text:
Histologic findings in patients with clinical and instrumental diagnosis of sporadic arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia
Author + information
- Received June 13, 2003
- Revision received November 30, 2003
- Accepted December 2, 2003
- Published online June 16, 2004.
Author Information
- Cristina Chimenti, MD, PhD*,
- Maurizio Pieroni, MD*,
- Attilio Maseri, MD* and
- Andrea Frustaci, MD†,* (biocard{at}rm.unicatt.it)
- ↵*Reprint requests and correspondence:
Dr. Andrea Frustaci, Cardiology Department, Catholic University, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy.
Objectives We sought to analyze the histologic findings of 30 patients with a diagnosis of arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (ARVD) based on established clinical and instrumental criteria, who did not have a family history of ARVD.
Background The diagnostic role of endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) in patients with a clinical profile of ARVD is still debated.
Methods Thirty patients (19 male, 11 female, mean age 27 ± 10 years) with left bundle branch block morphology ventricular tachyarrhythmias and echocardiographic, angiographic, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings diagnostic of ARVD were studied. All patients, besides diagnostic, noninvasive, and invasive cardiac studies, underwent EMB in the apex, anterior free wall, inferior wall of the right ventricle (RV) and in the septal-apical region of the left ventricle.
Results Diagnostic histologic features of ARVD were found only in 9 (30%) patients and a myocarditis, according to the Dallas criteria, in the remaining 21 (70%) patients. Morphometric evaluation of RV samples showed significant differences in fatty tissue and myocyte percent area between ARVD and myocarditis (p < 0.001). Conversely, no difference was found between the two groups in arrhythmic patterns and structural and functional echocardiographic, angiographic, and MRI RV alterations. Magnetic resonance imaging showed hyperintense signals in 67% of ARVD and in 62% of myocarditis group (p = NS). During follow-up (mean, 23 ± 14 months), all patients with myocarditis remained stable on antiarrhythmic therapy while five patients with ARVD required implantation of an implantable cardioverter defibrillator.
Conclusions A myocarditis involving the RV can mimic ARVD. An EMB appears the most reliable diagnostic technique, with significant prognostic and therapeutic implications.
The occurrence of ventricular tachyarrhythmias with left bundle branch block morphology, particularly in the presence of echocardiographic, angiographic, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) abnormalities confined to the right ventricle (RV), suggests a diagnosis of arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (ARVD) (1,2).
Standardized diagnostic criteria for this disease have been defined (3), but their value in distinguishing sporadic cases of ARVD from other arrhythmogenic cardiac diseases, involving selectively the RV, is still unclear.
We report the histologic findings of biventricular biopsies performed in a series of 30 patients in whom the clinical diagnosis of sporadic ARVD was made on accepted standard clinical and instrumental criteria.
Patient selection and clinical studies
Among 78 consecutive patients (43 male, 35 female, mean age 38 ± 17 years) with ventricular tachyarrhythmias, normal left ventricular (LV) global function, and normal coronary arteries hospitalized at our institution from 1998 to 2001, 30 (19 male, 11 female, mean age 27 ± 10 years) had tachyarrhythmias with left bundle branch block morphology associated with RV morphologic and functional alterations. All patients were submitted to noninvasive cardiac studies including resting electrocardiogram (ECG), signal-averaged ECG, Holter monitoring, ECG stress test, two-dimensional Doppler echocardiography, and cardiac MRI by ECG-triggered multislice spin-echo sequence and cine imaging with intravenously administered gadolinium.
To investigate possible occurrence of familial cardiomyopathies, ECG and echocardiographic studies were also extended to first-degree family members. Invasive studies were performed in all patients after informed consent and approval by the ethical committee of our institution. These studies included: electrophysiologic study according to the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines (class I indication), cardiac catheterization, coronary angiography, right biplane ventriculography (30° right anterior oblique and 60° left anterior oblique), left ventriculography, and biventricular endomyocardial biopsy (EMB).
Biopsies were performed by a Bipal (Cordis, Miami, Florida) bioptome, approached by a 7F (501-613 and 501-613A) long sheet both in the septal-apical region of the RV and in specific areas with wall motion abnormalities (i.e., apex, anterior free wall, inferior wall) (four to five samples per patient) and in the septal-apical region of the LV (two to three specimens per patient). The regions candidate for a biopsy were identified on an X-ray view using flashing of contrast medium. The tissue specimens were fixed in 10% buffered formalin and embedded in paraffin wax for histologic studies or snap frozen in OCT compound with isopentane cooled in liquid nitrogen and stored at −80°C for molecular biology studies.
Histologic studies
Six to eight endomyocardial samples (2 to 3 mm in depth, 3 to 4 mm in length) obtained from each patient were processed for histologic and immunohistochemical studies. For histology, multiple 5-μm thick sections were cut and stained with hematoxylin-eosin, Miller's elastic Van Gieson, Masson's trichrome, and examined by light microscopy. The Dallas criteria (4)were followed for histologic diagnosis of myocarditis. Immunohistochemistry for the characterization of inflammatory infiltrate was carried out by using the following antibodies: CD45 (Dako [Carpinteria, California] 1:20), CD43 (Dako 1:40), CD45RO (Dako 1:100), CD20 (Dako 1:100), CD68 (Dako 1:50), CD3 (Dako 1:50), CD4 (Novocastra [New Castle, United Kingdom] 1:50), CD8 (Dako 1:100), as already described (5). These antibodies recognize cluster of differentiation molecules specific for different classes of lymphocytes. Briefly, after deparaffination, the sections were incubated with the monoclonal antibody for 1 h at room temperature and were then incubated with biotinylated antimouse immunoglobulins (Dako EnVision Peroxidase Mouse) for 30 min. Enzyme activity was detected with diaminobenzidine (0.5 mg/ml) with 0.05% NiCl in 50 mmol/l Tris buffer, pH 7.5, and sections were counterstained with Mayer's hematoxylin.
To quantify the inflammatory infiltrates, CD45 positive leukocytes and T-lymphocytes (CD3+) were counted per high-power field (HPF) (400-fold magnification) in all available fields, and the mean number was calculated, as previously described (6). More than 2.0 CD3-positive lymphocytes per HPF (7 per mm2) were considered as abnormal (6). The presence of an inflammatory infiltrate of a minimum of 14 infiltrating leukocytes/mm2was considered diagnostic for myocarditis (7).
For morphometric analysis, RV histologic sections were examined at 400× magnification with a reticule containing 42 sampling points (105844, Wild Heerbrugg Instruments, Gals, Switzerland) (8). This reticule was used to determine the percent area occupied by myocytes, fibrous tissue, adipose tissue, and other components (vascular spaces, interstitial cells). Control RV biopsies (two to three per patient) for quantitative evaluation of inflammatory infiltrates and for morphometry were obtained from 15 age-matched patients (26 ± 12 years) at the time of a surgery for atrial septal defect repair. These control surgical endomyocardial biopsies were collected in the setting of a pathologic study approved by our ethical committee.
Because of the young age of the patients, a percentage of fatty tissue >3.5% was considered diagnostic of ARVD (9). In fact, an increased amount of fatty tissue has been shown in the heart of elderly (10)compared with the heart of youth, where the adipose tissue is virtually absent (11).
Molecular biology studies
Two frozen myocardial specimens per patient were used to assess the presence of cardiotropic viruses (adenovirus, enterovirus, cytomegalovirus, parvovirus B19, influenza A and B viruses, herpes simplex viruses, Epstein Barr virus, hepatitis C virus); PCR and RT-PCR analysis was performed as previously described (5). Frozen endomyocardial samples from five age-matched patients with chronic stable angina, no systemic infection, no history of myocarditis, and no histologic evidence of cardiac inflammation were used as controls. In four cases, the biopsies were surgical samples taken at the time of bypass surgery: two patients (25 and 29 years) were affected by familiar hypercholesterolemia and had multiple coronary stenosis, two patients (43 and 39 years) were affected by a coronary stenosis involving only the left anterior descending artery. The other control biopsies were endomyocardial specimens from a patient (33 years) affected clinically by chronic stable angina in absence of coronary artery stenosis (syndrome X). The biopsies were performed both in the RV and in the LV and were obtained from different regions (two to three samples per each patient). The indication for this procedure was to study the intramyocardial small vessels in a research project approved by our ethical committee.
Treatment and follow-up
Patients with frequent and complex premature ventricular beats (PVB) and with nonsustained ventricular tachycardia (nsVT) were treated with sotalol or beta-blockers.
Patients with sustained ventricular tachycardia (sVT) were treated according to the results of electrophysiologic serial drug testing. An implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) was implanted in inducible or spontaneous ventricular tachycardia resistant to drug therapy (presence of sVT in spite of a combined therapy with amiodarone and beta-blockers) and in patients who had cardiac arrest.
All patients were followed at four-week intervals. The mean duration of follow-up was 23 ± 14 months. At each visit, they underwent physical examination, basal ECG, two-dimensional echocardiogram, and Holter monitoring. The progression of the disease was evaluated on the basis of a worsening in RV structural and functional abnormalities with an eventual involvement of the LV by the pathologic process and on the basis of the increased electrical instability despite the medical treatment.
Statistical analysis
All values are expressed as mean ± SD. A value of p < 0.05 was considered significant. Significance between two values was determined by Student ttest for unpaired data and by chi- square test. Comparison between groups was performed by the analysis of variance, with the Bonferroni ttest correction, and all the p values were Bonferroni-corrected. A total of three comparisons were included in the correction.
Clinical studies
All 30 patients were admitted because of the presence of ventricular arrhythmias with left bundle branch block morphology (Figs. 1 and 2), ⇓in absence of family history of ARVD. In addition, ECG and echocardiographic screening of first-degree family members was negative.
Two (6.7%) patients were resuscitated from a cardiac arrest due to ventricular fibrillation, 10 patients (33%) presented episodes of sVT, 10 patients (33%) nsVT, and 8 (27%) frequent ventricular ectopic beats (>1,000/24 h on Holter monitoring). None had a family history of premature sudden death or cardiomyopathy. Among the 30 patients, 21 (70%) showed depolarization/conduction abnormalities, including the presence of epsilon waves (2 patients) or localized prolongation of the QRS complex in right precordial leads (QRS ≥110 ms) (13 patients) and/or the presence of late potentials at signal-averaged ECG (11 patients). Inverted T waves on right precordial leads (V1to V3) were present in eight (27%) patients.
All 30 patients showed global and/or regional dysfunction and structural alterations of the RV detected by echocardiography, angiography, and MRI (Figs. 3 and 4). ⇓In particular, global RV dilation and dysfunction were detected in 23 patients (77%), being of severe degree in 6 patients (echocardiographic end-diastolic diameter = 36 ± 5 mm; ejection fraction = 31 ± 4%) and mild in the remaining 17 patients (end-diastolic diameter = 29 ± 6; ejection fraction = 45 ± 7%). Segmental RV dilation with localized areas of hypokinesia were present in seven patients (23%), of severe degree in two, and mild in five. Left ventricular dimensions and global function were normal in all cases. Localized wall motion abnormalities of the LV were present in three cases (10%).
Single or multiple localized aneurysms were detected in 19 patients (63%) by angiography and MRI and were located in the inferior and inferobasal RV wall, at the apex and in the anterior RV wall.
At MRI, focal or diffuse intramyocardial areas of high-signal intensity in T1-weighted images, considered suggestive of fatty tissue infiltration, were detected in 19 patients (63%). In particular, MRI showed hyperintense signals in 67% of ARVD and in 62% of the myocarditis group. The diffuse or focal hyperintense signal areas were localized in the apex and in the subtricuspid walls of the RV, and/or in the pulmonary infundibulum (triangle of dysplasia).
Each patient received a diagnosis of ARVD on the basis of two major criteria (12 patients, 40%) and of one major plus at least two minor criteria (18 patients, 60%). Because of the lack of specificity of the interpretation of MRI studies in patients with suspected ARVD, as recently shown by Bluemke et al. (12), the data from the MRI studies were not used for any of the diagnostic criteria.
Histologic findings
The diagnosis of ARVD was confirmed by histologic findings in nine patients (30%). Conversely, focal inflammatory infiltrates with necrosis of the adjacent myocytes, meeting the Dallas criteria for myocarditis, associated with various amounts of interstitial and replacement fibrosis, were present in all specimens taken from the RV in the other 21 (70%) (Figs. 5 and 6). ⇓⇓Immunohistochemical staining confirmed the presence of myocarditis. Morphometric analysis (Fig. 7) showed a reduction in percent area of myocytes in ARVD patients compared with myocarditis (44 ± 9.2% and 68.2 ± 9.8%, respectively, p < 0.001) with an increase in adipose tissue (24 ± 7.8% vs. 0.3 ± 0.6%, p < 0.001) and comparable values of fibrosis (26 ± 11.1% vs. 20 ± 7.8%, p = NS). The morphometric analysis was a mean of the evaluation of all the specimens drawn from different sites of the RV. There was a difference in the percentage of fat among the different specimens, having the biopsies from the areas with more prominent structural abnormalities a more evident fatty replacement of the myocardium. However, the range of values was from 8% to 45%, showing also in the specimens drawn from the interventricular septum a percentage of adipose tissue diagnostic for ARVD (Table 1). Control values for these parameters were 88.9 ± 3.5% for myocytes (p < 0.001 vs. ARVD, p < 0.001 vs. myocarditis), 4.9 ± 2.5% for fibrous tissue (p < 0.001 vs. ARVD, p < 0.001 vs. myocarditis), and 0.33 ± 0.8 % for adipose tissue (p < 0.001 vs. ARVD, p = NS vs. myocarditis). Patchy inflammatory infiltrates were present in the RV of four patients with ARVD (44%). The total number of CD45-positive cells and CD3-positive lymphocytes revealed abnormal values in all the RV biopsies from patients with myocarditis (CD45 = 8.2 ± 2.7 per HPF, CD3 = 3.8 ± 1.06 per HPF) and in the RV of the four patients with ARVD (CD45 = 5.6 ± 1.3; 2.15 ± 0.45 per HPF). Control values for these parameters were: CD45 = 1.12 ± 0.5 per HPF, CD3 = 0.5 ± 0.3 per HPF. The quantification of the inflammatory infiltrates showed a difference between specimens drawn from areas with normal contractility and areas with wall motion abnormalities, both in ARVD and in myocarditis patients (Table 1).
The LV samples of all patients with ARVD were normal. Conversely, in 10 patients (48%) with RV myocarditis, an LV focal inflammation was detected. Among these 10 patients, 3 had localized LV wall motion abnormalities.
No complications related to EMB occurred in our patients, and no mesothelial cells, suggesting myocardial perforation, were observed in any of the specimens.
Comparing the ECG-arrhythmic and morphofunctional criteria of diagnosis in the two groups of patients, no statistically significant difference was detected for any of these parameters, as shown in Table 2.
Molecular biology studies
In all patients, the presence of sufficient target nucleic acid was confirmed by amplification of beta-globin for deoxyribonucleic acid and 3GPDH for ribonucleic acid. No viral genomes were detected in the myocardium of patients with ARVD. Four of the 21 patients with myocarditis (19%) were positive for myocardial viruses, including enterovirus (2 patients) and adenovirus (2 patients). None of the five controls was positive for any virus. Sequencing analysis of the PCR amplimers showed a high homology with Coxsackie virus B3 and adenovirus 2 and 5.
Treatment and follow-up
Treatment and follow-up of 30 patients with clinical profile of ARVD are reported in Table 3.
Patients with frequent and complex PVB and with nsVT were treated with sotalol 240 mg (15 patients) or metoprolol 200 mg (3 patients). Patients with sVT were treated with sotalol 240 mg (seven patients) and amiodarone 400 mg (three patients). Two patients resuscitated from cardiac arrest at the time of admission (one with ARVD and one with myocarditis) received an ICD.
At a mean follow-up of 23 ± 14 months in patients with myocarditis, arrhythmias were controlled by antiarrhythmic drugs, and no detectable disease progression was observed. In particular, no localized or diffuse increase in the RV dimension and no segmental or global reduction of RV function from the baseline echocardiographic measurement was detected. Conversely, life-threatening arrhythmias not controlled by antiarrhythmic drug therapy, consisting of a combination of amiodarone and metoprolol, required ICD implantation in five patients with ARVD. In these patients, the arrhythmias consisted of frequent episodes of sVT symptomatic for palpitation in three cases and for syncope in two. In three of these five patients, a morphologic progression of the disease was detected, consisting of an increase in RV global dimension in one patient (end-diastolic diameter from 29 to 33 mm) with reduction of RV function (ejection fraction from 40% to 32%) and in the appearance of a previously absent localized area of RV hypokinesia in the remaining two patients, one of them associated with LV apical hypokinesia. In the remaining cases of ARVD, no disease progression was detected.
Arrhythmias originating from the RV myocardium can be caused by several cardiac disorders (13). In order to distinguish ARVD from other cardiac pathologies, the diagnostic criteria established in 1994 included the demonstration of abnormal fibrofatty replacement of the RV myocardium on EMB samples (3). However, the role of EMB is still questioned (14,15)because: 1) the low sensitivity of septal biopsies, as the septal involvement is uncommon; 2) the risk of perforation of the RV free wall during the procedure; and 3) the segmental distribution of the RV alteration particularly at the early stage of the disease.
In our study we tried to overcome sampling limitation performing multiple biopsies even on RV free wall and approaching particularly those areas with wall motion abnormalities.
In addition, EMBs were 2 to 3 mm in depth, representing RV thickness to a large extent and making it unlikely that ARVD lesions would be missed.
In our study, histology was diagnostic for ARVD in nine patients (30%), being the typical findings more evident in the samples from the regions close to the structural and functional RV anomalies.
Conversely, an RV myocarditis was detected in 70% of cases in the absence of fatty replacement of the RV myocardium consisting of ARVD, even in the biopsies drawn from the areas with documented RV abnormalities. This group of patients was affected by a prevalent right-sided myocarditis simulating the clinico-instrumental characteristics of an ARVD.
In a study by Witcher et al. (16), findings supporting the diagnosis of RV dysplasia, which were defined as an abnormal fibrolipomatous or adipose tissue infiltration exceeding an area of 25% in one or more biopsy specimens, were present in 31 of 47 patients (66%). Nonspecific findings were found in 3 patients (6%), and EMB was normal in the remaining 13 patients (28%). There was no evidence of an acute myocarditis or storage disease in any patient. These results are at variance with the findings detected in the present study. No major complications, as cardiac perforation, occurred in our experience despite an extensive biventricular study.
Thus, in sporadic cases of ARVD, the histologic study seems the most appropriate, and even safe, approach to reach a correct diagnosis.
Accepted standard clinical and instrumental criteria for ARVD
Echocardiography, angiography, and MRI are the most commonly used techniques for the diagnosis of ARVD. In particular, RV angiography is considered a diagnostic reference standard. Localized areas of akinesia or dyskinesia in the apex, inferior and anterior wall, and global or segmental RV dilation and systolic dysfunction (17)are considered diagnostic of ARVD. However, in our series, such angiographic abnormalities were detected with a similar prevalence in both ARVD and myocarditis. In particular, RV aneurysms in the so-called "triangle of dysplasia" (18), considered to be pathognomonic of ARVD, were present also in 62% of patients with myocarditis. This finding is consistent with the reported occurrence of inflammatory ventricular aneurysms, localized in the RV or in the LV, both in experimental models of myocarditis and in humans (5–19).
More recently, cardiac MRI has been proposed as the most accurate noninvasive diagnostic technique for ARVD (20). In our series, MRI did not differentiate patients with ARVD from patients with myocarditis. In particular, the detection of the hyperintense signal in T1-weighted images was not diagnostic of ARVD, possibly because the hyperintense signals are not specifically related to adipose tissue but may derive from other structural lesions, including myocardial edema and/or inflammation (21,22). Another explanation (11)can be an erroneous interpretation of the hyperintense signal because of the huge interobserver variability in the evaluation of the MRI findings. Therefore, cardiac MRI can be misleading if used as an elective tool for the morphologic analysis of myocardial tissue in patients with RV arrhythmias.
ARVD and RV myocarditis
Patchy inflammatory infiltrates were detected in four of nine patients with ARVD (44%), raising the possibility of an infectious/inflammatory etiology of the disease. According to this theory, ARVD might result of a primary myocarditis, being the disappearance of the RV myocardium as the consequence of an inflammatory necrotic injury followed by a fibrofatty repair (23). This hypothesis, based on the frequent detection of inflammatory infiltrates in patients with ARVD is, however, not universally accepted, because the inflammation could be a secondary event not implicated in the pathogenesis of the disease. In other terms, an already diseased myocardium can have an increased susceptibility to viral infection (24)with resulting myocardial inflammation that can eventually play a role in the clinical manifestations of the disease, increasing the risk of arrhythmias (25,26).
Anyway, this was not the case in 70% of our patients in which myocarditis, incorporating various amounts of interstitial and replacement fibrosis thus suggesting a reparative phase, was detected in the absence of fatty replacement. Moreover, inflammatory infiltrates were not found in LV EMB in any of the patients with ARVD, but in 48% of patients with myocarditis. Viruses, the most commonly established causal agents of myocarditis, were not found in any of the patients with ARVD, but were detected in 19% of patients with histologic diagnosis of myocarditis, this finding being at variance with Bowles et al. (24)who detected virus sequences in 58% of patients with sporadic ARVD. The relatively low percentage of viral genome detection may be related to the long-time interval between viral infection and time to biopsy, being the presence of replacement fibrosis at histology, suggestive of a chronic phase of the myocardial inflammation.
Finally, during follow-up, none of the patients with myocarditis showed a detectable morphologic and arrhythmogenic progression of the disease.
In conclusion, we believe that our patients were affected by two different diseases: 30% by an ARVD and 70% by a predominantly right-sided myocarditis simulating the clinical and instrumental characteristics of an ARVD, as already described in several case reports (27–29).
It is known that myocarditis in its clinical spectrum may present with even severe ventricular arrhythmias. The myocardial inflammation can involve selectively the RV (30)giving rise to RV electric instability and structural or functional abnormalities involving selectively the right side of the heart. The significance of inflammatory infiltrates in ARVD remains a controversial issue that still waits for a conclusive explanation.
Clinical implications
Over 50% of cases of ARVD are sporadic (31). In the absence of a family history, patients with clinical and instrumental diagnosis of ARVD may well be affected by a myocarditis involving predominantly the RV. These two conditions have often different prognosis and treatment. The former is a progressive entity where major clinical intervention, as ICD implantation, or heart transplantation may be required, while the latter is often a self-limited process responding usually to a conservative approach.
☆ Partially supported by the grant "Sudden Death in Young People" from the Italian Ministry of Health, Italy.
- Abbreviations
- arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia
- endomyocardial biopsy
- high-power field
- implantable cardioverter defibrillator
- left ventricle/ventricular
- magnetic resonance imaging
- nsVT
- nonsustained ventricular tachycardia
- premature ventricular beats
- right ventricle/ventricular
- sVT
- sustained ventricular tachycardia
- Received June 13, 2003.
- Revision received November 30, 2003.
- Accepted December 2, 2003.
- American College of Cardiology Foundation
- ↵
- Gemayel C.,
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text:
James Wesley Howell, the Indiana man who was arrested on the morning of the 2016 LA Pride Parade and who is accused of carrying chemicals that could be used for making explosives and assault rifles in his car, has pleaded not guilty to weapons charges.
His arrest, in the 1700 block of 11th Street, near Olympic Boulevard, shocked Los Angeles, coming only hours after the mass shooting at a gay nightclub in Orlando, that left 49 people dead and dozens wounded.
Officers found Howell sitting in a white Acura that had Indiana license plates. During a routine search they discovered three assault rifles with several loaded high-capacity magazines along with a five-gallon bucket, 15 pounds of chemicals and implements used in making devices
Howell told police he was on his way to the LA Pride Festival in West Hollywood.
The sheriff's department secured the area and a bomb squad was called in without incident.
Later that morning, as the city was reeling from the confluence of events, Los Angeles Mayor Eric Garcetti, West Hollywood Mayor and the Board of Christopher Street West responded by declaring the Pride parade would go on in memory of the victims in Orlando but on high alert.
Garcetti said citizens won't "shrink back into the closet. This is a society we love broadly and openly."
Howell faces a minimum of nine years in prison if convicted and has been held in jail since his arrest.
He is due back in court on April 27.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Victory! – Say Hello To Your New Favorite Tank Top
I want to preface this whole post by saying, I don't have many tank tops in my closet. I have TONS of Ogden Camis for wear and knit store bought camis for underneath tops, but not many tank tops. I believe it's because I've never truly been able to find the right fit from a […]Read More


