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Speech Minister Koenders at Global LGBTI Human Rights Conference Montevideo
Speech Minister Koenders at Global LGBTI Human Rights Conference – Non Violence, Non Discrimination and Social Inclusion in Montevideo, July 13.
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex friends,
And allies,
Or should I just say: fellow human beings,
Since the start of my political career, I've been opening most of my speeches with the words 'ladies and gentlemen'. Not today. As a politician, I know that words are never just words. They reflect how we view the world, and they also shape that view. Words can enlighten us, but they can also distort reality. Words can evoke feelings of sympathy, but they can also incite hatred. They can include people, but they can also exclude people.
So words matter. In preparing my remarks for today, I realised there's something wrong with the words I often use to start my speeches. They ignore a part of the audience, which is something no public speaker should do. After all, nobody opens their speeches with 'middle-aged men wearing hats' or 'blondes'. From now on, I will certainly be more aware of this.
Friends, I'm happy to see so many of you here from around the world. I would like to thank my colleague Rodolfo Novoa for hosting this conference – not a moment too soon. I applaud this country's leadership on ensuring equal rights for LGBTI people.
To all of you gathered here I say: we need all your boldness, all your intelligence and all your courage. Because we have some tough problems to solve. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights states, 'All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.'
So why are so many LGBTI people still oppressed? Why do so many have to fear for their safety? And what can we, human rights advocates and governments, do about that?
We should all be outraged when people suffer discrimination. Oppression is always political, sometimes traditional, but never natural. Human rights apply to all human beings. The choice to exclude certain groups from protection endangers not just these groups, but society as a whole. Over 50 years ago, Martin Luther King observed that 'Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere.'
We are reminded all too often of the enduring truth of those words. Last month's heinous attack in Orlando shocked the world. It was a vile reminder of why safe spaces are so important, and how threats to justice do not always come from governments. It's true, they often do: homosexuality is illegal in over 75 countries, and punishable by death in seven countries. But the fight against injustice, discrimination and violence concerns all societies, and it concerns all of society.
That fight is far from over. In my own country, half of LGB young people sometimes think of suicide. I repeat: half. Compared to other young people, they also attempt suicide more often. Among young transgender people, the numbers are even more depressing: 70% have thought of suicide at least once, and a staggering 20% have attempted to kill themselves. One out of five. Feelings of rejection, shame and even worthlessness all contribute to these numbers. These feelings are not natural, they are instilled by society. They are the result of taboos, of intolerance, of peer pressure. Until those social causes are eradicated, until societies and cultures have become truly inclusive, injustice will prevail.
Just as governments are only part of the problem, they can provide only part of the solution. Civil society is at least as important. We need each other. I'm honoured to work with COC Netherlands, the world's oldest continuously active LGBTI organisation – it turned 70 this year! And I want to pay tribute to Ovejas Negras, COC's counterpart here in Uruguay, who are doing a marvellous job. You deserve credit for much more than just your achievements for LGBTI people.
Each minority sometimes has to fight its own battles; but when it comes to inclusive societies LGBTI people are often the proverbial canaries in the coal mine – if they are denied equal rights, then oppression is usually lying in wait for others. Or to put it the other way around: the progress achieved by LGBTI organisations is an inspiration for many who find themselves marginalised.
Friends, Your Excellencies,
We still have a long way to go. I'm not naïve. But I'm not a pessimist either; otherwise I wouldn't be here. As an optimistic realist, I believe the future can be as bright as a rainbow – but only if we join forces for change. That's why this conference is so important: it marks the start of an international coalition to achieve equal rights for LGBTI people. This event is not meant to pay lip service. It is not meant to congratulate ourselves. It's meant instead to draw up an agenda for change and to work together to realise it.
We can achieve so much more if we build an equal rights coalition that works together non-stop in every major multilateral forum, and also meets from time to time at a special conference. Just look at the UN Human Rights Council: two weeks ago, we made a historic breakthrough in Geneva. A slim majority of countries adopted a resolution on LGBT rights, which was supported by a large number of NGOs. As a member of the Human Rights Council, my country fully supported this initiative.
For the first time in history, the United Nations will now appoint an independent expert to monitor and report on the human rights situation of LGBT people. This is a small but tremendously important step in improving the position of millions of people. It's the kind of change we should aim for.
In building and expanding this coalition for equal rights, we need to be smart and we need to be bold. The forces of injustice are strong. Some will try to misrepresent what we stand for. Some will claim that our coalition is pushing an agenda based on values that are not widely shared. Some will accuse us of trying to secure special rights for a certain group of people.
Fortunately, we are prepared for all that, and worse. Remember, injustice is always political and never natural. That gives us an advantage. We can be confident: it's not about special rights for some, it's about equal rights for all – as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights underlines. That makes justice for LGBTI people a test of our universal values, shared by all of humanity.
We're already seeing positive developments in individual countries. Countries like Mozambique and the Seychelles have recently decriminalised homosexuality. Botswana has allowed an LGBT organisation to register, a step towards ensuring freedom of association for everyone. Last year, Nepal became the first Asian country to protect its sexual and gender minorities in its Constitution. Japan and Ukraine have adopted new guidelines and legislation to combat anti-LGBTI discrimination in the workplace.
These are all heartening steps. A coalition can step up the momentum even more – in two ways. First of all, we can push each other to do better in our own countries. I'm sure most of you know about peer pressure – negative peer pressure, I'm afraid. But together, we can turn peer pressure into a force for positive change. No country has a monopoly on virtue, and no country has a monopoly on vice.
Let's use peer pressure to hold each other accountable. Let's learn from each other by sharing best practices, and by analyzing mistakes.
Second, governments that are undertaking laudable efforts in their own countries can also be more outspoken internationally. A coalition or caucus can help them do this, in every forum that matters: the Human Rights Council, the Security Council, regional bodies like the European Union, and all the other international organisations our members belong to. We can even think bigger, beyond intergovernmental organisations. For instance, what about sports federations like the International Olympic Committee and FIFA? Our governments and civil society organisations may not be members, but we can join forces with the associations that are.
