachs (December 3, 2012). "Reply to Acemoglu and Robinson's Response to My Book Review". Jeffrey Sachs. Jeffrey Sachs. Retrieved April 23, 2016.
- ^ Parker, Ashley (July 30, 2012). "Romney Comments on Palestinians Draw Criticism". The Caucus. The New York Times. Retrieved May 6, 2016.
- ^ Acemoglu and Robinson, Daron and James (August 1, 2012). "Uncultured". Foreign Policy. Retrieved May 6, 2016 – via Foreign Policy.
- ^ Collier, Paul (2012-03-11). "Why Nations Fail by Daron Acemoglu and James Robinson – review". The Guardian. Retrieved 2013-09-21.
- ^ Forbes, Peter (2012-05-26). "Why Nations Fail, By Daron Acemoglu and James A Robinson: A penetrating analysis of social organisation argues that the West's 'inclusive' states show signs of a relapse". The Independent. Retrieved 2013-09-21.
- ^ Bass, Warren (2012-04-20). "Book review: 'Why Nations Fail,' by Daron Acemoglu and James A. Robinson". Washington Post. Retrieved 2013-09-21.
- ^ Easterly, William (2012-03-24). "The Roots of Hardship: Despite massive amounts of aid, poor countries tend to stay poor. Maybe their institutions are the problem". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2013-09-21.
- ^ "Paddy Power & Total Politics Political Book Awards". Total Politics. 7 February 2013. Retrieved August 29, 2014.
- ^ Andrew Hill (2012-09-13). "Biographies and economics dominate". Financial Times. Retrieved 15 September 2012.
- ^ Mark Medley (February 4, 2013). "Lionel Gelber Prize longlist revealed". National Post. Retrieved August 29, 2014.
- ^ "Fredrik Logevall Wins CFR's 2013 Arthur Ross Book Award for "Embers of War"". Council on Foreign Relations. December 16, 2013. Retrieved August 29, 2014.


text:
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subset: commoncrawl


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Manual setup:
If the above method of automatic profile configuration doesn't work for you, here are the steps for manual account setup.Receiving mail
- Go to Settings and then either Accounts and Passwords (iOS 11) or Mail –> Accounts (iOS 10), and click Add Account. Then select Other.
- Select Add Mail Account, and enter your Name, Email address, Password, and Description (can be whatever you like) and tap Next.
- Select IMAP. Under Incoming Mail Server, enter Host Name mail.electricembers.net, User Name (your full email address), and Password. Enter the same info under Outgoing Mail Server, and tap Next (it will verify.)
- Tap Save.
- Return to Settings and then either Accounts and Passwords (iOS 11) or Mail –> Accounts (iOS 10), find the account on the mail accounts page and select it, then tap it again. Then under Outgoing Mail Server, tap SMTP. Find mail.electricembers.net under either Primary Server or Other SMTP Servers, and tap it.
- Confirm Use SSL is On, Authentication is Password, Server Port is 587, and User Name (full email address) & Password are entered correctly. Then tap Done.


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Physical traitsEdit
All Coelophysoids were slender, carnivorous dinosaurs with a superficial similarity to the coelurosaurs, with which they were formerly classified, and some species had delicate cranial crests. Sizes range from about 1 to 6 m in length. It is unknown what kind of external covering coelophysoids had, and various artists have portrayed them as either scaly or feathered. But since they died out long before birds evolved, the scale covering is most likely.
Well-known examples of coelophysoids include Coelophysis, Procompsognathus, Dilophosaurus, Liliensternus and Segisaurus.
In Walking with... seriesEdit
Walking with DinosaursEdit
New BloodEdit
Coelophysis was the main focus of this episode.
Sea MonstersEdit
Sea Monsters, Episode 1Edit
A coelophysoid dinosaur, based on Coelophysis from WWD, appeared in the second half of this episode, combing the beach. Although, strangely, it was labeled a Coelurosaur. Possibly referencing the miscategorization during the beginning of paleontology.


text:
Monica Macansantos is a product of the University of the Philippines Creative Writing program, where she earned her BA in Creative Writing, magna cum laude, in 2007. She was a James A. Michener Fellow in Writing at the University of Texas at Austin, where she earned her MFA in Fiction and Poetry in 2013, and earned her PhD in Creative Writing from the Victoria University of Wellington in 2018. Her work has appeared or is forthcoming in failbetter.com, WSQ: Women'
"A Fair Face" (novel excerpt). WSQ: Women's Studies Quarterly: Spring/Summer 2018. New York (published by the Feminist Press at CUNY)
"Nina" (excerpt). Aotearotica: Vol. 1, 2016. (Christchurch, New Zealand)
"Playing With Dolls." Day One: 17 February, 2016. (New York)
(reissued as a Kindle Single by Amazon's Little A Books)
"Into Lightness." Shirley: Issue 2, Summer 2015. (Oregon)
"Love and Other Rituals." Thin Noon: Issue 1, 2015. (Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island)
"Maricel." The Fictioneer: Winter 2015. (Davis, California)
Creative Nonfiction
"The Gift of Connection." Takahe Magazine: Issue 92, April 2018. (online and print) Christchurch, New Zealand
"Learning to Grieve." The Grief Diaries: Vol. 3, Issue 2, 2017. (TGD Special Feature) New York
"My Father's Pancit." The New Filipino Kitchen: Agate Surrey, 2018. Chicago
"You're Here Because You're Good." Hedgebrook (alumnae blog): 8 September, 2016. (Whidbey Island/Seattle, Washington)
"Becoming a Writer: The Silences We Write Against." TAYO Literary Magazine: 31 May, 2015. (San Francisco, California) — Recognized in: The Best American Essays 2016, ed. Jonathan Franzen and Robert Atwan, Notable Essays and Literary Nonfiction
"The Day I Was a Comfort Woman." Your Impossible Voice: Summer 2014.
"Six War Haikus." Cha: An Asian Literary Journal: Issue 34, December 2016. (Hong Kong)
"Afternoon in Laguna" and "Return to Maguindanao." TAYO Literary Magazine: Issue 5, 2015-2016. (San Francisco, California)
"Christmas House, Vallejo, California" https://www.willowpressco.com/shop/willow-vol-1
"Homing In" in Willow Zine (Winnipeg, Canada). https://www.


text: Things got interesting when he started working with Habitat for Humanity Asia-Pacific. He did rural development work in Papua New Guinea for a few years, and then relocated to New Zealand to be their first Pacific Regional Director. Later he moved again to Thailand to help develop the work throughout Asia and The Pacific. He traveled extensively in those years, and showed his true commitment to being a global citizen by marrying a Thai woman who was a professor at Payap University in Chiang Mai.


text: I was watching the E3 trailer for AC and I noticed that Hospitallers were hanging three victims. This didnt make sense because in 1187, when the kingdom of Jerusalem fell, the hospitallers were confined to the Country of Tripoli. This county is nowhere near the three cities in the game. They may have killed by the Hashashin because they were out of the county, but why were the public not acting against them and why werent the gaurds of the city atatcking the Hospitallers? Are they part of the conspiracy that applies to modern day? Discuss.


