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Personal Care Products from DuPont
From skin care to hair care, DuPont Personal Care products are designed to serve a variety of your needs.
SoBind™ Harmony, a product line of water-soluble soy polymers, was developed to meet the specific requirements of personal care applications to make formulations better, simpler and more economical by delivering multiple benefits. These soy polymers have emulsifying, stabilizing and rheology modifying properties. End user benefits include sensory, texture & color enhancements.
DuPont™ Glypure® is a cosmetic-grade acid used in personal care and cosmetic products. It is the most popular active ingredient in anti-aging formulations with strong consumer recognition.
To help answer increasing consumer needs for a more natural approach to personal care, we've recently introduced GENENCARE™, a range of natural active ingredients that deliver benefits across skin and hair care applications
A range of sweeteners and sugars are manufactured through DuPont™ Danisco® and serve a wide range of applications, from personal to pharmaceutical.
Oral care products need to have an appealing appearance and feel pleasant in the mouth. At DuPont, we have developed a unique range of ingredients to give oral care products the desired sensory qualities. As the world's largest producer of xylitol, we can also offer an active ingredient proven to reduce dental decay.
Our ingredients cellulose gum, xanthan gum, carrageenan, alginate and xylitol are suitable for use in toothpaste, denture adhesives, mouthwash and dental impressions.
Sontara® wiping products are some of the most versatile wiping products on the market today, with uses and applications in many industries around the world, including automotive refinishing, electronics and food preparation.


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The Raiders are counting upon second-year cornerback DJ Hayden to make a bigger contribution this season than he did last year, when abdominal and groin injuries limited Hayden's practice and game time.
For that to happen, Hayden needs to be healed enough from the ankle injury he suffered in an offseason workout to the point he can practice, veteran defensive back Charles Woodson said Wednesday.
"The way you get better at this game is being out there on the field," Woodson said. "There's only so much being in the film room, or looking at the film or studying the plays, there's only so far that's going to take you."
Coach Dennis Allen said late in the offseason that he expected Hayden to be back at full strength in time for the first training camp practice Friday. That remains to be seen.
Hayden wasn't spotted during the players check-in period that the media was permitted to observe Wednesday. He also wasn't available for comment.
Woodson, entering his 17th NFL season, missed some time early in his career as a result of turf-foe injuries. He speaks from experience when he talks about the importance of practice.
If Hayden misses significant practice time during training camp, Woodson said, it's going to be a "big setback." Hayden was limited during training camp last season as he recovered from a May surgery to remove scar tissue in his abdominal region.
"You need to be out on the field," Woodson said, "and, along with that, other guys are going to be getting reps. If you're not out there, proving what you can do, how do you ever get back into the lineup?
"That will be the test for him and hopefully it's not nothing that's going to hold him out the whole camp and he doesn't have to worry about being on (physically unable to perform list) or anything like that, because he's a guy we feel he can help us out around here. It has the potential to be a setback, but hopefully it's not."
Woodson: Hayden needs practice if he's to make impact
The Raiders are counting upon second-year cornerback DJ Hayden to make a bigger contribution this season than he did last year, when abdominal and groin injuries limited Hayden's practice and game time.

subset: commoncrawl


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Donnine is a name of ancient Anglo-Saxon origin and comes from a family once having lived in Downing, Oxfordshire.
The surname Donnine was first found in Oxfordshire where they held a family seat from very ancient times, some say well before the Norman Conquest and the arrival of Duke William at Hastings in 1066 A.D.
This web page shows only a small excerpt of our Donnine research. Another 148 words (11 lines of text) covering the years 1379, 1400, 1672, 1623, 1684, 1656, 1711, 1685, 1749 and 1764 are included under the topic Early Donnine History in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.
The English language only became standardized in the last few centuries; therefore, spelling variations are common among early Anglo-Saxon names. As the form of the English language changed, even the spelling of literate people's names evolved. Donnine has been recorded under many different variations, including Downing, Doning, Douning, Duning and others.
Notables of the family at this time include Sir George Downing (1623-1684), 1st Baronet of East Hatley, an Anglo-Irish soldier, statesman, and diplomat, eponym of Downing Street in London; Sir George Downing, (c. 1656-1711), 2nd Baronet of East...
Another 37 words (3 lines of text) are included under the topic Early Donnine Notables in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.
Some of the Donnine family moved to Ireland, but this topic is not covered in this excerpt. More information about their life in Ireland is included in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.
For many English families, the political and religious disarray that shrouded England made the far away New World an attractive prospect. On cramped disease-ridden ships, thousands migrated to those British colonies that would eventually become Canada and the United States. Those hardy settlers that survived the journey often went on to make important contributions to the emerging nations in which they landed. Analysis of immigration records indicates that some of the first North American immigrants bore the name Donnine or a variant listed above: Francis Downing, who came to Virginia in 1624; James Downing and Emanuel Downing who both settled in Salem in 1630; Richard Downing, who settled in Virginia in 1653.


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You awaken, aching in certain or possibly most of your joints because you dared to live your life the previous day. Silly goose that you are, you thought you could do a load of laundry, go to the grocery store, and still have body enough to go out for dinner with a friend. What were you thinking?
You forgot to pick up your pain pills and have to drag your aching carcass to the pharmacy to pick them up -- therefore, you have to get dressed; although they do have a drive-through window and just maybe no one would notice if you wore your robe. Then your mother's phrase echoes in your head. You know, the one she always used about wearing clean underwear: "What if you got in an accident and had to be taken to the hospital?" This causes visions to arise as you're loaded onto a gurney in your rattiest, stained bathrobe therefore you revise your plan; you substitute your old baggy jeans and T-shirt for the bathrobe. Oh, Jeez, what is that on the shirt? Is that chocolate ice cream? You hope it is, because you're not going to take it off.
As you're looking under the bed for your shoes you find you have to sit on the floor and can't get back up. Is it your knees or your hip? Does it matter as you do your best spider crawl and heft your rear-end into the air grabbing the bedpost. Ah ha, shoes are found and socks are forgotten, then you have to find your car keys. You're sure your husband took them by mistake until you jingle all the pockets of every jacket you own and hear the comforting sound of metal keys. This is all happening in the first hour of your day. Is it a forewarning of what's to come?
While on the way to the pharmacy you run your tongue over your teeth and realize you forgot to brush your teeth or wash your face. Did you brush your hair? You can't remember. Does it matter when everything hurts so much? Probably not.
When you reach the drive-through, the usually kind girl is having trouble with the window opening and bangs the side of your car. "What are you talking about? The doctor didn't fax over your refill." You know you'll have to come back later in the day and limp through the morning. You grouse, growl, and complain to yourself all the way home.
When you walk back into the house, without pain pills in hand, you find you forgot to put the dog out and she's left a brown message for you in the hallway, which would have not been a big deal if you hadn't stepped in it. Unfortunately, you did, and as you're reproaching her and putting her out you're struggling to control the damage and hop on one foot. You forgot you can no longer hop. What were you thinking? Now you're hurting more than ever. You also have a shoe to wash.
Did you remember to take your daily pills before you left the house? You can't recall. It's a good thing you have a daily pill dispenser and as you check it; you begin to have serious doubts about whether or not all of your mental faculties are intact. You decide they are not. If you took your pills, you have to grab something to eat. Those medications can't sit in an empty stomach or you'll have another bout of gut trouble.
Don't you have enough going on already? A piece of toast would do the trick. Oh dear, is that mold on the bread? Surely, this bread wasn't blue when you bought it. No, of course you can't eat it anyway.
You've only been up for an hour and it's beginning to look like another terrible, horrible, no good, very bad day as you look around you. There's something about leaving the house and returning that forces you to see that stack of mail and bills on the dining room table and the sticky counter in the kitchen, and makes you wonder what is in the overflowing trash can that's sending out that odor? You decide you can't possibly face any of your life until you've taken the daily pills you hope you took, so you sit down in a chair, or better yet, crawl back into bed, accompanied by a hot cup of ginger tea and an almost past-due carton of yogurt. Where's the spoon? Oh heck, isn't that why God gave us fingers? You can eat a carton of yogurt with your finger. It's so much easier than walking all the way to the kitchen to get a clean spoon. You reach for the remote control and turn on the news, where you are met by death, destruction, terrorism, and the lies of politicians. Surely there's an old movie on, and somewhere life is merry and will allow you a respite from your aching, painful, throbbing body.
Well, so much for your morning, do you want to hear about mine? And I won't even bother telling you about the rest of the day.
(Kudos belong to writer Judith Viorst for stringing together that sentence in the title of her book Alexander and The Terrible, Horrible, No Good, Very Bad Day.)


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Swim Team - Dolphins Juniors - June
This group is dedicated to increased training sophistication, maintaining consistent competition and setting more advanced goals. The development of greater determination in the sport is encouraged and evidenced. Increased motivation for training is seen including greater detail and refinement of stroke efficiencies, and increased work ethic. Swim meet expectations increase and four practices a week are required. Swimmers in this group are able to swim 200 yards of each stroke (Butterfly, Backstroke, Breaststroke, and Freestyle), 10 x 100 Free on 1:40, 3 x 200 IM on 3:20, 8 x 50 kick on1:05 (two of each stroke), pass the Racing Start Certification, must have PNS Gold Times and Y Regional qualifying time in two or more events, and are working towards USA Age Group Regional times.


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As part of the relationship between Catalyst Global and Guinness World Records™, GWR Team Challenge is gradually rolling out through the Catalyst Global network. Available in the UK through Catalyst Global partners BlueHat Group, in the Middle East through BizEvents and now in Australia through BeChallenged.
The official launch was held on Friday 16th October at the Novotel Sydney on Darling Harbour. 50 delegates from a range of different business industries attended to try their hand at breaking a Guinness World Records™ title. After their team briefing and training rounds teams went against the clock to see how they fare against the official title. "The buzz in the room was just incredible"- Hard Rock Café Australia as the top team then went through to the final round to have a Guinness World Records ™ Official attempt. "I have never seen anything like it"- Transport NSW.
BeChallenged can now run this event anywhere in Australia, both indoor and outdoors for groups 8 people and above. Besides this being one of the most unique team building options in Australia the Guinness World Records ™ Team Challenge has an abundance of key team benefits such as; communication, process improvement, group achievement and not only the opportunity to try but the chance to break a Guinness World Records ™ title and be classed Officially Amazing™.
About Catalyst Australia - BeChallenged
BeChallenged is an innovative, highly professional and passionate team building company that designs and facilitates unique team building programs & team events all over Australia. BeChallenged has an extensive bank of over 100 program concepts, ranging from 30-minute energisers, half-day programs, evening events and workshops. Whether it is indoor or outdoor BeChallenged will have the perfect fit for you.


