text:
Raspberry Breakfast with Meal Replacement Vanilla
A lovely smoothie bowl variation on our Meal Replacement Shake Vanilla. After this bowl you'll definitely feel satisfied!
- 1 handful raspberries
- 250 ml low-fat yogurt
- 3 spoons (=35g) Be So Happy Meal Replacement Vanilla
- Put all ingredients in a blender and blend on high speed until it's smooth and creamy.
- Top it with some fresh fruit. Enjoy!


text:
Produce Name : Thai Bird Chile
Availability : All Round the Year
Thai Bird Chiles are tiny (1 to 1-1/2 inches / 3 to 4 cm), very slender, green or red; extremely hot. These chilies got this name because, when dried, their shape resembles a bird's beak.
Nutritional Facts
Chile is rich in Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) and Zinc, two nutrients which are vital for a strong and healthy immune system. It is also high in vitamins, A, C, rutin (a bioflavonoid), beta carotene, iron, calcium and potassium. Chile also contains magnesium, phosphorus, sulphur, B-complex vitamins, sodium and selenium. Chile's red color is due in part to its very high content of vitamin A, which is vital for normal vision, cellular activity, growth and strong immune defenses.
Medicinal / Therapeutic Use
Chilies, in general, have the following medicinal uses :

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Maryland's K12 Public School Compensation Transparency
Case studies of the dismal politics, policy, and practice of
K12 compensation transparency in Maryland
"[I]n American almanacs it is common to see the rate of pay annexed to the lists of public officers."
–Michel Chevalier, Society, Manners and Politics in the United States, 1839
Published government employee compensation was common in America during the 19th Century (see the quote above) and can still be found in small New England towns. However, it has become exceedingly rare in the 21st Century. Thus, the disclosures below are notable in part for being notable.
Next Generation K12 Compensation Disclosure
Get Involved with the Disclosure Modernization Working Group–State and Local Government, XBRL US. Accessed September 19, 2018.
State & Local Government Disclosure Modernization Working Group, XBRL US. Accessed September 19, 2018.
Joffe, Marc, Making Government Documents Searchable and Machine-Readable to Improve Transparency and Accountability, Reason Foundation, August 2018.
Notable Current Generation K12 Compensation Disclosure Websites
Note the benefit as well as salary individual level data.
Note that this government portal only provides a link to Honolulu Civil Beat's database of government employee salaries.
*Hawaii has the only statewide public school system in the U.S., so it makes gathering such data extraordinarily easy compared to other states.
New York
Note the statistics for salaries at the 5%, 25%, 50% (median), 75%, and 95% percentiles.
SEC Compensation Disclosure as a Model for K12 Compensation Disclosure
Lightner, Renee, and Theo Francis, How Much Do Top CEOs Make? Compensation for the chief executives of companies listed in the S&P 500 index, Wall Street Journal, March 17, 2017.
Note that if you click on a particular CEO, you can see his/her detailed compensation components.
ExecuComp Data Definitions By Table, Foxit Software Company, 2008. Describes the data fields derived from the SEC compensation data.
The DATA Act as a Model for Accessible Governmentwide Budget Data Disclosure Down to the Individual Transaction Level
Data Coalition summary of the DATA Act
Sunlight Foundation summary of the DATA Act
DATA Act 2022: Changing Technology, Changing Culture, Data Foundation, May 2017.
A Private Website with High Quality Visualizations of Government Data
The U.S. Department of Labor Requires Pay Equity Data for Federal Contractors
MacMillan, Douglas, and Jack Nicas, Google Told to Hand Over a Narrower Set of Pay Data, Wall Street Journal, July 17, 2017.
Analogies of Misleading Financial Measures Once Viewed as Trustworthy
Enrich, David, Libor: A Eulogy for the World's Most Important Number, Wall Street Journal, July 28, 2017.
Federal Legislation to Make Pension Data (but only for federal employees) Public
H.R.3200 – Taxpayer-Funded Pension Disclosure Act, introduced in the 115th Congress (2017-2018). See also U.S. Rep. DeSantis, Ron, and Adam Andrzejewski, Make federal pensions transparent, Washington Examiner, July 27, 2017.
Model Federal, State and City Laws for Creating Government Data Portals
New York City's Open Data Law, passed February 29, 2012
New York City's Open Data Portal ("Open NY")
Other City Data Portals:
Analyze Boston
Chicago Data Portal.
