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The Python Radians function is one of the Python Math function which is used to convert the given angle from Degrees to Radians. In this article we will show you, How to use Radians() function in Python Programming language with example.
Syntax of a Python Radians Function
The basic syntax of the Radians Function in Python Programming Language is as shown below:
Number: It can be a number or a valid numerical expression.
- If the number argument is positive or negative number, Radians() function will return the output.
- If the number argument is not a number, Radians() function will return TypeError.
Python Radians Function Example
The Python Radians Function is used to convert the given angle from Degrees to Radians. In this example, We are going to check the same with different data types and display the output
# Python RADIANS Function import math Tup = (10, 20, 80, 40 , 50) # Tuple Declaration Lis = [80.65, 35.48, 92.65, 50.41 , 17.27] # List Declaration print('Calculating Radians of Zero = %.2f' %math.radians(0)) print('Calculating Radians of Positive Integer = %.2f' %math.radians(6)) print('Calculating Radians of Negative Integer = %.2f' %math.radians(-12)) print('Calculating Radians of Positive Decimal = %.2f' %math.radians(4.56)) print('Calculating Radians of Negative Decimal = %.2f' %math.radians(-15.78)) print('Calculating Radians of Tuple Item = %.2f' %math.radians(Tup[2])) print('Calculating Radians of List Item = %.2f' %math.radians(Lis[2])) print('Calculating Radians of Multiple Numbers = %.2f' %math.radians(10 + 20 - 25)) print('Calculating Radians of PIE = %.4f' %math.radians(math.pi)) print('Calculating Radians of PIE/2 = %.4f' %math.radians(math.pi/2)) print('Calculating Radians of PIE/4 = %.4f' %math.radians(math.pi/4)) print('Calculating Radians of PIE/6 = %.4f' %math.radians(math.pi/6)) print('Calculating Radians of String Value = ', math.radians('3'))
- At the beginning, We declared Python List and Tuple with some random values.
- Within first three statements, We used the Radians() Function with Zero, Positive integer and negative integer values as arguments.
- Next two statements, We used the Radians() Function with both the Positive and negative decimal values as arguments.
- Next two statements, We used the Radians() Function on Python Tuple and List items. If you observe the above screenshot, Radians() function is working perfectly on them.
- Next, We tried Radians() Function directly on multiple values.
- Next, we used the Radians() Function on Pie values.
- In the Last statement, We used the Radians() Function on String value. As we said before, this will return TypeError as output.
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Concept Books | Learning about the AlphabetBy Monica C. Thu, January 3, 2019
What is a concept book?
Concept books are a type of picture book that introduces basic ideas, or concepts, to young children. They are sometimes described as informational picture books for preschoolers. These books present single, concrete concepts such as alphabet, colors, numbers and counting, shapes and opposites.
Concept books play an important part in early literacy and can be found in all our children's collections. In this series of posts, we are going to highlight concept books according to theme, providing a booklist with additional recommendations.
Let's get started with Alphabet books.
As the name implies, alphabet books aim to help children recognize letters, usually by going A through Z.
Alphabet books can be plotless, with just a sequence of letters and illustrations to reinforce letter recognition and its connection to words. Jane Foster's ABC is a good example. In this board book, children are introduced to letters by associating them with pictures, such as A for armadillo, B for boat, and L for lion. Letters are clearly shown in upper and lower case.
Alphabet books can focus on a single theme. Eating the Alphabet: fruits and vegetables from A to Z by Lois Ehlert teaches upper- and lowercase letters to preschoolers by introducing fruits and vegetables from around the world. A glossary at the end provides interesting facts about each food.
Alphabet books can also tell a story! In Oops Pounce Quick Run!: An Alphabet Caper by Mike Twohy a little mouse is asleep until a ball suddenly bounces into his home, setting off an epic chase—from A to Z. It's an inventive approach, perfect for reading aloud during story times.
And there are plenty more! Head over to our list of Alphabet Books for additional recommendations.
Visit your neighborhood library to find these books and much, much more!

subset: commoncrawl


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Let's now create this extension.
- Open your favorite text editor and open the user-extension.js file you created earlier.
- We are going to create a function called storeRandom. The function will look like the following:
Selenium.prototype.doStoreRandom = function(loacator){ random = Math.floor(Math.random()*10000000); this.doType(loacator, random); }
- Save the file.
- Restart Selenium IDE. and open website in firefox
- take xpath of Paste Name / Title: field.
- Now go to selenium IDE and Create a new step with storeRandom and Enter Xpath in Target.


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Partnership is at the heart of everything we do at the Footfall Advertising and it has been since we started. We are driven by our mission to build trust and opportunity and we have ambitious goals that can only be achieved by working with others.
A 'venue' can be classed as a shopping centre, theatre or even a website. We work with the venue to identify and create advertising, sponsorship and marketing opportunities. We manage the spaces by selling them to businesses and brands locally and nationally offering a generous split of the profits each month. We take care of everything leaving our partner venues to enjoy all the benefits.
We are seeking growth opportunities now so please get in touch. We look forward to working with you!


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I opened a bottle of Domaine Maby's La Fermade Lirac Blanc recently (Wine Society, £10.50) and, as usual, immediately had a sniff of the wine to check for any faults. No obvious problems – no smell of corkiness or oxidation. But wait! There was also no smell of any fruit or spice or any of the aromas I expect from a nice southern Rhône white. The nose of the wine was completely dumb and, when I tasted it, there wasn't much coming through on the palate, either. This surprised me as, although I'd never bought this wine before, others from the same producer had always been excellent quality.
I decided to decant it, not something I often do with a white, but, by aerating it, I hoped to 'wake it up' and let it show what it had to offer. But, all through dinner, my wife and I kept tasting it and still got very little. Then, later in the evening, I decided to try again – there was plenty left in the decanter as neither of us had poured much up to that point. Suddenly, all that I'd hoped for from this wine came out: lovely flavours of cooked apples and spices backed by a real richness.
Did it continue to improve? I can't say. Perhaps it might have been perfect about 2am the following morning but that was too late. By then, my wife and I were safely asleep!
Fast forward to dinner the next evening, when there was still enough left for a glass each. Fully 24 hours after first pulling the cork, there was, understandably, a touch of oxidation (I hadn't bothered to vacuum seal the wine as I normally would), but the wine itself was perfectly pleasant, although it had, once again, lost its fruit.
This certainly isn't an everyday experience, especially not with a white wine, but it does show that, for certain wines, decanting early is the only way to develop the flavours the winemaker intended. But, to avoid our initial disappointment, it would have been helpful if the label had suggested it!


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Michael Carucci has been named one of
the 2018 "New Leaders of the Bar" by the New
Jersey Law Journal. According to the Law Journal, "the honorees come
from a variety of backgrounds and handle a wide array of legal work, but each
has made his or her mark, and shows promise for much, much more."
No aspect of this advertisement has been approved by the Supreme Court of New Jersey.
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The four of us thoroughly enjoyed our food and experience at Time and Beef! We are defo going back for more! Would recommend with out a doubt! Thank you guys at Time and Beef for your hospitality and great service! 😄 Xx
Lovely, friendly staff and food is always great. Price is good when you get the groupon as well


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Nike FC Barcelona Vapor Match 2019-2020 Third JerseyCabana-Deep royal blue reference no.. NIAR9343.310
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We started Green Living in 2011 with two simple ideas: one person can make a difference in the environment; and in order to get more people involved, we had to make the communication positive and give concrete solutions.
"Green Living" is a 30 minute magazine show about a sustainable eco-friendly urban lifestyle. We feature green home design & solutions, sustainable businesses, social enterprises, profiles of real people, healthy food, workouts, and simple tips and tricks to make your life a little more green and sustainable.
The show is about solutions and providing stimulus for personal & societal change. So we talk about concrete solutions and practices you can do today. . For we believe that change happens when individuals realise that they have the power to make a difference in their lives and in the lives of their community.
"Green Living" airs on the ABS-CBN News Channel on Tuesdays at 6:00 pm with regular replays.
Green Living has won the following: four Gawad Tanglaw Lahi awards for Best Magazine Show and Best Educational Show, and a Catholic Mass Media Award for Best Adult Educational/Cultural Program.


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Kaffi Torg
600 Akureyri
Phone: 462 2200
E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
Website: kaffitorg.is
Café and Bistro
The restaurant is located in Glerártorg shopping center.
Every day we offer the dish of the day, fish and meat, salad buffet and two kinds of soup as well as a varied grill menu and vines.
The café offers a wide range of cakes, bread and coffee drinks.


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Clothes For Breastfeeding Moms
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Our stylish collection of Clothes For Breastfeeding Moms offer a range of tees, tank tops and sweaters, available in different styles and colors. While revamping your entire closet shouldn't be necessary, incorporating a few well-thought-out pieces will make a world of difference. When you're entertaining the onslaught of new-baby visitors and attempting to get out of the house in those early days, there's nothing worse than finding you in an awkward outfit dilemma. Pop over to this web-site https://nurture-elle.com/ for more information on Clothes For Breastfeeding Moms.


