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Animals 2017, 7(6), 42; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani7060042
Salmonid Jumping and Playing: Potential Cultural and Welfare Implications
Ronin Institute, Montclair, NJ 07043, USA
Academic Editor: Luis Hector Hernandez Hernandez
Received: 6 March 2017 / Accepted: 25 May 2017 / Published: 30 May 2017
Simple Summary
Salmonids jump from the water in nature and in confinement. These behaviors are economically important and relevant to fish welfare. In net pen culture, the need to control parasitic sea lice has motivated studies of salmonid jumping behavior. Some instances of jumping in salmon may be a form of play. Indigenous and institutional science, cultural wisdom, and direct observation can aid the understanding of these behaviors.
Salmonids of several species and other fishes can jump into the air from the water. This behavior has been used in net pen culture applications to control parasitic sea lice. The reasons that salmonids jump remain a topic for speculation. Research on these behaviors has focused on Atlantic salmon in net pen culture in Northwest Europe. Jumping in salmonids is a heterogeneous behavioral category with diverse functional outcomes. Additional research is needed from broad perspectives spanning indigenous and institutional science, cultural wisdom, and ethological direct observation. In theory and in practice, it is interesting that some salmonid jumping behavior may be a form of play.
Keywords:fish jumping; play behavior; pleasure in animals
tobu ayu no soko ni kumo yuku nagare kanaayu jumpand beneath them flowthe moving cloudsOnitsura (1661–1738)
1. Introduction
Jumping (termed leaping by some authors) is a familiar behavior in fishes (e.g., [1] (pp. 194–195), [2,3,4,5], [6] (pp. 98–99). Jumping in immature and adult salmonids is well known (e.g., [1] (pp. 194–195), [7] (p. 175), [8] (p. 136), [9] (p. 143)). It is important in practical fish culture and management, especially in the control of sea lice [10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19] and in fishway design [20,21,22,23,24].
The key concept of organism-environment interaction [25] is well illustrated by salmonid ecology. In salmon ecosystems, fish, forests, interconnected waterbodies extending from glaciers and icefields to the open ocean, mycorrhizal fungi, nitrogen-fixing bacteria, myriad single-celled and multicellular species, and humans are tightly and deeply interdependent [9,26,27,28,29]. The polyrhythms of life in moving fluids [30,31] are the drumbeat for this ecological dance [32].
Worldviews that recognize eco-centric values are widely acknowledged (e.g., [33]). They serve as a basis for informed critiques of the extreme reductionist views that flourished briefly in America and Western Europe during the late 20th century [34].
On the Northwest Coast of North America and throughout northern countries worldwide, salmonids and people have lived together for millennia [26,27,28,29,32]. The welfare of salmonids and the welfare of people are tightly linked [26,27,28,29,32]. There is a need for general theoretical treatments of salmonid culture and welfare in broad ecological contexts, as well as for practical studies that can enhance population and stock survival and sustainable harvests. Humanely ensuring survival and sustainability is equally important for salmonids and their habitats, for traditional cultures, for fishing families, and for aquaculture enterprises.
2. Materials and Methods
The materials used in this paper include traditional ecological and cultural knowledge, scientific literature, personal communications from experienced salmonid biologists, and personal experience in Alaska, Yukon, and the Pacific Northwest. The traditional ecological knowledge of Alaska, Yukon, and Pacific Northwest salmon peoples continues to inform the cultural and intellectual life of the entire region. North American ecological and environmental thought are indebted to indigenous science. The scientific study of salmon jumping is an opportunity to participate in the material and methodological convergence [35] of indigenous and Western institutional science. It also opens perspectives on broader issues of salmonid culture, welfare, and awareness.
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Ethology of Salmon Jumps
The ethology of these jumps is well defined and clearly differentiated from the surface rolls and oriented stream ascent leaps that salmon also perform. When an Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in a net pen [4] or a Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus sp.) in its natural habitat ([1] (pp. 194–195), [7] (p. 175), [8] (p. 136)) jumps from the water, it may perform one or more lateral body flexions during its ascent to a height above the water of one or more body lengths and again during its descent. The fish frequently land on their side and make an audible splash as they reenter the water. The "characteristic leaping behaviour" of pink salmon begins with a "forward leaping motion" followed by a lateral rotation that causes the fish to fall on its side or back, and "a rapid series of jumps by the same fish often takes place" [8] (p. 136).
3.2. Sea Lice, Net Pens, and Atlantic Salmon Jumps
Sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis and Caligus spp.) are parasitic crustaceans (Siphonostomata: Caligidae). They represent a challenge to the net pen culture of Atlantic salmon [4,17,18,19]. An ingenious control scheme for this parasite [4] exploits the natural tendency of Atlantic salmon to jump out of the water. To facilitate the control of sea lice, net pen fish are induced to jump through a surface film that contains a chemical treatment that kills the lice. The natural frequency of spontaneous jumps in Atlantic salmon is low (~1 jump per individual per 2 h [4]). For this reason, managers have studied salmon jumping. Their goal is to identify factors that can be manipulated to increase the jumping frequency and, therefore, the effectiveness of the treatment regime.
3.3. Why do Salmonids Jump?
Away from work and sometimes even at work, fisheries professionals and recreational fishers often discuss the possible reasons that salmon jump. As one reviewer noted, biologists frequently go salmon fishing after work, and the highlight of most fishing stories back in camp is the vigor with which a hooked salmon leapt.
Jumping may serve to loosen egg skeins; dislodge ectoparasites; evade predators; reduce perceived crowding; communicate with conspecifics; avoid supersaturated, turbulent, hyposaline and/or turbid water; and/or refill the swim bladder with air. All of these functional hypotheses are open to discussion and investigation. For example, F.A. Beach [36] proposed that jumping functions to remove ectoparasites because he opposed the idea that fish jumping might sometimes represent play behavior. Burghardt [3] more recently marshaled new information and deployed clearer reasoning to criticize this argument.
In the Tlingit culture of southeast Alaska, tradition offers specific insights into salmon jumping. An indigenous perspective mentioned to non-Natives by elders and culture-bearers is that a salmon jumps for the same reason that a person stands up in a boat to better see the surrounding waters and land. This hypothesis, based on indigenous science, that jumping in Pacific salmon can function to facilitate above-water visual orientation in space could productively be tested in field and experimental trials. In the Tlingit language [37,38], one of the meanings of the verb root √TAAN is "to jump (fish)" [38]. It would be interesting to consider other traditional cultures both on the Pacific Coast and worldwide to find traditions and linguistic terms that applied to salmon jumping.
It is also possible that some instances of salmon jumping are best categorized as play behavior. Dennis Dobson, a veteran Pacific Northwest fishing guide and outdoor journalist, argues that jumping in the fish he has observed over decades in the wild can be plausibly interpreted as play [39]. His arguments rely on extensive direct observations and experience, and his descriptions appear to fall within the scope of current scientific definitions of play. Dobson's interpretation, like other plausible hypotheses about salmon jumping, seems scientifically credible. The method of multiple working hypotheses [40] furnishes a fruitful methodological and philosophical basis for testing hypotheses about salmon jumping.
4. Discussion
That play behavior is by no means restricted to warm-blooded vertebrates has become increasingly evident. Play (including several instances of jumping, though not in salmonids) is now well documented in fishes [3,6] (p. 94–98). Jennifer Nielsen [3] (p. 148) observed a possible instance of movement play (not involving jumping) resembling adult redd-digging behavior in juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). In fact, vertical leaps are a paradigmatic instance of play in nonhuman species [41]. As one referee informatively stated, "jumping for joy" is a timeless expression: Duke Ellington not surprisingly "jumped for joy" when he left Cotton Isle. So did Kingfish (Bob Weir and company) when they were "coming back to 'Frisco". Baby Roo, Tigger, and Pooh jumped for joy often.
Burghardt [3,44,45] proposed an open, inclusive definition of play. His definition has a sound basis in classical continental European ethology (e.g., [46]) and has been well received by ethologists and zoologists. Furthermore, Burghardt, Dinets and colleagues [47] have substantially enlarged the empirical basis for the belief that play behavior occurs in fishes. In turn, Marc Bekoff [48,49] has placed these and other observations in a broad ethical context relating play to animal awareness, suffering, and pleasure, and to natural principles of fairness in animal communication and sociality. (See also [50,51].)
Current views of the deep ecology of salmonids (e.g., [9]) cite holistic perspectives. Tlingit people might well recognize echoes of their own Raven ecology in these latter-day views. John Muir first encountered this traditional indigenous and ancient science of natural balance and harmony in nature when he visited Tlingit elders Daanaawaak and Lunaat' in Alaska's Chilkat-Chilkoot country. During his few days' visit with them and their people in a Tlingit village near present-day Haines, Alaska, John Muir learned the ecology lesson he would never forget [52,53]. Muir's ecological reeducation in Tlingit country would eventually influence society. Muir's ecological ideas and environmental activism grew organically from indigenous Tlingit and additional Native Alaskan and First Nations sources, spurring later mainstream North American scientific ecology and philosophical and practical environmentalism. For example [54,55,56], environmental ethicist and freshwater salmonid biologist J.J. Piccolo spent years with Native Americans and Alaskan Natives as a fisheries scientist on their traditional lands. He later insightfully integrated this experience with the work of scholars such as Aldo Leopold and Holmes Rolston, who had also been influenced by the Daanaawaak-Lunaat'-Muir tradition.
Alaska fisheries researcher Nicholas F. Hughes contributed paradigmatic insights into the ecology of salmonids in moving water. He provided a general framework within which ecological interactions among fish in flowing water might be profitably explored [57,58,59]. Reasoning based on this framework has spurred a fecund theoretical perspective termed Net Energy Intake Theory. The theory has shed light on several aspects of salmonid cognitive/social behavior, including social learning for foraging and recognition of familiar partners [60,61]. In immature salmon, the perceptual, cognitive, and sensory-locomotor salience of water streaming from hoses and pipes and splashing from buckets is a developmental and ecological puzzle. Clearly, however, considering the pervasiveness of organism-environment interactions shaped by moving water, the development of behavioral flexibility and cognitive-motor strengths and skills involving the physics and dynamics of life in moving fluids could be important for behavioral and cognitive development in salmonids beginning in early ontogeny. Indeed, species, stock, population, or strain differences having ecological, aquacultural, and welfare implications could be investigated, as each salmonid species, stock, or strain can experience different contrasting and varying flow regimes throughout its life cycle (e.g., [1,8,62]). In several mammalian species, play increases subsequent survival or components of survival such as physical capacity [63,64,65,66,67]. Whether play confers such benefits in nonmammalian taxa is not yet known. Subjectively, a stream of water might well represent an exciting sensorimotor and aesthetic property of the environment to a young salmonid (in the sense of Darwinist aesthetics [68]) as well as an ecologically salient feature that might stimulate it to leap repeatedly with no immediate ulterior purpose.
5. Conclusions
Jumping play in salmonids is of potential interest as a measure of well-being and as a potential component of survival and fitness. Whether salmonid play necessarily implies the ability to experience pleasure and to suffer and/or constitutes indirect evidence for consciousness may be a challenging question for the future.
John J. Piccolo, Roger Harding, Daanaawaak (Austin Hammond), Dan Henry, Koolyeikh (Roby Littlefield), Xh'unei (Lance Twitchell). I thank the three referees of this manuscript and the Editors for their assistance. Alaskan fishing families, especially the Chris McDowell, Tom Brayton, and Joyanne Bloom families, helped me learn about Alaska fisheries in ways that I would never have known as an academic fisheries scientist. The descendants of Lunaat' and of the Jacquot brothers in Haines, Wells, Klukwan and Juneau, "children of noble grandparents" including the first author of [35] and her extended family, honored me with traditional and modern stories from their Tlingit and French-Alsatian heritage, cultural wisdom, and inspiration. Gunalchéesh and vielmohls mersi.
Conflicts of Interest
The author declares no conflict of interest.
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hi jeff, you wants stated that you thought no male tennis player with a one handed backhand could be ranked #1 in the world again. after watching stans backhand in the us open final have you changed your mind? I look forward to your answer! thanks,greg.
tel me why now a days the front foot is first in the fielt. my back feet comes over and staps into the fielt fisrt. so i can better go for the first volley. in the old days several top players does do so. my balance is also better. please answer my question.