New York State's Open Data Law, passed March 11, 2013
New York State's Open Data Portal
Other State Data Portals:
California: CHHS Open Data (covering Health and Human Services agencies)
Memorandum on Transparency and Open Government, Executive Office of the President, December 8, 2009
Executive Order Making Open and Machine Readable the New Default for Government Information, President Barack Obama, May 9, 2013.
The Federal Government's Open Data Portals: Data.gov and HealthData.gov
Wiens, Richard, We May Finally Get To See Honolulu Police Salary Information, Civil Beat, October 12, 2018.


text:
Product Description
- Craft: Counted Cross Stitch
- Title: Winter Village Ornaments
- By: Dimensions
- Size: Each ornament is 3 1/2" x 4 1/4" (8.9 x 10.8 cm)
This is a new and unopened complete COUNTED crosstitch kit entitled "Winter Village Ornaments." This a charming set of four ornaments of a classic small town Christmas. Included in this set are: The Quilt Shoppe, Apple Farm, Bakery, and Train Station, all decorated in the red, green and gold shades of the Xmas season. These ornaments would certainly make a great Christmas gift or a perfect addition to anyone's holiday decor.
Included in the package: light blue 16 count cotton Aida x-stitch fabric, thread palette / floss separator with presorted 100 % cotton embroidery floss, felt, 100% wool yarn (for fashioning a hanger,) needle, chart and complete and easy tri-lingual instructions ~ Also needed but not included: thick craft glue and quilt batting.
This x-stitch kit is from Dimensions and is designed by Nancy Mink. This is a set of 4 ornaments. The finished size of each ornament is 3 1/2" x 4 1/4" (8.9 x 10.8 cm).
Kit No. 70-08954 or 08954 / UPC: 088677089542


text:
Here I am writing on the last evening of February 2018. I am not sure how your start to this new year has gone so far, but I have an inkling of where it might go if you join me…
The Journal Enthusiast
01 Mar 2018 2 Comments
in Spirituality Tags: 31 Ways To Praise, Bob Hostetler, faith, Instagram, Lent, Lent Challenge, Praise
Here I am writing on the last evening of February 2018. I am not sure how your start to this new year has gone so far, but I have an inkling of where it might go if you join me…
22 Feb 2015 7 Comments
in Spirituality Tags: #LentChallenge, #readyourbible, bible reading plan, burdens, encouragement, Jesus, Lent Challenge, preparing for Easter, Scripture reading, the Gospels
Come to me, all you who are weary and burdened, and I will give you rest. Matthew 11:28
I am on a journey through the Gospels this Lent Season via Margaret Feinberg's Lent Challenge. 4 Gospels, 40 days, and here I am wrapping up week 1 and feeling more in love with my Savior than ever before.
See, reading the Bible is not burdensome. But, being a Christian who makes no time for Jesus makes no sense at all to me. You want to feel burdened as a Believer? Ignore God's Word, don't pray and tell yourself you are too busy carrying your burdens to spend time with God.
Of course Jesus offers to carry those burdens, but you go just ahead and trudge along carrying them yourself. Friend, that is just foolishness!
If you want to carry your burdens, be my guest but don't blame God when you're weary from it.
The thing is we are all busy. We all have the same amount of time in a day. We all have to choose how we will slice up that day according to our priorities. And the bottom line is we get off track. We do. I do and you do. Unless of course you're a Pharisee….
That's a whole other blog post.


text:
MailDetail report
The MailDetail REST URI is for internal use only. Request syntax checking is performed but no data will be returned by this report. This report name might appear in the reporting.svc service description document but should not be called.
Applies to: Office 365
This report is for internal use only and should not be requested. This report name appears in the reporting.svc service description document but it should not be called.
As of July 2013, this report has been removed, and for most organizations will not be available.


text:
How Routers Really Work: Network Operating Systems and Packet Switching
A network device—such as a router, switch, or firewall—is often seen as a single "thing," an abstract appliance that is purchased, deployed, managed, and removed from service as a single unit. While network devices do connect to other devices, receiving and forwarding packets and participating in a unified control plane, they are not seen as a "system" in themselves.
This training will peer into the internal components of a router, starting with an explanation of how a router switches packets. This walk through of a switching path, in turn, will be used as a foundation for explaining the components of a router, including the various tables used to build forwarding tables and the software components used to build these tables.
