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Bahá'í divisions
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The Bahá'í Faith has had challenges to its leadership, usually at the death of the head of the religion.[1][2] The vast majority of Bahá'ís have followed a line of authority from Bahá'u'lláh to `Abdu'l-Bahá to Shoghi Effendi to the Custodians to the Universal House of Justice.[3][4] Sects diverging from this line of leadership have failed to attract a sizeable following.[5] In this sense, there is only one major branch of the Bahá'í Faith,[6] represented by at least 5 million adherents, whereas the groups that have broken away have either become extinct with time, or have remained very small in number, representing far less than 0.1% of all Bahá'ís.[2][5][7] Globally the Bahá'í community has maintained its unity.[7]
Bahá'í scriptures define a Lesser Covenant regarding succession which is intended to keep the Bahá'ís unified.[8] Claimants challenging the widely accepted successions of leadership are shunned by the majority group as Covenant-Breakers.[7]
A separate entry discusses the Bahá'í/Bábí split.
- 1 `Abdu'l-Bahá's ministry
- 2 Shoghi Effendi as Guardian
- 3 The founding of the Universal House of Justice
- 4 Further development of Remey's followers
- 5 Notes
- 6 References
- 7 Further reading
- 8 External links
`Abdu'l-Bahá's ministry
Bahá'u'lláh remained in the Akka-Haifa area under house arrest until his death in 1892. According to the terms of his will, his eldest son `Abdu'l-Bahá was named the centre of authority; Mírzá Muhammad `Alí, the eldest son from Bahá'u'lláh's second wife, was assigned a secondary position.[9]
Pursuant to his role as Centre of the Covenant, `Abdu'l-Bahá became the head of the Bahá'í community. Soon Muhammad `Ali complained that `Abdu'l-Bahá was not sharing authority and he started working against his elder brother.[10] Most members of the families of Bahá'u'lláh's second and third wives supported Muhammad `Alí; however, there were very few outside of Haifa who followed him.[10]
Muhammad `Alí's machinations with the Ottoman authorities resulted in `Abdu'l-Bahá's re-arrest and confinement in Acre.[11] They also caused the appointment of two official commissions of inquiry, which almost led to further exile and incarceration of `Abdu'l-Baha to North Africa. In the aftermath of the Young Turk revolution, Ottoman prisoners were freed thus ending the danger to `Abdu'l-Baha.[12] Meanwhile, Ibrahim George Kheiralla, a Syrian Christian, converted to the Bahá'í Faith, emigrated to the United States and founded the first American Bahá'í community.[13] Initially, he was loyal to 'Abdu'l-Bahá. With time Kheiralla began teaching that `Abdu'l-Baha was the return of Christ, and this was becoming the widespread understanding among the Bahá'ís in the United States, despite `Abdu'l-Baha's efforts to correct the mistake.[13][14] Later on, Kheiralla switched sides in the conflict between Bahá'u'lláh's sons and supported Mirza Muhammad Ali. He formed the Society of Behaists, a religious denomination promoting Unitarian Bahaism in the U.S., which was later led by Shuaullah Behai, son of Mirza Muhammad Ali, after he emigrated to the United States in June 1904 at the behest of his father.[15] Muhammad `Alí's supporters either called themselves Behaists [16] or "Unitarian Bahá'ís".[17] From 1934 to 1937, Behai published Behai Quarterly a Unitarian Bahai magazine written in English and featuring the writings of Muhammad Ali and various other Unitarian Bahais.[18]
`Abdu'l-Bahá's response to determined opposition during his tenure was patterned on Bahá'u'lláh's[19] example and evolved across three stages. Initially, like Bahá'u'lláh,[19] he made no public statements but communicated with his brother Muhammad `Alí and his associates directly, or through intermediaries, in seeking reconciliation. When it became clear that reconciliation was not possible, and fearing damage to the community, 'Abdu'l-Bahá wrote to the Bahá'ís explaining the situation, identifying the individuals concerned and instructing the believers to sever all ties with those involved. Finally, he sent representatives to those areas most affected by the problem.[20]
The function of these representatives was to explain matters to the Bahá'ís and to encourage them to persevere in cutting all contact. Often these chosen individuals would have `Abdu'l-Bahá's authority to open up communications with those involved to try to persuade them to return. In Iran, such envoys were principally the four Hands of the Cause appointed by Bahá'u'lláh.[20]
When `Abdu'l-Bahá died, his Will and Testament explained in some detail how Muhammad `Alí had been unfaithful to the Covenant, identifying him as a Covenant-breaker and appointing Shoghi Effendi as leader of the Faith with the title of Guardian. Bahá'í authors such as Hasan Balyuzi and Adib Taherzadeh set about refuting the claims of Muhammad `Alí. This represented what is often described as the most testing time for the Bahá'í Faith.[20] The Behaists rejected the authority of the Will and Testament of `Abdu'l-Bahá, claiming loyalty to the leadership succession as they inferred it from Baha'u'llah's Kitab-i-Ahd.[16]
This schism had very little effect. In the `Akká area, the followers of Muhammad `Alí represented six families at most, they had no common religious activities,[18] and were almost wholly assimilated into Muslim society.[21] A modern academic observer has reported an attempt to revive the claims of Muhammad Ali in order to lend legitimacy to a newly established sect avowing loyalty to Bahá'u'lláh but rejecting the authority that Bahá'u'lláh gave to 'Abdu'l-Bahá and to the Universal House of Justice.[22] In addition, Nigar Bahai Amsalem, the great-granddaughter of Bahá'u'lláh and granddaughter of both Mirza Muhammad Ali and Bahá'u'lláh's youngest son Badiullah, was interviewed[23] in the 2006 Israeli mockumentary film [24]Baha'is In My Backyard. It mentions that she has built a shrine at the tomb of Mirza Muhammad Ali and opposes the Universal House of Justice. She withheld information on the extent of her opposition during her interview for the film.[23]
Shoghi Effendi as Guardian
At 24, Shoghi Effendi was particularly young when he assumed leadership of the religion in 1921, as provided for by `Abdu'l-Bahá in his Will and Testament. He had received a Western education at the Syrian Protestant College and later at Balliol College, Oxford.
At this time Muhammad-`Alí revived his claim to leadership of the Bahá'í community.[25] He seized the keys of the Tomb of Bahá'u'lláh at the mansion of Bahjí, expelled its keeper, and demanded that he be recognized by the authorities as the legal custodian of that property. However, the Palestine authorities, after having conducted some investigations, instructed the British officer in `Akká to deliver the keys into the hands of the keeper loyal to Shoghi Effendi.[26]
American disputes
After the death of `Abdu'l-Bahá, Ruth White questioned the Will's authenticity as early as 1926,[27] and openly opposed Shoghi Effendi's Guardianship, publishing several books on the subject. She wrote a letter to the United States Postmaster General and asked him, among other things, to prohibit the National Spiritual Assembly from "using the United States Mails to spread the falsehood that Shoghi Effendi is the successor of `Abdu'l-Bahá and the Guardian of the Cause." She also wrote a letter to the High Commissioner for Palestine; both of these letters were ignored.
Another division occurred primarily within the American Bahá'í community, which increasingly consisted of non-Persians with an interest in alternative spiritual pursuits. Many had been strongly attracted to the personality of `Abdu'l-Bahá and the spiritual teachings of the Bahá'í Faith. Some regarded it as an ecumenical society to which all persons of goodwill—regardless of religion—might join. When Shoghi Effendi made clear his position that the Bahá'í Faith was an independent religion with its own distinct administration through local and national spiritual assemblies, a few felt that he had overstepped the bounds of his authority. Most prominent among them was a New York group including Mirza Ahmad Sohrab, Lewis and Julia Chanler, who founded the "New History Society", and its youth section, the Caravan of East and West.[28][29] Sohrab and the Chanlers refused to be overseen by the New York Spiritual Assembly, and were expelled by Shoghi Effendi as Covenant-breakers.[30] They argued that the expulsion was meaningless because they believed the faith could not be institutionalized. The New History Society published several works by Sohrab and Chanler and others. Sohrab accepted the legitimacy of Shoghi Effendi as Guardian, but was critical of the manner of his leadership and the methods of organizing the Bahá'í administration.[30] The New History Society attracted fewer than a dozen Bahá'ís, however its membership swelled to several thousand for a time. The New History Society was active until 1959 and is now defunct.[31] The Caravan House, aka Caravan Institute, later disassociated itself from the Bahá'í Faith, and remained as an unrelated non-profit educational organization.[32]
All of the divisions of this period were short-lived and restricted in their influence.[1]
Family members expelled
In 1932 Shoghi Effendi's great aunt, Bahiyyih Khanum, died. She was highly respected and had instructed all to follow Shoghi Effendi through several telegrams she had sent around the world announcing the basics of the provisions of `Abdu'l-Bahá's will and was witness to the actions relatives took in violation of provisions of the will.[33] Bahíyyih Khánum had devoted much of her life towards protecting the accepted leadership of the Bahá'í Faith and after Shoghi Effendi's appointment there was little internal opposition until after her death when nephews began to openly oppose Shoghi Effendi over Bahá'u'lláh's house in Baghdad.[25] Some family members disapproved of his marriage to a Westerner, Mary Maxwell — daughter of one of the foremost disciples of `Abdu'l-Bahá — in 1937. They claimed that Shoghi Effendi introduced innovations beyond the Iranian roots of the Faith. This gradually resulted in his siblings and cousins disobeying his instructions and marrying into the families of Covenant-breakers, many of whom were expelled as Covenant-breakers themselves. However, these disagreements within Shoghi Effendi's family resulted in no attempts to create a schism around an alternative leader. At the time of his death in 1957, he was the only remaining male member of the family of Bahá'u'lláh who had not been expelled. Even his own parents had openly fought against him.[25]
The founding of the Universal House of Justice
Shoghi Effendi died in 1957 without explicitly appointing a successor Guardian.[34] He had no children, and during his lifetime all remaining male descendants of Bahá'u'lláh had been excommunicated as Covenant-breakers.[34] He left no will.[34] Shoghi Effendi's appointed Hands of the Cause unanimously voted it was impossible to legitimately recognize and assent to a successor.[35] The Bahá'í community was in a situation not dealt with explicitly in the provisions of the Will and Testament of `Abdu'l-Bahá.[34] Furthermore, the Universal House of Justice had not yet been elected, which represented the only Bahá'í institution authorized to adjudicate on matters not covered by the religion's three central figures.[36] To understand the transition following the death of Shoghi Effendi in 1957, an explanation of the roles of the Guardian, the Hands of the Cause, and the Universal House of Justice is useful.
Other than allusions in the writings of Bahá'u'lláh to the importance of the Aghsán, the role of the Guardian was not mentioned until the reading of the Will and Testament of `Abdu'l-Bahá. Shoghi Effendi later expressed to his wife and others that he had no foreknowledge of the existence of the Institution of Guardianship, least of all that he was appointed as Guardian.[37]
`Abdu'l-Bahá warned the Bahá'ís to avoid the problems caused by his half-brother Muhammad `Alí.[37] He stipulated the criteria and form for selecting future Guardians, which was to be clear and unambiguous.[34] His will required that the Guardian appoint his successor "in his own life-time ... that differences may not arise after his [the Guardian's] passing."[34] The appointee was required to be either the first-born son of the Guardian, or one of the Aghsán (literally: Branches; male descendants of Bahá'u'lláh).[34] Finally, `Abdu'l-Bahá left a responsibility to nine Hands of the Cause, elected from all of the Hands, who "whether unanimously or by a majority vote, must give their assent to the choice of the one whom the Guardian of the Cause of God hath chosen as his successor."[36]
The will also vested authority in the Guardian's appointed assistants, known as the Hands of the Cause, giving them the right to "cast out from the congregation of the people of Bahá" anyone they deem in opposition to the Guardian.[4]
Relationship between the Guardianship and the Universal House of Justice
The roles of the Guardianship and the Universal House of Justice are complementary, the former providing authoritative interpretation, and the latter providing flexibility and the authority to adjudicate on "questions that are obscure and matters that are not expressly recorded in the Book."[34][38] The authority of the two institutions was elucidated by `Abdu'l-Bahá in his will, saying that rebellion and disobedience towards either the Guardian or the Universal House of Justice, is rebellion and disobedience towards God.[34][38] Shoghi Effendi went into further detail explaining this relationship in The World Order of Bahá'u'lláh, indicating that the institutions are interdependent.[38]
Role of the Hands of the Cause
Shortly after Shoghi Effendi's death, the 27 then-living Hands of the Cause (Hands) deliberated over whether or not they could legitimately consent to any successor.[39] Following these events Time Magazine reported that there were debates about two possible candidates for Guardian.[40]
On November 25, 1957, the Hands signed a unanimous proclamation stating that he had died "without having appointed his successor"; that "it is now fallen upon us... to preserve the unity, the security and the development of the Bahá'í World Community and all its institutions"; and that they would elect from among themselves nine Hands who would "exercise ... all such functions, rights and powers in succession to the Guardian of the Bahá'í Faith... as are necessary to serve the interests of the Bahá'í World Faith, and this until such time as the Universal House of Justice... may otherwise determine." This body of nine Hands became known as the Hands of the Cause in the Holy Land, sometimes referred to as the Custodians.[41]
That same day the Hands passed a unanimous resolution that clarified who would have authority over various executive areas.[4][42] Among these were:
- "That the entire body of the Hands of the Cause, ... shall determine when and how the International Bahá'í Council shall pass through the successive stages outlined by Shoghi Effendi culminating in the election of the Universal House of Justice"
- "That the authority to expel violators from the Faith shall be vested in the body of nine Hands [The Custodians.], acting on reports and recommendations submitted by Hands from their respective continents."
In their deliberations following Shoghi Effendi's passing they determined that they were not in a position to appoint a successor, only to ratify one, so they advised the Bahá'í community that the Universal House of Justice would consider the matter after it was established.[36]
In deciding when and how the International Bahá'í Council would develop into the Universal House of Justice, the Hands agreed to carry out Shoghi Effendi's plans for moving it from the appointed council, to an officially recognized Bahá'í Court, to a duly elected body, and then to the elected Universal House of Justice.[43] In November 1959, referring to the goal of becoming recognized as a non-Jewish religious court in Israel, they said: "this goal, due to the strong trend towards the secularization of Religious Courts in this part of the world, might not be achieved."[44][45] The recognition as a religious court was never achieved, and the International Bahá'í Council was reformed in 1961 as an elected body in preparation for forming the Universal House of Justice.[46] The Hands of the Cause made themselves ineligible for election to both the council and the Universal House of Justice.[46]
Upon the election of the Universal House of Justice at the culmination of the Ten Year Crusade in 1963, the nine Hands acting as interim head of the religion closed their office.[36]
Charles Mason Remey
Charles Mason Remey was among the Hands who signed the unanimous proclamations in 1957, acknowledging that Shoghi Effendi had died without having appointed his successor.[35][47] He was also among the nine Custodians initially elected to serve in the Holy Land as interim head of the religion.[41]
On 8 April 1960, Remey made a written announcement that he was the second Guardian of the Bahá'í Faith and explained his "status for life as commander in chief of Bahá'í affairs of the world" in this proclamation which he requested to be read in front of the annual US convention in Wilmette.[48]
He based his claim on his having been appointed President of the first International Bahá'í Council by Shoghi Effendi in 1951.[47] The appointed council represented the first international Bahá'í body. Remey believed that his appointment as the council's president meant that he was the Guardian of the Bahá'í Faith.[47][49]
Regarding the authority of the Hands of the Cause, Remey wrote in his letter that the Hands "have no authority vested in themselves... save under the direction of the living Guardian of the Faith."[50] He further commanded the Bahá'ís to abandon plans for establishing the Universal House of Justice.[51]
Remey never addressed the requirement that Guardians should be male-descendants of Bahá'u'lláh, of whom Remey was not. His followers later referred to letters and public statements of `Abdu'l-Bahá calling him "my son" as evidence that he had been implicitly adopted[52] but these claims were almost universally rejected by the body of the Bahá'ís.[36]
In response, and after having made many prior efforts to convince Remey to withdraw his claim,[53][54] the Custodians took action and sent a cablegram to the National Spiritual Assemblies on 26 July 1960.[55] Two days later the Custodians sent Mason Remey a letter informing him of their unanimous decision to declare him a Covenant-breaker.[47] They cited the Will and Testament of `Abdul-Bahá, the unanimous joint resolutions of November 25, 1957, and their authority in carrying out the work of the Guardian[56] as their justification. Anyone who accepted Remey's claim to the Guardianship was also expelled.[47]
Remey maintained his claim to Guardianship, and with a small group of followers went on to establish what came to be known as the Orthodox Bahá'ís Under the Hereditary Guardianship, which later broke into several other divisions based on succession disputes within the groups that followed Remey.[35][57]
Decision of the Universal House of Justice
The Bahá'í institutions and believers around the world pledged their loyalty to the Hands of the Cause, who dedicated the next few years to completing Shoghi Effendi's Ten Year Crusade, culminating with the election of the Universal House of Justice in 1963. It was at this time the Custodians officially passed their authority as the head of the Faith to the Universal House of Justice,[41][58] which soon announced that it could not appoint or legislate to make possible the appointment of a second Guardian to succeed Shoghi Effendi.[38]
A short time later it elaborated on the situation in which the Guardian would die without being able to appoint a successor, saying that it was an obscure question not covered by Bahá'í scriptures, that no institution or individual at the time could have known the answer, and that it therefore had to be referred to the Universal House of Justice, whose election was confirmed by references in Shoghi Effendi's letters that after 1963 the Bahá'í world would be led by international plans under the direction of the Universal House of Justice.[59]
A break in the line of Guardians
Mason Remey and his successors asserted that a living Guardian is essential for the Bahá'í community, and that the Bahá'í writings required it. The basis of these claims were almost universally rejected by the body of the Bahá'ís,[36] for whom the restoration of scripturally sanctioned leadership of the Universal House of Justice proved more attractive than the claims of Mason Remey.[60]
The House commented that its own authority was not dependent on the presence of a Guardian,[38] and that its legislative functioning was unaffected by the absence of a Guardian.[34] It stated that in its legislation it would be able to turn to the mass of interpretation left by Shoghi Effendi.[34] The Universal House of Justice addressed this issue further early after its election clarifying that "there is nowhere any promise or guarantee that the line of Guardians would endure forever; on the contrary there are clear indications that the line could be broken."[61][62][63]
Further development of Remey's followers
All those that professed belief in Mason Remey as the second Guardian did not accept the Universal House of Justice established in 1963.
Among the Bahá'ís who accepted Mason Remey as the second Guardian, several further divisions have occurred based on conflicting opinions of legitimacy and succession of authority.[2][35] They began to split into smaller groups even before his death in 1974.[64] Small Remeyite groups are now largely confined to the United States.[35] Some of these divisions are described below.
The Encyclopædia Iranica reports the following:
- Remey died in 1974, having appointed a third Guardian, but the number of adherents to the Orthodox faction remains extremely small. Although successful in Pakistan, the Remeyites seem to have attracted no followers in Iran. Other small groups have broken away from the main body from time to time, but none of these has attracted a sizeable following.[5]
Remey died at the age of 99 living many of his last years in Florence, Italy.[65]
Under the Hereditary Guardianship
In 1962 Mason Remey asked his supporters in the United States to organize themselves and elect a "National Spiritual Assembly Under the Hereditary Guardianship" (NSAUHG). The Assembly was incorporated in New Mexico in 1964.
In 1964 the NSAUHG filed a lawsuit against the National Spiritual Assembly (NSA) of the Bahá'ís of the United States to receive the legal title to the Bahá'í House of Worship in Illinois, and all other property owned by the NSA. The NSA counter-sued and won.[66] Later that year, Remey asked the NSAUHG to dissolve, as well as the second International Bahá'í Council that he had appointed with Joel Marangella, residing in France, as president. Marangella, Donald Harvey, and Jacques Soghomonian had previously served on the National Spiritual Assembly of France (in 1961) and had been declared Covenant-breakers when they accepted Mason Remey as the next Guardian.[35]
After 1966, some followers of Mason Remey began forming their own groups based on different understandings of succession.[35]
Orthodox Bahá'í Faith
Joel Marangella was president of Remey's "Second International Bahá'í Council", and claimed in 1969 to have been secretly appointed by Remey as Guardian several years earlier. His supporters came to be known as Orthodox Bahá'ís.[47] Membership data is scarce. One source estimated them at no more than 100 members in 1988,[67] and the group claimed a United States membership of about 40 in a 2007 court case.[68] Websites claiming to represent the Orthodox community indicate followers in the United States and India.[69] Joel Marangella died in San Diego, California on Sept 1, 2013.
Reginald ("Rex") King
Rex King rejected all claimants to the Guardianship after Shoghi Effendi including Remey. He claimed that he, Rex King, was a "regent" pending the emergence of the second Guardian who was in "occultation". His group called themselves the Orthodox Bahá'í Faith under the Regency. King died in 1977 and appointed four of his family as the council of regents. This group today calls itself the "Tarbiyat Baha'i Community".[35]
Bahá'ís Under the Provisions of the Covenant
Leland Jensen accepted Remey's claim to the Guardianship and later left the group. In 1969 he was convicted of "a lewd and lascivious act" for sexually molesting a 15-year-old female patient,[70] and he served four years of a twenty-year sentence in the Montana State Prison. It was in prison that Jensen converted several inmates to his ideas of being what he called the "Establisher" of the Bahá'í Faith, stemming from his belief that the Bahá'í administrative order became corrupted. After being paroled in 1973 and before Remey's death, Jensen formed a group called the Bahá'ís Under the Provisions of the Covenant.[71]
Since the 1970s, Jensen believed Remey's adopted son Joseph Pepe was the Guardian, an idea that Pepe rejected several times. In 1991 Jensen appointed followers to a second International Bahá'í Council (sIBC), intending that it would grow into an elected Universal House of Justice after a nuclear holocaust.[71] Jensen died in 1996.
A researcher has noted that since 1980 BUPC membership has never exceeded 200 nationwide,[71][72] and declined in size significantly by 1990 and beyond.[73] Adherents were mostly concentrated in Montana.[71]
Jacques Soghomonian
Donald Harvey (d.1991), was appointed by Remey as "Third Guardian" in 1967.[47] After Harvey's death in 1991, leadership of this group went to Jacques Soghomonian, a resident of Marseilles, France.[35] Although there are no clear records or web presence, Soghomonian's age suggests he has passed away.
The Remey Society
Francis Spataro of New York City, who supported Donald Harvey's claim as Remey's successor, independently organized "The Remey Society" after losing favor with Harvey. Spataro published books about Charles Mason Remey,[74] and at one time had a newsletter with about 400 recipients. When Spataro began to preach that Charles Mason Remey was a "Prophet", Harvey cut all ties to Spataro. He then continued to promote the life and works of Charles Mason Remey. In 1995 Francis Spataro became an Old Catholic priest and left the Bahá'í religion altogether. The Remey Society is now extinct.
The Man
"The House of Mankind and the Universal Palace of Order" followed Jamshid Ma'ani and John Carré, but appears now to be defunct. In the early 1970s a Persian man named Jamshid Ma'ani claimed he was "The Man"; or a new Manifestation of God. He gained a few dozen Iranian Bahá'í followers. John Carré heard of Jamshid, and wrote a book about him; trying to get other Bahá'ís to accept him as a new Manifestation. Carré even invited "The Man" to live in his home in California, but soon concluded, after living with "The Man" for four months, that "The Man" was not at all godly or spiritual and certainly not a Manifestation of God. "The Man" went back to Iran, and Carré ended all association with him.[35]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 MacEoin, Dennis. "Bahai and Babi Schisms". Iranica.
The history of Bahaism as a distinct movement is punctuated by divisions of varying severity, usually occurring as responses to the death of one of the religion's leaders.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Barrett 2001, pp. 247–248
- ↑ Momen & Smith 1989, p. 64
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Smith 2000, pp. 115–116
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 MacEoin, Dennis. "Bahai and Babi Schisms". Iranica.
Other small groups have broken away from the main body from time to time, but none of these has attracted a sizeable following.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Major Branches of Religions Ranked by Number of Adherents, Adherents.com
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Smith 2000, pp. 116 Quote from source: "Some attempts were made during the 1950s and 1960s to bring together the disparate groups of Covenant-breakers, but these had little effect. Globally, the Bahá'í community has maintained its unity."
- ↑ Momen 2003, §D [1]
- ↑ Bahá'u'lláh, Tablets of Bahá'u'lláh, p. 221
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Smith 2000, pp. 252
- ↑ Smith 2008, p. 44
- ↑ Smith2008
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Smith, P. (1999). A Concise Encyclopedia of the Bahá'í Faith. Oxford, UK: Oneworld Publications. p. 218. ISBN 1-85168-184-1.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Smith, Peter (2004). The Baha'i Faith in the West. Kalimat Press. pp. 4, 7. ISBN 978-1-890688-11-0.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Cole, Juan R.I.; Quinn, Sholeh; Smith, Peter; Walbridge, John, eds. (July 2004). "Behai Quarterly". Documents on the Shaykhi, Babi and Baha'i Movements. h-net.msu.edu. 08 (2). Retrieved 2010-04-17.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 Shu'a'ullah, Behai Quarterly Volume 4 Page 23
- ↑ Browne, p. 82. The reference appears to be to the unitarian theology of one god, rather than any identification with the American Unitarian Association.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 Warburg, Margit. Bahá'í: Studies in Contemporary Religion. Signature Books. p. 64. ISBN 1-56085-169-4.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 Momen 2003, §G.2.b [2]
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 Momen 2003, §G.2.c [3]
- ↑ MacEoin, Dennis. "Bahai and Babi Schisms". Iranica.
In Palestine, the followers of Moḥammad-ʿAlī continued as a small group of families opposed to the Bahai leadership in Haifa; they have now been almost wholly re-assimilated into Muslim society.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ McGlinn, Sen (March 27, 2010). "A Muhammad Ali revival?". Retrieved 2010-04-17.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 Masumian, Abid; Momen, Moojan (n.d.). "The Truth about Baha'u'llah's Great-Granddaughter, Nigar Bahai Amsalem". ?. Retrieved 2010-04-17.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Schory, Noemi (2010-04-17). "Producer's Statement". Bahais in My Backyard, A Belfilms Production. firsthandfilms.com. Retrieved 2010-04-17.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 Momen 2003, §G.2.d.iv [4] Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Momen_2003_G.2.d.iv" defined multiple times with different content
- ↑ See Effendi 1944, p. 355 [5]
- ↑ Momen 2003, §G.2.d.i [6]
- ↑ Momen 2003, §G.2.d.ii [7]
- ↑ Mirza Ahmad Sohrab, The Bahá'í Cause pp. 309-14
- ↑ 30.0 30.1 Smith 2000, pp. 325
- ↑ Smith, Peter (2004). Smith, Peter, ed. Baha'is in the West. 14. Kalimat Press. p. 15.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Moojan Momen 2003, § G.2.d.ii [8] See also New York Tax Exempt and NonProfit Organizations [9]
- ↑ Khan, Janet A. (2005). Prophet's Daughter: The Life and Legacy of Bahíyyih Khánum, Outstanding Heroine Of The Bahá'í Faith. Wilmette, Illinois, USA: Bahá'í Publishing Trust. pp. 123–4. ISBN 1-931847-14-2.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ 34.00 34.01 34.02 34.03 34.04 34.05 34.06 34.07 34.08 34.09 34.10 Smith 2000, pp. 169–170
- ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 35.3 35.4 35.5 35.6 35.7 35.8 35.9 Momen 2003, §G.2.e [10]
- ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 36.3 36.4 36.5 Smith 2000, pp. 175–177
- ↑ 37.0 37.1 Smith 2000, pp. 356–357
- ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 38.3 38.4 Smith 2000, pp. 346–350
- ↑ Momen & Smith 1989, p. 89
- ↑ Time Magazine Dec. 9, 1957 "In the Hands of the Hands"
- ↑ 41.0 41.1 41.2 Smith 2000, p. 117
- ↑ For their authority, the Custodians referred to the Will and Testament of `Abdul-Bahá which states that "the Hands of the Cause of God must elect from their own number nine persons that shall at all times be occupied in the important services in the work of the Guardian of the Cause of God."(Hatcher & Martin 1998, p. 190)(`Abdu'l-Bahá 1901-08, p. 12) See: Rabbani, Ministry of the Custodians, 1992, Letter of 28 May 1960, to all National Spiritual Assemblies (pp. 204-206), Letter of 5 July 1960, to all National Spiritual Assemblies (pp. 208-209), Letter of 7 July 1960, to all Hands of the Cause, Cable of 26 July 1960, to all National Spiritual Assemblies (p.223), and Letter of 15 October 1960, to all National Spiritual Assemblies (pp. 231-236)[11] In addition, the Guardian had written that the Hands had executive authority in carrying out his directives. (Effendi 1982, pp. 82–83)[12]
- ↑ See Rabbani 1992, p. 37 [13] and Effendi & 1971 pp-7-8 [14]
- ↑ See Rabbani 1992, p. 169 [15]
- ↑ Taherzadeh 1992, p. 324
- ↑ 46.0 46.1 Smith 2000, p. 200
- ↑ 47.0 47.1 47.2 47.3 47.4 47.5 47.6 Smith 2000, p. 292
- ↑ See Charles Mason Remey, Proclamation to the Bahá'ís of the World, p. 1 [16]
- ↑ The Hands of the Cause wrote regarding his reasoning on this point, "If the President of the International Bahá'í Council is ipso facto the Guardian of the Bahá'í Faith, then the beloved Guardian, himself, Shoghi Effendi would have had to be the President of this first International Bahá'í Council." (Rabbani 1992, p. 234) [17]
- ↑ See Charles Mason Remey, Proclamation to the Bahá'ís of the World, p. 5 and also "Role of the Hands of the Cause".
- ↑ See Charles Mason Remey, Proclamation to the Bahá'ís of the World, pp. 6-7 [18]
- ↑ Brent Mathieu, Biography of Charles Mason Remey
- ↑ Taherzadeh 1992, p. 387
- ↑ Taherzadeh 2000, p. 370
- ↑ See (Rabbani 1992, p. 223)
- ↑ See Effendi 1982, pp. 82–83 [19]
- ↑ Smith 2000, pp. 292–293
- ↑ Smith 2008, p. 68
- ↑ The Universal House of Justice, Letter of 9 March 1965, Messages from the Universal House of Justice, 1963-1986, p. 50
- ↑ Momen & Smith 1989, p. 76
- ↑ Taherzadeh 1992, p. 390
- ↑ The Universal House of Justice, Letter of 7 December 1969, Messages from the Universal House of Justice, 1963-1986, p. 158
- ↑ The Universal House of Justice specifically refers to paragraph 42 of the Kitáb-i-Aqdas as evidence that Bahá'u'lláh anticipated that the line of Guardians was not guaranteed forever by providing for the disposition of the religion's endowments in the absence of the Aghsán.(Taherzadeh 1992, p. 390) See also Notes 66 and 67 of the The Kitáb-i-Aqdas, pp. 196-197.
- ↑ Warburg 2004 [20]
- ↑ Grattan, Joan (1995). "Special Collections: Milton S. Eisenhower Library". The Johns Hopkins University. Retrieved 2007-09-26.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Bahá'ís vs New Mexico Group District Court, N.D. Illinois, E. Div. No. 64 C 1878. Decided June 28, 1966
- ↑ THE COVENANT, Moojan Momen. Quoting Chicago Tribune, 10 June 1988, section 1, p. 9
- ↑ [21], US District Court for Northern District Court of Illinois Eastern Division, Civil Action No. 64 C 1878: Orthodox Bahá'í Respondents' Surreply Memorandum to NSA's Reply Memorandum, p2 para 2 line 15
- ↑ http://www.rt66.com/~obfusa/welcome.htm, and http://obcdelhi.bravehost.com/
- ↑ State v. Jensen, 153 Mont. 233, 455 P.2d 631 (Montana, 1969)
- ↑ 71.0 71.1 71.2 71.3 Stone 2000, p. 271
- ↑ Harvard researchers have noted a community of 30 members in the headquarters of Missoula, Montana in 2003, as well as the existence of BUPC adherents in Denver and Alaska. ("Bahá'í Faith Center". Harvard University, Committee on the Study of Religion. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 2007-08-19.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>)("Mapping Religious Diversity in Montana (2003)". Harvard University, Committee on the Study of Religion. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 2007-08-19.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>)
- ↑ stone 2000, p. 280
- ↑ *Spataro, Francis C. (2003). Charles Mason Remey and the Bahá'í Faith, Tover Publications, Queens, NY 11427-2116. 2003 ISBN 0-9671656-3-6.
- `Abdu'l-Bahá. The Will And Testament of 'Abdu'l-Bahá. Wilmette, Illinois, USA: Bahá'í Publishing Trust.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Bahá'u'lláh (1873). The Kitáb-i-Aqdas: The Most Holy Book. Wilmette, Illinois, USA: Bahá'í Publishing Trust. ISBN 0-85398-999-0.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Bahá'u'lláh (1873–92). Tablets of Bahá'u'lláh Revealed After the Kitáb-i-Aqdas. Wilmette, Illinois, USA: Bahá'í Publishing Trust. ISBN 0-87743-174-4.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Balyuzi, Hasan (2001). `Abdu'l-Bahá: The Centre of the Covenant of Bahá'u'lláh (Paperback ed.). Oxford, UK: George Ronald. ISBN 0-85398-043-8.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Barrett, David (2001). The New Believers. London, UK: Cassell & Co. ISBN 0-304-35592-5.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Browne, E.G. (1918), "Materials for the Study of the Bábí Religion"
- Cohen, Erik (1972). "The Bahá'í Community of Acre". Folklore Research Center Studies 3: 119–141.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Effendi, Shoghi (1944). God Passes By. Wilmette, Illinois, USA: Bahá'í Publishing Trust. ISBN 0-87743-020-9.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Effendi, Shoghi (1982). The Light of Divine Guidance (Volume 2). Germany: Bahá'í Publishing Trust. ISBN 3-87037-159-5.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Effendi, Shoghi (1971). Messages to the Bahá'í World, 1950-1957. Wilmette, Illinois, USA: Bahá'í Publishing Trust. ISBN 0-87743-036-5.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Effendi, Shoghi (1938). The World Order of Bahá'u'lláh. Wilmette, Illinois, USA: Bahá'í Publishing Trust. ISBN 0-87743-231-7.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- "Bahá'í Faith: Bahá'í and Babi schisms". Encyclopædia Iranica. 1989.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Hatcher, William; Martin, J.D. (1998). The Bahá'í Faith: The Emerging Global Religion. New York: Harper and Row. ISBN 0-87743-264-3.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Hinnells, John R., ed. (1984). A Handbook of Living Religions (Paperback ed.). London, UK: Penguin. ISBN 0-14-013599-5.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Momen, Moojan (2003). "The Covenant and Covenant-Breaker". bahai-library.com. Retrieved 2009-01-01.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 47: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).
- Rabbani, Ruhiyyih, ed. (1992). The Ministry of the Custodians 1957-1963. Bahá'í World Centre. ISBN 0-85398-350-X.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Rabbani, R. (1969). The Priceless Pearl (Hardcover ed.). London, UK: Bahá'í Publishing Trust: 2000. ISBN 1-870989-91-0.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 47: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).
- Smith, Peter (2000). A concise encyclopedia of the Bahá'í Faith. Oxford: Oneworld Publications. ISBN 1-85168-184-1.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Smith, Peter (2008). An Introduction to the Baha'i Faith. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-86251-5.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Spataro, Francis C. (2003). Charles Mason Remey and the Bahá'í Faith. Tover Publications, Queens, NY 11427-2116. 2003 ISBN 0-9671656-3-6.
- Stone, Jon R. (ed) (2000). Expecting Armageddon, Essential Readings in Failed Prophecy. New York: Routledge. pp. 269–282. ISBN 0-415-92331-X. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Taherzadeh, Adib (1992). The Covenant of Bahá'u'lláh. Oxford, UK: George Ronald. ISBN 0-85398-344-5.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Taherzadeh, Adib (2000). The Child of the Covenant. Oxford, UK: George Ronald. ISBN 0-85398-439-5.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Universal House of Justice (1996). Marks, Geoffry W., (Ed.), ed. Messages from the Universal House of Justice, 1963-1986: The Third Epoch of the Formative Age. Wilmette, Illinois, USA: Bahá'í Publishing Trust. ISBN 0-87743-239-2. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Warburg, Margit (2004). Bahá'í, Studies in Contemporary Religion. Signature Books. ISBN 1-56085-169-4.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
Further reading
- Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 47: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).
External links
- Mirza Ahmad Sohrab. The Will and Testament of Abdul Baha, An Analysis.
- Living Schools of Religion Vergilius Ferm, ed. Ames, Iowa: Littlefield, Adams & Co., 1956. Chapter 19, "The Bahá'í Cause," by Mirza Ahmad Sohrab (pages 309-14)
- Official Page of the Unitarian Baha'is
- Proclamation of Mason Remey – Remey's public declaration in 1960
- Orthodox Bahá'í Guardian – Official website
- Tarbiyat Bahá'í Community – Official website
- Bahá'ís Under the Provisions of the Covenant – Official website
- Guardianship of the Bahá'í Faith – Jacques Soghomonian – Official website
- Mason Remey and Those Who Followed Him – Published by the Universal House of Justice, along with introductory statements.
- Issues Related to the Study of the Bahá'í Faith – Extracts from letters written on behalf of the Universal House of Justice
- From Gaslight to Dawn by Julie Chanler New History Foundation, NY 1956.


text:
January Articles 2014
Hammertoe: No Walk in the Park!
Hammertoe is a painful deformity of the second, third, or fourth toe, frequently caused by improper mechanics—the way a person walks or the shoes they wear that do not allow room for the deformity. Similar to mallet toe and claw toe, hammertoe involves different joints of the toe and foot. Shoes that are too narrow or short for the foot, or have excessively high heels, can cause of hammertoe. Improperly sized shoes force the toes into a bent position for long periods, causing the muscles to shorten and bend the toes into the hammertoe deformity.
Other causes of hammertoe may be complications from RA (rheumatoid arthritis), osteoarthritis, trauma to the foot, heredity, or CVA (cerebral vascular accident). Symptoms of hammertoe include, but may not be limited to, pain and difficult mobility of the toes, deformity, and calluses or corns from toes abrading one another.
A patient experiencing symptoms of hammertoe should seek examination by a physician, specifically a podiatrist. Podiatrists diagnose and treat disorders of the foot. If the doctor finds the involved toes have retained some flexibility, treatment may involve simple exercise, physical therapy, and a better fit to shoes worn by the patient. Treatment often targets controlling the mechanics, such as walking, that cause hammertoe by using custom orthotics.
In more advanced cases, where the toes have become rigid and inflexible, the doctor may suggest surgery. The operation would consist of incising the toe to relieve pressure on the tendons. The doctor may re-align tendons and remove small pieces of bone in order to straighten the toe. The insertion of pins may be necessary to fix bones in the proper position while the toe heals. Usually the patient is able to return home on the day of surgery.
If surgery is necessary, it is important to follow the postoperative directions of your physician. Theses may include various stretches, attempting to crumple a towel placed flat against your feet, or picking up marbles with your toes. Striving to wear shoes with low heels and ample toe space will ensure healthy feet and toes. Avoid closed shoes and high heels. Laced shoes tend to be roomier and more comfortable. Shoes with a minimum of one half inch space between the tip of your longest toe and the inside of the shoe will provide adequate space, relieve pressure on your toes, and prevent hammertoe from re-occurring.
Some tips on feet may include purchasing shoes at mid-day as your feet are smaller in the morning and swell as the day progresses. Ensure that she shoes you buy are both the same size and have the store stretch shoes at painful points to provide for optimum comfort.
What Are Ankle/Foot Orthotics?
Orthotics is a field that focuses on the manufacturing, design, and use of aids used to support or direct the proper function of weak limbs. Ankle-foot orthotics, also known as AFOs, are braces that are worn on the ankle that can encompass either some or all of the foot. AFOS are predominantly use to help treat diseases that weaken or affect the musculature of an affected area in order to strengthen and train the muscles properly. It can also be noted that tight muscles in need of lengthening or loosening can also benefit from AFOs.
When one initially thinks of diseases that affect the musculature often the 'big names' come to mind. This includes muscular dystrophy, polio, multiple sclerosis and cerebral palsy. It's rarely thought that a stroke or arthritis can also affect the musculature as well. Regardless of what trauma is affecting the musculature, however, there is a way to correct it. Orthotics help to control the range of motion, correct deformities, manage pain load and provide support by stabilizing walk. Podiatrists are consulted for all of these conditions whether it's simply everyday pain, wasted musculature or those who 'toe in'.
Before orthotic devices became modern devices, many polio victims wore metal braces from mid-thigh to the foot's bottom. Many children 'toed in' wearing these metal braces. Design materials improved drastically and allow for new levels of functionality, comfort and even appearance. Many orthotics are derived from plastics and maintain an L shape, which is designed to fit inside a corrective shoe. These corrective shoes are available with built-up soles to help correct the gait or manage pain by sharing it with another area as the foot spreads during walking. In the past leather and fiberboard were used to provide rigidity that was needed for correction and support.
The podiatrist prescribes orthotics in an L shape since the foot moves on a hinge. If this hinge is not moving as it should, the muscles tighten up which reduces the foot's flexibility. As we walk, the foot flexes as the muscles stretch. A brace or AFO supports the ankle and musculature during the foot's flexing much as a knee brace would work. Corrective shoes are for those whose feet hit the ground backwards, causing arch problems and muscle tightness. Wedges and rocker bars on the heels correct the step to heel first and rock on the ball of the foot. This results in stronger ankles and a more relaxed musculature.
Appearance also counts, especially when intended for everyday day wear. L shaped orthotics are contoured to the calf and flesh colored, fitting into a dress shoe or sneaker. This makes corrective shoes more attractive than past models, allowing patients to wear these devices not only with greater comfort but with confidence as well.
How Obesity Affects Your Feet
Maybe you have gained a few extra pounds over the past couple of years. It comes on slowly and you are not always aware of it until your feet start hurting at the end of the day. After all, they carry the weight of your whole body. Experiencing foot pain and swelling is one of the biggest side effects of being overweight.
Many problems that occur in the feet are directly related to carrying even a small amount of extra weight. If you are overweight, the body may try to compensate by changing the way it moves. You may lean forward a bit and put extra weight on the wrong part of the foot. Your feet were designed to carry a normal amount of body weight and any extra will put undue stress on them.
Many people who are overweight as adults develop type 2 diabetes and it is often the cause of leg and foot pain. This is very serious and often older people who do not control their condition may lose all feeling in their legs and feet. It is also possible to develop small sores on the feet, and when you have diabetes, these do not always heal properly which can lead to serious infection.
The extra pressure and stress placed on muscles, joints, and tendons in the feet by extra body weight can also trigger plantar fasciitis. Plantar fasciitis is an inflammation of the tissue along the bottom of the foot, and causes pain and stiffness when walking and climbing stairs. Pain caused by plantar fasciitis can be relieved by foot stretches and orthotics inserted into the shoe.
Foot problems triggered by excess body weight may be treated by special attention to footwear. Shoes that properly support the foot – especially the arch and ankle – and allow for good circulation are very important. A podiatrist can help you decide what kind of shoe is best for your feet. Orthotics – special inserts that can be inserted into shoes – can absorb shock, support the arches, and keep the feet properly aligned. These can be found in shoe stores or may be fitted by a podiatrist.
It may also be time to consider taking off a few pounds to prevent diabetes and other life threatening diseases. Your feet will certainly thank you for it and you will feel better in a short amount of time. A water aerobics class at a local gym is a way to get needed exercise without putting any stress on the feet or ankles. Yoga is also an activity that is beneficial both to your feet and your entire body. Don't risk losing your freedom by ignoring foot pain. If you take care of your feet, you can keep your feet and your entire body feeling great.
Blisters on the Feet
If you have ever worn a pair of shoes that were two tight or just rubbed you in the wrong place, then chances are that you have experienced the pain of having a blister formed. To better understand how blisters form, what treatment we should apply for blisters, and how we can avoid having them form, we should learn more about what blisters are.
A blister on the foot is basically a small pocket that is fluid filled. This pocket typically forms on the upper layers of skin, because those layers are so thin. The majority of the time, blisters are filled with clear fluid; however, sometimes the blisters may be filled with blood and even pus if they have become infected due to bacteria entering the blister pocket.
Blisters on the feet are almost always a result of a shoe rubbing the foot constantly which results in what is termed a friction blister. These blisters occur after you have walked for very long periods of time or when you wear a pair of shoes that do not fit your feet properly. Blisters also form more easily if your feet are moist.
If you experience the displeasure of having a blister form on your foot, then proper treatment is an absolute must to alleviate pain and to prevent infection. In general the best treatment for blisters that are full of clear fluid is to just leave them alone. Your body will form new skin under the blister and then when the time is right your body will allow the blister to pop. If you try to lance the blister you may introduce bacteria in it that will lead to an infection. If the blister is painful, then you can use a band-aid over it to provide some cushioning which should relieve pain.
If the blister is filled with blood or pus, then the best treatment is to seek out the attention of a doctor. These blisters may need to be further evaluated and you may be given antibiotics to destroy any infection that you may have.
Preventing blisters on the feet is the best way to prevent any pain or infection that could occur. You can prevent blisters by keeping your feet dry and by making sure that you wear a proper pair of shoes that fit your feet well, without being too tight or too loose. If you do feel a place on your foot where your shoe is rubbing, then applying a band-aid to that spot may prevent a blister from forming until you can change them.
April - May - June - July - August - September - October - November - December

subset: commoncrawl


text:
public interface IExtensionWizard extends IBasePluginWizard
|Modifier and Type
|Method and Description
init(IProject project,
IPluginModelBase pluginModel)
Initializes the wizard with the project of the plug-in and the model object for the plug-in manifest file.
addPages, canFinish, createPageControls, dispose, getContainer, getDefaultPageImage, getDialogSettings, getNextPage, getPage, getPageCount, getPages, getPreviousPage, getStartingPage, getTitleBarColor, getWindowTitle, isHelpAvailable, needsPreviousAndNextButtons, needsProgressMonitor, performCancel, performFinish, setContainer
void init(IProject project, IPluginModelBase pluginModel)
Although the wizard is launched to create an extension, there is no reason a wizard cannot create several at once.
project - the plug-in project resource where the new code and resources
should go
pluginModel - the model instance that should be used to modify the plug-in
Copyright (c) 2000, 2017 Eclipse Contributors and others. All rights reserved.Guidelines for using Eclipse APIs.


text:
My career in the tech industry really took off when I launched tech start-up NORTHSTAR.ai in 2015 with the aim of reimagining employee performance appraisals and harnessing the engagement of the diverse workforce.
The platform's success, together with my experience as a professional sportsman, director of a Virgin Fast Track business and my involvement in social action mentoring projects, gives me the energy and confidence essential to bringing a unique approach to managing employee performance and personal motivation.
At _nology, I'm the student success advisor. So I mainly provide students with real life application of their skills within the NORTHSTAR.ai research and development stream. NORTHSTAR is a partner organisation and so enables _nology.io students to actually apply their skills in a workable setting – amplifying their success beyond the course and into a career.
Together with the _nology team, I'm focused on ensuring those on the conversion course are able to put their skills into practice, not just in theory.
Amy Golding
"I'm taking _nology from concept to reality, driving its evolution in line with the changing needs and overseeing every step of the process."
Peter Anstey
"Beginning to learn code was a revelation for me and spurred me to found _nology. Because if I can do it, anyone can!"
Craig Livings
"I'm passionate about baking this core skill into the _nology programme, creating developers who are creative problem solvers."
Alex Crass
"I'm excited about helping to dispel the myth that you need to be a scientist, maths genius or an electrical engineer in order to have a successful career in tech."
Hatti Webster
"It's also exciting to be part of an innovative, connected, driven and hardworking team, all focused on achieving _nology's ambitions by using our creative and cultural energy to drive success."


text:
From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to John Quincy Adams, 7 June 1814
St Petersburg June 7th. 1814.
Yesterday my best friend I had the heartfelt satisfaction of hearing of your safe arrival at Stockolm, for which I began to be very anxious. thank God that you have so happily escaped all the perils and dangers which threaten'd you, and that you are no longer exposed to them. you cannot concieve the joyful agitation into which your letter threw Charles, he was perfectly wild with impatience, and would scarcely give me time to read it. I mentioned to you in my last that I had moved into the Country, which I hope will not displease you, as the Dr. said that it was absolutely necessary. I have kept him at home since Saturday, as the Scarlet Fever is in the neighbourhood of Mr Fishwick and Poor Mr Brown fell a martyr to it after three days illness; he has left a large family to mourn his loss, which has befallen them at a moment in which they could ill spare him. Charles has already derived benefit from air and exercise and takes milk from the Cow every morning he has a rake a spade and a Wheel-barrow which a great inducement and is likewise a fund of amusement his studies are not neglected and he goes through the same course as when you were at home though I fear not with the same advantages as much depends upon the Instructor the will is good Mon Ami but few are capable of taking a Child out of your hands—
We are now very anxious to hear from you at Stockolm a great variety of bad news has reached us but not the report which you mention of Mr Beasley I have written all the tattle that we have here and have been half fearful that it might not be agreeable to you however I shall continue untill I hear from you on the subject. The last report we have here is that Admiral Gambier and Mr Hamilton are appointed to meet you at Gottenburg but that we are not to have Peace without cieding territory in Canada they chusing to have larger possessions in America.
We have not recieved a line since your departure from America and are anxiously waiting for our letters in Gottenburg you will se Mr Peyron in Stockholm and from him recieve your dispatches which were all sent owing to Mr Normans retarding his journey he is not yet gone, and there is some great dissatisfaction about our friend in England Mr B. I am told expressed it very strongly two nights before he died.
The Emperor returns on the 22 Old Syle they are building a pine Triumphal arch on the Peterhof road which is to cost a Million of R. 250.000 of which <
[. . .]> was given by the Nobility the sum is to be raised by a tax levied on the property of the different classes in Petersburg. our friends L. and Old Mr R. have been called upon for their quota, the last I understood had refused; he is going away as soon as he can procure a passport. the Old Gentleman flatters himself he shall be restored to health in his own Country. Mr de Tracy, de Castrics, Montreal, < and> the two Lewis's, and Mr Slade dined with me before the two first named Gentlemen left town. every body here in the great Circles were much surprized and offended to think they should desire to return home &cc:
I much fear you will be so much occupied as to make it impossible for you to write me so frequently but this is another sacrifice which I must make to the public good and it is a very heavy one among the rest of the news it is said that Mr B. is so much admired in England that he must be kept there as Minister and that he is positively to be our next President this comes in a letter from the attache who seems to have forgotten old Stories.
Mr Strugotshacoff has been twice to know if we keep the House he wishes to paint it and repair it and he says he must have an answer before the first of July. I have found Plucharts note. Your last came unopen'd but I recieved a letter from Mr Roddie which was open'd at the Post Office and not even reclosed. I wrote to him and enclosed a letter for you which you should have recieved the day you sail'd I have been very unlucky in my letters to you but I hope you have not thought it neglect.—
Adieu my dearest friend may every blessing await you prays your really affectionate friend
P. S. It is publicly said here in all Societies that the Emperor has declared that he intends to turn his attention immediately to the Affairs of America and that he is determined to procure them a good Peace
MHi: Adams Papers.


text:
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Comments20.04.2017 : 10:07 Arianne:
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text:
I have an PIXELVIEW GeForce 9300 GS 512MB. Then I played Need For Speed Hot Pursuit. every thing is okay but suddenly when I select the car, game saying "not responding". Then I changed settings in the nVidia control panel, the condition is normal again but with SUPER LAG. This is happens with other 3D game I: Crysis 2, The Sims 3, PES 2011.
How to make the game to normal again?
Sorry for my bad english
"I have an PIXELVIEW GeForce 9300 GS 512MB"
Of course your games lag, the 9300GS is NOT a gaming card. Have a look at the following performance chart of mid-range cards:
I suggest you check this article, it should help you to make the right choice for an actual gaming card:
NO! Every 3D object certainly broken, including Google Sketchup. I don't know why and not really care about lag. Before I installing new nVidia driver, my computer still okay. OR maybe my graphic card just support DirectX 10 and my computer already installed DirectX 11.
directx11 is not suppoted by ur graphics, and they will lag because ur graphics suck
what settings did u change in nvidia control panel?
reinstall ur graphics drivers make sure to do a clean remove and reinstall
and what are ur computer temps ?
computers are a second home
NVIDIA GeForce


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Taj Mahal Tour India
Every soul that has seen Taj Mahal, standing on the banks of Yamuna River, has been smitten by the beauty of this marble marvel. If love could be immortalized that would be in the form of Taj Mahal, built by Mughal Emperor, Shah Jahan in the memory of his wife, Mumtaz Mahal. It is said that the emperor loved her so much that he was grief-stricken after his wife's death and decided to build a tomb that represents the house of the queen in Paradise. His love for his wife was so deep and strong that he decided to make her immortal through white marble.
It has attracted millions of visitors from all over the world to get a glimpse of this magnificent monument is one of the wonders of the world. It is located in Agra, an old Mughal city, and has been listed on UNESCO's world heritage site. The entire complex of Taj Mahal is spread across 17 hectares of land that houses Taj Mahal, Mughal Garden, The Great Gate and a Mosque.
The Taj Mahal stands on an elevated platform with the main dome and four minarets at each corner that seem to guard it. The symmetry of this structure is perfect and one will be awestruck to see it from a distance and can't help but wonder how Mughal architectures achieved this perfection without modern day tools and resources. The doorway is arch-shaped and has two chambers – upper and lower. The lower chamber houses the actual tombs of the emperor and his queen and the upper one shows a replica of the original tombs. The entrance to the original tomb is closed to keep it safe from wear and tear. The marble dome over the tomb is the main attraction from outside and inside. Adding to the beauty of the dome are four domes in the shape of chattris. The interior work on walls and balconies is flawless and perfect. The inlay work, flowers carved in marble, embedded precious stones; everything shows that the work was done meticulously. On the outside, there is calligraphy on the walls, marble jali lattice, reflective tiles and plant motifs.
The Mughal garden has elevated pathways that divide each of the four quarters of the garden into 16 sunken gardens with flowers. At other places, the serene garden is laid with green trees and fountains. There is a main gateway which is the main entrance to the tomb. It is huge and is arch shaped just like the entrance of the main Taj Mahal. There are geometric designs on walls and vaulted ceilings.
The tour to Taj Mahal is a once in a lifetime opportunity to witness the masterpiece that reflects the history of Mughal era and the luxury they used to enjoy. Though pollution has taken a toll on this architectural white beauty, it will still amaze you with its fine craftsmanship and stunning beauty. Bill Clinton, the former President of America, said, "There are two kinds of people in the world. Those who have seen the Taj Mahal and love it, and those who have not seen the Taj Mahal and love it. I would like people to watch the Taj Mahal and fall in love with it if you the history of Taj Mahal and Best Time to visit Agra.
Always book your Taj Mahal Day Tour from Delhi with approved tour operator who registered with ministry of tourism and Govt. of India.
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Best Time to visit Delhi Agra Jaipur or Golden Triangle India


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Family Security ATM Machines doesn't have to be a high-risk decision. What if we need to use the outside bank ATM machine after-hours? What steps should we take to make the process safer for … [Read more...]
ATM Machine Security Plan for Families Who Want to be Safe
ATM Machine Security Plan can help families avoid the risk of armed robbery. What if we need to use the bank ATM machine late at night? What if someone tries to rob us while using the ATM … [Read more...]
ATM Machine Robbery Late Night Use Requires Security Awareness
ATM Machine Robbery is a convenient source of cash for the armed robber. Most bank ATM robberies occur at night between 8 pm and midnight. ATM robbers usually position themselves nearby … [Read more...]


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Aquacultural Research Corporation, et al. v. Austin, et al. (Lawyers Weekly No. 11-176-15)
NOTICE: All slip opinions and orders are subject to formal revision and are superseded by the advance sheets and bound volumes of the Official Reports. If you find a typographical error or other formal error, please notify the Reporter of Decisions, Supreme Judicial Court, John Adams Courthouse, 1 Pemberton Square, Suite 2500, Boston, MA, 02108-1750; (617) 557-1030; email@example.com
14-P-1650 Appeals Court
AQUACULTURAL RESEARCH CORPORATION & another[1] vs. ROSEMARIE AUSTIN & another.[2]
Barnstable. October 1, 2015. – November 9, 2015.
Present: Kafker, C.J., Katzmann, & Rubin, JJ.
Moot Question. Practice, Civil, Moot case, Vacation of judgment.
Civil action commenced in the Orleans Division of the District Court Department on November 12, 2010.
The case was heard by Brian R. Merrick, J.
Categories: News Tags: 1117615, Aquacultural, Austin, Corporation, Lawyers, Research, Weekly


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LONDON: Former England captain Ray Wilkins died on Wednesday in a London hospital following a heart attack, the Professional Footballers' Association (PFA) said.
Wilkins suffered a cardiac arrest on Saturday and was admitted to St George's Hospital, where he was put in an induced coma.
"It is with great sadness and heavy hearts that we have learnt that former England midfielder Ray Wilkins has passed away, aged 61," the PFA said in a statement on Twitter.
"The thoughts and condolences of everyone at the PFA are with his family and friends."
Wilkins won 84 caps for England between 1976 and 1986.
He played more than 150 times for each of Chelsea, Manchester United and Queen's Park Rangers, with shorter spells abroad for AC Milan and Paris St Germain.
In a 20-year coaching career he was manager of QPR, Fulham and the Jordan national team, and assistant manager in two spells at Chelsea.


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Monthly Austin subscription box - Delicious locally made items curated and sent to you once a month.
Willie Nelson & Jimmy Kimmel say farewell - Some great local flavor laughs.
Great collection of Austin aerial shots - Follow @cvsherman on Instagram for more.
We're getting a Voodoo Doughnut shop - The Portland based donut shop will be opening a new location in Austin.
The Complete Greenbelt Guide - Perfect weather to get out and go hiking now.
Austin Television Festival - Almost sold out but it looks like they'll have some great premieres and some notable guests in attendance.
Interview with the owners of Patika - The story behind their first brick-and-mortar.


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Posted in:
Rehab Underway at 368 Grant Street
A charming three-story building at the southwest corner of Grant Street and Potomac Avenue is coming back to life. The 6,000 sq.ft. building has 2,200 sq.ft. of commercial space and two vacant upper floor apartments. It had been owned by Katherine Martino and was the home of Phil Martino's West Side Appliance and Furniture. It sold in February. The new owners are gutting the building and plans call for commercial space on the ground floor and two to four upper floor apartments.
Arthur Dent has some details on BuffaloHipStar:
Today, I was pleasantly surprised to see an abandoned building at the corners of Grant and Potomac being gutted. Several days ago, this building was totally boarded up and was one more unoccupied/rundown building adding to the negative perception held by many of this historic business district. Now, it is a symbol of a district on the rise.
One of the workers was nice enough to take a minute to speak with me about the project. The worker informed me that the current property owners are rehabbing this building with the intention of turning it into rentable apartments. Unfortunately, he did not have any more information on the project, but did say they are making a great deal of progress.
I for one am impressed with all the positive progress being made to breathe life back into the Grant-Ferry business district, which started a few blocks away at the corners of Grant and Lafayette. A few days ago, I wrote an article about all the activity-taking place at that corner. This building being rehabbed is more evidence that the positive work done at that end of the strip (Grant and Lafayette) is starting to spread. I highly recommend that you take a trip and see it all for yourself. You will be just amazed at all the progress.
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Prime Minister Narendra Modi met with Chinese President Xi Jinping on the sidelines of the ongoing G20 summit and stated that the year 2018 is of utmost importance for the bilateral relations of the two countries.
Terming the Wuhan informal summit as the "milestone" for the two nations, the Prime Minister said that these meetings have given a new momentum to the growing relations between China and India.
Recalling the meetings between the two leaders in Qingdao and Johannesburg, Prime Minister Modi said that the review meetings have helped maintain momentum and have simultaneously opened up new avenues for better relationship and cooperation.
"Today's meeting is the review of the development till date and a planning for closer development partnership in the future," asserted the Prime Minister.
He further said that India is looking forward to welcoming Chinese President to India for another informal summit next year. "I believe that next year will be more fruitful for both the nations," Prime Minister Modi said.
The Prime Minister is in Argentina on a three-day official visit to attend the ongoing G20 summit.


text: We need Male Engagement to Stop Demand Topic Progress: ← Back to Lesson We need Male Engagement to Stop Demand Talk with other men about the harm they do when they buy sex with a minor. More than 90% of child sex offenders are male. They come from every income bracket, profession and neighborhood. ← Previous Topic


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South Africa hosted the hugely popular World Travel Market Africa 2018 last week, welcoming travel professionals from across Africa and the world eager to meet, network and consolidate business.
One of the key events during WTM Africa was the announcement of the winners of the auspicious African Responsible Travel Awards, an event dedicated to profiling tourism and travel businesses set on improving the sustainability of the industry.
Wilderness Safaris scooped the coveted Overall Winner position at the Awards for reducing its use of plastic water bottles across the Group by 75% since 2012, the consequent savings in plastic waste and the greenhouse gas emissions that result from transporting bottled water, as well as for its transparent reporting in its Annual Integrated Report (AIR).
The other winners of the Awards were:
Best for Global Goals: Wilderness Safaris Botswana (Gold), Spier (Silver), Basecamp Explorer (Highly commended)
Best for Decent Work and Inclusion: Spier (Silver), PEAK East Africa (Silver)
Best Responsible Cultural Experience: Basecamp Explorer (Silver)
Best for Innovation in Water Management: Wilderness Safaris Southern Africa (Silver)
Best for Aquatic Species and Habitat Conservation: North Island Seychelles (Gold), Marine Dynamics (Silver), All Out Africa (Highly commended)
Heidi van der Watt, Managing Director of Better Tourism Africa describes the Award winners as leaders in responsible tourism in Africa, saying "They are resilient, determined, humanising advocates for their destinations. They provide hope and inspiration for the future of tourism in Africa."
Harold Goodwin, Chair of the Judging Panel, said: "As in the World Responsible Tourism Awards, the judges looked for winners who might educate and inspire others, challenging the industry to achieve more by demonstrating what can be done by businesses and organisations to realise the ambition of responsible tourism. That ambition is simply put: to use tourism to make better places for people to live in."
The Awards came as the world prepared to celebrate Earth Day on 22 April. On this day, people not only spread awareness of the need for conservation but also take action to protect the environment. This year, the focus of Earth Day was on plastic pollution, with numerous tourism players vowing to go plastic-free in solidarity.
Also at Amadeus, sustainability continues to be a core focus. One of our core beliefs is that true long-term travel industry sustainability requires continuous checks that our operations and commercial endeavours are compatible and actually foster a more sustainable future.
Amadeus has ranked among the Corporate Knights' 2018 Global 100 Most Sustainable Corporations in the World. Only the top 2% of companies in the world are recognized for their sustainability performance on the Global 100.
For the sixth consecutive year, Amadeus has also been included in the Dow Jones Sustainability Indices (DJSI) World and DJSI Europe.
At Amadeus, we believe all stakeholders in the travel industry need to be actively involved in understanding and nurturing sustainability in order to meet today's requirements without compromising the needs of tomorrow.


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The Ombudsman Program advocates for residents who reside in facility based care centers such as nursing homes and assisted living. Ombudsmen investigate complaints and work with other agencies to resolve problems. Ombudsmen also educate staff, family members, the community and residents regarding long-term care issues.
Services include:
To receive advocacy services through the Ombudsman program you must be:
To receive general information about long-term care you must:
Assistant Ombudsmen volunteers, under the direct supervision of Long-term Care Ombudsman staff:
Volunteer Requirements:
Training and Support:


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- Pakistanis angry over detentions in Times Sq. case
Monday, May 24, 2010
ISLAMABAD – Relatives of three men detained by Pakistan for alleged links to the suspect in the attempted Times Square bombing say the men are innocent.
- Taiwan denies boycotting Australian film festival
Thursday, August 6, 2009
AFP - Thursday, August 6TAIPEI (AFP) - - Taiwan's Beijing-friendly government on Wednesday denied boycotting an Australian film festival amid a row over the e
- Merkel's support dips, regional ally resigns International
Thursday, September 3, 2009
By Sarah Marsh and Noah Barkin
BERLIN (Reuters) - Chancellor Angela Merkel suffered a double blow on Thursday as a senior party ally in east German
- Minister seeks closure of anti-Berlusconi websites
Wednesday, December 16, 2009
ROME (AFP) - – The Italian government moved Tuesday to close down Internet sites encouraging further violence against Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi, who
- Asian markets mixed after Wall Street rally
Wednesday, March 18, 2009
By ELAINE KURTENBACH,AP Business Writer AP - Wednesday, March 18SHANGHAI - Asia's stock market rally seemed to be running out of steam Wednesday, despite an
- Gaps emerging in US census outreach to immigrants | 1 February 2010
- Atlanta "Housewife" Kim Zolciak Files Protective Order Against Ex-Publicist | 2 March 2009
- RIM spurs rare optimism with surprising growth, new phone | | 26 September 2012
- Beijing takes a brand-new approach to Made in China
| | 13 March 2012
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Read more with google mobile : Netflix raises DVD, streaming plan price by 60 pct |
Edition: U.S. Article Comments (0) Follow Reuters Facebook Twitter RSS YouTube Read UPDATE 2-Anger grows in Russia as children found dead in ship 1:53pm EDT News Corp may be at risk for U.S. probe over bribery 4:31am EDT Billions of bugs wiped out on Dutch roads 1:33pm EDT Pakistan could "pull troops from Afghan border" if U.S. cuts aid 11:21am EDT Euro shaken by debt crisis; dollar benefits 11 Jul 2011 Discussed 114 Obama, lawmakers meet for 75 minutes on debt impasse 95 WRAPUP 1-Taxes still a stumbling block in U.S. debt talks 64 Obama faces new obstacles in high-stakes debt talks Watched A Tokyo-Paris flight in under three hours on the horizon Fri, Jun 24 2011 Hefner's revenge; Ryan Reynolds stops traffic Fri, Jun 17 2011 War of words heat up U.S. debt fears 2:52am EDT Netflix raises DVD, streaming plan price by 60 pct Tweet Share this Email Print Related News Media moguls focus on digital dollars at Sun Valley Wed, Jul 6 2011 Netflix expands online service to Latin America Tue, Jul 5 2011 Hulu weighs sale options after approach: source Wed, Jun 22 2011 Analysis & Opinion Tech wrap: Apple hits new app download milestone Verizon Wireless crunches numbers for you — or tries to Related Topics Entertainment » Fashion » Television » Media » Netflix Chief Executive Officer Reed Hastings demonstrates how various gaming devices can be used to stream content during the launch of the Netflix streaming internet subscription service for movies and television shows to TVs and computers in Canada at a news conference in Toronto September 22, 2010. Credit: Reuters/ Mike Cassese LOS ANGELES | Tue Jul 12, 2011 4:38pm EDT LOS ANGELES (Reuters) - Netflix Inc will raise by 60 percent the monthly price of a plan that lets subscribers watch unlimited movies and video online and get DVDs by mail. Customers who want both services will pay $7.99 per month to rent one DVD at a time plus $7.99 for unlimited streaming, or a total of $15.98 per month. The previous cost of this plan was $9.99 a month. "We are separating unlimited DVDs by mail and unlimited streaming into separate plans to better reflect the costs of each and to give our members a choice: a streaming only plan, a DVD only plan or the option to subscribe to both," Netflix Vice President of Marketing Jessie Becker wrote on a company blog post. "Given the long life we think DVDs by mail will have, treating DVDs as a $2 add on to our unlimited streaming plan neither makes great financial sense nor satisfies people who just want DVDs," Becker wrote. Netflix announced the new prices on Tuesday. The company did not respond to a request for comment. Unlimited DVD-only plans will cost $7.99 for one at a time or $9.99 for two at a time. The changes take effect immediately for new subscribers, and in September for current customers. The Los Gatos, California-based company started in the United States as a mail-in DVD service. It now offers streaming video on various devices. (Reporting by Lisa Richwine. Editing by Robert MacMillan) Entertainment Fashion Television Media Related Quotes and News Company Price Related News Tweet this Link this Share this Digg this Email Reprints We welcome comments that advance the story through relevant opinion, anecdotes, links and data. If you see a comment that you believe is irrelevant or inappropriate, you can flag it to our editors by using the report abuse links. Views expressed in the comments do not represent those of Reuters. For more information on our comment policy, see http://blogs.reuters.com/fulldisclosure/2010/09/27/toward-a-more-thoughtful-conversation-on-stories/ Comments (0) Be the first to comment on reuters.com. Add yours using the box above. Social Stream (What's this?) © Copyright 2011 Thomson Reuters Editorial Editions: Africa Arabic Argentina Brazil Canada China France Germany India Italy Japan Latin America Mexico Russia Spain United Kingdom United States Reuters Contact Us Advertise With Us Help Journalism Handbook Archive Site Index Video Index Reader Feedback Mobile Newsletters RSS Podcasts Widgets Your View Analyst Research Thomson Reuters Copyright Disclaimer Privacy Professional Products Professional Products Support Financial Products About Thomson Reuters Careers Online Products Acquisitions Monthly Buyouts Venture Capital Journal International Financing Review Project Finance International PEhub.com PE Week FindLaw Super Lawyers Attorney Rating Service Reuters on Facebook Thomson Reuters is the world's largest international multimedia news agency, providing investing news, world news, business news, technology news, headline news, small business news, news alerts, personal finance, stock market, and mutual funds information available on Reuters.com, video, mobile, and interactive television platforms. Thomson Reuters journalists are subject to an Editorial Handbook which requires fair presentation and disclosure of relevant interests. NYSE and AMEX quotes delayed by at least 20 minutes. Nasdaq delayed by at least 15 minutes. For a complete list of exchanges and delays, please click here.
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Should you be issues throughout selecting the best inner surface in addition to Glass Home Decor for the completely new household then you are usually coming over to the right position. On this page we all will provide you with probably the most info about how precisely precisely to help redo the house interior and also exterior style in the most effective way feasible.
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Best Practice Certification
Virgil Gamache Farms' organic farming certification and recognized best manufacturing practices confirms our hard work to protect water resources, protect fish and promote healthy bio-diversity. The FDA certifes that our hop products that are safe and of the highest quality. That's all part of our commitment to producing quality hops for quality brewers. Our promise to follow responsible practices is confirmed with an impressive number of certifications, that make Virgil Gamache Farms a leader in the industry.
The FDA Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA)
Virgil Gamache Farms, Inc. is FSMA Certified. VGF is one of a handful in the industry that is fully FSMA compliant. FSMA certification means we meet the revised, tougher best-farming and manufacturing standards Congress created in 2011. These practices enhance hop quality, product safety, and allow for complete traceability of products. Traceability is vitally important. In case of an industry safety event or a product recall, traceability provides vital information regarding when, where and how the products were produced.
FSMA is transforming the nation's food safety system! This is happening as we shift the focus from responding to food-borne illness to preventing them. VGF is doing its part by utilizing advanced production and data management systems. This happens in the organic farming stage, and continues through harvest, processing and distribution. Thus, we can track every lot of hops, down to the individual bale. These management practices assure the highest level of product quality and safety to the consumer. They also provide accountability to our distributors and brewers.
Global G.A.P. Certification
In addition to FSMA certification, Virgil Gamache has obtained Global G.A.P. certification through our implementation of sustainable farming programs that are impacting agriculture worldwide. Specifically for hop growers, the program offers standards covering propagation material, soil management, pre-harvest evaluation, harvest and post-harvest activities. What's more, participating farmers take steps to improve the safety, health and welfare of their workers, as well as to conserve natural resources. The Global G.A.P program at VGF is also one more level of product safety protection for our brewers. Learn more about Global G.A.P. here.
Certified Organic
Besides Global G.A.P certification, Virgil Gamache Farms, Inc. incorporates organic farming methods and is Certified Organic by the Washington State Department of Agriculture. To earn our organic hop farming certification we work diligently to recycle resources, promote ecological balance and conserve biodiversity. In addition, our organic hop farming cerfitifacation prohibits use of harmful inputs, such as sewage sludge, irradiation, genetic engineering and most synthetic fertilizers or pesticides.
Salmon Safe
Finally, protection of our rivers, streams and ground water is a top priority for the Gamache family. For that reason, VGF farms works diligently to meet all the Salmon-Safe Certification requirements. This means that VGF is:
- Controlling erosion by planting soil-protecting cover crops
- Protecting the watershed to assure healthy salmon, rivers and streams
- Implementing Integrated Pest Management utilizing organic, natural pest control
- Using high-efficiency drip irrigation
- Preventing harmful chemicals from entering streams and aquifers
- Promoting plant and wildlife diversity in the region
You can learn more about Virgil Gamache farms family legacy in the Yakima Valley here.


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With Special Guest Rene Castañeda, President of Villiger North America!
Villiger Cigars Presents: The Jack Daniel's Cigar Series!
Wednesday, June 13, 2018
6:00 pm - 8:00 pm
184 Route 17 North
Paramus, NJ 07652
(201) 261-7988
Villiger Cigars presents the Jack Daniels Cigar Series, at Casa de Montecristo by JR Cigar - Paramus! Join special guest Rene Castañeda, President of Villiger North America, for this special one-day event as you discover the esteemed portfolios of both Jack Daniel's and Villiger Cigars!
One $20 Villiger Voucher includes:
– 1 Villiger Welcome Bag with 3 Cigars
– Tasting & Seminar of the Jack Daniel's Portfolio
– Tasting & Seminar of the Villiger History & Legacy
– Exclusive Promotions & Raffles
– And Best of All— the $20 voucher itself can be used towards your purchase of ANY Villiger cigars during the event!
Share this event


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CBC Nonfiction Prize
WHAT: Submit your original, unpublished works of nonfiction up to 2000 words. There is no minimum.
WHEN: The competition is open for submissions from Jan. 1 to Feb. 28, 2019.
WHO: All Canadian citizens and permanent residents of Canada.
HOW: While the competition is active, submit online by creating an account through Submittable. A fee of $25.00 (taxes included) for administration purposes is required for each entry.
WHAT YOU CAN WIN: The winner receives $6,000 from the Canada Council for the Arts, will have their story published on CBC Books and will have the opportunity to attend a two-week writing residency at the Banff Centre for Arts and Creativity. Four finalists will each receive $1,000 from the Canada Council for the Arts and have their story published on CBC Books.
WHAT YOU CAN WRITE: You can submit memoir, biography, humour writing, essay (including personal essay), travel writing and feature articles.
WHO IS JUDGING: A team of readers from across Canada will read the entries and determine the longlist. The shortlist and winner will be decided by a jury comprised of three prominent Canadian writers.
WANT HELP? Subscribe to the CBC Nonfiction Prize newsletter for writing tips and support along the way. We will send you writing tips, tricks and prompts every Tuesday, Thursday and Sunday while the CBC Nonfiction Prize is open.
WANT SUPPORT? Join our Canada Writes Facebook group! It's a place where writers across Canada can connect with each other, support each other and even offer each other feedback.
SUBMIT IN FRENCH: If you're looking to submit to the French short story prize, you can enter here.
OTHER PRIZES: The 2019 CBC Short Story Prize will open in September 2018. The 2019 CBC Poetry Prize will open in April 2019.
More info is on their website: https://www.cbc.ca/books/literaryprizes/cbc-nonfiction-prize-1.4090951


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Placed in the serene setting of Ethukale, approximately 7-KM from the modern seaside city of Negombo and 40-KM from the cosmopolitan city centre of Colombo, is 'Jetwing Ayurveda Pavilions'.
A leading Ayurvedic resort, 'Jetwing Ayurveda Pavilions' presents a blend of captivatingly designed accommodations and immemorial healing rituals. Time-honoured holistic traditions are being practiced at the creatively decorated Ayurveda centres that take shape through the tranquil gardens.
The celebrated health retreat houses 24 rooms and 12 luxury pavilions all of which rejoice in rustic architecture and a laid-back frame of mind. The standard and classic rooms are located next to the 'Ayurveda Niwasa' treatment centre. The queen pavilions are decorated with ancient murals and paintings whilst the king pavilions revel in traditional Batik prints and regal antique furniture. Both types of pavilions feature separate treatment areas, enabling guests to luxuriate in the soothing embrace of herbal treatments in the seclusion of their own pavilion. The pavilions also feature bathtubs and mini bars. In addition, the king pavilions open out into beautiful private gardens.
Faithful to the concept of wholesome dining, 'Herb and Spice Restaurant' serves a nutritious menu which consists of traditional cuisine and creative natural dishes. Guests can also request for customized menus designed by Ayurvedic professionals to complement the dining rituals of the ancient art of Ayurveda.
'Ayurveda Niwasa' and 'Veda Arana', the treatment centres at 'Jetwing Ayurveda Pavilions', offer a promising array of treatments which include body massages, herbal wraps, oil treatments and herbal soaks. The resort also specializes in weight reduction and stress relief programmes. Ayurveda wet area with steam box and sauna, Ayurvedic pharmacy, Yoga and music therapy are other interesting highlights.
The vivacious city of Negombo incorporates a brilliant modern beach, idyllic lagoon and bustling fishing village into its dreamscape. Swim in the electric blue waters of the Indian Ocean. Enjoy a couple of hours in the quaint fishing village, basking in sights of modest huts, fishing boats amidst waves of cacophony. Immerse in the colonial heritage of the city as you wander past Portuguese and Dutch landmarks. Cruise the Muthurajawela Wetlands, taking in its lush mangroves and vivid birdlife.
Soaking in a herbal bath in the seclusion of your pavilion, you are transported into a sanctuary of calm. A bouquet of deep floral notes beguile your senses.
To View Partner Stays: Jetwing HotelsTitle image by: Jetwing Hotels The information displayed is provided by Jetwing Ayurveda Pavilions
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