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According to the American Heart Association, coronary heart disease is the leading cause of death for both men and women in the United States, causing about 1.5 million heart attacks each year. Recent research has shown yoga and meditation to reduce blood pressure, lower the pulse rate, improve the elasticity of the arteries, regulate heart rhythm, and increase the heart's stroke volume. All of these factors can help prevent and control heart disease.
Yoga Postures
Use our Pose Sequence for Heart and Chest as a general practice, and adding or emphasizing from our complete list of Postures for Heart Disease.
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Use Dirga and Nadi Sodhana Pranayamas to slow the heart rate, regulate the heart rhythm, oxygenate the blood, and induce a feeling of calm and well-being.
Meditation reduces stress, calms the mind, and studies have shown that a daily meditation practice can reduce the amount of fatty deposits in the arteries, as well as lower blood pressure. Use one of the following by itself and/or at the beginning and end of your yoga practice: Yoga Meditation or Heart Chakra Meditation.
Yoga for Heart Health
Yoga and Meditation 3 Times a Week Improves Heart Disease Risk
Heart to Heart
Books and Videos
Yoga: the Path to Holistic Health
Yoga as Medicine
Yoga Therapy
Yoga for Wellness
Web Resources
Heart Disease Health Center
Heart Disease Prevention
Yoga is not a substitute for conventional western medication; please consult your medical professional before starting a yoga practice.
Disclosure: YogaBasics.com participates in several affiliate programs. As an Amazon Associate, we earn from qualifying purchases. When you click on external links, we may receive a small commission, which helps us keep the lights on.


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About 30 years have passed since the development of the first blood screening test for cancer called the PSA (prostate specific antigen) test, which revolutionized early detection of prostate cancer. Now researchers are a step closer to what might become only the second blood screening test since then. This time, it's for lung cancer, the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in both men and women. Specifically, the test would identify what's called non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), which is the most common type of lung cancer.
Only 25 percent of NSCLC is diagnosed early enough to allow for a surgical cure, meaning that 75 percent of cases are well advanced by the time they are diagnosed - leaving the patient with a less favorable prognosis. Unfortunately, routine screening with X-ray or other scanning techniques are either ineffective or too expensive for widespread use. So the report in the July issue of the Journal of Thoracic Oncology that researchers have identified certain blood markers predictive of NSCLC is very encouraging news.
The research was conducted at the University of Kentucky, and the rights to develop the actual test were licensed to a company called 20/20 GeneSystems. The researchers used a panel of antibodies generated by the body's immune system in response to very early-stage NSCLC. By measuring the presence and amounts of these antibodies in the blood, NSCLC was predicted with about 85 percent accuracy. Researchers were also able to estimate that NSCLC may be present 3-5 years before reaching a size large enough to be diagnosed by current X-ray techniques (but able to be identified using this new antibody technique).
Further research will be needed to confirm these exciting, but preliminary results. Hopefully, this will lead to an easy-to-perform test that could be made part of routine physical examinations, as is currently the case for the PSA test for prostate cancer. Moreover, early diagnosis may lead to earlier treatment with highly improved prognoses for this all too prevalent and deadly disease.


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Indonesia: European Commission launches EU Business Avenues to South East AsiaPublished at Apr 24, 2014
source: European Commission
The European Commission has launched its new EU Business Avenues programme to assist EU companies, particularly SMEs, aiming to enter or expand their business in...
Malaysia: European Commission launches EU Business Avenues to South East AsiaPublished at Apr 24, 2014
source: European Commission
The European Commission has launched its new EU Business Avenues programme to assist EU companies, particularly SMEs, aiming to enter or expand their business in...
United States: Obama Turns to Power Electronics for an Efficient US Manufacturing BoostPublished at Jan 21, 2014
source: Greentech Media
Will innovation hubs produce better results than the administration's first push into clean energy manufacturing?
United States: Solar Power Heads in a New Direction: ThinnerPublished at Jun 27, 2013
source: Renewable Energy World
Most efforts at improving solar cells have focused on increasing the efficiency of their energy conversion, or on lowering the cost of manufacturing. But now...
United States: New Yorkers get juiced with solar charging stationsPublished at Jun 18, 2013
source: Treehugger
Street Charge stations will come equipped with iPhone 4 and iPhone 5 chargers, as well as microUSB and USB cords for charging other devices. The...
United States: The 3 biggest obstacles to a solar energy boomPublished at Jun 17, 2013
source: The Week
Optimism surrounding a solar energy boom seems to be hitting new highs: Game-changing technologies seem to hit the market nearly every week, and new...
United States: Moth eyes inspire more efficient thin-film solar cellsPublished at May 20, 2013
source: Treehugger
Researchers at North Carolina State University are looking to biomimicry to solve one of thin-film solar technology's biggest problems: light reflection between films that causes...
United States: Clever MIT floating wind turbines can store power for when the wind doesn't blowPublished at Apr 30, 2013
source: Treehugger
At first glance, their system might look like a regular offshore wind farm. But what happens beneath the surface is what makes all the difference,...
United States: DOE Announces Long-Life Battery to Help Integrate Renewable into the GridPublished at Apr 26, 2013
source: Renew Grid Mag
The U.S. Department of Energy(DOE) says that researchers from its SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory and Stanford University have designed a low-cost, long-life "flow"...
United States: 10 Essential Smart Grid Trends To WatchPublished at Apr 17, 2013
source: Renew Grid Mag
In a new white paper, Navigant Research has identified 10 key trends that the company says will shape global smart grid investment this...