With this information in the background, the webinar will examine the architecture of several network operating systems in order to "flesh out" the concepts considered.
This training is important because it allows engineers to "get inside" a router so they can understand precisely what a router does, and how it does it. This will help engineers more quickly understand why packet flows are being treated in specific ways, how to understand quality of service, and how to think about the components needed to build a disaggregated solution.
What you'll learn-and how you can apply it
By the end of this course, participants will understand how a router, or other network device, does the work of switching packets from an input interface to an output interface.
This training course is for you because...
This course is for you if you want to understand:
- the process of switching a packet through a network device
- how all the protocols a network device runs work together to build the information required to switch a packet
- how and where quality of service is implemented in a switching path
- the various software and hardware components necessary to build a disaggregated solution at the network device level
- Basic understanding of control planes
- A basic idea of the various protocols used in an IPv4/IPv6 network
About your instructor
Russ White began working with computers in the mid-1980's and computer networks in 1990. He has co-authored forty-seven software patents, participated in the development of several Internet standards, helped develop the CCDE and the CCAr, and worked in Internet governance with the Internet Society. Russ is a co-host of the History of Networking and Hedge podcasts, serves on the Routing Area Directorate at the IETF, co-chairs the BABEL working group, and serves on the Technical Services Council/as a maintainer on the open source FR Routing project. Russ holds an MSIT from Capella University, an MACM from Shepherds Theological Seminary, and is a PhD Candidate in philosophy at SEBTS.
The timeframes are only estimates and may vary according to how the class is progressing
Segment 1: Switching a Packet
Length: 50 minutes
- Receiving a packet off the physical wire
- Initial phases of packet switch
- Packet switch
- Carrying the packet from the input interface to the output interface
- Queueing the packet on the outbound interface
- Sending a packet onto the physical wire
Break: 10 mins
Segment 2: Building the Tables Required to Switch a Packet
Length: 50 minutes
- Information in the forwarding table
- Information provided by the routing table
- How the routing table gets this information
- Information provided by interlayer discovery tables
- How the interlayer discovery tables are built
- How the MAC header rewrite string is built
Segment 3: Examples
Length: 50 minutes
- SONiC architecture and walk-through
- FR Routing architecture
- Common forwarding chipsets and forwarding APIs
Q&A: 10 minutes


text:
We are not rich. There are a number of times that we prioritize what to pay first, even disregard those that can wait, and most often set aside our own needs just so to provide for the boys.
It's only husband who works for the family while I am left at home to look after the three boys and now our new born baby. Aside from the daily cleaning and cooking, I am also in charge of the weekly marketing and helping the boys with their school works. Husband helps with the ironing of clothes. Getting the services of a house help will surely add up to our expenses, thus we do the cleaning ourselves. Even the boys share some household responsibilities. I know they would want to complain sometimes, wondering why they need to work at home while their classmates could play COC all day on weekends. But because they are courteous and responsible, they would rather keep to themselves their displeasure or perhaps, even resentment.


text:
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text:
Fashion Shoulder Bag with Small Wallet
The woman who likes to make a dramatic appearance will love this multicolored bag and small wallet. The bold colors cannot be missed. The bags are stylish and beautiful additions to many outfits.
The bags are made of faux leather, lining: polyester. Handbag measures: 16.6x9.5x2.4 inches. Package includes 1 shoulder bag, 1 small wallet. Delivery time is 2 to 3 weeks.


text:
Venice and Cyprus are in mourning today after loosing both their brave general Othello and his wife Desdemona in a terrible domestic incident.
Othello believed that Desdemona was cheating on him with his trusted Lieutenant Michael Cassio. Deranged with jealousy, the tragic Moor murdered his young wife by smothering her with a pillow. Learning of her innocence after she was dead then drove Othello to fatally stab himself.
It soon came out that the Moor's suspicions of his wife were down to spiteful lies spread about her by his ensign, Iago. Bitter at being passed over for promotion in favour of Cassio, Iago poisoned Othello's mind against his rival.
Iago persuaded him that Cassio was a drunkard who was having a secret affair with Desdemona. In fact Desdemona, who had married Othello against her father's wishes, was just Cassio's friend.
One trick Iago used to fool Othello was hiding a handkerchief he had given Desdemona in Cassio's room. Othello, a war hero who had saved Cyprus from Turkish attack, hit the roof when he saw it.