text:
I took care of creating the original soundtrack and sound effects for the game Katana Soul, by SEEP. Faithful Commodore 64 chiptune music and sounds, inspired by Japanese legends.
I took care of creating the original orchestral soundtrack and ambiences for the game NetHack: Legacy, produced by Frozen Crate; a porting of the original 1987 rogue-like RPG game NetHack.
I took care of creating the sound design and original soundtrack for the mobile game Idle Apocalypse, by Grumpy Rhyno Games. 16bit & SNES-inspired chiptune sounds and music for the aspiring cultists 🙂
I took care of creating the whole sound design and the original soundtrack for the game DRL SIM, from The Drone Racing League. A mix of synthwave and cinematic orchestral music.
I took care of creating the original soundtrack for the mobile game Broken Space, by Spiffyware. Melodic electronic music (with a charming retro vibe) mixed with orchestral and spacious sounds.
I took care of creating the original soundtrack for the mobile puzzle game Dice Quest, released by OnyxFlame. A crossover between chiptune, electronic, ambient and orchestral.
I took care of creating the original soundtrack for the adventure/horror game Montague's Mount, by Polypusher Studios. The music is a mix of piano-based orchestral score and atmospheric horror-like soundscapes, enriched by some folk acoustic instruments.
As a member of the electronic music trio SoogoWonk I took care of creating the theatrical original soundtrack for an adaptation of William Shakespeare's Macbeth. A mix of electronic/ambient music and orchestral score.
I took care of creating the original soundtrack and sound design for the EuroMed GAME, a computer board game from Salto-Youth, which intends to be a useful educational tool with exhaustive multimedia material.
Download the game for free from the Salto-Youth website.
I took care of creating the sound design and original soundtrack for this immersive virtual reality application and museum installation, which featured a curved stereoscopic 3D screen and haptic interfaces.
I can create a custom soundtrack for your project, being it an indie game, a short video, a film or a multimedia application. I will put into it all my passion, knowledge and experience. I will make use of the best tools and softwares available on the market, to ensure a high quality standard.
I can write in a wide range of musical styles, from orchestral scores to electronic music (even chiptunes). So I am ready to take part in your project! I love experimental stuff and crazy people, so don't worry if your project seems odd or unusual.
The cost for a custom soundtrack may greatly vary, depending on the number of tracks, length or complexity of your project. It can also depend on your need to keep the exclusivity of the tracks, or if you are interested or not in reselling the tracks for personal listening (i.e.: a soundtrack album).
So I am quite sure that we can find a solution, whatever is your budget! The quickest way to keep in touch is to write me an email to discuss the details (or use any other social channel like Facebook, LinkedIn or Twitter).
If you are on a very tight budget and you cannot afford original music you can always have a look at my music licensing page, to be able to use one of my existing tracks or music packs for your project (I will also be happy to make small changes, or adapt an existing music to fit your needs).
This is a list games featuring my music, with a non-exclusive license:
An old school, 80s-inspired, level based arcade game with some really cool graphics.
Software House/Author: Aerial Knight
Music: Retro Future vol.2 - music pack
An action-puzzle game with RPG elements. Farm resources, cast alchemy spells and take undead creatures' lives for the second time.
Software House/Author: Aycan Atak
Music: Chiptune Pro - music pack
First person shooter with procedural levels and a sci-fi setting.
Software House/Author: Lucid Mind
Music: Deep Space - music pack
Enter the matrix style neon world, dodge geometry enemies and dash to collect power-ups!
Software House/Author: Steve Foster
Music: Retro Future vol.1 - music pack
Abduction Bit is a NES-like arcade based on elements of some timeless classics from the 80s.
Software House/Author: Seep Universe
Music: Chiptune Pro - music pack


text:
I am having a problem getting user input using allegro 5. I have seen all the
comments on this site concerning user input! All the comments seem to be somewhat over my head! I have just started using allegro 5. What I am concerned with is
getting user input from the keyboard such as a user's name. I would prefer that
it would be in ascii text using graphics mode. If someone could post a small portion
of code in C language showing a switch statement I would be most grateful. If you
would like more info I would be glad to post it. Thanks to all that would like to
help me with this problem.
There was one post by AmnesiA that was posted on 9-27-2013 @ 9:58 AM that was very
helpful but I never got anything it to work.
It's really not that hard. Hook an event queue up to the keyboard and listen for ALLEGRO_EVENT_KEY_CHAR events. Listen for ev.keyboard.unichar and ev.keyboard.keycode to determine what to do with the input.
Here's a quick example of how to check these events :
Thanks Edgar for your prompt reply.
I will slip it in my program and see what happens.
Your text will be built from the ev.keyboard.unichar field, and your commands come from ev.keyboard.keycode. If you don't get a command, you've got a char. Let me know how it goes.
You can check out my TINS 2017 entry to see how to monitor text. Take a look here :
Good morning Edgar:
I plugged your code into my program and code:blocks generated a few errors.
Some I have no idea what to do about! So, after 3 weeks dealing with this one
problem, I have had enough! I am going to try to forget about it! Maybe later
I will try again. I appreciate your time but Allegro is too much of a problem
for me! I had to give up on Python for the exact same reason. Thanks for your
time but it appears I can't master that keyboard! Have a great day my friend!
I appreciate your time but Allegro is too much of a problemfor me! I had to give up on Python for the exact same reason.
If you keep giving up every time you run into trouble, you'll never get anywhere with anything.
What were the errors you had? If we can help you fix them you might learn how to fix the next problem yourself.]]>
My apologies, that code was missing brackets and other things. Try this structure instead :
Good morning Edgar:
I plugged your code into my program and code:blocks generated a few errors.
Some I have no idea what to do about! So, after 3 weeks dealing with this one
problem, I have had enough! I am going to try to forget about it! Maybe later
I will try again. I appreciate your time but Allegro is too much of a problem
for me! I had to give up on Python for the exact same reason. Thanks for your
time but it appears I can't master that keyboard! Have a great day my friend!
If you keep giving up you'll never learn anything. Failure is normal. You need to keep going. When you get an error, read what it says, usually they help you figure out what is wrong. Also, you need some basic C programming skills. Python is actually not that difficult to understand.
Don't just plug code into your program. You need to understand what it does. Copy Paste Coding is the Source of all EvilTM.
Also, I didn't show where I initialized the 'q' variable :
and hook it up to the keyboard :
THEN, you can use it later on. But you have to set it up properly before doing so.]]>
Note to LennyLen:
I appreciate your concern!
I have accomplished many GREAT things in my lifetime.
I consider what little programming I do to be a lot of FUN!
If it ever becomes NOT FUN, then I consider it NOT WORTHWHILE!
Not everyone can become an expert in programming!
We can help answer any questions you may have, but you need a good book on Programming in C. There are a lot of good websites out there too, such as http://cppreference.com (which has a good C reference as well). Once you're comfortable with C, you need to become comfortable with reading documentation for the libraries you're using, such as http://liballeg.org/a5docs/trunk/ .
Getting started : http://liballeg.org/a5docs/trunk/getting_started.html
There are tutorials for Allegro on the wiki, here :
If you don't understand something on one of those pages, ask here.]]>
Good afternoon Edgar:
I may have left the wrong impression. I have been using the C language off and
on for the last 25 to 30 years. I don't consider myself an expert but I do have many
programs I have written. I started back in the day when Borland Turbo C was popular.
I guess I just told my age. Nonetheless, I am somewhat familiar with Allegro 5. I
have a Poker game I have written and a program displaying my favorite cars in a slide
show with music playing in the background. These programs all use the mouse to
navigate through the program. I would not consider either one professional, but they
both work perfectly. My main problem is the keyboard. None of the programs I have
found are using the keyboard like I am trying to. I do not have a problem with using
the arrow keys like many of the programs show. What I want to do is press a key and
it show on the screen the key I pressed. This would be like a person's name which
would be copied to a structure like an address book. None of the programs show how
this is done in Allegro 5. I guess my problem is the syntax in Allegro 5. At my age
this is something I do for fun and fun only. I have no intention of being a pro-
fessional programmer. I appreciate your help but I wanted to let you know what my
goals were. Have a great day!
You should take a look at ex_keyboard_events.c. It shows you exactly how to use the keyboard.
What you need to understand about Allegro 5 is that it uses events. Keyboard information comes in the form of events. There are ALLEGRO_EVENT_KEY_DOWN, ALLEGRO_EVENT_KEY_UP, and ALLEGRO_EVENT_KEY_CHAR events. When you need to know what key was pressed you use ALLEGRO_EVENT_KEY_DOWN, and when you need to know what character was typed, you use ALLEGRO_EVENT_KEY_CHAR.
You may not be aspiring to be a professional programmer, but at the same time, this is pretty simple stuff. I believe that if a person is going to do something, they should do it to the best of their ability or not at all. Giving up because something is hard is self destructive. You will start to believe that you can't do it, and if you believe you can't then you actually can't do it. It's a self fulfilling prophecy. However, if you believe you can, you can. Mind set is everything.
They use two functions to display the character. al_utf8_encode, and al_keycode_to_name. The first gives you the character's unicode code point, and the second gives you the name of the key that was pressed. Notice how al_utf8_encode takes ev.keyboard.unichar? And al_keycode_to_name takes ev.keyboard.keycode?
I hope this helps clear things up.
Please ask if you need help.]]>
Good afternoon Edgar:
Had no luck with your code segment! Finally wrote what I needed in C, away
from Allegro. Entered my info, saved to disk and loaded into my Allegro program.
A little extra work but worked out fine! That was my only hope! There is something
about that keyboard in Allegro that I can't understand. But I got the job done
and I am happy. Too many sleepless nights worrying about it! Thanks for your time.
If you keep giving up every time you run into trouble, you'll never get anywhere with anything.
Agreed. I wrote a complete game with all the various inputs for Allegro 4 (Deluxe Pacman 1 below) and for Allegro 5 (Deluxe Pacman 2 below). All work just fine.
You won't find it much different with anything else. Maybe programming is too much, perhaps game making software is more your style, Game Maker or such.
This is the high score entry code I have for my Deluxe Pacman 2... written in C (as my whole game is)
Thanks for replying. I am going to try this again. I believe my problem
is the unichar. How would it look to use ascii text. Using the unichar my
program compiles fine, but when I sprintf the string in my buffer and use
textf to print buffer to screen, nothing shows on the screen. I really don't
know where my problem is. I have tried different ways and they all compile with
no warnings or errors, but I can't get a thing printed to the screen. That is
the reason I broke away from allegro and wrote it in straight C to get the job
done. I then saved my info to disk, brought up allegro and imported my info
to my structure and then printed to the screen. Everything worked as I wanted.
I believe I need to use straight ascii text and I would be fine. Any ideas on
that. Thanks for your time. This seems to be my main problem using allegro 5.
I have no problem with the arrow keys or the mouse.
My function above uses unicode to support all sorts of text as I have had people play my game from all over the world and there needed to be support for international characters etc. It wasn't difficult to be honest.
The one problem I had when I first converted over to unichar or whatever in heck they are called (been a while). Was my main project files needed to be encoded as UTF-8 files.
If you look at the source I shared, it works (download and run my Deluxe Pacman 2 game, that is the code straight from that game for the high score input).
If you look at my code, you will see I use special Allegro functions which will assign unicode text to things like my highscore array.
al_ustr_assign(hiscore[difficulty][myscore].name, yourname);
Here I assign "yourname" (the name you entered) to the hiscore array, which is just the list of highscores. Here's the variables I use to store the name in...
typedef struct HISCORES { ALLEGRO_USTR *name; unsigned long score; int level; char time[TIME_LEN]; // Adjust the size to match characters needed for storage } HISCORES; static HISCORES hiscore[DIFFICULTY][NUM_SCORES]; static ALLEGRO_USTR *yourname;
As you can see, the "name" part of the struct where I store the text NEEDS to be an ALLEGRO_USTR in order to be able to store it properly.
It may seem like a bit of a pain now, but it really is worth it to understand how to handle unicode if you wish to make anything that can be used internationally. For my Deluxe Pacman games, I have had literally millions of downloads (free game), most from South America and other foreign nations, so the unicode support was a good thing to have. If your text is not appearing it could be due to not storing it properly or using the right functions to display it.
Go over your code a step at a time.
1) Am I using unicode storage? ALLEGRO_USTR
2) am I copying text using unicode functions? al_ustr_assign()
3) am I using unicode functions to display it?
etc... you can do this. I know, I was frustrated with this as well until one day when you get it right.]]>
You don't need any ALLEGRO_USTR's to use ev.keyboard.unichar . Encode it to utf-8 and then you have the ascii value in the lower byte.]]>
I already posted code... `if(event.keyboard.unichar >= 32) {` And what I posted, works. But feel free to piss around with other methods.]]>
Feel free to needlessly complicate things by using an ALLEGRO_USTR if you want Neil. The lower byte of ev.keyboard.unichar IS ascii, due to the way it is encoded. And you have to check for the upper bound as well, not just the lower bound.
If ((unichar >= 32 && unichar <= 127)) {...}]]>
If you want to use pure ASCII, than ditch Unicode entirely and just do ASCII. It is absolutely pointless to have Unicode when you want ASCII. But if you want to support Unicode, than you don't want an upper boundary!
In my code you absolutely do not want an upper boundary as it is a highscore input and people will be typing in their names which may be using characters that go well above 127! You do realize that there are other characters in the world right and that is the whole point of Unicode?
To set boundaries to ASCII in a Unicode routine doesn't make any sort of sense. At least not for the use I have in my own code example. As soon as someone from another nation, say a French person, types in "é", limiting your characters to ASCII will miss this!]]>
He specifically asked for ascii.]]>
He wants user input like a user NAME, so he will want Unicode, not ASCII. As I stated, I already gave an example of using it that works and I explained why I do not have an upper limit.
If you want ASCII, than don't use Unicode! But don't fucking criticize MY Unicode because it doesn't have an upper limit, it only shows off your ignorance.]]>
Listen closely you old fart. You were the one who criticized me first. I don't appreciate it. Watch your mouth.
I already posted code... `if(event.keyboard.unichar >= 32) {` And what I posted, works. But feel free to piss around with other methods.
If all you want is ascii, then characters above 127 are extranneous. If you want to piss around with ALLEGRO_USTRs, by all means go ahead, but for someone who only wants ASCII, it is a ton of wasted work. See how that sounds? So piss off. Seems to be your favorite saying, hope you enjoy people saying it to you.
I would prefer that it would be in ascii text
Having trouble reading?]]>
"piss around with" is the same as saying "mess around with" or "screw around with" or whatever. You take offense too easily. He wanted input for names which is why I recommended using Unicode.
As for my age (53, hardly old)...
1 Timothy 5:1 (NIV)
Do not rebuke an older man harshly, but exhort him as if he were your father.
He wanted input for names which is why I recommended using Unicode.
Not to mention that it's usually been the policy around here to point people towards the proper way of doing things, not the quick'n'easy way.]]>
My apologies Neil. But you really know how to get on my nerves.
As for the OP, he's clearly struggling with this, and complicating things with ALLEGRO_USTRs is bound to make things harder for him.
And to be honest, the USTR api in allegro is probably my least favorite. Handling strings in C is a pain in the rear.
That there isn't a better C++ standard string is quite frankly appalling, given the number of decades they've had to make one. std::string is still better than messing around with c-strings though.
It stems directly from C++ and C's poor way of handling dynamic arrays.]]>
Well, if you look over my code you can see that I handled it with no problem, and that was one of the first times I had really dealt with Unicode. If you want to make a game these days and want to make certain anyone, from any language can enter their name, you want unicode. Personally, I didn't have a problem with it and have never had a problem handling C strings, or pointers etc.
This is the main reason I posted the code I use in my game. It's simple and works well. I think this is one area where Allegro done a great job. I don't find it difficult at all, look at my code, that's pretty simple, part of that code has stuff in it for my sound effects and what not, trim them out and there isn't much to it.
In any event, whether you find it more difficult or not, if you wish to create a game that anyone can use, you will have to support this or limit your audience. And the vast majority or people that play my game are people from other countries, usually non-English speaking nations. For fun or for profit, there's a huge market out there of people in non-English speaking countries. It's best to learn to do it right early on.]]>
Good afternoon to Neil and Edgar:
I am so sorry that I caused you two to have bad feelings between you. That
certainly was NOT my intention. Hope you can mend your differences. I only ask
a question because I need help and I still do. I have been working on this problem
for the past two days and have gotten nowhere. To me, there is no reason why this should be so hard to figure out. I have been able to do everything I needed to do
with allegro 5, but this keyboard is a problem I can't solve. The code supplied
allows me to press a key and it will show on the screen, but it is beyond me how
to get it in my buffer and be able to display it. I have tried al_draw_ustr() and
everything else I could fine but nothing is displayed. I am still shooting in the
dark on this one. Oh, I forgot to mention I have used al_ustr_to_buffer() but still
nothing. I will get back in touch with you later. Hang on, its been a bumpy ride so far. Have a great day my friends!
Good afternoon to Neil and Edgar:
I am so sorry that I caused you two to have bad feelings between you. That
certainly was NOT my intention. Hope you can mend your differences.
Don't worry about it Scooter. Neil and I argue all the time. It's normal. Yes, we're a little dysfunctional around here...
it is beyond me how to get it in my buffer and be able to display it.
You need to use a string concatenation function, whether it be for a c-string (whether it's encoded in ascii, utf-8 or something else) or an ALLEGRO_USTR, or whatever you want to store it in. Then you need to draw it on the screen using allegro and an ALLEGRO_FONT* that you create.
Show us the code that you're using, and we can tell you what needs to be fixed.
Use code_goes_here(); tags to post code.
I'll try to come up with a quick example in the mean time.
1 Timothy 5:1 (NIV)
Do not rebuke an older man harshly, but exhort him as if he were your father.
4 Fathers, do not provoke your children to anger; instead, bring them up in the discipline and instruction of the Lord.
I am so sorry that I caused you two to have bad feelings between you.
They're both adults. If they're in an argument, it's nobody's fault but their own.]]>
If you scroll down through the messages, you will see that I didn't start any argument. But I won't be helping anyone in these forums again, this way "Edgar" won't get upset.]]>
Neil, I never had any problem with you helping someone. But complicating things needlessly for beginners is a bad idea, and it is not what he asked for! You're the one who started insulting me.
But don't ing criticize MY Unicode because it doesn't have an upper limit, it only shows off your ignorance.
So I'm ignorant. Thanks.
But feel free to piss around with other methods.
So my methods aren't worth using? That's funny. The first thing I posted was working example code, and then I posted the allegro example program.
I find it odd that it's always my fault when you're the one who is continually getting upset at me because I don't agree with you. Don't have a hissy fit just because you're wrong. Grow the fuck up and deal with it.]]>
You want my advise Scooter? Honestly I advise you stay far away from Allegro, any version. A MUCH better API is SDL2.
It's better supported, has a few AAA titles under it's belt, pre-compiled versions of it are super easy to get, and they work as intended.
And you can get plenty of help with it online without someone constantly engaging in arguments. There are tons of Youtube videos with help, the SDL2 wiki is amazing, probably the best designed for help I have seen.
It's what I have switched to. I won't make anything with Allegro ever again. It's a dead API. It was good in it's day, but it's day has passed.]]>
You want my advise Scooter? Honestly I advise you stay far away from Allegro, any version. A MUCH better API is SDL2.
It's better supported, has a few AAA titles under it's belt, pre-compiled versions of it are super easy to get, and they work as intended.
And you can get plenty of help with it online without someone constantly engaging in arguments. There are tons of Youtube videos with help, the SDL2 wiki is amazing, probably the best designed for help I have seen.
It's what I have switched to. I won't make anything with Allegro ever again. It's a dead API. It was good in it's day, but it's day has passed.
You're a traitor and a coward. Good riddance to bad rubbish.
Don't listen to him, he's just a bitter old man.
Allegro 5 has a very good API, and you can do it all easier with Allegro than you can with SDL2. We may not be as popular and we may not have as many users, but there are AAA titles made with Allegro 5 as well, such as Factorio and others. Our small user base makes it harder for us to distribute binaries, but I have been releasing binaries for MinGW for the last several years, as well as the binaries that SiegeLord provides on liballeg.org. Neil himself has been using my binaries for a while now. Or didn't he tell you that? I'm sure he's going to boycott me now, as well as allegro, because he can't stand people disagreeing with him. He's just a sore loser.
And if our forum has problems with people arguing, it's usually limited to the off topic ordeals board. But Neil likes to start shit with me, and I don't care for it. I don't start fights, I finish them.
Our forums are usually very good natured, and people almost always get help within a day or two. If that's too long, you can go on IRC on #allegro on freenode.net and get help almost right away.
Now I'll try to get back to making an example for you like I said.
If your code isn't working, post it. Then we can show you what's wrong.]]>
Just being honest and giving him alternative choices. It's always good to try different things and see which one works best for you.]]>
Good afternoon Edgar:
I finally have something that works pretty good. If you have time can you look
this over. You would not believe the hours I have in this code! If you have the
time, I would love to see this in strictly ascii code. I do not want to see the
words unichar or ustr ever again! This represents the worse problem I have ever
had with Allegro. Here's the code:
It's a little late tonight, but I'll give you feedback on your code tomorrow if no one else does. I've also put together a full example program but I have to work out a couple kinks first. Too tired to work on it anymore tonight though.
Here's an example program and the accompanying source code. It's written entirely in C (for your sake) and uses an ALLEGRO_USTR and an unsigned int code point array (because I hate variable width characters).
Regarding your source code, there are a few things you could improve. It's pretty disorganized. The formatting is rough and inconsistent. Combined, those two things make it hard to read and understand. It's a decent start, but could use some organization and proper formatting.
In my source code I tried to comment as well as I could so you can understand what I'm doing. If you have any questions ask away.
My example program is pretty functional, but I didn't include everything that a real text box input widget would have.
Personally, I would much rather avoid C altogether in favor of C++. Manually inserting and deleting characters into an array is kind of obnoxious in C. The string is stored in an unsigned integer array, and then encoded into an ALLEGRO_USTR for display on demand.
Here's the code :
Good morning Edgar:
I have downloaded you program and I say WOW! That is a lot of code to
digest! That will keep me busy for quite a while. I switch to Linux a few
years back, but I do have some Windows machines around here. I will fire
one up and give your program a test. I think its great that you have this
stuff figured out. I will get back to you later. Have a great day my friend!
Scooter, that code should compile fine on Linux as well.]]>
Good afternoon Edgar:
I am trying to compile your program on Linux with Code:Blocks. It is
generating some errors. This is one thing its complaining about on line 33.
for (int i = 0 ; i < size ; ++i) {
al_ustr_append_chr(ustr , cbuf[i]);
Code:Blocks returns this error:
error:'for' loop initial declarations are only allowed in C99 mode. I find nothing on Code:Blocks that gives me a clue what this means and what to do about it.
There are other errors being reported but most are concerned with the 'for loops'.
I use 'for loops' all the time, but never seen this error. New one on me!]]>
Scooter, here's the fix for that :
C is whiny about stuff sometimes. You can't declare new variables after you write code. The declarations always have to go at the top of the function, or into a new code block like so :
Even single-line comments are not C They are introduced by either :
- C++ (every version and implementation, it's part of the base standard)
- GNU extension (any gcc compiler where you don't disable them by specifying a compilation standard that excludes them)
- Other compiler-specific extensions ? (MSVC6 maybe?)
In 2018, unless you're creating a really specialized system or you care about ridiculous portability , or writing a library, I do not really get the appeal of using a C compiler to write C.
C++ adds those few things that just makes life easier. You can still program C-style in C++ but without having to worry about silly things like line comments.
I would also make a few thin wrappers around basic stl things like vector, map, etc, rather than reinventing the wheel for such basic things.
Not really relevant to a C question, but I have a class in Agui for utf8 manipulations on std strings https://github.com/jmasterx/Agui/blob/master/include/Agui/UTF8.hpp]]>
Taking advice from people who say things like this...
You can still program C-style in C++ but without having to worry about silly things like line comments.
Is about as foolish as one can get. Comments?! I have coded in C since the '90s and haven't "worried about comments" ever. Single line has been a part of C for two decades. Just about everything in C++ comes from C, that's why it has a "C" in it's name.
Here's a fun thought, if you pulled everything that is C out of C++ you would be left with an unusable language... basic things like if/else, switch/case, {}, return, headers, includes... you name it, it is all C. The ++ is things like classes and such that is C++ specific... but comments... yeah... comments, lets focus on that. Stupidity.
You can't declare new variables after you write code.
This is simply laughable and blatantly untrue! I have been declaring variables mid code for two decades now! It hasn't been a problem since the '90s, and even then, it wasn't a problem.
Lets just test out the code mentioned with GCC and see what happens shall we? I'll compile it with just "gcc main.c" and I will post a screenshot of all warnings and errors to be fair and lets just see if what was stated is true or not...
I typed "gcc -v" to show the version, ironically, this is the mingw version I got from Edgar. I then just typed "gcc main.c" with the above code, unaltered, even the /// in there... this was the result...
Notice, I didn't tell it which standard of C I was using, I used the code above EXACTLY as Edgar posted it with zero errors and not even a warning.
Now these arguments would have been true in the mid 1990s! But haven't been true for a very long time. And of course now there is the 2011 C standard which adds in more functionality. Heck, C++ itself has changed dramatically since the same time, and for the better. Comparing modern C++ to old C? How is that even remotely fair?
Now if you want to use C++, go for it. I can certainly see the appeal, but at least be honest and compare it to MODERN C and use the one you want because YOU like it. C isn't going anywhere, anytime soon.
There's good reason why the majority of libraries and drivers are written in C.
Use what you feel more comfortable with, but do your own research on this and pull out a modern C compiler like GCC and test what they said and see if it is true or a lie.
Edit: the following alterations to the above code also compiles just fine with "gcc main.c"
You took what I said a bit out of context. My point was just, yeah, C++ is C with the ++.
Which means you can still do everything C can do with the ++. You conveniently ignored my portion about stl.
The main advantage I see of using pure modern C, is not depending on the C++ runtime.
and for things like hardware drivers that makes sense.
But trying to program a decent video game without some equivalent of stl (or boost & co) is silly. You either roll it out by hand or find some library that you have to learn and work around its license and quirks. STL is tried, tested and heavily supported on sites like SO, so it's great for people learning to code who do not yet understand how to make dynamic arrays and the such.
Neil, you do honestly come across like you're bashing with that kind of talk. It's hard to defend that. You're treating us like we're children or something and that's very unwelcome.
You could have stated your point without making me seem like an uncredible piece of shit.]]>
Guess what, people still use compilers that only support C90, and that code in C90 is illegal. My compiler happens to be more recent, and uses a different default standard. Instead of being a C Nazi, why don't you chill out and take a step back and realize that not everyone is using a modern compiler. Granted, they should upgrade or compile with a different standard. But all this hate towards C++ is just immature and ridiculous. Grow up.]]>
Our most Christian Christians acting out their agape again... So sad.]]>
Guess what, those same people will also still be using compilers that do not support modern C++ as well, so the same comment can be made about that! The fact is, modern compilers which are freely available, which you yourself uses has NO problems with the bullshit code you posted! Making you our to be a liar!
And I NEVER stated I hate C++, I am defending the blatent hatred and falsehoods being posted about C!
THIS is what I said about C++
Now if you want to use C++, go for it. I can certainly see the appeal
Just don't post code and state that C will reject it when it will not. When you discuss these things, you need to compare equal versions. So if you want to compare 1990 C++ with 1990 C, go for it. But it is unfair to compare 2018 C++ with 1990 C!
If you prefer C++, great, wonderful, it's certainly a very powerful language. There are aspects I like about it for sure. It does strings really well, it has vectors which are awesome. But be honest about it all. Compare modern C with modern C++. And modern C can do threads, one line comments, variable declarations mid code etc... etc... etc... it just doesn't have classes, which is something I can't stand and I have even seen a move by some away from them as the problems with classes are starting to become apparent, but that's another topic. I'm not posting to attack C++, I am only defending the lies being posted against C.
Our most Christian Christians acting out their agape again... So sad.
What the fuck does this have to do with religion moron?! This is about programming, grow a brain!]]>
Who's angry now?
Also it's clear that he didn't have a "modern compiler", which makes it perfectly reasonable that it doesn't use the C99 standard by default.]]>
Than it's clear he needs to download one! Who the hell doesn't have a modern compiler these days?! It's not like they're hard to find. In either way, your information about C was completely false.]]>
No, no it wasn't.
We were speaking of an entirely different standard. But you interpreted that as saying that none of the C standards worked that way.
Lighten up.]]>
My apologies. But it does need to be stated that modern C is not that way anymore or you could send a false impression to someone.
Both C and C++ have changed quite a bit since the '90s, and for the better.
I always say, use what you are the most comfortable with. Give both a try and see which you prefer.]]>
Good morning Edgar:
I got your 'input.c' program to compile. A super program indeed.
It works perfectly! This will help a lot of folks having problems
working with the keyboard. I know it took a great deal of time to put
it together, and for that, I say THANKS!
Something you might want to take a look at: Code:Blocks issues a
Warning on line 19. Evidently it means nothing because the program
runs fine. Here's the code in question:
void AssertHandler(const char* expr , const char* file , int line , const char* func) {
int i = 0;
printf("%s failed in file %s on line %d in function %s\n" , expr , file , line , func);
i /= 0;
i /= 0; You should get a warning about this one, you're trying to divide by zero?
I don't even see why int i = 0; is in there. It sets i to zero, then later tries to divide it by zero then return. i is not used.
Just remove it entirely.
...that should work just fine. No need for the i variable, the divide by zero or even the return statement as it is a void function.]]>
Neil, it's intentional. The divide by zero is on purpose, because it allows the debugger to catch the exception. This allows you to get a backtrace when the program fails an ALLEGRO_ASSERT. Otherwise the program exits and you can only see where the assert failed, not the stack when it does.
So keep the divide by zero, it's on purpose.]]>
Neil, it's intentional. The divide by zero is on purpose, because it allows the debugger to catch the exception.
Ah, okay, I had a feeling that might have been it. That's an interesting trick.]]>


text:
Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity
Artist's view of SMOS
|Mission type
|Earth observation
|Mission duration
3 (planned)
4 years as October 2013
|Spacecraft properties
Thales Alenia Space
|Launch mass
|658 kilograms (1,451 lb)
|Dry mass
|630 kilograms (1,390 lb)
|2.4 by 2.3 metres (7.9 ft × 7.5 ft) (diameter)
|up to 1065 watts
|Start of mission
|Launch date
|2 November 2009, 14:21:00UTC[1]
|Launch site
|Plesetsk 133/3
|Orbital parameters
|Reference system
|765 kilometres (475 mi)[2]
|766 kilometres (476 mi)[2]
|98.44 degrees[2]
|100.02 minutes[2]
|Repeat interval
|23 days
|25 January 2015, 00:45:13 UTC[2]
S Band (TT&C support)
X Band (science data acquisition)
up to 722kbit/s download (S Band)
up to 18.4Mbit/s download (X Band)
up to 4kbit /s upload (S Band)
|MIRAS: Microwave Imaging Radiometer using Aperture Synthesis
Living Planet Programme
Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity, or SMOS, is a [6]
- History 1
- Launcher 2
Science 3
- Instrumentation 3.1
- Operations and ground segment 3.2
- See also 4
- References 5
- External links 6
The project was proposed in November 1998; in 2004 the project passed ESA-phase "C/D" and,[7] after several delays, it was launched on 2 November 2009 from Plesetsk Cosmodrome on a Rockot rocket.[8] The first data from the MIRAS (Microwave Imaging Radiometer using Aperture Synthesis) instrument was received on 20 November 2009.[9] The SMOS programme cost is about €315 million ($465 million; £280 million). It is led by ESA but with significant input from French and Spanish interests.[8]
The satellite is part of ESA's Earth Explorer programme – eight spacecraft that will do innovative science in obtaining data on issues of pressing environmental concern. The first is already in orbit – a mission called GOCE, which is mapping variations in the pull of gravity across the Earth's surface. SMOS is the second Explorer to launch; and a third spacecraft, known as CryoSat-2 (the first CryoSat failed on launch), was launched on 8 April 2010. CryoSat will assess the state of the world's ice cover.
The satellite was launched on 2 November 2009 (04:50 (01:50 GMT)) to a nearly circular orbit of 763 km by a "Rockot", a modified Russian Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) SS-19 launched from a decommissioned SS-19 launcher from Northern Russia's Plesetsk Cosmodrome.[4][10] The SMOS satellite was launched together with the Proba-2, a technology demonstration satellite.[11][12]
The goal of the SMOS mission is to monitor surface soil moisture with an accuracy of 4% (at 35–50 km spatial resolution).[7] This aspect is managed by the HYDROS project. Project Aquarius will attempt to monitor sea surface salinity with an accuracy of 0.1 psu (10–30 day average and a spatial resolution of 200 km x 200 km).[7][13]
Soil moisture is an important aspect of climate, and therefore forecasting. Plants transpire water from depths lower than 1 meter in many places and satellites like SMOS can only provide moisture content down to a few centimeters, but using repeated measurements in a day, the satellite can extrapolate soil moisture.[4][5] The SMOS team of ESA hope to work with farmers around the world, including the United States Department of Agriculture to use as ground-based calibration for models determining soil moisture, as it may help to better understand crop yields over wide regions.[14]
Ocean salinity is crucial to the understanding of the role of the ocean in climate through the global water cycle.[15] Salinity in combination with temperature determine ocean circulation by defining its density and hence thermohaline circulation.[16] Additionally, ocean salinity is one of the variables that regulate CO2 uptake and release and therefore control the oceanic carbon cycle.[17]
Information from SMOS is expected to help improve short and medium-term weather forecasts, and also have practical applications in areas such as agriculture and water resource management. In addition, climate models should benefit from having a more precise picture of the scale and speed of movement of water in the different components of the hydrological cycle.[8]
The SMOS satellite carries a new type of instrument called [6][8][13]
Operations and ground segmentThe CNES Satellite Operations Ground Segment will operate the spacecraft with telecommunications from ESA's S-band facility located in Kiruna, Sweden. The Data Processing Ground Segment (CDTI, Villafranca, Spain) will process SMOS data through the X-band. Higher level processing of information will be done by scientists globally.[4]
See also
- ESA's Living Planet Programme
- Aquarius payload (NASA)
- Soil Moisture Active Passive satellite
- Proba-2
- ^
- ^ a b c d e
- ^ ESA's water mission SMOS European Space Agency
- ^ a b c d SMOS Project Team, The Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) Mission European Space Agency
- ^ a b SMOS Special Issue of ESA Bulletin ESA Bulletin Special Issue 137, February 2009
- ^ a b SMOS: The Challenging Sea Surface Salinity Measurement from Space, J. Font, A. Camps, A. Borges, M. Martin-Neira, J. Boutin, N. Reul, Y. Kerr, A. Hahne and S. Mecklenburg, Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 98, no. 5, May 2010, pp. 649-665
- ^ a b c The Living Planet Program Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (MIRAS on RAMSES) Mission SMOS at Centre d'Etudes Spatailes de la BIOsphere (CESBIO)
- ^ a b c d
- ^
- ^
- ^ Successful launch qualification test for PROBA2
- ^ ESA's SMOS Mission to be launched in July 2009 from Plesetsk The Rockot Missions. Eurolaunch Launch Service Provider
- ^ a b Mecklenburg S, Kerr Y, Font J and Hahne A. The Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) Mission - An overview. Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vol. 10, 2008,
- ^ How Dry We Are: European Space Agency To Test Earth's Soil Moisture Via Satellite-Science News, Science Daily
- ^
- ^
- ^
External links
- ESA – SMOS home page
- SMOS CESBIO page
- SMOS on eoPortal
- SMOS Project Germany
- SMOS Processor Prototype Page
- SMOS IFREMER Expert Centre
- SMOS Barcelona Expert Centre