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Czechia (Czech Republic)
major macro economic indicators
|2018 (e)
|2019 (f)
|GDP growth (%)
|Inflation (yearly average, %)
|Budget balance (% GDP)
|Current account balance (% GDP)
|Public debt (% GDP)
(e): Estimate. (f): Forecast.
- Central geographic location at the heart of industrial Europe
- Tightly integrated in the international, especially German, production chain
- Preferred destination for FDI in Central Europe
- Significant industrial potential
- Robust public accounts and banking system
- Small, open economy: exports account for 80% of GDP
- Dependent on European demand: 65% of exports are to the eurozone, one third to Germany
- Automotive sector occupies a large share of the economy
- Lack of rapid transport links with the rest of Europe
- Ageing population and shortage of skilled labour
Dynamic economic activity
The Czech economy is expected to keep a fair rate of growth in 2019. As in previous years, the economic activity is strongly supported by growing household consumption, which benefits from increased consumer confidence thanks to growing wages and decreasing unemployment. The jobless rate remains at the lowest level in the EU, reaching 2.3% in September 2018. Whereas the situation on the labour market is positive for households, companies are concerned: the talent pool is limited and the number of job vacancies has soared to the highest level in the EU. Facing labour cost increases, further strong wage pressures, and higher input prices, companies' profitability has barely increased. The Czech labour market will still be challenging for businesses in the coming years, especially as the supply of labour will suffer from aging population. Private investment continues its recovery and remains the second-most important contributor to growth because of the high capacity utilisation ratio and the surge of public investments supported by EU funds. Despite this, investments are likely to be less robust in 2019 than in 2018, mostly due to moderating public investment.
Since August 2017, the Czech central bank has been gradually raising its interest rates, further worsening the tensions on the koruna that have been in force since the bank decided to abandon the cap on koruna/euro exchange rate in April 2017. This had led to the domestic currency's appreciation, although this was not amplified by recent interest rate hikes. Nevertheless, higher rates temper inflationary pressures. Inflation in 2019 is likely to exceed the Czech National Bank's target of 2%, but drop below it the following year.
As a small open economy, Czechia is highly dependent on the external sector. The automotive sector – which accounts for 28% of industrial production, 20% of exports of goods and 10% of GDP – is expected to grow fairly. Western European demand is crucial in this regard, but the inclusion of Czech companies in global production chains (not only in the automotive sector) makes them vulnerable to weaker global trade dynamics.
Solid fiscal position and trade balance surplus
Despite some easing, the government's fiscal policy remains cautious, helping keep the public accounts to similar levels as last year and still generating a budget surplus. The increase of public wages and higher indexation of pensions are expected to be compensated by rising revenues, thanks in part to the improved tax collectability. Public debt will remain on its alleviating path.
The trade balance shows a structural surplus (5.0% of GDP in 2017) thanks to close integration in the European – especially German and automotive – production chain. However, the previous appreciation of the koruna, as well as robust domestic demand, limits the trade surplus. Moreover, weaker external demand will contribute to slowing the growth of exports. At the same time, imports are likely to record lower dynamics in line with moderating investments, which have relatively high import content.
Formation of a minority government, weakened by allegations concerning the new Prime Minister
The ANO 2011 (centre-right) movement led by Andrej Babis won the October 2017 elections by a large margin, obtaining 30% of the votes cast and 78 out 200 seats in Parliament. Nevertheless, the traditional parties refused to enter into a coalition with this party, whose leader has been charged with the fraudulent use of European funds. The traditional parties received a historically low share of the votes, with the Social Democratic Party (CSSD), to which the outgoing Prime Minister belongs, relegated to sixth place (only 7% of the votes). Conversely, the rival parties have made significant progress with the Czech Pirate Party (10.8%) and the extreme-right Freedom and Direct Democracy Party (10.6%), who were able to profit from distrust of migrants and Euroscepticism. With nine parties represented, the fragmented Parliament made it impossible to form a majority government. The government won confidence votes in July 2018 and again in November 2018. The Communist party supported the minority coalition between Ano and the CSSD. Although the Communists remain outside the government, their deal with Mr Babis brought them the closest they have been to power since 1989.
Last update : February 2019
Czech law limits cash payments to a maximum of CZK 270,000 (approximately EUR 10,000). Purchasers who wish to make payments that exceed this limit must pay the entire sum via wire or bank transfer. Bank transfers are by far the most widely-used means of payment. The SWIFT system is fully operable in the Czechia, and provides an easier, quicker and cheaper method for handling international payments. The Czechia is part of the SEPA system, simplifying bank transfers inside the European region.
Cheques for domestic transactions are not widely used. Bills of exchange and promissory notes are commonly used as a security instrument, which present the purchaser with the option to access a fast-track procedure for ordering payment by court (under certain legal conditions). Electronic invoices are widely accepted.
Debt Collection
To ensure the recovery of a debt in case of default, creditors should keep all documentation related to the transaction. This includes the original (written) contract, any documents related to the transaction (e.g. invoices and confirmed delivery notes), individual orders, and any other relevant documentation and/or correspondence. The main factors influencing effectiveness in debt collection are the age of the debt (the earlier the start of collection, the larger the chance for a successful recovery) and the reason for non-payment.
Amicable phase
Amicable debt collection is recommended, because it remains cheaper for creditor compared to legal proceedings. Amicable settlements are also enforceable in court.
Legal proceedings
Fast-track procedure / Order to pay
Platební rozkaz is a practical and rather short procedure, outlined in sections 172-175 of the Code of Civil Procedure (občanský soudní řád, CCP). The judge, convinced of the merits of the claim and without hearing the case, issues a payment order which is served to the defendant, who may either accept it or file a statement of opposition against it within fifteen days of its service. If the debtor opposes the debt, then the process continues as standard court proceedings.
If the legal action duly described and substantiated the creditor's claim, the court can issue an order to pay, even if the creditor has not requested such an order. It takes on average three months for a decision to be made, ranging from a minimum of two months to a maximum of six months.
Ordinary procedure
Ordinary proceedings takes place after the defendant has disputed the claim during the platební rozkaz or by filing a dispute directly via the courts. Ordinary proceedings are partly in writing (parties filing submissions accompanied by all supporting case documents), and partly oral (both creditors and debtors present their cases during the main hearing). In practice, ordinary proceedings typically last from one to three years before the court renders a final and enforceable judgement.
On July 1, 2009 (Act No. 7/2009 Coll.), the CCP was amended to introduce more digital options in the justice process, so as to lessen the burden of judges and ensure the prevention of delays in proceedings. Since this amendment, all correspondence from Czech authorities to legal entities is delivered electronically via registered data boxes with special legal regulations (Act No. 300/2008 Coll., effective as of July 1, 2009).
Enforcement of a Legal Decision
Judicial enforcement is reserved only for matters specifically listed in the law. Monetary claims stemming from business relationships are enforced by a judicial executor (soudní executor) under Act No. 120/2001 Coll. (exekuční řád, the Execution Act). Enforcement by judicial executor is considered to be more effective, because the executor is a private-sector entity whose fees depend on a successful enforcement. A specific fees schedule applies based on the amount concerned by the execution.
As part of the EU, enforcement of foreign awards issued by an EU member state will benefit from advantageous enforcement conditions, such as the EU Payment Order or the European Small Claims procedure. Foreign awards rendered by non-EU countries can be recognized and enforced, provided that they have gone through the exequatur procedure under the Czech Private International Law and Procedure Act.
Insolvency Proceedings
An insolvency petition can be lodged by either debtors themselves or their creditors, but a creditor must provide unambiguous evidence to support its claim, with one of the following:
- an acknowledgement of debt (with the certified signature of the debtor or its representative);
- an enforceable judgement;
- an enforceable notary act;
- an enforceable executor´s act;
- confirmation of auditor or expert witness or tax advisor.
The creditor must in addition prove the existence of other creditors. Creditors are liable for damages caused by filing a bankruptcy petition where the conditions of insolvency were not met.
All insolvency petitions are recorded in an insolvency register (insolvenční rejstřík) kept by the Ministry of Justice, where all important information on insolvency proceedings is published. This also allows for insolvency proceedings to remain transparent.
The insolvency act introduces new methods and faster process, with single proceedings where the court decides on three particular solutions:
Reorganization is a method of resolving insolvency that aims to preserve the debtor's business, while granting satisfaction to creditors. Insolvent debtors may initiate proceedings, but debt restructuration proposals must be approved by the court, with periodical inspection of its fulfilment by the creditors. The management retains the right to manage the business.
Bankruptcy is a court-ordered method of resolving insolvency, whose aim is to monetize all assets of debtor and thus obtained yield to distribute between creditors who have lodged their claims into the proceedings. The authorization to dispose of debtor´s assets and to sell those assets is granted to a bankruptcy trustee who is appointed by court. At this point; the business declared bankrupt is no longer allowed to conduct business operations independently.
Debt clearance
Used mainly by individuals (non-entrepreneurs), this is a method of resolving insolvency which presents an alternative to declaring bankruptcy. The Insolvent debtor clears the debt, but under Court control he is obliged to pay only a reduced percentage of total debts.
The liquidation procedure begins once it is decided that a company is to be wound up. Either the management or the court appoints a liquidator in charge of liquidating the company's assets and collecting receivables. Creditors must register their claims within 90 days following publication of the court's decision, in order to get satisfaction during the liquidation proceedings. All claims of creditors must be fully satisfied in liquidation proceedings. It is important to note that liquidation proceedings are not considered as a method of insolvency in Czech law: in the event that the liquidator finds there are not enough assets to satisfy all claims during liquidation, he is obliged to file a petition for insolvency. At this point, the liquidation turns into insolvency; a separate proceeding.


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Naked (Body Only) Tools
Toolstop hold a range of Naked - or (Body Only) - Cordless Power Tools which means you can use the batteries and chargers from your existing tools and add to your toolkit cost effectively. From Bosch, Makita, Dewalt, Metabo, Hitachi and more, we have an extensive range of (body only) tools.
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If you know a lot of people with birthdays this time of year, it's no coincidence. September and October are two of the most popular birthday months, and, according to AnyBirthday.com, more babies are born on October 5 than any other day. To mark this birthday-packed time of year, here's a list of places to throw great kids parties in Queens.
Alley Pond Environmental Center
228-06 Northern Boulevard, Douglaston
Alley Pond Environmental Center allows for both an indoor and outdoor experience for any kids event, specifically birthday parties from ages two to 12. The two-hour parties include a discussion about nature and handling live animals along with a nature inspired game or arts and crafts project in a classroom style space. According to the weather, the children will be taken on a nature trail with an experienced guide. With an animal room, party hosts can pick which animals, from blue tongue lizards to ring neck doves, they want to show their guests. All activities will be done within an hour-and-a-half, with 30 minutes left for food and refreshments, which will be provided by party hosts.
64-64 Dry Harbor Road, Middle Village
The art and design studio offers 18 different themed parties, including animal, High School Musical, princess, pirate and American Idol themes. The studio's Crayola inspired décor doesn't just influence coloring but painting and building too. All parties include invitations, a craft, face painting or tattoos, food for children and refreshments for all.
Astoria Sports Complex
34-38 38th Street, Long Island City
For sporty children, Astoria Sports Complex provides large indoor game areas for all ages. A soccer room, batting cages, inline skating rink, jumbo slide and bouncy room gives party hosts plenty of options to entertain their guests. The soccer rooms have built-in green astro turf and plexiglass surrounding the room for protection. The batting cages are miniature sized baseball fields to get the full playing experience. Each party includes a host, invitations, music, goody bags, food and refreshments.
Birthday Zone
29-21 21st Avenue, Astoria
Birthday Zone specializes in customized party themes, but also has eight preplanned themes available. There is a mini arcade, large playing area and dining room, all decorated according to the theme of the party. Preplanned parties include character mascots to entertain all guests. All parties include games, dancing and face painting, with the option of crafts and cotton candy. Pizza is given to children along with refreshments for all.
Bounce U
Whitepoint Center, 132-25 14th Avenue, College Point
Bounce U has private children's events and specialty birthday parties with large playing and dinning areas. Their purple and red themed areas make a fun and friendly environment. At Bounce U, children have a large room to enjoy different activities in different bouncy houses, such as an obstacle course, a safe boxing ring and basketball hoops. Bounce U gives you the option to light up any party with a glow-in-the-dark experience and flashing colorful lights. The 2-hour party includes food and refreshments for guests, along with cake and balloon decorations for the dinning room.
BrickHouse Ceramic Art Center
10-34 44th Drive, Long Island City, NY 11101
This hands-on, messy but artsy party place in Long Island City has different types of birthday parties for all ages. The art center teaches how to make different creations out of clay, including plates, bowls and cups. At BrickHouse Ceramic Art Center parties include creating and glazing, though the crafts cannot be taken home right away, but can be picked up in about two to three weeks, after they are dried and fired. The two-hour party time allows for a 30 minute pottery workshop and 30 minutes for dinning.
City Ice Pavilion
47-32 32nd Place, Long Island City
Summer or winter, City Ice Pavilion always has an ice skating rink available for a party. It has an igloo-like atmosphere with its cooling ice and white bubble covered rink. Party attendees can skate and enjoy food and refreshment provided by City Ice Pavilion. Invitations, admission, rentals and private lockers are all included in the City Ice Pavilion party experience.
Kids Fun House
6273 Fresh Pond Road, Ridgewood
An arcade and playground with slides and a playhouse, Kids Fun House is a great place for children's parties. You can choose from various party themes: princess, knight, fairy, pirate, character inspired or carnival. Children get to make their own goody bags with a candy table in the dinning room. All parties include crafts, tokens for the arcade, decorations, food for children and refreshments for all.
Kids n'Shape
162-26 Crossbay Boulevard, Howard Beach
Kids n'Shape includes a bounce house, slides, a full basketball court, zip lining, ball-pit, scooters and skating. The minimum two-hour parties include invitations, balloons, food and refreshments.
Museum of the Moving Image
36-01 35 Avenue, Astoria
The Museum of the Moving Image isn't just an educational atmosphere, but is also a place for fun birthday parties for ages eight and up. With a party room and several different exhibits, party attendees have tons to do for two-and-a-half hours. Guest will be surrounded with antique camera equipment, movie customs and pictures of famous actors. They begin with making flipbooks and animation, and dubbing their voices over famous movies. A guide gives a tour around the museum, educating guests about movies, television shows and video games. Finally, the party can watch a classic film. Children will receive goody bags. Food and beverages are optional.
New York Hall of Science
47-01 111th Street, Corona
New York Hall of Science allows for both an indoor and outdoor experience for birthday parties. The museum doesn't just include interactive educational exhibits, but also an outdoor miniature gold course and a science playground. Guests will be surrounded by rockets, lights, molecules and hidden kingdoms. With eight themes to choose from, a two-hour party includes expert guided tours of the 450 hands-on exhibits as well as food, refreshments and a full day pass to the museum.
Plaster Party Place
96-09 Metropolitan Avenue, Forest Hills
The bright colored studio welcomes children of all ages for a two-hour painting party. With 75 different ceramic objects to select as a canvas, children can express themselves in multiple ways. Children will experience a party full of music, dancing, games and face painting. Two party hosts will supervise and direct the event. Food and beverages will also be provided.
Queens Zoo
53-51 111th Street, Flushing Meadows-Corona Park
The Queens Zoo offers a full animal party experience where you'll see creatures from all over the world. Birthday celebrations also include a large party room, located in the Wild Room, where an expert zoo guide will provide a live animal encounter, crafts and activities. Guests can even visit the petting zoo. The zoo provides three party themes to choose with admission, decorations and party goods.
Young Chefs Academy
108-10 72nd Avenue, 2nd Floor, Forest Hills
At Young Chefs Academy children will learn to cook and bake from scratch. Expert chefs will help and show the guests how to crack, mix and whip up a delicious dish, along with an arts and craft activity. A two-hour party includes decorations, chef apparel, refreshments and a complimentary class pass for each guest.


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Here's our inspiration~
Here's my card~
|More info on my personal blog HERE.
And here's card by Cornelia, too~
Thanks for stopping by today to take a peek at our creations! I hope you join in our challenge--I'd love to see what you created! HUGS and happy stamping to you all!


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Gabon: Risk Assessment
Country Risk Rating
Business Climate Rating
- 5th largest oil producer in Sub-Saharan Africa; 2nd largest African producer of timber; world's leading producer of highly coveted manganese
- Drive to diversify the economy undertaken under the Emerging Gabon Strategic Plan
- Stable CFA franc
- Economy highly dependent on oil sector
- High cost of production factors, linked to inadequate infrastructure (transport and electricity)
- Informal sector representing 40-50% of GDP
- High unemployment and endemic poverty
- Degraded political context, rampant corruption
- Accumulation of domestic and external arrears
Current Trends
Fragile Recovery in 2018 due to Slow Progress on Diversification
Activity slowed in 2017 because of lower prices for oil, on which the Gabon economy strongly depends, and because of poor performance in the tertiary sector. Cash liabilities, as well as an unfavorable economic picture, have weakened the banking sector, which has issued less credit. The economy will remain delicate in 2018, even if recovery is likely following the increase in crude oil prices. The non-oil share of GDP is expected to grow, particularly that of the mining, agri-food and timber sectors. The authorities' goal under the Emerging Gabon Strategic Plan (EGSP) is to focus on the country's dependence on commodities, especially oil (27% of GDP in 2016). Under a public/private partnership, in 2017 the Singaporean company, Olam, opened the world's largest palm oil factory. The production of manganese will remain dynamic due to sustained demand, while the iron and cement sectors could rebound after the drop in orders in 2017. A special economic zone was created in Nkok to provide tax incentives for economic development and to attract FDIs. It is located close to the port of Olam at Owendo, which was inaugurated in October 2017 (EUR 276 million). A loan from the AfDB in late 2017 for EUR 100 million will support continued progress under the agricultural program, GRAINE, to reduce Gabon's food imports.
Ongoing Fiscal Consolidation in 2018
The public accounts surplus fell gradually after 2009, because of increased public investment associated with the implementation of the EGSP. State revenues are, thus, closely linked to oil revenues (59% of tax receipts) and the fall in crude oil prices only pushed up the government's financing needs. Under the Economic Stimulus Plan (PRE, 2017-2019), the government's objective is to bring the deficit down below the 3% threshold. It is in this context that fiscal consolidation has helped reduce the public deficit from 2017 and this should continue in 2018 despite higher spending, specifically through investment in infrastructure for transport, water and electricity supply, and Internet access. Income is expected to rise with the strengthening of measures to mobilize tax receipts and customs revenues and the desire to integrate certain activities in the formal sector. Financing the deficit is mainly through concessional loans, notably via the IMF, which granted a 3-year Extended Credit Facility (USD 642 million, 4% of GDP) and the World Bank, which released USD 200 million to clear the country's trade arrears. Gabon has seen its borrowing costs on the financial markets rise, following a downgrade in its sovereign debt rating. In November 2017 Gabon issued CFA 100 billion (USD 180 million) in bonds at a yield of 6.5% on the regional financial market of the Central African Economic and Monetary Community (CAEMC) to finance its PRE projects.
Following a modest increase in the oil price, exports (79% dependent on black gold) are expected to increase in 2018. Against this, the import volumes are growing because of equipment and manufactured goods needed for investments under the EGSP. The trade balance, in surplus until 2015, will, therefore, remain in deficit as will the balance of services. The current account deficit will be financed by FDIs (about 5% of GDP) and new concessional loans.
Relative Political Stability Following the Serious Post-Electoral Crisis of 2016
The contested re-election of Ali Bongo in August 2016 sparked violence between supporters of the opposition candidate, Jean Ping, who declared himself the victor, and the security forces (two days of riots, deaths and hundreds of arrests). The parliamentary elections, initially planned for July 2017, have been postponed until April 2018 by the Constitutional Court and could be postponed again. The argument put forward, qualified as force majeure, is that the reforms discussed as part of the national dialogue after the demonstrations of 2016, have been delayed. The project, which includes the review of 40 articles of the Constitution, was presented to the Council of Ministers on 28 September 2017. Jean Ping refused to take part of it. The measures comprise greater powers for the National Assembly compared to the Senate, as well as a two-round process for the national, parliamentary and presidential elections (compared with one round currently). Some amendments were rejected by the opposition on grounds that they would extend the president's powers. Nevertheless, the opposition is unlikely to be in a position to prevent the adoption of constitutional reform by the parliament, as Ali Bongo's Gabonese Democratic Party (PDG) has a majority in the house. In August 2017 the President announced the formation of a government which includes members of the opposition.
Despite the reforms, the business climate remains fragile (167th in the Doing Business 2018 rankings) because of infrastructure shortcomings, corruption, and difficulty in conducting business.


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|Mobile Site
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|Caption Comp
|Monthly Poll
|Sudden Death
|Colour Key
|Cookie Usage
|Series :
|The Original Series
|Rating :
|Disc No :
|Episode :
|First Aired :
|6 Oct 1966
|Stardate :
|Director :
|Harvey Hart
|Year :
|Writers :
|Gene Roddenberry
|Season :
|Guest Cast :
|Moral :
|As alluded to in the review, the most commonly asked question regarding this episode is "why didn't the Enterprise just send a shuttle down?" The ship was presumably not carrying those handy little craft on this mission for some reason! In fairness, this wasn't so much a writer mistake. Rather, this was such an early episode that they hadn't decided that such a thing as a hangar full of shuttles even existed yet.
In a log entry, Spock describes himself as the "Second Officer". Subsequently he would always be called the "First Officer"
|Great Moment :
|Kirk confronting himself in engineering.
|Body Count :
|1 dog
|Factoid :
|This episode features the first ever Vulcan neck pinch. The script called for Spock to simply knock Kirk unconscious by hitting him, but Leonard Nimoy suggested that they do something different and more in line with his character's intellectual foundation. He and Shatner improvised the move and showed it to the producers, who loved it.
Grace Lee Whitney had difficulty summoning the emotion needed for the attempted rape scene. When she had the same trouble whilst shooting the tearful accusation scene a few days later William Shatner slapped her across the face right before they started filming. Once the scene was shot he apologised to her.
When he blasts the rock for warmth, we see Sulu fit his little Type I mini phaser into the stock to turn it into a Type II. This is the only time that is ever shown in the whole of Trek.
The Kirk copy wanders the ship until he chances across McCoy in sickbay. He demands alcohol, and takes a bottle of brandy with him when he leaves. His manner seems crude and aggressive, prompting McCoy to contact Spock about it. Spock asks the first Kirk, who dismisses it as a practical joke. Swigging brandy, the Kirk copy goes to Yeoman Rand's quarters and tries to seduce her, becoming almost violent when she resists. She scratches his face badly and he leaves, angry. Nearby he assaults Crewman Fisher. When this is reported, Kirk is at a loss to explain it even though both Rand and Fisher directly identify him as their assailant. Spock concludes that there must be an impostor on board.
The Kirk copy continues to become more aggressive, whilst the first gradually becomes more and more indecisive. They manage to capture the copy and restrain him in sickbay. When a small animal from the planet is beamed up the same thing happens, with a second, aggressive creature appearing in front of witnesses. The crew deduce that the magnetic ore has changed the transporter in some way, prompting to split people into "good" and "evil" parts. Unfortunately this means the landing party can't beam up, and with night falling on the planet the temperature is plunging to a level that cannot be survived. They try beaming heating units down but they fail. The landing party are able to use their phasers to heat rocks for warmth, but the cold will eventually make them fail.
The crew manage to come up with a way to use the transporter to recombine the two parts, but when this is tried on the animal the process kills it. Spock thinks that a human might have the will to survive, since they would understand what is happening to them. But before they can risk this, it must be tested - on Kirk.
The original Kirk takes the copy to try the process but he escapes, disguising the scratches on his face and going to the bridge to order the ship out of orbit. The original Kirk quickly finds him and he collapses under the strain of trying to appear normal. Kirk goes through the transporter with his duplicate, emerging alive and well. The landing party are beamed aboard safely.
The whole good Kirk / bad Kirk thing is played out well enough. Shatner does a decent enough job showing both sides (hey, I like his acting. So sue me), and I rather like the resolution that the "weak" side is actually the one with the ultimate courage. One major issue crops up at the end of the episode. Spock looks to Yeoman Rand once the crisis is passed and says "The imposter had some very interesting qualities, wouldn't you say, Yeoman?" The implication seems to be a bit salacious... Spock is implying that she enjoyed the attentions of the Kirk copy. You know, the man who tried to rape her? And it's not like this is a case where the writers put a rape in there for comic effect, or even put one in there without really realising they'd done so - which can happen, amazingly enough, as the Enterprise episode "Unexpected" shows. No, this episode has an attempted rape in which the woman fights her attacker off physically, shows her to be emotionally wrecked and all but sobbing after this experience... and then has the first officer make a joke about it! As Grace Lee Whitney put it in her autobiography : "I can't imagine any more cruel and insensitive comment a man (or Vulcan) could make to a woman who has just been through a sexual assault! But then, some men really do think that women want to be raped. So the writer of the script (ostensibly Richard Matheson - although the line could have been added by Gene Roddenberry or an assistant scribe) gives us a leering Mr. Spock who suggests that Yeoman Rand enjoyed being raped and found the evil Kirk attractive!" It really is a very ugly moment in this episode.
Okay, let's get this part out of the way. Things they could have done to help Sulu : fly down in a shuttle and pick them up. Beam down a decent shelter for them to stay in. Beam down a pile of any flammable substance, and a match. Heat any object to a very high temperature on board the ship and beam that down. Use the shipboard phasers to blast a nearby area at a safe distance, producing a gigantic blast of heat just upwind. Put some heaters in a photon torpedo casing and fire it down onto the planet. Beam them up regardless, and lock their evil counterparts in the brig to await a way to recombine them. Nuff said.
|Copyright Graham Kennedy
|Page views : 31,515
|Last updated : 17 Sep 2016


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Jeff Cohen led Harvard with 48 goals this spring (Gil Talbot).
NEW HAVEN, Conn. – Jeff Cohen earned his 10th hat trick of the season, while Kevin Vaughan and Will Walker each scored two goals, but the Harvard men's lacrosse fell in the season finale at No. 19/20 Yale, 10-8, Saturday afternoon. The loss to the Bulldogs, combined with Brown's win over Dartmouth later Saturday, eliminated the Crimson from postseason contention.
Harvard finishes the season 6-8 overall and 2-4 in the Ivy League, while Yale improves to 9-4 and 4-2 in the Ancient Eight.
Cohen, who established a Harvard program record with 142 career goals and stands tied for sixth with 167 career points, tallied 48 goals this spring, which ranks seventh for a single season in the Crimson record books.
Vaughan broke a scoreless tie with a shot at 7:06 of the first, giving Harvard a 1-0 edge midway through the opening frame, but the Bulldogs found the back of the net twice later in the stanza to lead 2-1. At the 13:24 in the second, Vaughan notched his second goal, knotting the contest, 2-2.
Just moments later, Daniel Eipp sent a pass to Will Walker, who finished in front of the Yale net with a score at 12:50, putting the Crimson ahead, 3-2. Just 10 second following Walker's goal, Keegan Michel won the ensuing faceoff and scored an unassisted goal, making it 4-2 in favor of Harvard, as the Crimson scored three times in only 44 seconds.
With 5:23 remaining in the half, Walker grabbed a loose ball in front of the Yale goal and fired for a score, upping Harvard's lead to 5-3. Yale managed to score two more times in the half to tie the game, 5-5, and the contest remained knotted heading into the locker room. At the break, Yale owned an edge in shots, 20-16, ground balls, 14-13, and faceoffs won, 8-4.
In the third, the Bulldogs struck first with a goal by Deron Dempster at 14:13, but Cohen tied the game, 6-6, at the 6:23 mark. Cohen scored again at 4:49, giving the Crimson a 7-6 advantage. After Yale went back ahead, 8-7, at 14:30 of the fourth, the Bulldogs tacked on another score at 13:39, taking a 9-7 lead.
Cohen capped his hat trick with an unassisted score at 11:18, pulling the Crimson back within one, 9-8. With 1:14 left, the Bulldogs went ahead by two, 10-8, as Yale held on for the win.
Yale held an edge in shots, 37-35, ground balls, 30-26, and faceoff victories, 17-5, for the contest, while holding Harvard 0-of-4 on man-up opportunities. Crimson goalie Harry Krieger finished with nine saves, while Yale netminder Jack Meyer recorded 12 stops.
Krieger paced Harvard with five ground balls, while Eipp and Stephen Jahelka collected three ground balls apiece. Jahelka, Eric Slingerland and Jack Breit caused two turnovers each in the contest.


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- Sweet home Georgia – inspiration for characters both real and fictional.
Characters of Georgia
Visit the hometowns of James Brown, Brer Rabbit, Flannery O'Connor and more.
Love 'em or hate 'em, real or fictional, Georgia was the home of some of our most memorable, iconic characters.
Seeing their birthplaces is not merely about roaming from town to town. Rather, it's learning about the folks who live there and how they think, the topography of the land, the culture in which they grew up and the history of the state that made the characters what they were.
James Brown
Between his records, live shows and movies – Blues Brothers, Rocky IV – can there be anybody who doesn't know who the "Hardest Working Man in Show Business," the Godfather of Soul, James Brown was?
In Augusta, you can visit the church where he swept floors in exchange for the opportunity to practice on their the piano, the radio station where he used to busk for soldiers' change, the restaurants where he loved to eat. The Augusta Museum of History has a whole James Brown exhibit filled with personal items donated by Brown's complicated web of descendants.
Carey Williams, Jr.
Carey Williams, Jr. is the publisher and editor of Greensboro's Herald-Journal. He runs a one-room newspaper office, where people can just walk in off the street to report news or buy a paper. A real-life Walter Burns from The Front Page meets Ed Asner, he's reputed to have hosted three different Presidents in his home. Clearly, this small-town newspaperman, the fourth generation in his family to run the Herald-Journal, is a real power player. He doesn't take himself too seriously, though; he wrote a risqué roman à clef that has thinly disguised local citizens as characters. One elderly Southern belle read the book and called out Williams: "Carey, Jr., you're a pervert!"
After chewing the fat with a newsman, you're probably ready for real food. A couple doors down is The Yesterday Café, whose award-winning buttermilk pie is rich, not overly sweet, but positively addictive.
Uncle Remus and Brer Rabbit
Both characters are products of author Joel Chandler Harris' life and imagination, but they still feel like "people" from the Old South. Disney's movie Song of the South fixed their images in our minds. It feels right that the Uncle Remus Museum has been built in an over 200-year-old set of slave cabins in Eatonton. Try to go when one of the museum's docents and storytellers, Georgia Smith, will be there. She makes Brer Rabbit seem to come alive!
Oliver Hardy
Oliver Hardy along with his sidekick Stan Laurel are beloved the world over. Hardy was born in Harlem, Georgia, which now has a sweet little museum devoted to the early film stars. Even if you can't make it to the annual festival, the museum plays films in back. There are lots of memorabilia sent in by fans, as well as a cool gift shop.
Flannery O'Connor
Her characters rank amongst the ugliest, cruelest and dislikeable fictional people in all of American literature. Walk around her last home and farm, Andalusia, and you'll learn that she had her moments, too. There have been revelations of recently unearthed letters that are racially insensitive. Though the on-site's museum director disavows that she was a hermit, O'Connor could most fairly be considered a homebody. An unattractive woman suffering from lupus, she never married.
Blind Willie McTell
He was born William Samuel McTier in Thomson. His style differed from Delta bluesmen, in that he had a smoother, less gruff/rough delivery. McTell penned "Statesboro Blues," a huge hit for the Allman Bros. Bob Dylan played tribute to him in his song "Blind Willie McTell."
Today, you can pay tribute to him yourself at a fantastic annual music fest. Unlike other fests that rope off VIP, press and security sections, anybody can walk right up to the stage and just absorb the blues. Not only do regional BBQ restaurants sell their wares on site, but also local home cooks set up shop – you can get a taste of Thomson like only a long-lost friend would.


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Nov. 4, 2007
Head Coach Jerry Smith
On Kiki Bosio's goal:
"The ball came from the backline and Kiki received in a wide right position. She then dribbled centrally and beat the player she was matched up against. She then drew USF's center back and beat her as well. Her shot was a hard left-footed shot from about 18 yards out and it found its way to the left corner of the goal."
On the Broncos' opportunities in the first half:
"We had a lot of opportunities in the first half. Three of those chances hit the post. We were getting plenty of good looks but we weren't shooting on goal and that's something we addressed with the team. When the other team's goalie is not has strong, you have to make sure your shots are on goal. Even if they're saved, at least they were on goal."
On San Francisco:
"It was their senior day, so there was a lot of emotion from everyone to go out and play well. They know they will not make the postseason so they want to finish on a high note and beat us. They are a fiesty team that had us working very hard to control the game."


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Leisure Activities
Karting Nation . Newport
Leeway Industrial Estate, Newport, NP19 4SLView on map
Feel the heart-racing thrills of Go Karting as you take part in an authentic Formula One experience behind the wheel of rapid and robust Go Karts - competing against your friends, family or rivals in an adrenaline-filled and hilariously fun environment! Claiming the title as the UK and Ireland's largest karting network, with over 70 spectacular indoor and outdoor tracks across the nation, we guarantee you a karting experience like no other!


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The primary aim of this publication is to detail the state–of–the–art manufacturing methods for:
- Cream
- Butter
- Yellow fat spreads, both pure milk fat based and mixtures with other fats
- Anhydrous milk fat and its derivatives
Coverage of the manufacturing technologies is complemented by examinations of the relevant nutrition issues and analytical methods. The authors, who are all specialists in their fields in respect to these products, have been chosen from around the world. It is hoped that the book will provide a valuable reference work for dairy scientists and technologists within the dairy industry and those with similar processing requirements, as well as researchers and students, thus becoming an important component of the SDT s Technical Series.
The Editor
Dr Adnan Y. Tamime is a Consultant in Dairy Science and Technology, Ayr, UK. He is the Series Editor of the SDT s Technical Book Series.
For information regarding the SDT, please contact Maurice Walton, Executive Director, Society of Dairy Technology, P.O. Box 12, Appleby in Westmorland CA16 6YJ, UK. email: email@example.com
Also available from Wiley–Blackwell
Milk Processing and Quality Management
Edited by A.Y. Tamime
Edited by A.Y. Tamime
Advanced Dairy Science and Technology
Edited by T. Britz and R. Robinson
International Journal of Dairy Technology
Published quarterly
Print ISSN: 1364 727X
Online ISSN: 1471 0307
1 Milk Lipids Composition, Origin and Properties (T. HUPPERTZ, A.L. KELLY AND P.F. FOX).
1.1 Introduction.
1.2 Composition of milk lipids.
1.2.1 Fatty acids.
1.2.2 Triacylglycerols.
1.2.3 Mono– and diacylglycerols and free fatty acids.
1.2.4 Phospholipids.
1.2.5 Minor constituents.
1.3 Origin of milk lipids.
1.3.1 Biosynthesis and origin of the fatty acids in milk lipids.
1.3.2 De novo synthesis of fatty acids.
1.3.3 Uptake of fatty acids from the blood.
1.3.4 Desaturation of fatty acids.
1.3.5 Synthesis of triacylglycerols.
1.4 Factors affecting the composition of milk lipids.
1.5 Intracellular origin of milk lipid globules and the milk lipid globule membrane.
1.5.1 Secretion of milk lipid globules.
1.5.2 The milk lipid globule membrane.
1.5.3 Lipids of the milk lipid globule membrane.
1.5.4 Proteins of the milk lipid globule membrane.
1.5.5 Enzymes of the milk lipid globule membrane.
1.6 Physicochemical stability of milk lipid globules.
1.6.1 Size distribution of milk lipid globules.
1.6.2 Colloidal stability of milk lipid globules.
1.6.3 Creaming of milk lipid globules.
1.6.4 Coalescence of milk lipid globules.
1.6.5 Homogenisation and properties of homogenised milk lipid globules.
1.6.6 Temperature–induced changes in milk lipid globules.
1.7 Crystallisation and melting of milk triacylglycerols.
1.8 Conclusions.
2 Milk Fat Nutrition (P.W. PARODI).
2.1 Introduction.
2.2 Conjugated linoleic acid.
2.2.1 Origin of rumenic acid.
2.2.2 CLA nutrition.
2.2.3 CLA as an anticancer agent.
2.2.4 Rumenic acid and mammary tumour prevention.
2.2.5 CLA, RA and colon tumour prevention.
2.2.6 Rumenic acid and the prevention of atherosclerosis.
2.2.7 Trans fatty acids and coronary heart disease.
2.2.8 Rumenic acid and immunomodulation.
2.2.9 Rumenic acid and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
2.2.10 Rumenic acid as a growth factor.
2.3 Sphingolipids.
2.3.1 Sphingolipids in colon cancer prevention.
2.3.2 Sphingomyelin and cholesterol absorption.
2.3.3 Sphingomyelin and the immune system.
2.3.4 Sphingolipids and intestinal diseases.
2.4 Butyric acid.
2.5 Branched chain fatty acids.
2.6 Fat–soluble components.
2.6.1 The vitamins.
2.6.2 Cholesterol.
2.6.3 Other interesting components.
2.7 Further nutritional benefits.
2.8 Perceived nutritional negatives for milk.
2.8.1 Milk fat and coronary artery disease.
2.8.2 Saturated fatty acids.
2.8.3 Fat intake and cancer.
2.8.4 Dietary fat and obesity.
2.9 Conclusions.
3 Separation and Standardisation of the Fat Content (M. GUNSING, H.C. VAN DER HORST, D. ALLERSMA AND P. DE JONG).
3.1 Introduction.
3.2 Overview of the history of milk fat separation.
3.3 Physical models.
3.4 Standardisation of the fat content of milk.
3.5 Conclusion.
4 Cream and Related Products (M.A. SMIDDY, A.L. KELLY AND T. HUPPERTZ).
4.1 Introduction.
4.2 Cream processing.
4.2.1 Separation.
4.2.2 Standardisation.
4.2.3 Heat treatment.
4.2.4 Homogenisation.
4.2.5 Quality of cream.
4.3 Whipping cream.
4.3.1 Production of whipping cream.
4.3.2 Whipping of the cream.
4.3.3 Characterisation of whipped cream.
4.3.4 Influence of processing conditions on whipping characteristics of cream.
4.3.5 Compositional factors affecting whipped cream characteristics.
4.3.6 Influence of stabilisers and emulsifiers on whipping characteristics of cream.
4.4 Aerosol–whipped cream.
4.4.1 Production of aerosol–whipped cream.
4.4.2 Properties of aerosol–whipped cream.
4.5 Cream liqueur.
4.5.1 Composition of cream liqueur.
4.5.2 Processing of cream liqueur.
4.5.3 Shelf–life of cream liqueur.
4.6 Cultured, fermented or sour cream.
4.6.1 Background.
4.6.2 Production of cultured, fermented or sour cream.
4.7 Coffee cream.
4.7.1 Processing of coffee cream.
4.7.2 Properties of coffee cream.
4.8 Other cream products.
4.8.1 Frozen cream.
4.8.2 Dried cream.
4.9 Conclusion.
5 Butter (R.A. WILBEY).
5.1 Introduction.
5.2 Cream preparation.
5.2.1 Sweet cream.
5.2.2 Ripened/fermented/cultured cream.
5.2.3 Modifications of cream ageing.
5.3 Batch churning.
5.4 Continuous butter manufacture.
5.4.1 Cream feed to buttermaker.
5.4.2 Conversion to butter–grains.
5.4.3 Working.
5.4.4 Salting.
5.5 Alternative processes for cultured butters.
5.6 Alternative technologies for continuous buttermaking.
5.6.1 Low–fat route.
5.6.2 Shearing high–fat cream.
5.7 Recombined butter.
5.8 Reduced–fat butters.
5.9 Spreadable butters.
5.10 Packaging.
5.11 Flavoured butters.
5.12 Quality issues.
5.13 Concluding comments.
6 Anhydrous Milk Fat Manufacture and Fractionation (D. ILLINGWORTH, G.R. PATIL AND A.Y. TAMIME).
6.1 Introduction.
6.2 Definitions and properties.
6.3 Production statistics.
6.4 Anhydrous milk fat/butteroil manufacture processes.
6.4.1 Principles.
6.4.2 Manufacturing options.
6.4.3 Quality of milk fat during and post manufacture.
6.5 Milk fat fraction.
6.5.1 Process options.
6.5.2 Fraction properties.
6.6 Ghee.
6.6.1 Introduction.
6.6.2 Methods of manufacture.
6.6.3 Packaging.
6.6.4 Chemical composition.
6.6.5 Flavour.
6.6.6 Physicochemical properties.
6.6.7 Texture.
6.6.8 Thermal oxidation.
6.6.9 Shelf–life of the product.
6.6.10 Nutritional aspects.
6.6.11 Ghee as a medicine.
6.7 Conclusion.
6.8 Acknowledgements.
7 Production of Yellow Fats and Spreads (B.K. MORTENSEN).
7.1 Introduction.
7.2 Legislations.
7.3 Dairy fat spreads.
7.3.1 Introduction.
7.3.2 Production technologies.
7.3.3 Quality aspects.
7.4 Blends and blended spreads.
7.4.1 Introduction.
7.4.2 Production technologies.
7.4.3 Quality aspects.
7.5 Products with modified functionality.
7.5.1 Introduction.
7.5.2 Production technologies.
7.5.3 Applications.
7.6 Nutritionally modified products.
7.6.1 Introduction.
7.6.2 Production technologies.
7.7 Conclusions.
8 Cream Cheese and Related Products (T.P. GUINEE AND M. HICKEY).
8.1 Introduction.
8.2 Background and development.
8.3 Definitions and standards of identity.
8.3.1 Background and evolution.
8.3.2 European legislation.
8.3.3 UK legislation.
8.3.4 Irish legislation.
8.3.5 US legislation and standards.
8.3.6 Canadian legislation and standards.
8.3.7 German cheese legislation with particular reference to cream cheese–type products.
8.3.8 Danish cheese legislation with particular reference to cream cheese–type products.
8.3.9 French cheese legislation with reference to some cream cheese–type products.
8.3.10 Italian standard on Mascarpone.
8.3.11 Cheese legislation in Australia.
8.3.12 Codex Alimentarius international standards for cheese and cream cheese.
8.4 Cream cheese.
8.4.1 Principles of manufacture.
8.4.2 Manufacture stages.
8.4.3 Recombination technology.
8.5 Basic characterisation of the structure and rheology of cream cheese.
8.6 Factors affecting the properties of cream cheese.
8.6.1 Homogenisation of cheese milk.
8.6.2 Holding of hot curd at high temperature while shearing.
8.6.3 Homogenisation of the heated cream cheese.
8.6.4 Cooling rate.
8.6.5 Addition of whey protein.
8.6.6 Hydrocolloids.
8.6.7 Composition.
8.7 Related cheese varieties.
8.7.1 Mascarpone.
8.7.2 Neufchâtel and Petit–Suisse.
8.7.3 Kajmak.
8.8 Conclusion.
9 Microbial Production of Bioactive Metabolites (S. MILLS, R.P. ROSS, G. FITZGERALD AND C. STANTON).
9.1 Introduction.
9.2 Short–chain fatty acids.
9.2.1 Background.
9.2.2 Production of short–chain fatty acids in the colon.
9.2.3 Role of short–chain fatty acids in health and disease.
9.3 Gamma amino butyric acid.
9.3.1 Introduction.
9.3.2 Gamma amino butyric acid effects.
9.4 Overall conclusion.
9.5 Acknowledgements.
10 Trouble Shooting (B.B.C. WEDDING AND H.C. DEETH).
10.1 Introduction.
10.2 Milk.
10.2.1 Transmitted flavours.
10.2.2 Chemical flavours.
10.2.3 Flavours associated with oxidation.
10.2.4 Flavours associated with heat treatment.
10.2.5 Bacterial flavours.
10.2.6 Lipolysed flavour.
10.2.7 Proteolysis.
10.2.8 Antibiotics.
10.3 Cream.
10.3.1 Transmitted flavours.
10.3.2 Microbiological defects.
10.3.3 Defects associated with oxidation.
10.3.4 Physical defects and stability.
10.3.5 Lipolysis.
10.3.6 Defects associated with whipped cream.
10.3.7 Defects associated with coffee cream.
10.3.8 Defects associated with UHT cream.
10.3.9 Defects associated with sterilised cream.
10.4 Butter.
10.4.1 Microbiological defects.
10.4.2 Cultured butter.
10.4.3 Butter churning defects.
10.4.4 Oxidative defects.
10.4.5 Physical defects.
10.5 Dairy spreads.
10.5.1 Fat phase structure.
10.5.2 Microbiological defects.
10.5.3 Oxidative defects.
10.6 Cream cheese.
10.6.1 Microbiological defects.
10.6.2 Emulsion stability.
10.6.3 Flavour defects.
10.6.4 Texture defects.
10.6.5 Oxidative defects.
10.7 Conclusion.


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Leadership Exchange in Arts and Disability (LEAD®)
About LEAD - What is LEAD?
In August of 2000, a small group of cultural arts administrators – all of whom were responsible for accessibility at their respective cultural arts organization – gathered at the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in Washington, D.C. to discuss institutional cultural arts and disability issues. While the level of experience among participants ranged from more than 20 years in the field to less than six months on the job, everyone shared one common goal: the desire to create accessible cultural arts programs that are inclusive of people with disabilities and older adults.
That initial group has now grown into a professional network focused on expanding the breadth and scope of accessibility services and programming across the country and around the world. The Leadership Exchange in Arts and Disability (LEAD) network:
- explores practical methods for implementing accessibility in cultural environments;
- communicates information about arts and accessibility, and;
- shares resources and knowledge among professionals in the field of accessibility.
LEAD accomplishes its objectives through an annual conference, an active communications network, and resources generated by the LEAD network and maintained by the Kennedy Center.
Founding Organizations:
- Accessible Arts Inc., represented by Martin English
- Arena Stage, represented by Jody Barasch
- ArtAbility, represented by Cindy Brown
- Arts For All, represented by Wendall Barnes
- Arvada Center, represented by Mickey McVey
- Center Stage represented by Michele Baylin and Mike Watson
- Cultural Access Consortium, represented by Judy Berk
- ELA Foundation, represented by Deborah Lewis
- Huntington Theatre, represented by Valerie Ching
- The John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, represented by Bret Burzio, Michele Listisard, and Betty Siegel
- The Kentucky Center for the Arts, represented by Deborah Pennell
- Kravis Center, represented by Meri McGuiness and Vanessa Young
- Orange County Performing Arts Center, represented by Larry Stotz
- Oregon Shakespeare Festival, represented by Brian Kinsey
- Paper Mill Playhouse, represented by Michael Mooney
- Raleigh Little Theatre, represented by Sarah Corrin
- Raleigh Memorial Auditorium, represented by Bob Leyes
- Shakespeare Theatre, represented by Alicia Fansmith
Connect with Us
David Rubenstein is the Presenting Underwriter of the NSO.
NSO Young People's Concerts are made possible in part by the generous support of The Clark Charitable Foundation; the Kimsey Endowment; The Morris and Gwendolyn Cafritz Foundation; Park Foundation, Inc.; U.S. Department of Education; The Volgenau Foundation; and recent supporters of the NSO YPC crowdfunding campaign.
Major support for educational programs at the Kennedy Center is provided by
David Rubenstein through the Rubenstein Arts Access Program.
Kennedy Center education and related artistic programming is made possible through the generosity of the National Committee for the Performing Arts and the President's Advisory Committee on the Arts.


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There's a phrase in post-colonial criticism and politics that essentially states that the overriding dichotomy is the "West vs.the Rest." One of the things that strikes me about discussions (in the US and in Europe to some extent) about the decline of Classical Music (and by "Classical Music" I'm obviously meaning the Western or European Classical Music tradition) is the debate about relevancy and/or the relative (though usually couched in terms of absolute) worth of "Great Art Music."
The title to this post reflects that di(tri)chotomy as the bracketed section is the part of the discussion that so often gets left out. I've blogged somewhat about what I'm calling the false dichotomy of Classical vs. Pop in the past and have attempted to infuse some of these discussions with a much broader context than most of the disputants are willing to acknowledge.
A recent piece in the Fort Wayne Journal Gazette by Emma Downs has made me think more about the changing demographic of the US and how that is ultimately going to impact the quality (in the hierarchical sense) of music in the US. The piece is titled Orchestras slowly add racial, ethnic diversity and is a discussion of the proportion of ethnic minorities in US orchestras in general and the ethnic make-up of the Fort Wayne Philharmonic (which is slightly higher than the national average) in particular.
The piece starts with the bold (and sometimes tired)
Although racial and ethnic diversity is increasing in the United States, many orchestras and symphonies across the country still do not represent the communities they play for.
which I don't think is a controversial claim when looking at the basic numbers and implied issue of a "quota." On the whole, US Orchestras are primarily composed of whites.
The piece gives a few reasons for this, but this one is the important one for my purposes
The lack of diversity is based on several factors, including historical precedents. For hundreds of years, orchestral music was predominantly a European tradition and a venue for self-expression that seemed to be "an unwelcome field for minorities," [John] Bence says.
This is obviously a problem–and something that non-minorities can't fully appreciate. A poignant story Eric Edberg posted about one of his former students (full disclosure: I am also one of Eric's former students), Troy Stuart, can drive this home. I'm taking the quote Eric posted from a profile in the Baltimore Sun (link is dead) about Mr. Stuart:
In the 1980s, as a graduate student at the Oberlin Conservatory of Music in Ohio, the toughest challenge Stuart faced wasn't in the pieces he studied, but in a large mirror on the practice room wall – the reflection of an African-American staring back at him.
"I had to cover it for the first half-year," Stuart says. "I wasn't gaining any confidence from seeing myself. If I had had a Yo-Yo Ma to look up to, I know I wouldn't have had any problem looking into that mirror. I still remember the first time I saw an African-American on a classical album cover, I almost fainted."
Not having a role model to look up to can be very trying psychologically. I remember while growing up in the States that the only Asian role models on television I could see were those found in the occasional Hong Kong Kung Fu films or in Japanese Daikaiju (e.g. Godzilla, Gamera). Of course, I'm neither Chinese nor Japanese, but Thai and we could probably debate the relevancy of having revenge-minded martial artists or giant-monster-fighting heroes (to be candid–I always identified with the "good" monsters) as a role model for participation in real life society.


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As Libya emerges after a long period of political turmoil, better protection and management of its marine and coastal areas can help rebuild the country and increase the economic security of its people.
A new IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) report calls for improvements in the legal and institutional framework of conservation in Libya. So far, only four Libyan sites have been declared protected areas or are being considered for protection. These include the Farwa lagoon and island, Aïn Ghazalah, Hisha nature reserve and Kouf National Park. The report identifies 24 new marine and coastal areas for protection due to their natural and economic value.
"Nature conservation is certainly not among the top priorities in Libya at present," says Alain Jeudy de Grissac, IUCN-Med Marine Conservation Manager and one of the authors of the report. "But if we manage it properly, Libya's natural heritage and natural resources can play an important role in securing a better future for the country and for the Mediterranean environment."
With rare species of fish and birds, abundant marine life and unique vegetation, Libya's coastline has a high economic, biological and social value to local communities. But uncontrolled fishing, pollution, climate change and low awareness about environmental issues among decision-makers and the public pose a serious threat to this biodiversity hotspot.
The sandy beaches of Al Araar-Bouerat lahsoun, for example, which cover 70km of the Gulf of Sirte, are the most important nesting sites for marine turtles in western Libya. This is also one of few landing sites for cartilaginous fish, such as sharks and rays, and an important area for shore birds. But lack of adequate protection, poaching and exposure to oil pollution are a growing risk to the threatened species and their fragile environment.
"Defining the key elements for conservation is a vital step towards a sustainable use of Libya's coast," says Carl Gustaf Lundin, Director of IUCN's Global Marine and Polar Programme. "By protecting threatened species, introducing sustainable fishing practices and developing eco-tourism, places like Al Araar-Bouerat can bring wide-ranging benefits to local people."
The report also highlights opportunities for trans-boundary conservation in the region.
The Farwa lagoon and the Abukammash area, on the border between Libya and Tunisia, are known for their high fishery productivity, but also vulnerability to pollution and other man-made threats. Cross-border cooperation would allow the two countries to exchange experiences in nature conservation and protect this area more effectively. This would be the first time for such cooperation to take place in the region.
"These biodiversity-rich sites are an important part of the whole Mediterranean ecosystem and contribute to the well-being of numerous species across the region," adds Jeudy de Grissac. "Efforts to conserve Libya's coast can build on experiences in other Mediterranean countries, where effective management and sustainable development of natural protected areas have benefitted the environment and local people."
To view the report click here
For more information, or to set up interviews, please contact:
Sonsoles San Román, Communications Officer, m: +34 627719783, e firstname.lastname@example.com
Ewa Magiera, IUCN Media Relations, m +41 79 856 76 26, e email@example.com


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We oppose Islam, not Muslims. We are against hate, not faith
Depending on the individual according to their beliefs.manfred wrote:SAM, that was the stock answer, something both you and I know anyway. In reality, Muslims even in Glasgow, where the window for eating and sleeping is yet another hours or so shorter in the summer, very few Muslims would rely on fatwas. Why not?
Fatwa ...a ruling on a point of Islamic law given by a recognized authority.Because the Qur'an and Mohammed were silent on that question. If fasting is "prescribed" by Allah, no less, why would he need help from some Egyptian clerics?
Muslims already practice fasting since 1400 years ago, is nothing new about it. None of thousands or millions of Muslims who have died because of fasting.My question was not for the stock answer, but this: why cannot fasting be regulated simply using the time by ALL Muslims? And why should it matter that all do the exact same thing? The answer to that is because Mohammed did not have a watch. And because of that simple thing, like every year, there will be some 50 to 100 Muslims who die during Ramadan in the UK.
That's none of my (Muslims) business..In Judaism there is only one fasting day. In Christianity there are 40, but it is up to the individual how to use them, and you should not even tell anyone what you have decided.
Muslims already practice fasting since 1400 years ago, is nothing new about it.
None of thousands or millions of Muslims who have died because of fasting.
It happened last year Thursday 2 July 2015...manfred wrote:Muslims already practice fasting since 1400 years ago, is nothing new about it.
Muslims in high latitudes is new.None of thousands or millions of Muslims who have died because of fasting.
That is bending causality somewhat. Have a look what went in Pakistan during last year's Ramadan...
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world ... 60322.html
So when people drop dead from heatstroke and dehydration during Ramadan, what caused that, do you think? If it is nothing to do with fasting, why did the clerics say to stop fasting?
BTW, it is only a week, and in our little country so far we had 8 deaths caused by Ramadan practices, all women.
In Iraq, there were 49 people dead so far, not counting those who were murdered by other Muslims.
That may not sound like much to you. To me one dead over this is one too many.
As other have shown, the Ramadan ritual does little to make Muslims calm and peaceful, in fact every single year violence increases in that period.
They died because of the heatwave. Did you ever go the Middle East or North Africa ... the weather there is more heatwave than Pakistan...
SAM wrote:I have ever been to Tunisia, Morocco, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Bahrain and Egypt a long time ago. I believe you know nothing about weather there.
Heat waves happen anywhere..
The 2003 heat wave in Europe killed about 80,000 people.... Did they die because of fasting.
Danish minister: Muslims shouldn't work during Ramadan, it's dangerous for society
A Danish minister known for her strong anti-immigration views on Monday May 21st called for Muslims to take time off work during the fasting period of Ramadan, saying the practice is "dangerous for all of us".
The comments from immigration and integration minister Inger Stojberg, a member of the centre-right Liberal Party, come after Ramadan, one of Islam's most revered holidays in which Muslims around the world fast from dawn until dawn, began last week.
"I want to call on Muslims to take leave from work during the month of Ramadan to avoid negative consequences for the rest of Danish society," Stojberg wrote in a column for the BT tabloid.
"I wonder if a religious order commanding observance to a 1,400-year-old pillar of Islam is compatible with the society and labour market that we have in Denmark in 2018."
She also said she feared the fasting could affect "safety and productivity," giving as an example bus drivers who have "neither had a drink nor eaten for more than 10 hours".
"This can be dangerous for all of us," she said.
Stojberg previously stoked controversy last year when she posted to Facebook a photo of her smiling and holding a cake to celebrate Denmark's 50th measure for toughening immigration laws.
One of the strongest measures came into force in 2016, allowing police to seize valuables from refugees, although the government's guidelines exempted wedding and engagement rings after critics likened the plans to the confiscation of gold from Jews by the Nazis during World War II.
Over the last 15 years, the country has tightened its immigration policies, insisting that migrants must learn the country's customs and language in order to adapt to the labour market.
Muslim Parents Complain Their Children Should Be Exempt from Exams During Ramadan
Parents of Muslim pupils in Germany have complained that their children should not have to take part in any exams due to the stress placed on them by fasting during the Islamic holy month of Ramadan.
President of the German Teachers' Association Heinz-Peter Meidinger has complained that Ramadan fasting has caused several problems with Muslim parents including many being "exhausted" due to fasting, Kronen Zeitung reports.
The issues have affected many schools in Berlin because of the high numbers of migrant-background students with Meidinger claiming that parents have specifically requested that their children not be made to take any sort of examination during the Islamic holy month.
"A lot of students take the fast very seriously now," Meidinger said.
Family Minister Franziska Giffey, of the Social Democrats, said that fasting should not be a focus for children saying: "Children have to drink and eat regularly, otherwise they can no longer follow lessons attentively."
Giffey added that teachers and others should also make sure classmates were not using peer pressure against Muslim students who were fasting saying: "There should be no discrimination, no matter if someone is fasting or not."
The demands are not the first time Islamic religious practises has interfered with schooling in a European country. Last year, a Dutch school in the Hague held a class photo day during the Eid al-Adha and two Muslim sisters were unable to take part in the photograph.
After complaints were lodged by the mother of the two young girls, the school was forced to pay out 500 euros to each girl after a discrimination lawsuit was filed. The parents had demanded 10,000 euros, initially.
Ramadan has become much more well-known and practised in Germany since the 2015 migrant crisis with German broadcaster Deutschlandfunk Kultur claiming that the Islamic holy month is an "old German custom".
This from the UK last yearAriel wrote:Muslim Parents Complain Their Children Should Be Exempt from Exams During Ramadan
Parents of Muslim pupils in Germany have complained that their children should not have to take part in any exams due to the stress placed on them by fasting during the Islamic holy month of Ramadan.
https://www.independent.co.uk/news/education/education-news/muslim-pupils-exams-ramadan-fasting-exempt-head-teachers-union-association-school-college-leaders-a6991721.htmlThe paper notes that the Islamic authorities consulted considered a student could be exempted from fasting on the grounds of hardship if their ability to revise and study was being affected.
https://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/saudi-arabia/saudi-minister-rules-out-holding-exams-before-ramadan-1.2011209Manama: Saudi Arabia's education minister has dismissed rumours that the end-of-year exams would be brought forward so that students sit for them before the start of the fasting month of Ramadan.
"Ramadan is a month of piety and charity, but it is like all the other months in terms of education, and students should get used to studying and sitting for exams in all circumstances and conditions," Ahmad Al Eisa said. "If we try to hold the exams earlier this year, then what should we do next year and the subsequent years when Ramadan is in the middle of the school year? Our students have to adapt."
Rather more onerous than in Germany, wouldn't you say?Rayyan's exams are scheduled to start from June 7 and will end towards June 22. Ramadan in the UAE is expected to start from May 27 amid summer when temperatures hover around 45-48 degrees Celsius.
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The Class of 2013 will play its final game at Jordan Field Saturday (photo Harvard Athletic Communications).
CAMBRIDGE, Mass. – The Harvard field hockey team plays its final regular season game of the year Saturday when Columbia visits Jordan Field. The Crimson will honor five seniors, who will be playing in their final collegiate game, before the contest.
About Harvard
The Crimson (3-12, 1-5 Ivy League) is looking for its second Ivy League win of the year with its first coming at Brown Sept. 29. A pair of sophomores lead the Crimson in scoring as Noel Painter (10 points) and Caitlin Rea (six points) rank first and tied for second on the team, respectively. Painter has found the back of the cage four times and added two assists, while Rea has one goal and the team lead in helpers with four. Senior Emma Keller has also totaled six points after assisting on a Caroline Code score at Dartmouth Oct. 27.
The Class of 2013
This year's senior class will be recognized with a pregame ceremony before Saturday's game. Co-captains Cynthia Tassopoulos and Kim Goh will be honored with classmates Emma Keller, Molly Stansik and Kaitlin Wahl.
Last Time Out
The Crimson played a tight match at Vermont Oct. 28, but eventually fell, 2-1, in overtime. Harvard evened the score in the second half with a Rachael Rosenfeld goal after the Catamounts had taken a 1-0 lead through the first 35 minutes. Vermont won the game with a penalty-stroke goal five minutes into the extra frame.
D the Key
In each of Harvard's three wins this season the team's defense has been the driving reason for success. The Crimson has produced two shutouts, versus Holy Cross and Brown, while allowing 0.33 goals per game in wins. Harvard boasts a .955 save percentage during victories. Among Ivy League teams, the Crimson ranks fourth in goals allowed.
In The Rankings
Cynthia Tassopoulos has climbed into the top ten in the NCAA in saves per game and also ranks among the nation's elite in save percentage. The co-captain is seventh with 7.92 saves per contest and 26th in save percentage with a .741 mark.
On the Harvard charts, Tassopoulos ranks third in the history of the program in saves. Last week she became just the third Harvard goalie to eclipse the 500-save mark.
About Columbia
Columbia (8-7, 3-3 Ivy League) sits in third place of the Ivy League but has lost three straight games, including matches against conference foes Dartmouth and Yale. The Lions are paced by senior Gabby Kozlowski's nine goals. Junior Liz Malone has contributed eight scores, while senior Paige Simmons and senior Bridget DeSandis have chipped in 10 assists apiece. DeSandis' twin sister, Katie, is second on the team in points with 18 (5 goals, 8 assists). Columbia has used five goalies this season with senior Christie O'Hara getting the majority of minutes. O'Hara is 7-6 this season while maintaining a 2.62 goals against average and making .761 percent of saves. The Lions play at Rutgers in their season finale tomorrow afternoon.
Series History
Harvard won the first 10 matchups in the all-time series against Columbia, which began in 1997, but has dropped five straight since. The Crimson's last win in the series came in 2006. Columbia is one of five Ivy League teams that Harvard owns a winning record against (10-5). The Crimson is also over .500 against Brown, Cornell, Penn and Yale.
Seniors' Final Game at Jordan Field Set for Saturday against Columbia
The Class of 2013 will play its final game at Jordan Field Saturday (photo Harvard Athletic Communications).


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There's a new competitive threat in emerging markets. "Local dynamos" manage to succeed in promising but challenging environments, and they constitute the largest threat across multiple industries in emerging markets.
When global companies seek to expand, they discover that it's the local dynamo that's the most intense competitor....[They represent] a range of industries, but one common theme is their focus on the rising middle classes and meeting their needs.
We all know that emerging markets are generating significant growth. What is less publicized is the fact that this growth is being captured more by local dynamos from within these markets than by globalizing MNCs. These local dynamos are proving to be a real force to be reckoned with.
How are local dynamos thriving when other, larger companies struggle to gain traction? There are six factors that set local dynamos apart: