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Explore Programs
Global Learning Opportunities at Walsh University
Each semester, a group of Walsh students has the opportunity to travel to Rome, where they're able to stay on Walsh's beautiful campus in Castel Gandolfo, the town in which the Pope's summer palace is located. Students will participate in classroom lectures as well as site visits throughout Rome and weekend excursions to Italy's other great cities. Learn more about the Rome Experience here.
International Internships
Seeking to complete your internship, student teaching, or clinical experiences outside of the country? Walsh University Office of Global Learning provides a perfect gateway to complete your necessary curricular experience in an international, cross-cultural setting. Walsh University identifies global partners that facilitate these internships and opportunities. Internships are located Worldwide! (Featured Locations: Shanghai, China; Sydney, Australia; Buenos Aires, Argentina; Rome, Italy; and London, England).
U.S./Mexico Border ProgramSpend your Spring Break learning and serving in the border communities of Laredo, Texas and Nuevo Laredo, Mexico. You will take a course that will examine the complex relationship between these countries. Participants will spend the evenings in Laredo, Texas and visit various social, governmental, and educational sites in the
Community of Laredo and across the border in Nuevo Laredo, Mexico.
Comparative Healthcare in Mexico
Explore aspects of Healthcare in Guadalajara, Mexico over Spring Break 2018. Learning alongside students and faculty from one of Mexico's most respected Catholic Universities, Universidad del Valle de Atemajac (UNIVA), Walsh students, led by Dr. Megan Donaldson, will develop a deeper understanding of the state of healthcare of one of the US's closest neighbors and ally. This transformational program aims to promote the engagement of visiting students with a vulnerable Mexican community seeking to improve their living conditions.
Through Walsh University's partnership with the Cooperative Center for Study Abroad (CCSA), students have the opportunity travel to London. CCSA is a consortium of 23 American colleges and universities, which offers study abroad programs and internships in English-speaking regions. CCSA offers programs over summer and winter breaks.
Learn more about the CCSA here.
Apply Now: Castles and Cathedrals in London and Dublin led by Dr. Katey Brown
Apply Now: A Modern Canterbury Pilgrimage led by Professor Kathy Buttermore
The Uruguay Experience
Students and faculty travel to Maldonado Nuevo, Uruguay, where they spend time with the Brothers of Christian Instruction. During their time in Uruguay, students explore what it means to live out the Brothers' mission and work with students in their youth center. This service learning experience for education majors provides Walsh students the opportunity to take responsibility for the children's daily activities with an eye toward encouraging students to continue with their education, learning functional English, and supporting the youth center's activities as needed.
Global Healthcare in Tanzania
Students and faculty in this program explore the state of healthcare and nursing education in Tanzania while working alongside Tanzanian nurses and nursing students in this practical, cross-cultural experience. In addition to visiting hospitals and clinics, the group explores life in town of Moshi, the hills of Mt. Kilimanjaro, and other natural splendors.Apply to May 2020 Program
Pediatric Care in Haiti
Senior nursing students and faculty work in conjunction with Akron Children's Hospital in Port Au Prince, Haiti. During this experience students participate in clinical rotations with St. Damien Pediatric Hospital and St. Luke's Adult Hospital. Past students have had the opportunity to observe a pediatric heart surgery, work with Haitian nurses and nursing students and learn from surgeons around the world. The Office of Global Learning and the Byers School of Nursing send students and faculty twice a year to Haiti.
Spring Break 2021 Application Coming Soon
Since 2007, students and faculty have been visiting central and northern Uganda for study, research, service, and the sharing of culture. Considered Walsh's most immersive program, Walsh students have the opportunity to live and work with Ugandan counterparts at Kisubi Brothers University College near Lake Victoria and the Archdiocese of Gulu in the north.
Central Europe - NEW!
Students and faculty will travel to Eastern Europe to Austria, Slovakia, and Hungary where they'll explore economies and cultures that were once former Soviet states. Learn about the reemergence of cultures and economies going from capitalism, to communism, back to capitalism. Walsh will partner with the Catholic University of Ružomberok for this once-in-a-lifetime experience!
Genocide in Modern Times – NEW!
This program is an in-depth look at genocide and also global migration which is often the result of mass atrocities or displacement. Students and faculty will travel to the most current European sites of genocide, as well as sites from the Nazi Holocaust.


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Still not convinced that cool sneakers are the must-have shoe for spring? Michael Kors wants to change your mind. The designer just released his new collection of MICHAEL Michael Kors sneakers, including gold, metallic and neon pink high tops, trainers and slip-ons. There is something for everyone in the line, which ranges from $99 to $265: If you actually like to work out in your trainers, try the 'Alexandra' Trainer ($164.95). If showy high tops are more your style, we suggest the Metallic Glam Studded High-Top ($195).
Click through the slide show to see all of Michael Kors' new spring sneakers. Which pair is your favorite?
For more sneakers, check out Taylor Swift for Keds, these Alexander McQueen high tops and shop ombre sneakers.

subset: commoncrawl


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text: The Administration of Justice (Indictable Proceedings) (Amendment) Bill, 2018The Anti-Gang Bill, 2018The Anti-Terrorism (Amendment) Bill, 2018The Appropriation (Financial Year - 2018) Bill, 2017The Appropriation (Financial Year 2017) Bill 2016The Bail (Access to Bail) (Amendment) Bill, 2017The Civil Asset Recovery and Management and Unexplained Wealth Bill, 2019The Companies (Amendment) Bill, 2018The Corporation Tax (Amendment) Bill, 2018The Criminal Division and District Criminal and Traffic Courts Bill, 2018The Criminal Procedure (Plea Discussion and Plea Agreement) Bill, 2017The Evidence (Amendment) Bill, 2019The Finance (No. 3) Bill 2016The Finance (Variation of Appropriation) (Financial Year 2017) Bill, 2017The Finance (Variation of Appropriation) (Financial Year 2018) Bill, 2019The Finance (Variation of Appropriation)(Financial Year 2016) Bill, 2017The Finance Bill, 2017The Finance Bill, 2018The Fire Service (Amendment) Bill, 2017The Income Tax (Amendment) Bill, 2018The Indictable Offences (Pre-Trial Procedure) Bill, 2017The International Financial Organisations (Corporacion Andina de Fomento) Bill, 2017The Land Adjudication (Amendment) (No. 2) Bill, 2017The Land Tribunal (Amendment) (No. 2) Bill, 2017The Magistrates Protection (Amendment) Bill, 2018The Miscellaneous Provisions (Heritage Petroleum, Paria Fuel Trading and Guaracara Refining Vesting) Bill, 2018The Miscellaneous Provisions (Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters, Proceeds of Crime, Financial Intelligence Unit of Trinidad and Tobago, Customs and Exchange Control) Bill, 2017The Miscellaneous Provisions (Proceeds of Crime, Anti-Terrorism and Financial Intelligence Unit of Trinidad and Tobago) Bill, 2018The Miscellaneous Provisions (Supreme Court of Judicature and Children) Bill, 2018The Miscellaneous Provisions (Trial By Judge Alone) Bill, 2017The Motor Vehicles and Road Traffic (Amendment) Bill, 2017The Motor Vehicles and Road Traffic (Amendment)(No.2) Bill, 2017The National Emblems of Trinidad and Tobago (Regulation)(Amendment) Bill, 2018The Non-Profit Organisations Bill, 2019The Payments into Court Bill, 2018The Planning and Facilitation of Development (Amendment) Bill, 2018The Property Tax (Amendment) Bill, 2018The Registration of Titles to Land (Amendment)(No.2) Bill, 2017The Sexual Offences (Amendment) Bill, 2019The Strategic Services Agency (Amendment) Bill, 2016The Tax Information Exchange Agreements (United States of America) Bill, 2016The Tobago House of Assembly Election (Validation) Bill, 2017The Trespass (Amendment) Bill, 2019


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Immigration In An Aging Society: Workers, Birth Rates, And Social Security
by Steven A. Camarota
Many advocates of high immigration argue that it
fundamentally changes the nations age structure, and is very helpful in solving
the problem of an aging society. Demographic data, however, show that
immigration has only a very small impact on the problem. While immigrants do
tend to arrive relatively young, and have higher fertility than natives,
immigrants age just like everyone else, and the differences with natives are not
large enough to fundamentally alter the nations age structure. The debate over
immigration should focus on other areas where it actually has a significant
2 "Saved by Immigrants," The Washington Post, July 17, 1998; Page A21.
3 See for example "Immigration and the Graying of America" by Gary Endelman at http://www.ilw.com/articles/2004,0128-endelman.shtm
4 I use 1991 through 2000 and not 1990 through 2000 because the public use file of the 2000 Census groups individuals by year in such a way that makes it impossible to examine the entire decade of the 1990s. It is not clear why the Census Bureau chose to release the 2000 Census in this way, but one additional year of immigration makes little difference to the analysis. It should be pointed out that although there are slightly fewer post-1991 immigrants than post-1990 immigrants, the post-1991 population is a little younger on average because it does not include immigrants who arrived in 1990 and who have aged one more year by 2000.
5 The foreign-born are defined by the Census Bureau as persons living in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. This includes naturalized American citizens, legal permanent residents (green card holders), illegal aliens, and people on long-term temporary visas such as students or guest workers, who respond to the decennial census or other surveys. It does not include those born abroad of American parents or those born in outlying territories of the United States such as Puerto Rico.
6 We assume that the U.S.-born children of immigrants under age 18 live with their parents. This leaves a very small number of children born in the U.S. to immigrants in 1980-82, shortly after the immigrants arrived who would be adults by 2000. Analysis of the 1990 Census indicates that there were only about 97,000 U.S.-born children of immigrants who arrived 1980-82 who could have been 18, 19 or 20 by 2000, and living on their own. The number is so modest because only a small fraction of immigrants have children shortly after arrival. In the 2000 Census 30,000 of these children stilled lived with their parents. Allowing for deaths and the returning home with their parents among these children we estimate that there were no more than 30,000 adult children of post-1980 immigrants who did not live with their parents in 2000. As for the U.S.-born children of post-1991 immigrants, we assume that all of them lived with their parents in 2000 because they were all under age 10. To estimate the number of post-1980 immigrants and their children, we employ the following method: We first use the year of entry question to identify all immigrants who came to the United States in 1980 or later. To estimate the number of children they have had, we count U.S.-born persons 20 or younger who live in households headed by immigrants who arrived between 1980 and 2000. (Alternative calculations using families instead of households yield virtually identical results.) In effect, this approach counts persons with two immigrant parents or those who have only immigrant fathers. Those with only immigrant mothers tend to be excluded from this approach unless the mother is the household head. It is necessary to exclude half of the children from mixed native/immigrant unions in this way because the presence in the United States of such persons cannot entirely be attributed to immigration. Thus, counting all children from "mixed" unions would overstate the impact of immigration. By counting only U.S.-born persons in post-1980 immigrant-headed households 20 and younger, we are counting only half of those with mixed parentage as being the result of immigration. It is important to note that the March 2000 Current Population Survey (CPS), which unlike the decennial census asks about the birthplace of respondents parents, shows that nearly two thirds of persons 20 and under with at least one foreign-born parent have two foreign-born parents. More importantly, the CPS also shows that those with only one immigrant parent split almost evenly between having an immigrant mother versus an immigrant father. Thus, the approach described above should not introduce any bias into the estimates. It is also worth noting that the 2000 CPS shows that 98 percent of U.S-born persons under age 20 in households headed by post-1980 immigrants have at least one immigrant parent. Using this approach, we estimate that there were 21.6 million post-1980 immigrants living in the United States and slightly more than six million U.S.-born children of post-1980 immigrants. We use the same method to estimate the impact of post-1991 immigration.
7 The former INS estimated the share of illegals in the 2000 Census. The paper is authored by Robert Warren and can be found at www.uscis.gov/graphics/shared/aboutus/statistics/Ill_Report_1211.pdf
8 Most demographics textbooks provide a discussion of TFR and an explanation of how it is calculated. See for example David Yaukey and Douglas L. Anderton, Demography: The Study of Human Population, 2001. Long Grove, Illinois: Waveland Press. Pages 193-194.
9 The Center for Health Statistics (CHS) collects administrative data on births, and when combined with Census Bureau estimates of the total population, can also be used to calculate the nations TFR. Unfortunately, the Census Bureau only provides mid-year estimates of the nations population by race and ethnicity but not by nativity. Thus it is not possible to use this administrative data to calculate native or immigrant TFR. However, since the CPS population totals are controlled to reflect administrative data such as births provided by CHS, the TFR from the CPS should reveal the same results as would result using CHS administrative data and population estimates.
10 It should be noted that TFR is designed to control for differences in age structure, so the differences in the average ages of immigrants and natives should not effect the results.
11 The 2004 trustees report can be found at www.socialsecurity.gov/OACT/TR/TR04/index.html
12 The memo dated September 15, 2004, provides actuarial balances under different immigration scenarios, while the memo dated Jan 6, 2005, provides the size of the effective taxable payroll under different scenarios. Both can be found at www.nfap.net/researchactivities/studies/Appendix1toSocialSecurityStudy.pdf
13 This is the ratio of those who are too young or too old to work relative to those in their prime working years. Since the vast majority of those under age 15 or over age 64 do not work, this is a reasonable measure of dependence in society and the one often used by the Census Bureau.
14 Some demographers focus on individuals in their "prime working years," usually defined as 30 to 44. These individuals are thought to be especially productive workers. But again, the available evidence makes clear that immigration does not significantly change the share of working-age people (15 to 64) who are in this age group. Based on the 2000 Census, 35.6 percent of all working-age persons were in their primary working years (30 to 44), when immigrants are counted. But when they are excluded, 34.8 percent of the population are in their primary working years a .6 percent difference. Excluding just post-1980 immigrants produces the same result, 34.8 percent of working age people are in their prime working years. Immigration simply does not have a significant impact on the overall age structure. This is true even when one focuses on those in their prime years or all those of working age.
15 The June 2002 CPS shows native fertility of 1.9, as does the June 2004 CPS. Given sampling variability, these TFR are not significantly different that the 1.98 in the June 2000 CPS.
16 The Census Bureaus projections can be found in "Methodology and Assumptions for the Population Projections of the United States:1999 to 2100, Population Division Working Paper No. 38." The report itself can be found at: www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0038.pdf Table E on page 28 reports the different net immigration assumptions and Table F on page 29 reports the impact of these assumptions on the dependency ratio.
17 Ibid. Page 21.
18 The author would like the thank the Social Security Administration Office of the Chief Actuary, in particular Ms. Alice H. Wade, for their generous assistance in understanding the impact of immigration on Social Security.
19 The Census Bureau projections can be found at www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0038.pdf Table F on page 29 reports the impact of different levels of immigration on dependency ratios.
20 SAA defines "actuarial deficit,"as a negative actuarial balance. See page 191 of Trustees report.
21 The 2004 trustees report can be found at www.socialsecurity.gov/OACT/TR/TR04/index.html Table IV.B6 on page 57 of the report shows the actuarial balance and the open group unfunded obligation.
22 Table II.B1 on page 4 of the trustees report shows total tax revenue and total expenses for 2004. In 2003, the program spent $479.1 trillion and generated $546.9 billion from tax revenues for a surplus of $67.8 billion. These figures do not include the $84.9 billion that the trust fund generated in interest payments.
23 It is possible that Congress could change the law and require that the surplus be set aside somehow, perhaps by investing it in equity markets. But unless non-Social Security taxes or spending are cut dramatically, putting aside the surplus would mean a much larger deficit in non-Social Security programs, which taxpayers would then have to service. Put simply, the government would be earning interest in equity markets on the Social Security surplus, but that money would be going out because of the need to make interest payments on the larger deficit that would now exist in programs other than Social Security. Thus putting the money aside, assuming that could actually be done, does not really solve the problem either.
24 Table IV.B6 on page 57 of the trustees report shows total tax payment, program costs and difference between the two over 75 years, line "e" shows the dollar amount. The report is online at www.socialsecurity.gov/OACT/TR/TR04/index.html
25 A paper by Jeffrey Liebman published by the National Bureau of Economic Research found that 5 to 9 percent of Social Security benefits are redistributed between retired workers who had different levels of earnings. See www.nber.org/papers/w8625
26 www.irs.gov/individuals/article/0,,id=96406,00.html
27 The memo dated September 15 can be found at www.nfap.net/researchactivities/studies/Appendix1toSocialSecurityStudy.pdf
28 In addition to legal immigration, the Social Security Administration assumes net "other" immigration of 300,000 a year, primarily illegal aliens. This other immigration is held constant at 300,000 in all of the scenarios listed in Table 6.
29 See pages 29-66 in 2004 trustees report for more explanation. The report is at www.socialsecurity.gov/OACT/TR/TR04/index.html
30 www.nfap.net/researchactivities/studies/Appendix1toSocialSecurityStudy.pdf
31 Ben Wattenberg has argued that immigration is the "easy solution to the Social Security crisis." Stephen Moore, formally of the Cato Institute has said that immigrants are "keeping Social Security afloat."
32 George Borjas of Harvard also discusses the issue of life time earnings in Chapter 2 of his 1999 book Heavens Door: Immigration Policy and the American Economy. Jasso, Massey, Rosenzweig and Smith have estimated the average earnings of legal immigrants upon arrival. Their article from Demography can be found at http://econwpa.wustl.edu/eps/lab/papers/0403/0403002.pdf Also Duleep and Regets have examined immigrant earnings over time. Their work can be found at www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m6524/is_n2_v59/ai_18747327/pg_1
33 "Immigrants in New York: Their Legal Status, Incomes and Taxes" by Jeff Passel and Rebecca Clark, Urban Institute 1998. Table 3a page 109 reports Social Security Tax payments by legal status. Information about the report can be found at: http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?ID=407432
34 The report, The High Cost of Cheap Labor: Illegal Immigration and the Federal Budget can be found at www.cis.org/articles/2004/fiscal.html Table 1 in the appendix reports EITC use for illegal alien households and appendix Table 2 reports EITC use for legal immigrant households. To arrive at the above estimates further estimates were done by the author to estimate only program use for legal immigrants.
About The Author


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TRUSTDale Partner of the day, First Fence of Georgia!
Jan 1, 2015 12:00 AM EST
First Fence's volume buying on materials creates a real cost savings which they pass on to you. Consumer Investigator Dale Cardwell, president of TRUSTDale.com, trusts First Fence of Georgia to deliver value!
Click HERE for more, PLUS the TrustDale Tip of the Day!