I totally agree that Novak gave Stan too much credit before such a big match. However I really believe that the key to the match was in the first set – Novak appeared to be dominating Stan and Stan was struggling BUT Stan chose to fight through his uneven play and push it to a tiebreak. Even though he got blown out in the tiebreak he served notice that he had come to COMPETE and sure enough he began to dial up his game in the 2nd crucial set! Then he mentally and physically pummeled Novak!
Incredible shot making in that match! He made Novak look mortal!
Many thanks for sharing your experience and invaluable knowledge!


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Viagra is not a luxury but a vital necessity pensioner
In accordance with the decision of the court of appeals of the city of Munich, the German authorities shall indemnify German retiree costs "Viagra". Former civil servant managed to convince judges that the drug to increase potency v, not a luxury, but a vital necessity. Former white collar, suffering from diabetes and are experiencing some difficulties with erection, asked the state to pay his expenses on expensive medicine. (According to statistics, 98% of men with this disease experience some difficulties in private life). In his statement, pensioner emphasized that the laws of Germany guarantee a former state employee total compensation of expenses for purchase of medicines and payment procedures that are necessary to maintain the health and vitality of the body. However, in the case of "Viagra", the officials found that "indecent drug" is a whim and indulgence of the pensioner. During the hearings in the court of the old German was able to convince the judges, referring to the documents of the world health organization that sexual activity is a necessity and an essential human right. РњIGNews.
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On Wednesday, the Trump White House signed off on new work requirements for welfare recipients. Now, many of those receiving aid from Medicaid in the state of Wisconsin will be forced to find a job and work if they want to keep on utilizing the program's benefits.
Thanks to the Trump administration for signing off on the requirements, Wisconsin will now start charging welfare users who make between 50 percent and 100 percent of the federal poverty level premiums up to $8. They will also be responsible for emergency room copays for non-emergent services. .
Conservative Tribune writes that under these new rules, adults under 50 years old, who also do not have children, will be required to work a minimum of 80 hour per month in order to keep their coverage. The Hill reports that if they don't keep up with the simple work requirements for 48 months, they will no longer have coverage.
Once they are removed from the welfare program, the applicant would then have to wait six months to reapply for assistance.
Governor Scott Walker was thrilled with the new requirements, writing in a tweet "We're removing barriers to work to help Wisconsinites transition from government dependence to true independence!"
Thanks to @POTUS and @SeemaCMS for approving Wisconsin's BadgerCare Reform Waiver! We're removing barriers to work to help Wisconsinites transition from government dependence to true independence! #RewardingWork pic.twitter.com/g1TVDmr9D3
— Governor Walker (@GovWalker) October 31, 2018
The midterm elections are less than a week away, so this could be a very risky move to have made for those conservatives running Wisconsin.
Governor Walker is going up against Democrat Tony Evers in this year's election. Not surprisingly, Evers isn't a fan of the new work requirements. He's currently leading in numerous polls.
As Conservative Tribune notes, "Even if this decision costs Walker the governorship, it needed to be done. Welfare is seen by many as one of the worst things to impact poor communities. The benefits, which still do not require any work in most states, are said to subsidize unemployment and encourage fraud."
Another state which recently set specific work requirements for Medicaid users is Arkansas. More than 4,000 individuals were cut from the taxpayer's payroll following the implementation of the new conditions.
Conservative Tribune explains:
Need for social safety net programs is slowly disappearing, as nationwide unemployment has been steadily dwindling down ever since Trump's historic victory in 2016. The unemployment rate recently hit a 49-year low and shows little signs of slowing.
More people are now working, and with a slowdown of welfare expansion, the American economy is primed for an even higher upwards trend.
Democrats are planning to undo that hard work, and how far they get with that plan all comes down to how conservative America confronts the democratic blue wave. With a bulwark of liberal voters ready to flood the polls on election day, only a large turnout of Republicans will be able to counter it.
Everything is riding on these midterm elections. November 6th is only a few days away, so it's time to get out there and vote Red!
It is more than likely that work requirements will improve all over the country as Americans confirm the work that the GOP has been doing. If the Democrats win, however, we might have to kiss welfare requirements goodbye.


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Spicy Tahini Sauce with Kale, Sea Vegetables, and Soba Noodles
Ingredients55 m servings 641
- Adjust
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Directions{{model.addEditText}} Print
- Blend tahini, rice vinegar, soy sauce, 2 tablespoons olive oil, chile-garlic sauce, turmeric, and 2 tablespoons water together in a large bowl with a fork. Add water as needed to get the dressing to a hummus-like consistency; set aside.
- Soak arame seaweed in a pot of lukewarm water for 10 minutes. Place the pot over medium heat and bring the water to a boil; reduce heat to low and simmer the seaweed for 10 minutes. Drain the seaweed.
- Bring a pot of lightly salted water to a boil. Cook soba noodles at a boil until tender yet firm to the bite, 5 to 7 minutes.
- Drain the noodles; set aside.
- Heat 1 tablespoon olive oil in a large skillet over medium heat. Cook and stir garlic in the olive oil until fragrant, about 1 minute.
- Stir ginger and drained seaweed with the garlic; cook and stir 1 minute more.
- Add kale to the skillet; cook and stir until the kale is coated slightly, about 1 minute more. Reduce heat to low, place a cover on the skillet, and simmer together until the kale wilts, 5 to 10 minutes.
- Toss the drained soba noodles in the tahini sauce until coated. Fold the drained seaweed and the kale mixture into the noodles and sauce and toss to coat. Divide among two or four bowls, and serve.
Nutrition Facts
Per Serving: 641 calories; 39.7 63.8 22.1 0 1018 Full nutrition
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ReviewsRead all reviews 7
I thought the bones were here, but it missed a little in the way of texture. I added shredded carrots, toasted sesame seeds, red cabbage, fresh cilantro, and a hint of fresh lemon juice. All the...
Loved it!!! I did the following substitutions: Chopped peanuts instead of almonds One red chili and 3 cloves of garlic instead of the sauce Wine vinegar instead of rice vinegar Fresh pasta inste...
Great basic recipe that has so many possibilities. Add tofu, shrimp chicken, other veggies. Eat it hot or cold. Spicy or not. Perfect for kale "newbies"!
