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The Art of Thinking Helping Students Develop their Faculties of Thinking and Observation
This essay appeared in two parts in the journal Renewal (Fall-Winter, 2001 and Spring-Summer, 2002). Download PDF
The ability to question lies at the root of thinking. When we truly think-and don't just mimic what another person tells us-the activity arises out of questions. Questions are the driving force of any thought process; they give direction, focus, and energy. If we're interested in helping students think, then we must help them learn to question themselves and the world.
|The three columns of the "Serapis Temple." ( Reprinted from Structural Geology by John Dennis; New York: The Ronald Press Co., 1972)
One problem with our information age is that people "know" very much without ever having asked for this knowledge or, afterwards, questioning it. We know the earth moves around the sun, we know the earth is 4.5 billion years old, we know we breathe oxygen, we know genes determine heredity-we know, we know, we know. But ask ninth graders how they know any of these facts and you get blank stares and responses like, "I don't know, somebody told me that," or "I saw it on the Discovery channel."
The purpose of this question is not to embarrass students but to show them that most of us have no idea how we know what we know. In fact, we are believers in the "facts" of science. It's paradoxical that the scientific age, which began as a revolt against traditional belief systems, has become an age of the belief in science. We are ensconced in a "dogmatic slumber," to use Kant's phrase. One primary task of science teaching should be to help students awaken from a certain naïveté of childhood that can all too easily become a very firm dogmatic slumber in adulthood. Adolescents should feel continual scientific revolution.
To this aim, when I teach science classes beginning in the ninth grade, I emphasize that we shouldn't take any handed-down knowledge for granted; we need to question what we think we know. In this sense high school students need to become healthy skeptics (not cynics!). "How do I know this?" is the fundamental question. When we begin questioning in this way, we soon realize that we know very little. Although at first unsettling, this realization becomes exhilarating. And there is a person who can stand as an ideal for the students-Socrates, one of the great figures of western culture who was put to death for thinking independently. He was the man who always asked questions and was wise because he knew that he knew nothing. Starting from this Socratic base, we can begin to build more knowledge.
But this is difficult. If you think back on your experience of science classes in college, high school, or middle school, you may well remember, as I do, learning (and forgetting) myriad facts for multiple choice tests. This kind of learning is widespread in American education and is what my colleague Steve Talbott calls "fact-shoveling." Since most of us have grown up in this system, it's not easy to overcome the idea that the science teacher's main task is to teach loads of facts. And even worse is the reasoning that we must do this in high school to prepare for college. (Nothing like eating an appetizer of rocks to prepare for the main course of boulders.) So how do we overcome such a dead approach to science?
Riddles-The "Serapis Temple"
One powerful and fruitful way to avoid feeding students stones is to present scientific phenomena through concrete examples that are riddles. Riddles engage the mind and stimulate questions. Riddles stir feelings, awakening wonder and interest. Riddles fire the will to find a solution. Riddles are wonderful. The most time-consuming part of preparation for my lessons has been in search of good riddles to serve as the entryway into the process of learning science.
Let's take an example out of the ninth grade geology block. Rocks don't naturally interest everyone and the first time I taught the block I was scared to death that I was going to bore the students to death with things I was very excited about. But the riddle approach (along with fieldwork, which I won't go into here) saved the day.
In the eighteenth century, Italians began to excavate ruins from the Roman empire. In Pozzuoli, a village on the Mediterranean coast near Naples, the ruins of what appeared to be a temple were discovered. The tops of three large columns were found hidden by bushes, about a hundred feet from the sea. The columns were covered with foot after foot of compacted volcanic ash (tuff), volcanic rocks (pumice) and debris. Volcanoes surround the area and Vesuvius is not far away; it is an area with frequent earthquakes. The three columns turned out to be enormous-about forty-two feet high. Remains of many other columns were found and the ruins were given the name Serapis Temple. (Later archaeologists concluded that it was a market place.)
[Insert Figure about here]
There was something strange about the columns (see figure). The lower twelve feet were smooth and uninjured, but the following twelve feet were not: the limestone was highly corroded. Looking carefully, the excavators found cavities with shells of saltwater mussels. These are mussels that bore into rock by dissolving it and then dwell in their self-made cavities. The upper eighteen feet of the columns were weathered, but in quite good shape.
If I've succeeded describing this discovery to the students in a vivid manner, I hardly even need to ask the question, What's going on here? It's as if the columns themselves were saying, Do you see that we are a riddle to be solved? The main question revolves around the twelve-foot band in the middle of the columns that is corroded and full of mussel shells. To the logical minds of ninth graders it is completely clear that the presence of mussel shells means that the columns were at some point in water. And they must have been in water for quite a long while, since the mussels had time to eat limestone away.
Here a process of question and answer begins, where the teacher may need to fill in more information to give the students a better orientation. But the students' conjectures and questions move the process along, which is a bit different in every class.
How did the columns get in water and why is there only of band of corroded limestone, with intact material above and below it? Most students think (as did the first geologists investigating this example) that the water level rose. If this were true, then sea level must have risen at least twenty-four feet, up to the top of the mussel-eaten band in the columns. Since the sea level is more or less horizontal and the Mediterranean Sea is connected to the Atlantic Ocean, the whole oceanic body of water covering the earth would have to have risen-perhaps due to melting of the ice caps-twenty-four feet. This would result in a continuous band of submerged coastlines all over the earth. But this is not the case. Even along the Mediterranean Sea coast there is no evidence for a general rise in sea level. Evidently it was a more local phenomenon.
So what is the alternative? The earth itself could have sunk. Usually someone conjectures that during one or more earthquakes the coast at Pozzuoli sank. The water level appeared to rise, but in reality the earth's surface sank at least twenty-four feet over a period of time. Although this is hard to picture, what else could have happened?
Now we have the columns standing in twenty-four feet of water. Why don't the mussels eat away the whole submerged part of the columns? This is a key moment for thinking -the ability to bring together different facts and see connections. I've seen students' faces light up when they "get it:" After, or while sinking, a volcano erupts and covers the area with twelve feet of volcanic ash and rock. This protects the lower twelve feet of the columns, so that the boring mussels have only the middle twelve feet to inhabit. The upper eighteen feet are above the water line; they weather but are inaccessible to the water-bound mussels. Slowly the mussels inhabited the twelve-foot band of the columns and ate away limestone, making caves for themselves.
At some point in time the coast must have risen, the water receded and the columns then stood, once again, on dry ground. Over time they were covered by ash and rock from other volcanoes and debris from earthquakes, so that only the tops were visible in the eighteenth century when they were excavated.
Together we have reconstructed in our minds-on hand of three "lowly" columns-remarkable movements of the earth's crust: first sinking, then lifting; and all this within historical times. At the conclusion of this discussion I feel a sense of success, when I see that the students are amazed at both what the earth does as well as at their own ability to think and tie together archeological and geological facts into a cohesive picture.
Logical Thinking Anchored in Observation
How have the students trained their thinking by learning about the Serapis Temple? First, they have learned that questions are essential. Without asking questions they won't get anywhere. Secondly, they learn that to answer questions you have to go through a process that takes time and energy. They can't sit back and become enlightened. When they come up with conjectures, then these conjectures have to be brought in relation to the facts at hand. Do they fit? They have to think through consequences: if the sea level rises 24 feet, then what would happen on all coastlines? They then see that a particular train of thought doesn't make sense and try a different pathway.
Often students who are very quick intellectually are also satisfied with answers that don't hold up under further scrutiny. Considering an example such as the Serapis Temple columns slows down and extends the thought process so that it can become more conscious. We move from one phenomenon to then next, testing our thoughts at every step. Sometimes we rush ahead only to realize we've lost the phenomena; so we go back and reconsider. Thinking learns to be disciplined and a core element in this discipline is learning that we need to observe very carefully and be faithful to these observations. Any training of thinking is a training of observation as well (and vice versa).
In adolescence it's very important for students to experience that they can solve riddles. That their questions can be answered. This gives them the confidence they need to feel in their mental powers: I can understand the world. This is not the same thing as the ability to make quick and cutting judgments, a capacity that comes as a kind of adolescent birthright. I have often felt that there is no way to compete with the sharpness of a ninth or tenth grader's intellect, which comes out most strongly in their ability to argue. But this capacity to argue and judge often wells from a raging current of moods, likes, and dislikes that can cover up the real idealism they to bring into the world. So what the students need to learn-and that is an essential task in the high school-is to base their judgments on interactions with the world and not just on their own predilections. This is why studying the external world in science classes is so healthy.
Through teaching examples of scientific discovery, the students also learn to see science as a product of human activity. Science always starts with riddles like the three columns. Taken in purely external way, the columns are just things we could pass by and shrug our shoulders ("so what"). But if we look and question, this static outer appearance transforms in thought into a lively movement. The students begin to see through the columns a world of becoming. They look, so to speak, with their mind's eye into the past by reading the present carefully and intensely. This is vastly different from learning in a geology class the "fact" that the earth's crust moves up and down, illustrated by a few cursory examples. Such "knowledge" remains external to the human soul and is one reason many people learn to dislike science in school. But if the students themselves reconstruct out of the present the past, then they are involved. They know how geological knowledge about the earth's past comes about because they were engaged in a process.
This is a very satisfying experience. And part of that experience is knowing that they don't know all the answers. There is always more to investigate. This experience is the entryway into complex and, then, holistic thinking.
Complex Thinking: The Germ Theory of Disease
As thinkers we have a tendency simplify matters. Just because a train of thought is logical and clear does not mean it does justice to the phenomena. In fact, when the succession of thoughts becomes exceedingly precise and consistent in itself, we can be quite sure that we're losing sight of the richness of the phenomena we're trying to illuminate. Especially in the ninth and tenth grades, when students should gain confidence and discipline in their thinking abilities, we can live with a certain degree of oversimplification since we're training "thought muscles." But in the eleventh and twelfth grades we can begin to challenge the students more.
By taking different points of view to consider any given phenomenon or problem students learn that the world is complex and that we need to adapt ourselves to this complexity. Otherwise we'll end up with schematic notions, or even worse, caricatures of reality. I believe Rudolf Steiner had this task in mind when, in speaking about the biology curriculum in the eleventh grade, he said that the teacher should emphasize mutual dependency or reciprocal causation (Wechselursachenverhältnis) and go beyond what we call today linear causality (meeting with teachers, June 21, 1922).
I'd like to illustrate complex thinking by considering the germ theory of disease, which I often discuss in an eleventh grade biology block. This is an especially good topic because it not only challenges the students' mind and opinions, but also gives them a picture of how science actually develops. Again, I avoid a general discussion of the topic and use instead historical examples that can capture the students' interest.
Cholera is a deadly disease that spreads in epidemics. People who become ill with cholera suffer severe diarrhea and vomiting. Losing such large quantities of bodily fluids over a short period of time-hours to a couple of days-leads to dehydration and, if nothing changes, death. 19th century Europe witnessed numerous cholera epidemics. In 1854 a cholera epidemic befell the city and environs of Munich, Germany. Max von Pettenkofer, a medical doctor and professor at the University in Munich, was asked to investigate the epidemic. He began by making a precise map of the outbreak. He found that parts of the city were being ravaged while others were spared. Areas near or along creeks, rivers, and canals as well as low-lying areas near water were especially hard hit. On hills and near watersheds the incidence of cholera was much lower. He also discovered that where the soil was porous there was more cholera than in areas with poor drainage, where the water ran away more on the surface rather than seeping into the ground.
Pettenkofer noticed that the cholera areas were often poor and filthy. The air was filled with the horrible stench from open sewage pits and outhouses. "How gross!" say the students. They don't realize that American and European cities only began to have central sewage systems beginning in the late 19th century. The sewage pits were usually not sealed and the contents seeped into the soil. Wells were often contaminated with sewage. Pettenkofer was soon convinced that the interplay of excrement and water was a major factor in the cholera epidemic.
He didn't believe, however, that cholera was simply being passed from one person to the next. He observed many cases in which only some members of a family became ill, and doctors and other caregivers, who regularly came into bodily contact with ill people, usually did not become ill. Evidently, each person has a physiological disposition or constitution that makes him or her more or less susceptible to the disease. Pettenkofer concluded that the proximity to water, unsanitary conditions, and poor health conditions were together responsible for cholera. He worked hard to change these conditions and is often considered one of the fathers of public health and hygiene. Through his efforts, Munich became one of the first cities to install centralized sewage and water systems. Everywhere where sanitation increased, cholera ceased to be a problem.
Another German medical doctor and scientist, Robert Koch, was also working to find what caused cholera. Koch traveled to Egypt and India to investigate outbreaks of cholera in the early 1880s. He performed autopsies on the bodies of people who had died of cholera. In every case he discovered comma-shaped bacteria in the intestinal walls. He never found these bacteria in healthy people. Since intestinal dysfunction brings about the severe diarrhea in cholera, couldn't these bacteria be causing the disease? Is Koch's discovery a proof of the germ theory of disease? Since all the students "know" (recall the problem I described at the beginning of this article) that "germs" (bacteria and viruses) cause disease, most students think, "yes." But with prodding, the students can recognize there is a still a question. Just because Koch found the bacteria in the corpses, doesn't mean they caused the disease. Not only that, I've had students say, the bacteria might be an effect of the disease: because people are sick, bacteria can thrive in them. We don't really know-and Robert Koch didn't either.
Koch was an extremely careful and conscientious scientist. He was not prone to making overblown claims and wanted facts to be his judge. So he took infected tissue and learned how to grow the bacteria in laboratory cultures. (This was a momentous step forward in the history of bacteriology; most techniques for growing bacteria were discovered and perfected by Koch and his assistants.) Koch then injected animals-mice, rats, guinea pigs, rabbits-with the bacteria. They usually died of cholera-like symptoms. He isolated the bacteria from the intestines of the dead animals, cultured them and injected other animals, who again died. He repeated this process of isolation, culturing, and injecting again and again. To his mind, Koch showed that the comma-shaped bacteria were clearly causing cholera. This was 1883.
Koch had observed in India that people were drinking from the same water in which they bathed, washed clothes, and children defecated. He concluded that the bacteria-which are excreted in large amounts in the diarrhea of the sick-are spread from person to person, which is what causes an epidemic.
Pettenkofer, while not denying the existence of the bacteria, did not believe that they were the sole cause of the cholera. He was so convinced of his opinion-which was based on years of work and experience-that he decided to do an experiment on himself. He would drink a culture of the bacteria to bring to an end what he considered to be an irrational fear of bacteria. He had a fresh culture of cholera bacteria sent to him. It contained about a billion bacteria. Before ingesting it, he drank bicarbonate solution to neutralize the acid in the stomach that normally kills bacteria-he didn't want any critics saying afterwards that he hadn't done a thorough experiment.
So Pettenkofer drank a culture of cholera bacteria. The next day he awoke and felt fine and was happy to speak with reporters at his home, who had expected to find him dead. Three days later he had strong diarrhea, but it soon subsided and he never fell ill. (Soon thereafter, one of his assistants repeated the experiment with similar results, except that he became feverish.)
A lively classroom discussion usually follows this description. "Wasn't Pettenkofer stupid?" "But he survived!" "He was just lucky!" When things have calmed down, we can begin to sort out the situation. What did Pettenkofer prove? He showed that the cholera bacteria are not the sole cause of cholera; if they were, he would have died. Did he prove that the bacteria have nothing to do with cholera? No. Rather, his experiment was a proof of his idea that the individual constitution is a very important factor in contracting the disease. It seems that both Koch and Pettenkofer were partially right and partially wrong. Together, the facts they pointed to provided a correct picture of infectious diseases: they are transmitted by the bacteria (or viruses), but whether the person becomes ill or not is dependent on his or her susceptibility. Only the interplay of these two factors-germ and constitution-mediated by the environment gives rise to an infectious disease.
I go on to discuss with the students that we must be very careful when using the word cause in biology. I present other examples, sometimes quoting excerpts from scientific articles that use the word cause. The students are now more critical and wakeful listeners and usually see themselves that what is called a cause is usually only a partial cause.
Closer investigation always shows that biological phenomena are caused by the interaction of multiple factors. For this reason, I give the students a radical suggestion: to ban the word cause from biological and medical vocabulary. Its imprecise usage fosters a great deal of unclarity. We would do well to substitute the word condition for the word cause. We can say that bacteria present a necessary condition for the outbreak of cholera, but alone they are not sufficient to do so. A weak constitution is also a necessary condition. All the necessary conditions taken together can be said to cause the disease. When the students have understood this, they have entered the school of complex thinking. They see that we need more refined concepts to grasp the world adequately.
Complex thinking is not satisfied with simple answers. It always seeks to find the boundaries of theories and explanations in order to delve deeper into the matter. In the best sense of the word complex thinking is critical. But it is also comprehensive and flexible in the continual search for new vantage points from which to illuminate a problem.
There are many courses in the 11th and 12th grades in Waldorf Schools that are especially well suited to cultivate complex thinking (which doesn't mean it can't be practiced in every subject). I think, for example, of the history of atomism in eleventh grade chemistry, where students can learn about the evolution of atomic models and overcome the billiard ball pictures they carry in their minds. Or the projective geometry block, where the students confront concepts like infinity and duality (polarity) that stretch their minds in a wonderful way. At Hawthorne Valley School we instituted an ecology block in the eleventh grade. Ecology is the scientific discipline that should (but unfortunately often doesn't) make complex thinking fundamental to its teaching, since ecology has everywhere to do with complex, changing relations. Most ecological problems are the stark testament of our inability to think complexly-or one could also say ecologically.
Holistic Thinking
The flexibility of thought we exercise in complex thinking is a prerequisite to understand living phenomena. But it is not enough. I sometimes begin the twelfth grade zoology block by showing the students a picture of an animal they know, say a cow, and then ask them how they would scientifically explain a cow. The question catches them a bit off guard. But someone usually comes up with a comment such as, "the cow has horns to protect itself." Once this kind of answer has fallen, a cascade follows. The cow has a tail to kill insects, it has wide-set eyes to see its prey, it has big molars to grind grass, it has hooves to stand for long periods of time, it has a four-chambered stomach to digest grass. And so on. We go through many characteristics and explain each one by finding some function it fulfills. This kind of explanation is relatively satisfying.
Whether they know it or not, the students have applied a popular form of Darwinian thought to the cow. I tell them how in Darwinian theory today researchers look at the different traits of an organism and consider them to be survival strategies. The "reason to be" for any given characteristic is that it allowed the cow to survive. On this theory, each characteristic arises separately and by chance, but because it is supportive of the animal's survival and its ability to reproduce, it is maintained in evolution.
When we've painted this picture I ask the students to look at what the cow has become conceptually for them. The answer is: an agglomeration of separate characteristics. The cow as a cohering, whole organism that has these characteristics has disappeared. But don't we want to understand the cow? The students can see a dilemma. We need to analyze in order to come to any kind of understanding, otherwise we remain in dreamy generalities. But if we lose the whole animal in this process, then what have we gained? The question is, can we learn to move beyond analysis and discover how the seemingly separate parts of an organism are in fact related to each other within the context of the whole creature? This is the underlying task of the twelfth grade zoology block.
It's an intriguing fact that while Darwinism has led to an increasingly atomized view of organisms, Charles Darwin himself was keenly aware of the "exquisite adaptation of one part of the organization to another part" (Origin of Species, chapter 3, p. 114). The wings of a bird are of course wonderfully adapted to flight. But the capacity to fly is also expressed in its bone and muscle structures, in its lungs and circulatory system, in its senses and nerves; in short-in every detail of the bird's anatomy, physiology and behavior. All of these features are, moreover, in continual interaction and dependent upon each other. For example, a bird has large flight muscles on its breast. The breastbone, correspondingly, becomes the largest bone in the body to support these muscles. The circulatory system is, in turn, built such that these muscles receive large amounts of blood during flight. The further you investigate the more you come to see how every part is inextricably entwined with every other part. Goethe formulated this relation succinctly:
All its parts have a direct effect on one another, a relationship to one another, thereby constantly renewing the circle of life; thus we are justified in considering every animal physiologically perfect . Nothing can be added to one part without subtracting from another, and vice versa. (Goethe, p. 121)
This wisdom-filled relation of the parts of an organism to each other is known in the science of comparative morphology as the law of compensation, or the law of the correlation of parts (after Cuvier).
It is one thing to establish the fact that organisms are fully integrated beings, it is another matter to understand in a concrete case how everything in an organism hangs together. A true science of the wholeness of organisms is still in its infancy because it puts new demands on our thinking capacity. Holistic thinking demands that we immerse ourselves in details and then move from detail to detail, but with an eye toward the whole organism that expresses itself in every part.
Some of my most rewarding moments of teaching occur when I succeed in taking this approach with students. Why? First, because we are involved in a process of real discovery. I tell the students that we're searching for an understanding of animals and plants that they won't find in textbooks. Together we may find relations that have not yet been discovered. Secondly, because when those moments of insight arise-aha! I see how these two things are connected-they are deeply satisfying. We have touched something essential. The animal or plant has begun to reveal its deeper nature.
Let me give an example from the twelfth grade zoology block. While amphibians (frogs, toads, newts, and salamanders) all lay their eggs in water, reptiles (lizards, snakes, turtles, and crocodiles) lay their eggs on land. This fundamental difference between these two groups of vertebrates is mirrored in their overall anatomy, physiology, and behavior. The eggs of amphibians are protected by a jelly-like mass and float weightless in water. The growing embryos take oxygen out of the water and nourishment from the yolk-rich egg. In contrast, the eggs of reptiles are covered with a dry, papery-like shell (which is hard and calcified in crocodiles, like in birds). Within the shell the embryo floats in its own egg-made fluid within the so-called amniotic cavity. The protection and buoyancy the amphibian embryo receives from its watery environment, the reptile creates internally through an additional embryonic organ. Even when an animal like a reptile lays its eggs on land, its life begins in water-but in its own self-produced amniotic fluid.
The comparatively isolated reptile egg, resting in sand, soil, or leaves, has another "problem" compared to amphibians: In the amphibian embryo, gases and waste products diffuse in and through the medium of the surrounding water. The reptile compensates for this loss of connection to its immediate surroundings by creating an additional internal organ-the allantois. This blood-rich organ functions as an embryonic lung as well as a bladder that collects urine.
The more immediate relation of amphibians to a watery environment extends into their further development. Amphibians go through a fish-like stage as larvae (tadpoles). They breathe through gills and swim limbless, propelled by a tail fin. They then experience a striking metamorphosis into adults. They lose their gills and develop lungs, limbs develop and, in the case of toads and frogs, the tail is completely reabsorbed. Only after this metamorphosis can an amphibian leave its natal pond and venture on to land. (Some amphibians remain their whole lives in water.)
Amphibians have moist and permeable skin. In fact, they breathe more through their skin than they do through their lungs. The skin not only lets gases in and out, but also moisture. For this reason amphibians remain bound to a moist environment even if, as is the case with many frogs and toads, they spend most of their adult lives out of water. When subject to dry air, a frog or toad will lose large amounts of its body moisture content. When it comes into contact with water again, the body quickly replenishes fluid loss by drawing water in through its skin (osmosis). A dehydrated frog need not drink with its mouth, it can just stick a foot in water and suck up all the water it needs!
Every year in spring the amphibian's strong relation to water comes into play when the adult returns to the pond where its life began. The female lays its eggs that are immediately fertilized-the water once again acting as a medium-by the male's sperm.
Just as the amphibian's connection to water shows itself in its anatomy, physiology, and behavior, so does the reptile's origin in a self-contained egg on land find expression in its other characteristics. In contrast to the amphibian, the reptile hatches from its egg as a small version of the adult. It already has a thick, cornified, and dry skin. The skin is virtually water-impermeable. Just as the reptile egg becomes independent from an external watery environment, carrying its own fluid, so does the adult reptile's skin allow it to detach itself from the need for direct and ongoing contact to water. For this reason reptiles can live in very arid climates by conserving body fluids for long periods of time and producing very concentrated urine to minimize water loss. Their whole physiology is built around the independence from water.
Of course, many reptiles are water-dwelling-marine turtles, crocodiles and alligators, water snakes, and so on. They nonetheless lay their eggs on land and have thick, impermeable skins. In this way they are primary land creatures that then seek the water after hatching. Through their skin they remain in a sense detached from water within water, unlike amphibians.
The reptile's skin is not only impermeable to water but also to gases. Correspondingly, its lungs develop more pockets and a greater surface area to take in the inhaled air. Lung development is always correlated with the development of the circulatory system. In reptiles the heart has four chambers through which arterial and venous blood coming from the lungs on the one hand and the rest of the body on the other, remains completely (in crocodiles) or mostly (in other reptiles) separate. In contrast, amphibians have three-chambered hearts in which the blood coming from the lungs and from the rest of the body is mixed together. Again we see the quality of interpenetration in amphibians and increasing separation and differentiation of internal organs in reptiles.
Through such considerations, the students see how each group of animals is a unified whole. They see how the amphibian's life and structure are imbued with an intimate and open relation to water, not only in general terms, but in all details of reproductive behavior, embryonic development, skin, breathing, and circulation. The reptile has closed itself off from the immediate interdependency with the watery world and every facet of its being speaks of this separation and the corresponding development of inner functions and structures. The understanding of each group is heightened by the contrast to the other. This is why I often work with comparisons, so that the unique features of each animal stand out much more distinctly.
To come to this kind of understanding demands that we not only register the characteristics, but that we actively recreate them in our imaginations. We need to form a saturated inner picture, say, of the amphibian embryo floating in water, surrounded by a clear jelly that mediates the exchange of substances and gases through the water. When we have built up this picture and then consider the amphibian's skin-thin, moist, and permeable-we see the same quality in another characteristic. This is holistic thinking.
Holistic thinking is so difficult because in our society we learn on the one hand to hold facts at a distance and on the other hand to use our imaginations in making pictures that have no relation to the external world. We don't bring the two together. Coleridge distinguished between fancy, which involves arbitrary picture making, and true imagination, which engages the world. In holistic thinking we need true imagination. We enter into a given phenomenon with our active imaginations and form pictures, we move to the next feature and build a new picture. In this sustained, wakeful process the wholeness of the creature can light up. This light can then illuminate further characteristics as one deepens the study of organism.
The wonderful thing about this process is that otherwise isolated details become interesting, because they help shed more light on the organism as a whole. For example, only when I'd begun to grasp the underlying difference between amphibians and reptiles, did the way they make poisons begin speak, that is, to tell me something about the animals themselves. There are very poisonous tropical frogs that secrete their poisons through glands that are distributed over their whole skin. When you pick them up and have a small wound on the hand, the poison can get into your blood and poison you. In contrast, the reptiles have poison glands concentrated in the roof of the mouth and must actively bite you and penetrate your skin with their fangs, through which the poison is injected into you. Isn't this the same contrast we have seen before, but now showing a new nuance?
To my mind, one of the most important tasks of Waldorf education is to reach this level of understanding in the eleventh and twelfth grades. It is not for nothing that in developing the curriculum with the teachers of the first Waldorf school, Steiner suggested that many of the twelfth grade main lesson blocks have the character of an overview. We can build on the knowledge gained in previous years and pull it together to see overriding trends-in history, the evolution of consciousness; in chemistry, the different kinds of substances and transformations that characterize the different kingdoms of nature; in biology, the overview of the major phyla and classes of plants and animals. And so on.
Nothing is more important than to help the students school their abilities to see relations and connections, to see how things fit together in the world. This is precisely the capacity humanity needs to find creative solutions the myriad problems we create that lead to a dissolution, rather than to a building-up of the world.
Note: For Craig Holdrege's articles on a holistic approach to understanding plants and animals click here
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Holdrege, Craig. 2000. Addressing Contemporary Issues in the High School: The Example of Human Cloning. Renewal Fall/Winter, pp. 28-31.
Howard-Jones, Norman. 1984. Robert Koch and the Cholera Vibrio: A Centenary. British Journal of Medicine Vol. 288, pp. 379-381.
Knight, David. 1961. Robert Koch. New York: Franklin Watts.
Lechevalier, Hubert and Morris Solotorovsky. 1974. Three Centuries of Microbiology. New York: Dover.
Lyell, Charles. 1990. Principles of Geology Volume I. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. (This book was originally published in 1830 and is a classic in geological literature; it contains a wealth of examples, including the Serapis Temple.)
Ogawa, Mariko. 2000. Uneasy Bedfellows: Science and Politics in the Refutation of Koch's Bacterial Theory of Cholera. Bulletin of the History of Medicine Vol. 74, pp. 671-707.
Rauthe, Wilhelm. 1996. Steps in the Development of Thinking. Waldorf Science Newsletter Vol. 3 #4, pp. 8-12.
Schad, Wolfgang. 1982. Die Vorgeburtlichkeit des Menschen. Stuttgart: Verlag Urachhaus.
Steiner, Rudolf. 1998. Faculty Meetings with Rudolf Steiner Vols. I and II. Great Barrington, MA: Anthroposophic Press. (These meetings were held between 1919 and 1924.)
Steiner, Rudolf. 1996. Education for Adolescents. Great Barrington, MA: Anthroposophic Press. (Lectures held in 1921.)
Wieninger, Karl. 1987. Max von Pettenkofer. Munich, Germany: Heinrich Hugendubel Verlag.


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Tags: brave, Curriculum, Encouragement, goals, high school, homeschool, Homeschooling, how, independent, math, middle school, online, planning, science, teens
Homeschooling Middle School and High School
Ever feel like you have just got this homeschooling thing on a roll and then all of a sudden it is time to change things up again? You have finally found your rhythm and groove with your toddlers, 1st grade, 3rd grade, 5th grade, and 8th grade kiddos; then spring comes, homeschool conferences start up and you realize something. It suddenly hits you that you are a mom/dad to kids who will be entering the Middle School and/or High School years! Whoa! How did that happen? You also find all your friends and family are throwing a whole new

subset: commoncrawl


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Students taking the undergraduate course, SEE3102 Power Plant Engineering, offered by the School participated in the visit to The Hong Kong and China Gas Company Limited on 4 and 5 November 2015.
The students appreciated the presentation and video on how town gas was produced safely and environmentally friendly. The usage of landfill gas not only minimized the wastage of energy, but also reduced the impacts caused by the landfill. A guided tour around the site offered a chance for students to understand the steps of catalytic rich gas process.


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Hello People. We have a winner. Courtesy the lovely List Randomizer at random.org, Natalie, of Cinnamon Bums and the lover of "kabocha squash with a miso-tahini sauce over brown rice" is the lucky winner of a copy of Caribbean Vegan. I'll be emailing you Natalie to get your mailing info for the publishers, but Congratulations!
If you liked my post, feel free to subscribe to my rss feeds


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Eirini Matinopoulou was born in 1978 in Brussels of Belgium, but grew up by the sea in Athens- Greece. She is a product designer and glass artist with basic and advanced studies in Vakalo School in Greece and universities of Manchester and Birmingham in England. She has taken slumping and kilncasting seminars in Turkey and United States over her favorite material, glass.
In 2004 she started working in the research and development department of BIC as a razor designer. Her name exists, along with three colleagues, in two patents of BIC (Razor unit handle / no: US D541475 and US D540984).
In 2008 she opens the "GLASSCAPES STUDIO" specializing in design and completion of utility glass and art objects. In her studio, she was giving seminars to children about glass art recycling. A series of her works adorns the Benaki Museum shop. She has participated in many glass art exhibitions. In 2009 she designed and created the award "OIKOPOLIS 2009" on behalf of ECOCITY organization. Since 2009 she is an active volunteer member of ECOCITY. Every year she participates on the creative projects for "ECOMOBILITY awards" and "OIKOPOLIS awards".
In 2014 she starts the "PROJECTAKI" with products that offer beautiful memories and thoughts.


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Business cited for waste
EDWARDSVILLE — Madison County has twice in recent days cited S&K Towing and Repair near Edwardsville for piling up mounds of potentially hazardous waste on its property adjacent to Cahokia Creek, a tributary of the Mississippi River.
The county is cracking down on the property after neighbors complained of the tons of fill material that were dumped on the property, which is a floodplain.
"It's just sickening. Everything he is doing over there is just horrible," said Renee Seitz of the 4500 block of Drda Drive, just outside Edwardsville.
She said she has a row of evergreen trees in her yard, and the three closest to the S&K property have died and needed to be replaced more than once.
She said she used to enjoy the view from her backyard deck, but now the view is ruined. Other neighbors have had difficulty selling their property because of the unsightly S&K property.
"It has caused our property values to go down," Seitz said.
Another neighbor, who asked not to be identified, said the property is zoned for commercial purposes as a towing and repair business but has become something else.
"Use of stated parcel continues to be used as a commercial property and has now become a new, illegal dumping site for petroleum-based products (asphalt)," the neighbor said in a formal complaint to the county. He said residents are contemplating a civil suit seeking money damages.
Broderick Beveneau, also of the 4500 block of Drda, said the piles of waste are in clear view from his home and that he can hear bulldozers and other heavy equipment rolling over the property in the pre-dawn hours.
He said the owner has yelled at him and his wife, and she has moved out of the house.
"She was afraid," Beveneau said.
He and other neighbors said the piles of waste are not the only concern. They said weeds are growing on the S&K property adjacent to their properties. They say the owner, Roger Stunkel, complains when they mow the weeds that are just over the boundary on his property.
Reached Friday, Stunkel said, "Why don't you go see what those people are doing in their homes, those people who are (complaining). Next thing you do is call my lawyer, goodbye," Stunkel said. He then hung up before he could be asked the name of his lawyer.
There is a large fence around the business, which the county ordered in 2008 after neighbors complained about damaged cars stored on the property. However, the piles of waste are visible over the fence.
Evergreen trees that were planted by S&K as a part of a 2008 zoning dispute settlement have died and many are overgrown. Some gaps have appeared in the lines of trees, which were agreed to in 2008 as part of a "buffer zone."
In a July 17 letter from Matt Brandmeyer, the county planning and development director, Stunkel was served official notice for allegedly violating county zoning ordinances.
Brandmeyer said in his notice that that he met with Stunkel on May 14 to discuss the material being trucked onto the S&K lot at 4444 Edwardsville Rd.
He noted that Stunkel was told then he was in violation of the special use permit for his towing business, the Madison County Zoning Ordinance and the Madison County Stormwater Ordinance.
"I also told you that you were in violation of a consent agreement with the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, for which the Madison County Planning and Development Department is the local enforcement agency. I also mentioned that you were likely in violation of federal and state rules regarding development within a designated floodplain," Brandmeyer said in the letter.
Brandmeyer said he made a good faith effort to work with Stunkel so that officials could determine how far into the floodplain the materials had gone, and Stunkel agreed to quit accepting the materials.
However, since then Stunkel has allegedly allowed more materials onto the site. Brandmeyer specifically cited five different ordinances or resolutions the business is suspected of violating.
He said Stunkel has 30 days to address the issues or the matter will be referred to the Madison County State's Attorney's Office for possible court action. He said the county may also revoke the special use permit that was allowed after a contentious hearing in 2008 before the Madison County Zoning Board of Appeals.
At the hearing in 2008, several neighbors of the Drda Lane area showed up to complain about the appearance of the company. At that time, there were numerous damaged cars and large tow trucks on the property.
Stunkel had asked for a special use permit and some zoning changes to allow continued and expanded use of the property as a towing business. The owners of the business, through their lawyers, emphasized that it was not a "junk yard," in which cars are dismantled and sold for parts, but an "automobile wrecking yard," where cars are stored after they are towed, often from accident scenes.
Some people spoke in favor of the rezoning and special use permit, but most were against.
The Zoning Board of Appeals approved a compromise rezoning and special use plan that required the installation of a tall fence and trees as a buffer zone. Some of the buffer zone trees died shortly after they were planted.
After Brandmeyer wrote his July 17 notice, neighbors started noticing waste being piled up on the property but not behind the tall fence and buffer zone and directly adjacent to Drda Lane.
"We think he did it for spite," a neighbor said.
Brandmeyer issued a "stop-work order" for that spot on Thursday.
Sanford Schmidt can be contacted at firstname.lastname@example.com


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|Fit For We Mommy & Me Water Bottles
*This post contains sponsored content*
One of the most exciting parts of being a parent is getting to purchase matching items. It could be clothes, shoes, accessories..anything you can think of, as long as it matches it is 10 times more adorable!
I recently received a set of the Fit For We Mommy & Me Water Bottles. These bottles are the most adorable things ever.
The lighting in my kitchen turns them orange but they are actually pink. They are great bottles! No leaks or messes at all. They are super easy to clean and very convenient to travel with. They fit in the cup holders in my vehicles and my daughter (3 years old) can easily open and close her bottle without any assistance. She absolutely LOVES that we have something that matches! She gets excited every time we use them :) The bottles are very durable. She has dropped her bottle several times and it has not cracked or been damaged at all. This bottle is a bit different than other water bottles. It does not have a spout that you suck on. Once you open the top it has a small circular opening that the drink comes out of so if your turn the bottle upside down it will come out. It took my daughter a couple of times to realize she couldn't just turn it up like she does her sippie cup but now she is a pro at it. There is a small plastic screen included with the bottles. I love this extra feature because I can add ice or fruit to her water and not worry about it coming through the opening and her becoming choked. There is also a small finger grip to make for easy carrying of the bottle. It also allows me to easily clip them to my daughter's stroller.
Here are a few words from Fit For Me:
Safe to Use: Non-toxic, made with durable Eastman Tritan, a clear BPA free co-polyester, tested to be FDA safe for use with beverages. Shatter Proof. Top Rack Dishwasher Safe
If you are interested in purchasing the Mommy & Me matching water bottles or learning more about Fit For Me products you can visit their Amazon listing by clicking here.
The opinions expressed are those of solely the author and do not represent the opinions of the sponsored company or any company that may host or display this blog. Even though the author receives compensation for sponsored posts we always give honest opinions and experiences related to these products. You may view our full disclosure by clicking here.


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Topic Page: Kiwifruit
The kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis) was a small, hard berry growing wild in China at the beginning of the twentieth century. It was subsequently cultivated in New Zealand, where it was known as the "Chinese gooseberry." But later, when China became Communist China, the name "kiwifruit" was applied, thus disassociating it from its homeland. In part, this was to facilitate marketing in the West, and in part, it was because of the fruit's supposed resemblance to New Zealand's kiwi, a small, flightless bird with brown, hair like plumage. The new name provoked a remarkable marketing success, and during the 1950s, New Zealand acreage devoted to the fruit increased rapidly to meet the sudden demand. The kiwifruit - about the size of a large egg - is very juicy and usually sweet, although sometimes it has a tart flavor. The thin skin is hairy and brown, and the flesh is a bright green with very small black seeds that surround a creamy white core. In addition to appearing in salads as a fresh fruit, the kiwifruit is also processed into juice, jams, and jellies and is canned and frozen. The fruit is grown on trellises and provides much in the way of vitamins A and C.
Common names and synonyms: Chinese gooseberry, yang tao.
Related Articles
Full text Article Kiwi
Although Chinese in origin, it was New Zealand that put kiwi on the commercial map. They are now grown in other temperate countries such as...
Full text Article KIWIFRUIT (Actinida chinensis)
Also known as the "Chinese gooseberry," this round green fruit with black seeds originated in the Yangtze Valley of China, where it was called yang
Full text Article kiwi berry
1. a small smooth-skinned kiwifruit.


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DETROIT, MI – November 22, 2013 5pm – midnight. This year's 10th Anniversary event celebrates the original grand opening of Campus Martius Park and the kickoff of Detroit's Holiday season with a lineup that will complement the spectacular 19,000 multi colored lights on the 60 ft. Christmas Tree and the beautiful illuminated Detroit skyline.
The Tree Lighting will include entertainment from national recording artists Peter Yarrow, from the folk music trio of Peter, Paul and Mary; Ethan Bortnick, a 12 year old singer/entertainer phenom who has headlined in Las Vegas and with an upcoming PBS concert special; Damian McGinty, Glee and Celtic Thunder star; Detroit music artists Alto Reed of the Bob Seger and the Silver Bullet Band, L'Renee, a rising R&B singer who has toured with vocalist Kem, and Serieux, performing a classic Motown holiday mix. The Michigan Opera Theatre Children's Chorus and soloist Bradley Wisk, Michigan Philharmonic Brass Quintet and Make-A-Wish performer Brad Grasl round out the entertainment.


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Fully Accredited and Insured Plumbing Technicians In Carina
Plumbing issues are the last thing any house owner wishes to deal with. We understand the stress they can create! That's why we're here to make your plumbing repairs and installations as seamless and hassle free as feasible.
Our group are devoted to providing the people with 24 hours around the clock service. We understand that emergencies occur when you least expect them. That is specifically why our automobiles are equipped with all material to execute work at any time of the day.
Our plumbing services consist of:
- General plumbing maintenance
- Fix or replace dripping faucets and toilet
- Blocked drains
- Replace electric hot water systems
- Burst pipes
- Hot water service and replacement
- Drain cleaning (sewer & stormwater).
- Electric and hydro jet drain cleaning.
- Pipe relining.
- Leak detection.
- Plumbing and drainage for bathroom, kitchen, laundry and toilet remodellings.
- Installation of vanities & baths.
- and more..
There are varying degrees of plumbing issues, but at Active Plumbing, our plumbing contractors are ready for anything. No matter how big or small the issue, we understand exactly how plumbing problems could affect your daily life. We will do all we can in order to help you with all your plumbing service needs.
Get A Quote Today For Residential Plumbing Service In Carina
Working with an experienced residential plumbing company such as Active Plumbing will give you a comfort that the job is done to your full satisfaction. We focus on an excellent client service. House owners come to us for clean and tidy residential plumbing services. Our plumbing technician turns up in a timely manner, pays attention to your needs as well as makes expert recommendations. Your home is one of your greatest investments and we treat it as such. We are the premium residential company for homeowners aiming to do the job appropriately, the very first time.
Commercial Plumbing Service In Carina
Our plumbing technicians are commercial professionals and provide an end-to-end smooth solution for your commercial premises. We are the first-choice for dozens of businesses since we have shown ourselves to be on schedule, friendly, adaptable and also professional, each time.
We're solution-driven and always diligent when it comes to safety at work, and to working to commercial industry codes and policies. On completion of the job, you'll be provided with a Compliance Certificate and feel peace of mind that we've met with your complete satisfaction.
Your Plumbing Issue Is Our Top Priority
We make your problem our top concern and also we know that it should be settled immediately. That's why we have all the necessary parts in our trucks, so we can fix your problem after that and there, without you waiting for parts to be provided.
No job is too big or too small and we assure you a rapid response from our specialist and highly knowledgeable plumbers. With over 20 years experience in the profession, our plumbers understand how to deal with everything, so there will be no surprises, however there will be a quick and very effective service to your problem.
Quick On-time Solution Across QLD
For the best in comfort you want a plumbing professional that will be there ON-TIME and fast. Satisfaction Guaranteed. We can get there much faster because our vehicles leave from multiple locations across QLD – we'll dispatch the closest available vehicle and plumbing team. We even run "mobile parts warehouses" around the area each day, saving you time and hassle on finding replacement parts.
Our goal is to make the best quality service accessible to more individuals in Carina. Nobody wants to handle plumbing problems for any longer than they have to, so we provide our plumbing services at a price everybody can pay for. If you ever experience a plumbing emergency in Carina 4152, or the surrounding area, you know who to call. Call 1300 651 965 day or night and our on-call team will jump into action.


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In less than 48 hours
Within 3 Days after delivery
On all orders over QAR 999/-
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TP-Link AC3200 Wireless Tri-Band Gigabit Router - Archer C3200
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The Archer C3200 uses Tri-Band technology to run three separate Wi-Fi channels at once, creating a network that can connect to more devices without a trade-off in performance.
With the fastest combined Wi-Fi speed of up to 3200Mbps, the Archer C3200 lets you simultaneously game online and stream video in 4K Ultra HD across multiple devices without lag.
Six high-performance external antennas greatly increase the Archer C3200's range and signal stability. Beamforming technology further improves the router's coverage by helping it locate wireless devices to form stronger, more reliable connections.
A powerful 1GHz dual-core CPU and three co-processors easily handle the demand made on the Archer C3200's network when multiple users are browsing, streaming, and gaming all at the same time.
External hard drives can connect directly to the Archer C3200 via its USB 3.0 and 2.0 ports, making it easy to share files, photos, music, and video across your network.
Set up the Archer C3200 in minutes thanks to its intuitive web interface and the powerful Tether app. Tether also lets you manage its network settings from any Android or iOS device, including parental controls and media sharing.
|Archer C3200
|7.9 X 7.9 X 1.5 inches
|AC 3200 Wireless Tri-Band Gigabit Router Archer C3200, Power supply unit, Ethernet Cable, Quick Installation Guide
|IEEE 802.11ac/n/a 5GHz, IEEE 802.11b/g/n 2.4GHz
|Link Speed
|5GHz Band1: Up to 1300Mbps, 5GHz Band2: Up to 1300Mbps, 2.4GHz: Up to 600Mbps
|Antenna Type
|3 dual band Fixed antennas & 3 single band Fixed antennas
|WPS Button
|Encryption Type(s) Supported
|64/128-bit WEP, WPA/WPA2, WPA-PSK/WPA2-PSK encryption
|Warranty and Support
|Warranty & Support
|1 Year Limited Warranty


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New 2020 GMC Sierra 1500 Crew Cab Short Box 4-Wheel Drive AT4
Hiley Special Price $56,840
* AT4 * SUNROOF * 6.2L V8 * PREMIUM PACKAGE * NAVIGATION * BOSE AUDIO * FRONT AND REAR PARK ASSIST * CROSS TRAFFIC ALERT * COLLISION ALERT * LANE KEEP * TECHNOLOGY PACKAGE * SURROUND VISION * REAR CAMERA MIRROR * HEADS UP DISPLAY * 20'' WHEELS WITH ALL TERRAIN TIRES * With great everyday low internet pricing available why wait? We price our car's and truck's at very competitive market pricing to make your shopping easy for you. No need for the back and forth, just great pricing and great customer service every time.
4D Crew Cab 4WD EcoTec3 6.2L V8
2020 GMC Sierra 1500 AT4
New Car Pricing does not include dealer ads. Price excludes tax, title, license, and any dealer adds . Price includes: $2,500 - GM Bonus Cash Program. Exp. 01/02/2020 In stock units only. Texas residents only.


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It is a rare and wonderful thing when we come across a brand that we feel absolutely connected with. Oyuna is one of those brands. We couldn't quite put our finger on it at first but once we understood the company's ethos and brand philosophy we comprehended why. Its creative director and founder Oyuna Tsenrendorj has made it fundamental to her mission that the cashmere she uses for her throws comes from her native Mongolia and that it fulfils what she calls, "the soulful cashmere" cycle. Keep reading to find out what this is…
Founded in 2002 from Tsenrendorj's desire to showcase what she believes is her country's most precious natural resource (cashmere) she launched a capsule homeware collection, which performed extremely well. Growing exponentially, OYUNA was soon stocked in some of the world's most prestigious department stores and boutiques alike, culminating in the launch of a ready-to-wear womenswear capsule collection in 2009.
The team behind Oyuna encompasses 12 nationalities and, after Tsenrendorj left Mongolia to travel and study in Hungary and Paris and later settling in London, it's clear that Oyuna's minimalist yet colour injected aesthetic has world influences. Speaking of vibrant colour, it is a testament to their creativity and innovation that they choose to dye their yarns before they're converted into a product. This means colours are brighter and last longer than if they'd be dyed after the product is made.
Oyuna's Creative Director, Oyuna Tsenrendorj
Uno, Safira & Teva throws
Did you know it takes about 2-3 goats to make a cashmere cardigan? And that you can only comb them once a year during Spring? This tradition goes back through centuries of nomadic living and this process is integral to Oyuna's creations. It forms part of the "soulful cashmere" cycle that its creative director is pushing forwards. Not only does it shine the spotlight on Mongolia, but it also emphasises Oyuna's belief in sustainable design. Tsenrendorj says, "I want Mongolia to be known not only for its best cashmere but for soulful cashmere" that follows these parameters:
Happy Land, Happy Nomads, Local Green Manufacturing, High-quality product, Innovative design and a Creative way of delivering product.
Andro throw, Seren throw in Ivory, 330 ST Chair by Thonet, cushion by Mineheart
Oyuna is certainly challenging the way we perceive and use cashmere. They have collaborated with designers and artists to create unique installations and are constantly pushing the boundaries to turn cashmere into a personal experience. In Oyuna's words "design and beauty are important to our lives, they inspire us. There is very little left to do for a designer once you're working with such a beautiful natural material like cashmere."
Add some green to your bedroom with the Tal throw
However little there is to do, Oyuna is certainly creating luxury gifts that will suit any home. We love to drape them over one of our luxury chairs or simply lay it on your bed to wrap yourself in the softness and lushness that is Mongolian cashmere. Oyuna's throws are definitely full of soul.


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Flat Tire Flyer - Frisbee Made of Post-Consumer Recycled Material
All of our products are made here in the USA!
Make sure to follow the washing, drying, and ironing directions on the tag. Most of our products are machine wash cold, machine dry cold, and low iron.
Unisex/Men's T-Shirt Sizes:
Long Sleeve Unisex T-Shirt Sizes:
Unisex Sweater Sizes:
Check out the ultimate floating, recycled, high-durability Ecolast Frisbee made in Portland, Oregon! It's perfect for the outdoor dog as it's soft on dog mouths and teeth and floats so your dog can go swimming for your long throws! It's durable but not meant to be a chew toy. The ultimate flying disc for your dog!
This dog Frisbee measures about 8 inches across. Designed after a mountain bike tire!
Processing time is 1 to 5 days.
Standard shipping is FREE and takes 3 to 7 days for arrival (excluding processing time). Expedited shipping is a flat rate $12 and takes 1 to 3 days for arrival (excluding processing time).


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The Cruxweb's own Poetry Portal features the best sites on the 'net for poetry, short stories, art, submissions, contests and more! Most of the sites listed are prize winners for achieving what few can ... establishing their presence and promoting published and unpublished authors. The site also features the webmistress's own poetry.
Have a useful link, or service to list?
Submit it here.


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"No More Excuses!" has become the mindset behind Chief Perch's current rebranding. The genre-defying octet that debuted in 2017 has slimmed down to a focused five-piece with a deliberate purpose heading into their sophomore album. The remaining four dudes and their queen have matured from Shoulda Coulda Woulda to a sleek new sound and a more cohesive approach to creating music with intent.
"We did a lot of things on our debut record that we weren't necessarily able to replicate live," admits Chief Perch drummer Nick Hamner. "Our mission with the new stuff is to capture the energy of our live performance. What you hear on the record is exactly what you're going to get live."
Stripping down the songwriting was necessary for the band to refocus. "We had this idea in our heads that we had to be a big band because that's what we set out to be," states Hamner. "But, when we sat down and started writing as five we found that the change was needed in order for us to progress as a band."
All five members of Chief Perch share a north Austin duplex that doubles as a make shift recording studio. Scheduling is no longer an issue and the band can now dedicate the necessary time and energy into growing beyond their Shoulda Coulda Woulda debut.
"We're really lucky to be in our current situation all living under one roof and we're all writing songs together. There's no longer an excuse to not practice."
We were fortunate enough to catch Chief Perch during one of their practice sessions earlier this week. Frontlady and Chief Queen, Ariel Herrera still holds the spotlight with her jazzy, jaw-dropping vocals. However, the entire band has developed an organic fluidity that somehow leads to an ever more intimate and enticing performance.
Chief Perch is gearing up to reintroduce themselves with the next album. Their stripped-down live set has become a whole new experience consisting of five new tracks. The band is looking to get back into the recording studio next month beginning with a couple of singles leading up to a major album release in 2019.
Fans will have several opportunities to experience the new and improved Chief Perch before the release of their sophomore album. The band will be headlining the Mohawk on Monday Oct. 22 with special guests Indoor Creature and Hipmodus. You can also catch them at Cosmic Shores in Kyle, TX on Nov. 2nd and at Euphoria ATX's Rock-A-Thon on Nov. 7th. For more band info and dates visit https://www.chiefperch.com/.
In the meantime, you can enjoy a few shots from our visit with Chief Perch along with a video from their recent Pecan Street Festival performance below.
Photos by: Melodi Ramirez @melodi.jpg


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The top three occupations in the Postal Service Industry Group are Postal service mail carriers, Postal service clerks, Postal service mail sorters, processors, & processing machine operators, Miscellaneous managers, and Driver/sales workers & truck drivers. On average, full-time employees in the Postal Service Industry Group work 43 hours per week and have an average annual salary of $54,456. Part-time employees in the same industry work 22.5 hours and earn an average annual salary of $21,296.
The locations with the highest concentration of employees in the Postal Service Industry Group are Memphis (East), Lakeland Cities & Arlington Town (South) PUMA, TN, Plymouth & Bristol Counties (Outside Brockton City) PUMA, MA, and Milwaukee City (North) PUMA, WI. The industry that purchases the most products or services from the Hospitals Industry Group is Postal Service.


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In our module on Islam, one of our students, Peter Marnocha, shared a reflective expression that integrated his own tradition and offering companionship to people of different religious/spiritual/ethical traditions. You will see how he incorporates the major practices of Islam with questions that a spiritual guide might ask a seeker.
If you are a seeker, you may be asked these questions by your spiritual guide. If you are a spiritual companion, these are great questions that really get to the heart of the matter.
Questions for seekers in the spirit of the Five Pillars of Islam:
Testament of Faith: The proclamation that there is no god but God. How do you affirm this in your own belief system? How do you describe the entity or energy that is much greater than the human species.
Prayer: Prayer is formal worship. In what ways do you pray? How are you 'constant in prayer' and what does this mean to you?
Charity: In what ways do you give of yourself and resources in a humble and sincere way? How do you accomplish this selfless service without looking for praise or reward?
Fasting: What are the practices that you take time for to observe moments or days that are sacred to you? How do you practice compassion and generosity? Assuming that you are willing to practice non-attachment, how is this expressed in your life? To what extent are you willing to endure the process of self-transformation?
Pilgrimage: Pilgrimage is a journey of shared experiences and unity. How might you travel alone or with others to experience the oneness of all things and Nature?"
This article authored by SGTI co-founder Janice Lundy is currently being featured on the Spiritual Directors International blog:
"Many years ago when I was training to be a spiritual director, the kindly Sister who led the program made it very clear to us that spiritual guidance over the telephone was not acceptable. More specifically, that good spiritual guidance could not happen unless two people were face-to-face and the "third chair" was physically present in the room.
Today, I know better and do offer spiritual guidance via Skype or over the telephone. I have found it to be a very useful modality benefitting some seekers, in some situations, but not all. Without a doubt, it can have a providential outcome as I have experienced with seekers outside the U.S. (my home), homebound seekers, and those whose lives present varied and difficult circumstances in terms of travel, child-care needs, or work schedules. Grace can move through the ethers across telephone lines and satellite networks. Who are we to say it can't?" ...
Read the article in its entirety here.
About this blog
Deepening the understanding, practice and importance of spiritual companionship across traditions.
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December 2019


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Commander Puts Jeep in Third Row Ranks
Here we have the 2006 Commander, which looks an awful lot like the rough-and-ready Jeep your granddaddy drove back in the days long before fast food became America's favorite way to spread clogged arteries.
In fact, this all-new Jeep is a whole lot more like the old one than that favorite cheeseburger and fries are like real food. The seven-slot grille and faux exposed-head screws around the fender wells provide the appropriate design cues.
You wouldn't know it gazing at the Commander's severely blocky exterior shape that it shares the same platform as Jeep's perennial favorite, the Grand Cherokee. The two vehicles share lots of mechanicals, but the Commander has a longer wheelbase, which makes it possible to stuff a third row of seats out back. Grand Cherokees only come with two rows of seats.
There are three engine choices, including 235 horsepower 4.7 liter V-8 powering my Deep Beryl Green Pearl/Khaki Graystone tester, a big mountain motor Hemi and a base V-6. A five-speed automatic is the only available transmission, but there are three four-wheel-drive choices.
Inside the Commander are generous accommodations for the first two rows of seats, but that third row is hard to get to and not particularly comfortable. The third row of a Dodge Grand Caravan is far more inviting and useful.
The instrument panel is much like the exterior in featuring lots of straight lines and absolutely upright surfaces. The front seats are nicely padded and there is a pleasantly secure feel to the cabin. I loved the saddle brown leather as it made me want to find a campfire and start telling stories of the Ole West. Well, for a few seconds, it did.
Anyway, on the road, Commander has rather numb steering and a bit of ponderousness to its around-town moves. The 4.7 liter V-8 provides adequate power and typical – i.e. rotten – fuel economy.
That said, however, on the interstate, the Commander is a smooth, quiet operator. The tall greenhouse and stadium seating make the Commander ideal for taking friends and family on a scenic tour of, say, the mountains of far western Maryland at the height of the fall leaf season.
My Commander Limited 4X4 tester was liberally equipped, with just about every option available short of the Hemi. At $41,530, the high-line Commander is a bit pricey, but Jeep fans tend to be extremely loyal. I think they're gong to like this one.
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Linking Agriculture, Food Systems and Nutrition: What's your perspective?
Dear Forum members,
Agriculture and food systems face the challenge of meeting the growing demand for more and higher quality food, but also of doing do in a way that is sustainable, equitable and meets the nutritional needs and preferences of consumers. Agricultural production is important not only for ensuring sufficient food is available for consumption, it also constitutes a major source of livelihood for many people around the world.
Given the persistence of nutrition problems and the co-existence of problems related to under- and over-nourishment, there is need to review our food system(s) through a nutrition lens to identify bottlenecks as well as opportunities for action. To this end, we need to better understand how consumers' nutritional needs and demands are currently addressed by the various players in the food system. It is important to look at all the key players, starting with the consumers (the poor as well as the affluent) and working our way back to those involved in marketing and distribution of food, processing and storage, production, and natural resources management. It is equally important to review the roles played by key players in the institutional environment, e.g. civil society and the private sector, policy makers, legislators, investors. This online discussion will focus on exploring ways to work together to leverage agriculture and food systems for improving nutrition.
The topic of nutrition-sensitive food systems is of high priority and is gaining international attention through initiatives such as the Scaling-Up Nutrition movement (SUN), Renewed Efforts Against Child Hunger (REACH), the UN Standing Committee on Nutrition and the updated comprehensive framework for action of the High Level Task Force on the Global Food Security Crisis. In November 2010, FAO and AED held a live forum on "Agriculture and nutrition collaborations for enhancing food security" that looked at the possible programmatic linkages between agriculture and nutrition. FAO's flagship publication "The State of Food and Agriculture 2013" will focus on mainstreaming nutrition throughout the food system and will discuss food- and agriculture-based approaches to nutrition within a framework of nutrition/health outcomes.
The purpose of this online discussion is to take the debate a step further and review how agriculture and food systems can be leveraged to improve nutrition in a more sustainable and equitable manner.
The questions:
- Agriculture is often looked upon as a tool to generate nutritional outcomes. What is the value added of looking at how agriculture could contribute not just to improved nutritional outcomes, but food systems more broadly? What are the risks and benefits of taking a food systems perspective?
- What / where/ who are the key entry points within agriculture and food systems to incorporate nutritional objectives? Why? And how can they best be leveraged?
- Do you have experience in agricultural/food systems projects and programmes that have resulted in improved nutritional outcomes? If yes, please share the success factors, constraints faced, lessons learned: why you consider it as a success, how you measured the impact and whether a nutritional objective was explicitly built into the programme.
- If you have experience of an agricultural/food systems project or programme with a nutritional objective but that failed to achieve it, what were the factors that led to the failure and what would you recommend to others to overcome the barriers to success?
- What are the key gaps in knowledge or good practices that limit the ability of agriculture and food systems to improve nutritional outcomes?
Please feel free to share relevant publications on this topic.
We hope this discussion will facilitate knowledge sharing, communication and effective learning from your experiences on linking Agriculture, Food systems and Nutrition.
The facilitators:
Karel Callens is a Senior Food Security Officer and Coordinator of the Monitoring & Evaluation Team in Integrated Food Security Support Service at FAO, Italy
Corinna Hawkes is a specialist in food policy and public health and a visiting fellow at the Centre for Food Policy, City University, London


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TLG of Schools aspire is to create an open collaborative school community that fosters an enriched educational life for learners.
The Lazar Group of Schools are pioneer in social initiatives :
The 1st Eco School in Ajman – The Royal Academy
The 1st British School in Ajman – The Bloomington Academy
TLG of Schools from its infancy has shared vision with the local governing bodies and is exited to partner with parents, community and international education boards to deliver quality education that inculcates skills necessary for a global citizen. Our programme is modelled around Candour. Integrity. Fun.


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The Future of Corporate Energy
Service Overview
Environ Partners can assist your company in "everything " solar. Solar initiatives have moved far beyond the early adopters phase and are now an integral component of your renewable energy generation plans. Our solar experts monitor trends and understand how to optimize costs.
We finance solar power for businesses of all sizes. You can begin enjoying the benefits of solar right away. Our services include solar pricing and monitoring, procurement strategies, and financing knowledge.


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Our prayer at Vine Church is to connect 1,000 people to the life, love and freedom found in Jesus Christ.
We're asking you to support this prayer by making a financial commitment for 2019.
Your commitment will be kept confidential and only be seen by the Lead Pastor and Church Administrator.
With God's help, my weekly offering for the coming 12 months will be:
Setup online giving here


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Twitter.com attracted almost 21 million unique visitors last month, putting it behind only Facebook, Myspace and Blogger among on-line member communities, according to Nielsen rankings.
While not everyone is Tweeting, the service is free and does provide a quick and easy way to communicate for small business owners and their employees.
While many big brands are using social networking tools, small and mid-sized firms dominate on the popular micro-blogging site.
Twitter is introducing a live-updating search tool and business guide especially for businesses. Twitter 101 for business features a downloadable slide presentation, case studies and features on how entrepreneurs can use the popular micro-blogging site for business. There is also a new widget on Twitter to allow users to create a continuous update box on a search topic. The search update box can be customized and included on a business Website.
Twitter is working on plans to introduce a suite of fee based business services to allow users to analyze traffic and verify accounts. Twitter's blog describes the process underway with business students and writers to enhance the business reach of Twitter.
Follow me on Twitter to learn more about small business issues and events to give you a competitive edge. Just go to http://twitter.com/danitablackwood


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Das Data is a Data as a Service (DaaS) platform where you can easily connect, visualize and share datasets.
- Stage Full Product Ready
- Industry Internet / Web Services
- Location Onești, BC, Romania
- Currency EUR
- Founded June 2012
- Employees 2
- Website dasdata.co
Company Summary
Internet of things-connected devices will be around 25 billion by 2015 and some of this data could be shared also with others. DasData will bring together datasets created by both people and machine-to-machine systems. Imagine a Flickr but with datasets instead of pictures. DasData will be a common worldwide dataset repository where people and machines exchange data in a more consistent manner.


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Sedge Troll is a 3-mana 2/2 that can regenerate for a single Black mana. The Troll also gains +1/+1 if you control a swamp - which includes dual lands that have Swamp as a type such as Badlands. Honestly, a 3/3 for 3 mana that can easily regenerate so easily is pretty solid. In Old School Magic, he's actually a solid mid-range creature!
So if you ever come across Sedge Trolls in your travels, whether they be the uber-expensive Alpha or Beta black-bordered printings, or the white-bordered Unlimited or Revised printings, don't overlook them. Not only was Sedge Troll a really good creature in the early days of Magic, and a piece of Magic's long history, but he's a great financial investment, as well. That is, for the right price.


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Written by Riley McKee
on Friday, 23 January 2015.
"Best of Home Care" 2015
FootPrints is happy to announce being awarded "Provider of Choice" by Home Care Pulse. 2015 marks our fourth consecutive year on the "Best of Home Care" list, a compilation of exemplary agencies across the United States and Canada. As one of only three from the State of New Mexico, we are proud that our mission to deliver the highest quality care has been recognized by a third party.
Read More
Written by Riley McKee
on Tuesday, 03 March 2015.
What makes the Best Place to Work?
New employees are frequently surprised at the emphasis we at FootPrints place upon developing the best place to work. Such a priority is foreign to the experience of many as jobs tend to be viewed as necessary evils. They're what we have to do to support what we want to do. But we like to approach it differently. FootPrints employees, according to President & CEO Brian Fletcher, "deserve to work for an employer that appreciates their service" and at a place they love coming to daily.
Written by Riley McKee
on Thursday, 19 March 2015.
Caregivers: What they are and how to become one
The Bureau of Labor Statistics reports that job opportunities for Personal Care Aides (their "official" term for caregivers) are projected to grow by 49 percent between 2012 and 2022, significantly outpacing the average for all occupations. These estimates are in anticipation of the impending retirements of 76 million baby boomers who are likely to require professional care in the coming years. It's always a good idea to enter an industry with a bright future, so, what is and how can you become a caregiver?
Written by Riley McKee
on Thursday, 13 August 2015.
Advance Your Caregiving Career
For those looking to put their proclivity for care into action, professional caregiving is a great place to start. It has few prerequisites and relatively little training allowing for work assignments to begin almost immediately. But for those currently in the profession, what is the next step? Caregiving certainly has its limits, and at times does not allow you to perform the range of services needed by the one under your care. Certain tasks require a higher level of training. Fortunately, that training is available for a relatively low investment of time and money.
Written by Riley McKee
on Tuesday, 10 March 2015.
Nurses-Home Health or Hospital?
Nursing career paths are commonly mistaken to run through hospitals only. A little bit of research counters that assumption revealing wide variety opportunities, some of which may suit the personality and care philosophies of certain nurses much better. One of these is home health.
on Tuesday, 24 March 2015.
FootPrints Home Care Job Fair
This Friday (March 27th) FootPrints will be hosting its first ever job fair. We have openings for RNs, LPNs, Home Health Aides, and Caregivers and intend to hire quickly to compensate for rapidly expanding need.
Home health care is a very rewarding field that, in addition to pursuing health objectives, fosters deep relationships with patients in a way hospitals and facilities are unable to match.
For more information about career opportunities in home health care, check out our recent blog posts Caregivers: what they are and how to become one and Nurses – home health or hospital? They'll give you a little background on the positions and whether they might be a good fit for you.
For more information on the job fair, follow this link: FootPrints Job Fair.
We hope to see you there!
Written by Misty Foster
on Thursday, 09 April 2015.
Growth is Our Goal
Growth is defined as "the process of increasing in physical size" and in many instances it's a positive thing. We want our kids to grow healthy and strong. If you are a gardener, you want your plants to grow full and tall. At FootPrints Home Care, we want to achieve growth as well and on Friday, March 27th, we held a career fair at POMS and Associates to move towards our goal.
Written by Riley McKee
on Tuesday, 19 May 2015.
Top Work Places 2015
FootPrints Home Care is proud to announce being included in the Albuquerque Journal's Top Work Places list for the third straight year. Building the "best place to work" is a vital element of our vision and awards like these verify that we are on course. We would like to extend a special thank you to our employees for their role in creating the best home health agency to work for in the State of New Mexico. Congratulations team!
Written by Misty Foster
on Monday, 08 June 2015.
Survey Drawing Winners
Here at FootPrints we are always on the lookout for great prospects to join our amazing staff and in our search we decide to ask the most obvious source: our amazing employees! We handed out three surveys to the employees in attendance at the Annual Spring AllStaff meeting in hopes to understand where to advertise to boost our growth plans in the coming year.
To Be a Blessing Benevolence Fund
FootPrints Home Care is excited to announce the implementation of our Benevolence Fund. If you are familiar with our values, mission, and vision here at FootPrints then you know that one of our corporate values is Servant Heart. Within this value we champion the idea of Ladies and Gentlemen Serving Ladies and Gentlemen and this simply means that we help one another in love.
on Thursday, 08 October 2015.
Charles Stephen on Retirement Plans
Our friends at Charles Stephen have shared an infographic listing some "Dos" and "Dont's" that are helpful when participating in FootPrints Home Care's 401k plan. Consider each one carefully--Charles Stephen is a reputable organization dedicated to helping our employees successfully prepare for the future.
Read the infographic here:
on Thursday, 22 October 2015.
FootPrints Home Care on The New Mexico Private 100
FootPrints Home Care is proud to be included in the 2015 Moss Adams Private 100.
Since 1988, the New Mexico Private 100, a ranking of the state's largest privately owned companies, has recognized the important contributions businesses make to the economy of New Mexico.
FootPrints is honored to be included in this list with great companies such as TLC Plumbing and Utility and McKee Wallwork & Co.
Written by Brian Fletcher
on Friday, 05 February 2016.
Serving the Underserved
A message from FootPrints Home Care President & CEO Brian Fletcher
I used to think leadership was about competence, hard work, and vision. I've since learned that leadership is about humility. Competence, hard work, and vision are important traits, but humility matters most because through it I have learned many lessons about the significance of the work we do. I have learned that I am not the boss, I am the steward. The steward of this business and the jobs it creates, the steward of the community impact we have, and most importantly, the steward of our culture.
on Monday, 19 June 2017.
Top Place to Work 2017
FootPrints Home Care has done it again! We're proud to announce that we've received the Top Work Place 2017 award. FootPrints is dedicated not only to providing excellent care and service to the clients and families we work with, but also to creating an environment where our employees know that they are valued and appreciated. Our employees are important to us, and we are always going out of our way to make sure they love coming to work every day.
on Monday, 15 January 2018.
December Home Care Pulse Results
As we begin 2018, many start the New Year with resolutions and goals. Some want to lose weight or get their finances in order or start a new hobby. Here at FootPrints Home Care, we believe in making goals and following through to achieve those goals. Our company goal or vision is to be THE STANDARD by which all home care providers are measured, resulting in the Highest Quality, Excellent Stewardship, and the Best Place to Work.
8205 Spain Rd. NE, Suite 211
Albuquerque, NM 87109
Monday - Friday:
9am - 12pm
1pm - 4pm


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Going to a PHP conference is an inspiring activity. During the sessions you get overwhelmed with information on development- and computer related topics. By the end of the day, your mind is tired of absorbing all this information. What better way to unwind than by playing games. No computer games, but by sitting down with your fellow developers and play board games and card games. This is exactly what we're going to do on the Friday night of Dutch PHP Conference. After the sessions are over and you've had some food, you can sit down at one of the tables to play one of the many board and card games that we'll have available for you.
Our Game Night Host Stefan Koopmanschap will be bringing a whole lot of games you can play. Expect games like Robo Rally, Santorini, Firefly The Game, Plague Inc, King of New York and Pandemic. But why stop at that? You are invited to bring your own awesome (party) games for more fun to be had.
Read here more about the DPC Game Night.


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First almost fully-formed human brain grown in lab, researchers claim. An almost fully-formed human brain has been grown in a lab for the first time, claim scientists from Ohio State University.
The team behind the feat hope the brain could transform our understanding of neurological disease. Though not conscious the miniature brain, which resembles that of a five-week-old foetus, could potentially be useful for scientists who want to study the progression of developmental diseases. It could also be used to test drugs for conditions such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's, since the regions they affect are in place during an early stage of brain development. The brain, which is about the size of a pencil eraser, is engineered from adult human skin cells and is the most complete human brain model yet developed, claimed Rene Anand of Ohio State University, Columbus, who presented the work today at the Military Health System Research Symposium in Fort Lauderdale, Florida.
The ethical concerns were non-existent, said Anand. 1800flowers coupon 30% off Congratulations Occasions. Eat the New World Diet. The website for Whole30, a faddish diet program in the high-protein/low-carb Paleo vein, claims that its restrictions, which include the elimination of dairy, sugars, grains, and legumes from your diet, can have miraculous effects on your life.
It suggests that in addition to weight loss, it can cure various aches and pains, increase your energy level, permanently quell seasonal allergies, and address fertility issues (which ones, or how eating burgers without the bun will fix them, is not addressed). "This will change your life," the site says, even though, like, literally everything you do changes your life. You reading this stupid aggressive vegetable cooking column changes your life if only because you wasted 15 minutes reading it instead of doing your dishes.
Regardless! What Is The New World Diet™? The New World Diet™ is a set of unruly restrictions aimed at forcing us in North America to realize that we have all the best produce. Why New World Foods? What Foods Are Permitted? 1800flowers coupon 30% off birth day flowers. Big Question: Why Does Tap Water Go Stale Overnight? You go to sleep with a cool, fresh glass of tap water by your bed and wake up to it tasting decidedly…off.
Ever so slightly more dirt-like, I'd say. Musty, heavy, or oily, others have said. The taste difference is subtle and hard to describe, in a way that leads people who haven't noticed to claim it doesn't exist. So naturally, I called up a scientist to sort things out. "I know exactly what you're talking about," says Susan Richardson, a chemist at the University of South Carolina. Nobody has published a study on why water goes stale overnight, as far as we know. Going Stale. 1800flowers coupon 30% off Get Well Occasions. F.D.A. Approves Addyi, a Libido Pill for Women. 1800flowers coupon 30% off birth day gifts. Put down the Emergen-C — vitamin C does not ward off colds.
Most of us have a friend who keeps their dresser stacked with vitamin bottles.
They pop gummy pills religiously, judge those who don't, and insist that their mother's age-old advice — "take your vitamins!" — is responsible for their glowing skin, luscious locks and even high test grades. Catherine Price, author of "Vitamania: Our Obsessive Quest for Nutritional Perfection," would likely toss that friend an eye roll. "Most of the things we take vitamins for don't have much evidence behind them," she says. "There isn't convincing [research] showing that multivitamins will do much beyond healing serious deficiency diseases." That's hard to believe this in an age when Airborne and Emergen-C are readily available. "Vitamin C has not been shown to ward off colds," Price says. Price doesn't deny the power of nutritional vitamins — she notes that Vitamin C will cure scurvy, and a few squirts of Vitamin A can work miracles for the nutritionally blind.
1800flowers coupon 30% off on Flower Cake and Gifts. The Agonizingly Slow Decline Of Adobe Flash Player. This story on Adobe Flash was supposed to turn out a bit differently.
The idea was to talk with some of the biggest websites still using Adobe's browser plugin, which has fallen out of favor within tech circles for its constant security issues and thirst for system resources. Maybe they could explain why Flash is still necessary, offering a counterpoint to the resounding calls to end its existence. Instead, most of the proprietors of Flash-reliant websites I contacted didn't want to talk at all.


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- Description
1-5" Black Lamb® Tuf Buf Natural Wool Polishing Pad
1-5" Micro-Surface Foam Polishing Pad
1-5" Drill Back-up Pad
1-8 ounce bottle of Bug Blaster Insect Spray Remover
1-8 ounce bottle of Micro-Gloss®#5 Liquid Abrasive, Green Label
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2-5" Loop Discs, Micro-Mesh® 2400
2-5" Loop Discs, Micro-Mesh® 3600
1-3-way Micro-Mesh® buffing stick for testing plastic
This kit is designed to remove insect residue, remove surface scratches and haze and protect the surface of the windshield. The only tool required is a cordless drill.
Do a test with the included buffing stick to determine if your windshield is polycarbonate or acrylic. If acrylic - you will be able to remove significant damage.
If polycarbonate, you will not be able to remove deep damage, but you will be able to remove very light scratches and haze. The windshield will become much brighter and clearer to see through.
This kit will restore up to 100 square feet of plastic. The components are reuseable giving you the best possible value.
- Additional Information
Additional Information
Model: 3KGLFRD Instructions PDF Video Safety Data Sheet Conversion Chart PDF Regulatory HTSUS
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