This was a tragic turning point which led to Desdemona's end. Othello killed the blameless beauty when she wouldn't confess to cheating. Yet even as she died, Iago's wife Emilia revealed her husband's treachery, driving Othello to join his beloved in death.


text:
Hide Forgot
Fedora Merge Review: system-config-soundcard
Initial Owner: firstname.lastname@example.com
rpmlint on SRPM and RPM is not clean
system-config-soundcard.src:22: W: unversioned-explicit-obsoletes
system-config-soundcard.src:31: W: prereq-use hicolor-icon-theme
system-config-soundcard.src:160: W: macro-in-%changelog preun
system-config-soundcard.src: E: no-cleaning-of-buildroot %install
system-config-soundcard.src: W: invalid-license GPL
system-config-soundcard.noarch: W: no-documentation
system-config-soundcard.noarch: E: script-without-shebang
system-config-soundcard.noarch: E: script-without-shebang
system-config-soundcard.noarch: E: script-without-shebang
system-config-soundcard.noarch: E: script-without-shebang
system-config-soundcard.noarch: E: script-without-shebang
system-config-soundcard.noarch: E: script-without-shebang
system-config-soundcard.noarch: W: invalid-license GPL
system-config-soundcard.noarch: W: obsolete-not-provided redhat-config-soundcard
system-config-soundcard.noarch: W: conffile-without-noreplace-flag
system-config-soundcard.noarch: W: conffile-without-noreplace-flag
1) update buildroot tag as given in
2) packaging guidelines suggests use of make as
3) missing buildroot cleanup in %install. check
4) any reason for not using macros for following line om %files section
%dir /usr/share/system-config-soundcard
5) Any reason for commenting %doc COPYING?
6) good to use %defattr(-,root,root,-)
Update package. Better to provide new SPEC and SRPM links for this package
before actually committing in CVS.
ping? any update?
Taking the bug.
(In reply to comment #3)
> Taking the bug.
I saw that
you are owner for this package.
Then how can you take this bug(which is Package review actually)
As you are the owner for package, I guess you can't assign and review this package.
If that was the case then maintainers could have assigned their own packages to
them and we should not need any review for existing core packages.
I have not seen such case till date since Merge-Review got opened.
And who is supposed to do that changes in the package?
Ofcourse Package maintainer as reviewer is not have acls to commit review changes.
I think you missed to read this page
There we can find that review process initial steps written as
1. Set the fedora-review flag to ?
2. Assign the bug to yourself.
3. Review the package.
Okay, I'll assign the bug back to you when I do that changes.
Thanks for understanding Package review process.
Any updates?
Will ping maintainer on fedora-devel after one week if i will not get any
updates here.
Maintainer failed to keep promise to give updates by assigning bug to himself
which is not the procedure of fedora-review.
fixes added to system-config-soundcard-2.0.6-12.fc9
other packages are using following in their specs
%config(noreplace) %{_sysconfdir}/pam.d/*
%config(noreplace) %{_sysconfdir}/security/console.apps/*
which your spec lacks thus rpmlint reported warning.
Fix that.
I think you should look other system-config-* package SPECs which got
successfully reviewed.
Sure, I'll fix it immediately. Sorry for the inconvenience.
fixes added to system-config-soundcard-2.0.6-13.fc9
warning: File listed twice:
system-config-soundcard.src:25: W: unversioned-explicit-obsoletes
The specfile contains an unversioned Obsoletes: token, which will match all
older, equal and newer versions of the obsoleted thing. This may cause update
problems, restrict future package/provides naming, and may match something it
was originally not inteded to match -- make the Obsoletes versioned if
please fix them
Ok. I assume you will take care of above problem in next release. I will now
approve this. In case anyone find above problem is not fixed in next release of
this package, kindly open new bug or mail to fedora-devel list.
I don't want to wait more on this review now.
Will wait for another week for any update otherwise will CLOSE this then.
*ANY* version of redhat-config-soundcard is really obsoleted.
redhat-config-soundcard just should not be shipped in Fedora.
/usr/share/system-config-soundcard/system-config-soundcard.logger - it's just a
cosmetic error and i'll fix it someday.
Thanks for your quick reply.
unversioned-explicit-obsoletes is ok to ignore.
Almost one week no reply from maintainer.
Time to close this review considering comment#16


text:
How Seattle became a world leader in global health and development
SEATTLE, United States — In schools across India this week, schoolchildren are eating pasta disguised as rice kernels and boosted with extra nutrients. At a health clinic in Honduras, a nurse is sterilizing medical instruments with chlorine made from an easy-to-use portable kit. In Kenya, thirsty workers will come home from long days on the job and drink water from reliable, low-cost filters.
All of these innovations are aimed at solving the world's pressing development challenges. And they all were born in an R&D lab in a glassy office building above a high-end furniture store in Seattle. The lab belongs to PATH, a global health powerhouse whose scientists and engineers churn out vaccines, drugs and diagnostic tools aimed at improving the health and livelihoods of the world's poorest people.
What PATH does is a long way from shipping timber — the economic activity that first put this port city on the map. It's also pretty different from the work of global brands that more recently became synonymous with Seattle: Amazon, Boeing, Microsoft. But it's at the heart of new economic clusters that Seattle is building around the growing industries of global health and international development.
In addition to PATH, the city boasts the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation — PATH's biggest funder — as well as 650 companies, nonprofits, universities and other foundations engaged in health research, education, poverty and other work in the developing world. How the city became a global leader in these fields is a case study not only in innovation around life-saving ideas, but also how city leaders, businesses and the philanthropic community have nurtured significant new industries. More than 12,600 people here work in the global health sector alone, generating USD 5.8 billion in direct economic impact.
"It's the world epicenter for setting the global health agenda," says Tom Paulson, founder of Humanosphere, a nonprofit media outlet based here that covers global poverty and inequality. He puts Washington State's largest city ahead of other hubs such as Geneva (home of the World Health Organization), Atlanta (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), Boston (Harvard University and MIT) and Washington, D. C.(National Institutes of Health).
It's easy to point to the Gates Foundation, the world's largest charity and a major player in U. N. development circles, as the reason behind Seattle's global prominence. The foundation plays a vital role to be sure, but Seattle's story is broader than that. Corporate executives, state and local government officials and other philanthropists also have been making concerted efforts to connect dots between industry players, pull in investment dollars and talented people, and get them all to see themselves as part of something bigger. It's a story any city in the world can learn from, whether or not they have a billionaire in their backyard.
PATH breaking
PATH's story sounds straight out of tech-startup-in-a-garage lore. Forty years ago, a trio of researchers began working on family-planning innovations, in hopes of getting contraceptives into the hands of people in the developing world. They parlayed a USD 92,000 Ford Foundation grant and a donated office with orange shag carpeting into a global health behemoth. (Disclosure: The Ford Foundation is a funder of Citiscope.)
From its initial focus on contraception, PATH expanded into many other areas of public health, such as fighting malaria. Its signature invention — developed and deployed with several partners and manufactured by Serum Institute of India — is MenAfriVac, a vaccine for meningitis A that has reached more than 270 million people in 26 African countries. PATH frequently collaborates with local partners on global issues. Outdoor products manufacturer Mountain Safety Research is a partner on PATH's portable chlorine kit for drinking water. And a joint effort with Seattle Children's Hospital and the University of Washington School of Dentistry produced a special cup designed for feeding breastmilk or formula to sick and low birthweight infants. PATH now pulls in revenues of almost USD 300 million a year.
In 2010, PATH moved into a state-of-the-art headquarters building in South Lake Union. I recently visited the R&D lab there, a high-tech machine shop where industrial-grade drill bits carve out precision pieces of plastic and devices test products' durability by shaking them in a vice-like grip. A battered travel case still bore luggage tags marked Entebbe airport from a recent trip to Uganda, where PATH employees lugged vaccine coolers for field tests. Staff from the World Health Organization's Geneva headquarters were due in the following week to see some of PATH's innovations firsthand.
PATH's signature invention, a vaccine for meningitis A called MenAfriVac, has reached more than 270 million people in 26 African countries. (PATH photo)
PATH's headquarters are in a Seattle neighbourhood called South Lake Union. It's a lakeside district on the edge of downtown Seattle, home to dry docks, marinas and a seaplane operation. Starting in the 1990s, many biotech companies began moving in, finding affordable warehouses to set up laboratories. The now booming area boasts research centers for cancer, brain science and cell science, as well as a number of pharmaceutical companies and the University of Washington's School of Medicine.
Ten years ago, a group of doctors, health researchers and entrepreneurs, most of them representing institutions based in South Lake Union, found that they were increasingly working in a similar corner of the life-sciences field focused on solving global health challenges. They approached PATH and Gates about the idea of starting an alliance that could both promote the industry externally and play matchmaker internally for organizations in need of partners. The Washington Global Health Alliance was born. It would provide some of the glue needed to bind a lot of disparate organizations into something that identifies itself as an economic cluster.
A first step was to work with the local chamber of commerce to make the region's global health industry the focus of the chamber's annual retreat — an event that attracts the likes of Seattle's mayor, Washington State's governor and the state's two U. S. senators. Another step was to partner with the City of Seattle's Office of Economic Development to map the work done by the alliance's nine members. The results showed 480 global health projects underway in 92 countries.
In 2011, the state Department of Commerce kicked in USD 55,000 for a follow-up mapping study with data from 59 organizations. Those results were even more impressive, finding 2,500 projects underway in 156 countries.
The data helped the alliance net a USD 1.2-million fund from the Washington State legislature to spur commercialization of global-health technology. Those initial state funds have dried up, but they produced big results. "We have seeded hundreds of partnerships," says Lisa Cohen, the alliance's founding executive director, who recently retired.
For example, the alliance was a driving force behind a new coalition to tackle anti-microbial resistance, which the U. N. fingered as a major global health priority last year. Cohen also points to Global to Local, an effort to apply global-health methodologies to local health care, starting in some of Seattle's underserved communities. With such successes, the Washington group even authored a guidebook for how other regions can start health alliances.
'We do development differently'
Around the same time the Alliance started coming together, local philanthropist Bill Clapp began making some connections of his own.
In the 1990s, Clapp used his stake in the Weyerhaeuser timber fortune to endow a pair of local institutions focused on impact investing and grantmaking to alleviate poverty. He could see that individual charities and NGOs all across the Seattle region were working overseas — not just on global health but also on development issues such as poverty, education and land access. For example, the Christian philanthropy World Vision International relocated from California to the Seattle suburbs in the mid-1990s. The University of Washington had birthed Landesa, an internationally renowned NGO focused on land rights for the rural poor, back in 1967.
To bring these many groups together, Clapp founded Global Washington. It's an organization that aims to do for the region's global-development sector many of the same things that the Alliance does for the region's global-health sector. There's some crossover between the two advocacy groups, but Global Washington's umbrella is a bit broader. Executive Director Kristen Dailey describes Clapp's revelation as "astounding" that "this small town … was more globally-minded than anybody knew."
Global Washington Executive Director Kristen Dailey addresses the organization's December conference, which brought together players in the region's global-development industry. (Global Washington)
Dailey points to a number of nonprofits that have moved to Seattle, opened local offices or relocated staff here. She rattles off bike donor World Bicycle Relief, the U. S. branch of Oxfam International, humanitarian relief organization Mercy Corps, microcredit specialist Grameen Foundation, urban water access provider Splash, and ambitious disease fighter Malaria No More.
At Global Washington's annual conference last December, founders of small NGOs were able to corner bigwig funders for an elevator pitch and exchange of business cards. Aid professionals geeked out about the finer points of competing water filters. And there was much talk about shifting political winds in what everybody called "the other Washington". Would Donald Trump cut U. S. aid budgets? Would global-development talent flee uncertainty in the nation's capital for growing opportunities across the country in Seattle?
"As the business community has done, the global development community has to do — we have to go out and brand ourselves," Dailey says. In her view, Seattle's location 2,300 miles from the other Washington is more an asset than a liability. "We do development differently here because we have a tech-minded, forward-thinking, innovative culture," she argues. "We're not like the [Washington, D. C.] groups stuck on USAID contracts."
Gates' impact
Seattle's global health and development communities do have their own centre of gravity, however: the Gates Foundation.
In 1997, Microsoft co-founder Bill Gates and his wife Melinda read an article in The New York Times about how a lack of clean water killed poor children in India. That news report struck a chord with the couple. Three years later, the world's richest man endowed the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation with nearly USD 2 billion, a sum that has since grown to USD 40 billion.
The foundation operates from a sleek pair of buildings on the edge of South Lake Union in the shadow of Seattle's iconic Space Needle. Humanosphere's Paulson calls the Gates Foundation the "8,000 pound gorilla", one with strong opinions on everything from U. S. foreign policy to the Sustainable Development Goals countries agreed to at the U. N. two years ago.
"When Bill opened the Gates Foundation, it was a seminal moment, a line in the sand," says Katharine Kreis, Director of Strategic Initiatives for PATH. Lisa Cohen calls the Gates factor "absolutely catalytic", although not the sole reason for Seattle's success. "It has certainly helped grow the sector here," she says.
Bill Gates takes a sip of water produced by a machine that boils human waste to produce potable water. The machine was designed by a Seattle-area firm and piloted in Senegal. (Gates Notes)
The Gates Foundation's infusion of billions of dollars — numbers that can compete with the foreign aid budgets of industrialized countries — definitely kicked the global health and development sectors into high gear. PATH's move to South Lake Union? That was partly financed in part with a Gates-backed loan. PATH's new vaccine innovation centre? Initial funding came from Gates. The University of Washington's Department of Global Health? Gates endowed it.
The Gates Foundation doesn't like to take too much credit locally — Communications Director Josh Lozman, was quick to point out to me in an email that "the city itself was primed for growth long before the foundation started investing." But Lozman also used the word "catalytic" to characterize Gates' role.
"Foundation investments in organizations like PATH for vaccine development, and in the University of Washington for data analysis, have accelerated the global health sector's growth, elevating the issues and attracting both talent and innovations," Lozman wrote. "Once that happens, there's a snowball effect — talent follows talent and innovation follows innovation."
Increasingly, Seattle's global health and development sectors are mixing in productive ways with its tech sector.
For example, Microsoft is backing NetHope, a consortium of more than 50 international nonprofits working in humanitarian aid. Providing relief in a war zone or after a disaster requires complex IT logistics that nonprofits often can't afford. NetHope finds affordable tech solutions for its members — often by brokering discounts from tech companies, or sharing resources. PATH, for example, is using data visualization software produced by Seattle-based Tableau to pilot its strategy for malaria eradication in Zambia.
Recently, Tableau offered Global Washington's nonprofit members a free three-hour training on its data-analysis tools. It's the kind of service that underlines the benefits of proximity, the core principle of an economic cluster. "Face-to-face is never going to go away," says Dailey.
Together time
Even as the Seattle region's global health and development clusters grow, there are challenges ahead.
Some of those challenges are spatial. Much of the activity in these industries happens within Seattle proper. However, Microsoft is headquartered in suburban Redmond and many tech companies call neighbouring Bellevue home. Owing to Seattle's bad traffic congestion and insufficient transit connections, someone at Microsoft Philanthropies, for example, is unlikely to trek over to the Gates Foundation for a lunch talk.
Soaring rents in South Lake Union may only make the problem worse. As Amazon rapidly expands its office space in the neighbourhood, it's getting harder for the small nonprofits and startups that fuel a lot of the new thinking in global health and development to locate or expand there.
Soaring rents in Seattle's booming South Lake Union neighbourhood are forcing smaller players in the city's global health and development industries to look elsewhere for office space. (AP photo/Ted S. Warren)
Other challenges are more social in nature. While high-tech's start-up culture relies on networking events as a way to match entrepreneurs and investors, and Washington, D. C.'s policy and think-tank crowds hop from one happy hour to the next, the same is not true in Seattle. "I don't know we'll ever have the buzz of New York or D. C.," Dailey says. "People have their heads down working really hard."
Cohen thinks there could be scope for municipal or state investment in a bricks-and-mortar project that could address these problems: an incubator that could house multiple small NGOs in one place. Incubators and "accelerators" are nothing new in the tech startup world — there are 21 in Seattle alone — but it would be new for the global-health and development sectors in Seattle.
"That would be a visionary way to approach this if we want to keep this intellectual firepower and tremendous global influence here in Seattle," Cohen says. Despite all the Boeing airplanes, Microsoft software and Amazon Kindles the region produces, she insists, "to me, global health is the greatest export this state has to offer because it's saving tens of millions of lives."
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- Government, business, philanthropy and the NGO sectors have gradually built economic clusters focused on global health and development.
- This growth was aided by formation of industry associations that connect dots between players, pull in investment and people and get everyone involved to see themselves as part of something bigger.
- Being home to the world's largest charity — the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation — has helped Seattle's growth, but it's not the only factor.