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Five NU softball players earn All-GLIAC honors
Northwood's softball team placed five players on the All-GLIAC team, the school announced Friday. Sophomore shortstop Stacey Klonowski was named to the First Team, junior centerfielder Rachel Hammer and senior second-baseman Andrea Martin made Second Team, and sophomore first-baseman Sam Zaborowski and freshman pitcher Maddison Sebald were named honorable mention.
Klonowski leads the Timberwolves in batting (.373), slugging percentage (.607), hits (56), runs batted in (27), doubles (11), and home runs (eight).
Hammer is hitting .302 and ranks second on the NU team in homers with five, while Martin is hitting .307 and is the other half of the nation-leading double play combo with Klonowski.
Sebald leads the team with eight victories and four saves, while Zaborowski is second on the team in RBIs (24) and has made just three errors all season.


text: § You shall avoid talking to strangers Nov 09, 2017 You shall also avoid making eye-contact with strangers. Actually, you should just avoid strangers. -- This is one of the 100 Unwritten Norwegian Social Laws presented in our new book "The 100 Unwritten Norwegian Social Laws" It is also one of the situation described by Sean Percival in his new book "The Loud American Working with Norwegians" -- Read more about our amazing Norwegian friends in our other Guidebooks to Norway written by Julien S. Bourrelle and Sean Percival. Share Tweet


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Bombshell text messages exposed one Democrat Senator who colluded with Russia
One thing is becoming clear about the Russia collusion story.
The Democrats are guilty.
Bombshell text messages reveal a top Democrat Senator is neck deep in this scandal.
Mark Warner (D-VA) is the top Democrat on the Senate Intelligence Committee.
He was revealed to have texted with a lobbyist representing a Russian oligarch in order to set up a meeting with Christopher Steele – the ex-MI6 agent who drafted the Trump-Russia dossier.
Warner's texts revealed a secret back channel because the Senator would "rather not have a paper trail" in his efforts to collude with a foreign spy that teamed up with Russians to smear Trump.
The Daily Caller reports:
"A new report indicates that Democratic Virginia Sen. Mark Warner was in contact with a lobbyist for Oleg V. Deripaska, a Russian billionaire, in order to get in contact with Christopher Steele, author of the infamous dossier that was used to surveil Carter Page.
Fox News reports Adam Waldman, a lobbyist for Deripaska, texted Warner "Chris Steele asked me to call you" on March 16, 2017.
Warner wrote back, "Will call tomorrow be careful."
Warner also said on March 20, 2017, "Can you talk tomorrow want to get with ur English friend"
"I spoke to him yesterday," Waldman replied.
On March 30th, 2017, Warner expressed a desire to not leave evidence of a meeting with Steele, which he wanted to be with only him.
"We want to do this right private in London don't want to send letter yet cuz if we can't get agreement wud rather not have paper trail," he wrote to Waldman."
18 months of investigations have produced no evidence of the Trump campaign colluding with Russia.
But the Steele dossier has generated a mountain of proof that the Democrats were the ones in cahoots with Russians.


text:
Super Plant Food contains 100% pure hydrolyzed cod-fish protein, which renders an abundance of amino acids instantly bio-available to plant cells. This helps build a powerful "super-structure" for your plants leaf, stem and root-tissue mass. PURE-PROTEIN, when sprayed regularly as a foliar, coupled with frequent applications of good Compost Tea, helps growers achieve truly AMAZING RESULTS!
Available as Pure Protein Dry in 1#, 5#, 20#, 44# bags, and 990# totes.
"Bless the LORD, O my soul: and all that is within me, bless His holy name." - Psalm 103:1
Web Hosting by RLM-EC - SPECIALIZING in NopCommerce Development & AZURE Cloud Deployment


text:
A great number of sweeping changes are set to be in the final release of Android N, with many of those available to sample right now in the developer previews. Changes to the user interface, new shortcuts and other major updates are on show, as well as a number of subtler changes. Among the somewhat lesser changes, users of the Android N preview will find some new emoji, as well as changes to old ones, as Google works on bringing their emoji collection into compliance with Unicode 9 and adding in the plethora of new emoji and emoji-related options that the updated standard brings with it.
The biggest change to emoji in Android N's Unicode 9 overhaul is a change to more humanlike faces, rather than the previous gender-neutral and highly expressive blobs. Although some old and new emoji, such as the vomit face and the heart-eyes face, will be keeping the blob standard for now, a good amount of emoji have been converted over to the human faces, complete with hair and ears. The humanlike emoji are, for the most part, equipped with modifiers to change things like their age, gender and skin color. Most, if not all, of the blob emoji that are sticking around have been changed to face directly toward the viewer as if speaking with them, rather than facing slightly off to the side. This perspective will likely be the way of things going forward for all new emoji, blob or not.
On top of changes to living emoji, a plethora of new inanimate objects and representations of activities are represented. In the images below alone, you can spot a wide variety of things like a relaxing drink, traditional Spanish cooking, the immortal "hang ten" symbol and even a good old fashioned rifle. Interestingly, some of the new emoji created for Android N are candidates to wind up immortalized in Unicode 9's final edition. As a final footnote, all hope is not gone for those who actually enjoyed the cute little blob characters. A Unicode 9 entry specifying gender-neutrality may make room for them to resurface in later Android and Unicode versions. Most of what you see below is featured in the latest Android N preview, but you can always check out the source link if you'd like more details.


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Seriously over the moon.
Tuesday, 28 August 2012
A$AP Rocky - Chicago featuring Jennifer Hope
YES that is right, I got a pretty sick image before of my mate rocking Jennifer Hope with ASAP Rocky however turns out the picture was from the making of this video, seriously check it out. I'm so unbelievably stoked to have Jennifer Hope featured with such a big and international artist, massive love to the man Todd. Check out the stills of the video where Jennifer Hope is featured and the link to the video on Vimeo at the bottom.
Seriously over the moon.
Seriously over the moon.
2 comments:
Well done much deserved :) x miaoliver.blogspot.comReplyDelete
Thank you lovely, thats so nice of you to say :)ReplyDelete
Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)


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CGX Mentor Lounge @ GDCMon. Mar. 18, 6pm - 8pm | Mozilla San Francisco, 2 Harrison St #175, San Francisco CA
CGX Mentor Lounges are designed to give developers a chance to learn, one-on-one, from industry leaders in a positive and inclusive environment!
Meet Our Mentors
Michelle Chuaprasert
Director of Marketing @ Intel
Lidi Giroux
Communications Manager @ East Side Games
Vicki Ferguson
Technical Director @ Ubisoft
Dave Padilla
Founding Member @ Evening Star
Clayton Vaught
Principal Software Engineer @ Xbox's Gaming Cloud
Ray Batts
Lead Programmer @ Bethesda Game Studios
Noah Decter-Jackson
CEO & Creative Director @ Complex Games
Chris Filip
Co-Founder @ Game Anglia
Henrik Jonsson
Atul Mehra
Co-Founder @ Spearhead Games
Sydney Meeker
Interactive Fiction Writer and Narrative Designer
Osama Dorias
Game Designer @ WB Games
Andreia Gaita
Indie & Founder @ Spoiled Cat Games
Tanya Laird
Vice Chair @ BAME in Games
Liv Erickson
VR Developer
Mattias Wiking
Chief Operating Officer @ Turborilla
Dean Bergmann
Multimedia Producer & Livestream Developer @ Digital Extremes
David Santiago
Principal Technical Artist @ Insomniac Games
Joy Yang
Senior Relationship Manager, Media, Entertainment and Digital Media @ RBC
Jack Kelley
Design Director @ East Side Games
Dan Thronström
Executive Producer @ Goodbye Kansas Game Invest
Galen Ryder
Software Engineer @ Red Hook Studios
Noah Alzayer
Character TD @ Insomniac Games
Sarah Belhumeur
Art Director @ House of How
Tara Mustapha
Founder @ Code Coven
Shelley Lowe
Lead Developer @ League of Geeks
Aleissia Laidacker
Director of Developer Experience @ Magic Leap
Robert Bäckström
Master of Reality and Game Producer @ Raw Fury
Shaun McCabe
Chief Technology Officer @ Insomniac Games
Kellen Voyer
Video Game Lawyer @ Voyer Law
Ryan Black
Chief Technology Partner & Co-Chair, Video Games and New Media @ McMillan LLP
Lance James
Producer @ Versus Evil
Mariana Carril
Senior Game Producer
Shawn White
Editor Guru @ Unity
Martine Paris
Tech Reporter & Pocket Gamer / Blockchain Gamer
Where It's At
Mozilla San Francisco
2 Harrison St #175
San Francisco, CA 94105


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Home > News > about products >
guangzhou hongjiang company Chain conveyor line manufacturer - Focus on conveyor line customization service
guangzhou hongjiang company Chain conveyor line manufacturer - Focus on conveyor line customization service
Chain conveyor line manufacturer - Focus on conveyor line customization service
The whole conveying line of the chain plate line is a plane, which is suitable for larger workpieces to be handled and transported on the top, and can also be equipped with fixtures on the chain plates. The advantages are high load, stable operation, and the workpieces can be placed directly on the line.
Chain conveyor line product description:
Chain plate line can be divided into: beat operation, uniform operation; structure can be divided into: linear, ramp, split type, curved type, mixed type. Widely used in home appliances, machinery, logistics, food and other industries. And can be customized according to the use of requirements, this line runs smoothly, without the need for tooling board, can make large appliances, locomotives and other online assembly and production, also used in the logistics of heavy goods, a wide range of applications.
Main technical characteristics: Chain specifications: light chain, heavy chain chain width: 200mm -1200mm conveying speed: 0.5m/min-15m/min conveying capacity: light ≥50kg/m, heavy duty ≥300kg/m sheet metal chain working temperature: -20°C to 100°C.
Note: The rack material carbon steel paint or aluminum alloy, chain plate material carbon steel galvanized or stainless steel
Chain conveyor line Sharing conveyor belt Common conveyor belt model and standard
The use of a conveyor belt as a transportation carrier has the advantages of safety in operation, convenience in use, easy maintenance, low freight, continuous realization, and shortened transportation distance. Within a certain range, it has become an alternative to road and rail transportation.
This conveyor belt is suitable for conveying normal, blocky, granular, and powdery materials that are not particularly corrosive under normal conditions.
Powerful layer is high quality heavy cotton canvas or Victoria cotton, polyester cotton canvas.
The conveyor belt is a rubber product made of multi-layered adhesive canvas bonded together or using other skeleton materials as the core, and covered with an adhesive layer and formed and vulcanized. He is the main component of the belt conveyor and plays the role of carrying materials. It is suitable for conveying block, granular, powdery materials and articles.
According to the structure and shape, the conveyor belt is divided into a layered fabric core conveyor belt, a corrugated conveyor belt, an endless conveyor belt. According to the performance, transportation is divided into heat-resistant, oil-resistant, acid-resistant, and cold-resistant types.
□ Layered Fabric Core Conveyor Belt □ Corrugated Rib Conveyor □ Pattern Conveyor □ Annular Conveyor Belt
□ Nylon (NN) canvas conveyor belt □ Heat-resistant conveyor belt □ High temperature conveyor belt
Ordinary conveyor belt
Ordinary conveyor belts are glued together by multi-layered rubber-cotton (polyester-cotton) canvases and covered by upper and lower adhesives for the transportation of small, medium, granular and powdery materials. Product implementation GB/T7984 certification -2001 standard.
Variety: According to the performance of the covering glue can be divided into strong type, strong type, general type
Company Profile
Guangzhou Hongjiang Automation Equipment Co.,Ltd We are a factory professional in conveyor chains, modular belts, plastic components , and conveyor systems for 22 years. Most of our products have SGS, ISO, CE certificate. Now we offer service for many big and successful company, such as Vinda, Pepsi Cola, COFCO, Pacific Can, Tech-Long and so on. They all satisfied with our products, and have long term cooperation with our company.We make molds for plastic table top chains, modular belt, sprockets, idler wheels and other plastic components.and we have professional engineer team to design and produce conveyors according to customer's requirements. Our main conveyors including: spiral conveyor, table top chain conveyors, modular belt conveyors, stainless steel chain conveyors, Inclined conveyors, Gripper conveyors and so on.It covers different industries, like beverages, foods, tissues, textile, tobacco, fruits, battery and so on.Our company located in Guangzhou, welcome to visit us anytime.
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text:
As Kainos Smart reaches a major milestone, our WorkSmart Divisional Director Malachy Smith shares some words of reflection and appreciation.
In August 2013, we launched our Kainos Smart™ testing platform to help clients automate the testing of their Workday configurations, both before and after initial deployment. It's sometimes hard to believe that what started out as excited scribbles on a whiteboard has grown into this tool that empowers even the smallest system teams to test their Workday Financial Management and Workday Human Capital Management (HCM) configurations with the same rigour that an army of professional testers would deliver.
Today, we celebrate the arrival of our 100th Smart customer. I know I speak for the team when I say that we're very pleased to have reached this important milestone. And I'm delighted to have fantastic companies such as Hitachi, United Technologies Corporation, Cushman & Wakefield, Netflix, DXC Technology, and Diageo as Smart customers. Additionally, our journey with Workday has been rewarding because we've been able to pair the Kainos Smart™ testing tool with the predictable timing and quality of Workday's updates, which in turn drives customer satisfaction.