I loved it.. But lol it COULD BE BETTER I've took your lovely idea blended it up add a touch of white wine it's now soup, Then I cooked the noodles half way, Everything is in the cauldron for ha...
This was my first Vegan dish, made it for my son's girlfriend who is a strict Vegan, she loved it! She wanted the recipe! The only thing I changed was adding some shredded organic carrots, the m...
Great base recipe that's flexible for varied tastes and whatever veggies are on hand. I added more sriracha, as well as some chili oil into the sauce. I added grated carrots, thinly sliced asian...


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Firestone Rubber Roofing
Firestone Rubber roofing in Radcliffe offers many advantages, and it can be a very good investment for homeowners who possess low-sloping roofs. Our highly skilled teams possess extensive experience in installing rubber roofing in Manchester on a variety of domestic and commercial buildings.
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- Description
Description / Specification
A brand new light version of the Whitebird collection. This sideboard comes with 2 opening doors, 3 drawers. Made in European oak with a black painted legs. Finished with varnish.
Finish White oiled finish - learn more Materials 100% solid wood: European oak Size W180 x D45 x H90cm Assembly No assembly is needed for this product
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Eco RatingRead more
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Please click on any of the photos to enlarge it.
Monday, August 25, 2008
Stari grad Visoki/Old Town of Visoki
Please click on any of the photos to enlarge it.
10 comments:
- Lara said...
beautiful images! as for the deer, this is why I have a "stop hunting" sign on my page! I think is cowardice of humans to keep hunting nowadays...
- 25 August, 2008 16:04
- Joy said...
I can feel the history of this place through your photos. Well taken!
Thanks for visiting Norwich Daily Photo and leaving your kind comments. Hope it's not a manic Monday for you!
- 25 August, 2008 16:28
- photowannabe said...
Love the fascinating history in those shots. It looks like a wonderful place to hike.
Good you caught the deer in flight. I'm not a big fan of hunting either.
- 25 August, 2008 22:56
- Michele (Rocky Mtn.Girl) said...
Oh my goodness. The details of this landscape is fascinating. I would love nothing more to visit here and to learn more of it... incredible photos. Very good photography.
Mountain Retreat
- 26 August, 2008 01:12
- Pietro said...
A very fine trip you tell us through these splendid images.
About the deer, I really hope he survived the hunters' barbarity.
- 26 August, 2008 07:23
- Lawstude said...
wow. i wanna be there and explopre the place medam. great shots too.
sorry for not visiting these past few days because i used the 3-day weekend we had in our country to wander around my neigbouring towns and city.
have a great day ahead.
- 26 August, 2008 07:24
I love to go with you on these virtual excursions. So much to see and so much fun! Thank you!
Paz xxoo
- 26 August, 2008 16:36
- JB's Big World said...
Those are some very interesting and old ruins. I am glad the deer got away.
- 28 August, 2008 21:27
- Max-e said...
Visoki looks like an amazing place. As for the dogs, I wish people would keep better control over their animals. Once a dog gets that hunting instict going it never stops.
- 31 August, 2008 14:15
- Snapper II said...
A wonderful place to explore and take photos.
Your photos are fantastic.
- 05 December, 2011 13:18


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Liberal Finishes Home Tournament with Winning Record
KSCB News - September 22, 2014 7:09 am
The Liberal volleyball team went 3-2 in their home volleyball tournament Saturday. The tournament was played in the Big House and West Middle School. Emporia won the tournament going 5-0 and beating Meade who went 4-1.
Liberal opened play defeating Wichita Southeast (25-14, 25-16) before a win over Hugoton (22-25, 25-15, 25-17). Liberal lost to Meade (21-25, 23-25). In bracket play, LHS defeated Dodge City for the second time this week (25-18, 25-21). Liberal finished the tournament losing to Pratt (25-20, 20-25, 16-25).
Liberal is 13-5 and competes at Kingman Thursday against Belle Plaine and Kingman.
2014 Champion – Emporia
2nd Place – Meade
3rd Place – Ulysses
Attached is the final results for the Liberal Volleyball Tournament. Winning team highlighted in yellow. Thank you for attending. I'll send you a contract soon. Please notify me if you DO NOT plan to attend next year. Please thank you coaches and athletes. They were great!!
Overall Record for the Day:
Liberal: 3-2
W. Southeast: 1-4
Hugoton: 1-4
Meade: 4-1
Dodge City: 3-2
Colby: 2-3
Pratt: 4-1
SW. Heights: 2-3
Emporia: 5-0
Scott City: 2-3
Ulysses: 3-2
All-Tournament Team:
Kyann Eslick – Ulysses
Jada Mickens – Liberal
Braxton Stewart – Emporia
Hailey Schindler – Colby
Hannah Strange – Colby
Baily Batman – Pratt
Tournament MVP – Tarah Wiens – Meade


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We know how much it sucks when your device is lost or has been stolen. But, if you report it to us, we can ensure your SIM and device get blocked as soon as possible. This will stop anyone who isn't you from using it. If you're a Pay Monthly, SIM Only or Pay As You Go customer with your details registered we'll send out a replacement SIM card to your registered home address to get you back up and running as soon as possible.
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Furious Irish Angels
Thursday, 8 December 2011
Furious Irish Angels
To celebrate reaching over 5000 views in less than 3 months I decided to make a new video that I posted on Youtube for this blog. It is entitled "Furious Irish Angels" and draws on advice from Ireland's past to help Ireland's future. Please have a look, I hope you enjoy it. It sounds and looks best in full-screen so if you just click on the Youtube button after you click play and then the full-screen button on the bottom right hand side you can view it in full-screen.
Furious Irish Angels
Uploaded by irish21ststudent on 8 Dec 2011
Furious Irish Angels
Posted by Marcus Howard at 08:41
1 comment:
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I finally knit my first garment. I received the sponge bar for the LK-150 in the mail and replaced it. It no longer felt like I was pushing 50 pound bricks. It was great. So I cast on my 126 stitches, and proceeded to do my 150 rows. And then on row 97 all my stitches come of the needles as I'm pulling the carriage back. I tried my hardest to get them back on the needles with the little hook thing, but I just couldn't. So I took the knitting off the machine, and wondered what I was going to do. Here is a picture of my kitty helping me block my first piece - I wasn't sure I could use.