Friends, Your Excellencies,
Today marks the start of the largest conference of its kind ever held on the theme of equal rights for LGBTI people. That in itself is a reason to celebrate and a reason to be proud. Our coalition is a sign of growing international awareness and support. But we cannot sit back and relax: injustice is still all too prevalent. And sadly, in some places it is spreading. This is the time to redouble our efforts. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights won't magically become the universal application of human rights. Or, as someone at the UN once put it: a vision without implementation is just a hallucination. It's up to all of us to make that beautiful vision of equal rights for all a reality.
So let's get to work.
Thank you.

subset: commoncrawl


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This beautiful animal is one which thrives in locations where forests may be discovered and the place water and trees are plentiful. E. the animals stick with the wet bodies lacerated by the urine, the diarrhea and the grains of balanced meals that infest in the cages f. the animals the whole day g. There are cages which have canine along with cages that has cats. Perhaps it's just that he treats the animals as if they are equals, slightly than truly believing that they are equals.
This is the reason when you automobile lights shine on a cat at night their eyes begin to glow. He would not reject the knowledge at the time that animals are driven by explicit instincts shared among the many species. This essay will have a look at a few of the arguments for and towards utilizing animals in testing new medicine and procedures.
An finish to cruel or pointless use of animals for educating and analysis functions. It isn't a coincidence that serial killers often have a historical past of torturing and killing animals (1). Killing animals or vegetation for enjoyable or just as a result of we have now the facility to do so is neither rational nor moral.
Mushrooms anemones are a enjoyable and delightful group of animals to keep in your reef tank. The abolition of the merciless or inhumane use of animals for sport, recreation or entertainment, including the use or show of animals in circuses. Vivisection is the use of animals in scientific Experiments with a purpose to gain data of pathological or physiological processes.
The sheer dimension of whales, coupled with the challenging hunting atmosphere, means that there is simply no humane technique to kill these animals at sea. Even the most easiest of animals react rapidly to changes round them, shrinking away from potential hazard or reaching out for food.


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The recent increase of red deer Cervus elaphus population and consequent damage caused by their herbivory impact increasingly concern foresters and farmers in Slovakia as well as in other European countries. Thus, the topic of vegetation—deer interactions with focus on forage production is especially relevant for developing adequate management guidelines. Using data from 320 sampling plots, we estimated the overall availability of all forage items seasonally consumed by red deer in commercial temperate forests and identified the main factors affecting forage availability in summer and winter. We found that cutblocks were the most productive habitats throughout the year irrespective of the site quality. Summer forage biomass peaked at ≈8 years and winter forage biomass at ≈10 years following felling, then slowly declined as the cutblocks aged and the canopy increased. Understorey vegetation production in mature forests was determined primarily by light availability, as the major driving factor of vegetation growth in the closed-canopy forest ecosystems, and to a lesser extent by a site quality. We suggest that the site quality index that is traditionally used in forestry is not an efficient predictor of the forage availability for red deer, and estimations of the forage potential of hunting grounds should incorporate more complex models to evaluate carrying capacity of the landscape.
Populations of wild ungulates have increased rapidly over last decades in many European countries (Milner et al. 2006, Putman et al. 2011). For example in Slovakia, European red deer Cervus elaphus increased by 95% between 2000— 2015 resulting in a population size that may be unprecedented for the past several centuries (Konôpka et al. 2014, Pajtík et al. 2015). Commercialization of hunting (aimed at hunting for large trophies) during 1990s caused an expansion of the excessive feeding and male-biased harvest leading to skewed sex structure and predominance of females, resulting in rapid increase of the population. Currently, the red deer population continues to grow despite a three-fold increase in harvest over the period 2000—2015 (Green Report 2016), which indicates an underestimation of population size and/or underharvesting, particularly of females (Clutton-Brock et al. 2004, Milner et al. 2006). Consequently, the increased impact on commercial forests is causing an extensive economic loss by reducing tree growth and lowering timber quality (Edenius et al. 2013, Månson et al. 2015) and by decreasing productivity of agricultural crops (Konôpka et al. 2014). This situation has led to an emergence of tensions between groups with interests in forestry and agriculture on the one hand, and in wildlife management on the other hand. In the long-term, ungulates are pronounced ecosystem engineers and when at high densities they can trigger structural changes in plant species composition, soil properties and carbon cycle which are cascading to other species such as avian communities and forest-dwelling insects (Côté et al. 2004, Baiser et al. 2008). At the same time, density-dependent food limitation is the main driving factor in population dynamics of ungulates (Lone et al. 2014). Thus, quantifying the forage biomass and understanding of its temporal dynamics within different habitats is relevant to current efforts aimed at mitigating undesired long-term consequences of high deer densities on forestry, agriculture and nature conservation.
Hunting systems in many central and eastern European countries are based on detailed management plans (Milner et al. 2006). The system obliges holders of hunting rights (hunting clubs, private and state forests) to provide annual counts, detailed harvest plans and reports for an age- and sex-structured cull. The major responsibility for hunting-right holders is to keep deer numbers (represented by spring counts) close to normative numbers given by the state administration, which are based on foraging quality of the hunting ground. However, traditionally in Slovakia, the quality of hunting grounds reflecting forage potential for red deer is indexed solely according to the forest vegetation association (hereafter FVA; Zlatník 1959) and adjusted by the extent of surrounding pastures (Šebeň et al. 2011). The FVAs are phytocenological units determined by climate and soil conditions and are known to provide various amounts of forage for ungulates (Katreniak et al. 1993, Šebeň et al. 2011). Although FVAs reflect climate and soil conditions, the approach does not account for other factors known to affect understorey vegetation such as stand development stage (Jules et al. 2008, Visscher and Merrill 2008) and structure of the overstorey (Hart and Chen 2006, Ujházy et al. 2017).
In temperate closed-forest ecosystems, the amount of forage at a fine scale is the result of the joint effects of several environmental factors driving vegetation structure at several spatial and temporal scales (Owen-Smith et al. 2010). For example at the deer's seasonal home-range scale (5–10 km2; Kropil et al. 2015), the climate forms several forest vegetation belts along the altitudinal gradient. Further, at the scale of the daily range (0.9–1.3 km2; Kamler et al. 2007), a combination of forest vegetation belts with different soil types drive formation of the FVAs. Finally, at the scale of the foraging area (0.1–10 ha; Beguin et al. 2016), light availability is the major driving factor of vegetation growth, shaping architecture and vertical diversity of habitat patches (Kucbel et al. 2010, Drössier et al. 2016). Besides occasional disturbances such as wind storms, bark-beetle outbreaks and/or fires, forestry management apparently is the major disturbance factor driving ground vegetation development in commercial forests by manipulating with light levels (Weisberg et al. 2003, Jules et al. 2008). The intensity of understorey growth is usually driven by the magnitude of canopy disturbance caused by the particular type of management intervention (Ujházy et al. 2017). Whereas thinning and selection cutting create only small openings in the canopy (several m2) and stimulate understorey vegetation only for a short period (several years), final felling of mature stands under shelterwood system (or clearcutting in some cases) creates large openings in forest stands (≤ 3 ha; hereafter cutblocks) switching the forest stand to initiation stage (Oliver and Larson 1996). Vegetation responds to such disturbance by initiating secondary succession significantly increasing availability of forage for ungulates for several decades (Visscher and Merrill 2008). Moreover, crowns of tall trees that regularly become reachable after winter logging provide large amounts of potential forage for ungulates (Månson et al. 2015), considerably increasing the ungulate forage base (Edenius et al. 2013).
Many studies from temperate forests focus on evaluating understorey properties such as composition, species richness and diversity (Weisberg et al. 2003, Hart and Chen 2006, Jules et al. 2008, Ujházy et al. 2017); however, only few try to predict the amount of forage available to wild ungulates seasonally. The goal of our study was to fill this gap by describing the dynamics of forage abundance available to red deer in commercial temperate forests and identify the major factors affecting forage availability. First, we compared differences in amount and composition of forage accessible to red deer (including bark of tree stems) among habitats in summer and winter. Second, we developed seasonal models to predict available forage biomass for the major habitat types using factors related to climate, soil conditions and light availability. We omitted bark of trees in estimates of forage availability for evaluating winter carrying capacity because excessive consumption of bark from tree stems has un desired long-term economic and ecological consequences. Third, we calculated amount of additional biomass produced by logging operations during winter and assessed herbivory impact on summer vegetation using data from inside and outside ungulate exclosures. Large-scale forage models are crucial for exploring mechanisms driving ungulate-vegetation interactions (Riggs et al. 2015, De Jager et al. 2017). Our study provides a long-term perspective on the forage availability to red deer in space and time for better integrating in forestry/agriculture and wildlife management, and the results may be applicable in countries with similar environmental conditions and hunting systems.
Material and methods
Study area
The study was conducted in temperate forests of the Kremnické vrchy mountains (48°39′60″N, 19°00′00″E) located in central Slovakia (Fig. 1a). The area (ca 600 km2) is characteristic by a mountainous terrain within the altitudinal range of 400–1318 m determining two major climate zones used by red deer (Fig. 1; Kropil et al. 2015). First, the moderately warm and humid climate in lower parts of the area (< 700 m a.s.l.) with the average daily temperatures of 16–18°C in July and -3--4°C in January, annual precipitation of 700–800 mm. Second, the moderately cool climate at higher altitudes (700–1100 m a.s.l.) with very humid climate and average daily temperatures of 12–14°C in July and -5--6°C in January, annual precipitation of 900— 1600 mm (Enviroportal SAŽP 2017). Winter 2015/2016 was considerably mild with average snow cover 1 cm (max. 30 cm), thus we did not take snow into account in our study.
The area is mostly forested (450.0 km2; 76.5%) with 40% of deciduous forests, 39% of mixed forests and 21% of coniferous forests. In total, 15.0 km2 of the forested area is in the initiation stage (3.3%). Pastures (105.7 km2= 18%) and crop fields (14.4 km2 = 2.4%) are mainly concentrated at low altitudes in a warmer climate zone surrounding human settlements (18.4 km2 = 3.1%). Forests are composed of European beech Fagus silvatica (37% of the forest area), oak Quercus spp. (19%) and the European hornbeam Caprinus betulus (10%) being a secondary successional species with a mixture of other valuable deciduous species for red deer such as maple Acer spp., ash Fraxinus excelsior and silver fir Abies alba (7%). Norway spruce Picea abies (10%) naturally occurs from ca 1000 m a.s.l. and dominates at 1200 m a.s.l. Forests in the Kremnické vrchy Mts are commercially exploited; however, there are three nature preserves (Boky, Mláčik and Badín Primeval Forest) where hunting and forest management are banned.
According to management plans of all 22 hunting grounds in the area, the total estimated population of red deer, the main game species, was ca 1300 for the hunting season of 2014–2015, 1300 individuals of European roe deer Capreolus capreolus and 700 individuals of wild boar Sus scrofa. Hunters report stable populations of large carnivores such as brown bear Ursus arctos, grey wolf Canis lupus and Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx in the area.
Data collection
We followed previously used methods (Sachro et al. 2005, Hebblewhite and Merrill 2009) to sample the above ground vegetation biomass available to red deer during summer 2014 and winter 2016. We sampled 30 randomly selected plots throughout the altitudinal gradient of the Kremnické vrchy Mts during summer and winter within each of the five major habitat types: deciduous, coniferous, and mixed forests, cutblocks and meadows/pastures. Within a geographic information system (GIS), locations of sample plots were selected randomly within the five habitats types in road-accessible areas (i.e. within 500 m) known to be used by red deer (Kropil et al. 2015). Crop fields were not sampled because they were known to have comparable amounts of biomass as pastures (Borowik et al. 2013), comprised only 2.4% of the study area, and were considered unimportant as habitat for red deer in this area (Kropil et al. 2015). When the GIS location of sample plot was not in the intended habitat type, the area was searched for a similar site within a radius of 200 m or the site was not used.
Vegetation was sampled in summer 2014 at the peak of vegetation biomass (June–August) and subsequently during winter 2016 (January–March) on the same locations. Vegetation was measured in a hierarchical manner (Fig. 1c) along 30-m transects laid initially perpendicular to the dominant slope or at a random direction in flat terrain in summer 2014 and in opposite directions in winter 2016. Three systematically selected subplots of 0.5 × 0.5 m (using a wooden frame) located at 5, 15 and 25 m were used to clip all available above-ground vegetation biomass within the red deer reachable height (≤ 2 m). Because red deer is a typical intermediate feeder (Hofmann 1989) consuming a mixed diet composed of grasses and concentrate food items throughout the year (Gebert and Verheyden-Tixier 2001), we collected grasses, forbs and deciduous and/or coniferous shoots (< 3 mm in diameter) in both seasons. Ferns (Driopteris filix-mas and Athyrium filix femina) and subshrubs (Rubus spp.) were included in forbs, and shrubs (Rosa canina, Sambucus spp.) were included in deciduous trees. Further, we sampled 11 freshly created cutblocks (max. one month after logging) to add the contribution of the winter logging to the total forage base for red deer (Edenius et al. 2013, Månson et al. 2015). We also clipped biomass inside and outside four long-term exclosures (5 × 5 m) and used the percent difference in vegetation to assess herbivory impact on the ecosystem. All collected biomass was dried at 70°C for 48 h or until reaching dry weight and weighed to the nearest 0.1 g. For each sample plot, we calculated the mean dry biomass weight of vegetation in grams by averaging the weights of three sample subplots (0.75 m2). To calculate the dry collected biomass in grams per m2, we multiplied dry biomass weight by the factor of 1.33 (and added dry bark biomass in winter).
Trees within the 'critical' diameter of 5–25 cm were counted on transect within a 30 × 10 m area (300 m2). Trees of this size are considered the most vulnerable to bark striping (Find'o and Petráš 2007). Because we were not permitted to remove bark from stems of economically valuable tree species, we estimated a tree's volume measured from tree height and diameter at breast height (1.3 m), then used stem volume relationships (in bark versus without bark) to estimate fresh bark biomass of the 1800 measured trees (Petras and Pajtík 1991). To calculate the proportion of the bark within reach of red deer (≤2m height), we integrated tree morphological curves, which mathematically describe the relationship between tree height and its diameter for deciduous and coniferous (Fabrika and Pretzsch 2011), based on measured tree heights. Finally, we used species-specific coefficients to convert fresh bark volume into dry weight (Šebík 1989), summed bark estimates (g) for all trees counted in a plot, and divided by the plot size (300 m2) to obtain estimates of tree bark biomass (g m-2) accessible to red deer.
Environmental variables
Environmental and topographic characteristics that were used to predict seasonal forage biomass (Table 1) were measured either on site, derived from remote sensing data (NDVI), or values were taken from pre-existing raster GIS layers. Canopy closure was measured in the field at three sub-plots along the transect where biomass was sampled as the mean of the spherical densiometer reading and recorded as one of five classes: 1) 30–50% closure, 2) 60–70% closure, 3) 80% closure, 4) 90% closure and 5) 100% closure. All forest stands with closure < 30%, which is the canopy coverage of the last stage of the stand restoration in the shelterwood system, were considered already being at stand initiation stage. Ground cover of the new tree growth on cutblocks was estimated visually for the whole sample plot (300 m2) as mean of the three partial estimates (10 × 10m). Age of a clear-cut was defined as time since harvest. We obtained seasonal indexes of forage stocks (IFS), which is a quantitative indicator of forage availability to red deer estimated for each FVA within the National Forest Inventory and Monitoring Programme 2005–2006 (Šebeň et al. 2011), from available GIS raster layers of FVAs. In summer models, we also used the normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI; pixels 250 × 250 m; Tucker 1979) centred on the site because NDVI is known to be correlated with green vegetation biomass in both open (positive relationship) and forested (negative relationship) habitats in temperate systems (Santin-Janin et al. 2009, Borowik et al. 2013). Further, average annual precipitation and average annual temperature (30-years averages for 1970-2000) were obtained from the WorldClim ver. 2.0 database at spatial resolution 1 km2 (Fick and Hijmans 2017) and interpolated to spatial resolution 250×250 m using kriging in ArcMap 10.3 (ESRI 2014). Soil depth to bedrock was obtained from the SoilGrids ver. 0.5.1 database (ISRIG — World Soil Information; Shangguan et al. 2017) at spatial resolution 250 × 250 m and soil types (eutric, dystric and stagni-eutric cambisols; Table 1) were obtained from the Enviroportal database (Enviroportal SAZP 2017). The altitude was calculated using a digital elevation model with a pixel size of 30 m.
Table 1.
Definitions of variables used in models for predicting seasonally available forage biomass.
Statistical analyses
We used the t-test to test for differences in the amount of forage (g m2) available in plots during summer and winter by habitat type. Normality of the biomass distribution was tested prior to the t-tests using Shapiro—Wilk test and the log-transformation was used when needed. We evaluated sets of candidate models for predicting forage biomass in both summer and winter based on environmental variables. We used a specific set of explanatory variables for each habitat class to focus the hypotheses tested. Collinearity of predictor variables was tested using Pearson's correlation, and the Akaike's information criterion corrected for small sample sizes (AICc, Anderson and Burnham 2002) was used to select models best predicting forage abundance in a habitat class. Subsequently, ANOVA was used to calculate the amount of the explained variation for each of the tested variables. The significance level of the explanatory variables was set at P < 0.05. All statistical analyses were performed in the R program (ver. 3.2.5. < www.r-project.org>).
In total, we sampled 320 vegetation plots throughout the Kremnické vrchy Mts, 154 during the summer 2014 (including four exclosures) and 161 during the winter 2016 including 11 freshly felled plots. This represented about 4 plots per km2 of the study area. Amount of forage for ungulates varied significantly between seasons (t = -7.43; p < 0.001) and between habitats in both summer (F = 146.28; p < 0.001) and winter (F = 94.74; p < 0.001). The habitat type in summer with the highest forage availability were cutblocks (250.3 ± 18.5 g m2, mean ± SE), followed by pastures (230.7 ±21.3 g m2), and both of these types were dominated by grasses (Table 2). Deciduous, coniferous and mixed forests did not differ in the total amount of forage (F = 1.794; p = 0.185) and provided on average only 22.7 ± 2.2 g m2 comprised primarily of shade tolerant forbs (Table 2). Based on total biomass inside (34.5 ± 8.3 g m2) compared to outside (5.6 ± 1.5 g m2) the four exclosures, herbivory reduced forage availability by 83.8%.
Table 2.