Earlier this week John Webb, vice president of Industry Strategy and Alliances, Workday, reached out to share these kind words of praise and encouragement. "This is a great achievement," he said. "Kainos is a long-standing and trusted Workday partner and I'm delighted that the Smart testing software is helping customers streamline their adoption of new Workday features. Partners like Kainos are important to us in helping clients maximise return on their Workday investment."
While reaching a triple-digit customer count is extremely satisfying, I want to note that we couldn't have gotten here without all of our clients—who over the years have generously shared with us their honest feedback, valuable insights, and precious time to help us make Smart the market-leading product that it is today. And of course I'd like to give a special show of thanks to Johnson Controls, our inaugural client whom I'm proud to say is still a customer today.
I'd also like to thank everyone on the Smart team. I'm immensely proud of the commitment, drive, and desire they demonstrate on a daily basis to not only build a quality product, but also build lasting partnerships with our clients. We're continuing to invest heavily in the tool so that we can continue to deliver the quality and innovation that our customers have come to expect. In fact, in November we'll be releasing our newest module: Smart Payroll.
So a big well done to the team, a big thank you to everyone in the Workday community who've supported us on our journey so far, and to the next 100 customers—we're ready when you are.


text:
Dr Patrick Beullens
Associate Professor of Operational Research
Dr Patrick Beullens is an Associate Professor in Mathematical Sciences at the University of Southampton.
PhD in Engineering (Industrial Management), K.U. Leuven, 2001, with a thesis on location, process selection, and vehicle routing models for reverse logistics, supervised by Prof. Dirk Van Oudheusden.
Advanced Studies Master in Industrial Management, K.U. Leuven, 1994.
Master of Science in Chemical Engineering, K.U. Leuven, Belgium, 1993.
Professional Employment
Sept 2011 - present Associate Professor / Reader / Senior Lecturer, Mathematics and Southampton Business School, University of Southampton, England.
Reader in Operational Research, Department of Mathematics, University of Portsmouth, England, (*).
Senior Lecturer in Logistics and Operational Research, Department of Mathematics, University of Portsmouth, England. (*)
2002- Sept 2004 Post-doc Research Associate, Centre for Industrial Management, K.U. Leuven, Belgium (**).
1998-2001 PhD student / Research Associate, Centre for Industrial Management, K.U. Leuven, Belgium (***).
1994-98 Research Assistant, Centre for Industrial Management, K.U. Leuven, Belgium.
(*) Guest Professor in Integrated Logistics and Supply Chain Management, Dept. of Economics, University of Hasselt, Belgium, March - April 2009, 2010, and 2011.
(**) Post-doc Research Associate, Econometric Institute, Erasmus University Rotterdam, the Netherlands, September - December 2002.
(***) Visiting Research Associate, Production Technology Area, the International School of Business Administration INSEAD, France, April - September 1998


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Every year, Oklahomans take on more debt during the holiday season, maxing out high interest credit cards and dipping into savings. This year, make a plan to be smart with your money and keep a tight reign on your spending with a few simple tips.
1. Make a Budget
In order to stick to a budget, you first have to have a budget! Carefully evaluate how much money you plan on spending this holiday season. Break those expenses down into categories like gifts, food and entertainment. Put a cap on your spending and make sure you stick to the budget. When you spend freely or impulsively, it's too easy to sink into debt and lose track of your spending.
2. Cash, Not Credit
Make a simple rule: no credit cards. High interest balances can cost you thousands of dollars over time. Keeping your budget in cash means you'll never be able to spend more than you carry. If you do have to use a credit card, consider moving to a low interest, no fee card. Many credit unions offer low interest credit cards, so shop around for the best deal.
3. Start a New Tradition
Each season, it seems like we amass more and more "stuff". It's so easy to be swept away by the desire for the newest gizmo or latest toy. But do we really need a new flat screen TV? Or another piece of jewelry? Do our kids really need the latest and greatest, super expensive toy? The sad fact is, thousands of families in Oklahoma, even in our own community, may not have enough money for food or presents this year. Instead of buying more "stuff", start a new tradition instead! Make a pact with your family this holiday to spend less and to set aside a portion of your budget or time to help those in need. A tradition of giving and kindness will provide cherished memories for your family long after the latest gadget has been forgotten.
Here are few of our favorite ideas for how give back during the holidays:
Bixby Outreach Center
The outreach center works to provide assistance to those in need in the Bixby area. Learn more about this great organization and how you can help by visiting BixbyOutreach.org or calling them at 918.366.9226.
Answer Letters To Santa
Each year, thousands of needy children write letters to Santa asking for things like socks, food or a new coat. Did you know that the post office keeps these letters as part of its Operation Santa program? You and your family can choose to anonymously answer one of these letters from a child in need. Contact the Bixby
postal department at 918.366.3652 and ask if they participate in Operation Santa. You can also check the Be An Elf website for more information at BeAnElf.com.
Donate Toy, Coats or Food.
Be on the lookout for coat, toy or food donation boxes. There are usually several opportunities to donate during the holidays at local businesses.


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Delhi |
BE | BTech |
Back office |
Posted on Jul 30, 2016
Job Organazation :Air India
Job Details :
Hello my Friends... It's a cool chance to all of you. Its superb chance to Join the development of Air. Air India has issued or publish a recruitment Notice 2016 - 2017 on offical website, Offical Link Given bellow.
Air India invites applications from candidates who had complited there Engineering degree from anyrecognised Insititutes.Eligible persons or candidates can apply for the Air India job Vacancies on or before 15-Sep-2016.
Notice a lot of info concerning details of the vacancy like Exam method, Education & Qualification, Form Fees or Application fee, way to apply, Required Skills etc is found below. (Team Freshers99.com)
Job Location : Delhi
Job vacancie Name : Trainee Engineers
Numbers of vacancies : Recruitment of 280 posts will be done by this notification.
Educational Qualification for Air India job vacancy:
Candidates who possed the degree of BE/Btech with higher percentage in related trade only will be eligible for the posts of Trainee Engineers. Full details of qualification will be available in the official notification.
Salary / pay scale : Monthly salary will be between Rs. 25000-30000/- as stimped for first 3 Year of training after than will be 1.25lacs after comleting the course/Training.
Applicaton Fees: 2000/-
Age Limit : 28 Years max and age relaxations as per government rules.
Other Jobs :
Selection Procedure for Air India Recruitment 2016:
Eligible candidates has to apply on or before 15th September 2016.
To know more about any detail of Recruiment 2016, you may log on to official website of the same.
Official Notification
Last Date of Apply: 15th September 2016
How to Apply for this job vacancies:
Candidates can only apply online, go to the link given below, and fill the application form.
to know more detail please read the full Official notification.
Jobs By Courses | Jobs By Locations | Jobs By Skills
More detail about the job vacancy:
For any other details regarding the job vacancie please visit the official notification in the website of the same.
Apply Now
Online Application process will start from 8th August 2015
Brief Details About Air India:
Air India (AI) is an Flag carrier air-line of India and the 3rd largest airline in India in terms of passengers carried, after IndiGo and Jet Airways. It is owned by Air India Limited, a Government of India enterprise and operates a fleet of Airbus and Boeing aircraft serving 84 domestic and international destinations.
It's hq is in New Delhi and Air India has its main hub at Indira Gandhi International Airport, New Delhi and a secondary hub at Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport, Mumbai. Air India became the 27th member of Star Alliance on 11 July 2014.
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text:
Sire: Tavistock
Colour: Bay
Dam: Cellaring
Sex: Mare
Age: 6
Foaled: Oct 25, 2013
Country: Australia
Owners: Farmhouse Holdings (Mgr P B Payne), J P Clapham, B Danaher, J Danaher, T Danaher & C Moore
|Bay mare
|Foaled in 2013
TAVISTOCK (NZ) (Bay 2005-Stud 2010). 6 wins-1 at 2, Waikato Draught Sprint, Gr.1. Champion Sire in Hong Kong in 2015-16. Sire of 197 rnrs, 125 wnrs, 15 SW, inc. Tarzino (Victoria Derby, Gr.1), Volkstok'n'barrell, Werther, Tavago, Tavidream - Circuit Glory (H.K.), Hasselhoof, Hiflyer, Gobstopper, Pacorus, Infantry, Avisto, Longchamp, Nymph Monte, Tavy, Titanium, SP Milseain, Salsamor, Harlow Gold, Downton Abbey, Fire Jet, Travimyfriend, etc.
1st dam
CELLARING, by Keeper. Unplaced. Half-sister to CELLARMASTER, Our Bahare. Dam of one named foal, one to race-
Encavage (f. by Tavistock). See below.
2nd dam
OENOLOGY, by Sound Reason. 3 wins at 2000m, 2050m in NZ. Half-sister to Khanate,
CELLARMASTER (Dubawi). Head of 2009-10 NZ 2YO Free H. 7 wins-3 at 2-from 800m to 1600m, NZ$206,688, A$294,900, ARC Eclipse S., Gr.3, Waikato RC Star Way S., L, Oakbank RC Mix 102.3 H., SAJC Allan Scott Park Morphettville H., Swan Hill Cup, SAJC Wolf Blass Wines H., 2d Manawatu Sires' Produce S., Gr.1, ARC Diamond S., Gr.1, WRC Wakefield Challenge S., Gr.2, Manawatu Challenge S., Gr.3, TRC Thomas Lyons S., L, TTC Premium S., L, MRC Slickpix H., SAJC Australia Day Races H., RTC Group H., Mildura Cup, Levin RC Formpro.co.nz 2YO H., SAJC Elders Real Estate H., Boag's Draught H., Tattsbet H., Betfair H., ACG Security H., 3d Taranaki 2YO Classic, Gr.3, Wanganui Guineas, L, Sale Quality H., SAJC Markeysaddlery.com.au H., CAMMS Risk Management H., Carbine Club H., 4th Hawke's Bay Guineas, Gr.2.
Our Bahare (Bahhare). 5 wins from 1500m to 2100m, A$224,550, 2d MRC Even Stevens H., Kiwi Can H., Feldspar H., Zambari H., 3d Victoria Derby, Gr.1, MVRC Cox Plate Week Events H., Northland Shopping Centre H., 4th Geelong Classic, L.
Vintner. 10 wins from 1200m to 2000m, NZ$90,197, CJC Supporting Cystic Fibrosis H., 2d Otago RC More FM H., Southland RC White Robe Lodge Stud H., CJC Mustad New Zealand H., 3d CJC Bangalore Polo Club H., Otago RC New Zealand Bloodstock Leasing & Finance H.
La Sommeliere. Winner at 2, 2d WRC Fix Cup.
3rd dam
OLIGARCHY, by Pronto II. Unraced. Half-sister to
Khanate (Khairpour). 5 wins-2 at 2-from 1000m to 2200m, Waikato RC NZ Wines & Spirits Greys' S., WRC Seaview Stables H., Levin RC Bayer Classic Consolation, 2d Manawatu RC Eulogy S., Gr.3, 3d HBJC Angus Motor Inn H., WRC Fitzherbert H., Kelburn H. Producer.
(Our) Deimos. 4 wins from 1600m to 2100m, ARC Steinlager H., Frank Casey Formal Suit Hire H., BOP RC Owens Road Transport H., 2d ARC HIH Insurance Classic, State Insurance Stayers Championship Final, 3d ARC Majestic Horse Floats H.
Clique. 2 wins at 1400m, 2050m, BTC G-Z RSL Lighthorse H., 2d QTC Tod Maid H.
Risible. Placed in NZ. Dam of-
INTRANSIGENT (Refuse to Bend). 11 wins from 1600m to 2400m, NZ$329,625, Hawke's Bay Gold Cup, Gr.3, Taumarunui Gold Cup, L, Rotorua Challenge P., L, BOP RC Kiwifruit Cup-3 times, Manawatu RC Courtesy Ford H., Rangitikei RC Scullys Products Bulls Country Cup, ARC Rotary Club of Auckland East H., 2d Waikato RC Pencarrowstud.co.nz H., WRC Parliamentary H., Marton JC Marsh Insurance Brokers H., Wanganui JC Mickey's Super Liquor H., Mac Cameron Birthday H., WRC Turf Digest H., 3d Hawkes Bay Master Plumbers H., ARC Cornwall H., CJC Winter Classic H., WRC Trentham Gold Cup, Mufhasa Cup, 4th WRC Thompson H., Gr.3.
Superior Miss. Unraced. Dam of-
SECOND COMING (Oak Ridge). Champion Stayer in NZ in 1999-2000. 6 wins-1 at 2-from 1400m to 3200m, NZ$264,000, A$1,131,170, Victoria Derby, Gr.1, Wellington Cup, Gr.1, VATC Naturalism S., L, MVRC Franklin's Fresh H., SAJC Blackwell Funerals Torrensville H., VRC She Magazine H., 2d Auckland Cup, Gr.1, VRC Saab H., Gr.2, 3d VRC Melbourne Cup, Gr.1, Moonee Valley Gold Cup, Gr.2, MVRC AAMI Vase, Gr.2, VRC Blamey S., Gr.2, Debonair S., L, Cambridge JC Presland Tocker Insurance H., 4th Balaklava Cup, L.
Haughty Miss. Unraced. Dam of-
INTERCEPT (Zerpour). 7 wins at 1400m, 1600m, S$883,556, Singapore TC Patron's Bowl, L, Singapore Airlines A380 London S., Open H., Class 3 H., Initiation P., Novice H., Graduation S., 2d Singapore TC Stewards' Cup, L, Kranji A S., Open H.-twice, Progress H., 3d Singapore Derby, L, Singapore TC Chairman's Trophy, L, Phenom S., Panasonic LED S., Progress H., 4th Singapore TC Kranji Mile, L.
Race Record:
Placed in 2017-18 in Aust.


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Every cat needs a collar. Collars help identify a cat if it goes missing, and can get rid of fleas, too. And if you walk your cat like a dog, you'll definitely need a collar for them.
What types of cat collar can you buy? There are buckle cat collars, which are the classic kind that most cats have. There are stretch collars, flea collars, breakaway collars and cat safety collars too. The collar may or may not have a bell, ID tag, phone number and address on it so that your cat can be returned if it goes missing.
The trick is to get your cat to wear a collar. Often they don't want to. As well as describing the different kinds of cat collar, we've included a section on how to get a cat to wear a collar below as well.
Catmart Cat Collar Guide
Let's take a moment to be honest with ourselves. Cats do not necessarily love cat collars. In fact, some cats positively despise cat collars. They've never asked to wear one, and they often run away when you try to put one on.
If you have a cat that has a particular disliking for them, they might try to physically fight any attempt to get one around their neck! As adorable as they might look wearing a miniature bow tie, we're pretty sure that if cats would talk, their response to being offered a cat collar would be 'no, thanks'. But that's not why we make them wear them. The cuteness is just a bonus!
Normally when we do these articles, we go straight into the range of products available, and the benefits of them. We will do that, but first, let's look at the reasons why we buy cat collars at all. There are people who say they're unnecessary, especially for house cats. The people of New Zealand in particular don't feel they're necessary, as they confirmed to this research study in 2016. Are they right?
Why Wear Cat Collars At All?
Well, there's a number of reasons, but lets break them down into pros and cons.
- Security. Cat collars allow us to attach contact details to our cats so someone can help them to find their way home if they're lost or hurt.
- Identification. A cat collar identifies a cat as belonging to us. A cat wearing a collar is not a stray can, and so isn't at risk of being impounded.
- Safety. A cat collar with bell, or a reflective cat collar, can alert people and cars to the presence of a cat.
- Convenience. We can fit microchips or infra red tags to cat collars to help them use cat flaps and cat feeders, which is 21st Century pet technology at its best! If you want more information on those features, check out our cat flaps guide, and our cat feeders guide and find out all about them.
- Catch/strangle risk. A cat who dislikes cat collars may decide to try removing it themselves. They can get their paws or entire legs caught in the process of doing so. Collars can also snag on branches, fences, pipes, and anything with jagged edges. Your cat can therefore be left trapped, or choking.
- The above issue is doubled by having attachments to the collar, for example bells, tags, or fashion accessories.
- The 'identification' issue isn't as strong an argument as it was ten years ago. More and more cats are microchipped, which is a more permanent way of storing their identity, and the contact details of their owner.
Whilst we appreciate there is a risk of even high quality cat collars being caught, with potentially hazardous outcomes for your cat, we still believe it's best practice for cats to wear collars. The average person who finds your lost cat isn't going to have a scanner to check them for microchips with, and taking them to a vet may seem like too much effort.
If your phone number is right there on a tag, they're much more likely to get in touch. Also, microchips don't improve visibility to cars. Even if you have a house cat, you'll be glad of it having visible identification if it shoots off out of the front door one day! So let's look at the types of collar available, and what can be done to make them safe to use.
Types Of Cat Collar
1. Buckle Cat Collars
Description: Probably the oldest types of cat collars, these are basically little belts your cat wears around its neck. They do up with a buckle, and there's usually space to attach bells, tags or other ornaments to them.
Pros: They're adjustable to the size of your cat's neck, and they're easy to fit ID information to. You can get variants of them, such as flea collars which emit a chemical designed to help with keeping your cat clear of flea infestations (although you should be careful to verify the quality of the flea collar you're buying; studies are done all the time and not all of them are equal!)
There are also reflective versions which are designed to appear more easily to headlights (or torchlight if your cat is hiding in the garden when it's bed time!)
Cons: Buckle cat collars are more likely to snag than any other type. Because they're buckled in, there's no extra stretch or give if they do snag, meaning your cat won't be able to free itself. Whilst buckle collars often look the most ornate, they're also the most dangerous.
Typical price: $5-$10, depending on whether you want extra decorations and ornamentation. They're fairly cheap cat collars.
2. Stretch Cat Collars
Description: They're not exactly like pieces of elastic, but the principle is the same. These collars slip over your cat's head and, using elasticity, fit snugly around the neck.
Pros: The risk of catching and snagging is massively reduced. Because they fit tightly to your cat, it's very difficult for anything to get underneath them and pull. They're safer than buckle cat collars.
Cons: For a lot of cats, they're uncomfortable. They attach very tightly around the cat's neck, and they can feel restrictive. For the same reason, attaching anything to them – for example an ID tag – is difficult. Even if you can manage to attach something, the pressure of the collar presses it against your cat's skin.
Typical price: $5-$10 is about right for these models as well; they're also pretty cheap cat collars!
3. Breakaway Cat Collars
Description: These are collars that have been designed with cat safety in mind. They're similar in appearance to buckle cat collars, but they have a vital difference. Breakaway cat collars – which are sometimes called "quick release" collars or "snap" collars, are designed to give way when sharp pressure is applied. If your cat does find its collar snagged or caught on something, it will be able to free itself by pulling away from it. They're made specifically to be safe cat collars.
Pros: Exactly as we described above. Breakaway cat collars are by far and away the safest option for your cat. You get the benefit of being able to fit tags and other accessories to the collar, without the drawback of your cat becoming trapped and choked by anything the collar snags on. Because they're adjustable, they shouldn't feel as uncomfortable to wear for your cat to wear.
Cons: You might need to buy a few of them! The obvious drawback of having a collar that your cat can escape from is that, well, your cat can escape from it! This is a great feature for keeping them out of harm's way, but it also means a determined cat can soon rid itself of an unwanted collar if it wants to. As soon as the cat realises that the collar gives way if it finds something to pull it against, it might just repeat the trick whenever it feels like it. That doesn't just mean replacing the collar, but anything you had hanging from it, too. That's annoying when it's an ID tag. If it's an infrared tag or a tracker, it's also expensive.
Typical price: $10 and upwards, depending on the material you want them made from, plus any accessories.
4. Illuminated Cat Collars, AKA Cat Safety Collars
Description: Collars that make your cat look like it's heading out to party! Really designed with the outdoor cat in mind, these collars are powered by a mini battery which illuminated LED lights within the collar itself. They shine brightly, and they're available in any colour you can think of.
Pros: You can get buckle or breakaway variants of this collar type, so all the benefits of those also apply here, too. They'll help locate your cat at night, and should make them safer from traffic if you live near a busy road.
Cons: Because they have to be semi transparent to allow light to shine through, they often have a finish that feels a little plastic. It's not the most comfortable material for a cat to have against its skin. They also require maintenance; the batteries will last for a maximum of thirty days. You can recharge them, but that means you're constantly taking your cat's collar off and then putting it on again. You may not want to fight that battle every month!
Typical price: It depends on whether you want them in breakaway or buckle format. We'll say $10 just to be safe.
How Do I Persuade My Cat To Wear A Collar?
We're glad you asked. "My cat won't wear a collar" is something we hear a lot. As with anything that relates to making a cat do something it doesn't want to do, this can be difficult. You certainly shouldn't just grab it and shove the collar on. You'll have an angry, traumatised cat. Shortly after that you'll probably have a torn collar. Your cat is also unlikely to let you attempt to try again any time soon! Patience and reassurance are the two skills you'll need for this task. We've broken it down into steps for you.
- Choose Your Moment Wisely. If your cat is charging around your house, this is not a good time. You need a relaxed cat who's more open to being approached. Mealtimes are a good bet, because they're distracted! A cat who's been asleep on your lap for a while is also a good contender. Sleepy cats are passive cats!
- Let Your Cat See The Collar First. Your cat's first experience with the collar shouldn't be feeling it around its neck. Cats hate the unknown, and if they have a strange smelling device around their neck that they can't see, they're going to panic. Try putting the collar down near an area your cat rests or plays. Near their bed is a good idea. (If you haven't chosen a bed for your cat yet, perhaps our cat bed guide will help?) Draw their attention to it and offer it to them for a sniff, but don't force the issue. Let them investigate it and get used to it in their own time. Cats are drawn to anything that smells familiar, so a spray of your own perfume or deodorant might help. Your cat's own scent works, too – try gently rubbing a cloth around your cat's mouth, and then applying it to the collar.
- Try To Put The Collar On Your Cat. If your cat is calm, and isn't spooked by you bringing the collar near, it's time to give it a go! Talk to your cat and reassure it as you – slowly and gently, might we add – put the collar on. Stroke it, sooth it, give it plenty of love and attention. When the collar is on, give it a treat and let it start to build a positive association between treats and wearing the collar. Don't leave the collar on for very long the first time – your cat shouldn't go from 'never' to 'always' straight away. If they try to chew or scratch at it, don't worry. That's normal in the short term. Each day, leave the collar on for a little bit longer. Reward good behaviour – i.e. allowing the collar to be put on without resistance. Do not in any way reward bad behaviour – i.e. give them a treat to calm them down if they're annoyed with the collar! In the end, your cat will accept the collar being on permanently, without expecting to be rewarded. Be aware that every cat is different, and this might take time.
- Check That The Collar Fits. Everything you've just read about the dangers of ill fitting or snagging cat collars comes down to this. The fit has to be right. You should be able to get somewhere between two and two and a half fingers between the collar and your cat's skin. Any less and it's too tight. Any more and it's too loose. Your cat may tense its neck to resist the collar the first time you put it on, so double check a little later on when it's more used to wearing it. Make adjustments accordingly. This is an ongoing process, by the way! Cats, like people, gain and lose weight periodically. If your cat has put on a little extra around the middle, it may also have done so around the neck. Check that the collar hasn't become too tight! Equally, if they've lost weight, it may have become too loose. And don't forget that young cats are still growing. Cat collars for kittens and young cats will need checking regularly to ensure they don't get too tight as the cat gets older.
What About Cat Leads?
When we think about leads for four legged friends, we're usually thinking about dogs. However leads or leashes for cats do exist, and they're becoming an increasingly more common sight, especially in inner city areas where people are more likely to live in apartments than houses. Cats don't need assistance to roam anywhere, and as flight-or-fight animals they won't necessarily appreciate being deprived of the ability to run away if they feel like it, so why would anyone want to attach a lead to them? There are actually several good reasons.
- Cats with health conditions that can be aggravated by the outdoor world could benefit from being walked on a lead. They get to go outside and breathe the air, and you can keep them away from anything that could harm them.
- Some breeds of cat have physical or personality traits that mean that going outdoors unsupervised isn't a great idea for them. With you there to manage them, they get to play outdoors without risk.
- For cat owners who live in apartments, it's impossible to just open the door and let your cat out to run. You can, however, take them out for a walk with a lead, and then safely bring them back home again.
- Home owners who live in built up areas, or close to busy roads, may not want their cats roaming free because of the danger from traffic. Again, taking them out for a walk on a lead gives them the benefits of a trip outside without the danger of being involved in an accident.
- A cat on a lead can be walked beyond their usual 'familiar' range. Cats usually only roam as far as they're comfortable with, within easy range of their homes, so they can always run back quickly if they need to. If you have a trip to the vet planned, or just want or need to take your cat somewhere beyond its familiar surroundings, a lead means they can walk side by side with you to wherever they need to go.
Leashes for cats come in two distinct varieties:-
1. Cat Leads
Description: These will arrive in one of two forms. One is a lead that clips on to your cat's collar. The other is a lead with a collar attachment, which replaces your regular cat collar. The appearance and process is exactly as it is for a dog leash.
Pros: Your cat is now on a lead! They can come in a variety of lengths, and they're often adjustable. The clip-on versions are particularly easy to use. Your cat, so long as it's willing, can now be directed wherever you want it to go.
Cons: You don't actually have that much control, and trying to force it can be dangerous. All the pressure is on your cat's neck, and so if you pull it, you risk choking them. That's if you can keep them on it in the first place! A collar with pressure applied to it can easily break. As we've already covered, breakaway collars are designed specially to release if sharp pressure is applied. One wrong tug and you have an escaped cat on your hands.
Typical price: Somewhere around the $10 mark.
2. Cat Harnesses
Description: Like a baby harness, but for cats! Think of them as an adorable little jacket for your cat, with an attachment on the back to clip the lead to.
Pros: You have much better control of your cat. The harness covers most of their upper body, and incorporates the front legs, so it's easier to guide them. There's also far less pressure on the cat's neck, because the weight is distributed more evenly across their torso. This is a much easier choice for you, and a safer choice for your cat.
Cons: You've probably had some great times trying to wrestle your cat into accepting a collar. Now imagine trying to persuade it to put a harness on. For a cat harness to work, your cat needs to be accepting of the process. And there's no guarantee that just because it was happy to let you do it once, it'll do so the next time.
Typical price: $20 and up, often depending on the size, thickness and material of the harness.
In Closing…
So, what did we learn during this article? We now know the best way to get a collar onto a cat. We've discussed the types of cat collars available. We've talked about what the pros and cons of putting a collar on your cat are. We even looked at practical ways you could take your cat for a walk in the local park. So let's try to draw some conclusions.
Should My Cat Wear A Collar?
We believe the benefits outweigh the drawbacks. In fact, the safety benefits of the best cat collars have been scientifically studied, and proven.We think a cat with a collar is safer, and easier to identify. We're not suggesting that people should use cat collars instead of microchips, but there's certainly no harm in doing both. Just because a cat doesn't immediately love wearing a collar doesn't mean they don't get used to them. So long as you've found a collar made from a material your cat likes, and it's a good fit, they'll accept wearing it. Like we said, there are even practical benefits when it comes to using things like cat flaps and automatic feeders.
Which Type Of Cat Collar Is Best?
You should make judgements based on your own cat's personality and preferences. Having said that, we do have an opinion, and here it is. We're a big believer in safe cat collars. Therefore, we think breakaway options are the best cat collars for the vast majority of cats. Stretch cat collars are too restrictive, and buckle collars can snag. That makes breakaway cat collars the winners by default. The extra expense of having to replace them every time your cat performs a Houdini trick is worth it for the security of knowing your cat isn't going to get snagged or choked by its own collar. For extra security, why not get one with a reflective strip to keep your pet safe at night?
Should I Take My Cat For Walks On A Leash?
Only if it doesn't, or can't, go for walks itself. A cat that's had the freedom of roaming around gardens of its own accord shouldn't suddenly have that freedom taken away from it. Cats like to be in control of what they do and where they go. They also have a strong sense of independence. As much as you love being close to them, and they love to be close to you, they like to choose when 'together' time should be. You should only attach a leash or harness – and we'd strongly advise you to go with a harness instead of a leash – if your cat has no other means of seeing the outside world.
You've read the information, you've heard our opinions, now it's time to make your own mind up. There's no reason why a cat can't be stylish and safe at the same time, just remember not to go overboard on hanging accessories and you'll be fine. You can find a cat collar solution that doesn't make your cat hate you!