After a day (actually it came to me at night) I realized I could knit 4 pieces the same size and the sew them together two pieces will make a front, and two pieces will make a back, then sew the side seams and I have a skirt.
And that is exactly what I did and you can't even tell the my skirt is made of 4 pieces. Now I have to go shopping for a nice top to go with it.
Oh in case you were wondering - While on the KMaholics knit list I found out why my knitting came off the machine, I pulled the carriage to far past the last knitting needle, that creates slack and then - guess what - Your stitches fall off.
Somebody should really write a Knitting Handbook for dummies! with all this kind of information in it!


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Posted Mar 25 2013 in books, contemporary romance, debut, Elley Arden, Kemmons Brothers Baseball Series, reading, release, romance, Save My Soul, sports romance
I should do a release day post, shouldn't I? I already posted the next installment of 30 Things About Me, but to let release day pass without saying anything about it on my blog seems…well, rude to the book. Lol. So, it's release day. My first one ever. I thought I'd feel different than I […]Read More...
Posted Mar 8 2013 in books, Change My Mind, Crimson Romance, Elley Arden, Kemmons Brothers Baseball Series, publishing, sale, Save My Soul, writing
It feels strange to be posting about something other than Save My Soul or the rest of the Kemmons Brothers Baseball Series with just seventeen days left before Save My Soul releases, but here I am, announcing my sale of Crashing the Congressman's Wedding: A Harmony Falls Novel to Crimson Romance. Squee!! The tentative release […]Read More...
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Welcome to Spring! Well at least for many of you. Some states have seen tons of snow since the start of Spring. However, here in the Natural State, we are well on our way to enduring pollen, revamping our yards and making way for outdoor events.
Recently, I have completed my second round of ancestry research and I was excited by the results! 23andMe was the company used because they had an awesome sale at ½ off plus, I used Ebates (free membership + earn $10 when you sign up and shop your 1st $25) to get additional savings. I will be working to share those results very soon. There is no secret that most of my ancestry comes from West Africa! With that said, I have made many connections to my roots and even found local shops here in Central Arkansas: Harambee Market, Hearne Fine Art & Pyramid Bookstore, and The Magic Soul Shop that I have supported over the years!
Along with all these new found discovers I have also made it a point to be more involved in my community and attend African Events! This is what inspired this blog so that I could share with all of you, too. So let's get into it!
#1 Reading and Booksigning of "My Easter Story" by author: Maria Haskins
Easter is around the corner and this event fits the bill. Unfortunately, since this post, the event has expired, but I want to share this because there are tons of other events going on at the Mosaic Templars Cultural Center each month and this is a non-profit Museum that highlights to most amazing African History! There is something for everyone so please click the name in blue and browse the "news and events" section.
#2 Designer Choice Fashion Preview-DCFP by Designer Korto Momolu
If you are a fashion lover, have an appreciation for the arts|charity and can't get enough of celebrity host, Larenz Tate mark your calendars for April 7, 2018, at the Metroplex! You can purchase tickets at Eventbrite.There are VIP and regular admission pricing, but VIP will go fast. Korto is known for her unique fashion sense, inspired by her Liberian roots. You may have seen her craft of Project Runway All-Stars! This fashion show highlights local|surrounding area designers and proceeds are raised for the Timmons Art Foundation which is a 501c3 non-profit that provides Summer Camp supporting the youth in the arts. Word of advice, make sure that you have your set secured if you are in VIP because if you leave you may come back to a filled seat. Otherwise, the show is always exciting with some of the most amazing talents!
#3 Sip & Twist by Real Natural Salon, Hairstylist Alisha Davis King
This event is perfect for the individual that is natural, has to do their child(ren)s hair, transitioning, or considering going natural! Alisha has reached many across the state and beyond to show them that natural hair is good hair and can be managed by yourself. April 8, 2018, from 4p-7:30p at The Ladies Room Studio Space on 65th St. is where it will be held. Tickets on Eventbrite are sold out because she is offering a 2-for-1 special. I was able to purchase mine at Real Natural Salon so click the link to see if there are any still available on her website. Get signed up and bring a friend, on her!
#4 Classic Context: Maya Angelou
The Arkansas Literacy Festival Presents, "I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings" as Dr. Cherisse Jones-Branch goes beyond the pages of our beloved Arkansas Native, Maya Angelou's memoir! This event is FREE! However, please register at Eventbrite so that it will give them a heads up on approximate attendance. The event will take place at the CALS Ron Robinson Theater from 5:30p-8:30p. A screening of the film will flow. I really hope you can take advantage of this awesome event!
#5 The Second Annual Africa Day Fest
You all this is an event that you want to be apart of on Saturday, May 26th, 2018! I was blessed to be at this event last year and it was filled with beautiful people of all backgrounds in celebration of African Culture! It gets better…I present to you another $FREE.99 event! You are more than welcome to register at Eventbrite or just get more details, but it is not necessary. Last year my son and I were blessed to get tribal marks placed on us by the amazing Korto Momolu! I was able to personally ask her what their significance was and she stated, "In Liberia, tribal marks are applied in celebration. They are painted as their tribal costume much like their clothing and tribal jewelry…almost like a finishing touch. This is also, practiced in children's rights of passage (around sixteen) in addition to them being branded on their bodies permanently." How rich is that? Look forward to vendors and food for sale, dance performances, a kids zone and a fashion show!
Well now that we have your Spring Agenda worked out for you what do you think? I want to hear about it. Leave a comment and let me know what events you have or will be attending! If you know of something not listed, share that here with the community!
♥ ~Baby Be Better
Disclaimer: Content highlighted in blue is provided by me for the reader to easily access recommended sites. In doing that I have to put in a lot of time to link them and occasionally, I may get a small share of the sale when my community makes a purchase. Thank you for your support!


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Sierramas, Selangor, Malaysia
Resort design home suitable for family of 10 or less with a large garden and pool. Our home is at a gated community with guards, gardens, walk path,...
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July 2017
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Hi! currently i'm studying in Luxembourg and staying in hostel. I have an apartment in Kuala Lumpur Malaysia, if anyone in Luxembourg would like swap with me (preferably Kirchberg area). The details per below:-
Crystal Tower is located in secluded and serene yet centrally located approximately 15 minutes from KLCC. Surrounded by the hills of Ampang Reserved Forest is a perfect place to stay after your hectic day at work.
Crystal Tower is at Bukit Indah Ampang with low density middle class apartment near all amenities; schools (secondary&primary), clinics, shops, police station, mosque, grocery stores, workshops etc.. Your meals will be taken care since many restaurants and stalls with great foods nearby.
The apartment also equipped with security, swimming pool, cafe, mini market and laundry.
The unit is partial furnished and it comes with built-in wardrobe in all rooms, 2 units aircond & water heater, wood flooring at all rooms, kitchen cabinet (dry & wet) with stove.
For further info/viewing please contact/whatsapp Mr Firdaus at +6019337 7358 as the unit will be available starting July 2017.
Resort design home suitable for family of 10 or less with a large garden and pool. Our home is at a gated community with guards, gardens, walk path,...
This home comes with 3 bedroom and 2 baths. Located at first floor apartment. The bedrooms - come with bed spread and pillows - hangers - iron - iron board...
* Easily accessible via public transportation, Walking distance to LRT- Taman Jaya Station / Amenities & Amcorp Mall Studio for Rent is 10 minutes drive from...


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At approximately 2:00 PM today I was leaving your home. I came over to visit and check on you, my elderly parents. As I was walking down the walkway, I slipped and fell. I landed in a split-type position and I looked ridiculous. I also have several boo-boos. I believe the fall was related to the two leaves that were left in said walkway. Combine that with the wet weather and it was just an accident waiting to happen. It was in no way a result of my new, slippery shoes.
I've contacted the law firm Dewey, Screwum and Howe and you will be receiving a letter from them shortly.
Since the fall occurred on your property I think that it's only fair that you pay all medical expenses pertaining to the fall. This means Band-aids, Neosporin and a box of tissues for my tears.
Thank you for your understanding in this matter. Hopefully we can settle out of court.
Yours very truly,
Your youngest daughter and favorite child.


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Excerpt from You, Your Child, and School: Navigate Your Way to the Best Education by Sir Ken Robinson, Ph. D and Lou Aronica, published on March 13, 2018 by Viking, an imprint of Penguin Publishing Group, a division of Penguin Random House LLC. Copyright by Ken Robinson, 2018.
Room to Maneuver


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The Big Unanswered Questions of DC's DARK NIGHTS: METAL
Even though Dark Nights: Metal doesn't begin until August 16, readers have been given a slew of hints about the story thanks to several DC announcements, a couple Dark Days prequels, as well as first looks, previews and articles here at Newsarama.
"It's essentially, the Justice League discovers that there's a Dark Multiverse out there, and that Dark Multiverse is coming to invade. And everybody is screwed," said writer Scott Snyder. "So they go around trying to find the stuff, this Nth Metal, which is one of the rarest things in the universe."
Dark Nights: Metal is the much-anticipated reunion of Snyder and his "New 52" Batman partner Greg Capullo. But many of the story's concepts were introduced in Dark Days: The Forge and Dark Days: The Casting, two one-shots Snyder co-wrote with James Tynion IV.
As a result, readers have been given glimpses of the story's main players and mysteries but few answers. As we get ready for next week's kick-off to the event, Newsarama is running down the 10 big unanswered questions of Dark Nights: Metal.
What's the story behind the Outsiders black ops team that Batman formed?
In Dark Days: The Forge, the Joker shared knowledge about Bruce Wayne's dark-ops team - a group called the Outsiders, made up of Metamorpho, Black Lightning, Katana, Halo, and Geo-Force. He said they'd been helping Batman with his investigation into 'the Dark.'
Although these characters may have just been a throwaway cameo - particularly since Metamorpho is supposed to be soon joining The Terrifics (more on that in a minute) - The Outsiders is a concept that could return at some point in Metal. Is this the familiar Outsiders team from DC's previous stories? Or something new?
What's the story behind Plastic Man and Mister Terrific?
In Dark Days: The Forge, the super-smart hero Mister Terrific had gathered data from another world for Batman's investigation into the Dark. In the same issue, readers were shown what appeared to be Plastic Man, stuck in an oval shape, seemingly held there by a huge contraption.
And Batman told Mister Terrific to free Plastic Man.
Not only do readers still not understand the story behind Terrific's investigation and Plastic Man's containment, but there's a new question now that DC announced a new comic book about The Terrifics. How do Plastic Man and Terrific join with Phantom Girl and Metamorpho (previously of the aforementioned Outsiders) to form a team known as the Terrifics?
How is the Shazam family involved?
In Dark Days: The Casting, the Wizard from the Shazam/Captain Marvel mythos produces a powerful dagger that is made of Nth Metal. The Wizard is among several immortals who take part in a meeting to discuss the dangers of the Dark.
Eventually, the dagger ends up in the hands of Ra's Al Ghul, who was among the immortals, then his daughter Talia, who gives it to Batman. Talia says the dagger has "the power of Shazam," and later the dagger affects Duke Thomas and aids in Batman's attempt to access the Dark Multiverse.
Snyder told Newsarama that DC has "big plans" for the Marvel Family after Metal. But how does Metal tie in to their story? What is this dagger? Does it connect to Billy Batson and friends?
Who are the three tribes: Bear, Wolf and Hawk?
In Dark Days: The Forge and previews for Dark Nights: Metal, three symbols keep showing up, referring to three tribes: Wolf, Bear and Hawk. In Forge, Hawkman described a "glimpse" he experienced while investigating Nth Metal - "a story that began with the first men to walk the Earth - three tribes."
Subsequent clues have indicated the story can be traced back to these tribes, and it's looking like they might tie into the history of the Immortal Man, Vandal Savage, Hawkman, and Hawkgirl. But the connection isn't clear. Who are these tribes? And what do they have to do with the Dark Multiverse?
What is Duke Thomas? And what will he become?
The Casting revealed that Batman ally Duke Thomas has traces of mysterious metal in his blood - something his mother apparently had too. And because of this, they have some sort of connection to immortality and to the "dark energy" being investigated by Batman.
In The Casting, Duke discovered powers that were previously hidden. And DC has announced that he'll be starring in his own ongoing title soon as the Signal.
So who is Duke Thomas? How is he connected to the Dark Multiverse? And what will his new role in the DCU be?
What's the story behind the Joker's appearance?
In The Forge, the Joker was discovered in a secret portion of the Batcave - an area that Duke Thomas didn't even know about. He was apparently imprisoned there, but not before he discovered secrets about Duke being a "signal," information about the Bat-creature drawing in the depths of the Batcave, and that he "knows how the story will end" because it's happened before.
How did Joker get there? How does he know so much? And even though Snyder promised he won't be solving the "Rebirth" mystery of the "three Jokers," is Joker's knowledge about the Dark connected to him being one of three?
What's the deal with the Blackhawks and the Dark?
Readers have seen hints about a group of characters - both past and present - who are either either working together with the Blackhawks or are connected with their mission. And it's all tied to the mystery of the Nth Metal and the Dark Multiverse. Included in the glimpses of these characters are Hawkman and Hawkgirl, but also odd characters like versions of the Challengers of the Unknown and the '80s Starman.
How are all these characters connected? There's a chance some of these cameos were just continuity fan-service, but there were story threads involved too. What do the Blackhawks and others have to do with the power of the Dark, and why are the Blackhawks currently trying to stop Batman?
Who are the spin-off characters — the Silencer, the Immortals and others getting Dark Matter spin-off titles?
Besides the aforementioned The Terrifics, DC has also announced ongoing titles for a wide variety of Metal-connected concepts that are still essentially unexplained. Titles like Brimstone, The Silencer, Sideways, Immortal Men, Damage and New Challengers all feature characters that haven't been introduced, but are promised to play a role in Metal.
Who are they? How did they get their powers? Are they connected? Or are these just a bunch of new concepts that come from different corners of the DCU?
Where is Hawkman?
In Dark Days: The Casting, Hawkman walked into some type of portal, deciding that he had to pursue the powers of Nth Metal on his own. Just before he left, he secretly handed his journal to an unknown character.
Snyder told fans in Comic-Con International: San Diego that Nth Metal is the only material that will stop the Dark Multiverse's invasion, so heroes "go around trying to find the stuff." Will the heroes go looking for Hawkman? DC has already announced an upcoming story by Jeff Lemire, Bryan Hitch, and Kevin Nowlan called Hawkman Found, which appears in the middle of Metal's run. So Hawkman will likely be reappearing. But where did he go?
What is the terrible being waiting to pounce on the DCU?
In The Forge and The Casting, readers were shown that a bat-looking creature fought heroes in the history of the DCU, but it was entrapped by Hawkman and Hawkgirl (or some form of them).
Now it wants to come back from, apparently, miles beneath Gotham City. What is it? Who are his followers in the skull masks? What's the meaning behind the cave drawings and the bat tribe Hawkman mentioned? And how is this creature connected to Batman?
Dark Nights: Metal #1 will be available August 16.


text:
by Paul Elam
BPD is the indicated diagnosis when some or all of the following are present:
- A long-term pattern of unstable or turbulent emotions, including frequent displays of inappropriate anger.
- A pattern of impulsive actions and chaotic relationships, including, but not limited to impulsiveness with money, substance abuse, sexual relationships, binge eating, and shoplifting.
- Intolerant, often hostile reaction to being alone.
- Repeated crises and acts of self-injury, such as wrist cutting or overdosing.
- A remarkable facility for lying and manipulation, particularly for sympathy and adulation, but also to enlist action from others that will further their personal objectives for revenge or retaliation.
- A propensity to make false allegations of rape, sexual abuse and domestic violence.
- A near bottomless capacity for vengeance over the least, or even imagined, slights.
- A sadistic pleasure in causing unwarranted harm to others who are perceived to be enemies, or even those determined to not love them "enough."
- The capacity to justify and rationalize any abusive behavior, no matter how extreme or how innocent the victim. No moral compass.
- The repetitive demand that others sympathize with them, even as they cause destruction in the lives of innocents.
- The distorted mindset that the abuse they inflict is not abuse, but that objecting to it or fighting back is abusive to them.
They frequently hold jobs and involve themselves in social situations where their destructive behaviors would quickly work against them. They often perform admirably and demonstrate a respectable capacity for self control and appropriate behavior. Any notion that they cannot help their actions, which you will most frequently hear from BPD's or the unscrupulous clinicians who profit from their condition by helping them rationalize their behavior, is completely fraudulent.
They know what they are doing and often enjoy it.
Do they suffer tremendously from internal chaos and unstable emotions? Certainly. So do the depressed, and alcoholics and those with anxiety disorders and other maladies. We just don't offer any of them as pass on hurting themselves and others. Nor should we.
Given the absolute potential for devastation that the BPD brings into the lives of anyone unfortunate enough to be in their path, it is pretty important to understand the prognosis for their condition.
There is no psychotropic medication that treats BPD and there is no known cognitive therapy that works with them. In short, they have an intractable condition that is impervious to treatment of any kind. They cannot be helped near as much as they can be avoided for the sake of helping others.
There is a running joke among psychiatric professionals about BPD's. And yes, we told jokes about serious problems. It is one of the ways clinicians deal with the stress of working with them. Anyway, it's a simple one-liner.
You don't treat borderlines, you ignore them.
And that, in the broader sense, is also indirect professional advice when it comes to anyone with the misfortune to find themselves locked in the sights of a BPD.
Get away from them.
Go directly in the other direction. Do not pass GO. Do not collect $200.00. Just get thee…away; chalk whatever losses you suffer up to experience and be grateful about what you could have lost.
Families of alcoholics are told to cut them off (and the enabling) as long as they are drinking. It is good advice that helps the alcoholic face their problem and often saves the family a lot of misery. But dealing with a borderline is not near as simple or easy as going to an Alanon meeting and learning better boundaries. Their pathology is far too serious and dangerous for that.
Hear this, and hear it clearly. They are not going to get better. Ever. There is nothing you can do, no kindness you can extend, no sympathy you can embrace, no psychological slight-of-hand, nor the culmination of wisdom from your entire life's experience that you can bring to bear to make a BPD anything other than a major, life draining pain in the ass and a potential nightmare waiting to destroy everything you have, inside and out.
In fact, should you find yourself engaging in endless internal debate about whether you should stay or leave a relationship with a BPD, I suggest you get help for yourself. Unlike them, there may be a chance to reach you and help you identify what causes you to stay attached to a lifestyle of abuse, chaos and danger.
Then again, there is always the red pill.


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Yeast Infection Home Remedies Hypersensitivity on some chemicals. White mucus discharge is noted on vaginal and penile yeast infections. Altered digestive system process for digestive yeast infection manifested with
• Describe the epidemiology of bacterial vaginosis in the U.S. • Pregnant women with symptomatic disease should immunity can predispose to vaginal yeast infections. Candidiasis Curriculum . Pathogenesis . 46 . Lesson III:
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Why Work With uPVC Windows Swansea In Swansea For uPVC Casement Windows
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UI Designer
We invite you to the UIG Studio
join our team!
We love design and useful applications. We are looking for a person who likes challenges and loves all the same things we do. A person who values personal development and shows harmony in leading outstanding projects for awesome people from Silicon Valley and multinational organizations such as FOX Networks.
Your tasks:
- Design UI, Websites and Mobile Apps
- Prepare low and high fidelity mockups
- Prepare UI Guidelines with functionality description
- Propose innovative solutions for simple problems
- Prepare IA and flow
We will give you:
- Implementation of projects for foreign clients (and Silicon Valley occupants)
- Attractive salary
- Private healthcare and sport package
- Extensive experience, continuous development and an atmosphere conducive to improving qualifications
- Full support of the entire team while performing tasks
- Work using the latest technologies and trends
- In-hause academies broadening your professional knowledge
- Cold beverages, vulgar Tuesdays and regular trainings of CS, CoH and FIFA
- Unique office in the centre of Kraków - Main Square
Our requirements:
- At least 3 years of relevant work experience
- Experience in designing eCommerce websites
- Experience in designing Responsive Web Design and HCI
- Master level knowledge of Adobe Creative Suite
- Very good knowledge of design tools like Sketch App, Invision, UXpin or similar
- Very good knowledge of English
- Very good work organization
- The desire to share knowledge and tolerance to Andżelika's constructive criticism
- Knowledge of limitations and capabilities of HTML5, CSS3 and JS
- Respect for the team, love for design, regard for the code and full engagement
Nice of you to have:
- Artistic abilities
- Experience in mobile application design
- Experience in designing templates for PrestaShop, Shopify or WordPress
- Potential for a Team Leadership


text:
All the Drug Class Drugs
Thiazolidinediones. Pioglitazone 15, 30, 45 mg. TABS.: 15 mg, 30 mg, 45
mg x 28.
Once dly with or w/o food. Initial treat.:
15 mg or 30 mg once dly; may be
increased up to 45 mg once dly. May
be used in combination with insulin.
See lit. Elderly: No dose adjustment is
necessary. Renal impair.ent: No dose
adjustment is necessary in pts. with
impaired renal func. (CLcr > 4 ml/min) Not to be used in dialysed pts. Hepatic
impair.ent: should not be used in pts.
With hepatic impair.ent Paediatric: Not
to be used in children and adolescents
under 18 yrs of age.
As second or third line treatment of type 2
diabetes mellitus: as monotherapy: in
adult patients (particularly overweight
patients) inadequately controlled by diet
and exercise for whom metformin is
inappropriate because of
contraindications or intolerance as dual
oral therapy in combination with
metformin, in adult patients (particularly
overweight patients) with insufficient
glycaemic control despite maximal
tolerated dose of monotherapy with
metformin; with a sulphonylurea, only in
adult patients who show intolerance to
metformin or for whom metformin is
contraindicated, with insufficient
glycaemic control despite maximal
tolerated dose of monotherapy with a
sulphonylurea. As triple oral therapy in
combination with: metformin and a
sulphonylurea, in adult patients
(particularly overweight patients) with
insufficient glycaemic control despite dual
oral therapy.Pioglitazone is also indicated
for combination with insulin in type 2
diabetes mellitus adult patients with
insufficient glycaemic control on insulin
for whom metformin is inappropriate
because of contraindications or
intolerance.After initiation of therapy with
pioglitazone, patients should be reviewed
after 3 to 6 months to assess adequacy of
response to treatment (e.g. reduction in
HbA1c). In patients who fail to show an
adequate response, pioglitazone should
be discontinued. In light of potential risks
with prolonged therapy, prescribers should
confirm at subsequent routine reviews
that the benefit of pioglitazone is
C/I: Hypersens. to product; cardiac
failure or history of cardiac failure (NYHA
stages I to IV); hepatic impair.ent;
diabetic ketoacidosis; current bladder
cancer or a history of bladder cancer;
uninvestigated macroscopic haematuria.
Biguanide, Thiazolidinediones. Pioglitazone (as HCl) 15 mg, Metformin Hydrochloride 850 mg. F.C. TABS. 56. 1 tab twice dly. Dose titrat. with pioglitazone should be consid. Not
recommend. for pts. under 18 yrs. old.
2nd line tmt. of type 2 diab. mell. adult
pts., particul. overweight pts., who are
unable to achieve suffic. glyc. control at
their maxim. tolerated dose of oral
metformin alone. After initiat. of ther. w/
pioglitazone, review. pts after 3- 6 mnths
to assess adeq. response to tmt. (e.g.
reduct. in HbA1c). In pts. who fail adeq.
response, pioglitazone should be discount.
In light of potent. risks w/prolong. ther.,
confirm at subseq. routine reviews that the
benefit of pioglitazone is maintained.
C/I: Hypersens. ,Card. fail., hist. of card. fail.
(NYHA stages I to IV). Current/ hist blad.
cancer, Uninvestigated macroscop.
haematur., Acute or chron. dis. which may
cause tissue hypox. (E.G. card. or resp. fail.,
recent MI, shock), hep. impair., acute
alcohol intox., alcoholism, diab.
ketoacidosis or diabetic precoma, ren. fail.,
ren. dysfunc. (CrCl <60 ml/min),Acute
cond. with the potent. to alter ren. func.
(such as: dehydr., severe infec., shock,
intravasc. administ. of iod. contrast ag.),