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What is the Mind-Body Problem?
by Titan Mikuta
What is the Mind-Body Problem?
The mind-body problem is an unsolved problem concerning the relationship between the body and the mind. How can a conglomeration of atoms eventually incite the existence of metaphysical experience? How can perception be possible? These questions have baffled physicists, neuroscientists, and philosophers since their conception. It is the hard problem of consciousness. It is considered hard, because as opposed to easy problems, the answer will not arise through complete understanding of all relevant mechanisms. Understanding all of the physical mechanics of heat does not describe the felt sensation of holding your hand over a fire. A complete knowledge of the material happenings of the brain does not explain the arising of awareness, of something immaterial. There seemingly exists a gap between mind and matter that is impossible to bridge.
The Knowledge Argument
To better understand this separation between body (physical), and mind (metaphysical), the examination of something known as the knowledge argument is necessary. The knowledge argument, also known as Mary's room, is a thought experiment meant to argue against physicalism, the view that reality is entirely physical. It goes like this:
The knowledge argument seeks to contradict common Western understandings that we can fully understand reality through the sciences, through material knowledge. The problem with a materialist understanding of the world is that it disregards experience as an aspect of reality and fully prioritizes matter. Matter is a very tricky concept when properly evaluated, as it implies the existence of something behind the sensory data that we perceive.
Imagine a circular table. In the center of the table, there is an apple — an instance of matter. Around this table sits every possible entity that can perceive — birds, bears, fish, worms, dragonflies, humans, ants, aliens, cats, buffalo, etc. They are each observing the object in the center. Due to the fact that each of these animals have different modes and organs for perceiving, a different image of the same object is created within each of them. A dragonfly's eyes see a drastically different image of an apple than yours do. If I were to pick one of these images, none of them would be the true image of the apple. Our human eyes present us with an image of matter no more accurate than those of a dragonfly, it is simply a different image. Matter is the thing outside of perception that is being looked at. To truly know what the object at the center of the table looks like, you would have to see it without eyes, perceive it outside of perception. This is simply not possible, meaning that an objectively true image of matter does not exist. Perception is the matrix through which matter can be known, and it will be known to be different depending on the sense organs of the sentient creature. This understanding of the elusive nature of the physical world means that some primacy of the metaphysical world of perception must be acknowledged. It would be more accurate to say that we observe perception and sensory data than matter. Western philosophy births the mind body problem by abstracting from perceptual experience with the conception of matter, and then attempting to explain perception using this abstraction. It divides reality into two substances: the mind, and the unperceivable physical world that we assume to exist outside of it.
Western philosophy takes a dualistic stand on the nature of reality, believing the universe to consist of two seemingly unconnectable substances, mind and body. Eastern philosophy proposes a much different approach: mind and body are one and the same. The East has developed a compelling case that reality is non-dual, that there are not two separate substances that are frustratingly unconnectable. It is able to combine mind and matter into one unified whole, by stating that it is impossible for one to exist without the other. If reality didn't exist, the mind couldn't possibly exist. If the mind did not exist, there would be no conception of reality that existed either. Have you ever seen a world outside of consciousness? If not, that's okay, because nobody has!
Western, physicalist understandings of reality are what give birth to the mind-body problem. The belief that matter is the primary substance of reality has caused unsolvable problems to arise: how do we use the sciences to explain the subjective qualities of experience? How can matter explain the felt sensation of color, or heat? What role does rational understanding play in revealing the irrationality of existence? The East very early on developed philosophies to understand the impossible nature of reality. The Taoists observed the Tao, the Hindus conceptualized Brahman, monotheisms hypothesized about God. All these concepts speak about the functions of ultimate reality as a unified whole that lies infinitely beyond human understanding. It distills reality into non-numerical oneness. Dualistic Western beliefs cause reality to be viewed as two separate things: the universe, and us. What ensues is societies of glorified apes trying to denote why existence is. Non-dualistic Eastern beliefs see that we are clearly inseparable from the universe, finding relief in an unbreakable inability to understand why we are.
by Dani Cooke
I am not a science or math person; I have no interest in becoming a software engineer or computer programmer. In terms of gender expectations set in academic fields, I fall pretty firmly into the pigeonholed "woman-interested-in-humanities-and-only-humanities" category. There are times when I've wished that I didn't so easily fit these stereotypes—I'm writing this while wearing a soft pink sweater, sitting with my legs crossed delicately, feeling like part of the problem—but despite my best efforts, my academic interests veer strictly toward the liberal arts and other wordy endeavors often associated with femininity. However, visiting Google's Boulder campus with the Gender, Media, and Technology class, the conversation of women and minorities in the tech industry unavoidably piqued my interest.
The computer programmer who gave our class a tour cited two schools of thought when it comes to why only 20% or so of software engineers are women. "It's easy," he explains, "to blame it on a 'pipeline issue,' saying that fewer women want to become software engineers or work in STEM." The truth, in his experiences, is that unconscious bias and deep-seated toxic masculinity have pushed women out of STEM fields, sometimes before they even get the chance to begin exploring them.
Google, a tech giant which is unavoidable in our everyday lives, has taken a number of initiatives to avoid this bias. They have removed given names from the initial application process so that the gender of the applicant is not immediately apparent when their qualifications are being evaluated. In project teams, members and managers are constantly reevaluating their processes to create a culture where issues of identity can be brought up and the true representative nature of teams can be questioned. Outreach initiatives like "Girls Who Code" seek to empower and recruit women in the field. Employee Resource Groups like "Women at Google," "Gay-glers," and the "Black Googlers Network" seek to connect and support employees at Google who may identify with minority groups and implement some of these transformation ideas.
So, why should companies like Google care? Why does it matter that women aren't as represented in the tech industry? Put simply by a member of the panel of "Googlers" with whom we spoke, "There is hard research that says diverse teams make better products. If we have everyone represented at the table, we will build products that are more accessible to everybody."
There is no denying that women are underrepresented in the STEM workforce. While women receive about 50.3% of science and engineering bachelor's degrees, they make up only 29% of the science and engineering workforce (National Girls Collaborative Project). From both social justice and purely productivity-based standpoints, many agree that more inclusivity in the tech industry can only be a good thing.
The push to include women in STEM is, of course, not isolated to Google alone—it's a global movement. Some organizations set the lofty goal of "50/50 by 2020"—50% of people in the industry being women. Whether or not that goal is met, the future of women in tech is headed in a positive direction and gaining momentum by the minute.
by Elliot Marks
These are photos of the blood red wolf moon that appeared on the 20th of January. The way that the light refracts off of the side of the Earth causes the moon to appear red.
Aliens: Proof of the unknown
by Sam Andrews
The discussion of the possibility and the implications of the existence of extraterrestrial life are far too often relegated to the realms of science fiction. Specifically, arguments for belief in the existence of life outside of Earth have often been portrayed or treated as ridiculous, unfounded, or just plain nerdy. The first two of these descriptors could not be further from the truth (what can be said for the third, I'm unsure). While it is unlikely that all life outside of Earth is made up of short, green, bug-eyed men flying around in UFOs, or monstrous, jet-black xenomorphs that drool acid and birth out of human stomachs, according to basic probability as well as the findings of modern astrophysics, it is nearly guaranteed that aliens do exist.
In order to understand how probable it is that we are not alone in the universe, one must first comprehend exactly how large the universe is. Seeing as it may very well be impossible for the human mind to fathom the vastness of space, this must be represented mathematically. The observable universe, as far as we have been able to measure, is roughly 8.8x1023 kilometers from "edge" to "edge" (mind you, the observable universe is generally considered to be miniscule compared to the entirety of the universe). In more relative terms, roughly 880,000 Milky Ways, 2.2x1019 Earths, or 4.8x1026 of you could fit in a single file line across the observable universe. Seeing as the universe is a sphere, simple use of the equation V=(4/3)πr3shows that the observable universe could fit 3.57×10x17 Milky Way galaxies, 5.58×1057 Earths, or 5.79×1079 (five quinvigintillion, seven hundred ninety quattuorvigintillion) of you inside it. The point is that the universe is like, pretty big.
After one recognizes this, part of the Drake equation can be used to determine whether or not alien life exists. The Drake equation is: N = R* • fp • ne • fl • fi • fc • L. where N= the number of civilizations that we can potentially contact, R= the formation rate of stars in our galaxy at the current time, fp= the fraction of those stars with planets, ne = the fraction of those planets which develop a suitable environment for life, fl= the fraction of those planets that actually do develop life, fi= the fraction of those species that develop intelligence, fc= those intelligent species which develop interstellar communication, and L= the length of time that these societies exist on average. Of course, we do not know, fl, fi,fc, or L and so we set our own variable: in this case, we can assume one in a million regarding our fractions, and the length of time for which life has existed on Earth for the average length of time which life exists. For our galaxy specifically, according to stats taken from NASA, there are three stars formed in our galaxy yearly, seventeen percent of stars hold planets in orbit, and forty percent of those planets exist within the goldilocks zone. One can then make the following calculations:
This shows that if we consider ourselves to be one in a million (which is relatively self-centered), it is likely that at least 714 planets support alien life, and we can potentially communicate with none of them, currently. However, using our set variable for intelligent life that exists, the value we receive is less than one, when we know that at least one intelligent species exists in the Milky Way (humans), and thus, we can infer that the ratio of either planets that support life to total planets, or life that becomes intelligent to all life forms, is significantly higher (and thus more probable) than we assumed. When these calculations are applied to the total size of the universe, the calculated number of intelligent species with the capability of communication becomes unimaginably high. Essentially, not believing in alien life is a decision contrary to evidence.
As Carl Arthur C. Clarke once said, "Two possibilities exist: we are either alone in the Universe or we are not. Both are equally terrifying."
While it is extremely probable that unknown life forms exist, there is not a 100% chance. There is always the possibility that we are alone. If we are not alone, then we stand to gain immeasurable quantities of knowledge through communication. If we are alone, then it is our duty to understand, explore, treasure, and love all that this life has to offer us—for if we don't, no one else will.
by Sam Andrews
Unless you've been living underneath a large boulder, you have probably heard of Elon Musk. Founder, lead designer, and CEO of SpaceX, Co-founder and CEO of Tesla, Co-Founder and CEO of Neuralink, CEO of The Boring Company, Chairman of SolarCity, the list goes on. Elon Musk is possibly the greatest leader of the technology industry that is alive and working today. If his long list of influential businesses isn't enough to convince you that Elon Musk is incredible, than perhaps his extra-terrestrial escapades will convince you.
When NASA ended the Space Shuttle program in 2011, the transport of American astronauts into pace fell upon (and still largely relies upon) the Russian space program.
This indebts the U.S to Russia, both morally and financially. The same fate also befell the transportation of goods into space or a significant period of time. It was only when the U.S. began to call upon corporations like Boeing and SpaceX that this relationship between the two countries changed. Musk spearheaded the corporate transportation of goods into space, and in just a few years, he has been able to further the world's ability in space technology, even successfully designing reusable rockets, something that worldwide space agencies have been dreaming of for decades.
I believe that I am speaking for the majority of the world when I say that this man deserves our utmost respect, and yet I do not believe that we as a people are giving him that. I believe that the people of the world have been strongly disrespectful to Mr. Musk, and the worst part is that most people don't even know it. Mr. Musk has recently launched the Falcon Heavy Rocket, which is the most powerful of our time, and is planning on testing the even larger "Big Falcon Rocket" in 2019, and yet no one even has the respect to call these rockets by their name, they always say FH or BFR.
The entire point of naming "Big Falcon Rocket" isn't because the word "falcon" is awesome (although it is)—it's because falcon sounds like [a certain expletive]! The heaviest rocket of all time is (expletive) heavy! The biggest rocket of all time is (expletive) big! Say it out loud! Say "I'm a falcon idiot if I call The Big Falcon Rocket the BFR!"
"Now, I know what you're thinking, but Sam, what if I didn't know that I was being terrible!" Well that's actually not your fault, but you know whose fault it is? It's the fault of the public: everyone who did know and chose to continue down their evil path anyway, anyone and everyone who chose to spread their ignorance. Elon Musk is a super genius who is pushing humanity into space even when the very people meant to lead us have given up, and we can't even let him have his joke, we can't even show him the littlest bit of gratitude, if you knowingly do this, then you are what's wrong with the world, if you don't want to be an ingrateful bucket of slime, join the revolution! Show some gratitude! Call the Big Falcon Rocket by its name, and be Falcon wonderful.
Unless you've been living under a rock, you've probably heard of something called binary. Binary is (essentially) the basic language computers think in. A normal processor inside of a computer is made up of transistors. A transistor is a small grouping of atoms that can either have a positive or a negative charge. Thus, a computer thinks in binary (either positive or negative) charges.
In the past few years, there has been an effort to create a quantum computer. A quantum computer's processor is not made up of transistors but instead of qubits. A qubit can be a one or a zero like a normal transistor, but it can also be in something called a superposition. In other words, it can be in a state that is neither one or zero but is also both at the same time.
A quantum computer can do certain calculations (such as calculating prime numbers) that a normal computer cannot do. Another property of quantum processors is that due to the nature of the qubits and how they interact with each other, whenever you add another qubit to the system, the speed of the computer doubles. In theory, a quantum processor that consists of three hundred qubits would be more powerful than all of the working computers in the world right now.
In the quest for the first quantum computer, Google has now beat the competition. Let's start with some background information. By the end of last year, Google successfully created a 49-qubit quantum computer. Only four months into 2018, they have already outmatched themselves. Recently, Alphabet Inc., the owner of Google, unveiled that they successfully created a 72-qubit quantum processor. That means that we have taken a much closer step to making quantum computers faster than normal computers, otherwise known as the quantum supremacy.
So, what are the implications of this? Well, experts have stated that there will probably not be a world where everyone's computers run on qubits, as they are just too fragile. Another implication is on the topic of encryption. Right now, the easiest way to break an encryption in a computer without actually having a key is to keep trying different keys really fast. A quantum computer could, in theory, try every encryption at once.
So, does a quantum computer affect you? Yes. Is it a good or a bad thing? I would say good because we can use the technology to better understand our universe. Who knows, maybe there will be yet another breakthrough in the field.
The Flat Earth Rocket Launch
Mike Hughes, a 61 year-old limousine driver, is determined to prove that the Earth is flat.
Hughes is building a steam-powered rocket that is planned to launch him 1,800 feet in the sky. When he reaches the apex of the launch, he will take a picture of Earth, to prove to the world that our planet is flat.
Hughes was planning to launch on November 25, but the Bureau of Land Management, or BLM, told him that he could not launch his rocket on public land, despite his claims that the organization told him a year ago that he could launch it. A spokeswoman from the BLM said that they had no record of him speaking with them and that Hughes had not applied for the needed permit to hold a special recreation event on public land. That same day, Hughes filmed a YouTube video in which his rocket broke down in his driveway. Hughes admits that he does not know very much about rocket science, although he has tried to build a few rockets. His first manned rocket went up about a quarter-mile over Winkelman, Arizona, and ended with him in a walker for 2 weeks. That launch was only a fourth of the distance of the planned launch, and it was based on calculations that used round-earth technology. Intriguingly, Hughes only recently joined the Flat Earth Society, after finding it hard to raise funds for his flight.
He will not have an easy time launching, however, as the Earth is not flat. Numerous credible scientists, including Neil DeGrasse Tyson and Elon Musk, have pointed out obvious evidence that Earth is spherical. We don't even need high-tech inventions or advanced knowledge of our planet to know that the earth is not flat. Lunar eclipses would look very different if the earth was flat. There's also the fact that the sun rises at different times on different parts of the Earth, due to the globe being round.
So we can agree that the rocket will fail, whether it is canceled, malfunctions while mid-air, or ignites on the ground. Whatever happens, it will undoubtedly be entertaining.
Bitcoin: The Currency of the Future
by Elijah Potter
What is bitcoin?
Bitcoin, the first cryptocurrency, was made by Satoshi Nakamoto. Now, what is a cryptocurrency? A cryptocurrency is a form of currency that is based on blockchain technology. Each bitcoin is actually a encryption that is currently worth over 12,000 USD. A blockchain is a record of every bitcoin transaction ever. This method of accounting makes it so that there can be no duplicate bitcoins. The only way to acquire a Bitcoin is to (1) buy a bitcoin from someone, (2) sell something for Bitcoin, or (3) mine bitcoins.
What is "bitcoin mining"?
Bitcoin mining is basically selling your computing power (in exchange for bitcoins) to run the blockchain. The measurement that you get paid for are blocks. When you solve a block you get 12.5 bitcoins. This number halves every time 210,000 blocks are rewarded, which is about every 4 years. Since you have a very low chance of getting the exact encryption code to get a block by yourself, miners have devised ways to link processors. These links are called "pools". Some of the biggest pools are: Slush's Pool, Nicehash and BitFury. With these pools, you usually get your payment based on your contribution to finding the encryption minus a small fee for being in the pool.
What is a Bitcoin wallet?
In order to own a bitcoin, you must have a wallet. Since a bitcoin is a file, it must be held by some sort of hard drive. Most people use a bitcoin wallet because it is blocked by some kind of firewall and it is an easy way to send bitcoins to other people over the internet. Here is my bitcoin wallet address: 36AFsrM5fwjtqb8QrEAV8c6GHS5YdW12wh. If someone has a bitcoin address, you can send bitcoins there, but you cannot take them.
How can I mine Bitcoins with my existing computer?
The easiest tool for mining bitcoins with a CPU and/or GPU is Nicehash. Here is the link to the download page. If you want to mine bitcoins right now and you have a windows machine, follow each of the following steps:
**Disclaimer: some of the terms in the following may be unfamiliar to you. If this is true, Google it. If you don't have a great processor, then it is not worth it to mine.**
Choose a Nicehash Version. Choose one of the softwares based on your hardware. If you have a AMD graphics card, choose Nicehash Legacy which is under the section labeled AMD. If you have an NVIDIA graphics card or have integrated graphics choose Nicehash Miner 2 which is labeled NVIDIA.
Download the software. If you chose Nicehash Miner 2, run the download. This will bring you to a window that guides you through installing it. If you chose Nicehash Miner 2 and followed the previous instructions go to the next step, if you chose Nicehash Legacy continue and open the link. When the page loads, find a stable build. Download the item that says something like "NHML.zip. Open the zip file and export all the files to another folder. After that, open NicehashLegacy.exe. You will be greeted by a Terms of Use screen. If you really want, you can read the whole thing, but I swear as a member of Santa's elves that it is ok. Just click accept and you will be asked whether or not you want to use third-party algorithms. If you say yes, there is a higher chance that there will be a good algorithm for your hardware. No matter whether you say yes or no, it will take a while to load the miner after that.
Benchmark your processor. If you used Nicehash Miner 2 open it from the start menu and click "Hardware Details" and click "Benchmark". The software will begin trying all the algorithms to see which one is the most efficient for your processor. If you chose Nicehash Legacy, click on the box "Benchmark". Then make sure that all the boxes are checked and click start. The software will begin trying all the algorithms to see which one is the most efficient for your processor. Once this is complete, go onto the next step.
Make a Bitcoin Wallet. The best wallet you can use without paying money is Wirex. This is an online service that can function as a wallet. The awesome feature of this wallet is that you can pay $10 to get a physical card that can be used at ATM's and such. Follow the instructions to create and enter your account. After entering your account, click on the button that is titled "Bitcoin Account". Under the string of random letters and numbers there is a copy button. Click it and your address is copied to your clipboard. Keep it copied for the next step!
Start Mining. Paste your Bitcoin wallet address into the field that says "wallet". Then simply click start. Your processor will start mining and after a few minutes you will get an estimate on how many bitcoins you will make per day.
by Ari Dor
I can't believe how much RGB (Red, Green, Blue) lighting has made it into the PC world, the meme world, and the decoration world.
This is one of the many custom PCs that is 100% outfitted with RGB memory, fans, peripherals (e.g. mouse, keyboard), and headphones. More color, more power, more money. Purely lipstick on a pig: the RGB lighting makes it look slightly better, but it is completely and utterly useless. The reason I can even have a view and opinion on this is my personal encounters with hardcore RGB lighting in PCs, light bulbs, and bedframes.
My friend Peter recently built his own custom PC with mostly RGB cooling products that I have seen firsthand. For light bulbs, there is a remote control light bulb that I installed in my lamp, because (1) why not, (2) my dad said I could if I found batteries for the remote, and (3) I wanted to have more experience with RGB so that my opinion on it could have more validity. Now, the one you've been waiting for: the bedframe. I installed an LED strip along the bottom and back of my bed. What I got out of it was a couple of "holy sh*t's and a few "oh my gods" from my family.
Fast forward to now, I don't regret it as much as I thought I would. After playing around a bit and falling asleep a few nights with ambient light, my whole perspective changed. Haha, I'm just kidding. Not very much changed. I'm into RGB lighting, but only as long as it doesn't go overboard. For the PC example, RGB fans make the computer look good, but the addition of RGB headphones makes it go into the great deep depths of terrible RGB decoration.
by Elijah Potter
Some researchers at the University of Buffalo have created a way for a computer to use your heart as a form of biometric identification using a type of radar generally used for far away objects. They have successfully created the hardware and software using a specific heart's movement, and its size and shape to unlock a computer or other device. After originally unlocking the device, the heart is continually monitored, so if someone else takes the first person's place, it locks.
One of the amazing things about this technology is that it doesn't work on dead people. Now, you may be thinking: "Will this hurt my heart?" The answer is no, the signal strength is 8 milliwatts, less than 0.2% than that of a Wi-Fi signal, which contains no health threat.
October 2019


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OS/2 redo on tap?; Microsoft bolsters Windows HPC
OS/2 revival in the works?; Microsoft makes Windows HPC more Linux aware; other news.
OS/2 redo?OS/2 may be nearly gone, but the operating system is not forgotten. There are rumblings that some folks within IBM want the computing giant to revive the 20-year old client-server operating system by layering OS/2 services atop Linux much the way Novell layered NetWare services atop Linux to create its Open Enterprise Server. The question is why? Microsoft makes Windows HPC more Linux aware Microsoft knows Windows lags Linux in supercomputing environments. By a lot. That's one reason the new Windows HPC Server 2008 R2 sports a "hybrid" option so Linux users can run Windows without disposing of their tried-and-true OS. Users can run Windows and Linux on a cluster at the same time or switch back and forth between Linux and Windows nodes.
Windows Azure pricier than expectedDevelopers aren't finding the Microsoft Azure cloud environment as price effective as they'd hoped. Many are pleased with the features and functions, publicly available since February, but find that estimating bandwidth cost is tricky for big users and that overall fees are too steep for SMB clients. On a Microsoft-sponsored forum, the top request was to make running very small services on Windows Azure less expensive. The second most popular appeal was for a free developer version.
Check out last week's IT channel news in brief.

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ANNA MARIA – Amidst accusations of sexual harassment, Florida Sen. Jack Latvala has bowed out of the city of Anna Maria's "Old Soldiers & Sailors" parade and Veterans Day ceremony taking place Friday, Nov. 10.
Latvala, a candidate in the 2018 gubernatorial race, was scheduled to serve as parade marshal and as guest speaker at the post-parade veterans ceremonies at City Pier Park.
Latvala contacted Anna Maria Mayor Dan Murphy Wednesday afternoon.
"He said the day belongs to the veterans, not to him. He does not want to detract from the focus on the veterans on their day and he feels he would be a distraction. He thanked me personally for taking the position that he was innocent until proven guilty. I respect Sen. Latvala's decision," Murphy said.
Murphy was contacted earlier in the day by a Bradenton Herald reporter who questioned why the city had not cancelled the senator's scheduled appearance.
"The last time I checked, you're innocent until proven guilty, and no charges have been filed. I'm not defending the senator, but I wasn't going to act on anonymous sources," Murphy said.
Six women claimed they were sexually harassed by Latvala on an anonymous basis, according to Politico Florida, the news outlet that first reported the accusations late last week.
Latvala has denied the allegations and suggested they were politically motivated, according to the Sun-Sentinel.
On Monday, Senate President Joe Negron suspended Latvala from his duties as Senate Appropriations Committee chairman.
During last year's Legislative session, Latvala played a key role in the demise of vacation rental legislation that would have impacted Florida cities' ability to regulate vacation rentals at the local level.
Murphy, a Vietnam veteran, said he would make some remarks at Friday's ceremony in Latvala's place.
Friday's parade will start at city hall at 1 p.m. and travel down Pine Avenue to City Pier Park. The Anna Maria Island Historical Society will host an ice cream social at its museum on Pine Avenue after the Veterans Day ceremonies.


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Jonah Crab Is the Hidden Gem of the Eastern Seaboard
Once just a nuisance to lobster fishermen, the sweet-fleshed crustaceans are becoming a desirable (and sustainable!) dinnertime option.
Along the Eastern Seaboard, lobsters were once such an undesirable product that they were fed to prisoners, a tradition that endured well into the 1800s. By the mid-1900s, though, the plentiful crustaceans finally attained their current status as a luxury food, and Jonah crabs—which have a similar diet to lobsters and often show up in their traps—became the nuisance: fishermen considered them bait-robbing pests and killed the crabs before throwing them back into the water. But things are changing: just as the lobster ascended in value, so too has the Jonah crab. Though smaller and less meaty than its deep-water cousin, the Dungeness, the Jonah's meat is especially tender and sweet.
And even better, when properly sourced, it's a year-round sustainable seafood option. Sea to Table—a company that locates sustainable fisheries and markets their catch directly to consumers, as well as to select purveyors including Plated—is a major proponent of the crab. Our recipe for Jonah Crab Linguine with Garlic Confit and Chile Oil, shipping in August, utilizes Sea to Table crab, so we called up consumer business development lead Jane Olszewski to caht about this once-marginalized, now increasingly popular crustacean.
Plated: How do the fishermen you work with catch Jonah crab?
Jane Olszewski: Jonah crabs are caught in pots, or baited traps, anywhere between New York and Massachusetts. Typically, they're a by-catch to the lobster fishery, and the same gear is used for both. Warming water temperatures have been driving lobsters farther north, with more Jonah crab taking their place in the ecosystem. They are becoming a more important harvest for traditional lobster fishermen in the Mid-Atlantic and Southern New England.
There's conflicting information on the sustainability of Jonah crab; they're not endorsed by the Monterey Bay Aquarium's Seafood Watch. How do you ensure that they're sourced ethically?
By almost all accounts, Jonah crab populations are robust and healthy, though management and targeted regulations have not yet caught up to their newfound importance as a dedicated fishery. But a plan for that is well in the works now, through the Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission, and is expected to be approved this summer. In the meantime, know where your seafood comes from. Plated's landings of Jonah come mostly from fishing boats the F/V Integrity and the F/V Mrs. Lindsay, out of New Bedford, MA.
What makes New Bedford a particularly good place to source Jonah crab?
There's actually no great difference between landing points or vessels fishing for Jonah Crab in the US. The real difference is that 90% of seafood consumed in the US is imported with little consciousness of origin, and dubious practices. The recent controversy regarding the mislabeling of iconic Blue Crab throughout the Chesapeake is a perfect example of the simple difference traceability and transparency can make for consumers who are so often misled when it comes to their seafood.
Once you've bought Jonah crab, what's the best way to go about shelling it?
With the claws provided to Plated, we have the dock "triple score" them, meaning a cut is made on the claw and two knuckles. They're cooked before they're scored, so just slip a butter knife into the scored section and turn it, like prying open a top. The shell should separate cleanly and make extracting the meat an easy pleasure.
Which part of the crab is the most delicious?
We're big fans of the claws, though the legs also produce nice chunks of very sweet meat.
Can you buy Jonah crab that's already picked?
The leg meat is prized as already picked meat and can be found in some local retailers, but Jonah crabs are still a bit of a Mid-Atlantic/New England secret. Luckily, Plated customers are able to get in on that secret!


text: Just a few of my favorite photos from this amazing girl's wedding day! Cassie has been a good friend of my husband's family for years. I really can't say enough good things about her. She has a talent for making each person she comes in contact with like a million bucks. So even though she gave us all just a week's notice, her wedding was so sweet and simple and absolutely perfect. I'm so glad she invited me to photograph it. Congratulations Cassie and Creed!


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The Missing Years - Chapter Twenty-Five
Chapter 25: A New Year and a New Future, 1919
Table of Contents
On January 6, 1919, I celebrated my twenty-ninth birthday by pulling out of Washington. Just before I left, I received a telegram from Mr. Mather. He was in Albuquerque, New Mexico. "Congratulations on your birthday and for what you have accomplished in this relatively short span of years. May the next 29 be ever more fruitful." He added that he would meet me in South Chicago.
Lane had issued my travel orders and had assured me Mather knew all about them. That was not true. Mather had only been told I was going west for a short time, and it was implied that I'd be back in Washington soon. When we sat down together in Chicago and he learned Lane had consented to an indefinite stay in California, his ill-concealed anger at Lane turned into smooth talk to convince me that my place was in Washington.
Not this time, I protested. My orders were from Lane, and I couldn't do a thing about it. Of course, he knew that I could easily get those changed if I wanted to, but I had absolutely no intention of doing so.
I was delighted to note that Mather appeared to be as good as new. Instead I felt I was the one who was beaten up. I reminded him of the last two years, of the stress and work, the separation from Grace. He listened and kindly sympathized and thanked me profusely, but he came back with the argument that he simply couldn't stay in Washington too long at a time. It damaged his health. I would have to take over when he wasn't there. I almost told him I couldn't and wouldn't, but Lane's letter came back to haunt me. I had deliberately kept our correspondence away from Mather.
Mather then happily told me about the proposed trip to Hawaii that he and his family were going to take right after the first of the year. He pointed out that it would be necessary for me to be back in Washington while he was gone. His purpose was clear. Get me to Washington and then keep me there when he returned. My reaction was that he was again thrusting on my shoulders the burden of keeping him healthy and seeing that the Park Service was running smoothly even though he was back as director.
It was just too much for me. For the first time since we had been a team, I refused his request. Not only that, but I added that I had to go to California to look for a new job, that I had to leave the Park Service for the sake of my wife and the baby. And I blurted out the gist of my letter to Lane and his response. There just was no future for me in the service.
Momentarily I was afraid I had gone too far, for he slumped back in his chair, put his hands over his face, and said nothing. Just as I was about to try to soften my abrupt declaration, he quietly said, "I understand, Horace. You go on out to San Francisco and stay there for a few months with Grace and the baby. I know how hard it's been for you and how tired you must be. Go ahead and open an office out there and clean up our problems on the West Coast. But I'll ask one thing of you. Please don't make any hasty decision. Take care of the service while I'm gone and give me a little time to ease back into my job."
His pathetic words and my deep concern for him forced me to agree to his plan. You could almost hear our sighs of relief that an impasse had been avoided—at least temporarily.
I stayed over in Chicago for a day with him, going over matters I would attend to on the West Coast, especially Yosemite concession problems. On the train I had a few days of reading and relaxation before arriving in Berkeley on the clear and sunny morning of January 11, 1919.
As usual, my girl was her bubbling self and looked as beautiful as ever. I want to say right here that she wasn't just beautiful on the outside, for she certainly was, but she had an inner beauty. It just shone like an aura around her. Approaching motherhood had added to her already gentle and compassionate warmth, her desire always to do something for someone else and to make my life as smooth as she could. Each reunion seemed more precious than the last.
The next day, January 12, I set up my headquarters in an office of the United States Public Health Service in the Call-Bulletin Building on New Montgomery Street near the Palace Hotel. As Grace and I were living with her parents on Ellsworth Street in Berkeley, I commuted daily back and forth to the "City" via the ferry boat. Those quiet, lazy ferries were a wonderful invention for a person to catch up on the news in the morning paper going over and calm down at night with the wind, the foghorns, and the gentle dipping and swaying of the boat as it plowed its way to the East Bay.
Instead of what I had planned, my California relaxation period turned into a buzz-saw. Of course, there was the business Lane had assigned me of getting a bill through the state legislature turning over California police jurisdiction of Yosemite, Sequoia, and General Grant parks to the federal government. Then there was another crisis with the concession in Yosemite. On top of these, Mather opened up an explosive situation with changing our Sequoia extension project into a promotion of Roosevelt National Park, as he renamed it.
Since Mather's two mountain trips in 1915 and 1916, we had gained a great deal of support for the extension of Sequoia. The so-called Greater Sequoia would include the existing Sequoia and General Grant Parks but would add the Kern River Canyon, Mount Whitney and surrounding area, and most of the Kings River and its watershed. Of course, we also wanted the Tehipite section to the north of the Kings. In Yosemite we never let up asking for the restoration of the magnificent Minarets and Mount Ritter areas, which had been taken away in 1906. Our dream was to create a great swath of wilderness through the "The Range of Light," as John Muir called the Sierra Nevada.
The American Civic Association, the Sierra Club, the national and local press, and many prominent men in Washington had joined our crusade. Bills had been introduced in the Congress but were dangling in the wind. From the beginning, we had been grimly opposed by the Forest Service, by the people who had grazing rights, by hunters and fishermen, and finally by the water and power interests, including the juggernaut Los Angeles, which was also gobbling up the lands on the east side of the Sierra.
The Park Service had made one step forward when, on July 8, 1918, President Wilson signed an executive order temporarily withdrawing from entry, sale, and settlement all lands described in the latest extension bills before the Congress. However, in December our adversarial secretary of agriculture, David F. Houston, issued an unfavorable report, claiming that he hadn't had time to study the whole situation in his forests (which, of course, constituted most of the lands we coveted). Our Greater Sequoia appeared stalled.
Then came news of Theodore Roosevelt's death, on January 6, my birthday. To Mather this was a terrible blow. A few days later he read in the paper about a dinner in New York where a group of Boone and Crockett Club members had met to decide on a fitting memorial for their most famous member, Teddy Roosevelt. Someone had suggested that a national park in his honor would be perfect. Of course, said Mather, and he knew where that park was located and how to promote this splendid idea.
Even though Roosevelt was one of his heroes, Mather didn't give a darn about memorializing his name. He had instantly recognized a way to get his Greater Sequoia. Although another park had been proposed at the same time, by the same name, in the Badlands of North Dakota, Mather played that one down. He publicized Roosevelt's connection with California, knowing full well that the state wasn't prominent in TR's life. He had visited the state a couple of times, and he had received only 174 votes more than Wilson in the 1912 presidential election, splitting the electoral vote.
But Mather knew how to exploit a situation and never missed an opportunity for publicity. He had Yard and other media contacts pump out reams of copy about creating a great Sierra Nevada park in honor of the late lamented president, Roosevelt National Park.
Honoring a favorite president by a great national park captured the fancy of Americans and was received with warm approval. There already was a bill concerning Greater Sequoia pending in the Congress, so Mather planned to turn the grief of a nation into a golden opportunity to get this passed.
Mather ordered me to get busy on the situation in California while he drummed up support in Washington. The result was swift. A Senate bill creating the Roosevelt National Park by enlarging the present Sequoia Park passed unanimously, but it still had to face the House. As it turned out, it was defeated by the tactics of Representative Denver Church of Fresno, a Democrat. He had no intention of glorifying any Republican president. At the same time, he did want to satisfy his agricultural friends with irrigation water that would be denied to them with this enlarged park. He pulled the old stunt of pleading illness. He was too sick to be present for a vote and requested the House delay the vote until he could return. As a gesture of sympathy, his wish was granted and the bill died aborning.
Before I could jump into this fray, I got a telegram from Lane, needling me to get going on the job he had asked me to do for him. I dropped everything else and headed for Sacramento, where I spent a great deal of time for the next several months.
California still retained law enforcement authority over the national parks in the state. The Park Service wanted to have complete jurisdiction within its borders. We had gotten the soldiers out of our lands. We had the army engineers off our road construction. Now we wanted federal judges to have the power to punish lawbreakers, federal commissioners in the parks who could try cases rather than have the state try them outside the parks.
Although the matter had been brought to the attention of state officials, it had been ignored. Voters were apathetic, and consequently politicians did nothing. Then I noticed in a newspaper that a college friend, Charlie Kasch, was in the state assembly from Ukiah. I hurried back to Sacramento and got in touch with him. He immediately picked up the ball and ran with it. He introduced a bill in the assembly on January 16, giving full police powers to the federal government. Next he got me together with Senator Evans, who started the bill through the Senate. It still took many trips to Sacramento before the bill finally passed on April 15, 1919. It was most successful and covered everything we wanted, except that the state retained the right to tax and issue fish and game licenses. On June 2, 1920, Congress accepted California's cession of jurisdiction over all lands within Sequoia, General Grant, and Yosemite.
Before I could turn to the Yosemite situation, Mr. Mather returned to Washington. Many people wrote me about how grand he looked and how he had really taken hold in his masterful and exuberant style. He approached every problem there with contacts in person or a deluge of letters. His charm and persistence brought results. If he couldn't move people by verbal or written arguments, he coaxed them over to the Cosmos Club for lunch or took them out for a leisurely dinner at the Willard and perhaps an evening at the theater afterward. They usually came around to his suggestions.
Now that I felt the work in Sacramento was basically wrapped up, I turned to Yosemite. On December 12, 1917, the name of the Desmond Service Company had officially been changed to the Yosemite Park Company and leased to Richard and Harold Shaffer.
These brothers had been doing business in the valley before there was a Park Service. When the "blunt-nosed mechanical beetles," as John Muir called the automobiles, were permitted into Yosemite, they were required to stay in a special auto camp. When that filled up, all other motorists had to leave their cars at a certain garage for space or repairs. These averaged twenty-five dollars per car.
So along with this business the brothers Shaffer now operated the Yosemite Park Company from April 1 to October 1, 1918. They did just fine, better than anyone had before. In fact, they actually made money, all of sixteen thousand dollars. This profit inspired them to ask A. B. C. Dohrmann and associates to sell the company to them. Negotiations went well for a while. The Shaffers raised the amount they understood was necessary, but Dohrmann raised the ante. He now wanted $450,000, more than the Shaffers could come up with.
In December 1918 Harold White had written me that he expected Dohrmann in Chicago the next day. He was not going to allow Mather to see him and intended to refuse any further refinancing of the Yosemite Company through the issue of additional bonds.
When it became apparent that there was no money to see the company through the 1919 summer season, the Reorganization Committee under Dohrmann came to the conclusion that the only way out of their dilemma was to renegotiate the franchise contract with Secretary Lane. The company simply had to make more profit.
In December 1918 Dohrmann and Lane agreed on general terms. Then they directed me to negotiate the final contract. That's what used up a good portion of my time through the winter and into the spring. It was a well-trodden path from San Francisco to Yosemite, from Dohrmann to Lewis, to my typewriter or the telegraph office with messages for Lane and Mather. Terms simply couldn't be reached. Later on in the year Lane appointed an arbitration committee, people outside both parties, and final terms were agreed upon, although never really settled until 1923.
To remove the company from receivership, Dohrmann and his associates reorganized the Yosemite Park Company, raised one million dollars from San Francisco and Los Angeles businessmen, and talked the original stockholders (like Mather) into a voluntary sixty-percent assessment on their stock. Stock in the new organization was exchanged. A twenty-year lease was signed with the government for the former Desmond concessions, including general transportation, garage operation, and the camps and hotels. The Desmond dairy, saddle horse services, and store operation received a franchise for ten years.
Now the shock came. White sent me a surreptitious letter letting me know that Mather had contributed more money to the Dohrmann group. That seemed to fit the sixty-percent levy on original stockholders. I never knew for sure the exact amount of the new contribution, but it was somewhere around $200,000.
Why did Mather keep slipping deeper into this quagmire? There seemed to be two reasons. First, he was violently anti-Curry. He felt he couldn't allow the Curry Company to get too powerful and cut into the profits of the Yosemite Park Company. Second, Mather was intent on promoting the development of his "new Yosemite village." He felt it was imperative to have the financial backing of this consortium of San Francisco and Los Angeles businessmen to accomplish his goals of developing Yosemite Valley with the new northern village and a luxury resort hotel.
I was torn between telling myself it was none of my business and fearing for the future of Mather and the Park Service should this leak out in the public press. I passed White's letter along to Lane without comment. Lane's reply was close to explosive. He told me he had warned Mather long ago about a 'conflict of interest' and his involvement in government affairs using his own money. He had discussed every angle of the case with him. After a crisscross of telegrams between Lane and me, Lane insisted I write Mather saying that "Lane and I" felt he should back out of any further connection with the Yosemite Park Company. I didn't want any part of telling my chief what to do, felt it was none of my business, and didn't want to appear to be in cahoots with Lane. But I was afraid this situation might cost Mather his position, so I reluctantly agreed to do it. I kept the letter short, used Lane's opinions almost entirely, and concluded with, "I hope you will take the Secretary's words as friendly advice, for he cares deeply about you and fears for you should the company go into bankruptcy."
No matter how careful White, Lane, and I were, it seemed everyone in Yosemite heard rumors. Even the Currys heard about it but kept silent, fearful that Mather might turn on them and cut them off with no lease at all. The matter was temporarily dropped. Mather simply ignored Lane's arguments, blandly assuring him that when he made the additional loan he wasn't trying to make any money. After all, he was only charging five percent interest. As far as I ever knew, Lane must have been baffled and let it go at that. A few years hence, with a different interior secretary, a forceful showdown occurred.
* * *
On February 2, 1919, our son, Robert Mather Albright, was born. He was a handsome, healthy little fellow who weighed in at eight pounds, ten ounces with a mop of very dark hair like his mother's and the potential for her dancing brown eyes. Once more the National Park Service had kept me from her even during the birth of our son. Of course, my work kept me away from her most of the time she was in the hospital too.
First, I received a wire from Congressman Mondell that his Greater Yellowstone extension legislation had sailed through the House and looked good for the Senate. He suggested that I immediately get busy rounding up support, get the Sierra Club and others to bombard California's senators and other advocates to push the bill through the Senate. Unfortunately, there was a full-blown filibuster in the Senate, and the bill died for that session. Reintroduced in May 1919, it was never reported out of committee because Senator John Nugent of Idaho blocked it. He couldn't seem to get it through his head that the west line of our proposed extension of Yellowstone was the summit or backbone of the Tetons. He believed we were bringing the extension to the state line, thus including much sheep-grazing land used by his Idaho constituents. While we had been so near our goal in February, we never came close again for thirty years. It was controversy and bitter warfare from 1919 until a separate national park, Grand Teton, became a reality in 1950.
On February 17, when Grace and Bobby had only been home from the hospital two days, I left for Fresno to attend a meeting of the supervisors of the Seventh Congressional District. It was of vital importance concerning the Sequoia extension or, as it was currently called, the Roosevelt Park.
On February 19 advocates and opponents met at the Fresno County Courthouse. As the Fresno paper reported, "Before a crowd that overflowed the large room and stood around the walls, senators, congressmen, attorneys, army officers, and representatives of chambers of commerce and civic organizations favored and opposed the enlarging of the Sequoia park to contain 1,025,000 acres or 1,600 square miles to preserve its vast resources for future generations."
The paper further stated that "the most heated debates ever heard here" were witnessed that day. That was true. Opposition was immediate and vociferous. Grazing and lumber were the prime considerations. Proponents were ardent. Both sides were out of order time and again, interrupting when an argument didn't suit them.
Our opponents clearly carried the day. The upshot of the hearings was a wire from the supervisors of the county to Washington: "It was the sense of the mass meeting at Fresno today that the passage of S.B. 2021 and H.B. 10929 be deferred until National Park and Forest Service further investigate as to boundary lines and varied interests." The stalemate was exactly what I had figured the Forest Service and their allies would accomplish.
Sequoia was put on hold while I switched to a new pet project of Mather's. He had visited Yosemite in the fall of 1918. Accompanying him was Rudolph Spreckels, one of the wealthiest and most prominent men in San Francisco. They had become excited about the possibilities of a "winter season" for the park. They envisioned an all-year, seventy-mile concrete-surfaced road between Merced and El Portal that would open Yosemite to winter sports as well as summer sightseeing. Another purpose, as quoted in California newspapers, was "to give employment to thousands of our out-of-work service men, some of whom are now being cared for at public expense and whose idleness is rapidly becoming a menace to the industrial security of the nation."
Spreckels was so fired up by Mather's idea that he went to work to raise money for the project. He arranged a luncheon conference on February 28, 1919, at the Hotel Fresno to iron out details for financing the construction of this "winter gateway" to Yosemite. Attending were representatives of chambers of commerce, the newly powerful California automobile clubs, other commercial interests, the "good roads" advocates, and highway officials from all levels of government.
To my surprise, Mather had instructed me to offer a method of raising the money through the Park Service: "Tell the conference to issue $5 certificates of membership which will be exchanged for park permits. As a permit is worth $5, the purchaser of a certificate will lose nothing by advancing the money to build the road as there is no fixed time limit when the certificates must be redeemed. He can use his certificate (permit) to come to the park at any time."
I did as ordered but asked myself: Wasn't the Park Service paying for this road instead of private capital? How were we to explain the loss of permit revenue to the United States Treasury? Or worse still, the congressional appropriations committees? I never got an answer to my questions from Mather. To my chagrin, the local newspapers attributed this idea to me, saying I originated it;
More business concerning the Sequoia area had me rushing back to San Francisco for a conference on March 4. I was greeted with a pile of congratulatory telegrams concerning great news from Washington. On February 26, 1919, Grand Canyon had finally been made a national park.
My ebullient mood evaporated when I received a telegram from Mather: "In view of my Hawaiian trip, please be in D.C. by March 15." He had obviously chosen to forget our conversation in Chicago in which he promised to let me stay in California to rest up, be with my family, and plan my future. Of course, I hadn't been with my family and I hadn't rested up. I'd been running around like a chicken with my head cut off. But the one thing I had done was interview for positions in various San Francisco law firms, and I had been offered two fine opportunities that promised bright futures.
This telegram had brought me to a fork in the road, and a major decision had to be made. There could be no more shilly-shallying, no more procrastinating, no more grim determination to leave the Park Service mixed with painful regrets in cutting the umbilical cord. I had to make up my mind once and for all where I was going.
I chose to resign from the National Park Service and put that part of my life behind me.
Up to this time, I had tried to keep my increasingly depressed state of mind and the problems I was wrestling with to myself. But this was a decision that affected our whole family. I told Grace that we had to have a talk, so we took a long walk up on the Berkeley campus. When we finally sank down on the grass, Grace said, "All right, darling. What is it you have to tell me? I read the telegram from Mr. Mather. I know it upset you badly, but I wanted to let you tell me about it when you were ready."
As I poured out all rny doubts and uncertainties, all the depression and discouragement of the situation with Mather, Lane, and what I felt was my future in the Park Service, my precious wife sat there with quiet tears streaming down her face. She was overwhelmed by the thought that I had kept all this to myself, hadn't let her share my agony.
It was a relief to talk things over with her. As I related my feelings about the months and years of strain, of difficult decisions, of loneliness, of concern over Mather and the Park Service, of relentless, unending work, I began to realize just exactly how depressed and exhausted I was. Grace understood and felt that resignation from the Park Service was the only answer. We agreed that we owed each other and our baby a life together, that I just couldn't be responsible for carrying the type of burden I had carried for the last two years. Mr. Mather's health was an uncertain question at best. Lane's reply to me had cut any hope I had to step into Mather's position should be become ill again and be replaced. Our income after July 1, when Mather's payment to me had to cease, would be impossible for the three of us to live on.
When we went home, I got out my typewriter and wrote a letter of resignation to Mr. Mather, dated March 9, 1919. The next few days I was very sick with what I called a bilious attack, so the letter didn't get mailed until March 14. It was just as well because, in those five days, I added a few extra pages that changed the course of our lives forever.
My original letter began with and repeated throughout my love and admiration for Stephen Mather, "the one man that I am mighty nearly as fond of as I am of my own parents." "You shall ever remain our (Grace and my) ideal of Christian manhood, our highest conception of a public official, our personification of all that is good, kind, gentle, thoughtful, and unselfish in modern man."
My regard for Mather as a father-figure made the original section of the letter an emotional reiteration of my own hopes and despairs, my deep concern for him, my agonizing over this decision I felt I had been forced to make in view of Lane's attitude, financial concerns, and love for Grace.
I concluded the letter of March 9 with:
I do not know what I will do as yet, but I am not afraid of this old world. It has never had me guessing, and I think I can weather any storm that hits us. Grace is a brave girl, and will back me up night and day.... It is hardly necessary for me to say that I shall never get into any line of work that will interest me as much as national park work.... You and I know more about the parks than any other men on Earth; the National Park Service is our child. We gave birth to it and we will love, cherish and protect it as long as we live."
With that last paragraph, I signed the letter and put it in an envelope. I felt my career in the National Park Service had been put behind me forever, but fate stepped in and turned my life around. There is no more logical answer than that.
The unmailed letter kept torturing me like a cat playing with a mouse. I couldn't get the thought out of my head that I was making a terrible mistake. Every bit of logic told me that the choice was correct, but every fiber in me cried out not to accept it. I knew I couldn't face a future along the same path I'd been traveling the last few years. I simply refused a life of uncertainty, total responsibility for operation of the Park Service, and, it seemed, Mr. Mather, and unacceptable separation from Grace.
My dilemma seemed insurmountable until a thought began to worm its way into my consciousness. Why not be a field officer like superintendent of Yellowstone and also be available as a troubleshooter? This would keep me with my family and in the Park Service but away from Washington most of the time. I could still help Mather on park and administrative problems. Would a proposal like this satisfy both of us? I went back to the typewriter and added four more pages to the existing five.
My proposal began with: "If I could have my wife and my baby and my home, and, at the same time, continue in my beloved National Park Service, I should ask for little more in this world. Wealth I have never craved, but home life is as dear to me as anything can be, and this I do crave. This I must have."
Then I came to the crux of the issue: "For several years, I have hoped that circumstances might make the superintendency of the Yellowstone available to me. Back in 1916, when Colonel Brett left, I wanted the place, but I felt that I could help you more in Washington then; I have thought longingly of the Yellowstone ever since." And then, in typical legal fashion, I proceeded with paragraph after paragraph promoting the idea and then presenting arguments against it.
I suppose I thought I was being very straightforward in offering suggestions for a person who could fill the position of assistant director to Mather, but I quickly dismissed each one of them offhand or found serious faults with each. I made the flat, blanket statement: "There seems to be nobody in the Department that could fill the job."
Conclusion: "You need personal representatives in the field constantly ... somebody in the far West and in the Rocky Mountain region to keep tab on all movements that affect the parks, just as I am watching everything out here now..... With me in Yellowstone, in the winter time, you could call me to Washington for a couple of months to help with legislation, or any other work that even now comes within my sphere It is absolutely impossible for you to think of making the entire round of the parks, and still look after the promotion of Roosevelt Park as you plan." I believe it was the first time that the idea of Park Service regions with their own officials was put forth.
I didn't have long to wait for an answer. Instead of the multipage, handwritten letter I had expected, I received an immediate reply in the form of a short and to-the-point telegram from Mr. Mather in Washington. He simply asked me to defer any precipitous action until he returned from his Hawaiian trip and to assume the position of acting director in Washington until that time. I agreed to do this, but I pointedly did not take back my resignation.
It was mighty frustrating to be back in Washington on April 2. I pushed thoughts of my future aside to focus attention on the upcoming tourist season. We anticipated greatly increased visitation, which would lead to road, concession, and numerous other problems. One on the top of the list was finding topnotch personnel for the parks. We needed numerous rangers, but most of all we were looking for superintendents of the Dusty Lewis variety. And fortune smiled on the Park Service, as we acquired many a fine leader as they emerged from wartime service.
There was the case of Roger Toll. I had been acquainted with him through my work in Colorado and had extensive communication with him before he left for Hawaii to study the volcanic mountains. I gave him letters of introduction to officials in the islands and suggested he look up Mather while both were there.Then I wired Mather about him. I praised his knowledge and ability and suggested he be appointed superintendent at Mount Rainier.
When the two men did meet in Hawaii, Mather was most impressed by Toll and wired me to get Lane's approval for the appointment. Toll took over Mount Rainier on May 29, 1919.
Then one day a jaunty, red-haired Air Corps colonel named John White came into my office and asked for a job. His background was that of a soldier-of-fortune, but I instantly liked him and offered him a ranger position at Grand Canyon. He snapped it up and, within a year, became superintendent of Sequoia and General Grant Parks.
Sandwiching in work on next year's budget and outlining the 1919 annual report, meeting with congressmen about park legislation, especially the Sequoia and Yellowstone extensions, and handling the day-today operations, I faced some interesting decisions.
There was a flurry of bills regarding various parks and monuments. Introduced or reintroduced were extensions of Yellowstone, Sequoia, Crater Lake, and Hawaii. Members of Congress had a field day proposing new areas to add to the system, including Pajarito (New Mexico), Mississippi Valley (Iowa and Wisconsin), Mammoth Cave (Kentucky), Grand Coulee (Washington), and Killdeer (North Dakota). The list of national monuments was endless, including a tract of land in California to save the Washingtonia filamentosa (palm).
Opportunity arose to accept gifts of land: a section of the beautiful Great Smoky Mountains in North Carolina and equally attractive acreage in the Green Mountains of Vermont. These offers excited me, for I felt eastern parks were the wave of the future. Most of our population lived east of the Mississippi, most of the Congress represented them, and appropriations would be more generous if eastern areas were included. Above all, Americans deserved to have every section of the country represented in their heritage. Year after year in our annual report, I encouraged the idea that the National Park Service should consist not only of scenic parks, but of historic areas transferred from the War and Agriculture Departments.
Even though I considered my time in the service probably coming to an end, I actively promoted our extension plans for Yellowstone and Sequoia and a few new ones, including the California sempervirens redwoods and Great Smoky Mountains. I considered most of the other new proposals rather facetious, not up to our standards, or out of reach financially. However, I didn't discourage or promote them, but left them for Mather's consideration.
Although I left decisions on less vital issues for Mather, I was dead serious, firm, and decisive about others, especially the effects on the parks due to the conclusion of the war. The most immediate problem that arose was Secretary Lane's enthusiastic endorsement of a program to reward our returning war veterans with public lands, farms, and ranches to start new lives.
On the surface this idea sounded fine, but it quickly turned into something else when suggestions were made as to how these lands could be made more productive by providing more water for irrigation. At the top of the list for proposed irrigation projects was Yellowstone Park, including Lewis, Shoshone, Yellowstone, and Heart Lakes as well as the incomparable Falls River Basin in the southwest corner.
Darns were projected for all of them that would flood huge sections of timberland, bringing wholesale desecration to these vast wilderness areas. Not only were dead trees a blot on the landscape, but they were a source of serious water pollution. In the National Park Service annual report of 1919, I deplored the utilization of the lakes and the Falls River Basin for irrigation. The loss of this precious land, I wrote, would only be "for the benefit of a few individuals or corporations."
This situation couldn't wait for Mather's return. Perhaps because I believed I would be out of the Interior Department soon or because I no longer had as much awe and respect for Secretary Lane, I openly crossed swords with him about Yellowstone. I wrote a eight-page "brief" arguing that these irrigation dams would destroy a wilderness that was ordained by law to be kept "unimpaired." He read my paper and, right in front of me, angrily tore it in half, threw it in the wastepaper basket, and, without a word, signaled me to leave his office.
There was obviously nothing more to be done at the Interior Department, so I turned my attention to the Capitol. I sought out conservation friends here, passed out a one-page version of my arguments to Lane, and especially warned them to be on the lookout for the bills when they were brought before committees. This was just the start of the Yellowstone irrigation confrontation, and within a few months I was deeply embroiled in it once more.
Mr. Mather didn't come back to Washington immediately after he returned to Chicago from Hawaii. I was on pins and needles until the morning he did show up. He dropped an orange paper lei around my neck, clapped me on the back, and laughingly said, "All right, Horace, the time has come for a showdown!"
We were closeted in his office for hours. He started off by telling me that Secretary Lane had assured him that it was our decision, that he'd go along with whatever we decided. But then he never got to the central issue, never directly referred to my letter. It seemed as if he was stalling as we discussed mundane park problems, including a new superintendent for Glacier, the Yosemite road, and other like matters.
I finally blurted out, "Mr. Mather, I have resigned from the Park Service, so I really don't know why you are bothering to go over all these things with me."
This must have startled him, for he immediately became serious: "You're not really going to leave me in the lurch, Horace, are you? You yourself said that we were a team, that we would be in this thing together." From there the conversation quickly picked up steam, and all the arguments were exchanged. Mather purred like a cat in his most charming and persuasive style while I was in my best legal form. Of course, it ended as we both knew it would. He proposed the exact thing I wanted, and, by my acceptance, he gained what he wanted.
I would assume the superintendency of Yellowstone National Park on July 1, 1919, along with a house, official car, and raise in salary to thirty-six hundred dollars per annum. Chester Lindsley would become my assistant superintendent. I would relinquish my tide of assistant director. We agreed that together we would pick out a new assistant director, who would remain in the Washington office constantly, so that Mather could also get away most of the time.
Instead I would be designated assistant to the director. In this capacity I would continue to oversee all the field operations as well as come to Washington for a few months in the winter when Yellowstone was closed. I would still be responsible for the budget, working up appropriations and testifying about them before the congressional committees, and promoting legislation concerning the parks.
With this settled, Mather wasted no time in outlining things he wanted me to work on until it was time to go to Yellowstone. Then he grinned at me and said, "Horace, I'm going to start your new salary before then, so you'll have a little extra to move on." He arranged this by getting Lane to appoint me as of June 10 and start my new salary on that date.
Before the law shutting off private payments to government workers went into effect on July 1, Mather gave Grace and me a personal check for one thousand dollars. It was an awesome sum to us, and we were eternally grateful to this kind, thoughtful man. His note that accompanied the check read: "You may have to keep your little Washington apartment for awhile with some necessities, and Grace can't live with all that old army furniture in Yellowstone. You'll need something better—and a lot more of it—for that huge, old stone barn you're moving into. At least I want a better bed than Brett's iron monster when I come to visit—which will be often!"
Shortly after our agreement was reached, Mr. Mather and I came to a decision about a new assistant director for the Washington office. It was to be Arno B. Cammerer.
Cammerer was born in 1883. Financial problems in his family forced him to quit high school, and he left Nebraska and came to Washington. Here he took secretarial courses, finished high school, and went to Georgetown University Law School by night. He worked as a clerk in the Treasury Department by day. In 1916 he was chosen assistant secretary to the National Commission of Fine Arts and first secretary of the Public Buildings Commission of Congress. In this position he prepared annual budgets, testified before Congress, handled financial accounts. The commission was in charge of the District of Columbia parkway system, the construction of the Lincoln Memorial, and the care of other structures.
Although we both knew Cammerer casually, Mather made some in depth, discreet inquiries. From these, we came to the conclusion that he would be perfect to handle the bureau, allowing both of us to be absent from Washington a good deal of the time.
Of course, we recognized that he knew nothing about national parks, but his administrative ability, extensive financial work, supervision of office staffs, and knowledge of congressional budget and legislative processes made him the perfect man for Mather. He was very intelligent and would pick up park affairs in short order. Above all he was hard-working, amiable, and even-tempered, with a great sense of humor and an optimistic, businesslike devotion to duty. Mather and I liked him immediately and immensely.
Mather offered Cammerer the position of assistant director, and he took his place on July 3, two days after my appointment as superintendent of Yellowstone was activated. "Cam," as we always called him, proved invaluable, and through the years we regarded ourselves as a triumvirate.
The Washington situation was in good shape, so I headed back to California once more. I wanted to be sure of Grace's reaction to the decisions reached in Washington. Of course, I'd written her all the details. I was sure they met with her approval, but it wasn't until I arrived in Berkeley and saw her excitement and happiness that I was completely ready to face my new challenge.
Grace felt her life had been turned around. We would be together most of the time, although she knew probably better than Mr. Mather and me that I'd be away on park affairs more than imagined. But in the meantime, the Albright family would enjoy a real home. She loved Yellowstone.
On June 10, 1919, I received a beautifully engraved parchment document signed by Secretary Lane proclaiming me superintendent of Yellowstone National Park. With this was a formal letter from him confirming the appointment.
In view of the strained relations between Lane and me since the preceding November, I was astonished to see that there was a four-page note attached by a paper clip. It was scrawled in pencil on five-by-eightinch official Department of the Interior stationery. It was in Lane's handwriting but unsigned: "I want you to understand that we part with you here with great regret and because of your sure knowledge of the parks we shall feel free to call upon you to do some larger work than others in your position. From time to time Mr. Mather will call upon you to give him your opinion on phases of administration in the other parks but this must be done in such as way as to keep from any semblance of subordinating other superintendents to you and I know that your tact will not permit this impression going out."
* * *
The Albright family arrived in West Yellowstone on July 14, 1919, and occupied our huge stone house the next day. As I was exploring my new office, Jack Haynes, who had the photographic concession in the park, sent a fellow over to take some pictures of me on my first day as superintendent of Yellowstone. I was delighted, as I had my full-dress National Park Service uniform on.
Before going outside for the picture-taking session, I studied myself in the mirror. The uniform was fine. With fear and trepidation, I had ordered it by mail, but it fit perfectly. My puttees were polished, my hat was squarely on my head, but I still looked too young.
Although my age had never handicapped me, I was always so conscious of it. This particular day I was especially bothered that I not only was twenty-nine, but looked twenty-nine. After considering the problem, I decided my pince-nez glasses would do the trick. I pinched them on my nose, straightened my tie, and assumed my pose on the bottom step of my headquarters. Solemnly staring at the camera for my first official photograph as superintendent of Yellowstone National Park, I felt a surge of happiness go through me. All the doubts, depression, and fears were gone. There was nothing but opportunity to make this land, the size of Rhode Island and Delaware, into a shining example of what a national park could be. I was filled with anticipation of work to be done, goals to be reached, and years of sunshine ahead in this strange and beautiful wilderness.
I always remembered this day as one of the proudest moments of my entire life.


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Blue Raspberry Slushy Slime
Product Description
(6oz) Super crunchy clear glue based blue slushy slime sprinkled with iridescent glitters. Smells just like the name. This slime is blue raspberry slushy scented.
Note: This slime is not edible. Recommended for ages 8 and up. Slime care instruction sheet and a bag of borax will be provided with your order so you can fix & maintain your slime.


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Using it helps us love our neighbors and do some good for them.
For more about it and to introduce it to your neighbors see http://www.nextdoor.com/!AWQZJA
This is a new educational effort of your SBCC (Small Business Chamber of Commerce, Inc.) We are working to create a network people to be ambassadors in their own local community and to help others do the same. For more see www.SmallBizChamber.org John Wren (303)861-1447.


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Aid2People is a platform for social engagement.
Aid2people is a platform for social engagement where a privat person or a company can donate for different purposes. The special twist at aid2people is the chance for organisations, foundations, companies and privat persons to meet and connect for the greater good. One of the benefits of Aid2people is there decision to cover all intermediate cost, including transactions costs, so that 100% of a donations are send to the projects.
You can donate directly to on of the many projects or open up a crowdfunding group to collect a larger amount on money together with some friends.
Find more about aid2people in our christmas story.
Concept & Development


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Forex Expert Advisors – are automatic trading systems which control your trades based on internal predefined algorithms.
Over the past century, the general principles of trading haven't changed a whole lot. Long term success is always with the trader that manages to make more gains than losses. The leaders of the market have changed and interchanged, and new technical tools were devised. However, with the onset of the age of personal computers, the mechanics of decision making in trading began to change drastically.
In the 70s and 80s trading professionals began actively using PCs to analyze information from exchanges. By the early 90s many user programs allowed to not only analyze and feed market data, but to also begin automating decision making.
Nowadays, something that was previously only accessible to a select few traders from Wall Street is becoming increasingly popular, that is – using Expert Advisors.
So what is an Expert Advisor?
An Expert Advisor (also known as trading robots) are usually programs/plugins that do the following:
1) Process market quotes from your price feed
2) Conduct technical analysis of this market data
3) Inform you of trade opportunities with signals, or open and manage trades automatically on your behalf.
The main basis of building an expert advisor is having a trading strategy – a set of trading rules which, if followed will provide you with a steady and positive win/loss ratio.
What are the advantages of using Expert Advisors?
First off, you need to understand that a Forex robot is a software piece, which is not affected by any of the typical human misgivings, such as having to eat or sleep, spending time to rest and have fun, etc. An Expert Advisor can be active on the market round the clock, constantly analyzing data and looking for an optimal moment to open a trade. Using such automated Expert Advisors always makes the traders life easier. Besides, being based on a tested and complicated trading strategy, an EA will keep you safe from many of the rookie mistakes that new traders tend to make. Software has no emotions, and only it's strict and solid trading strategy to guide it.
What are the drawbacks?
Apart from the obvious advantages, Expert Advisors have several minor drawbacks, which you need to be aware of nevertheless.
1) Creating a profitable trading strategy, and programming it into a Forex robot can be quite a feat. This often makes the software expensive as it can only be created by experts.
2) The EA will only do that, which it is programmed to do.
3) An EA does not adapt – it will repeat the same mistake again and again, until it is either switched off, or changes in the code are made to fix the algorithm.


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What Is Trojan:HTML/Phish?
Recently, a kind of Trojan is discovered and we call it Trojan:HTML/Phish. As you know, the name of Trojan:HTML/Phish doesn't make any sense since it is hideous and users will never know what forms will it appears on the PC. sometimes, it will hide on the doc., HTML, or exe. It is unpredictable.
Trojan:HTML/Phish will control the entire system since it entered into your PC, and the first thing is to close all the securing capacities and debilitate your firewall in order to evacuate the hindrances for hackers or for virus. Later, Trojan:HTML/Phish starts to get harmful stuff inside, for example, adware, spyware, or even virus. Also, it is qualified as the instrument of programmers who tries to control your PC and get your data and personal information which will make them a big fortune.
Trojan:HTML/Phish will likewise serve as a burglary itself which will take your money from your online bank. It can take your records, passwords, ID, and phone numbers. what's more, if necessary, it will mirror your practices to pass the confirmation of credit card or whatever other computerized ledgers. indeed, even you occasional deposit money on the web, these data can be used in alternate tricks by offenders. Continue reading "How to Remove Trojan:HTML/Phish? (Apr. 2018 update)"


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Just because I'm a proud mom, and because I think this is pretty cool, I'm sharing my Adam's latest music video:
Adam is a passionate fan of traditional Irish and Scottish music. He's actually pretty passionate about music in general. My house is constantly filled with the stuff – whether he's jamming on his drum set, strumming a banjo or ukelele, or learning a new tune on a low whistle. I think when he goes off to college in about a month, the most challenging issue I will face is dealing with the silence he'll leave in his wake.
I hope you can take a few moments today, enjoy Adam's passion for his tunes, share them with a friend, and ponder the gifts God has gloriously bestowed within YOU!
A question for you: What would you call some of your life's greatest passions?


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This Event Has Finished
The Poetry and Passion of Pablo Neruda
Poet, diplomat, senator, champion of the working man, citizen of the world, lover and bon vivant – Chilean Pablo Neruda wrote what he lived and lived what he wrote. His life and his art were inseparable and his passion for both, contagious. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature in 1971. The raw sensuality and tenderness of his love poetry; the surreal simplicity of his celebration of all things ordinary; the power of his epic poetry and his passion for social justice, is testimony to a man whose life's work remains as vital today as it ever was.
Neruda's poetry will be read by actor David Soul who performed in The Watermill's production of Mack and Mable. David is best known for his role as Hutch in the US TV series Starsky and Hutch and is a veteran of film, TV and theatre. Joining David will be guitarist Hugh Burns who has worked with a range of musicians from Paul McCartney to Placido Domingo.
There will be a question and answer session at the end of the performance with Adam Feinstein, writer, poet, translator and author of the acclaimed biography, Pablo Neruda: A Passion for Life.
Tickets: £15 to £14.50
The Watermill Theatre
Always check with event organisers before travelling