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These BANNED Instagram Hashtags Could Kill Your Profile (Surprising!)
You're going about your business, posting daily to your Instagram account, growing your audience, when SUDDENLY, you notice a sharp decline in engagement.
Has your audience suddenly decided to abandon you? Has your account been shadow banned? What in the world is going on?!
If you've noticed a sharp decline in engagement on Instagram (likes, comments), you might be using one of the 252,000 BANNED hashtags. But don't worry, there's a way out of this Instagram Graveyard. Here's everything you need to know...
Everything you need to know about the Instagram Banned Hashtags
It's not secret that Instagram is cracking down on spam. After Facebook acquired the platform in 2012, they started quietly making changes, targeting the spam accounts that seemed to be coming out of every nook and cranny.
Then, in 2017, they began to hit the spam problem with full force. I mean like SEAL Team 6, throwing in flashbang grenades and pistol whipping terrorists, FULL FORCE.
Seemingly overnight, several major Instagram bot companies (including the popular platform Instagress) were shut down. Some marketers have even reported that manually commenting/liking too many posts have resulted in their accounts being banned or shadow banned (still allowed on the platform, but not seen by anyone else).
Now, it seems, Facebook is going after spammers by targeting hashtags they frequently use. Unfortunately, many legitimate businesses are getting caught in the crossfire.
There are 3 ways you can reach people on Instagram:
- Your existing followers, who are most likely to see your posts.
- Being featured in the 'Recent Posts' section for a hashtag (unlikely to have much reach).
- Being featured in the 'Top Posts' section, which can allow you to show up on the discovery page. THIS is where you want to be.
Here's an example of what you should see. The 'Top Posts' section, then 'Recent Posts' underneath.
But when you search a term that has been abused by spammers... you'll get this message.
They're even targeting seemingly innocent terms like #DOGSOFINSTAGRAM. Why, oh why?!
Just one banned hashtag could be KILLING your post's organic reach. Less and less people are going to see your posts. Some experts even say that using one banned hashtag ONCE (even on old posts) could put you at risk for a shadow ban, or straight up account ban (though there have been no confirmed cases of that happening--YET).
For a full list of the banned Instagram hashtags, just check Google...The number is currently at 252,000--but we expect that to grow as Instagram continues to flag new hashtags. The image below shows just how many have been banned so far!
Here's How to Deal with the Ban
- Don't Panic.
- Use less hashtags in each post. Check Google using this search query for your hashtags (just replace the word HASHTAG at the end with the hashtag you plan to use).
- Stay tuned for more news! We'll update you on this post, as more information becomes available.


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The latest issue of the 9th Scroll is here! You can read all about it in the news.


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Sole: carbon wind 16, super lightweight and rigid - closing: double tightening system tecno-3 push. Envelope: techpro microfibre leather and mesh. Adjustable reflex system on the heel. Color: matt black / red v erni. The item "sidi shot black / red 45" is on sale since Wednesday, August 29, 2018.
It is in the category "sports, holidays \ cycling, bicycles \ shoes, shoe covers \ men's shoes". The seller is "procycles43" and is located in saint paulien. This item can be shipped to the following countries: Europe, United States, Japan, Canada, Australia.


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Complete is the word we want to associate with our wardrobe. This tee is the perfect reflection of that. It's is made from 100% polyester resulting in great breathability when you go in a cool and fun place aka VR World.
• Available in XS – L size
• 100% polyester
• Made with moisture wicking technology
• Fantastic as a statement, giving one a sense of belonging


text: Steve Jobs needs no introduction. He was a visionary leader who changed the world and our everyday lives through technology. When I read that he had passed away, I felt genuinely sad, just as I believe most people had felt. We had lost a legend and the world had lost someone truly remarkable. In his Stanford University speech, I believe he truly summed up all of life's lessons in 15 minutes. Now how many people can do that? He touched base […]Continue Reading


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Penang Hotels
Penang Hotels are many, and any visitor to this charming city in Malaysia is spoilt for choice. I would like to help you by reviewing as many as we can. It may take a while, but I will do my best. Meantime, here is the hotel I last stayed at.
Cititel Express Penang
Need a place to just have a good night sleep? That is because most of the day you will be going about Penang and sight seeing – like Kek Lok Si Temple, Street Art at the World Heritage Area in Georgetown, Entopia, etc. Also, you will be enjoying all the delicious food at Gurney Drive, Chendul at Penang Road, and many local delights. Then Cititel Express Penang is ideal for you. The location is perfect too. Read More
If you have ANY questions about the Penang Hotels, ANY at all, please submit your questions as comments below. I will be happy to help you out.
Thank you for reading this.
Wishing you and your loved ones safe and happy travels,


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7.2 Ingenieurbau
- 2014 (54) (entfernen)
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- Numerical model (3)
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- Assessment criteria (2)
- Bridge transition zone (2)
- Continuous dynamic monitoring (2)
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Organisationseinheit der BAM
- 7.2 Ingenieurbau (54) (entfernen)
Amplification and reduction phenomena of soil-building interaction by finite-element boundary-element calculations and simplified methods (2014)
Vibration of normal apartment, office and production buildings, which are excited by technically induced ground vibrations are considered. Many wavelengths of the Rayleigh waves of the soil fit into the foundation dimensions. The related high discretization effort can nowadays be realized with detailed soil-structure interaction method. The combined finite-element boundary-element method is used here as a detatiled method. Simplified method can be used with less computation time, but these methods must be calibrated by exact results. One simplification is to extent the structure to infinity and to solve the problem by wavenumber domain methods. Another simplification is the use of a Winkler soil instead of the continuous soil. Usually, the Winkler parameters are not only soil parameters but depend also on the rigid or flexible foundation structure. Substructure methods use commercial FEM software for the building part. The contribution will show some detailed and some simplified results on large structural elements such as foundation plates, walls, storey plates on columns as well as results on complete buildings. The reduction of the ground vibration by stiff elements and the amplification due to floor or building resonances are discussed which are the most important phenomena of the soil-building interaction.
The use and validation of measured, theoretical, and approximate point-load solutions for the prediction of train-induced vibration in homogeneous and inhomogeneous soils (2014)
The layered soil is calculated in the frequency wavenumber domain and the solutions for fixed or moving point or track loads follow as wavenumber integrals. The resulting point load solutions can be approximated by simple formula. Measurements yield the specific soil parameters for the theoretical or approximate solutions, but they can also directly provide the point-load solution (the transfer function of that site). A prediction method for the train-induced ground vibration has been developed, based on one of these site-specific transfer functions. The ground vibrations strongly depend on the regular and irregular inhomogeneity of the soil. The regular layering of the soil yields a cut-on and a resonance phenomenon, while the irregular inhomogeneity seems to be important for high-speed trains. The attenuations with the distance of the ground vibration, due to point-like excitations such as vibrator, hammer, or train-track excitations, were investigated and compared. All theoretical results were compared with measurements at conventional and high-speed railway lines, validating the approximate prediction method.
The dynamic behavior of railway tracks with under sleeper pads, finite-element boundary-element model calculations, laboratory tests and field measurements (2014)
Amplification and reduction phenomena of soil-building interaction by finite-element boundary-element calculations and simplefied methods (2014)
Durch Schienenverkehr angeregte Wellenausbreitung durch den Boden - Stand der Simulationsmethoden (2014)
Respuesta dinámica de edificaciones producida por campos de ondas incidentes considerando la interacción suelo-estructura (2014)
En este artículo se presentan 2 metodologías basadas en las formulaciones del Método de los Elementos de Contorno y del Método de los Elementos Finitos para estudiar el efecto de la interacción suelo-estructura en el comportamiento dinámico de edificaciones. Se ha estudiado la respuesta de un edificio de 3 plantas producida por un campo de ondas incidente con los 2 métodos propuestos. Los resultados obtenidos presentan un buen grado de acuerdo entre ellos. A partir de estos resultados se ha validado un modelo aproximado para estudiar este tipo de problemas y se han examinado diferentes tipologías de edificaciones. Las conclusiones alcanzadas muestran que la respuesta global de las estructuras se debe a la deformación de los forjados y depende de su superficie, de las condiciones de apoyo y del acoplamiento con los forjados de la misma planta. Del mismo modo, se ha observado un acoplamiento del comportamiento de pilares y forjados cuando las rigideces de ambos son similares.----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- This paper presents 2 methodologies based on the Boundary Element Method and the Finite Element Method to study soil-structure interaction effect on building behaviour. A 3-story building response induced by an incident wave field is studied using both methods. The results obtained show a good agreement. Then, a simplified model is validated from these methods and several buildings are analysed. Conclusions show that structural responses are due to floor deformation, and depend on their area, support conditions and coupling. A coupling between floors and columns when both elements have similar stiffness is also observed.
The dynamic behavior of railway tracks with under sleeper pads, finite-element boundary-element model calculations, laboratory tests and field measurements (2014)
A variety of isolation measures exists to reduce the vibration in the neighbourhood of railway lines. They can be roughly classified as elastic or stiffening systems. There are the following elastic elements, rail pads or resilient fixation systems between rail and sleeper, under sleeper pads or sleeper shoes under the sleepers, and ballast mats under the ballast. Stiffening systems (plates) are used as slab tracks, floating slab tracks, or mass-spring systems. In the EU project "Railway induced vibration abatement solutions (RIVAS)", elastic under sleeper pads have been investigated. The dynamic behaviour of the track and the surrounding soil has been calculated by the combined finite-element boundary-element method in a systematic parameter study. It has been shown that the mitigation effect can be improved by soft under sleeper pads or by heavy sleepers. Consequently, such track elements (soft under sleeper pads and heavy sleepers) have been thoroughly investigated in laboratory tests to establish the static and dynamic parameters as well as their serviceability. Finally, field tests at and near railway tracks with and without under sleeper pads have been performed. To determine the reduction effect of the isolated track, the ground vibrations excited by trains or artificial sources have been measured. The soil properties at the different sites have also been measured so that the comparison of the isolated and un-isolated track can take into account possible differences of the soil parameters. The contribution shows how the different (numerical, laboratory and field) methods and results can be combined to achieve an improved mitigation solution with soft under sleeper pads and heavy sleepers for ballasted and slab tracks.
The bridge design for railway bridges is far more dependent on the interaction with the traffic and the carriageway than for road bridges. This is especially true for the specific demands of the track in highspeed railways. Both maintenance and safety of the track have to be considered. The most relevant sections for the design criteria can be located at the bridge transition zones. Based on experimental investigations it is shown that bridge joint displacements, changes in stiffness and uplifting of the sleeper are causes for an increased degradation and loss in strength of the ballasted track. With respect to high speed vibrations of the bridge deck can have an even more decisive impact. Bridge deck vibrations can lead to destabilization of the bailast. In a numerical study the behavior of the track at the bridge is illustrated.
This paper presents the impact of dynamic loading on the deterioration of ballasted track. Firstly it is discussed which types of loading can be observed at the track. The effects of cyclic and dynamic loading on the ballast assembly are discussed with respect to the different boundary conditions of physical model tests compared to those existing in reality. For dynamic loading, on the one hand, the displacements and rotations of single particles at the surface become more important. On the other hand, the load distribution caused by an impact like loading is different from a quasistatic loading. Finally, large scale tests are presented. When comparing the dynamic loading sequences with the solely cyclic loading, limits are found for a vibration level that is associated with an accelerated accumulation of permanent deformations.
Offshore-Pfähle in Mehrpfahlgründungsstrukturen wie Jacket-Gründungen müssen nach der Rammung überwiegend zyklisch axialen Belastungen widerstehen. Die Abmessungen der Pfähle werden sowohl von der inneren Tragfähigkeit und dem Ermüdungsverhalten des Stahlquerschnittes als auch von der äußeren Tragfähigkeit und der Pfahl-Boden-Interaktion bestimmt. Aufgrund der großen Zahl von Pfahlgründungen, die für aktuelle und zukünftige Windparkprojekte benötigt werden, besteht ein dringender Bedarf, die Dimensionierung und die damit verbundenen Kosten des Einzelpfahles zu optimieren. Bezüglich der Pfahltragfähigkeit sind wichtige aktuelle Forschungsthemen eine mögliche Traglaststeigerung durch Anwachsen und die geeignete Abschätzung der zyklischen Degradation. Zur Untersuchung beider Effekte wurde eine großmaßstäbliche Versuchsanlage auf dem Testgelände BAM TTS in Horstwalde nahe Berlin errichtet. Auf diesem Versuchsfeld können große Stahlrohrammpfähle zyklisch druck- und zugbelastet werden. Zudem kann die Untersuchung von Alterungseffekten durch zeitlichen Versatz zwischen den Messkampagnen untersucht werden. Erste Ergebnisse zeigen einen Anstieg der Pfahltragfähigkeit bis zu ca. 60 % nach einer Standzeit von ca. 18 Monaten. Für die Degradation der Tragfähigkeit der zyklisch belasteten Pfähle zeigen die ersten vorläufigen Ergebnisse ein zum Teil unerwartetes Verhalten. Zusätzliche Untersuchungen werden derzeit zur weiteren Abklärung durchgeführt.
Filter criteria in the Frame of Fire PSA identify compartments in a first qualitative analysis for which the contribution to the overall core damage frequency of the NPP is negligible. The aim of the filter criteria is to reduce the number of compartments to be analysed precisely in Fire PSA. One example for filter criteria is the 'fire load criterion'. By the fire load criterion compartments with a fire load density of less than 90 MJ/m² are 'screened out' which means to exclude them from a precise analysis in Fire PSA. Neither the justification of the particular value of 90 MJ/m² is well documented nor does this criterion take into account varying compartment configurations such as ventilation conditions, physical and chemical properties of the fire load as well as compartment characteristics. A probabilistic set of filter criteria was developed to overcome the restrictions of the fire load criterion. In line with the 'fire load criterion', the probabilistic set of filter criteria assumes that a compartment can be screened out if a fire is not able to cause any damage to other components within the compartment. Therefore, the electrical failure of an electrical cable conservatively represents the damages of all components. It is assumed that the electrical cable failure occurs when the maximum cable temperature exceeds an experimentally determined failure temperature. The maximum cable temperature that can occur in a compartment fire is mainly influenced by the four significant factors: 1. inlet air stream of the mechanical ventilation, 2. the fire growth rate, 3. the compartment floor area and 4. the compartment height. A parameter study revealed how the significant factors affect the maximum cable temperature in fictitious compartment fires. The results of the parameter study are transferred on true Nuclear Power Plant compartments. However, it is not possible to determine precisely the occurrence of an electrical cable failure because of uncertainties in the maximum cable temperature and the failure temperature. The probabilistic set of filter criteria considers these uncertainties and determines the probability of cable failure for true compartments to be screened in Fire PSA. Finally, a compartment can be screened out in Fire PSA if the failure probability exceeds a predefined accepted threshold value for the failure probability. The theoretical application of the methodology is shown at the end of the paper.
Safety measures like tunnel emergency Ventilation Systems cause high financial costs. Hence, safety measures have to be chosen with the focus on the expected reduction of the consequences like fatalities or damage on structures and in conjunction with the investments. Since 2004, the European directive EU 2004/54/EC proposes therefore the application of risk assessments. Because the EU directive provides only few legal requirements on risk assessments, the methodologies developed on this basis have large differences. After one decade of intensive research, the comparative study now highlights common aspects and differences of several methodologies.
Assessment and optimisation of bridge transition zones on the basis of a numerical model for train-track-bridge interaction (2014)
Assessment and optimisation of bridge transition zones on the basis of a numerical model for train-track-bridge interaction (2014)
The main degradation process at bridge transition zones due to traffic loads is the appearance of differential settlements. Abrupt stiffness changes, repeating traffic loads and relative displacements of the superstructure ends on bridges often aggravate this problem. In this contribution, a 3D finite element (FE) model extended with a boundary formulation in the frame of the scaled-boundary finite element method (SBFEM) for a transient analysis of train-track-bridge interaction is presented. This numerical model permits an assessment of bridge transition zone with respect to permanent deformations of the track. The main focus lies on the modeling strategies for the vehicle and their impact on suitable assessment criteria for bridge transition zones. For this purpose, two different modeling strategies for the vehicle, a moving load model and a multibody model, have been compared and discussed on the basis of the assessment criteria. The results indicate that the model of the vehicle has a minor effect for an assessment on the embankment, but that the assessment on the bridge may show significant differences depending on whether the inertial components of the vehicle (multibody model) are considered.
A comprehensive numerical model for the analysis of offshore foundations under a general transient loading is presented here. The theoretical basis of the model lies on the Swansea formulation of Biot's equations of dynamic poroelasticity combined with a constitutive model that reproduces key aspects of cyclic soil behaviour in the frame of the theory of generalised plasticity. On the practical side, the adoption of appropriate finite element formulations may prevent the appearance of spurious numerical instabilities of the pore pressure field. In this respect, the use of a coupled enhanced-strain element is here proposed. On the other hand, the practicality of the presented model depends ultimately on its computational efficiency. Some practical recommendations concerning the solution strategies, the matrix storage/handling procedures and the parallel multi-processor computation are here provided. Finally, the performance of the model with a benchmark study case and its practical application to analyse the soil–structure interaction of an offshore monopile under a realistic transient storm loading are discussed.
Damage detection can be performed by detecting changes in the modal parameters between a reference state and the current (possibly damaged) state of a structure from measured output-only vibration data. Alternatively, a subspace-based damage detection test has been proposed and applied successfully, where changes in the modal parameters are detected, but the estimation of the modal parameters themselves is avoided. Like this, the test can run in an automated way directly on the vibration measurements. However, it was assumed that the unmeasured ambient excitation properties during measurements of the structure in the reference and possibly damaged condition stay constant, which is hardly satisfied by any application. A new version of the test has been derived recently that is robust to such changes in the ambient excitation. In this paper, the robust test is recalled and its performance is evaluated both on numerical simulations and a real application, where a steel frame structure is artificially damaged in the lab.
Structural health monitoring with statistical methods during progressive damage test of S101 Bridge (2014)
For the last decades vibration based damage detection of engineering structures has become an important issue for maintenance operations on transport infrastructure. Research in vibration based structural damage detection has been rapidly expanding from classic modal parameter estimation to modern operational monitoring. Since structures are subject to unknown ambient excitation in operation conditions, all estimates from the finite data measurements are of statistical nature. The intrinsic uncertainty due to finite data length, colored noise, non-stationary excitations, model order reduction or other operational influences needs to be considered for robust and automated structural health monitoring methods. In this paper, two subspace-based methods are considered that take these statistical uncertainties into account, first modal parameter and their confidence interval estimation for a direct comparison of the structural states, and second a statistical null space based damage detection test that completely avoids the identification step. The performance of both methods is evaluated on a large scale progressive damage test of a prestressed concrete road bridge, the S101 Bridge in Austria. In an on-site test, ambient vibration data of the S101 Bridge was recorded while different damage scenarios were introduced on the bridge as a benchmark for damage identification. It is shown that the proposed damage detection methodology is able to clearly indicate the presence of structural damage, if the damage leads to a change of the structural system.
In the last ten years, monitoring the integrity of the civil infrastructure has been an active research topic, including in connected areas as automatic control. It is common practice to perform damage detection by detecting changes in the modal parameters between a reference state and the current (possibly damaged) state from measured vibration data. Subspace methods enjoy some popularity in structural engineering, where large model orders have to be considered. In the context of detecting changes in the structural properties and the modal parameters linked to them, a subspace-based fault detection residual has been recently proposed and applied successfully, where the estimation of the modal parameters in the possibly damaged state is avoided. However, most works assume that the unmeasured ambient excitation properties during measurements of the structure in the reference and possibly damaged condition stay constant, which is hardly satisfied by any application. This paper addresses the problem of robustness of such fault detection methods. It is explained why current algorithms from literature fail when the excitation covariance changes and how they can be modified. Then, an efficient and fast subspace-based damage detection test is derived that is robust to changes in the excitation covariance but also to numerical instabilities that can arise easily in the computations. Three numerical applications show the efficiency of the new approach to better detect and separate different levels of damage even using a relatively low sample length.
Efficient computation of minmax tests for fault isolation and their application to structural damage localization (2014)
Fault detection and isolation can be handled by many different approaches. This paper builds upon a hypothesis test that checks whether the mean of a Gaussian random vector has become non-zero in the faulty state, based on a chi2 test. For fault isolation, it has to be decided which components in the parameter set of the Gaussian vector have changed, which is done by variants of the chi2 hypothesis test using the so-called sensitivity and minmax approaches. While only the sensitivity of the tested parameter component is taken into account in the sensitivity approach, the sensitivities of all parameters are used in the minmax approach, leading to better statistical properties at the expense of an increased computational burden. The computation of the respective test variable in the minmax test is cumbersome and may be ill-conditioned especially for large parameter sets, asking hence for a careful numerical evaluation. Furthermore, the fault isolation procedure requires the repetitive calculation of the test variable for each of the parameter components that are tested for a change, which may be a significant computational burden. In this paper, dealing with the minmax problem, we propose a new efficient computation for the test variables, which is based on a simultaneous QR decomposition for all parameters. Based on this scheme, we propose an efficient test computation for a large parameter set, leading to a decrease in the numerical complexity by one order of magnitude in the total number of parameters. Finally, we show how the minmax test is useful for structural damage localization, where an asymptotically Gaussian residual vector is computed from output-only vibration data of a mechanical or a civil structure.
Intelligente Brücke - Zuverlässigkeitsbasierte Bewertung von Brückenbauwerken unter Berücksichtigung von Inspektions- und Überwachungsergebnissen (2014)
Der vorliegende Bericht beschreibt Konzepte für eine intelligente Brücke auf der Grundlage einer zuverlässigkeitsbasierten Zustandsbewertung unter Berücksichtigung von Bauwerksinformationen, welche aus Prüfungen, Inspektionen und Überwachung gewonnen werden. Das Brückensystem wird durch ein Modell beschrieben, welches den zentralen Teil des Konzeptes darstellt. Das Modell wird in Schädigungsmodelle und ein Tragwerkssystem-Modell unterteilt. Dieses Modell wird a-priori durch die Eingangsdaten (welche etwa die Geometrie, die Materialien und die Verwendung der Brücke beschreiben) charakterisiert. Aus diesen ergeben sich dann auch die Ausgangsmodelle. Um die signifikanten Streuungen und Unsicherheiten adäquat abzubilden sind diese Modelle probabilistisch. Das Modell liefert eine sich kontinuierlich ändernde probabilistische Zustandsbewertung. Die Zustandsbewertung gibt eine Aussage über den Zustand und die Zuverlässigkeit des Brückensystems und seiner Bauteile und dient als Grundlage für die Planung und die Optimierung von Maßnahmen. Die Verwendung von Resultaten aus Inspektionen, Prüfungen und Überwachungen erfolgt durch eine Aktualisierung der Modellparameter. Die Aktualisierung beruht auf der Methode der Bayes'schen Aktualisierung und wird auf der Grundlage der entwickelten Klassifizierung der Bauwerksinformationen mit entsprechenden Methoden durchgeführt. Dieses Verfahren erlaubt es, alle Informationen in konsistenter Weise in ein einziges Modell einfließen zu lassen. Dabei wird die Genauigkeit und Aussagekraft der gewonnenen Daten und Beobachtungen explizit berücksichtigt. Durch die Aktualisierung der Modellparameter unter Berücksichtigung von Systemeffekten wird die Zustandsbewertung der Bauteile und des Brückensystems aktualisiert. Das ermöglicht die Planung und die Optimierung von Maßnahmen unter Berücksichtigung der Bauwerksinformationen. Auf diese Weise wird die intelligente Brücke mit Inspektionen und Überwachungen zu einem adaptiven System, welches sich Veränderungen anpassen kann.---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------This report describes concepts for an intelligent bridge on the basis of a reliability-based condition assessment utilizing inspection and monitoring data. The central part of the concept is a model describing the bridge system. The overall bridge model is comprised of deterioration models and a mechanical system model of the structure. The model is a-priori characterized by the input data (such as the geometry, the materials, and the utilization of the bridge). Significant uncertainties in the deterioration modeling as well as the load conditions motivate a probabilistic modeling. The model enables a continuously updated probabilistic condition assessment. It provides information about the condition and the reliability of the bridge system and its components and serves as a basis for the planning and the optimization of maintenance actions. Inspection, measurement, and monitoring information are included by updating the model parameters. Bayesian updating is utilized for the updating of the model parameters and is performed on the basis of the developed classification of structural information and the corresponding procedures. These methodologies allow to consistently incorporate all available information into the model and the prediction. Thereby, the precision and the validity of the data and observations are explicitly accounted for. The condition assessment of the bridge system and its components is updated by updating the model parameters, and maintenance actions can be planned and optimized taking into account all available information in a rational and consistent manner. In this way, the intelligent bridge with inspections, measurements, and monitoring information becomes an adaptive system, which has the ability to adjust to changes.
Ermittlung von Beanspruchung und Verformungen von Pfahlgründungen - Messverfahren und Applikation (2014)
Vor dem Hintergrund einer angestrebten größeren Unabhängigkeit der Energieversorgung von fossilen Energieträgern hat die Windenergie in den letzten Dekaden zunehmend an Bedeutung gewonnen. Dabei wird insbesondere die Energiegewinnung offshore in der Deutschen Nordsee, auf Grund dort vorhandener stetiger Winde und sinkender Akzeptanz von Windkraftanlagen an Land, forciert. Im Hinblick auf die Gründung dieser Anlagen wird technisches Neuland betreten. Angesichts von Wassertiefen bis über 25 m erhalten aufgelöste Gründungsstrukturen wie Tripod und Jacket oft den Vorzug vor Monopiles. Letztere waren wegen der geringen Produktions- und Installationskosten, der bisher am häufigsten angewandte Gründungstyp in flacheren Gewässern. Monopile- und Mehrpfahlgründung unterscheiden sich wesentlich im Abtrag der Belastung durch Beanspruchungen aus Wind und Wellen in den umgebenden Baugrund. Während beim Monopile die zyklischen Momente über laterale Bettung abgetragen werden, entstehen an den Mehrpfahlgründungen axiale Zug- und Druckbelastungspaare in gegenüberliegenden Pfählen. Die zyklischen Belastungen von Monopiles sind demnach hauptsächlich in lateraler Richtung zu erwarten, während für Mehrpfahlgründungen die zyklische Belastung einen überwiegend axialen Charakter aufweist. Die zyklischen axialen Lasten in den Pfählen der Mehrpfahlgründungen können die axialen Tragfähigkeiten insbesondere am Pfahlmantel reduzieren und damit evtl, zu einem Versagen der Gründung führen.
Following the long tradition of the Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) since Adolf Martens has created first routines in failure analysis (Ruske, 1971), BAM has been frequently called-in by the Berlin Traffic Association (BVG) to carry out root-cause analyses of the Berlin suburban train line (Frahm, 1902), reported in Helmerich and Herter (1999), Helmerich (2000), Nega and Winkler (1998), Helmerich et al. (2002) and Herter et al. (2002). This was also the case in the 1990s, when BVG-inspectors found cracks in hanging, barrel-like shaped ballast plates of the Berlin underground steel viaducts during regularly scheduled inspections. Cracks were located parallel to the riveted connection between the ballast plates and the upper chord of the viaduct cross girder steel profiles. For safety reasons, the operator BVG immediately stopped the cracks by means of drilling stop holes at the crack tips. As intermediate measures, longitudinal steel profiles were spanned below the rail axes between the cross girders affected to stabilize the track in longitudinal direction. The inspection period was shortened from years to few weeks. BAM was mandated to measure strains under regular train traffic to analyze the cause of the cracks. Strains were measured in identical connections as the damaged details, which did not suffer from cracks at the time of the measurement. The traffic-induced strain cycles and thus the resulting strain differences in the questionable cross sections were higher than expected and resulted in stresses of max. 85.8 MPa. Calculations showed that the credible remaining fatigue life for this particular structural detail was exceeded after 68 years according to nowadays standards. Extensive discussions, further field and laboratory tests followed to develop a rehabilitation plan for retrofitting the structure with minimum interference of the traffic. Finally, a method with minimum intervention to the structure was elaborated by a consortium of the operator BVG, BAM and producers based on further laboratory and field tests at BAM. Now, the viaduct is saved for the future.
Subspace-based detection of fatigue damage on a steel frame laboratory structure for offshore applications. (2014)
Subspace-based detection of fatigue damage on jacket support structures of offshore wind turbines. (2014)
Subspace-based detection of fatigue damage on a steel frame laboratory structure for offshore applications (2014)
Altematively to common modal analysis as tool for detectmg changes between a reference and an actual (possibly damaged) structural state, the subspace-based damage detection method has been developed in recent years and successfully adopted to test application data sets. Characteristic for that method is that instead of analyzing modal parameters, a Statistical test with respect to changes of a dynamic signature of structural response is introduced. Therefor, a Gaussian residual vector is extracted from the subspace of an output only Vibration data covariance matrix within the reference state. The paper describes the application of this damage detection method within a laboratory fatigue test on a Steel frame structure. Aim of the investigation was to analyze the usability and efficiency of the detection method for realistic damage on carrying structures of wind energy turbines. In a second Step, a numerical model of the lab test structure is developed and validated. Thus, a comparable numerical Simulation of the fatigue damage detection was feasible and the accuracy of the Simulation procedure could be verified. The present study describes the first Step in a two-step approach for quantifying and optimizing fundamental characteristics of SHM Systems for offshore wind turbine structures concerning a required number of sensors and their optimal location.
Subspace-based detection of fatigue damage on jacket support structures of offshore wind turbines (2014)
The paper describes the application of the Stochastic Subspace-based Damage Detection (SSDD) method on model structures for an utilization of this approach on offshore wind turbine structures. Aim of the study was therefore to analyze the usability and efficiency of the detection method as well as to determine an optimized set of parameter for realistic damage on support structures of wind energy turbines. Based on results of an experimental fatigue test on a Steel frame laboratory structure a strategy for a numerical verification of the experimentally evolved damage detection was developed, utilizing a time integration approach to simulate the dynamic response. In a second Step the identified modeling and computing methodology is used to numerically investigate the ability to detect damage in real size structural components of offshore wind turbines.
This paper presents the development of a continuous dynamic monitoring System and its applications to different structures, with the purpose of understanding structural real behaviours under operational conditions and detecting early structural modifications. The first part of paper introduces a complete continuous dynamic System, consists of signal acquisition and communication, automated signal processing and management, investigation of the interaction between structures and its environmental/operational conditions, feature extraction and detection of structural modification. The rest of paper describes the applications of continuous dynamic monitoring System to different structures such as a wind turbine System and a highway bridge.
A prototype of wind turbines in 5 megawatt dass was built and tested at the first German offshore wind energy test fteld in the North Sea. In order to investigate dynamic behaviors under a complex state of loads, a continuous dynamic monitoring System was implemented by Federal Institute for Material Research and Testing (BAM). It recorded structural responses and environmental/operational variables from November 2007 to October 2009. This paper presents significant resonance phenomenon due to the interaction in the tower-nacelle System under operational conditions. Modal parameters are automatically estimated by the poly reference Least Square Complex Frequency domain (p-LSCF) method. Campbell plot demonstrates that a three-blade passage frequency and its multiples f3n match with the natural frequencies of the wind turbine System in several modal Orders. The damping estimates decrease and the Vibration amplitude increase significantly. A control System is necessary to minimize the excessive vibrations.
A method for system identification of a structure supported by nonlinear springs using evolutionary computing (2014)
A mechanical structure supported by nonlinear springs subjected to an external load is considered. If all mechanical parameters of the system were known, the displacement of the system subjected to this load could be easily calculated. If not all of the parameters are known, but the load and the displacement are measured at one location, an inverse problem exists. In the presented problem the nonlinear springs are unknown and have to be determined. At first glance a problem needs to be solved, which is underdetermined due to the number of unknown variables. However, evolutionary computing can be applied to solve this inverse, nonlinear and multimodal problem. Sometimes a prior knowledge exists on certain system properties, which is difficult to implement into analytical or numerical solver. This knowledge can play a decisive role in identifying the system properties and it can be easily included as boundary condition when applying evolutionary algorithm. This article examines how and under what conditions the spring resistances can be identified. The procedure is exemplified at a mechanical system of a pile foundation.
MOSYTRAF - Monitoringsystem zur Tragverhaltensstudie von Freileitungen unter Böenbeanspruchung (2014)
Im Rahmen des Forschungsvorhabens MOSYTRAF (Monitoringsystem zur Tragverhaltensstudie von Freileitungen unter Böenbeanspruchung) werden seit Ende 2011 kontinuierlich Windgeschwindigkeiten entlang eines insgesamt 800 m langen Freileitungsabschnitts gemessen. Gleichzeitig wird die resultierende Windkraft aus Wind auf Leiterseile an den Isolatoren erfasst. Dadurch soll der Zusammenhang zwischen Einwirkung und Bauwerksreaktion möglichst zuverlässig ermittelt werden. Dabei ist besonderes Augenmerk auf die kurzzeitigen Windgeschwindigkeitsspitzen, die Böen gerichtet. Diese erfassen anders als die konstante mittlere Windgeschwindigkeit, nicht die gesamte Länge des Freileitungsabschnitts, sondern nur einen eingeschränkten Bereich. Aus diesem Grund erfolgen die Windmessungen an insgesamt 13 Stellen entlang des Abschnitts und geben ein fein aufgelöstes Bild des Windfeldes. In dem Beitrag werden Messergebnisse beispielhaft präsentiert und einige Plausibilitätskontrollen vorgestellt, da dies einen unerlässlichen Schritt bei Naturmessungen darstellt. Ausgehend von einem Übersichtsdiagramm der bisherigen Messergebnisse wird die Aufgabenstellung und die Zielsetzung der Messkampagne erörtert.
BAW and BAM have performed a large scale comparison and calibration test on static and dynamic load capacity evaluation of bored piles in glacial sandy soil. The test was performed using eight piles at the BAM test site for technical safety at Horstwalde 50 km south of Berlin. The test area has been prepared and investigated in great detail using boreholes, cone penetration tests, pore pressure sensors and geophysical methods to assure controlled conditions for all piles and tests. The piles (10 m length, 0.9 m diameter) are mainly friction piles (low toe resistance) and have been checked by integrity testing. Five piles have been tested by five contractors using the dynamic method in a blind experiment, the other ones piles by static load and/or later on by the dynamic method. Some piles have been equipped with additional fibre optic Instrumentation which proved to be robust and helpful in interpreting the results of static, dynamic and integrity tests. We have experienced a deviation of the dynamic load test results gathered in the blind experiment from the static values of up to 20% in most cases, sometimes even up to 30%. This can be related to the known soil inhomogeneities, interpretation and modelling in CAPWAP and method inherent uncertainties. In cases where the static values were known by the testers for calibration, the deviations were significantly smaller. It has to be taken into account, that the two static load tests showed different results as well. Due to the low toe resistance, use of a big drop weight (11 tons) and large drop heights most piles suffered from cracking, which was clearly seen in follow up integrity tests and confirmed by excavation. The piles are available for further research.
Radiation Protection and On-Site Inspection of the Elevated Subway Construction with an Ir-192 Gamma-Source (2014)
Praktischer Strahlenschutz bei einem ortsveränderlichen Prüfeinsatz mit Gamma-Radiographie Iridium-192 (2014)
Bauteile mit hohem Energiedissipationsvermögen als Schutz-Vorrichtung bei stoßartiger Beanspruchung (BENEDISS) (2014)
A software prototype for assessing the reliability of a concrete bridge superstructure subjected to chloride-induced reinforcement corrosion (2014)
A software prototype for assessing and updating the reliability of a deteriorating concrete bridge deck (2014)
Numerical simulation of an overhead power line section under wind excitation using wind tunnel test results and in-situ measured data (2014)
Overhead transmission line cables under wind gust loading - measurements and numerical simulations (2014)
Overhead transmission line cables under wind gust loading - measurements and numerical simulations (2014)
Overhead transmission lines with conductor cables spanning over a few hundred meters are highly sensitive to the action of wind. Particularly wind acting on the cables signifies a major load on the suspension towers. In order to identify critical loading parameters and the load-response mechanism of those structures, measurements are carried out along a high voltage overhead transmission line capturing the acting wind field as well as the structural response of the cables. A finite element model of the structure is built and used to simulate the system's response. A method is presented which allows generating a complete wind field for all the models nodes incorporating measured wind velocities and estimated parameters of the acting wind. The full scale measurements of both action and reaction will be compared to the numerical results.
This paper presents a finite element model of an overhead transmission line using so called cable elements which allow reproducing the cable's nonlinear characteristics accurately employing only a few elements. Aerodynamic damping is considered in the equation of motion by taking into account the relative velocity between the flow of the wind and the moving structure. The wind flow itself is simulated by wave superposition making necessary assumptions on the lateral correlation between the wind velocities along the cable length. As result from the simulation, the following conclusions can be drawn. The first natural frequency of generally used wide spanning cables lies well below 1 Hz where also most of the energy content of the wind excitation is to be expected. Aerodynamic damping is significant for the moving cables holding very low structural damping which leads to a suppression of resonant amplification. This is particularly of interest regarding the support reaction which is dominated by the mean value and the so called background response. The latter is mostly influenced by the randomness of the wind flow, especially lateral to the main wind direction.
MOSYTRAF-Monitoringsystem zur Tragverhaltensstudie von Freileitungsseilen unter Böenbeanspruchung (2014)
Numerical simulation of an overhead power line section under wind excitation using wind tunnel test results and in-situ measured data (2014)
Overhead transmission lines are very sensitive structures in regards to wind action. The cables, spanning over a few hundred meters contribute in particular to the overall action on the suspension towers. These slender structures incorporate both structural nonlinearities from the large deformation of the cables and aerodynamic nonlinearities which need to be accounted for when it is to estimate the system response to strong wind events. In this work, a finite element procedure is presented to model an existing power line section using nonlinear cable elements. The wind force is assumed quasi-steady with force coefficients determined in wind tunnel test on a conductor section. Further, aerodynamic damping is incorporated by considering the relative velocity between cable nodes and oncoming wind flow. The results are compared with on-site measurements of the cables support reaction. The results show a significant effect of damping since almost no resonant amplification is visible both in observation and simulation. In addition, wind tunnel tests approved aerodynamic damping to be large for the system of sagging cables, but nonlinear in its nature. It is concluded, that the dynamic response of overhead transmission line cables has to be modeled with care, considering all sources of nonlinearities. That is of particular interest in case of random excitation such as wind because the peak response depends on the probability distribution of the system's response.
Energiedissipierende Fassadenverankerung mit Crashmaterial für explosionsbeanspruchte Gebäude (2014)
Wenn repräsentative Bauwerke wie Botschaften und Flughäfen außergewöhnlichen Lasten aus Explosion ausgesetzt sind, dann kann das Ausmaß des zu erwartenden Schadens aus einer solchen Belastung durch den Einsatz von energiedissipierenden Schutzbauteilen in der Fassadenverankerung begrenzt werden. Bisher ist über das Tragverhalten solcher Schutzbauteile wenig bekannt. In diesem Aufsatz werden Konstruktion und Wirkungsweise einer Verankerung für vorgehängte Fassaden vorgestellt, die in der Lage sind, einen Teil der Stoßenergie über Verformung eines Crashmaterials zu dissipieren. Versuche an einer bauteilähnlichen Konstruktion liefern Informationen über das Tragverhalten der Fassadenverankerung, insbesondere bei dynamischen Belastungen. Aus den Ergebnissen wird ein Konzept für die Vordimensionierung der vorgestellten Schutzbauteile abgeleitet.----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- In the past few years public awareness of the need to protect structures against blast effects has risen. Blast wave energy is transmitted to the supporting structure by its façade connectors. Energy dissipating protective components placed at the connectors allow protecting people in the building as well as the primary building structure from damage. In this paper we present a protective component that dissipates blast energy by crash material. The report explores the system's fundamentals of operation from an experimental point of view. The results of dynamic tests are the basis of a design concept for the protective components.
Die Forderung, für repräsentative Bauwerke wie Botschaften und Flughäfen auch außergewöhnliche Lasten aus Explosion zu berücksichtigen, wurde in jüngerer Vergangenheit zunehmend gestellt. Das aufgrund dieser Lasten zu erwartende Schadensausmaß kann durch den Einsatz von energiedissipierenden Schutzbauteilen in der Fassadenbefestigung begrenzt werden. Die Dissipation der Explosionsenergie in den Schutzbauteilen kann beispielsweise über ein Crashmaterial erfolgen. In diesem Aufsatz werden Untersuchungen an zementgebundenen Materialien, die diesem Zweck dienen sollen, vorgestellt. Der Einfluss unterschiedlicher Zusätze auf die für ein Crashmaterial maßgebenden Eigenschaften wird in einer Parameterstudie untersucht. Als besonders geeignet wird ein Material identifiziert, bei dem die Zugabe eines Gasbildners das Matrixgefüge im Hinblick auf das gewünschte Kraft-Verformungs-Verhalten positiv verändert. Dynamische Versuche mit diesem Material geben Aufschluss über dessen Komprimierungsverhalten bei hohen Stauchraten.----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- In the past few years public awareness of the need to protect structures against blast effects has risen. Energy dissipating protective components placed at the façade connectors allow protecting people in the building as well as the primary building structure from damage due to blast loads. One possibility to dissipate the blast energy is using protective components with crash material. This paper presents tests on cementitious crash materials studying the effect of different additives to the compression-behavior of the material. Additional experiments enable analyzing the material behavior under static and dynamic test conditions.


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A monograph that deals largely with radioiodinated rose bengal and colloidal radiogold liver scans seems out of date. Technetium-99 is generally preferred for this purpose. Even liver scans are being replaced by scintillation photographs. It is not surprising that this book contains nothing new; it is a brief and clearly written review of the literature of liver scans and other applications of isotopes to the study of hepatobiliary physiology and disease.
A discussion of the physiology of rose bengal is followed by an assessment of its use as a test of polygonal cell function and patency of the biliary tract.
The Application of Radioiodinated Rose Bengal and Colloidal Radiogold in the Detection of Hepatobiliary Disease.. Ann Intern Med. 1970;72:450. doi: https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-72-3-450_2
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Gioielli Dop "flies" with Amref
On the occasion of March 8, Gioielli Dop takes the side of women and supports Amref Health Africa that since over 60 years promotes women's empowerment projects and has been fighting for the right to health of African women.
To celebrate the collaboration, Gioielli Dop has created a special charm inspired by the most famous service of Amref: the Flying Doctors, heroic "flying doctors" who on board of small planes reach the villages and most inaccessible areas of the African continent to ensure free care in places where access to care is not guaranteed.
The charm, which reproduces a light aircraft in the fleet of flying doctors, is a small but precious silver jewel, hand made with extraordinary care and skill of the craftsmen of Arezzo, as all Gioielli Dop creations.
Since March 8th, the Flying Doctors charm is available for purchase on the e-commerce Gioielli Dop, at the corner Gioielli Dop in Coin Excelsior (Via Cola di Rienzo in Rome) and in all the jewellers participating in the initiative .
The proceeds will be donated to Amref Health Africa in order to support the health and medical projects.


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Xinyi Glass Holdings Limited, a major supplier in the global supply chain, was founded in 1988 and listed on the main board of the Hong Kong Stock Exchange in February 2005.(Stock Code:00868.HK)Xinyi is the world's leading integrated glass manufacturer which cover a wide range of product including high-quality float glass, automobile glass , engineering glass and electronic Glass etc. Xinyi Seven industrial bases,Shenzhen, Dongguan, Jiangmen, Wuhu, Tianjin, Yingkou, Deyang are located inthe eastern Yangtze River delta area, the southern Pearl River delta area, the northern Beijing-Tianjin region and the western Chengdu-Chongqing region which are the most active domestic economy zones in China.In 2015, Xinyi Glass invested in the construction of large-scale production base in Malaysia in order to develop overseas markets.Currently , Xinyi Glass has been a listed company with total market capital of HK $ 30.0 billion and more than HK $ 14 billion annual revenue. Meanwhile,Xinyi glass has a total area of over 6.0 millionsquare metersand around 12,000 employees. The Group is a constituent of Hang Seng Global Composite Index, Hang Seng Composite Index, Hang Seng Composite MidCap Index, Hang Seng Composite Industry Index-Industrials, as well as MSCI Hong Kong Small Cap Index.
Xinyi boasts the domestic leading technical strength with a R&D center appraised as the provincial enterprise technical center in 1997. The company has been committed to R&D of energy-conservation and environmental-friendly products, and has developed the LOW-E glass capable of being tempered and hot-bended, SOLAR-X heat-reflecting automobile glass and other environmental-friendly products, HUD glass, water repelling glass, photocatalytic glass, superpower high penetration resistant high-speed train glass, and other new products.
Xinyi Glass pursues new technology and invests in R&D to cope with the market and customer's individualized needs. We endeavor to create win-win business cooperation with our partners and make contribution to the society.


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The deeded land is in Tract A of M.S. 751, located in the city of Deadwood, Lawrence County, South Dakota containing 6,272,640 square inches more of less.
You will be the proud owner of one square inch of land located in Deadwood, South Dakota - on the hillside roughly behind Cadillac Jack's casino.
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You may not make any improvements to your parcel of land.
You may not receive any income, monetary or otherwise, from your parcel of land.
You may tell all your friends that you own a piece of Deadwood!
You may come to visit Deadwood and look up to the hillside and admire your land!
Deadwood Square Inch Land Company retains all mineral rights to your parcel of land.


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Volusia County, FL - At the Volusia County Council meeting on Thursday a grant and development company were approved for the development of an emergency management mobile application that will be ready for use by hurricane season.
The grant expenditure is $32,960, which includes a one-time development cost of $20,985 and an annual recurring maintenance fee of $11,975.
According to Larry LaHue, Senior Planner with the Volusia County Division of Emergency Management, the county went through the normal bidding process and chose OVC, LLC., a company out of Mobile, Alabama for the design and development of the application because of their experience in developing mobile applications for emergency management and law enforcement.
The application will be for use by the general public and available for iPhone, iPad and Android users. It will have real-time NOAA weather radio broadcasts and emergency management will be able to send push notifications during times of emergency.
For example, there will be a scrolling banner with images such as a sand bag to direct users to sand bag locations. The application will also show shelter locations and whether or not the shelters are open, closed or full. Still under development, the mobile application promises many additional features.
The application will be available in both English and Spanish and will be linked to Volusia County Emergency Management social media accounts. It will have links to Volusia County websites, such as volusia.org/emergency and will be accessible through app stores.
Photo courtesy of Lenka Horavova and Shutterstock.com.
Copyright Southern Stone Communications 2017.


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In last week's article we looked at the relation between disposable income and private consumption. The basic conclusion was that a higher disposable income allows higher levels of consumption, but we also noted that in general people tend to save a larger portion of their disposable income when they make good money.
Already here, we can point to a policy conclusion that is hardly controversial: since disposable income is the money we have left of our earnings after taxes, higher taxes will depress private consumption. This, in turn, has two consequences:
Today's article explains the second point. It also concludes with tax-policy recommendations based on the analysis of state-level consumption data.
A key variable here is poverty, which can be measured in many different ways. The most often used measurement states that a person lives in poverty if he makes no more than 60 percent of median income. A person who sees his income decline can therefore be said to become "poorer" because his income is falling relative median income.
Another way to measure poverty is to look at the content of a person's private consumption expenditures. The larger the share of our personal consumption expenditures that go toward essential items, the poorer we are.
Essential items are things that we need to buy just to continue a basic standard of living: food, shelter (think "apartment lease") and utilities, motor vehicles and gasoline, clothes, furnishings and appliances, and health care. In a non-industrialized country that list would look differently, but in a nation at the height of industrialized living it is not surprising that the idea of essential living expenditures is a bit different.
There is a practical, fiscal policy meaning to the concept of "essential consumption". The more of our money we spend on non-essentials, i.e., things that make our lives comfortable, even add a luxurious touch, the easier it is for us to reduce spending when times get tough. In technical econo-speak: the price and income elasticities of demand for non-essential items are high: we reduce spending quickly when prices go up or our income falls.
By contrast, we are far less inclined to reduce our consumption of essential items. When our disposable income declines, we may try to substitute Pasta Barilla for spaghetti from Sam's Club, but it is far more difficult to cut away substantial costs of living out of essential items than non-essentials.
If government wants to increase taxes on persons by means of, e.g., higher personal income taxes, then it better have a good idea of the consumption pattern in their jurisdiction. In a state where essential consumption is relatively small, an increase in income taxes - reducing disposable income - will bring about a quick response in terms of reduced higher-end consumption. The effects on the upscale retail market can be significant, if the tax increase is big enough. Reduced spending can bring down sales-tax revenue much more quickly than income-tax hiking legislators realize.
In a state where consumption is predominantly oriented toward essentials, consumer response is much less pronounced - and the repercussions for government are different. When disposable income declines, households will do everything they can to keep spending unchanged. They may cut other things than essential living expenses, such as savings and retirement planning.
However, the most important consequence for the state government will be that people living with small margins are encouraged to go apply for various kinds of tax-paid assistance. Soon enough, the state legislators who increased personal income taxes may find themselves having to fund higher costs for low-income energy assistance, food stamps, housing assistance, etc.
But are there really any differences in our country as to how people spend their money? Sure, there are low-income and high-income families, but are they not spread evenly across all states?
No. There are surprisingly clear differences in consumption patterns across the country. Table 1 reports per-capita personal consumption expenditures (PCE) in current-price dollars for, respectively, 1997 and 2014 (the percentages are explained below the table):
Table 1
Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis
The difference in PCE between the District of Columbia and Mississippi is an astounding 90 percent: the individual consumer in the District of Columbia spends $1.90 for every dollar that the individual consumer in Mississippi doles out.
Based on the earlier reasoning about essential consumption and comfort/luxury spending, it would make sense that Mississippians spend a larger share of their money on essentials than the consumers in the District of Columbia. To find out, let us look at the percentages in Table 1 and compare them to per-capita private consumption. The result for 1997 is reported in Chart 1:
Chart 1
Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics
The red function displays PCE per capita per state. The states are ranked along the horizontal line in the same order as they are in the section of Table 1 that represents 1997. The scale for the red line is displayed on the left vertical axis. The light blue line reports the share of PCE in each state that is spent on essentials; the blue line is a trend line for the essentials share.
Even though the essentials share varies a bit between the states independently of total PCE, there is a clear trend. Once a state's per-capita consumption falls below $20,000 the share spent on essentials goes up rather quickly.
So far we have reviewed data from 1997. Over now to the same data from 2014 as shown in Chart 2:
Chart 2
Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis
Here, the negative correlation is more pronounced. The essentials share starts increasing earlier than it did in 1997 (though the amplitude - the individual variation between the states - is also stronger).
With two years that far apart we can conclude, in three steps:
1. There are major differences in per-capita consumption between the states.
2. The share of consumption expenditures allocated to essential items varies negatively with per-capita consumption.
3. State legislators are well advised to study private consumption patterns in their state.
The last point is crucial. As mentioned earlier, tax increases can have immediate, and tangible, repercussions for both the state economy and the state government budget. But so do tax cuts.
There is an important implication for tax reform in the data reported here: if state legislators want to reduce government spending, they can do so with relative ease if they first reduce personal taxes. By cutting those taxes they increase the disposable income of the residents of their state. As disposable income increases, consumers migrate in consumption upward from essentials to comfort and luxury spending. As they do, they signal reduced dependency on the state's welfare programs.
This is a genuine opportunity to implement reforms to permanently reduce the cost of welfare-related entitlements: as more families can support themselves, fewer will depend on public or private handouts.
Notably, this "trade" between personal income taxes and welfare costs is less obvious in states with relatively prosperous consumers. For those states, our data suggest a strong opportunity for shifting the state's tax burden from, e.g., personal income tax to sales taxes. In a wealthy state, a cut in personal income taxes will send more people into the upper layers of consumption, thus boosting sales tax revenue.
Sven R. Larson is an economist and Member of the Council of Scholars with Compact for America. He has a blog called America's Fiscal Future and he recently published "Robbing the Millennials: How We Looted Our Kids' Future and the New Handshake We Owe Them"


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Indore: By injecting herself with a heavy dose of anaesthesia through intra-cath, a postgraduate student of a city-based private medical college allegedly committed suicide. The father of the deceased has accused the college management of the death.
"Dr Smriti Laharpure (32), a resident of Bhopal, was found dead in her hostel room at Index Medical College and it appears that she injected herself with the anaesthetic at around 1:30 am," Khudail Police Station in charge Hakam Singh Pawar informed PTI. She was a student of PG Anaesthesia at the college.
Pawar said that a suicide note had been recovered and based on certain clues; a close friend of the deceased was being questioned.
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According to Dainik Bhasker report, the deceased was on duty till 6 pm. After duty, she went to her hostel room with intra-catheters and chatted with someone over the phone. She placed the suicide note's diary with the list of lab items in the closet of a fellow doctor, who after finding the same reached to her room and called the police and her relatives.
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A 12-page suicide note has been written in 3 to four days by the deceased, as per a police statement.
The college management had given her the notice to deposit the fees amounting to around 9.9 lakh, and her father alleged that due to this only she had been feeling pressurized and was forced to take this step.
Dr Smriti had united many of the students and filed a case in the high court regarding the affiliation of the college, the father informed. Her father further alleged that the college management has been harassing her since the decision came in favour of the students.
On the court's direction, the college has to pay the fees and other facilities to the students.
Furthermore, her co-workers told the police that some of the college associates used to harass her and she also had a dispute over the fee increase lately.
Responding to the swirl of allegations, RC Yadav, the administrative officer of the college, denied any role of the college management in Dr Smriti's suicide. The doctor who found the suicide note in his closet had hidden it there in the first place, Yadav claimed while speaking to Dainik Bhasker.
The body had been sent for post-mortem and further investigations were underway, Pawar added.
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Garima joined Medical Dialogues in the year 2017 and is currently working as a Senior Editor. She looks after all the Healthcare news pertaining to Medico-legal cases, MCI/DCI decisions, Medical Education issues, government policies as well as all the news and updates concerning Medical and Dental Colleges in India. She is a graduate from Delhi University. She can be contacted at firstname.lastname@example.com Contact no. 011-43720751
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jor se bolo mera bharat mahan! what else can you expect in this corrupt banana republic.
This is the bitter truth of 99% of private medical colleges of India, they just suck in your money all they can & make you work not for the patients but for their own fake fictional works like fake case sheets, fake reports in order to project themselves with good census of data, fuckers, don\'t even pay you your own stipend, coz they will suck that too, and upon that these MCI is the biggest bullshit makers out there coz they take in bribe from such private institutions & keep their mouth closed looked with money & never ever honestly scrutinise such issues, fucking politicians are to be blamed too, fuckers just increase the no. Of private medical colleges rather than increasing colleges in government sectors coz they also want to loot the public in the name of institution & education !
Poor girl from where will she get 10 lakes.I myself has no difficulty paying any amount but I always understand the pain ANF turmoil when one just can\'t make it.
to the People cursing education system, let the facts come out before passing judgement
Dude, you will soon get a pdf of that girl\'s suicide note in WhatsApp it\'s already circulating out there, fucking education system lacks the education the most !
Sorry state of scenario in education.
Sad and angery against the harassment by management
Painful harassment she must have been through.
Sad to loose a anaesthetic.


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What does PIVX do?
PIVX stands for Private Instant Verified Transactions. The project is a fork of DASH that is contributed to by a team of individuals from all over the world, most of who prefer to remain anonymous. As its name suggests, PIVX offers instant, secure, and private transactions, hoping to be the go-to cryptocurrency for fast and anonymous peer-to-peer transfer of value. PIVX hopes to appeal to people seeking an easy-to-use payment method that also value speed and anonymity.
While other cryptocurrencies (especially DASH) also offer fast and private payments, PIVX aims to solve the governance problems troubling its competitors. Other projects have faced centralization issues caused by giving too much influence to key participants called masternodes. PIVX uses a Proof of Stake consensus mechanism like DASH, but adds a balancing mechanism to make its governance more decentralized.
What is PIVX used for?
PIVX is intended to be used as an everyday payment solution and medium of exchange. The project is offering one feature specifically for instant transactions called SwiftTX. PIVX received from SwiftTX transactions are confirmed and spendable within seconds. This functionality allows users to be confident in the validity of their transactions even without the need for multiple confirmations.
PIVX are also locked up by stakers to participate in the project's consensus mechanism. Users are eligible to receive dividends from staking when they lock up their PIVX in a wallet.
How can PIVX value appreciate?
The PoS consensus mechanism used by PIVX makes holding large amounts of PIVX desirable, as holding larger stores of PIVX increases a user's chances of receiving dividends. As a result, buying and keeping PIVX represents an opportunity to earn passive income, which may be very attractive, leading to increased demand for PIVX and a higher price.
There is no limit to PIVX's total coin supply. However, PIVX's rate of inflation is limited because transaction fees are burned according to the traffic level of the network. Once the transactions rate reaches 15 transactions per second, the fees for transactions are burned and permanently removed from circulation. For example, if transaction fees equal 5 PIVX after the transaction rate limit is reached, 5 PIVX are burned.
What is the difference between PIVX and its competitors?
PIVX's main competitors are other cryptocurrencies that make privacy and speed their top priorities, such as DASH, Monero, Verge, and Zcash.
PIVX offers a more balanced governance system than DASH and may be more decentralized.
While transactions on Monero are always private, private transactions are optional on PIVX.
One big difference between PIVX and Verge is that PIVX does not prioritize the protection of the sender's' IP address in its transactions. Verge uses Tor and I2P for this purpose.
Compared to Zcash, PIVX requires far less processing power for transactions, making it usable even on mobile devices.