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Car rental: Be-Ge EuropcarAddress: Södra Fabriksgatan 12, 572 36 Oskarshamn Show map
Address: Södra Fabriksgatan 12, 572 36 Oskarshamn
Here you can rent a car that suits your needs.
Show more
About this activity
Phone number+46 (0)491- 76 15 32
Street address 1Södra Fabriksgatan 12
City (address)572 36 Oskarshamn
Contact person email
Opening hoursMon-Fri 7 am - 4 pm
Nearby accommodation
Hotels and guesthouses
Clarion Collection Hotel Post
Distance: 1.2 km
Hotell and guesthouse | Hotel Post is centrally located by Stora Torget in Oskarshamn, just a few minutes' walk from the travel centre and the ferry quay.
Hotels and guesthouses
STF Hotel Rum Oscar
Distance: 952 meters
Hotels and guest houses | Central, comfortable and affordable! We offer a high standard and level of comfort at the best price. Hotell Rum Oscar is located in the centre of Oskarshamn with communications, shopping and entertainment just outside the entrance.
Oskarshamn/Oscar, STF Hostel
Distance: 960 meters
The closeness to the ocean embodies the history of Oskarshamn and the town is intimately tied to shipping and shipbuilding. The Sjöfartsmuseet (Maritime Museum) displays everything there is to know about shipping and the shipyard.
Build: 11/12/2019 13:33:30, Host: online3core19, DB: o3.cbguide-5585.cbischannel-302 online3data03.db.citybreak.com:8080, Controller: Activity, Action: showdetails


text: If you are crazy about soup or just want to give it a try then you have come to the right app. Here you have a list of Top 100 Soup recipes. For each recipe the following information is provided 1: Description 2: List of Ingredients 3: detailed Methods 4: Pictures No Internet required


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*Mothers, sons nabbed *Ifa shrine destroyed * three victims rescued
*By Emmanuel Edom*
A hitherto family secret business of luring and kidnapping unsuspecting Nigerian job seekers through enticing job offers in the social media has been exposed by the police in Lagos.
At the centre of the alleged criminal involvement in kidnapping of three victims, are a 60 years old 'Ifa' priest identified as Aminat Karimu Ajibola, his two sons, Akeem Bashiru, 32 years and Ojo Solomon, 26 years.
The families of three according to the police are "deadly bunch of kidnappers who thrives by using social medial to lure out their victims and put them in captivity until ransom is paid".
The suspects, who operates from their detention camp, which also serves as an 'Ifa' shrine, located at No. 15, Irepodun street Egan, Igando, Lagos State, were said to have met their waterloo, when police operatives led by the Igando Divisional Police Office (DPO), CSP Taiwo Kasumu, stormed their den, after a complaint was lodged by a relative of one of the victims, Bridge Obazee.
When DPO Kasumu's team busted the camp, Osahon Obazee, Ekwegbalu Augustine and Fadugbagbe Akindele. Resident of No. 7, Peace Crescent Salolo, Meiran, Lagos, were rescued.
It was gathered that Osahon was threatened to be killed unless the family pays a ransom of One Million, Five Hundred Thousand Naira (N1,500,000.00) while Augustine was lured from Anambra State through social media, with a promise of a job placement in an oil company.
According to the Police Public Relations Officer (PPRO), CSP Chike Oti, the kidnappers had contacted a sister of Osahon over the ransom and warned her not to involve the police; else her brother would be killed.
Oti's press release on Sunday stated that the victims had been held for two weeks by the kidnappers pending payment of the ransom by their families.
The release further added that Ojo the youngest member of the alleged kidnap family confessed that he was able to lure out the victims with the promise of getting them an employment and to some, a gay relationship.
"While my mother empowers us spiritually, she uses the charms (juju) to intimidate and in still fears in our victims".
Oti further stated that the state commissioner of police, Mr. Edgal Imohimi, has warned criminal elements in the state, to repent or be busted, as Lagos is no hibernation ground for criminals.


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(Family Division, Cobb J, 6 June 2014)
Relocation – Child in care of father – Mother unable to care for child – Care proceedings – Application to relocate to Kurdistan
The full judgment is available below.
The father of the 7-year-old child, supported by the children's guardian, sought permission to permanently relocate to Kurdistan where his new wife lived. The father had fled the region 12 years ago as an asylum seeker and now wished to return. The mother and maternal grandparents opposed the application.
The mother was unable to care for the child but if the application were refused the maternal grandparents had offered to care for him. The local authority had initiated care proceedings but it was decided that the father's application would be heard first.
During the hearing evidence was given by an anthropologist on the current political and social climate in Kurdistan from a contemporary Kurdish writer and specialist in the socio-political situation in the Middle East and from Children and Families Across Borders.
The mother, supported by the grandparents changed her position during the proceedings and no longer actively opposed the father's application. The local authority had doubts that the child could be cared for by the grandparents and therefore, if the father's application were refused there was a real possibility he would be placed in foster care as the father was committed to relocating.
The expert reports indicated that Kurdistan was a very different place from when the father had left 12 years ago and was now largely free of violence.
The judge concluded that the short term disruption faced by the child would be more than compensated by longer term stability by his being cared for by the father who had offered him stability and consistency.
The judge made a s 8 child arrangements order confirming that the child lived with the father and granted the father permission to relocate. Further orders were made under s 8 specifying the amounts of time the child would spend with the mother and grandparents both before and after relocation.
The fully referenced, judicially approved judgment and headnote will appear in a forthcoming issue of Family Law Reports. A detailed summary and analysis of the case will appear in Family Law. __________________________________________________________________
This judgment was delivered in private. The judge has given leave for this version of the judgment to be published on condition that (irrespective of what is contained in the judgment) in any published version of the judgment the anonymity of the children and members of their family must be strictly preserved. All persons, including representatives of the media, must ensure that this condition is strictly complied with. Failure to do so will be a contempt of court.
Case No: TE13C00320
Neutral Citation Number: [2014] EWHC 1836 (Fam)
Middlesbrough Combined Court
Date: 06/06/2014
Before :
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Between :
- and -
A Local Authority
ML and ET
LL (by his Children's Guardian)
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Ms Helen Gamble (instructed by Miles Hutchinson & Lithgow) for the father, DH
Ms Rebecca Stokes-Herbst (instructed by Watson Woodhouse) for the mother, CL
Mrs Elaine Averis (instructed by Tilly Baily & Irvine) for the maternal grandparents, ML & ET
Ms Lesley McKenzie (instructed by Local Authority Solicitor) for the Local Authority
Mr Phil Mitchell (instructed by Donnelly McArdle Adamson) for the Children's Guardian
Hearing dates: 14-16 May 2014
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
The Honourable Mr Justice Cobb:
Introduction & summary
[1] By application dated 9 October 2013, DH, the father of a 7½ year old boy, LL (L), seeks the permission of the court permanently to remove L from this jurisdiction to live abroad.
[2] This relocation application is unusual in at least two respects:
i)The proposed future home for L is in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (the semi-autonomous state in the north-east corner of Iraq) ('Kurdistan'); the father fled from this region some 12 years ago as an asylum seeker; he now wishes to return;
ii)There is (or, more accurately, was – see [7] below) a real prospect that were I to refuse the application, the father would return to Kurdistan without L. For reasons summarised below, L's mother is not able (and does not put herself forward) to care for L. L's grandparents offer to care for him in England, but their proposal is not without difficulties, and does not attract the support of the local authority or L's guardian. There is a local authority application for a public law order which would become active if L were left here by his father; L faces a real prospect of a childhood in long-term foster care if he remains in England.
[3] DH ("the father") is an Iraqi Kurd. He arrived in England in 2002, aged 15, as an asylum seeker, and in 2011 obtained British Citizenship. He currently works in a fast-food restaurant in a town in the north-east of England. L's mother, CL ("the mother") is English and resides in the same town as the father. L is their only child; the parties never married, though the father has parental responsibility by virtue of an order made on 13th April 2010. Each parent has another child; the father has a daughter (T) aged 7, who lives with her mother. The mother has a son (W) aged 2, who lives with his father, under a care order.
[4] The father's application is not in fact the first in time; it was issued immediately following an application for a care order issued by 'A' Local Authority under Part IV of the Children Act 1989 (4 October 2013); it has been agreed by all parties that I should determine this private law application as the lead application.
[5] In determining the issue, I heard oral evidence over three court days – from the father, the mother, the maternal grandparents, and from social work professionals. I heard from L's guardian. By secure video-link established to Erbil, the capital of the Kurdistan region, I received the oral evidence of three members of the father's family. The oral evidence of the paternal family members supplemented written statements; although the preparation of these statements did not strictly comply with the guidance given by Peter Jackson J in NN v ZZ & Others [2013] EWHC 2261 (Fam), I was nonetheless satisfied (on reading the statements, hearing the witnesses, and receiving the detailed written evidence of the solicitor who obtained the statements) that they were evidentially sound. The paternal family gave evidence by way of secure link provided by 'eyenetwork.com', a global video-conferencing service, in accordance with the guidance in Re ML (Use of Skype Technology) [2013] EWHC 2091 (Fam). With respect to the preparation of the relevant written evidence and the arrangements for receiving the oral evidence from Erbil, I wish to record my appreciation to the father's solicitor, and (in respect of the video-link) additionally to the court staff at Middlesbrough Combined Court, for attending to these issues so conscientiously.
[6] I have also received written reports from an anthropologist (Roger Ballard) who reported on the current political and social climate in Kurdistan, from a contemporary Kurdish writer and specialist in the socio-political situation in the Middle East (Dr. Rebwar Fatah) and from CFAB (Children and Families Across Borders). I also have reports from an independent social worker (Paul Greenhalgh), following his assessments of the maternal grandparents.
[7] At all preparatory stages of this application, and indeed when the hearing began, the mother and maternal grandparents were firmly opposed to the father's application, and his plans to remove L from this jurisdiction; although neither the mother nor the grandparents sought to disturb the current arrangement whereby L has his primary home with his father in England, they proposed that L should move to live with the grandparents if the father relocated to Kurdistan without L. Their position was argued vigorously throughout the hearing, and they gave evidence to this effect. At the conclusion of the evidence and before the closing submissions of the advocates, I was advised that the mother had reflected on the evidence, and, that while she continued to have concerns about aspects of the father's relocation plan, she had resolved no longer actively to oppose the application. The grandparents, through Mrs Averis, indicated that they would wish to support their daughter in her decision, notwithstanding the pain which that decision plainly brought them.
[8] I should add that L's guardian (who has been involved in proceedings concerning L on and off for over 4 years) supported the father's application, as did the local authority.
[9] Given that the mother did not formally consent to the removal, and given the obvious concern of the local authority and the grandparents, I deliver this judgment to set out my reasons for granting the father the relief he seeks – a decision which I made known to the parties at the conclusion of the hearing, following the abbreviated submissions.
[10] Specifically, I made a child arrangements order under section 8 confirming that L lives with his father; and granted the father's application permanently to remove L to live in Kurdistan with effect from the end of the school summer term here (July 2014). I also made further section 8 child arrangements orders specifying the periods of time which L would spend with his mother and grandparents (a) before relocation and (b) after relocation. I set out the orders more fully below.
Relevant legal principles
[11] At the date of the application, L was (albeit briefly as it turned out) the subject of an interim care order, accordingly the application was not made under section 13 CA 1989 (as recently amended by para.22 Schedule 2 of the Children and Families Act 2014), as – perhaps – it may have been, but was for a specific issue order. That said, L had been in the primary care of his father since 2010, and for almost all of that period under the auspices of a residence order.
[12] In determining this application, I have adopted and applied the following legal principles:
i)As I am required by statute, I determine L's future by giving primacy to L's best interests (section 1(1) CA 1989).
ii)In applying the test in (i) above, I have had specific regard to the factors relevant to his welfare adumbrated in section 1(3) ibid.
iii)The welfare principles summarised above in (i) and (ii) govern applications for international relocation just as they govern other welfare-based determinations concerning children. This is the essence of the Court of Appeal's judgments in K v K (Relocation: Shared Care Arrangement) [2011] EWCA Civ 793 [2012] 2 FLR 880, which laid to rest any notion that there should be a determinative presumption in favour of such an application. As Black LJ said at §141:
"the principle – the only authentic principle – that runs through the entire line of relocation authorities is that the welfare of the child is the court's paramount consideration. Everything that is considered by the court in reaching its determination is put into the balance with a view to measuring its impact on the child."
Adding (§143)
"I detect in [Dame Elizabeth Butler Sloss P's] discussion of the factors and in her summary at para [85] [in Payne v Payne [2001] 1 FLR 1052] no weighting in favour of any particular factor. She said that the reasonable proposals of the parent with a residence order wishing to live abroad carry 'great weight' whereas the effect on the child of denying contact with the other parent is 'very important' but I do not infer from that phraseology any loading in favour of the reasonable proposals as opposed to the effect of the loss of contact."
And (§145)
"When a relocation application falls to be determined, all of the facts need to be considered."
iv)I have considered the positives and negatives, the benefits and detriments, of the relevant placement options for L by reference to the evidence and the welfare checklist factors (following and adapting the approach in see Re W [2013] EWCA Civ 1227 §78). I have guarded against adopting a linear approach to this exercise (as discussed by McFarlane LJ in Re G [2013] EWCA Civ 965), which
"… is not apt where the judicial task is to undertake a global, holistic evaluation of each of the options available for the child's future upbringing before deciding which of those options best meets the duty to afford paramount consideration to the child's welfare" (§50).
v)That said, in the overall evaluation of the competing outcomes for L, I have attached significance and importance to the particular and special relationship which L enjoys with each of his parents. This point has particular relevance to these facts given the stark alternative either of L having his home with his father abroad, or living with a grandparent or foster carers in this country. I approach this particular issue by following the guidance offered by the House of Lords in Re G [2006] UKHL 43, [2006] 2 FLR 629, and the Supreme Court in Re B [2009] UKSC 5, [2010] 1 FLR 551. In Re G Baroness Hale observed:
"that the fact of parenthood is to be regarded as an important and significant factor in considering which proposals better advance the welfare of the child. Such fact does not, however, establish a presumption in favour of the natural parent, nor generate a preferential position in favour of the natural parent from which the Court commences its decision making process… Each case should be determined upon an examination of its own merits and of the individuals there involved."
(Emphasis, by underlining, in the original). The point was further and specifically explored in Re B [2009] in which Lord Kerr (at §37, giving the judgment of the court) said:
"All consideration of the importance of parenthood in private law disputes about residence must be firmly rooted in an examination of what is in the child's best interests. This is the paramount consideration. It is only as a contributor to the child's welfare that parenthood assumes any significance. In common with all other factors bearing on what is in the best interests of the child, it must be examined for its potential to fulfil that aim. There are various ways in which it may do so, some of which were explored by Baroness Hale in Re G, but the essential task for the court is always the same."
vi)I bear very much in mind that the facts of this case engage L's rights to respect for a private and family life under Article 8 of the ECHR. This is reflected by his right to a family life with his father, whether here or abroad; but he also has a right to family life with his maternal family, and indeed with his half-siblings (with whom he has had only reasonably limited contact in recent times). L's Article 8 rights are not merely theoretical, but real and dynamic rights, deserving of the closest attention.
[13] Finally, in relation to the legal principles engaged, I have had to consider issues of recognition and enforcement abroad of any order I make here. In this regard, I have been provided with a report from the jointly instructed expert Dr. Rebwar Fatah. Iraq is not a signatory to the Hague Convention, and he advises that:
i)Article 16 of the Iraqi Civil Code makes plain that "foreign judgments issued by foreign courts are not subject to enforcement in Iraq unless it was deemed otherwise by a specific law";
ii)The authorities of Iraq or the Iraqi Kurdistan Region will not recognise the order made here "unless an application for the foreign order to be enforced is made with (sic.) the presence of both parties"; I interpolate here that this is unlikely to be realistically achieved on the facts of this case;
iii)There is no assurance that if the parties sought to engage the family court in Iraq (the Court of Personal Status, applying the Islamic Shari'a – Shafite or Hanafi schools) and sought a custody declaration in line with the order of this court that it would necessarily mirror an order made in this court.
[14] In the circumstances, and in the absence of any meaningful reciprocal enforcement regime through the courts, I have had to assess carefully not only i)the risk that the father may breach the child arrangements order providing for L to spend time or otherwise have contact with his mother and grandparents, but also ii)the magnitude of the consequence of breach of such an order. In this regard, I have considered the judgment in Re K (Removal from the Jurisdiction Practice) [1999] 2 FLR 1084 (following Re T (Staying Contact in Non-Convention Country) [1999] 1 FLR 262, and Re A (Security for Return to the Jurisdiction: Note) [1999] 2 FLR 1); I accept the key principle distilled from these authorities – namely that it is for the court to achieve what security it can for the child by building in all practical safeguards to its order. In this case, the financial circumstances of the parties put beyond reality the adoption of a monetary bond. No party proposed any specific alternative. In the event, I considered that it was reasonable and proportionate to require the father, at the conclusion of the hearing and once the path to relocation was cleared, to return to the witness box to swear on the Koran before the family members that he would bring L back for contact with the maternal family each year. He gave me that assurance on oath.
[15] In line with the guidance from the earlier authorities cited in the previous paragraph, I shall also require him before he leaves to make a formal declaration on oath on the Koran before an Imam or other suitable person to honour the undertaking which he has given this court (i.e. that he will return L to this jurisdiction for the purposes of annual contact for the maternal family).
L and his childhood history
[16] As is apparent from my summary above, L is of dual heritage; he speaks both Kurdish and English with reasonable fluency. He is a physically healthy and active child, and is reported (as indeed the photographs show) to have many physical characteristics of his father. Since 2010 he has lived with his father, having supervised contact with his mother, and regular contact with his grandparents. In recent times, L has stayed with the maternal family almost every weekend for at least one night, and has visited their home mid-week. He has also enjoyed extended stays with them on occasions when the father has returned to Kurdistan without L to visit his wife and family.
[17] Although described by his school as a "happy little boy", he is struggling academically. He has recently been assessed by an educational psychologist, and is believed to have moderate learning difficulties. Some of his learning deficits (particularly in relation to his verbal ability) may be affected by the fact that he lives in a bilingual home.
[18] L was born in October 2006. The parents had had what the mother described as an "on/off" relationship for about a year; they lived with each other only for a matter for a few days. They were no longer in a relationship at the time of L's birth; the father was living in a house with other asylum seekers, the mother at home with her parents. L was a very premature baby, and was nursed for the first few weeks of his life on a neonatal unit before being discharged to the care of the mother, a task she shared with the grandparents for the first 18 months of L's life.
[19] Social services first became involved in L's life when, in September 2008, the mother alleged to the police that the father had seriously assaulted L by biting him, head-butting him, and hanging him upside down by his feet; the father denied these serious allegations. These allegations were jointly investigated by police and social services, and L was admitted to hospital for assessment; no injuries were observed. L's admission to hospital drew attention, however, to a much more serious issue – his emotional and physical neglect in the care of his mother. L was observed to be an unusually quiet and unresponsive child, subdued, failing to thrive and thin (the mother was found to be feeding L with baby food suitable for a 9-month old when he was over 2 years old). One of the hospital records refers to him displaying 'frozen watchfulness', and presenting in an extremely unusual way.
[20] A child protection plan was drawn up, and when the mother resisted professional advice and support under that plan, the local authority issued an application for a care order. The father, whose access to L had been restricted by the mother, made an application for contact which was consolidated with the public law application.
[21] In February 2009, L was removed from his mother's care under an interim care order and placed in foster care, where he remained for over a year. Within those proceedings (in August 2009), the mother was assessed by a psychologist (Nicole Hampton), who opined that she displayed prominent 'anxious and paranoid thinking', and 'over-reliance' on her child to manage her own emotional needs; Ms Hampton advised that the mother would benefit from significant professional psychological help. Regrettably, the mother has not taken up that recommendation.
[22] At a fact-finding hearing before DJ Arkless (October 2009), the alleged assault on L (referred to in [19] above) was investigated; the judge concluded on the evidence that the assault "did not occur". The mother had further alleged within the proceedings that the father had assaulted his daughter, T; the judge rejected this allegation too. The judge however found (as the local authority had claimed) that the mother had neglected L's emotional needs, and was stubborn and unwilling to take advice from professionals. The judge found that it was the mother's conduct which had caused L to suffer significant harm.
[23] The father and grandparents were assessed as long-term carers for L. The father's assessment was extremely positive; he demonstrated a high level of commitment to care for L. The assessment of the maternal grandparents was not so positive; the independent social worker (Mr Greenhalgh) advised against placement of L with them (discussed further below – see [46-48]). The public law proceedings came to an end in April 2010; in the face of strong opposition from the mother (who had told the psychologist and other professionals that she did not even want L to have any contact with the father), the court directed that L should move to live with his father under a residence order. At the point of making the residence order, the court made a supervision order in favour of the local authority.
[24] In the following year, the father issued private law proceedings seeking leave to remove L temporarily for a holiday to Turkey. Leave was granted (and the holiday took place), but a wider prohibition was imposed restraining the father from removing L from the jurisdiction otherwise than for the holiday. This wider prohibition expired in April 2012.
[25] In December 2011, the father travelled to Iran (without L) where he married SM; this was an arranged marriage. SM is an Iranian Kurd, she is not currently working but previously worked in a children's nursery. Following his marriage, the father took steps to support SM's entry to the UK under a spousal visa; the Home Office have refused this visa. An appeal against the refusal of a spousal visa was unsuccessful. The father has therefore had to visit his wife abroad, altogether making four trips since their marriage, on one occasion (see [28] below) with L.
[26] In the summer of 2012, the father visited Kurdistan for over 7 weeks to be with his wife, leaving L in this country, in the care of the maternal grandparents. The extended stay with the grandparents was said to be successful.
[27] In late 2012, the mother gave birth to her second child, W. Public law proceedings followed. Within those proceedings, the maternal grandparents were further assessed by Mr Greenhalgh as potential long-term carers; in the event, their bid was not pursued. W is now the subject of a care order, though placed with his father (who has separated from the mother); a supervised contact order is in place in relation to the mother's contact.
[28] In July 2013, and with the agreement of the mother, the father took L to Kurdistan to meet SM and the paternal family; they were there for a little over four weeks. This appears to have been a successful trip; L was reportedly happy, and the photos would indicate that he met and spent time with many of his paternal relatives. On his return to England, the father asked the mother whether he could take L to live with him in Kurdistan; the mother did not agree. The request provoked tensions in the parental relationship.
[29] Early in the academic term following L's trip to Kurdistan, the mother told teachers at L's school that the father was leaving L in her care while the father was working late. The school discussed this issue with the father, and the issue was resolved, with suitable arrangements being made for L's care. Within a matter of a few days, the school reported that L had become upset claiming that his mother had told him that he would have to make a choice about where to live in the future – with his mother in England or with his father in Kurdistan. It appeared that L favoured living in Kurdistan.
[30] Some days later, the maternal grandparents telephoned social services alleging (as they claim to have been told by L) that the father had assaulted L by punching him in the stomach. This serious allegation was investigated by the police and the social services; L repeated the assertion but did not elaborate. The local authority asked for parental consent to accommodate L during their investigation. The father agreed, but the mother did not. Accordingly on 4 October the authority applied for a care order, and was granted an interim care order.
[31] At this point, the father told social services that he felt he could no longer look after L. For a few days, he did not see L; L was plainly upset by this, and missed his father. While the father's stance was ill-considered it was mercifully short-lived; he subsequently rationalised it by reference to his increasing sense of being undermined at every turn by the maternal family in his care of L. Specifically he was frustrated at having to deal with allegations that he had had harmed L (this was, as is apparent from the history above, not the first such referral). The father's position in rejecting L at this point, even for those reasons, and even though short-lived, is more than mildly concerning, given that he now wishes to remove L in his full-time care to live abroad. I can state at this stage that I am nonetheless satisfied on all that I have read and heard that, while I do not believe that this was a mature or welfare-based decision, it does not reveal any worrying ambivalence or lack of attachment to L.
[32] No party has asked me to make findings of fact in relation to the alleged assault in October 2013 (see [30]); all parties appear to accept that the evidence would not support such a finding. Indeed the mother explicitly acknowledged in her oral evidence to me that she was not asserting that L's comments were necessarily true.
[33] Briefly L was placed with the maternal grandparents; however, when the child protection investigation proved inconclusive (concerns were raised about the validity of the complaint), L was returned to his father 10 days later. The care proceedings were not discharged or withdrawn at that stage, given the uncertainties about L's future, though all parties have proceeded on the basis that this is essentially a private law dispute.
[34] Thus, by this hearing, L has lived with his father for more than 4 years, with only a few interruptions; he has enjoyed regular contact with his maternal family (which I find the father has conscientiously facilitated, sometimes in the face of hostility). L spent at least one night each weekend with his grandparents, and generally one tea-time mid-week. When L has stayed with his grandparents, he has been taken to school punctually, and the grandparents have shown appropriate interest in his education. In spite of the family tensions, this is encouraging, particularly when looking at the proposed arrangements for the future. When the father has visited Kurdistan on his own (summer 2012, February 2013), he has asked the maternal grandparents to care for L and they have done so. While Mr Greenhalgh (the independent social worker) has not actively supported the grandparents' ability to offer long-term care for L, he nonetheless has commented positively on the contribution which the grandparents have made to L's life:
"they are a humble couple who are not looking for medals or haloes [but] I do think that a formal acknowledgement of what they have achieved for L would be helpful to them".
I willingly give them that acknowledgement.
The application: proposals for L's future
[35] The father now wishes to return to live in Kurdistan to be with his wife, and his family; he has a large and close-knit extended family in and around Erbil. He has nine brothers and two sisters, all married and living in their own homes in and around Erbil. They are described (per Ballard) as part of Erbil's 'middle class'.
[36] Understandable concerns are raised by the maternal family about the security of the region, about L's safety, and about the social and cultural context in which L would be living. The father had, after all, come here as an asylum seeker (though it appears that the rest of his family remained in Kurdistan); the father asserted confidently to me that the situation is now materially different ("Saddam Hussein was alive then [i.e. in 2002]…"). Much evidence was filed by the father to address these concerns: the evidence included the Joint Report of the Danish Immigration Service / UKBA fact-finding mission to Erbil and Dahuk (2011). Their investigations revealed that there had been no major security incidents in Kurdistan since 2007. The Iraq Bulletin (2013) published by the Home Office confirmed that the Kurdistan Region of Iraq remained "largely free of violence" in the relevant period (late 2012), although it was still felt to remain "a potential target for terrorist operations…". There was indeed one attack on an Interior Ministry building in Erbil in 2013, which appears (from the other reports which I have read, and the lack of subsequent incident) to have been isolated. On the information provided, many foreign state observers consider that the country is "safe".
[37] I have been provided with reports from Mr Ballard and Dr. Rebwar Fatah. They describe Kurdistan as having a strong local ethnic solidarity, a region which is infinitely more stable than it was during the era of Saddam Hussein's rule, and in the immediate aftermath of his fall. Kurdistan is now a relatively prosperous region of Iraq; the ancient city of Erbil is thriving, and a growing centre for commerce in the region. There is a large number of highly qualified professionals from central and southern Iraq settling there because of its reputation for business (oil-fields lie within its borders) and tourism. Within the last year, the Kurdistan Parliament formally ratified a Child Protection law designed to improve the welfare of Kurdish children. It appears, in short, to be a very different from the place which the father left 12 years ago.
[38] In his written evidence, the father indicated that he planned to move to Erbil in the near future irrespective of the outcome of this process (i.e. with or without L). The father's position was explored during the hearing; in his oral evidence he bared a mind tortured by the irresolvable dilemma of his competing family commitments. The father explained with considerable sadness and exasperation, how he had been frustrated in his efforts to bring his wife to this country, yet feared being unable to relocate with his son to Kurdistan. Indeed, he turned to me during his evidence and directly asked me to decide for him what he, the father, should do in these impossibly difficult circumstances; I made clear that I could not make that decision for him.
[39] The father recognised that the options for L, were he to be left here, were not propitious; the mother did not put herself forward to care for L (and, in my judgment, sensibly so). Therefore either L would live with the maternal grandparents, or he would be placed in foster care. The local authority had indicated in the clearest terms that it would not support L remaining with his grandparents if L were left here by his father, would seek to persuade the court that this outcome would be likely to cause L significant harm, and would seek a care order, a course to which the guardian had signalled her support. The father initially indicated that if I refused permission for L to relocate abroad, then L should live with the maternal family; the father later modified his position to reflect a wish that L should in these circumstances reside in foster care.
[40] I made clear to counsel at the outset of the hearing that while I would have to consider all of the potential options for L's future (including possible placement options while L resided in this country), on the evidence I could not ultimately resolve the specific question of L's long-term placement were the father to leave L in England and return to live in Kurdistan.
[41] The father's detailed proposals to relocate L can be summarised thus:
i)He plans to move back to Kurdistan at the end of the current school year, in mid/late July 2014.
ii)He has obtained a place for L in a school in Erbil where his brother is the Deputy Headmaster. That school has a number of foreign students, including three English children. The school can make special needs provisions for L; English is one of the mainstream core subjects.
iii)L speaks fluent Kurdish, and has no difficulty in conversing with his cousins and paternal family; he should therefore be able to integrate satisfactorily into his school and local community; the paternal family also have some familiarity with English – certainly written English even if not conversational – which will also assist L.
iv)The father will live in his own home with L and his wife; this property was bequeathed to him by his late father, but is currently tenanted. I have seen photographs of the property and descriptions of it. It appears more than adequate for their needs.
v)The father has been offered a job in a kitchen fitting company for which a brother is a manager. I have seen an e-mail confirming the job offer, with a starting salary of $1,000 per month;
vi)The father's home is a 5-minute drive from the local General Hospital; L will be entitled to state funded health services;
vii)The father has made a commitment to return to England each year with L for one month (at his own expense), so that L may have contact with his maternal family (the academic year in Kurdistan provides for a long summer holiday from late May to early September). When L is spending time with his mother the father proposes that this continues to be supervised at all times by the maternal grandparents; these return visits to England will give L the opportunity also to see his half-siblings, W and T;
viii)The father wishes to make one trip to Kurdistan in the near future to sort out the formalities relating to his move (including the arrangements for obtaining vacant possession of his home); he has offered that L should stay with the maternal grandparents in that period. It is further proposed that the current weekly contact should continue until L leaves this jurisdiction.
ix)Once L has moved, indirect contact will take place at least weekly by Skype; Skype contact will also take place on relevant maternal family birthdays, mother's day, Christmas and Easter, and other important events. The father has offered to purchase the maternal family a laptop and has agreed to fund the provision of internet. I support these initiatives.
x)The father has further agreed to provide translated school reports and photographs to the mother on an annual basis, together with details of the school term dates, and current telephone numbers.
[42] It appears to me that were L to reside in Kurdistan he could expect to enjoy a material lifestyle which is significantly superior to that which she has so far enjoyed in the UK – a view which is shared by Mr Ballard.
[43] I was initially asked on behalf of the mother to find that these proposals do not approach the range and depth of information ordinarily expected on a relocation application; as it happens, I do not agree. The father has made realistic proposals, which have been well thought-and cover all domains of L's life. The report from CFAB was disappointingly light on information (notwithstanding that specific supplementary questions had been raised of its authors) but the information garnered from social workers in Erbil all indicated favourable conditions for L's relocation.
[44] The maternal grandparents plainly dote on their grandson. They told me of their concerns that if L were to be removed to live abroad they would not see L again. They doubted the father's commitment to return with L. They poignantly referred to the relative inadequacies of Skype communication to maintain the strength and intensity of their current relationship – the grandmother told me "you cannot hug a plasma screen".
[45] As indicated above ([2(ii)] and [38]), if I were to refuse the father's application, issue would arise as to (a) whether the father would move back to Kurdistan without L, and (b) if he did so, whether the grandparents would be able to offer adequate care for L.
[46] Without doubting their strength of feelings towards their grandson, there are nonetheless serious concerns about the grandparents' ability to offer long-term care for L. These concerns have been highlighted in the three reports of Mr. Paul Greenhalgh, independent social worker, who has assessed the couple at different points over the past four years.
[47] Mr. Greenhalgh's first report was prepared in January 2010 (within the original care proceedings). At that time, Mr. Greenhalgh recognised that the grandparents had offered L some positive experiences in his early life, and had offered good quality care for him at times; he however expressed no confidence that the mother would accept the court's, the local authority's, or perhaps more importantly her parents' "views and rules", and that it would be "precarious" to place L in such a situation. He understood (from other assessments) that the mother was someone who found it difficult to accept other people's views, was "extremely egocentric, stubborn and adamant" and "unable to accept help". He was concerned that the mother would undermine the grandparents' ability to care for L.
[48] In his oral evidence before me, Mr. Greenhalgh advised me of his continuing concern that the mother had been allowed to have unsupervised time with L while in the grandparents care; he was further troubled by the grandparents' minimisation of the findings of the court in 2009/2010, and their tendency now to make excuses for the serious maternal shortcomings of their daughter. None of this was auspicious.
[49] The grandmother's physical health (she is 53) is poor; she suffers from Type II diabetes, and other disabling conditions. The grandfather (aged 61) is her registered carer. Although their commitment to, and in many ways their basic care of, L has been generally positively assessed (they have been involved in L's care from a young age), several concerns have been identified including the grandmother's tendency to over-identify with her daughter's stance in relation to her parenting abilities, which led to unhealthy collusion within the family (this was apparent to me, to some extent, during her evidence). Concern has also more recently been expressed that the grandparents had allowed standards to slip while L was in their care – not ensuring that he had clean clothes, nor allowing him to sleep in his own bed (L slept in bed with his grandparents, notwithstanding that they had been repeatedly asked by social services to ensure that L had his own bed).
[50] I formed a favourable view of the father and was impressed by his evidence. He gave full and detailed answers (largely through an interpreter in Kurdish Sorani); he came across as a thoughtful and sensitive man. He displayed a conscientious approach to his responsibilities as parent of L. At the invitation of Ms McKenzie, he gave some of his evidence in English – demonstrating a more-than-adequate grasp of basic language, which will remain vital for L as he continues to converse with his English maternal family. It was apparent that the father had developed a great fondness for, and an allegiance to, England, and was keen to retain his relationship with this country, and his citizenship.
[51] The mother asked me to conclude that the father was not to be trusted, and specifically criticised the father for having acted high-handedly and unilaterally in the past. She alluded to the fact that the father had arranged L's circumcision without her knowledge or consent. I heard no evidence about this event, but felt that if this happened as she said, it would indeed have been a significant misjudgement on the father's part, but possibly taken when relations between the families was poor. Even if it were true, it is not, in my judgment, in itself illustrative of a basic lack of integrity or trustworthiness on the part of the father.
[52] Insofar as I was able to form a judgment on the father's family, via the medium of video-link and interpretation, they also made a good impression on me. SM appears to be a thoughtful and sensitive woman; she was questioned about how it came about that L now calls SM "mummy", but was reassured that this was not planted in L's mind by SM ("I did not suggest that he called me that. we started to chat through skype and he started of his own free-will to call me Mummy.") or by the father. I considered that L's use of 'mummy' to address SM was simply expedient short-hand, rather than any confusion or desire on his part to displace his own mother (he had specifically referred to SM as "mummy from Kurdistan" in discussion with the social worker). Indeed, I felt that SM will ensure that CL, L's natural mother, continues to occupy that unique place in L's life; SM told me that L's "mother is something precious".
[53] There is clear evidence in a number of the filed reports (which suggested that the mother had confided her views to more than one reporter) that the mother held deeply antagonistic views about L's Iraqi heritage and identity, and had allegedly spoken negatively about Iraqi people; the jointly instructed psychologist expressed concerns that the mother would be likely to teach L to be ashamed of his Iraqi heritage, and would not be able to promote L's awareness of his cultural mix. The mother was said to believe that L would be 'bullied' if it was widely known that he was part-Iraqi. In her oral evidence the mother played down these reported views, and claimed that her words had been "twisted"; although I am not able to form a view about that (I have not heard from the authors of the reports in which the mother's comments were expressed), I heard no recent evidence of hostile attitudes being expressed by the mother in respect of the father's Iraqi heritage and his role in L's life. Therefore, if the earlier accounts were accurate, it appears that the mother has at least moderated her opinions.
[54] The mother is reported (earlier Guardian's report) to have refused to accept that her actions placed L at risk, and was not accepting of the concerns of professionals; she felt that everyone except for her had 'got it wrong'. I felt that in her oral evidence some years on from that original report she continued worryingly to play down her past failings in parenting of L; this coincided with the grandparents' benign views of her parenting. The maternal grandmother clung onto an artificially positive and as it happens wholly distorted view of her daughter's shortcomings as a parent, over-identifying with her, and minimising the mother's responsibility for the deficits in L's early life.
[55] Understandably the mother and the grandparents all genuinely expressed their concerns about the impact of the proposed relocation on their relationship with L. The grandparents spoke with obvious warmth about L.
[56] I was impressed, as I infer was the local authority, by the fact that in spite of the adverse views which had been expressed about the father and his heritage, the father had managed to maintain reasonably cordial relationships with the maternal family even though "he feels that he has been shamed in the British culture due to the allegations made against him."
[57] While I have conscientiously reviewed L's welfare 'in the round', the following features of the checklist in my view have particular prominence on the facts of this case.
i)Physical and emotional needs / capability of the parents: It is apparent from the history rehearsed above that the mother's care of L in the first two years of his life were neglectful, and in DJ Arkless' judgment, significantly harmful. By contrast, the local authority has made clear its view (and the guardian confirms) that in the last four years L has thrived in his father's care; the father has offered L stability and consistent care. Concerns about the father's practice of taking L to work with him at the fast-food outlet on some evenings of school days were readily acknowledged by the father and swiftly corrected; the father referred to the fact that he had a limited support network in this country to assist him with appropriate babysitting; the arrangement by which the father left L with the mother and grandparents on some evenings came to an end. The father will have working commitments with more sociable hours in Kurdistan, and a wider support network;
ii)I have obviously considered carefully the 'capability' of the grandparents to care for L. The evidence, including the independent evidence of Mr. Greenhalgh the independent social worker, is that they would struggle to offer L the quality of care which he needs, particularly for the balance of L's childhood;
iii)In fact, it seemed to me that if the father were to have left L in this country, and relocated himself, L would be devastated. This would, in my judgment, be likely to manifest itself in distressed and challenging behaviour. As a consequence L would not be likely to settle easily in any placement; he would need an unusually competent standard of parenting. In my judgment, the grandparents would have struggled to manage a young boy, playing out destructive or other similar behaviours, while he grieved for his father. If they found it difficult to care for L, and failed, L would be exposed to further disruption and loss which would aggravate his already strong sense of disruption and abandonment.
iv)Educational needs: Although L would benefit from special needs provision in the school in England, I do not believe that the special educational provision in Erbil will be materially different. He would be likely to be offered the chance to work in small groups in class.
v)Cultural issues: L is a boy with a rich mixed heritage. Whether here or in Kurdistan, it is important that respect is paid to both sides of his cultural inheritance. The father complains that the maternal family have been dismissive of L's cultural mix, and indeed have been racist and shown animosity towards him. The maternal family's hostile and denigrating attitude to the father's Iraqi heritage have been referred to above (see [53]). It is a matter of some anxiety that these views may re-surface.
vi)Background circumstances: While the father has received valuable practical support from the maternal grandparents at times in the past, the father does not have a good network of emotional support. In Kurdistan, by contrast, the father has considerable emotional and practical support available to him. While L will benefit from the support of the paternal family, he will sadly lose the immediacy of a relationship with, and regularity of care by, his maternal grandparents.
vii)Likely effect on change in circumstances: As L has enjoyed regular contact with the maternal side of his family throughout his life, in the short-term the loss of that contact will be detrimental to L. That said, I feel confident that with the benefit of loving care from his father, and the commitment to promote the relationship the effects of losing that regular relationship will be significantly mitigated.
viii)L's ascertainable wishes and feelings: Following L's trip to Kurdistan in summer 2013, it appears that L became increasingly embroiled in discussions between the adults about future options for him; he was described to be "torn" between them, and feeling "responsible" for their actions. L often asked professionals what he should do to "sort things out". When given the chance to express his view in a neutral setting to a social worker on more than one occasion, (on each occasion without prior notice having been given to the parents, thereby reducing the risk of pressure being placed on him) L reported that he would like to live in Kurdistan; he referred more than once to not loving his mother because she would not let him go.
[58] L has suffered not inconsiderable disruption in his short life; he has already experienced many losses. He has regrettably spent more than one year of his life in local authority care. Whatever the outcome of this litigation, L faces the prospect of suffering additional loss – either the loss of full-time care by his father, or of the regularity of his contact with his mother and maternal grandparents. In determining this application, I was in very large measure engaged in an exercise in the balancing of losses; the balance was, in many ways, reasonably evenly poised. Whichever way the Gordian knot was to be cut, one party would inevitably feel themselves to be the losers.
[59] In important domains of his life – cultural, social, educational, and of course the diminution of the immediacy of established family relationships – the greater upheaval for L will be reflected by a move to Kurdistan. That said, I am satisfied that short-term disruption will be more than compensated by longer term stability for L – importantly, L will remain in the loving full-time care of his father, who has offered him permanence and consistency, and who has shown a high level of commitment to his upbringing. The father himself will, I believe, be more settled in his own life, being able to live with his wife, surrounded by his family, and in more stimulating employment; L will benefit from school where his needs can be met.
[60] The mother's change of instructions just prior to the conclusion of the case removed any real contest to the outcome; but more than that, it demonstrated an ability (which, given the history, may have in itself been a significant turning point) to prioritise the interests of L over and above her own. I do not under-estimate her pain in confronting this life-changing decision for herself and for her son. In this, she showed great courage, and selflessness.
[61] The mother indicated that she wished to compile a scrapbook for L, with mementoes of his life in England, for L to take with him. I support her in fulfilling this task for L; this showed very considerable understanding of L's likely needs. The father helpfully agreed to contribute to and co-operate with that plan.
[62] For the reasons more fully set out above, I am as confident as I can be that this planned move will promote and enhance L's best interests, and I am pleased to be able to grant the father's application. It is far better for L that he knows that, in the end, his mother did not stand in the way of him moving to start a new life with his father and family in Kurdistan.
[63] That is my judgment.


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Video: Introverts, those much-maligned and too-often-misunderstood creatures, are finally, comprehensively explained in this video, created by exurb1a. But why has this information been hidden from us for so long? Why didn't we know before that a baby introvert is known as a "shylet"? Or that a group of introverts is called an "angst"?
Image from exurb1a
I enjoyed this video very much, even as someone who considers herself to be an introvert (or, as the narrator describes us, "mentally ill"). And by "enjoyed", I mean that I chuckled softly to myself, looked around to see if my chuckling had disturbed any of my coworkers, apologised just in case anyone was bothered, and then ducked underneath my desk for some precious me time.


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The Executive Secretary of the Bayelsa State Universal Basic Education Board (SUBEB), Mr. Walton Liverpool, in this interview with MIKE ODIEGWU, speaks on the state of emergency declared in the state's educational sector and crisis rocking SUBEB.
what was the nature of Educational system in Bayelsa State prior to the Inauguration of this present board?
Actually, we came into existence in August 6, 2012 after our Governor Serike Dickson declared a state of emergency in our educational sector. The educational system was in the state of comatose and the children were learning under leaking thatched roofs. The system was collapsed. We just felt that it is not good enough for the state. In our first SUBEB quality assurance meeting, Bayelsa came least out of the 36 states in the country. We had to tell them that we just came on board and that if they could give us some times, we would meet up with whatever expected standard and actually in not less than two years Bayelsa has moved from the least performing state to the number 10th position in the country.
These were the achievements we recorded within this period. Actually the governor in our assumption in office paid a counterpart fund of 1.8 billion Naira which was Bayelsa's share. With that, we have been able to construct 200 primary schools across the state. We did not end there; some mega projects that were abandoned before we came in were activated. We mobilised the contractors to start working on the schools.
Most of them that could not meet our standard, we revoked their contracts and gave them to other contractors and today out of 25 ongoing projects we have successfully completed 21 of those schools here in Yanegoa .All the completed schools contain 12 classrooms, 23 toilets, a multi-purpose hall ,for primary school pupils which is as big as the banquet hall and an ICT hall where primary school pupils can access the internet right in their school here in Yenagoa and even teachers research room which is also computerized at present.
Now when you look at the headmaster's office, you can confuse it with that of the commissioner's office. There is no school in the country that can measure up with the schools we have built in Bayelsa state not even in Rivers State. We have seven of these schools in Yenegoa metropolis. We have in Okolobiri , Opolo, Zarama, Biogbolo, Agudiama Epie and Ekpetiama. We have installed 75KVA sound-proof generators in all the schools we have mentioned. We have also dug boreholes to regularly supply water to avoid messing up the environment.
Are these schools operating now?
Yes. You can take a ride to all the newly constructed schools in the metropolis. You will see that we have installed generators in all the schools because without them, the internet cannot be accessed. So, if you go to Brass, we have one in Twon Brass, another in Okpoma in Nembe, we have one. In Southern ijaw, we have in Amasoma and Oporoma. Tha is the success we recorded which made us to attain such height in the educational sector in the country.
These schools are built with headmasters' quarters. The governor approved 400 projects which include 400 headmasters' quarters built across the state and if you go round the schools you hardly see a school without a headmaster's quarters although we haven't completely built such quarters in all schools because we have over 540 primary schools. The remaining ones will be done or completed with the 2014 intervention fund.
But pupils are still sitting on the floor in some schools including those in the primary school attended by President Goodluck Jonathan in Otuoke.
For the President Goodluck Jonthan's primary school, the governor has directed that the school should be pulled down and rebuilt. So as we talk, they are working on the school. Before the directive was given, more than 200 seats have also been sent to the school. But when I went to the school to see things for myself to know if the furniture was distributed to the children, I discovered that the chairs were surplus and most of them were packed inside a room.
They also complained that the school lacked headmaster's quarters and that we have built headmasters' quarters in other schools across the state. At the same time, they said there was no land to build on. But when I went behind I saw an old structure there which I pulled down. As we talk now the headmasters' quarters is almost ready. We are doing a lot of work in Otuoke and by the time we finish with that school, I don't think any school will be better than that school.
On this issue of children sitting on the ground, I want to categorically make a statement that by September this year no child will sit on the ground because we have made adequate arrangement to flood all schools with desks including teachers tables and chairs. The problems we had was the 2012 mighty flood that caused the schools and villages to be submerged by water. Then, if you go to our schools, you would just see only roofs. The whole buildings were inside water while those that were not submerged were used as camping ground for flood victims.
We also discovered that women were using our chairs as firewood. This happened even in my own community. When we got back to all these schools, more than half of the seats were broken and used as firewood. There was nothing we could do because the water covered everywhere and there was no room for going into the bush to fetch firewood. So our chairs became firewood. Those were the things we experienced. The modern educational structure we are looking at is a gradual thing.
Did you say nothing was done against the people who broke school chairs for firewood?
There is nothing we can do about this because these people are villagers. Do you know in a place called Okoroba, a school compound well-completed and furnished, the community boys whose houses submerged during the 2012 flood used axe to break into those completed houses and they were sleeping inside those houses within those period. They vandalised a lot of things so when we heard of this incident, we went there with policemen with the intention to round them up but they stood their ground because they preferred to die instead of packing out.
They said, 'we don't have any place to stay while will you lock all this places up?' In a place called Odi, the whole Odi community went into that place and they were cooking inside our classroom, that befitting structure we have built. But after everything we asked, the contractors to repaint the structures.
Your board is enmeshed in crisis and other members the board are up in arms against you. Has the crisis been resolved?
As far as I am concerned, this board has no crisis. People are only trying to create artificial problem. As human beings, most times we disagree to agree. The area of disagreement now for example is on the nature of the board. Before now, the board operated in full time and each board member was entitled to an office. But today, the board is now working in part-time and nobody is entitled to a personal office apar from the executive secretary.
The amended law is very clear which states that the executive secretary is the Chief Accounting Officer of the board. The law also said that the executive secretary is in charge of the day to day activities and running of the office while other board members are supposed to come to the meetings on quarterly basis. But most of the members do not understand the nomenclature of the board despite the fact that the laws were made available to them. Some are not even willing to read the law.
They want to operate like full-time staff and question me on routine administrative matters like giving a teacher query and promotion of staff However, this is my legitimate duty. Mine is to set up a promotion committee, interview them and later present the result to board meetings for them to rectify. Then, letters are issued accordingly. These people are saying that I must invite the board members before taking any decision on who to promote. But this is not how it is done. This is the sole responsibility of the executive secretary.
But the board members accused you of taking a critical decision of sacking teachers without informing them.
Yes. The teachers were sacked by the board but the board members went behind me, and denied me. Thank God I had the video clips of the meeting, where all their faces, the minutes on how the decision to sack the teachers were taken. This group of people went to the assembly and denied me and this was a set-up. But I stood my ground. It was only one person that stood by me that was how God vindicated me.
Also while in the assembly, they interviewed them by asking them 'how many times we have met for our board meetings?' They ended up by saying that we have met just thrice but the reality of the matter is that, apart from the last meeting held, this will make it the fifteenth time we have met from the time of inauguration. But if you want to go by the normal meeting it ought to be quarterly that is four times in a year.


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Bob Heller, Corporate Partnerships
(216) 687-2094
Click Here for Our Corporate Partners
At Cleveland State University, we've always placed a great importance on developing trusted relationships and building long-term partnerships. Valuable aspects that serve as the foundation for our continual efforts to strive for excellence. Our true value resides in the people and the partnerships formed. We're fortunate to work with the surrounding Cleveland market who know we're committed to seeing their business grow and succeed.
We value our partnerships and our efforts are accentuated through a culture driven to exceed goals, serve our partners enthusiastically, work together as a team, celebrate our successes, and do what is right and honest in every endeavor. We know that upholding these values is imperative to maintaining our partnerships.
Vikings athletics succeeds when our partners feel valued, and realize the impact they have on Cleveland State University and the student-athlete experience. Our efforts specialize in connecting with audiences through powerful brand identity and advertising development.
Together, our success is achieved through sacrifice and service, when we care and put others needs first our partners succeed. Our partnerships are ultimately made up of individuals working together. It's our responsibility to embody this statement, partner with the right companies, pursue opportunities to invest, do business ethically, and value those we serve…and celebrate the thrill of winning!
Our partnerships are designed to drive new business specifically designed to align university initiatives with the surrounding corporate community. Viking athletics provides a strategic process that allows partners to have a deeper engagement with students, faculty, staff and alumni. Cleveland State athletics strives to implement "best-in-class" university partnerships.
Brand alignment, student-centric programs, campus impact and revenue growth are our four guiding principles, setting the foundation for compelling relationships that unlock and grow new revenues and program support.
To learn more about the opportunities to grow your business and raise brand awareness, please contact me. I'd love to sit down with you to discuss the opportunities available here at Cleveland State University and the Wolstein Center.


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The middle part of my parents trip was spent on the island is Jeju, located just south of the Korean peninsula. Touted as the "Hawaii of Korea," we had a great time soaking up the sun and enjoying the sights that the island had to offer. Here's a quick day-by-day recap!
Wednesday (May 2)
- Headed to Gimpo Airport here in Seoul to fly down to Jeju
- Arrived in Jeju and boarded a bus to Seogwipo, a town on the south side of the island
- Checked-in to our hotel and got some shut eye.
Thursday (May 3)
-Woke up around 11 am (Glorious!)
- Headed to Cheonjiyeon Waterfall, which was just down the road from our hotel!
- Ate lunch near the waterfall and had an assortment of fish, pork, and Korean sidedishes
- Took a boat tour around the southern portion of the island
- Headed to the Teddy Bear Museum, which was a part of the Jungmun Resort, the largest resort in all of Korea
- Went to the Cheonjeyeon Waterfall and had the whole park area to ourselves! Pretty neat
- Took in the "Volcano and Fantastic Show" at Hotel Lotte on the Resort
Friday (May 4)
- Once again slept in until about 11 am
- Ate lunch and wandered around town trying to find the Bus Terminal (ended up being a parking lot with about 3 buses parked in it with a small little hut to purchase tickets)
- Caught a bus to the Manjanggul Lava Tubes
- Dropped off on the side of the road and walked about 4 KM to the caves from the main road
- Explored the caves for about an hour
- Taxied back to the airport, caught the bus back to Seogwipo, and called it a night
Saturday (May 5)
- Woke up at a half-way decent time of about 9:30 am
- Headed back to the bus terminal to catch a bus to the Sangumburi Crater
- Waited and waited and waited for a bus that would take us
- Had to switch buses at Pyoseon and decided to a bit of exploring
- Headed down to the beach so Mom could put her feet in the water
- After being denied by three different buses, finally decided to just taxi to the Crater
- Taxied back to the Resort to check out the beach there and have a Kraze Burger
- Back to the hotel for a good night's sleep
Sunday (May 6)
- Woke up bright and early (around 5:30 am) to catch the bus back to the airport
- Flew back to Seoul and did some more sightseeing around the city
To see what else my parents and I did during their time here in Seoul, please click here.
For more pictures from our time in Jeju, click here!


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Revegetation products help protect young vulnerable plants from browsing animals, the elements and provide weed control. Ecoplant Australia can supply and install these products.
Plastic Sleeve Tree Guards
The most common low cost form of tree guard. Tree Guards increase the level of carbon dioxide and humidity around the leaves of trees and shrubs, promoting growth while reducing UV levels. They are re-useable, robust and each guard is made from Green UV stabilised virgin polyethylene. Each guard requires three hardwood or bamboo stakes to support its shape
Green Guards
Its solid design is suitable for protection from the elements, herbicide drift, vermin and wildlife attack. Each tree guard is made from a thick UV stabilised rigid plastic for greater longevity and durability. Only one hardwood or bamboo stake needed for each tree guard.
Jute Squares
Slitted square mats for individual trees. This kind of geotextile will allow the soil to breathe and allow both air and water to pass through its construction, allowing the growth of the desired plants, reducing evaporation and minimising water needs.
Bamboo Stakes
Natural bamboo stakes are a strong and durable material which is used for plant and tree guard supports. Bamboo stakes are an economical alternative to hardwood stakes for small to medium sized plants. Available in various sizes.
Cardboard Milk Cartons
The guards are made from surplus recycled milk cartons. Planting slits (optional) on both sides to slide stakes through. The most economical form of tree guard available. Two bamboo stakes are recommended for each tree guard. Bio-degradable
Plant Pills
Plant Pills are non burning and non leaching. Ideal to add with plants in landscape and revegetation projects, commercial forestry and fruit tree crops. Fertiliser plant pill tablets are available in 10g (pkt 1000) and 20g (pkt 500) size. 10g pill used for tubestock, 20g pill used for 150mm pots and larger.


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Bio-FUE Hair Transplant
The Bio – fue hair transplant is similar to the Fue technique. Bio Fue is actually a technique that progresses on the traditional Fue or follicular unit extraction.
In this method the growth factors are separated from blood and re-injected into the transplanted area giving tremendously great results for hair growth (PRP). This is not only helpful for transplanted hair but also for strengthening the existing thinning hair follicles. It is a progressive technique which is stitch less and painless.
Treatments of Bio Fue Hair Transplant in Delhi
The treatment consists of the following steps that are described.
- Grafts or roots are removed from the donor area utilizing the Fue technique.
- The regenerative cells are infused into the Fue donor site for quick healing and to encourage the growth of transected hair.
- All the follicular units are washed in growth factor rich culture medium to get the best result from hair that is transplanted.
- The Bio-Fue grafts are resettled in the bald area.
- The last step is the enriched cells are inserted into the area that is transplanted to promote quicker healing, rapid hair growth of the hair that is transplanted and also to increase the quality and the aesthetic density of the existing non transplanted hair.
- Faster wound healing causes invisible scarring at the donor area. Also the growth of transacted hair is rushed. This is not only useful for transplanted hair but also for strengthening the present thinning hair follicles. It is a progressive technique which is stitch less.
- It takes the most recent instrumentation and a very skilled hair transplant surgeon in Delhi to prevent hurting the roots. Survival of hair roots after elimination is one of the key variables of successful hair transplantation in Delhi.
Benefits of Bio Fue Hair Transplant in Delhi
Bio – FUE hair transplant is beneficial due to the following reasons.
- This transplant increases the density by making the hair that is transplanted thicker.
- Quicker healing of the donor and the receiving areas.
- Encourages quicker growth of hair.
- Further reduction in the size of the micro scar at the donor area.
- By doing the transplant, the texture of the hair also increases.


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E sui tempi di rilascio sappiamo tutti che Canonical non scherza. Non è mica la Microsoft....
Quindi Ubuntu ha messo a nostra disposizione 4 banner 2 normali e 2 animati per annunciare quanto manca al rilascio. Un conto alla rovescia.
Ecco i banners:
Thanks to the Ubuntu Web Presence Team for contributing these graphics and animations. If you're interested in helping to spread Ubuntu the team is open to everyone. A special thanks goes to the community members who created the graphics, concept and animation:
- Thorsten Wilms (thorwil) for the ring and animation artwork
- Markus Grönholm for the animation javascript
- Mads Rosendahl (MadsRH) for the calendar artwork
- Pierre Buyle for initial animation and concept
For best results: use the exact code listed above. It will change as release day approaches so if you copy the file to a different location you won't get the full benefit.


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Packing a lunch isn't just for kids. In fact, it's a very adult money saving strategy. Although dining out for lunch during the work day may feel habitual or be a positive point during your day, there are other ways to enjoy the lunch hour. You can still socialize, take a walk, and enjoy a meal with coworkers without spending money multiple times a week. In fact, the average American spends about $3,000 on dining out. Now, think about how many times on average you eat out for lunch and instead imagine that amount sitting in your savings account. Sounds pretty good, doesn't it?
If you're not sure how to make the homemade lunch feel less "brown bagged," try a different method. With a little planning, you can prepare a healthy and delicious meal to-go. Nowadays, there are countless ways to pack a fun lunch. With the help from blogs, Pinterest, cooking sites and even your friends, you can think beyond the brown bag.
- Meal Prep Try preparing multiple meals in one cooking session. For instance, if you make one big batch of stir fry, you can eat that for lunch a couple times during the week. You'll have lunch ready to grab-and-go, making the weekdays a little easier.
- Lunch Swap Team up with a friend at work and plan to prepare meals, then trade! If you discuss preferences and eating habits ahead of time, you'll find yourself pleasantly surprised by a lunch that is prepared for you. And vice versa! Also, you can show off your cooking skills.
- Mix It UpPick a theme each week and challenge yourself to cook in that category. For instance, you could decide to "travel the world" in a month and try traditional foods from various countries. This way, your meals won't fall into a boring routine, and you might learn some cooking skills along the way.
Packing a lunch can be fun, especially if you think beyond a peanut butter and jelly. In addition to saving money, you might learn a new cooking skill, eat healthier food and socialize with different people at work. That's a win times four.
Next Tip: Small Goals make for Big Wins. If goals are hard to reach, they become unattainable. Try scaling them down to be bite-sized and easier to achieve.


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... edited by Barry Mishkind - the Eclectic Engineer
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text: Beginning with volume 14, 2020, the Banach Journal of Mathematical Analysis (BJMA) will be published by Springer, and new issues will not be available on Project Euclid. Volumes 1 through 13 will remain on Euclid, and Euclid Prime subscribers will have complimentary access to all prior content. The Banach Journal of Mathematical Analysis (BJMA) normally publishes papers numbering 15 pages or more. Shorter papers may be submitted to the Annals of Functional Analysis or Advances in Operator Theory. Advance publication of articles online is available.BJMA is published by Duke University Press on behalf of the Tusi Mathematical Research Group.


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TARSC has used participatory and community based research methods to explore the research issues brought to us by community and public sector organisations. We work with organisations to design, build skills in and implement community based research using a range of methods. We aim for scientific quality, innovation and relevance to communities and to public services in our research work. We aim to demystify research as a tool for building and using knowledge.
Community based research training: building skills at community level
TARSC is a member of the Community of Practitioners in Accountability and Social Action in Health (COPASAH). In October 2013 with COPASAH and EQUINET TARSC hosted regional training in participatory reflection and action methods for strengthening community focused, primary health care oriented approaches to social accountability and action. The training aims to raise community voice in strengthening the resourcing and functioning of primary health care (PHC) systems through the use of participatory approaches to build community roles in accountability and action.
Community Monitoring work at TARSC draws on experience and methods from UN and public sector sentinel surveillance programmes, and the monitoring of nutrition and food security by civil society. The current Community Monitoring Programme at TARSC is commissioned and guided by six membership based civil society groups and aims to monitor social and economic progress at community level. The programme supports with evidence the efforts by state and civil society to improve conditions at community level.
The Community Monitoring Programme compiles information at least quarterly from community monitors in about 250 sentinel sites in all districts of Zimbabwe.
The information covers key indicators of social and economic progress identified by monitors, by participating organizations, and by feedback from national institutions. The system is subjected to scientific and peer review and reported nationally. It has many features of other participatory approaches in systematising, organizing and presenting the experience of ordinary people.
The quarterly survey reports are available on the website.
Latest Community Monitoring publications
Quarterly Community Assessment of the Socio-economic Situation in Zimbabwe: Health and Education
(April 2016)
Types of work: Community monitoring
Areas of work: Community and Public health
Country: Zimbabwe
URL: CMP HE April 2016.pdf
Read more...
View all Community monitoring publications.
Participatory Action Research
Participatory action research has been the cornerstone of much of our work. Drawing on our experiences and skills in the use of participatory methodologies, we have worked with community based organizations and social groups to bring their knowledge and abilities into research and into development of programme and training materials. Our participatory research has covered areas such as prevention of child sexual abuse, adolescent health, occupational health, community health, food security, HIV and AIDS and community participation in local government health systems. TARSC supports organisations to design, implement and report on participatory research studies.
Community photography Since 2005, coordinated by Training and Research Support Centre and Ifakara Health Institute, institutions in EQUINET organisations working at community level have carried out participatory action research studies in nine countries in east and southern Africa, exploring different aspects of community interactions with health systems. In 2008, we went further and used photography as a tool for visual literacy and to support reflection and action, and trained community members in photography skills. These country teams and examples of their work are presented in a book of community photography on the TARSC website.
Latest Participatory Action Research Publications
How does target-driven funding affect comprehensive primary health care in east and southern Africa?
(September 2019)
Types of work: Participatory Action Research, Community Based Research
Areas of work: Community and Public health, Equity in health
Country: Zimbabwe
URL: http://www.equinetafrica.org/sites/default/files/uploads/documents/PARonline%20Report%20September2019_2.pdf
Read more...
View all Participatory Action Research publications.