text:
[Issue 3 / November 2012]
The first night you stayed at my house you dreamed that dogs were giving
birth in the mud
You shuddered in your sleep
You wept a little.
I was scared
I couldn't sleep at all
I wanted to keep you in my arms
So the silent dogs wouldn't come
And if they came they would bark loudly
So loudly that you couldn't get to sleep
So violently that the mud would shake off their dark bodies
Fly into your face.
I would wipe your muddy face with
The soft of my arm
Squeeze the brown droplets from your eyelashes
Gently comb your hair with all four fingers and one thumb.
Hours later, the dogs gone,
Sleep would come;
You crowned in mud
Me robed in sticky fur
Warm as mother's love
Four eyelids
Quivering shut
Tired as newborn pups.
Laura lives in Wellington and spend her time at the moment training to be a
teacher, with her family, looking after her seedlings, and not writing nearly as
much as she'd like to.


text:
MARKET REPORT – November 7, 2018
Avocado (Mexican) Continued: Unfortunately, because of the limited supplies and the time lapse between harvest, fruit arriving into the U.S. and the ripening process, we can expect to see green fruit and or early staged fruit (stage1/2) for the begging of next week. Ripe fruit will not be an option this coming week. If crews do in fact harvest tomorrow or Thursday, preconditioned fruit could be available (at the earliest) by the end of next week. There really is no definitive schedule yet, as fruit takes 5-7 days to ripen. Availability will vary per DC as fruit crosses from Mexico into Texas. Keep in mind transportation/trucks will be tight once fruit becomes available.
Onions: Transportation is limited
Potatoes: Transportation limited due to the extra demand for the Thanksgiving holiday.
Potatoes (colored): Transportation limited.
Squash (Eastern): Plenty of squash supply.
Stone Fruit: Nectarines are done for the season. Peaches are very limited. Plums are phasing out.


text:
Wisconsin legislators spent Tuesday and Wednesday arguing over whether or not ex-NFL star Colin Kaepernick's name should be included in a resolution honoring Black History Month. According to The Capital Times, the Wisconsin Legislature's Black Caucus had included Kaepernick's name in a ceremonial resolution, which honored African Americans who have…Read More
Tag: NFL
What a Turn Off: NFL Fans, MSM, and Hollywood Viewers Tune Out Politically Biased Programming
On Monday's Gill Report – broadcast on Nashville's Talk Radio 1510 WLAC weekdays at 7:30 am – Star News Digital Media National Political Editor Steve Gill talked about the recent decline in ratings due to the political agenda of the NFL, MSM outlets, and Hollywood award shows. He was saddened…Read More
More NFL National Anthem 'Kneelers' at Titans Opening Game, Kaepernick Tweets Praise
The Tennessee Titans opened their NFL season with an away game in Miami Sunday, where three members of the Dolphins protested the playing of the National Anthem. Two were 'kneelers' and one raised a fist. NFL ratings were down as the league kicked off another season three days earlier on…Read More
President Trump Withdraws Philadelphia Eagles Invite, Plans Patriotic Celebration with Fans Anyway
President Donald Trump said, in a statement, that the Philadelphia Eagles team is "unable" to attend a White House ceremony this afternoon because they don't agree with his belief that NFL players should "proudly stand for the National Anthem, hand on heart, in honor of the great men and women…Read More
REPORT: Top-Picking Browns Met with the Most Controversial QB in the NFL Draft
The Cleveland Browns have a plethora of options in the 2018 NFL Draft and that is the nature of owning both the No. 1 and No. 4 overall picks. Still, the franchise will almost certainly come under fire if they do not use one of the picks on a quarterback,…Read More
XFL Tweets Out Clear Shot at the NFL Ahead of Super Bowl LII
It didn't take Vince McMahon's XFL long to stir the pot. On Super Bowl Sunday, prior to the game, the official league Twitter account tweeted out clear shot at the NFL. Here is the beautiful footage: In the XFL, a catch is a catch. #XFL2020 pic.twitter.com/0oWoji9DQb — XFL (@xfl2020) February…Read More
Veterans Group Denied Super Bowl Ad Time Accuses NFL of Censorship
A decision by the National Football League to deny a veterans group TV ad time during this year's Super Bowl has the vets group claiming liberal bias on behalf of the league. The ad by AMVETS, "a non-partisan, volunteer-led organization" consisting of mostly World War II veterans according to the…Read More
High School Cheerleaders Are Now Kneeling During The National Anthem
High school cheerleaders are also kneeling during the national anthem, according to a testimony from two high schoolers in Union City, Calif. Two high school students, Sasha Armbrester and Teana Boston, told NPR's Youth Radio Friday that they are protesting police brutality at football games. Armbrester, a cheerleader for James…Read More
Trump: Goodell Has Lost Control of NFL
President Donald Trump criticized the NFL for the third time this week in his latest tweet targeting commissioner Roger Goodell, saying the "players are the boss." Only one player reportedly knelt during the three national anthems for the Thanksgiving Day games, with New York Giants defensive end Olivier Vernon continuing…Read More
NFL Player Sits During US National Anthem, Stands for Mexican National Anthem
Marshawn Lynch has been the subject of plenty of national anthem criticism this year. On Sunday, he made a statement even louder, reportedly opting to stand for the Mexican anthem and kneel for the American anthem: Marshawn Lynch sits during the US national anthem, stands for Mexican anyhem pic.twitter.com/8wdaKprEki —…Read More


text:
About The Pumpkin Nog Cocktail
Tony Abou-Ganim's tasty pumpkin and cinnamon cocktail is the perfect drink for a fall party.
Ingredients in The Pumpkin Nog Cocktail
How to make The Pumpkin Nog Cocktail
Separate the eggs and refrigerate the whites.
In a mixing bowl, beat the yolks until creamy.
Gradually add in .25 lb sugar, beating at high speed until thick.
Stir in the rum, milk, vanilla, cinnamon and pumpkin, and chill for at least two hours.
Beat the egg whites until soft peaks form.
Add the remaining .25 lb sugar, beating to stiff peaks.
Fold the chilled rum mixture into the egg whites.
Serve in Martini glasses garnished with freshly grated nutmeg and a dollop of whipped cream.
Other Information
This recipe makes 15 drinks.


text:
Sugar magnolia, blossoms blooming, heads all empty, and I don't care.
Saw my baby down by the river; knew she'd have to come up soon for air
Sweet blossom come on. Under the willow, we can have high times if you'll abide
We can discover the wonders of nature rolling in the rushes down by the riverside
She's got everything delightful. She's got everything I need
Takes the wheel when I'm seeing double. Pays my ticket when I speed
She comes skimmin' through rays of violet. She can wade in a drop of dew
She don't come, and I don't follow. Waits backstage while I sing to you
Well, she can dance a Cajun rhythm. Jump like a willys in four wheel drive
She's a summer love for spring, fall, and winter. She can make happy any man alive
Sugar magnolia ringing that bluebell, caught up in sunlight, come on out singing;
I'll walk you in the sunshine. Come on honey. Come along with me
She's got everything delightful. She's got everything I need:
A breeze in the pines and the sun and bright moonlight. Lazing in the sunshine? Yes, indeed
Sometimes when the cuckoo's crying, when the moon is half way down...
Sometimes when the night is dying, I take me out, and I wander around. I wander 'round
Sunshine daydream walking in the tall trees, going where the wind goes
Blooming like a red rose, breathing more freely
Ride our singin'; I'll walk you in the morning sunshine
Sunshine daydream, Sunshine daydream walking in the sunshine
"Sugar Magnolia" is an ode to an idealized version of the rock star's significant other. She's got his back and is always there waiting for him when he comes off stage, ready to cheer him up and help him out when he fails (to take "the wheel when [he's] seeing double").
This song was a favorite of notorious concert promoter and long-time Grateful Dead supporter/backer Bill Graham, resulting in it often being the first song they played after midnight at the band's annual New Year's Eve shows during Graham's lifetime while he ushered in the new year in various theatrical fashions (riding a giant smoldering joint, dressing as father time, dressing as a butterfly, etc.)


text: Just as new pre-expansion pack content is released today for Battle for Azeroth, Blizzard also released the first of three animated shorts. Just as they did for the Mists of Pandaria expansion, Blizzard will release 3 animated shorts under the theme Warbringers. Each of these tales features Jaina Proudmore, Sylvanas Windrunner, and Queen Azshara.


text:
For 40 years, Garfield the cat has been a big fat hairy deal. The iconic comic strip created by Jim Davis originally debuted in 41 U.S. newspapers in June of 1978. Today, Garfield has 200 million regular readers in 80 countries, with the comic being printed and translated in 40 languages! More than 200 million Garfield books featuring comics, artwork, and even recipes have been sold as well!
Along with print, the flabby tabby has made an impression on the screen with 2 theatrically-released feature films, 13 television specials and 2 animated shows that have combined for 12 seasons and more than 200 full episodes. Garfield is also a bit of a merchandise mogul too! There are more than 5,000 officially-licensed Garfield products available from over 400 licensees in 111 countries around the world. Take a look at our infographic below celebrating Garfield's 40th anniversary revisiting some of the most significant moments in the franchises history.
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Image Created by HalloweenCostumes.com

Do you have a favorite Garfield comic strip? How about a favorite character? If you can't get enough of the famous feline by picking up his latest book or reading the comics on Garfield.com. If you're like us and enjoy a good binge watch, you could put a lasagna in the oven, throw on some Garfield costumes, and settle in for a marathon of Garfield and Friends. Now that's how you spend a Monday.
Infographic designed by Jason Knudson
Devin Rubink is an Inbound Marketing Specialist for HalloweenCostumes.com. He is a film fanatic who enjoys watching anything from action, to comedy, to horror, and even movies that are so bad, they're entertaining. Devin also enjoys dressing up in costumes with his daughters, although he finds it difficult to fit into some of the princess dresses. He studies Twitter, YouTube, and Reddit, to buff up his knowledge and help him achieve his dream of being a game show contestant.


text:
LONDON (MarketWatch) -- U.K. retailer Marks & Spencer Group PLC MKS, +0.45% on Tuesday said fiscal 2005 profit before taxes and exceptional items dropped 19% to 619 million pounds, in line with the company's forecast. The group blamed the drop on a "disappointing" performance from its clothing division, which was driven by continued weakness in womenswear. Looking ahead, the retailer said it plans to focus on "profitable full price sales" but said the outlook remains challenging, "with tough economic and competitive conditions expected to continue." Marks & Spencer also upped its final dividend for the year by 5.6% to 7.5 pence a share.
Marks & Spencer reports in-line drop in FY profit
Quote References
+0.04 +0.45%


text:
National S'mores Day – August 10th #NationalSmoresDay
Happy National S'mores Day August 10th History and Holidays Pictures #NationalSmoresDay – Download S'mores Day Images and Photo Free. S'mores are a favorite campsite treat for young and old kids. If you're at a campfire, chances are, there's S'mores. Sticky and gooey, and loaded with sugar and carbs, S'mores are nothing short of delicious. Who was the first person to create S'mores? We don't know. But, we're all sure glad they did!
National S'mores Day celebrates this tasty summer treat. It's appropriately observed in August…campfire prime time. Don't limit your consumption of S'ores to the campfire. They are popular with kids year round, and can be baked in the oven, or microwave.
The origin of S'mores dates back to the 1920's. It's believed the recipe was created by the Campfire Girls. Girl Scouts soon discovered it, and found it to be choclatey delicious. Before long, S'mores became a campfire staple for everyone. S'more folklore suggests that S'mores got its name right by the campfire. After eating one, young kids chanted "gimme some more!"
While much is written about National S'mores Day, our research has been unable to verify that this is an officially recognized national day (which requires an act of Congress). Don't let that stop you from celebrating this day with a few S'mores.


text:
Last Tuesday, I posted the second part of my Doctor Who fanfiction about the Silence. Bree had stopped reading Karen's diary entry, realizing she was being followed, too. I mentioned last week that Karen's name was a reference to the actress who plays Amy Pond. Well, I snuck in another reference to the show in the date of the diary entry. April 23 is the date that "The Impossible Astronaut," the episode that introduced the Silence, first aired. There's another reference, as well, to a deleted scene from the last episode the Ponds were in. Anthony was the name of the son the Ponds adopted, and in my story, he's Karen's best friend. Also Kaz, Anthony's nickname for Karen, is the same as Matt Smith's (Eleventh Doctor) nickname for Karen Gillan (Amy Pond).
April 23, 1960
Where do I begin? After I finally felt safe enough to come out last night, I went downstairs and saw my parents had come home. They didn't seem to notice that anything was wrong. I didn't sleep much last night and could barely drag myself out of bed for school. I was terrified of walking to school all alone, where that shadow could find me and follow me there, too. I forced myself to do it, though. Some parts of it are very clear in my mind. My pounding heart, my feet hammering against the concrete, fearful of something, but not knowing of what. Most of that walk, however, is just gone, giant blank gaps in my memory. I do remember running into school, stopping by the door, out of breath, trying to remember why I was running and why I was so scared …
I forced myself to breathe normally as I stepped inside the school, pushing past the other students chatting by their lockers. "Anthony!" I called to a brown haired boy putting his extra books in his locker. He turned, hearing my shout, and gave me a wave. I scooted past a group of chattering girls to join Anthony.
He shut his locker door, locked it, and leaned against it. "Hello, Kaz."
"Kaz" is the nickname he gave me years ago that he uses to drive me crazy. However, I wasn't in the mood to play games today.
"Anthony, I need to talk to you. I need your help."
The smile faded on Anthony's face. "What's wrong?"
"There's something following me," I told him in a low whisper, clutching at his arm. "I saw a shadow yesterday while I was walking home. I know it followed me. And the mirror. I saw something in the mirror, but I can't remember what it was." The words spilled out of my mouth, one on top of another.
Anthony didn't say anything for a moment. "Are you sure?" he said slowly.
I nodded. "I know you must think I'm crazy."
"I don't think you're crazy," Anthony reassured. "Are you doing anything this afternoon?"
Confused, I shook my head. "I don't think so, why?"
"I think you need to talk to my parents." The bell cut our conversation off, and we hurried to our class. I slipped into the seat in front of his, and I felt something poke my arm. I looked down to see a folded paper. I grabbed it, unfolded it, and read the note to myself. "Meet me at my house after school. We'll talk to my parents there." Tucking the paper into my pocket, I felt like I could relax, at least a little bit.
I sat through school as best I could, jittery and nervous. When that last bell sounded, I was the first one out the door. I waited outside until Anthony walked up.
"You coming?" he asked, taking my books from me.
"Thanks," I said as we walked along the street.
"Look, what my parents are going to tell you isn't going to sound normal. You're probably not even going to believe them," Anthony warned.
"At this point, Anthony, I'll believe anything," I assured him.
I must have zoned out, because the next thing I remember was passing shop windows and being half-way to Anthony's house.
"Quick walk," I commented.
Anthony shrugged, not saying anything.
My eyes rested on the black marks on the back of his hand. "Hey, what's on your hand?"
Anthony looked down. "It's noth-" he stopped, staring at the black lines that seemed to have appeared out of nowhere.
"Karen," he said slowly.
"Yes?" I asked, wondering why he sounded so nervous.
"Run," he whispered, grabbing my hand.
Thanks for reading! Part 4 next week.
~ Kayla


text:
12/04/07 - The Little OvenEver since Bonny's closed some years back, Port Angeles has been without a really good bakery. A friend of ours noticed The LIttle Oven a few days ago. It shares a building with the laundromat on Peabody Street, and, as you can see from the picture, it doesn't look like much from the outside.
Our friend said they were pretty good, but since they only have a little oven, they only bake bread for their own sandwiches. They smelled right when we dropped by, but we haven't tried them yet. Still, their menu includes croissants, sandwiches and cinnamon rolls, so we expect to review them soon enough.
Keywords: port angeles, restaurants


text:
I've met a lot of people in my life. And while I very much enjoy that, there's something precious about spending time with someone who already knows you. Who you don't have to explain everything about your life to, who knows your likes and dislikes, your passions, your fears, your family. Someone who already knows that you tend to walk into lampposts or stumble over curbs when you're distracted. Who knows that you sometimes snort when you laugh and what you look like without mascara after you cry.
It's a beautiful thing to be KNOWN.
I got to see a close friend of many years from Fiji a couple of months ago. We hadn't seen each other in at least 4 years or communicated much at all in that time, yet the few precious hours together flew. We know many things about each other and have been through many things together.
I didn't realize how much in my somewhat transient life I missed really being KNOWN.
What an amazing thing it is that we have a Creator who not only made us but takes the time to KNOW us. And how much that is an expression of His incredible love.
When Hagar was being persecuted by Sarai for simply doing what her mistress had asked her to do, she ran away to the wilderness. She was met there in a very personal way with a very special message and ended up giving the L0rd a new name, "You are the G0d who sees me......." (Gen. 16:13)
One of my favorite verses! To be really SEEN. KNOWN.
The link to the video below is an amazing tribute to Him who sees us, knows us, loves............
To be known is to be loved and to love is to be known!


text:
Not only are they responsible for us financially, but also our emotional well-being.
Rank dating sites by size
Yet many friends of mine who had previously ruled out anyone with children on a dating site are now happily dating (or married to) single parents they met in real life.
With judgemental tick-boxes they would have filtered out the very person they are in love with now.
And there's no sense in ruling someone out for reasons that may become insignificant once you've met in real life.
'Only show me people without children' 'Only show me men over 6ft 1in' 'Only show me vegetarians' 'Only show me people who don't want kids' The tick-boxes on many dating sites are a common part of the structure of the sites – and people often fill them in and make their choices quickly, based on in-the-moment gut feeling, prejudice or a past bad experience.
As a 5ft 9in glamorous cocktail type who says she hates bankers, she freely admits she'd have swiped right past him on Tinder or blocked him on Match – and he may well have done the same.There are no compatibility filters, so once you've filtered by the basics, there's no way of narrowing it down.However, perhaps controversially, arguably this is more of a pro than a con – as the saying goes, opposites attract!You can't browse pictures or profiles – you wait to be matched by the mystery algorithm after answering the 400 questions – then you are guided through a contact process.Some may think it lacks the spontaneity of other dating sites – and you certainly can't use it to get a quick date for the weekend.
One thought on "rank dating sites by size"
There are so many reasons why you should use our webcam sharing site.
The lower third of the country is Mindanao and has a large Muslim population. English is one of the two official languages spoken here.
Looking for life partner who will be lovable, soft spoken, helping and caring nature, as well as better understanding and well settled in... Read more Profiles with no photos or password protected photos - don't bother to send me an interest because I am going to reject you anyway. I would consider myself to be optimistic, creative, fun loving, and always up for a challenge. well i am a very loving, caring, understanding, down to earth person. Read more Smart, Honest, Confident, Independent,practical...would look for same in my partner to start with. Personal Aspects Nature wise, I am easygoing person who loves meeting new people and mak... I enjoy movies (watch about a couple every weekend). Read more Simple, cool down to earth, honest and frank chap - widely travelled and well read - looking for a friend i did look forward to meeting at the end of the hard days work - Established in business n... About me- I am a confident, honest, understanding, caring, fun loving, do respect elders, respect women, I m an open minded and self made person. Read more About Myself: A confident and also self content person, adaptable to situations, talkative, likes humorous and smiley people, a best friend to many, have leadership qualities. Read more I believe 'Life is beautiful' and love to enjoy every moment of it.. Read more I am working as a Project Manager in a Technology MNC firm based in Mumbai. Read more hi, I m determined, hard working, Loyal and faithful and a fun loving person. Read more I'll describe myself as a loyal and responsible person who is wise, intelligent, creative, mentally strong, spiritually inclined, kind-hearted and full of life person. I am looking for a life-partner who is easy-going and unde... Once I sent her a request and she accepted it and after that we both exchanged our numbers then we started talking on phone and one day we decided to meet i...


text:
the review site with a difference since 1999
Keyword View: paul feig
News Sandra Bullock's 'Heat' supports Boston cops, FBI - CNN.com
Posted by: News Editor - April 19, 2013, 1:34 am - News
PR Heavyweights on Blu-ray Dec 11
It's the hilarious story of a group of underdog kids who discover their beloved summer camp has been sold to a crazy fitness fanatic (Ben Stiller) who's determined to make their lives miserable! The new owner plans to keep the boys huffing and puffing, but these hungry kids have a plan of their own. They unite to turn the tables, take back their woodsy hideaway and challenge the rival camp to themost outrageous summer games of all!
Read More...
PR Bridesmaids in Blu-ray & DVD Combo Packs on Sep 20
Available in multiple formats, including Blu-ray Combo Pack, DVD Combo Pack, DVD and Digital Download. Featuring spectacular high-definition picture and the purest digital sound, the Bridesmaids Blu-ray and DVD Combo-Packs include both a Blu-ray and DVD PLUS a digital copy of the movie that can be watched anywhere, anytime, on consumers' choice of devices including laptops, tablets, smartphones as well as Internet-connected TVs and Blu-ray set top boxes. The Blu-ray, DVD and DVD Combo Packs each include an all-new, never-before-seen unrated version of the film as well as feature the original theatrical version. Additionally, the Blu-ray and DVD Combo Packs are loaded with nearly three hours of bonus features, deleted scenes, a gag reel, a Bridesmaids Making Of, featurettes, and much, much more.
Universal Studios Home Entertainment
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