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Bariatric surgery in adolescents appears well-tolerated and equally as effective in adolescents as in adults with regard to weight loss and metabolic improvements, whilst also improved the bone mineral density (BMD)-Z in patients bring the majority of individuals back in line with the non-obese population within two years. These were the conclusion from two presentations by Dr Andrew J Beamish from the Royal College of Surgeons (England) and based on the latest data from the Swedish Adolescent Morbidity Obesity Surgery (AMOS) study. The research was presented at the 6th Annual Meeting of the British Obesity and Metabolic Surgical Society 21-23 January, in Newcastle, UK.
AMOS is a Swedish nationwide study assessing the safety and efficacy of using laparoscopic RYGB in severely obese adolescents. As well as examining the outcomes from surgery the researchers also looked at changes in bone metabolism and structure. No previous study has reported serum bone markers to assess bone turnover after bariatric surgery in the adolescent, explained Beamish.
Between 2006-2009, the study 81 patients (65% female) underwent surgery. Prior to surgery the patents had a prospective DXA body composition and serum bone marker analysis and at one- and two-year follow up. There were also two control groups comprised 81 conservatively managed adolescents (43% boys), and 81 gender-matched obese adults (aged 35–45 years) undergoing gastric bypass, within ±1 month of the operated adolescents.
The mean weight and BMI at inclusion by group were: surgery group 133kg, 45.5kg; control group 124kg, 42.2kg; and adult group 127kg, 43.5kg. At five-year postoperative follow-up mean weight and BMI in surgery group were 96kg (total weight loss 27%) and 32kg (p<0.001); while a 10% weight gain was observed in control group. Mean weight loss in adult group was 37kg (29%) to reach a mean BMI 31kg.
Waist circumference decreased from 134 to 98cm in Surgery group (p<0.001), and cardiovascular risk factors and inflammatory markers were significantly reduced in Surgery vs. Control adolescent groups. There were eleven (13.6%) laparoscopic remedial operations, indications including internal hernia and symptomatic gallstone disease. Unresolved problems were observed in patients with known neuropsychiatric or psychiatric diagnoses, or hidden addiction at baseline.
There were noted changes in the body composition including a reduction in the percentage fat mass (51.8% to 40.9%, p<0.0001) and relative increase in (preservation of) lean mass (47.0% to 56.8%, p<0.0001). Boys lost more fat than girls (-17.3% vs. -9.5%, p<0.0001).
BMD-Z at baseline was within or above the normal range of -1 to 1 in all subjects. The mean BMD-Z was 1.85 +/-1.24.at baseline, decreasing to 0.52 +/-1.18 at two years. Four patients reached >1 standard deviation (SD) below the accepted mean for age and gender at two years, all of whom began from a low baseline (-0.6 to -0.5). None was >2 SD below baseline.
Bone markers demonstrated a greater bone turnover in boys than girls at baseline, with increased concentrations of serum markers of bone resorption (CTX p<0.0001) and synthesis (osteocalcin p<0.0001, P1NP p=0.003) were observed after LRYGB, rising in the first year, before more modest reductions in the second. Absolute levels of these markers were higher in boys, in whom skeletal maturity is known to occur later.
Low vitamin levels were reported in 55 patients despite receiving supplements.
Bemish said that overall LRYGB appears well-tolerated and equally as effective in adolescents as in adults regarding weight loss and metabolic improvements and was generally well tolerated. About one in seven needed a remedial surgical procedure, possibly preventable.
He also added that post-operative psychosocial support is necessary in this group of patients.
With regards to gone bone turnover, this increased significantly following LRYGB, with marked differences in the changes in body composition of adolescent males and females following surgery; males lost more fat and preserved more lean mass than females.
"The downward trend in BMD-Z appears to bring the majority of individuals back in line with the non-obese population within two years, but it will be crucial to observe and test this cohort in the longer-term, remaining particularly vigilant for potential or actual clinically relevant reductions," he concluded.
The presentation, "Bone health in adolescents following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass", received First Prize Award in the BOMSS Council Prize Session.
Co-authors of the study were Claude Marcus2, Eva Gronowitz3, S Mårlid3, C-E Flodmark4, G Göthberg3, P Friberg3, K Ekbom2, Jovanna Dahlgren3, and Torsten Olbers3 (2Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden, 3Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden, 4Skånes University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden).