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Rebecca Egger
Landscape Designer
Rebecca Egger works on a variety of municipal, educational and residential retirement projects, seeing the majority of these from concept to construction. She has a strong working knowledge of landscape requirements related to municipal approvals. Rebecca is detail-oriented with excellent communication and project management skills. This has helped her build solid working relationships with clients and contractors. She delivers efficient and effective administration during the construction process, both during meetings and in the field.
Rebecca completed her Bachelor of Landscape Architecture degree with Honours at the University of Guelph, and she is an Associate Member of the Ontario Association of Landscape Architects. Having grown up in Southwestern Ontario, the rural landscape inspired her to study landscape architecture with a focus in geography. Over the course of her studies, she has taken an interest in designing for the elderly. She completed her thesis on designing for the health and well-being of the elderly. She has been involved in the outdoor concept and design of various retirement homes. Rebecca understands the importance of outdoor environments and how they can influence our health and well-being; no matter age. She strives to understand place, and find balance between natural and built environments.


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Hello my friends! On this post I'll be using the Lepou LE456 plugin along with some cab impulses.
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USA. Milwaukee. Wisconsin. 2017. Caleb, a farmhouse boy. © Bruce Gilden / Magnum Photos & USA. Iowa. 2017. Jenna, a farm girl. © Bruce English language name Bruce arrived in Scotland with the Normans, from the place name Brix, Manche in Normandy, France, meaning Gilden / Magnum Photos.
Bruce Gilden, recognized as 'Brutal Bruce' is the infamous shock jock of photography most known for his close-up flash photography of 'interesting' looking New Yorkers contemporary about their business as they get flash gunned in his shots. He's not exactly your average candid street photographer and grew up with a well supplied on go get it attitude to getting the shots he wants when he wants. Perhaps an artist obsessed by his style and the necessary steps to get the images he wants.
Bruce's Farm-toun exhibition is the showcase feature of the Leica Collectors' Lounge on the balcony of Somerset house in London. It's Leica's part of the photo London week from 17h to 20th May 2018.
Stuart Fawcett retreated along to the launch vernissage event for ePHOTOzine to see the images first hand.
If you stand next to the massy images they dominate the environment you are standing in, you cannot help but react to the space you share with the portrait of the person. Do you remember your whippersnapper, worry over your imperfections and how to deal with acne and bad hair days? Then do you still see the shock of the images or would you see the beauty in the looks and the determined look in their faces, do you see sadness or anger? I think one thing is undeniable – the technical quality of these images is amazing and the detail up mean is brilliant, sometimes you can almost see Bruce's reflection holding his flashgun in their eyes.
I went to Bruce's exhibition with big arrangements about a man that was rude to people, and showed us subjects we don't normally see, in ways that don't immediately flatter them. I'm Nautical port with a question still to answer, is Bruce making a name for himself at the expense of people's discomfort, imperfections and eccentricities; or is he just eclipse us real people we don't normally see or associate with, forcing us to see humanity in strangers? I think these Farm boys and girls have the surpluses already stacked against them at a young age, yet I see a determination in each of them to succeed in their ambitions – so they really are quite as if most of us after all.
The Leica exhibition is just a small part of the massive Photo London exhibition, with numerous galleries there showing off thousands of artistic photographs from around the world to collectors and photographers alike. The event is on until 20th May.
The ideas were taken with a 37 Megapixel Leica S-System with or WITH may refer to: Carl Johannes With (1877–1923), Danish doctor and arachnologist With (character), a character in D. N. Angel a sensor area 50{b2ee9981cbbb8b0b163040ea529e4efa9927b5e917c58e02d7678b19266ae8ff} larger than broad frame.
Republished: ephotozine.com


text: Soli Deo Gloria, a Latin phrase which means Glory to God Alone. Another meaning, "to the only God" and also, "to the Immortal, Invisible, Unique, Wise God" is a favorite. This is an original copyrighted design from artist Pamela Hill and is not to be reproduced or copied in any form without the written permission of Pamela Hill Designs, LLC.


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Why is the Conservative Party silent while our old liberties fall among thieves?
This letter from the Earl of Onslow to David Cameron appeared in The Guardian "Comment is Free" section in 2006. The questions he raises are more urgently demanding of an answer now than they were three years ago, as the General Election that must be held by June 2010 gets ever nearer.
An open letter to the Conservative leader
A leading Tory peer tells David Cameron that he should be restoring the party's traditional values on liberties
Dear Mr Cameron,
You and I are Conservatives. It could even be said that we both had a traditional upbringing. I have always understood that we Conservatives have been at our best when we use conservative and traditional methods for constructive change. From our beginnings in the Restoration parliament as defenders of church and king, we have seen ancient liberties as the key to the advancement of our fellow citizens.
Throughout the centuries, that Conservative-Tory tradition has been used for the immense benefit of our people. Peel's Tamworth Manifesto stated that so clearly in 1834. That is why we have been the most successful and long-lasting political party in history. From the Stuart kings to the modern, mass-political democracy, our great party has defended our constitution and benefited our country.
Something is missing from our rhetoric. We have a government by a party that reinvented itself by being ashamed of its roots and determinedly betrayed the traditions and ideas of its founders. They may well have been right so to do, but they cannot be trusted to hold dear the traditions of others.
In no order of awfulness, this government has emasculated the House of Commons by the permanent use of guillotines. On the whim of the Prime Minister, the Lord Chancellorship has been neutered, removing a voice of law from the cabinet.
Those instances are on the parliamentary front, but what the government has done to the liberty of the subject is far worse. Note that I say liberty of the subject, not the rights of the citizen. That is because liberties are boundless unless circumscribed by law and rights are, by their nature, circumscribed.
It has repealed the law on double jeopardy. With Asbos, it has sent to prison some of the young on hearsay evidence for things that are not even criminal. It has created a centralised register held by the government on all citizens and proposes to force them to have ID cards. It has formed a police force with unprecedented powers of arrest – the Serious Organised Crime Agency – over which the Home Secretary has authority no predecessor has previously enjoyed.
Through its control orders, it has introduced a system of deprivation of liberty without trial on the say-so of the executive. It has passed the Civil Contingencies Act that allows a minister to override any statute after the calling of a state of emergency and now there is the Regulatory Reform Bill, which has been described as 'the abolition of parliament bill' and against which our party did not even vote at second reading. This gives gauleiter-like powers to ministers which we are blandly told will not be used.
The government has allowed the retention by the police of DNA details of thousands of innocents and it has given us section 81 (6) of the Asylum and Immigration (Treatment of Claims) Act 2004 which amends the Nationality, Immigration and Asylums Act 2002, creating a single-tier appeals procedure which Lord Steyn, in a recent lecture, described as, in effect, ousting the jurisdiction of ordinary courts. The government has introduced anti-terrorism stop-and-search powers that are constantly being misused, such as when the elderly Walter Wolfgang was ejected from the Labour conference.
This list is by no means comprehensive. What surprises, worries and depresses me is the apparent relative quietude on the part of the Conservative party on these issues. I repeat – it did not vote against the Regulatory Reform Bill on second reading. It has not remembered the great Edward Gibbon's comment on Augustus Caesar's Rome: 'The principles of a free constitution are irrecoverably lost when the legislative power is nominated by the executive.'
It was dozy on the Civil Contingencies Act until the excellent Peta Buscombe in our house took it up; this from the party which, since the restoration of Charles II, has been so jealous of our constitution. Have we a guilty secret?
Remember Burke saying: 'All that is necessary for the triumph of evil is that good men do nothing.' Why are we not shouting from the hustings that we will return to the people their ancient liberties?
Why, Mr Cameron, is the Conservative party passing by on the other side while our old liberties fall among thieves?
Yours sincerely, Onslow
· The Earl of Onslow is one of the 92 hereditary peers and takes the Conservative whip.


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Public Domain Photos – Bee in Flight over brightly colored Flowers
Free Stock Photography – Bumble bee in Flight Over Flower / Spring Time / Honey bee loaded with pollen / Bee on Flowers
The main picture was taken with a Canon brand camera, model Canon EOS 500D on Friday 5th August 2011 by the Emilian Robert Vicol photographer.
As basic settings, an exposure time of 1/2000 (0.5ms ) was used with aperture f/5.6 and the ISO Speed of the camera was 1600. Actual focal length of the lens was 49/1 (49mm) with EF-S18-55mm f/3.5-5.6 IS lens model (range).
The actual file size is 5.66 MBytes, resolution is 4752px on the horizontal and 3168px on the vertically and the original (or modified) file name is Bee-in-Flight-over-Colored-Flowers__105796.jpg (media type is image/jpeg).
The photo original orientation was portret with an X Resolution DPI equal to 72/1 and Y-Resolution DPI equal to 72/1.
Other camera settings (and APEX value) were the lens aperture 327680/65536, status of flash equal with 16, shutter speed 720896/65536 and brightness value unknown.
Note: The current image size corresponds to the original version but the original photo orientation it was changed to landscape.


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The stackable Joy box is a modern looking, practical item for storage and display. It incorporates solid wood and coloured board. The boxes stack so as to form a neat bookcase on different levels. It comes in grey, white and black. The colours can be mixed or kept the same, either way, it defines a room as modern.
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text: LONDON (MarketWatch) -- Irish low-cost airline Ryanair PLC RYAAY, +1.46% RYA, +1.50% said it will add eight new routes to the U.K., with two new routes to London, four new routes to Liverpool and one route to Glasgow and Newcastle each. Ryanair will also launch a tourism drive after the recent London bomb attacks to encourage visitors to come to London by releasing 3 million seats at a price of 1 pound or 1 euro, plus taxes, for travel during August, September and October. "It is more important than ever that the leading players in London and British tourism such as Ryanair... show the terrorists that we will not be put off by their atrocities," said CEO Michael O'Leary.


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Photo by Aaron Burden on Unsplash
What is the ISEE?
The ISEE consists of five sections at three levels designed to measure the verbal and quantitative reasoning and achievement of students in grades 4–11 seeking admission to grades 5–12 in independent schools. Students seeking admission to grades 5 or 6 take the Lower Level; students seeking admission to grades 7 or 8 take the Middle Level; and students seeking admission to grades 9–12 take the Upper Level.
When can you take the ISEE?
Students can take the ISEE up to three times in a 12-month admission cycle, once in any or all of the three testing seasons. The seasons are Fall (August–November), Winter (December–March), and Spring/Summer (April–July).
What is tested on the ISEE?
The five sections that make up the ISEE are (in order of testing): Verbal Reasoning, Quantitative Reasoning, Reading Comprehension, Mathematics Achievement, and an Essay which is written by the student in response to a given writing prompt.
What do all these acronyms stand for?
What types of questions are on the ISEE?
The Verbal Reasoning, Quantitative Reasoning, Reading Comprehension, and Math Achievement sections contain only multiple-choice questions. Each question has four choices. Only one answer is the correct or "best" answer. The Essay section requires the student to write an essay in response to a prompt.
How long is the ISEE Lower Level Test (Grades 4-5)?
Total: 2 hours, 20 minutes
How long is the ISEE Middle Level Test (Grades 6-7)?
Total: 2 hours, 40 minutes
How long is the ISEE Upper Level Test (Grades 8-11)?
Total: 2 hours, 40 minutes
What does the ISEE measure?
The ISEE does not measure your student's IQ. It measures the readiness level of the student and academic standing. Is the student prepared for the school of his or her choice?
Are there any breaks during the test?
There are two breaks—one following the Quantitative Reasoning section and another following the Math Achievement section. Each break is five to ten minutes long.
How soon will I receive my student's scores?
The ISR is posted to the parent online account after scoring, which is approximately 10–14 days after testing. For paper testing, optional expedited receipt of scores online is available to you for an additional $40. This enables the parent to receive the scores on the day the test is scored. An email will be sent to notify you when the scores have posted to your online account, usually the Monday, Wednesday, or Friday after the test.
What happens to my scores?
After paper testing, answers and essays are sent to the ISEE Operations Office for scoring of the four multiple choice sections and production of the Individual Student Report (ISR). Copies of the ISR may be emailed to the parent, ERB members, or both. The ISR is posted to the parent online account after scoring, which is approximately 10–14 days after testing. The essay, which is not scored and not released to the parent, is released online (with the ISR) to ERB members. School score reports do not list any recipients other than the individual school receiving the report.
What materials should students bring to the test?
For paper testing only, students should bring four #2 pencils and two pens with either blue or black ink. Students may choose to use erasable ink.
What materials are prohibited during the test?
Most materials other than writing implements are prohibited. Specifically, scratch paper, calculators, calculator watches, rulers, protractors, compasses, dictionaries, and thesauruses are NOT permitted during the actual test.
Will my student be penalized for wrong answers?
Scores are based on the number of correct answers. There is no penalty for wrong answers on the ISEE. So, answer every question, and guess when necessary.
What is the difference between the 'raw' and 'scaled' scores?
A raw score represents the number correct. If a student got 31 items correct, then the raw score is simply 31. A scaled score is a raw score that has been converted to a different numerical scale, e.g., 200–800. The raw score scale ranges from 0–maximum score, while the scaled score range consists of higher numbers with a somewhat arbitrary minimum and maximum score. The range of scaled scores on the ISEE is 760–940.
What in the world is a 'stanine'?
The test is the same for different grade levels, e.g. upper level is for 8 to 11 graders. How will be my student judged?
A stanine score is based on percentile ranks. Percentile ranks range from 1–99, while stanines range from 1–9. In general, a stanine score of 1–3 is below average, 4–6 is average, and 7–9 is above average.
Percentile Rank Stanine
This is a common question parents have. Your student gets a percentile rank and is only compared to students at the same grade level over the past 3 years. So a 9th grader will only be compared to other 9th graders.
How do I sign up for the test?
Sign up here! https://iseeonline.erblearn.org/
What is a Superscore?
Many students take the SAT and the ACT more than once. The question that students often have is which scores should they send to colleges to present their best self?
It depends on the school. Some colleges want all test scores from all the dates. So you cannot be selective. Some schools consider your highest overall score from a single test date, and others would consider a composite of your highest section scores from all test dates. The last one is the Superscore of your test scores.
How To Calculate Your Superscore
Your SAT Score Strategy
If you take the SAT, you will have the option through the College Board's reporting tool Score Choice™ to decide by test date which scores will appear on the score reports that the College Board will send to colleges. You may choose, for example, to eliminate your lowest test score from the report for those colleges that don't require you to send all test scores.
Your ACT Score Strategy
If you take the ACT, a record is created each time you take the test, and you tell ACT which test records to release to schools. ACT will send only the test dates you request. Decide which and how many dates to send based on your scores and the school's guidelines about super scoring. If a college requests all of your ACT scores, it's up to you to ensure that all your test records are released to that school. Also remember you can always cancel your ACT scores even after receiving it!
List of Colleges that Superscore the ACT and the SAT
SAT: https://secure-media.collegeboard.org/digitalServices/pdf/professionals/sat-score-use-practices-participating-institutions.pdf
ACT: https://www.princetonreview.com/college-advice/colleges-superscore-act
December 2018


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4 months ago
With super short Asian lashes, I wouldn't go as far to say that this mascara is "waterproof", but it definitely stays on through a tough workout or humid environment! I usually use this in conjunction with a more volumizing mascara, because this one enhances length a bit more, and this mascara holds a curl wonderfully! The brush does a great job of grasping all of your lashes, but …Read more
About reviewer (30 reviews)
SkinCombination, Tan, Neutral
HairBrunette, Straight, Fine


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Problems reporting abuse to registrars and hosting companies
We all complain about malware and phishing sites and wonder why it takes so long to take them down / remove the content. Many independent researchers have extreme problems reporting abuse to many registrars and hosting companies.
In the same way as there are good and bad people in the real world, there are good, bad and indifferent domain registrars and hosting companies working in the virtual world.
Lets take ONE example of a "problem" I came up against very recently. If you look at this post. You see a website has been set up with the sole intention of being a fraud site and to distribute malware. The site in question is http://fedexship.us/ and the actual part of the site spreading the malware is http://www.fedexship.us/order-US10293709820.pdf…….jar which is registered and hosted by a US based registrar / hosting company called Namecheap. This registrar / hosting company comes up frequently in searches for cheap and good deals on domain registration and cheap web hosting.
Normally the quickest way to report a website that is obviously performing illegal acts ( like this one) and / or infringing the web hosts terms and conditions of services is to tweet to their support / Social Media team who in an efficient web hosting company immediately press the red alarm button and alert the correct department, who will take speedy action and remove or suspend the domain / website while investigating. Anybody with a modicum of knowledge would see the site fedexship.us/ as a malware spreading site and protect their network by removing it as quickly as possible. About 50% of hosting companies who have a 24/7 social media team work in this way and are to be congratulated on their efficiency in protecting both themselves and the public at large.
In the connected world today, Twitter, Facebook and other social media sites are the easiest and quickest way to contact a company. It is more guaranteed that they see the tweet. Email often gets blocked or lost on the way. Emailing abuse reports is fraught with difficulties, especially when you include the site name in the email. Loads of well set up email servers will block & reject emails that have links to known malware sites in the body of the email. The major antivirus / anti-spam companies are normally much quicker in adding malware spreading sites to their databases, especially using the cloud.
Now you get cases where the site is obviously hacked or compromised. That can be a bit harder to deal with, but again a responsible hosting company will quickly suspend the site to prevent the spread of malware ( or phishing scam ) . They then work with the affected customer to clean up the site and hopefully prevent further intrusion and compromise.
Now lets get to the other 50% which tends to include several of the major hosting companies, including Namecheap and Godaddy being just 2 examples. If you tweet, you sometimes get a reply saying go to our support site and open a ticket. We cannot deal with abuse or support issues via social media. I really don't know why they have a social media presence except to tick the right boxes.
In this case I tweeted and was advised to submit a ticket at https://support.namecheap.com/index.php?/Tickets/Submit which I did albeit 2 days later, because I have not been in front of a computer for the last 2 days.
To my absolute shock and horror I received this email in reply to the submission. They have created an account for me to check on progress of the report and emailed me a password in plain text. Do they not know the risks of sending passwords via email. Anybody could get hold of that password. I might have been using a throwaway email address on one of the sites where all emails are displayed in full details for anybody to see. ( Many researchers frequently monitor these throwaway email address sites to get new samples of malware & phishing)
Several researchers are having a conversation with Namecheap about the way they store passwords in their system ( and send via email ). I would have thought that any responsible company would have learned from recent compromises and passwords leaked and immediately stopped storing any user name & passwords in plain text
This twitter conversation makes for very interesting reading
I have previously posted about the inefficiencies of Namecheap HERE I am not saying they are a bad registrar or any worse than any other registrar / hosting company out there, just that they have some practices and glaring security vulnerabilities that are quite easy to exploit in their set up. It is all too easy to register a domain with fake or incorrect details with this registrar and with many others. Until we tighten up on domain registration and check / validate all the registrants details fully and carefully before issuing a domain, we will continue to get problems like this one, with spoof, phishing, fake sites spreading malware.


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Regular price
$ 119.00
Antaeus Cologne by Chanel is a men's woody chypre fragrance with woody, smoky, leather, balsamic, and aromatic main accords.
It has heavy to enormous sillage and long lasting to very long lasting longevity.
Launched in 1981, this scent was created by Grasse-trained Jacques Polge, the head perfumer at Chanel from 1978 to 2015.
Myrrh and clary sage lead the top notes, along with bergamot, coriander, Amalfi lemon, and lime. Rose dominates the heart notes, with contributions from jasmine,basil, and thyme. Castoreum rules the base notes, followed by French labdanum, oakmoss, and patchouli.Chanel is the legendary fashion house founded by Gabrielle "Coco" Chanel in 1910. The brand has maintained its reputation for elegant, simple fashions that have become classic and timeless. Pants for women and the so-called little black dress are among the major innovations. The fragrance line was launched in 1921 with the still-iconic Chanel No. 5 and continues to produce new scents.
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Don't fancy celebrating Valentine's Day in Paris or Italy? Fair enough. Conventional destinations aren't everyone's cup of tea. These days, the trend is all about thinking out of the box, and being offbeat! So on Valentine's Day skip the regular digs and have an unforgettable Valentine's Day vacation at any of following offbeat venues.
What: Rent a gypsy campervan and drive away
Where: New Zealand, Canada, Wales, and Norway, amongst others
"It is good to have an end to journey toward; but it is the journey that matters, in the end." This quote by Ernest Hemingway is the best possible way to describe traveling in a campervan. Rent out a campervan and travel wherever you want, with all your homely comforts, at your own pace. New Zealand, Canada, Wales and Norway are few of the most amazing destinations you can explore, studded with dramatic landscapes and plenty of camping grounds. If you thought going on long drives with your loved one was fun and romantic, wait till you hop onto a campervan!
What: Hike up to the foothills of the Himalayas
Where: India, Nepal and Bhutan
Is your valentine a mountain person or a hiking enthusiast? If yes, Namaste my friend, it's time to head to the Himalayas! Seriously, nothing compares to spending some magical moments on Valentine's Day, at some of the most breath-taking locations amidst the almighty Himalayas. Whether you travel to India, Nepal or Bhutan, the snow-clad Himalayas will leave you hypnotised.
Celebrating Valentine's Day in Dubai? Check out these 5 Romantic Hotels!
What: Savour a date at the base of Angel Falls, the highest waterfall in the world
Where: Venezuela, South America
Measure the depth of your love, literally (!), by spending Valentine's Day in Venezuela, on the top of Angel Falls, the highest uninterrupted waterfall in the world! Almost 15 times higher than the Niagara Falls, this waterfall cascades down from the edge of Auyantepui Mountain, and to get here, you would need to take a flight from Puerto Ordaz or Ciudad Bolivar, to Canaima camp, the point from where the base of the falls begins. Either celebrate at the base of the falls, or enjoy a chopper ride and tour the falls from the top!
What: Night bicycle ride on Netherlands' Solar Bike Path
Where: Krommenie, Netherlands
As if Netherlands wasn't awesome enough already, it's now home to a state-of-the-art, one-of-a-kind, glow-in-the-dark, solar-powered bike path which illuminates beautifully with over 50,000 stones coated with phosphorous paint, along with solar LED lights. This designer bike path is inspired by Van Gogh's masterpiece "Starry Night", and was built in honour of the man himself. Imagine enjoying a captivating bike ride with your valentine along this glowing path under the twinkling night sky – simply out-of-the-world!
Read More: Romance in Georgia – Ultimate Honeymoon Getaway!
What: Enjoy a submarine ride to an underwater restaurant
Where: Al Mahara Restaurant, Dubai
How often do you get to travel to a restaurant in a submarine? Yes, believe it or not, if you're dining at the Al Mahara restaurant in Dubai, you'll need to hitch a submarine ride to get to your table! Housed alongside a huge aquarium, Al Mahara truly stands out with its jaw-dropping ambience and fine seafood. Eating at a good restaurant on Valentine's Day is something that we all do, but if we're talking out-of-the-box, Dubai's Al Mahara is your best bet.


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About Us
NutriScience is a leading producer of animal supplements for the equine, greyhound and pet markets. Established in 1999, the company is based in Waterford, Ireland and has won several business and innovation awards since its inception.
As part of the Swedencare Group, we pride ourselves on our continuous investment in research and development. Our highly-experienced technical team ensures the delivery of excellent product quality and effectiveness. All of the company's products are uniquely formulated based on the most recent scientific research in nutrition.


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Corolla Fishing Report
Good morning, We have some nice weather coming up as we begin to warm for at least a few days. The waves are down today at 1 to 2 feet with a water temp of 46 degrees. We do have reports of some dogfish in the surf and the piers are reporting skate. I guess the good news of that is we are seeing something moving around. Offshore made it out and one of the boats decked 315 pounds of yellowfin so the tuna are out there. The Bluefin above caught on ST. Paddy's day is official, a new state record weighing in at 877#s and 113 inches long.
Thinking of an all-day charter check out the California Girl on our website and the NEW LOWER PRICES on this boat. Capt Troy did lower his price on most of the trips he offers and you can book that boat right on our website it's fast and secure. Or you can call the shop we are glad to help.


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Published at Thursday, August 08th, 2019 - 18:05:25 PM. Wedding Dresses. By Adelaide Lang.
Let's face it. When it comes to wedding dress, most men just can't seem to understand the importance of picking the perfect wedding dress. True, you're only going to be wearing that gown once in your life, and your groom may still feel the inclination to tie the knot even if you showed up dressed in a potato sack, but you very well know that one of the most important days of your life merits an exceptionally special dress.
Be Wary of wedding gown sizing and necessary alterations. You'll find out more about this when you actually head to the bridal boutique to be measured. You may already know your actual size, but don't be too surprised if they tell you that you're a size or two bigger than you thought. This is not to say that they have faulty sizing charts; it only means that wedding dress boutiques and high street shops have a different way of determining your dress size. Your dress size is based on your body's largest dimension.
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Whorf hypothesis is supported in the right visual field but not the left
Contributed by Paul Kay, November 16, 2005
The question of whether language affects perception has been debated largely on the basis of cross-language data, without considering the functional organization of the brain. The nature of this neural organization predicts that, if language affects perception, it should do so more in the right visual field than in the left visual field, an idea unexamined in the debate. Here, we find support for this proposal in lateralized color discrimination tasks. Reaction times to targets in the right visual field were faster when the target and distractor colors had different names; in contrast, reaction times to targets in the left visual field were not affected by the names of the target and distractor colors. Moreover, this pattern was disrupted when participants performed a secondary task that engaged verbal working memory but not a task making comparable demands on spatial working memory. It appears that people view the right (but not the left) half of their visual world through the lens of their native language, providing an unexpected resolution to the language-and-thought debate.
Does the language we speak affect our perception of the world (1, 2)?†† This classic question continues to provoke controversy (3-5). Even in the thoroughly investigated domain of color, some studies suggest that language may affect color perception (6-8), although others suggest that it does not (9-12). However, this question has not been addressed in terms of the functional organization of the brain, which suggests a possible resolution. Specifically, consideration of brain organization predicts that language may affect perception in the right half of the visual field but not in the left half, consistent with both views at once.
Speakers of English judge colors that straddle the English category boundary between "green" and "blue" to be less similar than speakers of Tarahumara, a Uto-Aztecan language of Mexico that, like the majority of the world's languages, uses a single word for these colors (6). Such categorical perception of color is eliminated under conditions designed to interfere with verbal processing (6-8). These results suggest that language may affect perceptual discrimination through the spontaneous but unspoken use of lexical codes. If so, these lexical codes are likely to be more strongly represented in the left hemisphere (LH) of the brain because a preferential involvement of the LH is observed for almost all language tasks (13, 14), including those requiring lexical access (15).
Given the contralateral nature of visual projections to the cortex, information from the right visual field (RVF) would, at least initially, have preferential access to, and be more susceptible to modulation by, lexical representations in the LH. This fact suggests that an effect of language on perceptual discrimination would be seen primarily for stimuli in the RVF. Although some earlier findings (16-19) are compatible with this proposal, to our knowledge it has not been directly tested. We do so here.
We test three predictions based on the hypothesis that language will disproportionately influence color discrimination in the RVF as compared with the left visual field (LVF). First, discrimination between colors from different lexical categories (i.e., that have different names) should be faster when stimuli are displayed in the RVF than when they are displayed in the LVF because the lexical distinction will enhance the perceptual difference. Second, discrimination between colors from the same lexical category should be slower in the RVF than in the LVF, because the assignment of the same name to two colors will diminish the perceptual difference. Third, these laterality effects should be disrupted when language resources are taxed by the demands of an interference task.
Experiment 1, Results, and Discussion
We used a visual search task to test the predictions outlined above. The search involved colors drawn from a set of four, which we designated A, B, C, and D. These four colors form a graded series from green to blue, the green-blue boundary falling between B and C (Fig. 1a ). In the visual search task, each stimulus display consisted of a ring of colored squares surrounding a central fixation marker. All of the squares were of the same color except for one, the target (Fig. 1b ). The target and distractor colors were either from within the same lexical category (e.g., different shades of blue) or from different lexical categories (e.g., a green and a blue). On each trial, participants were asked to indicate whether the target was in the left or right half of the circle, by making speeded keyboard responses with the corresponding hand. In this manner, we manipulated two variables: the visual field of the target and the categorical relationship between the target and distractor colors. This visual search task was performed with or without a concurrent verbal-interference task, which consisted of silently rehearsing an eight-digit number throughout a block of visual search trials and recalling it at the end of the block. There were four types of target-distractor pairs: 1-step within-category (AB and CD), 1-step between-category (BC), 2-step between-category (AC and BD), and 3-step between-category (AD).
Trials in which the participant pressed the wrong key or any nondesignated key or in which the reaction time (RT) was >2SD from the participant's mean were not included in the analysis of the visual search data. About 8% of all trials were excluded by the criteria just mentioned, 75% of these because of erroneous responses. There was an approximately equal distribution of excluded trials between the two visual fields, and error rates were similar for within- and between-category trials. On ≈89% of the blocks with verbal interference, participants entered the correct eight-digit number; on the remaining blocks, errors were typically of the form that participants either failed to report one digit or inverted the order of two digits.
Not surprisingly, there was a significant effect of step size: targets were detected more quickly when they were less similar to distractors [F (2,10) = 12.36, P < 0.01]. The mean RTs for the 3-step, 2-step, and 1-step pairs, respectively, were 402 ms, 407 ms, and 422 ms in the no-interference condition and 428 ms, 433 ms, and 444 ms in the interference condition (collapsed over within- and between-category pairs). This observation confirms that RT in the visual search task is sensitive to the discriminability of the stimuli.
We focus on the 1-step pairs, because it is only at this step size that both within- and between-category pairs exist. The RT data from the no-interference condition were analyzed by using a 2 (visual field: left vs. right) × 2 (pair type: within- vs. between-category) ANOVA (Fig. 1c ). There was a reliable main effect of pair type, with between-category pairs faster than within-category pairs [F (1,10) = 8.43, P < 0.02]. There was no effect of visual field [F (1,10) = 1.57, P = 0.24]. The interaction was significant [F (1,10) = 16.11, P < 0.01], indicating faster between-category discrimination in the RVF.
For the between-category pair, RTs were faster by 14 ms when the target appeared in the RVF than when it appeared in the LVF (t = 2.23, P < 0.05). The opposite pattern approached significance for the within-category pairs: RTs were faster by 8 ms when the target appeared in the LVF than when it appeared in the RVF (t = 1.84, P = 0.09).
We also compared RTs for within-category vs. between-category pairs within each visual field. For RVF targets, participants' responses to the between-category pair were 24 ms faster than to within-category pairs (t = 2.78, P < 0.02). For LVF targets, RTs were similar for within- and between-category pairs (t = 0.19, P = 0.85). Thus, color names influenced RVF responses but not LVF responses.
We performed a similar ANOVA on the data from the verbal-interference condition (Fig. 1d ). The effect of pair type was significant [F (1,10) = 6.75, P < 0.05], but the effect of visual field was not [F (1,10) = 2.89, P = 0.12]. The interaction was again significant [F (1,10) = 26.27, P < 0.01], but the pattern of results was quite different from that observed without interference. Although we had expected that the RVF advantage for the between-category pair would be attenuated when the search task was performed concurrently with the verbal-interference task, we found that RTs on these trials were actually 22 ms faster when the target appeared in the LVF (t = 2.79, P < 0.02). Similarly, RTs for within-category pairs were now 17 ms faster when the target appeared in the RVF (t = 2.31, P < 0.05).
Considering the data by visual field for RVF targets, RTs were now 26 ms slower for the between-category pair than for within-category pairs (t = 2.33, P < 0.05). The opposite pattern approached significance for the LVF: RTs were faster by 13 ms for the between-category pair than for the within-category pairs (t = 2.05, P = 0.07). Thus, the addition of the verbal-interference task reversed the visual field asymmetries observed when the visual search task was performed alone.
Finally, we performed a three-way ANOVA (visual field × pair type × secondary task: no interference vs. verbal interference) directly to compare the no-interference and interference conditions. As expected, there was a main effect of secondary task, with slower RTs when the participants were concurrently engaged in the verbal-interference task [F (1,10) = 6.12, P < 0.05]. Most importantly, the three-way interaction (secondary task: none vs. verbal × visual field × pair type) was reliable [F (2,10) = 16.37, P < 0.01]. Consistent with the results reported above, the secondary task × pair type interaction was only reliable when targets appeared in the RVF [F (1,10) = 27.21, P < 0.01] and not when they appeared in the LVF [F (1,10) = 2.74, P = 0.13].
The results of experiment 1 are consistent with the hypothesis that linguistic categories selectively influence color discrimination in the RVF. Color names modulated color discrimination, enhancing between-category distinctions and perhaps reducing within-category distinctions, but only when the target appeared in the RVF. These effects were disrupted by verbal interference.
Experiment 2, Results, and Discussion
We have assumed that the disruption caused by the interference task was related to its specifically verbal processing requirements. However, it is important to verify this point (7, 8). To this end, we conducted a second experiment, similar to the first, but employing both verbal and nonverbal concurrent interference tasks. In the verbal-interference task, participants were shown a word for a color (e.g., "red") before each visual search trial. They had to remember the word during the visual search; upon seeing the color term at the beginning of the next trial, they were to respond if it matched the one they had seen previously (one-back match). In the nonverbal-interference task, participants had to remember a spatial grid of squares instead (Fig. 2a ). We expected that the influence of language on color discrimination in the RVF would be disrupted by the verbal-interference task but not by the nonverbal-interference task.
Trials were excluded from the RT analysis by using the same criteria as in experiment 1. The mean number of excluded trials was 6%, 8%, and 9% for no-interference, verbal-interference, and nonverbal-interference conditions, respectively, with almost all of these exclusions due to trials in which the wrong key was pressed. Errors were approximately equal for RVF targets and LVF targets.
In the verbal-interference task, participants responded correctly on 91% of the trials for which the interference display matched the previous one; this proportion was 89% in the nonverbal-interference condition. In addition, there were a small number of false alarms. In analyses of the visual search data, we excluded trials occurring after any responses to these secondary tasks.
As in experiment 1, RT was inversely related to step size [F (1,10) = 10.07, P < 0.01]. The mean RTs for the 2-step and 1-step pairs, respectively, were 415 ms and 436 ms in the no-interference condition, 430 ms and 456 ms in the verbal-interference condition, and 433 ms and 456 ms in the nonverbal-interference condition (collapsed over within- and between-category pairs; the 3-step pair AD was not tested in experiment 2).
Focusing again on the 1-step pairs, the results for the no-interference and verbal-interference conditions replicated the results for the corresponding conditions in experiment 1 (Fig. 2 b and c ). Initial analyses with 2 (visual field) × 2 (pair type) ANOVAs for the no-interference and verbal-interference conditions again demonstrated reliable main effects of pair type [no interference, between-category faster: F (1,10) = 9.95, P < 0.01; verbal interference, within-category faster: F (1,10) = 5.87, P < 0.05]. The effect of visual field approached significance for both conditions [no interference: F (1,10) = 3.38, P = 0.10; verbal interference: F (1,10) = 3.72, P = 0.08].
The visual field by pair type interaction was significant in both of these conditions, [no interference: F (1,10) = 12.60, P < 0.01; verbal interference: F (1,10) = 23.46, P < 0.01]. In the no-interference condition, between-category RTs were faster by 16 ms when the target appeared in the RVF than when it appeared in the LVF (t = 2.46, P < 0.05). The opposite pattern was observed for the within-category pairs: RTs were faster by 11 ms when the target appeared in the LVF than when it appeared in the RVF (t = 2.27, P < 0.05). Similar to our analysis for experiment 1, we also compared RTs within each visual field separately. When targets appeared in the RVF, participants' responses were faster by 30 ms for the between-category pair than for the within-category pairs (t = 2.93, P < 0.02). In contrast, when targets appeared in the LVF, RTs for the within-category pairs were not significantly different from those for the between-category pair (t = 0.05, P = 0.96).
As in experiment 1, this pattern was reversed when the participants were required to perform a concurrent verbal-interference task. For the between-category pair, RTs were 20 ms faster when the target appeared in the LVF than in the RVF (t = 2.68, P < 0.05). The RTs for within-category pairs were 13 ms faster when the target appeared in the RVF than when it appeared in the LVF (t = 2.56, P < 0.05). For the within-visual field analyses for RVF targets, RTs were 23 ms slower for the between-category pair than for within-category pairs (t = 2.75, P < 0.05). The opposite pattern approached significance in the LVF: RTs were 10 ms slower for within-category pairs than for between-category pairs (t = 1.88, P = 0.09).
As expected, the results for the nonverbal-interference condition were similar to those observed in the no-interference condition but with generally slower RTs. (Fig. 2d ). The main effect of pair type was significant [F (1,10) = 5.66, P < 0.05], but the effect of visual field was not [F (1,10) = 2.55, P = 0.14], and these factors interacted [F (1,10) = 7.50, P < 0.05]. These results did not resemble those of the verbal-interference condition. For the between-category pair, RTs were 13 ms faster when targets appeared in the RVF than when they appeared in the LVF (t = 2.32, P < 0.05). For within-category pairs, RTs did not differ significantly for targets appearing in the RVF and LVF (t = 0.26, P = 0.80). In the within-visual-field analyses, RVF RTs were 22 ms faster for the between-category pair than for within-category pairs (t = 2.75, P < 0.05). This pattern did not reach significance in the LVF (t = 1.65, P = 0.13).
To compare the verbal- and nonverbal-interference conditions directly, we performed a three-way ANOVA. This analysis revealed a significant three-way interaction between visual field, pair type, and secondary task (by using just two factors, verbal and nonverbal) [F (2,20) = 12.53, P < 0.01]. As can be seen in Fig. 2, the two interference tasks had different effects for targets presented in the RVF, with only the verbal-interference task reversing the between-category advantage. In contrast, the two interference tasks had similar effects for targets in the LVF.
Taken together, these results are consistent with the hypothesis that language modulates color discrimination in the RVF by means of lexical categories, whereas it has little, if any, effect on the discrimination of color in the LVF. Moreover, this pattern is disrupted by verbal, but not by nonverbal, interference.
Experiment 3, Results, and Discussion
The logic of experiments 1 and 2 rests on the assumption that targets in the RVF will be primarily represented in the LH. Although a large body of studies with neurologically intact individuals supports this assumption (14), lateralized inputs can readily become available to both hemispheres, primarily through interhemispheric communication across the corpus callosum. Callosotomy patients provide a less inferential method to bias processing to a single hemisphere and thus can provide converging evidence that language selectively modulates representations in the LH/RVF. We tested one such individual, JW, on a version of the visual search task. JW underwent a two-stage callosotomy operation in 1979-1980 for intractable epilepsy (20). The linguistic competence of each hemisphere in this individual has been extensively documented, and, despite slight improvement in right hemisphere linguistic competence when tested 15 years after surgery, JW has remained consistently left hemisphere language dominant (21). JW has suffered two strokes over the past two years, resulting in LH lesions primarily in the parietal lobe. Chronic deficits related to the stroke include a right-sided somatosensory deficit and reduced dexterity of the right hand. There is no clinically observable neglect or aphasia, and JW had little difficulty understanding and performing the tasks.
Only 5% of the trials were excluded by using the criteria described in experiment 1. Of these excluded trials, 45% involved erroneous responses, 20% involved trials in which a nondesignated key was pressed, and the remainder had RTs beyond 2 SD from the mean. Slightly more exclusions due to a nondesignated key being pressed occurred with the right hand (62%), likely because of JW's coordination problems related to previous strokes, and more exclusions based on the RT criteria were imposed for left-hand responses (68%) than right-hand responses. The erroneous responses were distributed equally for RVF and LVF targets. Similar to the results of the first two experiments, JW was faster at responding on trials with 2-step pairs than on those with 1-step pairs [F (1, 10) = 10.2, P < 0.01]. The mean RTs for the 2- and 1-step pairs were 434 ms and 487 ms, respectively. The 3-step pair, AD, was not tested in this experiment.
For the 1-step pairs (Fig. 3), we observed reliable main effects of visual field [F (1,7) = 22.46, P < 0.01] and pair type [F (1,7) = 7.98, P < 0.05], as well as an interaction of these variables [F (1, 10) = 17.91, P < 0.01]. JW was considerably slower in responding to targets in the RVF, consistent with his right-hand apraxia and somatosensory deficits related to the strokes. Nonetheless, RVF responses for the between-category pair were still 67 ms faster than for the within-category pairs (t = 14.3, P < 0.05). For targets in the LVF, RTs did not differ for the between- and within-category pairs (t = 1.01, P = 0.50). Another way to consider the interaction is to observe that the RVF RT cost was 204 ms for the within-category pairs but only 130 ms for the between-category pair. Thus, although the callosotomy patient is much slower to respond to RVF targets in general, the cost is significantly reduced when the target and distractor can be lexically differentiated.
General Discussion
The results of these three experiments establish that, for the visual search task used here, the Whorf hypothesis is supported most strongly, even exclusively, in the RVF. Experiment 1 showed that color names influence color discrimination in the RVF but not the LVF. Discrimination of colors with different names is faster in the RVF than in the LVF. This experiment also established that this laterality effect was attenuated and even reversed when verbal working memory was taxed by a concurrent interference task. Experiment 2 replicated these results, showing that discrimination of colors in the same category was slower in the RVF than in the LVF, and that a concurrent interference task that taxed spatial working memory did not disrupt the laterality effect. Converging evidence that the laterality effect was related to hemispheric asymmetries was obtained in experiment 3; here, a split-brain patient was shown to have an RVF advantage for between-category discrimination over within-category discrimination.
Whorf referred to the effects of language in terms of how it is used to "cut nature up" (ref. 1, p. 213) without clearly delineating the distinction between perception and other aspects of cognition, such as decision making. When we use the term "perception," we intend it in the same broad sense. We employ the expressions "perceptual discrimination" and "discrimination" specifically to describe our participants' behavior on the visual search task.
There are at least two reasons that color discrimination might be affected by language in our findings, as in the literature more generally. One possibility is that language affects perception directly; by this view, language alters the nature of the early visual response to colors, with this effect especially pronounced in the left hemisphere. Another possibility is that language facilitates postperceptual processes (22, 23). On this view, the effect of language on the decision process is much stronger in the left hemisphere, leading to the categorical effects observed in performance. It is, of course, also possible that there is some truth in both hypotheses. Our results do not discriminate among these possibilities.‡‡ However, whether language affects perception, postperceptual processes, or both, any influence of language on perceptual discrimination clearly falls within the broad formulation of Whorf's hypothesis.
Previous studies addressing the possible influence of language on perception have tended to look for a simple yes or no answer to the question. Our findings suggest a more complex picture, based on the functional organization of the brain. The LH appears to sharpen visual distinctions between lexically defined categories and to blur visual distinctions within these categories, whereas the right hemisphere does so much less, if at all. To the degree that these results can be generalized to everyday perception, our representation of the visual world may be, at one and the same time, filtered and not filtered through the categories of language.
Materials and Methods
Experiment 1. Participants. Thirteen participants were recruited from the University of California, Berkeley, community. The participants (mean age = 20 years) were right-handed, native English speakers, and, based on self-reports, had normal color vision.
Equipment and stimuli. The stimuli A, B, C, and D (Munsell 7.5G, 2.5BG, 7.5BG, and 2.5B) were used in a previous study (6); we used computer-generated versions of them. The color calibration wizard at www.easyrgb.com was used to standardize the computer monitor. The red-green-blue (RGB) values were identified by using a searchable database, also at www.easyrgb.com. The brightness and saturation values were adjusted to make them equal, based on the independent judgments of four observers. The 8-bit RGB values were as follows: A = 0, 171, and 129; B = 0, 170, and 149; C = 0, 170, and 170; and D = 0, 149, and 170.§§ The RGB values for the background were 178, 178, and 178.
Procedure. First, each participant's blue-green lexical boundary was determined. In each trial of this preliminary task, a square stimulus (one of the colors, A, B, C, or D) was presented centrally on a neutral gray screen for 200 ms. Participants labeled the stimulus either green or blue by pressing the "G" or "B" keys on the computer keyboard. Each stimulus was presented 10 times in a total of 40 randomized trials. The lexical boundary was defined as the point of subjective equality (i.e., the estimated value where green would be reported half of the time). Only the 11 participants who placed the blue-green boundary between stimuli B and C were included in analysis of the visual search data.
The visual search itself was then conducted. Each trial began with the onset of a central fixation marker. After 1,000 ms, the stimulus display appeared, consisting of a ring of 12 squares surrounding the fixation marker. Responses were made by pressing one of two horizontally aligned keys on the keyboard, by using either the left ("Q" key) or right ("P" key) index finger. The visual search display remained visible until a response was made. After the response, no feedback was provided, and the screen went blank for 250 ms before the fixation marker appeared to indicate the start of the next trial. Although participants were instructed to maintain fixation, we did not monitor eye movements.
There were 12 target-distractor pairs, formed by using all pairwise combinations of the four colors (six pairs) and having each member of a pair serve once as target and once as distractor. Because the target could occupy any of 12 positions, there were 144 possible stimulus configurations. Each participant completed six 144-trial blocks, with each stimulus configuration appearing at random, once per block. For three of the blocks, the visual search task was performed alone; for the other three, the search task was performed with the concurrent verbal-interference task. For the verbal-interference task, the eight digits were randomly selected without replacement from the set of single-digit numbers and were presented before the start of the block of visual search trials. The numbers were presented sequentially, with each digit appearing for 1,000 ms followed by an interdigit interval of 200 ms. After the visual search block, the participant recalled the list, typing in the numbers on the keyboard number pad.
Participants completed three blocks of one condition (visual search alone or concurrent with verbal interference) and then three blocks of the other condition. The order of tasks was counterbalanced across subjects. Before the first block of each task, a short 10-trial practice block was administered.
Experiment 2. Participants. Thirteen participants were recruited from the University of California, Berkeley, community, using the same criteria as in experiment 1. The mean age of the participants was again 20 years.
Procedure. The lexical boundary determination task was performed as in experiment 1, and again, 11 of the 13 original participants placed the green-blue boundary between stimuli B and C. We again excluded the data of the other two participants from the analysis of the visual search data.
The visual search task was similar to that of experiment 1, with three changes. First, the relatively uninformative 3-step pair (AD) was excluded. Second, for each of the remaining five pairs, only one member, randomly selected, served as the target. These two changes reduced the total number of stimulus displays to 60 (five pairs, with the target appearing in each of the 12 possible locations), a number that allowed us to complete testing with the search task alone as well as with the two interference tasks. Third, the exposure time of the visual search displays was limited to 200 ms, thus rendering eye movements, if present, ineffective in identifying the target.
For the verbal-interference task, the interference display consisted of a single color word drawn from the set: "beige," "black," "brown," "gray," "orange," "pink," "purple," "red," "violet," "white," and "yellow." For the nonverbal-interference task, the displays consisted of a 5-cm × 5-cm grid in which 12 of the 25 squares were black and 13 were white. A set of 15 displays was created. On no-interference blocks, a blank screen was presented in lieu of an interference display.
The visual search and interference displays were interleaved (Fig. 2a ). A fixation marker was presented for 1,250 ms. It was then replaced by a blank screen (no interference), a color name (verbal interference), or one of the spatial grids (nonverbal interference) for 1,250 ms. The fixation screen then reappeared for another 1,250 ms, followed by the visual search display for 200 ms. The instructions emphasized that participants should respond as quickly as possible to the visual search displays, by using their left or right index finger to press the "Q" or "P" key on the keyboard to indicate the side of the target. During interference blocks, they were also required to press the space bar with both thumbs whenever they detected that the secondary task stimulus was the same as that shown in the previous display (one-back match). No response was required when the secondary task stimulus changed. Matches occurred in ≈10% of trials. This low percentage was selected because RTs on the visual search task are likely to be inflated when these responses are made shortly after another overt response (26). For this reason, we excluded trials occurring after overt secondary task responses in our analysis of the visual search task data. Extensive pilot testing was conducted to select displays in which accuracy on the nonverbal one-back task was similar to that on the verbal one-back task, when each was performed concurrently with the visual search task.
Each participant completed four 60-trial blocks for each of the three tasks: visual search under no-interference, verbal-interference, and nonverbal-interference conditions. The order of the three tasks was counterbalanced across subjects. A 10-trial practice block preceded the first test block for each condition.
Experiment 3. Equipment. Testing was conducted at the patient's home, necessitating the use of a laptop computer. As in the previous two experiments, the color calibration wizard at www.easyrgb.com was used to standardize the colors presented on the laptop monitor.
Procedure. JW performed the lexical boundary determination task and visual search tasks (without an interference task). On a first block of 20 trials for the lexical boundary task, the stimuli appeared in the center of the screen for 200 ms. The patient made vocal responses, and these responses were recorded by the experimenter. After this portion of the experiment, a 40-trial block was conducted in which the stimuli were presented for 200 ms in either the LVF or RVF. Again, vocal responses were obtained. For all three presentation locations, JW placed the lexical boundary between stimuli B and C. It is of interest is that the patient was able to vocally label the colors when presented in the LVF, indicating at least some access to lexical codes. However, when the boundary task was repeated before a second session the next day, the patient failed to name stimuli presented in the LVF, always reporting, "I didn't see anything" (although this report almost always came immediately after the stimulus). The change in performance is not uncommon with split-brain patients and likely reflects different states of cortical function due to arousal.
As in experiment 2, the 3-step pair was excluded, resulting in five total pairs. Each member of the pair served both as target and distractor. The 10 pair configurations were each presented six times per block of 60 trials, with target location selected randomly. JW completed eight such 60-trial blocks of the visual search task. Responses were made with the index finger of the left or right hand, to indicate that the target was on the corresponding side of the display. Eye fixation was monitored by the experimenter, who prompted the patient to maintain fixation on the few trials in which movements were detected. Four blocks were tested on each of 2 days and the first block of each session was preceded by 10 practice trials.
We thank Lera Boroditsky for providing counsel; Paul Aparicio for aid with programming pilot studies; Michael Posner, Christian Fiebach, David Presti, and Michael Webster for their comments on the manuscript; and Steven Shevell for suggesting the title. This work was supported by National Science Foundation Grants 0418404 and 0418283 (to P.K. and T.R.) and National Institutes of Health Grant NS40813 (to R.B.I.).
↵ ‡To whom correspondence may be addressed at: Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology, 3210 Tolman Hall #1650, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1650. E-mail: mayfly{at}berkeley.edu. **To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: kay{at}icsi.berkeley.edu.
Author contributions: A.L.G., P.K., and R.B.I. designed research; A.L.G. performed research; A.L.G. and R.B.I. analyzed data; A.L.G., T.R., P.K., and R.B.I. wrote the paper; A.L.G. programmed experiments, ran subjects, and contributed significantly to all other phases of research; T.R. provided the original idea for the study and contributed significantly to the analysis and write-up; P.K. contributed to design of research, analysis, and write-up; P.K. provided the impetus for the study with earlier work that lacked the cerebral lateralization variable on which this study is based; R.B.I. collaborated on all portions of the experiment with one or more coauthors; R.B.I. supervised A.L.G. throughout; and R.B.I. provided laboratory facilities.
Conflict of interest statement: No conflicts declared.
Abbreviations: LH, left hemisphere; LVF, left visual field; RT, reaction time; RVF, right visual field.
↵ †† We use the term "perception" throughout this paper in the broad sense in which it is commonly employed in the language-and-thought literature; however, a more restricted concept of perception is also examined in General Discussion.
↵ ‡‡ Behavioral methods may not prove sufficient to distinguish between these alternatives. Physiological procedures might identify both the location and timing at which the two hemispheres diverge in their response to stimuli such as those used in our color discrimination task (24, 25).
↵ §§ After the experiment, we determined the coordinates of the color stimuli in the CIEL*a*b* and CIEL*u*v* color spaces by using the conversion software at www.easyrgb.com, with parameters set to illuminant "daylight" and observer "2 degrees." For the CIEL*a*b* space, the interstimulus distances were: AB, 12.3; BC,12.5; and CD, 15.7. For the CIEL*u*v* space, the interstimulus distances were: AB, 16.3; BC, 17.5; and CD, 19.5. In both spaces, the within-green (AB) distance is slightly less than the between-category (BC) distance, and the within-blue differences is larger. In both cases, the average of the within-distances (AB and CD) exceeds the between-distance (BC). Whereas we collapse across the within-category pairs in the analyses reported in the main text, these differences led us to perform secondary analyses in which we treated the data for the within-green and within-blue conditions separately, rather than pooled. In no case did the outcome of these secondary analyses deviate from that reported in the main text.
- Copyright © 2006, The National Academy of Sciences
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Raz, A., Fan, J. & Posner, M. I. (2005) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102 , 9978-9983. pmid:15994228
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Keanu Reeves Is Praised For Politely Keeping Hands Off Women When Taking Photos
By Izza Sofia, 12 Jun 2019
Image via lev radin / Shutterstock.com
Keanu Reeves has been revered as "respectful" by social media users after they observed a lovely trait about the actor.
Fans pointed out that the John Wick star tends to keep his hands off women's backs when photographed with them. He either keeps a distance or lets his hands hover mid-air when near their waists.
A collage of photos compiled by Twitter user @KemziLinzi, where Reeves is pictured with Dolly Parton and some female fans, shows he is "taking no chances." Of course, the post has gone viral, with one social media user remarking at how Reeves is such a "respectful king."
Others perceived his stance as a smart way to prevent lawsuits from knocking on his door in the '#MeToo' era.
In spite of his intent to stay out of fans' privacy bubbles, one Twitter user joked that Reeves would nevertheless possess the power to "make you feel hugged without having to touch you."
Lol Keanu ain't taking no chances. 😂😂 pic.twitter.com/nnfIOZKbT1— Kemoy Lindsay (@KemziLinzi) June 9, 2019
i stan a respectful king love you so much keanu https://t.co/wLvl28sgth— sarita (@danktrex) June 10, 2019
It's not about not taking chances, it's about being considerate and respectful, qualities that Keanu carries in spades. https://t.co/AGuLmsnVWb— peachshim 🍓🍑 (@peachshim) June 10, 2019
He's respectful. This should be how it's done unless ya know the woman doesn't mind being touched. Keanu should inspire us all https://t.co/bwDihtUZYk— ✭ I am Chris ✭ (@chalkXoutline) June 10, 2019
Just a thought... perhaps Keanu recognized that not one of these women gave him their consent to touch him and I don't know, he respected their bodily autonomy. Keanu showing everyone how to be respectful might be a potential takeaway as well. This is just a thought though.— Dave- kindness costs nothing (@strikeoutss) June 10, 2019
Keanu has the amazing power to make you feel hugged without ever having touched you.— Polly Karr (@karr_pe) June 9, 2019
[via RT, opening image via lev radin / Shutterstock.com]
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Sweatcoin is an app that monitors the physical steps you take each day and converts those into fictional sweatcoins. The aim is to promote physical activity by rewarding the user for it. Rather than converting to actual money, sweatcoins are redeemable from Sweatcoin's partner sites, usually via discounts on products, but only on ones that they're partnered with. A thousand outdoor steps convert to 0.95 sweatcoins. Not only are sweatcoins redeemable for goods, but you can also donate your sweatcoins to various partner charities through the app.
Bang for Your Buck: 1.5
If you're looking for a quick payout, this is not the app for you. In reality, you make only about 10 cents a day. The idea is to build up sweatcoins over a long period of time for serious payouts. For example, there's a cap for how many sweatcoins you can earn a day unless you pay a subscription charge to up that cap (payable in sweatcoins).
A lot of the bigger prizes require you to have been a member for at least a year or 18 months in order to claim them.
If you walk a lot in your day-to-day life or want an excuse to walk more, this app costs nothing to use. Plus, you'll earn sweatcoins in the background for something you do anyway. No instant gratification, but satisfying nonetheless.
Ease of Use: 2.5
The app is clear and straightforward, and signing up is relatively easy. You must give access to your phone's pedometer and location services, but you can opt out of receiving push notifications.
You have to leave the app running at all times. Otherwise it can't count your steps and you won't earn coins. There are ads from time to time, and you need to watch some of them to gain daily rewards such as an extra sweatcoin. Sweatcoin remembers the previous amount of sweatcoins in your wallet, even if you delete the app.
Reputation: 3
Sweatcoin has a generally positive reputation. Out of 36,700 reviews in Apple's App Store, it has an average 4.4 out of five rating. It's the third highest app in the Health and Fitness category. Plus, it's been positively reviewed in Forbes, Reuters, the Daily Mail, and more.
Customer Service: 1.5
The email address to get in contact is easy to find on its website. In addition, it has an active Twitter account that responds to messages and queries often, in the form of a robot. The replies seem to come within a couple of hours of asking. Twitter is often the best way to get fast replies from businesses, and Sweatcoin has taken this on board.


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Abe's Old Hat Antiques and Country Store, specializes in quality Antiques, Americana, Folk Art and unique gifts – 1803 Candles & Botanical Specimen Prints
Books on The Square is located in a historic building built in 1854. Originally known as the Enterprise Building, it's now owned by John's son. Abe Lincoln's first night in town was spent across the street at Speed's store. His last night in town was spent at the Chenery House, at the end of our block. The shop features titles about Lincoln, Illinois history and the CiIvil War. There are also miscellaneous subjects and bargain books too.
Conn's Hospitality Group started with Roy Conn's first Springfield restaurant in 1948. More than seven decades and many successful ventures later, Roy's son, Court and his wife, Karen, and Court's sons, Casey and Adam, now run operations that include Inn at 835, Obed & Isaac's Microbrewery & Eatery, Wm. Van's Coffee House, and Merchant House. Each business is located in a different historic home or building in downtown Springfield and Peoria, Illinois that has been lovingly and carefully restored by the Conn family. Several of the properties' ownership history can be traced back through the Conn family's lineage.
Corrine's Closet is a charming resale store (aspiring boutique) in downtown Springfield, Illinois
we provide
Pre-loved merchandise, brand name/high end clothing, home decor, perfumes, colognes, chandeliers… etc we have specialties and miscellaneous goods.
Get great gifts for women, men, and children at Daisy Jane's. Many of the items we sell are handcrafted, and we have a lot of fun things to choose from.
You'll find a wide variety of unique gifts and treasures at our family-owned and locally operated gift shop. Visit us today in downtown Springfield.
Open since 2006, we are a working shop not a fancy showroom. Guests will be greeted by shop dog Teddy and immediately see the fun and interesting things being created. Hand painted furniture and repurposed items are mixed in with antiques and unique vintage finds. We find things, paint things, build things and create things you won't find anywhere else.
The permanent store front for the Itty Bitty Fashion Truck.
A Retail Store in Downtown Springfield IL carrying Apparel, Home Décor, Accessories, and Art!


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BayCare Clinic Eye Specialists expands Marinette service
Mon, Jun 27, 2016
BayCare Clinic Eye Specialists is proud to announce an expansion of its Marinette services, providing three fellowship-trained retina surgeons beginning in July 2016.
Drs. Kirk Scattergood, Jeffrey L. Shere and Wei-Chuan Wang will serve the Marinette clinic at 1400 University Drive, Suite 101. All three are board certified by the American Board of Ophthalmology and all three have experience as clinical instructors.
Scattergood holds a medical degree from Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine in Baltimore. He completed his internal medicine internship at Lankenau Medical Center in suburban Philadelphia, his ophthalmology residency at the University of Virginia Health Sciences Center in Charlottesville and his fellowship at the University of British Columbia Faculty of Medicine in Vancouver.
Shere earned his medical degree from the Medical College of Wisconsin in Milwaukee. He completed his internship at Tripler Army Medical Center in Honolulu, Hawaii, his ophthalmology residency at Madigan Healthcare System in Tacoma, Washington, and his fellowship at the Retina Specialists of Alabama.
Wang holds a medical degree from the University of Virginia School of Medicine in Charlottesville. He completed his University of Maryland internship at MedStar Harbor Hospital in Baltimore, his ophthalmology residency at the University of Texas Medical Branch in Galveston and his fellowship at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston.
For information, call 877-462-9465 or 715-732-4181.


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Live: Dhaka Dynamites to field first in final of BPL-5
So the competition has risen into the pick and now it's time for the final clash. Undoubtedly two of the most well balanced and compact team are locking horns for the title content of the fifth edition of the Bangladesh Premier League.
At the Shere Bangla National Stadium in Dhaka, Dhaka Dynamites have won the toss and decided to field first.
The defending champion Dhaka Dynamites, although faltered in the beginning of the tournament have clinched the momentum right through the competition and ultimately booked the final comfortably.Also Read - 'Gayle can play in final' assures Mashrafe
Meanwhile Rangpur Riders' chase of the final combat was full of ups and downs. There fought hard to be in the last four. But afterwards fortune favored the Mashrafe Bin Mortaza led team with big heart. Two of their big gun recruits Chris Gayle and Brendon McCullum rode over the opponents first in the eliminator and then in the qualifier to take the team into the last encounter.
Rangpur Riders (Playing XI): Johnson Charles, Chris Gayle, Brendon McCullum, Ravi Bopara, Mashrafe Mortaza(c), Mohammad Mithun(w), Nahidul Islam, Sohag Gazi, Rubel Hossain, Nazmul Islam, Isuru Udana
Dhaka Dynamites (Playing XI): Mehedi Maruf, Evin Lewis, Joe Denly, Kieron Pollard, Shakib Al Hasan(c), Shahid Afridi, Jahurul Islam(w), Mosaddek Hossain, Sunil Narine, Abu Hider Rony, Khaled Ahmed
Watch the Final live & exclusive here-


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The current wildfires tearing through Greece is the country's worst fire disaster since 2007. The death toll has climbed to 91, and more than 200 people have been injured as a result of the wildfires that have raged through a coastal area east of Athens. In response to this tragedy, Mezé will be donating 50% of proceeds from select menu items throughout the month of August. Ask your server about our offerings.
Contact Mezè Greek Fusion
Phone: (619) 550-1600
Address: 345 6th Ave San Diego, CA 92101
E-Mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
Address: 345 6th Ave San Diego, CA 92101
E-Mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
Mezè Greek Fusion Hours
Monday-Thursday 11:00 am - 11:00 pm Friday 11:00 am - 2:00 am Saturday 10:30 am - 2:00 am Sunday 10:30 am - 11:00 pm Brunch Served Saturday & Sunday Happy Hour 3-6pm Sun-Fri
Mezé proudly purchases imported & specialty products from:
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Anniversary Best Restaurants Brunch Celebration Comic-Con dinner Drinksgiving easter Football Gaslamp gaslamp meze gaslampmeze Greek Greek Cuisine greek food Greek Fusion Guardians of the Galaxy Harry Potter Late Night Magic Magical Creatures May Meze meze greek fusion Mother's Day Muggles new year's eve New Years nye Padres restaurants rosé Russia San Diego San Diego Magazine San Diego Padres Soccer sunday Thanksgiving The Animal Pad Trivia valentine's day wine Wine Wednesday World Cup


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Forget something during Black Friday/Cyber Monday? Check out the Week of Deals!
Member Since: January 30, 2014
Country: United States
Product SEN-11745 about 6 years ago
Im using this camera in an arduino project i am doing, i need to connect this camera to the arduino mega 2560, does anybody know if there is a video input on that arduino that would suit this camera? if not what hardware would i need to be able to do this?
No public wish lists :(


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Wedge-shaped edging 43 mm
Product Code: RK43-0
Manufacturer: WARCO
Delivery time: 7 - 21 days
itemNet Price: £4.20 / item £5.00 / item incl. VAT and shipping costs
Wedge-shaped edging RK43 works as a bordering and anti-stumble element for areas paved with 43 mm thick elastic interlocking pavers. RK43 elastic edging is made of black, single-variety rubber granules (from tyre recycling) bonded with polyurethane. It is water-permeable due to micro canals between granules. The edging should be glued to the subfloor with polyurethane glue. Elastic edging is not necessary for completely covered surfaces nor with already existing edging (e.g. a wall).
Important information:
- format: 500 (l) x 200 (w) x 8/43 (h) mm,
- weight: 2.5 kg / piece,
- gluing to the subfloor,
- installation on bound subfloors,
- size tolerance: 2%, height tolerance: 2 mm,
- color and design are subject to production tolerances.


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M a r r i e d . T W E N T Y F I V E Y E A R S .
Seems like yesterday. Time truly does fly.
Twenty five years ago today I married the man of my dreams. A man so kind and giving. So caring and wonderful – How did I ever get so lucky? I am blessed, that's for sure!
I wish you that same kind of happiness if you don't currently experience it. Patience is a virtue. It was when we had both quit trying to find a significant other that we met. I remember it like it was yesterday…
I was dog sitting for a friend of mine, staying at her house while she was out of town during Easter. She had an older dog and a new puppy. I parked my car and she was telling me what was where when I spotted Fred go by on his way home a few doors down. I grabbed a leash and the puppy and took him for a walk – I didn't realize it was the puppy's first walk on a leash. He walked right up to Fred and sat down. Fred and I talked forever, he invited me to see his house, which was beautiful and I came home (I had carried the dog home before I went back – interestingly enough, the dog did not want to walk home, hence the carrying part). That was on a Thursday. We talked a little each night. On Easter Sunday I went out to get the paper in the driveway and noticed a large gift bag hanging on the door. Wow, pretty cool that my friend has people drop gifts off for her. I set it on the table and went back out for the paper. Then it hit me… I wonder if this could be for me??? Surely it can't hurt to take a quick peek into the bag and there it was… a card with MY name on it!
Inside the bag was a beautiful card and a big stuffed Easter bunny. I called to thank him – I saw his degree hanging on the wall when he showed me his house. I remembered his name… looked it up in the phone book (ok, we are talking 25 years ago which was clearly pre-Google). We have been together since the day we met. My husband and best friend. I am so lucky…
I wish the same for you.
Catch you back here tomorrow!


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Offering clients over a decade of experience as a real estate professional and property management. Paola Valencia is known not only for her ability to deliver smooth real estate transactions defined by results but for her knowledge of the area. Paola is driven by a commitment to provide the best service to her clients, and she handles each of her transactions with the utmost care, integrity, honesty, loyalty, and discretion. Clients appreciate Paola's cheerful disposition and dedication and honesty. A true team player, she is committed to the pursuit of excellence in all aspects of her business.
Paola is enjoying her real estate career since 2006 and she really enjoys helping people. Seeing the excitement of her clients when buying their first house or selling to upsize or downsize are the moments she enjoys the most. She was born in Peru, raised in LA County and has lived in Riverside County since 2006. She ha been married for 27 years, is a mother of 3 handsome men and a few dogs. She loves to volunteer her time to save dog's lives and for over 6 years she was on the board of a dog based in Orange County.
31213 Temecula Parkway
Temecula, CA 92592
Phone: (310) 701-9008


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Red Eye produces another Sibyl Kempson work, Potatoes of August
Red Eye continues its 30th anniversary season with a new play by New York-based playwright Sibyl Kempson, whose work Ich, Kürbisgeist was presented last fall at the theater. This weekend, Potatoes of August, which was originally produced at Dixon Place in New York City, opens in a production directed by Red Eye's artistic director, Steve Busa, with music by Mike Iveson Jr. and a cast that includes Kirby Bennett, Chuck Deeter, Ben Kreilkamp, Miriam Must, Kevin McLaughin, and Billy Mullaney.
Kempson -- whose work has been produced in New York, Austin, Texas, and Germany, as well as locally at the Walker Art Center -- is a 2013 McKnight National Residency and Commission Recipient. During a showcase in October with all the McKnight Fellows at the Playwright's Center, Kempson shared an excerpt from Potatoes of August. After the show, Busa approached her with an interest in reading the entire piece. "I get along with Steve very well," she says. "We see eye to eye on a lot of things."
In her work, Kempson says, she tends to "jump all over the place." When meeting with Busa, she has never felt the need to ask forgiveness for that. "He works that way as well, with a lot of different influences," she says. "It's very intuitive."
Last year, when Red Eye produced Ich, Kürbisgeist, they presented it as written, without a lot of extra production elements to make the work more entertaining or palatable. "He didn't apologize for it," she says. "It was great. It felt very brave."
Kempson wrote Potatoes of August in August 2008, and she considers it her favorite play. The script involves four retirees who, while peeling potatoes for dinner, make the disconcerting discovery that one of the potatoes contains a brain.
Eventually, it turns out that the potatoes can talk. Not only that, they are actually hyper intelligent, and "end up coercing the retirees into a new way of looking at the world," Kempson says.
At the time Kempson wrote the script, she was reading a lot of science texts. The story explores hive behavior, and how hive intelligence at times can be much greater than the intelligence of an individual. "The thinking is that a sack of potatoes has a potential of a hive," Kempson says.
Potatoes of August has a tighter structure than her more recent work. "I like how the dialogue is so clear. I don't write like that anymore, and I wish that I still could. I feel way more nebulous now," she says.
Many of Kempson's plays involve farm imagery, though she says it's not necessarily a conscious choice. "I've always wanted to farm and to have a farm," she says. "It's really hard to get it together for yourself. You have to have a lot of money, but it remains a goal of mine."
"There's something about stuff that grows in the ground that seems really important to me. Important and overlooked," she says. "I'm making my life's work about that. I think there is something deeper than what we acknowledge about food that grows from the ground. Everybody needs to stop and take a minute to think about what a miracle that is."
It's that longing that drove Potatoes of August -- at least in part. When she wrote it, she was spending more time at home, and she had a little garden where she grew potatoes. "I filmed them," she says. "I studied them. They are beautifully contemplative videos, how mysterious they are. It grows underground. If you ever dig them out of ground, it's an exciting experience. You don't know what anything is going to look like down there."
Meanwhile, Kempson continues to work on her McKnight commission, titled The Securely Conferred, Vouchsafed Keepsakes of Maery S. The piece is a mash-up of excess text from Fondly, Collette Richland, which was given a workshop production at the Walker in 2013, and From the Pig Pile: The Requisite Gesture(s) of Narrow Approach. "I thought that I could still make something out of that stuff," she says. For the presentation at the Playwrights' Center this summer, she'll be bringing in collaborators Graham Reynolds, composer, and director Shawn Sides of the Rude Mechanicals.
Potatoes of August
April 11 through April 27
8 p.m. Thursdays, Fridays, and Saturdays; 7 p.m. on Sunday and Monday
Tickets may be purchased at www.redeyetheater.org or reserved by calling 612.870.0309
Red Eye
15 W. 14th St., Minneapolis


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July 18, 2018 (KHARTOUM) - Sudan's ruling National Congress Party (NCP) said it has launched internal discussions to select the party candidate for the 2020 presidential elections.
NCP political secretary Omer Basan said his party held a meeting on Tuesday to discuss major issues on the political arena and on top of which the selection of a presidential candidate for 2020 elections.
He pointed out that many voices within the NCP, as well as other political and societal forces, call for the re-election of President Omer al-Bashir for a third term.
Basan called on all political forces to prepare for participation in the 2020 elections, saying ballots would determine which party will win the trust of the Sudanese people to rule the country.
Al-Bashir's term ends in 2020 and he couldn't run for office again according to the constitution. So, running for a third term requires amendment of the constitution but many in the ruling party or the opposition forces are not supportive of such a move.
Nonetheless, some voices within the ruling National Congress Party (NCP) and its partners in the Government of National Consensus have recently called for amending the constitution to allow him to run for the presidency again.
Also, a group called the National Initiative of Youth Around the President (NIYAP) last December launched a campaign to nominate al-Bashir for a third term.
Al-Bashir several times said that he would step down by the end of his current term in 2020. Even in November 2017, he went to declare his support for the candidacy of the governor of Gezira state Mohamed Tahir Ayala.
But observers more and more are inclined to believe that al-Bashir who is indicted by the International Criminal Court would run for a new term despite what he says.


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Consider, for one moment, the text you are currently reading. Really.
Sit back for a second and try not to read the words as much as look at them. Are you looking at them upon a flat-screen monitor, or perhaps from the technological marvel of a smartphone? Maybe from a laptop, perched at the kitchen counter, sitting in your favorite chair, or propped up in bed?
Now, take a moment to consider your surroundings. I'd bet there are, at minimum, two other gadgets within view—maybe a television, a Kindle or Nook, an iPod, a digital camera, another cell phone.
While these things seem substantially obvious, even absurdly so, they all point to a common denominator which we don't quickly identify with: our innate need to be connected. Even the coffee machine on the counter speaks not just to our need to wake up, but as a centerpiece for many a social life.
That's on an individual level, within our own personal sphere of influence or proximity. Expand your imagination perhaps one more degree to the local or community level where you may have neighborhood or town newsletters to stay abreast of what those around you are doing. One more degree to the national stage and we have radio, television, cable, all these outlets that bombard us with information day in and day out.
Now, step back again and think about what technology has completely wrapped itself around all of these?
Did you think of the internet?
From GPS to our cell phones, to streaming radion stations and network feeds, and instant news captured by video phones. We literally walk about, every day, immersed in digitalia.
Back in January 2011, as I listened to news about the uprising in Tunisia, I was struck by how pathetic the attempts made by the government were to cut off access to media and the internet; too often government—our own republic included—fails to account for sheer human will. Such governments, many tyrannical dictatorships, rely on keeping their populace uneducated—essentially a political form of sanctioned stupidity. If the people don't know any better then they are certainly more apt to believe whatever a regime sees fit to feed it as truth. Large swathes of the Middle East make this profusely clear.
But many of their youth travel abroad to get an education they can't possibly dream of getting at home. They attend universities in Europe and here in America. They quickly become enamored with our freedoms and prosperity. They are given a chance to see the world as it truly is without the shroud of a theocracy dictating what they should think and feel. Youth, well versed in the binary arts, become a force of mind and power.
Utilizing Facebook and a smartphone they organize rallies and protests. They grasp the veil of ignorance and try to extirpate its white-knuckled grip upon their countrymen. They find a way, even when internet access is locked down, to get word out.
And look at the effect it has had . . .
Tunisia has fallen and an interim government set up in hopes of establishing a more free and transparent kind of system. Egypt has ousted its long-time dictators. As I write this the people of Libya are desperately trying to break the grasp of one of history's most astute buffoons in Muammar Gaddafi. Bahrain, Yemen, and Syria are currently dealing with roiling discontent of their own. These things are not just news items. These happenings are nothing short of a digital crusade in a land that long has suppressed the Natural Rights of humanity while hoisting the banner of strict adherence to ascetic principles of God; natural rights are considered to be divinely inherent, gifts which each human are born with, therefore the two cannot be treated as mutually exclusive.
Youth are driving this almost cataclysmic change, and doing so by the powers vested in them via technology and education.
I wondered how American youth perceive this power, or if they give the slightest thought to it whatsoever. I put an ad on Craigslist and eBay asking if any were interested in sharing their thoughts in a guest post. I received a number of inquiries, but to date I have received only three guest posts. You will be reading these three over the next week. I wanted to widen the scope of the matter to include not just global events but also the interactive aspect of technology and how it affects relationships, both familial and external.
If you know of someone who would like to participate then let me know! The responses I have received are all from Arizona; would be interesting to get a larger demo-geographic slice of opinion.
Please be sure to come back and see what the next generation has to say about the technology that powers their everyday lives—Abbey Wells, Alicia Triassi-DeMayo, and my son Chayce may just surprise you with how connected they are to both the virtual and real worlds.


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Domain name: fitzone.pl
fit zone
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Buy Fast and Affordable Essays Online Today.
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