Abundance and composition of the summer vegetation biomass (g m2) available to red deer Cervus elaphus in different habitats throughout the Kremnické vrchy Mts, Slovakia.
Available forage biomass decreased 65–98% across habitat types in winter (Fig. 2, Table 3). As in summer, cutblocks had the highest availability of forage (87.8 ± 11.6 g m2), with forage consisting primarily of deciduous and coniferous vegetation. Moreover, an additional 36.7 ± 0.6 g m2 was available on freshly logged cutblocks. Forest types again did not differ in the amount of forage (F = 1.794; p = 0.185) and provided on average 4.6 ± 0.7 g m2 of mostly forb bio-mass (20.1% of the summer forage availability). The greatest decrease in biomass from summer (98%) occurred in pastures where biomass averaged only 2.45 ± 0.86 g m2, and 63% of the 35 sampled plots had minimal or no biomass. While farmed pastures that were mowed and grazed by cattle provided only 0.1 ± 0.02 g m2 of forage for red deer, the pastures without farming provided considerably more forage (13.6 ± 5.1 g m2). Hence, we did not perform further analyses on winter pastures. Bark was a dominant forage component in maturing forests, comprising 50.0–81.5% of the total available forage biomass (Table 3).
We log-transformed forage biomass values prior to modelling forage—environment relationships because they were not normally distributed. We grouped the three forest types (deciduous, coniferous and mixed) into one forest class for further modelling because forage biomass did not differ between them in either season. Due to a high correlation (r > 0.7) between several variables (temperature × precipitation × elevation × soil depth) we did not use these variables in the same candidate model.
The best model for forested habitats indicated a negative effect of CCI on understorey biomass in both seasons (Table 5, Fig. 3a). CCI explained much of the understorey biomass in the closed-canopy forests in both summer (25.2% of 48% of variance in summer model) and in winter (22.4% of 46.5%, Table 5). We also found forage availability during summer was negatively related to NDVI (Fig. 3b), but not to IFS (t = 0.730, p = 0.468). In contrast, forage availability was positively related to IFS in winter, as well as to soil depth with higher productivity of stagni-eutric cambisols (Table 5).
Amount of forage biomass in cutblocks was similarly related to stand age, canopy cover and elevation in both seasons, but soil type also explained forage abundance in winter (Table 5). After logging, summer forage biomass developed nonlinearly with the peak in summer biomass (forbs and grasses) at about ∼8 years since timber harvest and winter biomass (mostly woody forage) developed somewhat slower peaking at about ∼10 years, (Table 5, Fig. 4a) declining thereafter as canopy cover of newly forming stand increased. Coverage by a new tree growth had a positive relationship with forage biomass that was stronger in winter compared to summer (Table 5). Forage availability also was related to an altitudinal gradient over seasons. Total forage biomass was higher on cutblocks at low altitudes in summer, whereas it was higher at high altitudes during winter (Fig. 4b). In contrast to forests, winter forage biomass in cutblocks was more abundant on dystric and eutric cambisols compared to those associated with stagni-eutric cambisols (Table 5). IFS was not related to forage biomass on cutblocks in either season (summer t = 0.915, p = 0.368; winter t= 1.540, p = 0.137). Finally, forage biomass on summer pastures was positively related with NDVI (Fig. 3b), negatively related with increasing altitude, and those pastures located on eutric cambisols had higher biomass when compared to those on stagni-eutric cambisols (Table 5).
Our study shows significant spatial and temporal differences in forage availability for red deer between seasons and across habitats within seasons. Cutblocks were the most productive and diverse habitat type in both seasons producing 11 times more biomass in summer and 19 times more biomass in winter than mature forests (Table 2, 3.). A similar productivity in summer (245.7 g m-2) and winter (58.0– 78.0 g m-2) was observed on cutblocks in the same area (Katreniak 1991, Garaj and Garaj 2007). Development of forage biomass on cutblocks exhibited the typical post-disturbance shape reported in other ecosystems (Visscher and Merrill 2008) with peak biomass reached by 8–10 years after logging (Fig. 4a). Even after 20 years clearcuts still provided 5 times more forage in summer and 8.5 times more forage for red deer in winter than in mature forests. Interestingly, we found higher forage biomass in summer on low-altitude cutblocks compared to those at high altitudes (threshold 700 m a.s.l.), whereas the opposite trend was true in winter (Fig. 4b). It is likely that because tree coverage was 14% lower on low-altitude cutblocks, growth of grasses (Carex spp., Calamagrostis arundinacea) was stimulated earlier and plants overall had higher light availability during summer. At the same time, the vegetative dieback in winter may have decreased the overall forage availability of these cutblocks. Regardless, we can conclude that areas where forest is at initiation stage have great importance in terms of the overall carrying capacity of the landscape.
Table 3.
Winter vegetation biomass (g m-2) by forage class in different habitats available to red deer Cervus elaphus throughout the Kremnické vrchy Mts, Slovakia.
Our study confirms that canopy cover plays a key role in understorey dynamics in closed-canopy temperate forests (Table 4, Fig. 3a). Development of the canopy limits the light transmission to lower layers, negatively affecting growth of ground vegetation (Weisberg et al. 2003, Hart and Chen 2006, Jules et al. 2008), especially on shallow soils. Our results also confirmed that NDVI can be used as a reliable proxy for summer forage biomass in closed-canopy forests and open pastures. That we found NDVI and ground vegetation biomass negatively related, whereas the same relationship on pastures was positive, is consistent with other studies (Pettorelli et al. 2005, Wessels et al. 2006, Borowik et al. 2013). Using the NDVI might be advantageous in the long-term, particularly for modelling effects of climate change on the spatial patterns of forage availability over time (Santin-Janin et al. 2009, Borowik et al. 2013).
New cutblocks freshly created during winter provided a considerable amount of additional forage from crowns of tall trees, which was about eight times that of forage available in mature forests. Such areas, when harvested in fall or early winter, can be used to increase ungulate use reducing thus browsing damage elsewhere (Edenius et al. 2013, Månson et al. 2015). Bark from trees is a common food source consumed by red deer in winter (Jamrozy 1980, Suter et al. 2004, Krojerová-Prokešová 2010); however it is important to differentiate between bark from tree shoots and bark from tree stems. While consumption of shoots is considered a 'bearable' damage, extensive consumption of bark from stems of economically valuable trees is unacceptable in forest management. Thus, the ecological carrying capacity of an ecosystem is much greater than it is economically or socially acceptable (Fig. 2; Arrow et al. 1995). We provide models that can be used to predict forage availability that indexes a 'bearable' level of browsing damage by ungulates, which would be more useful for practical wildlife management than prediction of total biomass.
Although light availability associated with succession-mediated changes in canopy cover appears to be a major mechanism in spatial variability in forage biomass, the 84% difference in forage biomass inside and outside exclosures points to a second mechanism: ungulate browsing could alter the spatial and temporal patterns in forage biomass, i.e. the 'ecosystem engineer' hypothesis. In other words, at high deer densities successional patterns in understory vegetation may be altered by the habitat and foraging preferences of deer. However, the small number of reference plots (i.e. four exclosures) limits our ability to incorporate the effects of herbivory into our statistical models (Table 5). Future studies that use deer density as an explanatory variable may improve our predictions of forage biomass across the landscape (De Jager et al. 2017). Indeed, long-term, excessive herbivory pressure may not only alter forage availability to deer, but change forest trajectories during succession altering forest composition and diversity with negative long-term ecological and economic consequences (Côté et al. 2004, Beguin et al. 2016). Hence, a pressing challenge wildlife and forestry managers are facing is to develop new management techniques aimed at successfully establishing forest regeneration under high deer populations (Beguin et al. 2016).
Table 4.
Summary of model selection results for candidate models predicting forage biomass (g m2) in selected habitat types in different seasons based on explanatory variables from Table 1. Presented are number of model variables (k), log-likelihood (LL), chiange in AICc from the top model (AAICc), and Akaike's weights (w).
Table 5.
Parameter estimates (β ± SE) for linear models explaining seasonal forage availability for red deer Cervus elaphus in the Kremnické vrchy Mts, western Carpathians. Presented are t and p-values of the tests, total variation explained by the top candidate models (in bold), and partial variations explained by particular variable (R2).
Management implications
Traditionally in Slovakia, the quality of hunting grounds reflecting forage potential for red deer is indexed solely according to the FVAs and adjusted by the extent of surrounding pastures. However, this approach does not take into account the developmental stage nor does the structure of the forest stands and thus lacks the predictive potential as shown in our study. We showed that from an ungulate perspective, cutblocks were the most productive habitats throughout the year irrespective of the FVA. Thus, all have a great importance and should be considered separately from mature forests when estimating the overall forage potential. Further, we showed that in mature closed-canopy forests, light is the major driving factor of understorey growth over site quality and should be taken into consideration when predicting forage biomass for ungulates. Farmed pastures provide very limited quantity of forage during winter compared to pastures without summer mowing or grazing, and thus farmed pastures should not be taken into consideration as winter forage resource. Our results suggest that temporal adjustments of logging towards winter might be especially advantageous because it is being conducted on a regular basis over large areas, hence creating potential synergies through integration of wildlife management into standard forestry (Edenius et al. 2013).
Gradual increase of red deer population in short period generated a substantial herbivory pressure on forest ecosystems resulting in considerable economic losses and potential conflicts between interest groups. However, to achieve the agreement between interest groups, a 'bearable' damage of commercial forests and agricultural crops needs to be discussed between foresters, farmers and wildlife managers (Pajtík et al. 2015). New approaches has been proposed using biological deterrents such as "hunting for fear" (Kuijper et al. 2010, Beguin et al. 2016). This concept involves increasing disturbance in regenerating forests through more aggressive hunting practices (encouraging harvest of females and juveniles) or/and through using top-down control of natural predators on ungulates (Ripple et al. 2003). The most effective solution in a long-term however, would be the development of an integrated adaptive management system of forestry, agriculture, wildlife and conservation management where all involved management practices are interconnected and mutually coordinated (Beguin et al. 2016).
We thank the University Forest Enterprise and the Urban Forests of Kremnica for the field assistance. We also thank the National Forest Centre for providing GIS data on FVAs. Special thanks to Dr. E. Merrill, Dr. E. Križová, Dr. M. Fabrika, Dr. J. Vido and Dr. M. Kodrík for their advices and to P. Gibas and L'Ferlica for their dedicated field assistance.
Funding — This paper was produced within the project APVV-14-0637 supported by the Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Sport of the Slovak Republic and projects ITMS 26220120006 and ITMS 26220120049 supported by the Operational Programme Research and Development within the European Regional Development Fund.
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Queen's Roger Taylor to reissue "Dear Mr Murdoch" song with 'subtle changes'
Showing a certain aptitude for foresight, Queen's drummer Roger Taylor is to re-release his 1994 protest song about the media mogul Rupert Murdoch.
Taylor's song Dear Mr Murdoch has had a slight update, which is only natural given the massive fallout following disturbing revelations about the phone hacking crisis.
Full of witty derisions, Taylor doesn't hold back on attacking Murdoch, calling him "the pits" and blaming him for stoking up hatred in people as well as "blunting" people's awareness of what is going on in the world.
Summing up his overriding sentiments towards the News International founder, Taylor finishes the song with the following lyrics: "And dear Mr Murdoch what have you done? You're not quite as nice as Attila the Hun."
The song will be available on iTunes and is already seen as a hot contender for the number one spot given the publicity surrounding Murdoch.
Yesterday, Murdoch faced the Commons media committee to answer questions about the hacking scandal that led to the closure of the News of the World.


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MANCHESTER Grammar School has achieved more success by winning the English Schools' National Water Polo Championships for the first time since 1993.
The Manchester team beat City of London 10-5 in the semi-final before overcoming their rivals from Trinity School, Croydon, 14-9 in a thrilling final in Walsall.
Over 50 schools originally entered the competition with Manchester winning the Northern region qualifier.
Coached by Simon Jones and Commonwealth Games star Rosie Morris, the team is captained by another international Tom Richmond, who has been selected for the England Development Squad aged only 16.
Jones, himself a former Manchester water polo player, said: "Water polo is one of the most physically demanding sports and the top players have to maintain outstanding fitness levels.
"Our team trains for 10 hours each week, both in the MGS pool and at the Manchester Aquatic Centre, which has been a fantastic addition to the sporting facilities in the city."


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Benchmark Brent Oil price poised to make first annual gain in four years
By Rakteem Katakey and Ben Sharples
Brent oil, the global benchmark, is headed for its first annual advance in four years before supply cuts from OPEC and other producing nations next month intended to stabilize the market and reduce swelling global inventories.
Futures dropped 0.2 percent in London, trimming this year's increase to 52 percent. U.S. crude inventories unexpectedly expanded for a second week with a gain of 614,000 barrels last week, the Energy Information Administration reported Thursday. The latest data on U.S. drilling from Baker Hughes Inc. is due Friday, after the number of active oil rigs increased by 82 in the eight weeks to Dec. 23.
Oil is set for its biggest annual gain since 2009 as the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries and 11 other nations push ahead with a plan to cut output. While they have managed to buoy sentiment and lift prices from below $30 a barrel early this year, the rising number of rigs in the U.S. and the possibility of members not sticking to output targets are a risk. U.S. inventories remain at the highest seasonal level in more than three decades.
"2016 was a dramatic oil year," said Bjarne Schieldrop, chief commodities analyst at SEB Markets. "2016 started very bearishly and ended very bullishly. 2017 is likely to be the opposite, but not quite as dramatic."
Brent for March settlement dropped 9 cents to $56.76 barrel on the London-based ICE Futures Europe exchange as of 11:24 a.m. local time. The February contract expired Thursday after losing 8 cents to $56.14. Total volume traded was about 63 percent below the 100-day average.
U.S. Stockpiles
West Texas Intermediate for February delivery was up 5 cents to $53.82 a barrel on the New York Mercantile Exchange. The contract fell 29 cents to $53.77 on Thursday. Prices are up 45 percent this year.
The 614,000-barrel increase in U.S. crude inventories last week compared with a 1.5 million-barrel decline forecast by analysts surveyed by Bloomberg, while American Petroleum Institute data showed a 4.2 million-barrel expansion. Crude production dropped for a second week, while stockpiles at Cushing, Oklahoma, the delivery point for WTI and the nation's biggest oil-storage hub, grew by 172,000 barrels to 66.4 million.
With assistance from Tsuyoshi Inajima


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28 Daily Days for 132 no.s Museum Display Cases-Shaanxi History Museum
WANGDA SHOWCASES fulfilled the professional delivery and on-site installation of all the high-security museum display cases for the national-class project-updated Shaanxi History Museum of China.All the museum display cases for all the three galleries of the new museum are designed,supplied and installed by Wangda Showcases.This project is specially featured with big quantity of display cases(remarks:totaled 132 no.s display cases),very critical technology requirement,much high difficulty degree,quite short delivery time(remarks: from the contract signing to finishing on-site installation,it just took us 28 daily days totally).All the display cases are equipped with advanced wireless remote-control system for smart monitoring and easy operation.Particularly,among the delivered museum display cases,there are several quite large 4-glass sides freestanding display cases,one of which is sized at 12000mmWx2000mmDx 3900mmH, which should be the largest freestanding display case in the world.
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Shaanxi History Museum is China's first large-scale modern national museum; it marks that China's museum career has entered into a new development mileage. The Museum covers an area of 65,000 square meters. It has a building area of 55,600 square meters, the cultural relic reservoir area of 8,000 square meters, and exhibition hall area of 11,000 square meters. Its collection of cultural relics reaches 370,000, dating from the simple stone that human used at the initial stage in ancient times down to all kinds implements in social life before 1840; the time span covers more than one million years. The cultural relics are rich in number and types and have high grade and wide value, among which Shang bronze is exquisite; terracotta figurines of past dynasties are of varied types and postures; gold and silver ware of Han and Tang Dynasty is unique across the country; wall paintings of Tang tomb have no equals in this world. It is called a collection of variety of boutiques carnival.


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Why not start your weekend off with a little sketch comedy courtesy of Summerland Secondary School and help victims of Typhoon Haiyan at the same time?
Students from the high school will be putting on a series of comedy sketches this Friday night at 7 p.m. at Centre Stage Theatre with all proceeds going to Philippine relief efforts.
The Christmas season brings all sorts of special events with it.
The Festival of Lights, various musical concerts, plays, the residential light up contest and the special Christmas trains run by the Kettle Valley Steam Railway.
Apparently these Christmas runs were so popular this year that they added another one.
These trains are a wonderful opportunity to see our community from a totally different perspective.
You can enjoy Christmas lights, see snow covered vineyards and orchards and gain a glimpse into a bygone era when steam trains were how we shipped apples, peaches and other fruit to market and how Summerlanders traveled to the coast.
Not only does the KVSR keep an important part of our cultural history alive they are a major tourist draw and therefore have an important impact on our community's economic well being.
Speaking of money approximately $1,100 was raised from ticket sales at The Christmas Carol, last Friday for the Summerland Food Bank and Resource Centre.
If you missed a Christmas Carol (rumour has it this performance may become an annual tradition in Summerland) why not check out the classic Christmas show Miracle on 39th Street.
This play is at St Andrew's Presbyterian Church in Penticton December 13 and 14 at 7 p.m. and this Sunday, Dec. 15 at 2 p.m.
Another classic of the season will be at the Cleland Theatre on Dec. 19 when the Okanagan Symphony Orchestra, a wonderful quartet of soloists and the OSO Chorus present Handel's Messiah.
Closer to home there will be an old fashioned carol sing-along at Lakeside Presbyterian Church in historic Lowertown at 2 p.m. on Christmas Eve afternoon.
Hear your favourite carols, the Quicksilver Flute Choir and the church's magnificent organ.
o o o
If you know of an event you feel should be included in the Arts Palette or on the Arts Council's online calendar, please email email@example.com or call 250-404-3225.
The SCAC online Event Calendar is on the "News" page of summerlandarts.com Additional information can be found at facebook.com/SummerlandArts Keep up with current news by following @artspalette
The Arts Palette is written by David Finnis, Publicity Chair and President of the Summerland Community Arts Council, P.O. Box 1217, 9533 Main St., Summerland, B.C. V0H 1Z0.


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At the start of July, I shared with you three "alternatives" to traditional stocks.
My indicators were picking up on renewed buying interest in gold, U.S. Treasuries and the Japanese yen — so-called "safe haven assets," since folks tend to flock to them when stocks stumble
So with stocks near their all-time highs, I suggested it was a good time to consider investing in these three alternative markets.
Now a month later, that's proven to be a good call!
Global stocks are down between 3% and 8% in the last week alone…
And all three safe-haven markets are up…
Shortly after I wrote about those alternatives — gold, yen, and U.S. Treasury bonds — in The Rich Investor, I also recommended a bullish gold play in my Cycle 9 Alert service. As of today, that particular position is up around 100%.
Below is the original piece I wrote on July 9, 2019, recommending a look towards alternatives moving forward.
And given how volatile stocks continue to be, now is the time to take these seriously…
Three Alternative Markets Now a Buy
The stock market's been especially volatile since last fall's sell-off. Up, down… down, up… but with not a lot of net movement in one direction or the other.
The S&P 500 is now trading near its all-time high — just under 3,000. That has some folks, including me, positioning for a bullish breakout.
But the scary thing is… we saw the S&P 500 at this level last October, just before the index's 20% plunge. And it was at this level at the end of April, too, just before a pretty nasty May.
Timing the ups and downs of the stock market is always a challenge. Though no one says you must look solely to the stock market for returns. With the fate of stocks hanging in the balance, now's a better time than ever to consider investing in "alternative" assets…
What Are Your Alternatives?
There are only four broad assets classes in the entire investment world:
- Stocks
- Bonds
- Commodities
- Currencies
- (Volatility?)
People love stocks. Especially when stock prices are moving higher, which they often do. But sometimes stock prices fall. For good reasons and bad (and others unknown). And that scares us!
Occasionally, we'll become so concerned about the trajectory of stock prices that we'll consider selling our stocks and, instead, look to buy something else.
That "something else" can be one of only three things:
- Bonds
- Commodities
- Currencies
- (Volatility?)
Not only are "alternative" asset classes typically less volatile than stocks — except for commodities — they tend to "zig" when stocks "zag."
These are broad generalizations, of course. And I'm sure we could find counterexamples — of a high-yield bond that's more volatile than a utilities stock, or of a specific commodity that has a high correlation to a miner's stock.
But in general, alternative assets offer just that: an alternative to stocks. And a select few of these alternative assets have over time earned a special status. These assets have become known as…
"Safe Haven" Assets
First, U.S. Treasury bonds have long been considered a "safe haven."
This flight-to-safety trade can be triggered by any number of specific catalysts, though they all share the same general feature: concern about the trajectory of stocks.
My Cycle 9 readers made a bullish play on the iShares 7-10 Year Treasury Bond ETF (NYSE: IEF) late December as stocks were tumbling, netting us a nice 86% profit in a matter of weeks.
That's a great result from a sleepy bond fund, but I expect there to be more upside in bonds throughout the year… particularly if stocks have difficulty making new highs.
My Cycle 9 Alert system generated a series of three consecutive, profitable trades on IEF during the last top, with buy signals in August 2007 — two months before the top — and in January 2008 — two months after the top — and once more in September 2008, just ahead of Lehman's collapse.
If the current market at least "rhymes" with history, our recent buy signal on Treasury bonds may prove to be the first in a series of successful ones… the second one could be coming soon… and, if stocks really begin to deteriorate into a crisis scenario, we could see a third bond rally as fear reaches a climax.
We're trading options in Cycle 9 Alert, so we'll sometimes make two or more consecutive trades on the same market since each option contract has an expiration date, and sometimes we want to stay in an expiring position longer.
But if you own shares of IEF, rather than a call option on it, than you can simply hold the position for as long as you want. That's the approach I've recommended to my 7-Figure Trader readers.
Japanese Yen
The Japanese yen has also earned safe-haven status.
And when you see how shares of the Invesco CurrencyShares Japanese Yen ETF (NYSE: FXY) gained 31% in 2008 you'll understand why. That's a huge move for a major developed economy's currency!
My Cycle 9 Alert system generated back-to-back winners on the yen in 2008 — the first in January 2008 for 7%, and the second in early October for 9%.
Realize, those returns were netted in just three months and without the use of options. You'll of course stand to make much more on a well-timed options play on this safe-haven currency ETF.
It's been a long while since anyone's been much interested in the yen. But that could be a good thing if pent-up demand continues to build in anticipation of trouble ahead.
Shares of FXY have traded in a narrow sideways range since the beginning of 2017. But now, increased fears about the trajectory of stocks have investors bidding up FXY to the top of its range. We're close to getting a buy signal on this currency ETF in one of my services. And if a bullish breakout unfolds, it has plenty of upside room to run higher.
Don't make any moves just yet, but realize that the Japanese yen is another safe-haven asset that's now on my radar.
We can't forget gold!
Everyone's given up on gold in recent years, but renewed concerns over the trajectory of stocks, and perhaps the eventual consequences of loose monetary policy, may work to renew this safe-haven metal's luster.
Shares of the SPDR Gold Trust (NYSE: GLD) peaked in 2011-2012 and then pulled back roughly 50%. They've been building a sideways base of support in the $110 to $130 range for an incredible seven years now!
Gold's latest rally sent shares of GLD up 15% between August 2018 and February 2019. A bull-flag pullback then unfolded as the advance took a breather. And now, we've seen GLD leap 9% higher throughout May and June.
My system is close to generating a buy signal on gold, but it's not there quite yet.
GLD gained a massive 60% between January 2007 and March 2008. And my algorithm was able to signal two successful trades throughout the rally — with one entry in December 2006 and another in September 2007.
All told, it may be a bit too early to jump into gold… but I'm watching closely as this is the third safe-haven asset that's now firmly on my radar.
Yes, I kept referencing four major asset classes and then "volatility" as a potential fifth.
Volatility has gained a lot of attention in the last decade — not as a concept, but as a tradeable asset class.
Is it an asset class completely distinct from the other four? Should it even qualify as an asset class? These are questions currently being debated by academics and practitioners alike. And we'll leave that to them.
One thing is certain: volatility tends to "zig" when stocks "zag." And that makes it yet another potential safe-haven, flight-to-safety play to consider.
My systems are not currently triggering a long-volatility trade. But we'll certainly keep a close eye on volatility — and potential volatility trades — as the summer slog wears on.