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If you intend to implement a Matroska player, make sure you can handle all the files in our test suite, or at least the features presented there, not necessarily the same codecs.
Beginning of File
An EBML file always starts with 0x1A. The 0x1A makes the DOS command "type" ends display. That way you can include ASCII text before the EBML data and it can be displayed. The EBML parser is safe from false-alarm with these ASCII only codes.
Next the EBML header is stored. This allows the the parser to know what type of EBML file it is parsing.
Block Timecodes
The Block's timecode is signed interger that represents the Raw Timecode relative to the Cluster's Timecode, multiplied by the TimecodeScale. (see the TimecodeScale notes)
The Block's timecode is represented by a 16bit signed interger (sint16). This means that the Blocks timecode has a range of -32768 to +32767 units.. When using the default value of TimecodeScale, each integer represents 1ms. So, the maximum time span of Blocks in a Cluster using the default TimecodeScale of 1ms is 65536ms.
The quick eye will notice that if a Cluster's Timecode is set to zero, it is possible to have Blocks with a negative Raw Timecode. Blocks with a negative Raw Timecode are not valid.
Default decoded field duration
This element can signal the displaying application how often fields of a video sequence will be available for displaying. It can be used for both interlaced and progressive content.
If the video sequence is signaled as interlaced, the period between two successive fields at the output of the decoding process equals DefaultDecodedFieldDuration.
For video sequences signaled as progressive it is twice the value of DefaultDecodedFieldDuration.
These values are valid at the end of the decoding process before post-processing like deinterlacing or inverse telecine is applied.
- Blu-ray movie: 1000000000ns/(48/1.001) = 20854167ns
- PAL broadcast/DVD: 1000000000ns/(50/1.000) = 20000000ns
- N/ATSC broadcast: 1000000000ns/(60/1.001) = 16683333ns
- hard-telecined DVD: 1000000000ns/(60/1.001) = 16683333ns (60 encoded interlaced fields per second)
- soft-telecined DVD: 1000000000ns/(60/1.001) = 16683333ns (48 encoded interlaced fields per second, with "repeat_first_field = 1")
Default Values
The default value of an element is assumed when not present in the data stream. It is assumed only in the scope of its upper-element (for example Language in the scope of the Track element). If the upper element is not present or assumed, then the element cannot be assumed.
Digital Rights Management. See Encryption.
EBML Class
A larger EBML class typically means the element has a lower probability/importance. A larger Class-ID can be used as a synch word in case the file is damaged. Elements that are used frequently, but do not need to act as a synch word, should have a small Class-ID.
For example, the Cluster has a 4 octect ID and can be used as a synch word if the file is damaged. However, the every common element in the BlockGroup has a single octet ID to conserve space because of how frequently it is used.
Encryption in Matroska is designed in a very generic style that allows people to implement whatever form of encryption is best for them. It is easily possible to use the encryption framework in Matroska as a type of DRM.
Because the encryption occurs within the Block, it is possible to manipulate encrypted streams without decrypting them. The streams could potentially be copied, deleted, cut, appended, or any number of other possible editing techniques without ever decrypting them. This means that the data is more useful, without having to expose it, or go through the intensive process of decrypting.
Encryption can also be layered within Matroska. This means that two completely different types of encryption can be used, requiring two seperate keys to be able to decrypt a stream.
Encryption information is stored in the ContentEncodings section under the ContentEncryption element.
Image cropping
Thanks to the PixelCropXXX elements, it's possible to crop the image before being resized. That means the image size follows this path :
PixelXXX (size of the coded image) -> PixelCropXXX (size of the image to keep) -> DisplayXXX (resized cropped image)
Matroska version indicators (DocTypeVersion and DocTypeReadVersion)
The EBML header each Matroska file starts with contains two version number fields that inform a reading application about what to expect. These are DocTypeVersion and DocTypeReadVersion.
DocTypeVersion must contain the highest Matroska version number of any element present in the Matroska file. For example, a file using the SimpleBlock element must have a DocTypeVersion of at least 2 while a file containing CueRelativePosition elements must have a DocTypeVersion of at least 4.
The DocTypeReadVersion must contain the minimum version number a reading application must at least suppost properly in order to play the file back (optionally with a reduced feature set). For example, if a file contains only v2 items safe for CueRelativePosition (which is a v4 item) then DocTypeReadVersion should still be set to 2 and not 4 because evaluating CueRelativePosition is not required for standard playback -- it only makes seeking more precise if used.
DocTypeVersion must always be equal to or greater than DocTypeReadVersion.
A reading application supporting Matroska version
V must not refuse to read an application with DocReadTypeVersion equal to or lower than
V even if DocTypeVersion is greater than
V. See also the note about unknown elements.
Mime Types
There is no IETF endorsed MIME type for Matroska files. But you can use the ones we have defined on our web server :
- .mka : Matroska audio
- .mkv : Matroska video
- .mk3d : Matroska 3D video
An Octet refers to a byte made of 8 bits.
Overlay Track
Overlay tracks should be rendered in the same 'channel' as the track it's linked to. When content is found in such a track it is play on the rendering channel instead of the original track.
Position References
The position in some elements refers to the position, in octets, from the beginning of an element. The reference is the beginning of the first Segment element (= its position + the size of its ID and size fields). 0 = first possible position of a level 1 element in the segment. When data is spanned over mutiple "linked Segments" (in the same file or in different files), the position represents the accumulated offset of each Segment. For example to reference a position in the third segment, the position will be: the first segment total size + second segment total size + offset of the element in the third segment.
Raw Timecode
The exact time of an object represented in nanoseconds. To find out a Block's Raw Timecode, you need the Block's timecode, the Cluster's Timecode, and the TimecodeScale. For calculation, please see the see the TimecodeScale notes.
Segment linking
Hard linking
This linking can also be called splitting. It's the operation of cutting one segment in several parts. The resulting parts should play as if it was just one part (the original segment). That means the timecode of each part follows the ones from the previous parts. The track numbers are the same. The chapters only match the current segment (unless the edition is ordered, where all parts should be in each segment). And most important, the NextUID and PrevUID points the respective segment UIDs.
Soft linking
Soft linking is used by codec chapters. They can reference another segment and jump on that Segment. The way the segments are described are internal to the chapter codec and unknown to the matroska level. But there are elements in the Segment Information (ChapterTranslate) that can translate a value representing a segment in the chapter codec and to the current Segment UID. All segments that could be used in a file/segment this way should be marked as members of the same family (SegmentFamily), so that the player can quickly switch from one to the other.
Medium linking
This kind of linking is a mix between hard and soft linking. Each segment linked is independant from the other (standalone, unlike hard linked ones). But it should be treated as a hard-link by the player. Medium linking is done through chapters using the ChapterSegmentUID element and only makes sense for ordered editions. The Segment matching the UID should be played as if it was part of the original segment (segment it's linked from) and then resume playback in the original segment. That means the timecodes of the following content should be shifted by the duration of the linked segment. As for hard-linking, the resulting segment edition should be played and considered as one.
The 128 bits UIDs must be as unique as possible. It is suggested to compute the MD5 sum of some data parts of the file (the checksum of the Cluster level if you use one).
Table Columns
The columns from the specifications table have these meanings.
- Element Name
- The full name of the described element.
- These are the variable names used within the official EBML and Matroska software libraries.
- Level
- The level within an EBML tree that the element may occur at.
- A "+" after the number indicates that the element may occur at any level at or after the number mentioned. A level of "3+" indicates the element may occur at levels 3, 4, 5, 6, and beyond.
- With the exception of Global Elements, an element may only occur within the nearest element preceding it in level. An element at level 3 may only have the parent that is the nearest preceding element of level 2.
- The Element ID displayed as octets.
- The bounding with [] brackets are for aesthetic purposes to make reading easier.
- Mandatory
- This element is mandatory in the file.
- Mandatory elements with a default value may be left out of the file. In the absence of a mandatory element, the element's default value is used.
- A mandatory element is not written if its parent is not in the file.
- Multiple
- The element may appear multiple times within its parent element
- A non-multiple element may appear once in each instance of its parent.
- Range
- Valid range of values to store in the element.
- Two hyphenated numbers indicates a value between the two numbers inclusive.
- Numeric values are expressed in decimal.
- "not 0" or ">0" indicates any value allowed by the element type other than zero.
- Default
- The default value of the element.
- When the element's parent is present and the element is not, the presence of the element is assumed virtually with the default value. When the element's parent is not present, the element's default value is ignored.
- Numeric value are expressed in decimal.
- Element Type
- The form of data the element contains.
- The types are the 8 basic EBML types: Signed Integer, Unsigned Integer, Float, String, UTF-8, Date, Sub elements, and Binary. No other types are allowed.
- v1
- The element is contained in Matroska version 1.
- v2
- The element is contained in Matroska version 2.
- v3
- The element is contained in Matroska version 3.
- All currently active elements are included in Matroska version 2.
- v4
- The element is contained in Matroska version 4.
- v4 is the currently developed version has not been finalized yet. There may be further additions.
- All elements in WebM (version 2).
- Version 1 of WebM is officially deprecated as the only difference was the absence of SimpleBlock.
- Description
- A short description of the element's purpose.
Timecode Types
Absolute Timecode = Block+Cluster
Relative Timecode = Block
Scaled Timecode = Block+Cluster
Raw Timecode = (Block+Cluster)*TimecodeScale*TrackTimecodeScale
The TimecodeScale is used to calculate the Raw Timecode of a Block. The timecode is obtained by adding the Block's timecode to the Cluster's Timecode, and then multiplying that result by the TimecodeScale. The result will be the Block's Raw Timecode in nanoseconds. The formula for this would look like:
(a + b) * c
a = Block's Timecode
b = Cluster's Timecode
c = TimecodeScale
An example of this is, assume a Cluster's Timecode has a value of 564264, the Block has a Timecode of 1233, and the timecodescale is the default of 1000000.
(1233 + 564264) * 1000000 = 565497000000
So, the Block in this example has a specific time of 565497000000 in nanoseconds. In milliseconds this would be 565497ms.
TimecodeScale Rounding
Because the default value of TimecodeScale is 1000000, which makes each integer in the Cluster and Block timecodes equal 1ms, this is the most commonly used. When dealing with audio, this causes innaccuracy with where you are seeking to. When the audio is combined with video, this is not an issue. For most cases the the synch of audio to video does not need to be more than 1ms accurate. This becomes obvious when one considers that sound will take 2-3ms to travel a single meter, so distance from your speakers will have a greater effect on audio/visual synch than this.
However, when dealing with audio only files, seeking accuracy can become critical. For instance, when storing a whole CD in a single track, you want to be able to seek to the exact sample that a song begins at. If you seek a few sample ahead or behind then a 'crack' or 'pop' may result as a few odd samples are rendered. Also, when performing precise editing, it may be very useful to have the audio accuracy down to a single sample.
It is usually true that when storing timecodes for an audio stream, the TimecodeScale must have an accuracy of at least that of the audio samplerate, otherwise there are rounding errors that prevent you from knowing the precise location of a sample. Here's how a program has to round each timecode in order to be able to recreate the sample number accurately.
Let's assume that the application has an audio track with a sample rate of 44100. Which TimecodeScale should it use? As written above the TimecodeScale must have at least the accuracy of the sample rate itself: 1000000000 / 44100 = 22675.7369614512. This value must always be truncated. Otherwise the accuracy will not suffice. So in this example the application wil use 22675 for the TimecodeScale. The application could even use some lower value like 22674 which would allow it to be a little bit imprecise about the original timecodes. But more about that in a minute.
Next the application wants to write sample number 52340 and calculates the
timecode. This is easy. In order to calculate the Raw Timecode in ns all it
has to do is calculate
RawTimecode = round(1000000000 *
sample_number / sample_rate). Rounding at this stage is very
important! The application might skip it if it choses a slightly smaller
value for the TimecodeScale factor instead of the truncated one like shown
above. Otherwise it has to round or the results won't be reversible. For
our example we get
RawTimecode = round(1000000000 * 52340 / 44100) =
round(1186848072.56236) = 1186848073.
The next step is to calculate the Absolute Timecode - that is the timecode
that will be stored in the Matroska file. Here the application has to divide
the Raw Timecode from the previous paragraph by the TimecodeScale factor and
round the result:
AbsoluteTimecode = round(RawTimecode /
TimecodeScale_facotr) which will result in the following for our
AbsoluteTimecode = round(1186848073 / 22675) =
round(52341.7011245866) = 52342. This number is the one the
application has to write to the file.
Now our file is complete, and we want to play it back with another application. Its task is to find out which sample the first application wrote into the file. So it starts reading the Matroska file and finds the TimecodeScale factor 22675 and the audio sample rate 44100. Later it finds a data block with the Absolute Timecode of 52342. But how does it get the sample number from these numbers?
First it has to calculate the Raw Timecode of the block it has just
read. Here's no rounding involved, just an integer multiplication:
RawTimecode = AbsoluteTimecode * TimecodeScale_factor. In our
RawTimecode = 52342 * 22675 = 1186854850.
The conversion from the RawTimecode to the sample number again requires
sample_number = round(RawTimecode * sample_rate /
1000000000). In our example:
sample_number = round(1186854850 *
44100 / 1000000000) = round(52340.298885) = 52340. This is exactly
the sample number that the previous program started with.
Some general notes for a program:
- Always calculate the timestamps / sample numbers with floating point numbers of at least 64bit precision (called 'double' in most modern programming languages). If you're calculating with integers then make sure they're 64bit long, too.
- Always round if you divide. Always! If you don't you'll end up with situations in which you have a timecode in the Matroska file that does not correspond to the sample number that it started with. Using a slightly lower timecode scale factor can help here in that it removes the need for proper rounding in the conversion from sample number to Raw Timecode.
If you want some sample code for all these calculations you can have a look at this small C program. For a given sample rate it will iterate over each sample, calculate the AbsoluteTimestamp and then re-calculate the sample number.
Track Flags
Default flag
The "default track" flag is a hint for the playback application and SHOULD always be changeable by the user. If the user wants to see or hear a track of a certain kind (audio, video, subtitles) and she hasn't chosen a specific track then the player SHOULD use the first track of that kind whose "default track" flag is set to "1". If no such track is found then the first track of this kind SHOULD be chosen.
Only one track of a kind MAY have its "default track" flag set in a segment. If a track entry does not contain the "default track" flag element then its default value "1" is to be used.
Forced flag
The "forced" flag tells the playback application that it MUST display/play this track or another track of the same kind that also has its "forced" flag set. When there are multiple "forced" tracks, the player should decide on the language of the forced flag or use the default flag if no track matches the use languages. Another track of the same kind without the "forced" flag may be use simultaneously with the "forced" track (like DVD subtitles for example).
The TrackTimecodeScale is used align tracks that would otherwise be played at different speeds. An example of this would be if you have a film that was originally recorded at 24fps video. When playing this back through a PAL broadcasting system, it is standard to speed up the film to 25fps to match the 25fps display speed of the PAL broadcasting standard. However, when broadcasting the video through NTSC, it is typical to leave the film at its original speed. If you wanted to make a single file where there was one video stream, and an audio stream used from the PAL broadcast, as well as an audio stream used from the NTSC broadcast, you would have the problem that the PAL audio stream would be 1/24th faster than the NTSC audio stream, quickly leading to problems. It is possible to stretch out the PAL audio track and reencode it at a slower speed, however when dealing with lossy audio codecs, this often results in a loss of audio quality and/or larger file sizes.
This is the type of problem that TrackTimecodeScale was designed to fix. Using it, the video can be played back at a speed that will synch with either the NTSC or the PAL audio stream, depending on which is being used for playback.
To continue the above example:
Track 1: Video
Track 2: NTSC Audio
Track 3: PAL Audio
Because the NTSC track is at the original speed, it will used as the default value of 1.0 for its TrackTimecodeScale. The video will also be aligned to the NTSC track with the default value of 1.0.
The TrackTimecodeScale value to use for the PAL track would be calculated by determining how much faster the PAL track is than the NTSC track. In this case, because we know the video for the NTSC audio is being played back at 24fps and the video for the PAL audio is being played back at 25fps, the calculation would be:
(25 / 24) =
~ 1. 04166666666666666667
When writing a file that uses a non-default TrackTimecodeScale, the values of the Block's timecode are whatever they would be when normally storing the track with a default value for the TrackTimecodeScale. However, the data is interleaved a little differently. Data should be interleaved by its Raw Timecode in the order handed back from the encoder. The Raw Timecode of a Block from a track using TrackTimecodeScale is calculated using:
(Block's Timecode + Cluster's Timecode) * TimecodeScale * TrackTimecodeScale
So, a Block from the PAL track above that had a Scaled Timecode of 100 seconds would have a Raw Timecode of 104.66666667 seconds, and so would be stored in that part of the file.
When playing back a track using the TrackTimecodeScale, if the track is being played by itself, there is no need to scale it. From the above example, when playing the Video with the NTSC Audio, neither are scaled. However, when playing back the Video with the PAL Audio, the timecodes from the PAL Audio track are scaled using the TrackTimecodeScale, resulting in the video playing back in synch with the audio.
It would be possible for a player to also adjust the audio's samplerate at the same time as adjusting the timecodes if you wanted to play the two audio streams synchronously. It would also be possible to adjust the video to match the audio's speed. However, for playback, the only thing that should be counted on is the selected track(s) timecodes being adjusted if they need to be scaled.
While the above example deals specifically with audio tracks, this element can be used to align video, audio, subtitles, or any other type of track contained in a Matroska file.
Unknown elements
Matroska is based upon the principal that a reading application does not have to support 100% of the specifications in order to be able to play the file. A Matroska file therefore contains version indicators that tell a reading application what to expect.
It is possible and valid to have the version fields indicate that the file contains Matroska elements from a higher specification version number while signalling that a reading application must only support a lower version number properly in order to play it back (possibly with a reduced feature set). This implies that a reading application supporting at least Matroska version
V reading a file whose DocTypeReadVersion field is equal to or lower than
V must skip Matroska/EBML elements it encounters but which it does not know about if that unknown element fits into the size constraints set by the current parent element.
3D and multi-planar videos
There are 2 different ways to compress 3D videos: have each 'eye' track in a separate track and have one track have both 'eyes' combined inside (which is more efficient, compression-wise). Matroska supports both ways.
For the single track variant, there is the StereoMode element which defines how planes are assembled in the track (mono or left-right combined). Odd values of StereoMode means the left plane comes first for more convenient reading. The pixel count of the track (PixelWidth/PixelHeight) should be the raw amount of pixels (for example 3840x1080 for full HD side by side) and the DisplayWidth/Height in pixels should be the amount of pixels for one plane (1920x1080 for that full HD stream). Old stereo 3D were displayed using anaglyph (cyan and red colours separated). For compatibility with such movies, there is a value of the StereoMode that corresponds to AnaGlyph.
There is also a "packed" mode (values 13 and 14) which consists of packing 2 frames together in a Block using lacing. The first frame is the left eye and the other frame is the right eye (or vice versa). The frames should be decoded in that order and are possibly dependent on each other (P and B frames).
For separate tracks, Matroska needs to define exactly which track does what. TrackOperation with TrackCombinePlanes do that. For more details look at how TrackOperation works.
The 3D support is still in infancy and may evolve to support more features.
The StereoMode element used to be part of Matroska v2 but it didn't meet the requirement for multiple tracks. There was also a bug in libmatroska prior to 0.9.0 that would save/read it as 0x53B9 instead of 0x53B8. Readers may support these legacy files by checking Matroska v2 or 0x53B9. The olders values were 0: mono, 1: right eye, 2: left eye, 3: both eyes
Track Operation
TrackOperation allows combining multiple tracks to make a virtual one. It uses 2 separate system to combine tracks. One to create a 3D "composition" (left/right/background planes) and one to simplify join 2 tracks together to make a single track.
A track created with TrackOperation is a proper track with a UID and all its flags. However the codec ID is meaningless because each "sub" track needs to be decoded by its own decoder before the "operation" is applied. The Cues corresponding to such a virtual track should be the sum of the Cues elements for each of the tracks it's composed of (when the Cues are defined per track).
In the case of TrackJoinBlocks, the Blocks (from BlockGroup and SimpleBlock) of all the tracks should be used as if they were defined for this new virtual Track. When 2 Blocks have overlapping start or end timecodes, it's up to the underlying system to either drop some of these frames or render them the way they overlap. In the end this situation should be avoided when creating such tracks as you can never be sure of the end result on different platforms.


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Show More
Feature Films
The third film in ECSP's "Healthy People, Healthy Environment" series transports viewers to an innovative development project in Ethiopia's Gurage Zone where youth and their parents are working together to build a more sustainable future.
In India's resource-rich Meghalaya State, demand for coal is transforming the environment and the people who depend on it. Coal mine owners are prospering from booming production, but few laws regulate the dangerous and polluting practice known as "rat-hole" mining. Until now.
In the second film in ECSP's "Healthy People, Healthy Environment" series, villagers in Nepal find that combining conservation efforts with reproductive health services helps them support their families and their communities more sustainably.

subset: commoncrawl


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Meta game progression is the design of adding permanence between different plays of a game. Over the course of the last decade it has flourished with Team Fortress 2 leading the way. The mechanic of adding new items, both cosmetic and functional gave players a reason to stick around.
The popularity of Team Fortress 2 did not go unnoticed and since then, more multiplayer titles are being designed with a Meta game in mind: from League of Legends, to Call of Duty and many more. In one way this is good, as it helps to keep a multiplayer community going for a longer period of time. However while it's great for games that make use of it, what happens to those that don't?
(Due to scheduling issues, we weren't able to record this week's podcast. Please enjoy the next part of the design encyclopedia instead and we'll see you next week.)
During the late 80s and early 90s, Computer RPGs or CRPGs were first person and for many older gamers was the heyday of the genre. In the late 80s, the gold box series took the Dungeons and Dragons theme and design and created first person CRPGs.
But as the series' popularity started to wane, so did the CRPG market. But in 1997 a little company known as Bioware would revive the genre for a new generation of gamers and become one of the most popular developers around.
Our #9 game is another Indie title, this time showing just how much style and violence can be fit into a 8 bit title.
Read more…
It's that time of the year again as everyone is winding down to celebrate the holidays and Game-Wisdom is no exception. This week we'll be cutting back on posting with #9 of our games of the year series on Wednesday and our podcast on Friday.
Check back with us next week as we'll ring in the New Year with new posts and if everything goes as planned, we should have another guest for next week's podcast.
Have a great holiday,


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A woman in Tasmania was wrapping presents by her Christmas tree when she got a very special surprise gift: a baby girl! She went into labor on Christmas Eve, of all times, and by the time the ambulance arrived she was too far along to be taken to the hospital. So she had the baby right there under the tree! Her daughter was delivered at 12:06 on Christmas Day.
Luckily everything went smoothly, and perhaps the best part of the whole story is that one of the paramedics was wearing a pair of antlers during the delivery. How festive! No word on what the little bundle of holiday joy has been named, but let's hope they went for something that marks the special way she came into the world. Rudolph, Santa, and Douglas Fir are probably too masculine for a girl, but how about a name like Spruce, or Tinsel, or something really obvious, like Christmas?
Surprise Gift As Baby Born Under Christmas Tree [ABC]
Image via topseller/Shutterstock.


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President Obama samples Wynkoop's flagship ale – and hangs out with a brewer
Something was clearly up when the men wearing earbuds appeared. It was a normal weekday evening Tuesday at the historic Wynkoop Brewing Co. in LoDo when Secret Service agents arrived and started checking patrons for firearms. Not long after the governor arrived, followed by the commander-in-chief.
The beer and pool game shared by a couple of Democrats came as a surprise to the Wynkoop staff, who were given no advance notice of their plans to visit, said brewery marketing director Shannon Berner.
For assistant brewer Bess Dougherty, the evening showed you never know what the work day will bring. Gov. John Hickenlooper sought her out and introduced her to President Obama, who is in Denver for a political fundraiser and an appearance at Cheesman Park. Hickenlooper not only complimented Dougherty on the brewery's flagship beer but discussed having her out to the White House for a brewing session.
"I am still just blown away," Dougherty said Wednesday morning. "I am happy I was able to form normal person sentences. I was star-struck. I am a huge fan of Obama and a huge fan of Hickenlooper and to be in a political sandwich between them for a photo was one of the best moments of my life."
We can confirm that Obama and Hickenlooper were drinking Rail Yard, the malty amber ale that is the 26-year-old brewpub's biggest seller.
One of the pool reporters assigned to shadow Obama, demonstrating a pretty good beer IQ, reported that the governor and president ordered beers that were "possibly an IPA based on appearance."
The reporter noted that Obama only took a couple of sips and barely touched his appetizer before press were shooed away. Berner said Obama and Hickenlooper didn't order a second round.
Berner said Hickenlooper showed up about a half hour before Obama, who began the evening discussing issues with hand-picked Colorado residents at Wazee Supper Club, which is also part of the Wynkoop/Breckenridge brewery and restaurant family. Hickenlooper helped get the company off the ground but has not been involved in it since 2007.
Dougherty, 28, is normally off on Tuesdays but was filling in for a vacationing colleague and working late. She met Obama upstairs at the restaurant and brewery after the press had left.
His first question: How did someone so young get into professional brewing? She said she told him that "there were flavors I wanted to taste in beer that were not available so I started making beer."
The conversation shifted to her homebrew recipes and the White House homebrew system, used to produce a honey ale whose recipe got some press attention a couple years ago.
"Hickenlooper chimed in," Dougherty said. "He said, 'You should send Bess out there to make that beer, or send her the recipe so she can brew it here.' Obama said that would be rad. Well, he didn't say 'rad.' But he was on board. So I am going to harass Hickenlooper and hold him to that now."
Doughtery is a trailblazer among female Colorado brewers, a group that continues to grow. Women brewers now are in control of the kettles at Renegade Brewing in Denver, Barrels and Bottles in Golden and Horse and Dragon Brewing Company in Fort Collins.
Berner attempted to head off any suggest the non-partisan brewery was making a political stand.
"All politics aside, a visit from the president and the governor is an exciting testament to the elevated status of craft beer in America," she wrote in an e-mail. "We are proud to have gotten the opportunity to host, and proud to be a part of such an amazing community of breweries that are making beer worthy of such a visit."


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Home Page Chess Life Magazine 2014 June The June Check is in the Mail
|The June Check is in the Mail
|By Alex Dunne
|June 7, 2014
Aleksandr Dronov - World Champion
Aleksandr Dronov of Russia has repeated as World Champion. Dronov, the 22nd World Champion scored three wins to lead the field in the 27th Championship. Dronov gained his ICCM title in 2003 and his ICGM in 2005. He finished first in the Kopylov memorial and second place at first board in the 17th Olympiad.
In playing the Semi-Slav Defense both sides announce they are playing for a win. In chess, however, only one side can win.
1.d4 d5 2.c4 c6 3.Nf3 Nf6 4.Nc3 e6 5.Bg5 h6 6.Bh4 dxc4 7.e4 g5 8.Bg3 b5
The theory of this position is very complex. Black is a Pawn ahead and controls 3/8 of the board. White controls the center and has a lead in development. Black has weaknesses. over the whole board. White will probably have to sacrifice more material to open up the board.
Today the most common line for White is 9. Be2 with mixed results. Statistically 9. Ne5 does not do much better than 9. Be2, but it had the advantage of not being as well explored in 2011.
Apparently the best line against 9. Ne5 is 9...Nbd7!? 10. Nxc6 Qb6 returning the Pawn immediately and leveling the position.
10.h4 g4 11.Be2 b4
Black has the Romantic spirit in this game, going after White's center at the cost of his Pawn structure and, more valuable, time.
12.Na4 Nxe4 13.0-0 Bg7
Not good for Black is 13...Nxg3 14. Fxg3 f6 15. Ng6 Rh6 16. Nxf8 Kxf8 17. Qd2 Kg7 18. Bxc4.
14.Bf4 0-0 15.Bxc4 Nd6 16.Bd3 Nb5 17.Re1 Nxd4
Black has completed the destruction of White's center and remains two or three Pawns ahead, but White is near totally mobilized (only that Rook on a1 is not contributing to the battle but it needs only a single move to come into the fray.) Chances are still balanced.
18.Nc5 a5 19.Qd2 Qe7 20.Nb3 Nxb3 21.axb3 Rd8
This is very risky as the d-file will soon belong to White.
22.Rad1 Rd5 23.Qc2 Qe8 24.Nc4!
Eyeing two critical squares -- b6 and d6.
24...Nd7 25.Nd6 Rxd6
Black's game falls apart after 25...Qf8 26. Qxc6
26.Bh7+ Kh8 27.Rxd6 Nf8 28.Be4 Bd7 29.Qc5 e5 30.Bh6 f6 31.Bxg7+ Kxg7 32.Bxc6 Bxc6 33.Rxc6
As the clouds of complications clear, White's advantage becomes clear: the exchange wins as Black's King is too exposed.
33...Rd8 34.Rc7+ Rd7 35.Qxa5 Ne6 36.Rxd7+ Qxd7 37.Qxb4 Nd4 38.Qc4 Qb7 39.b4 Qa8 40.Kh2 Nf5 41.Qe4 Qxe4 42.Rxe4 Nd6 43.Re1 1-0
ICCF Titlist William Fuller
William (Liam) Fuller has earned the title of International Correspondence Chess Master based on his results in the 36th World Championship Preliminaries and the Webserver Master Norm event 89. His overall record in these two events was 10 wins, 16 draws, ad no losses.
Born August 1, 1957, Liam started playing chess at age 21. He progressed rapidly to Expert strength, but played less and less frequently. In 2009 he discovered correspondence chess. Here is a recent sample of that discovery.
US Correspondence Chess Championship 21 Semifinals
The US Correspondence Chess Championship 21 Semifinals are open to all players with a USA flag 2000+ rated by ICCF, CCLA, or USCF/FIDE (Correspondence or over the board).
There will be 7 player sections, winners qualify for the Finals. Two way ties both advance, three way if it does not mean too many Finalists. More than three will require a tiebreak: most wins, S-B, or Forecast rating.
Entry fee is $20, multiple entries allowed with additional entries $15.
Forecast or fixed ratings close to 2000 may be used to fill out sections.
Start date is July 4. Entries may be submitted any time before June 15. See iccfus.com, Store.
Time control will be a new server option: 150 days for first ten moves, 15/10 after that. This will allow more time in the early part of the games, about the same amount of time through 50 moves as 40/10, and will allow games to conclude faster after that.
Seeding will be by rating, across all sections and within sections.
Finals will be 13-17 players, with invitations to highest rated available to fill the section as needed. As always CCLA and USCF will be invited to nominate a player, and a past Champ may be invited. Co-champs will be declared if there is a two way tie in the Finals. If more than two there will be a double round robin playoff.
Walter Muir
Matt Barrett 14W12 6-0
Trophy Quad
Philip DeAugustino 12Q03 5-1
Bryce Avery Earns IA Title
Bryce Avery has been granted the International Arbiter's title to be awarded in October in Sydney, Australia Bryce has been active as a ICCF Director for a number of years. He also has been very active in CCLA play and in 1999 authored a book Correspondence Chess in America.
Bobby Johnson Earns ICCM Title
Bobby Johnson has fulfilled the two norms to earn the ICCM title. His ICCF record on the way to the norms is 9 wins and 14 draws without a loss.
Bobby began playing with his parents, but it was the Spassky-Fischer match of 1972 that rekindled his interest in the game. He began playing online chess at chess.com where he eventually rose to become the number one rated player at the website and then joined ICCF
Top 10 Rated USCF CFC Players
(as of May 1, 2014)
1. John Menke 1L 2489
2. Michael Buss IN 2430
3. Wesley Brandhorst FL 2416
4. Harry Ingersol IA 2415
5. James Tracz OH 2405
6 Wilbur Tseng IL 2403
7. Anthony Kain SC 2398
8. Stephen McGregor TX 2391
9. David Sogin KY 2386
10. Chris Torres CA 2375
Wilfred Ching of Honolulu, Hawaii, was born March 12, 1944, and died this December. Wilfred was quite active in playing for trophies in correspondence, dating back to 2008.
Ed Boyle of Tulsa, Oklahoma, born September 17, 1954, died May 15, 2014.
Ed was active as a coach and director in te Tulsa area, but it was in correspondence play that he thrived.
GAMES FROM THE 27th CHAMPIONSHIP
In a close game, Black sacs a piece for three Pawns and an apparently irresistible attack. White finds a way to resist and eventually win.


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Neil Leifer began shooting big games as an eager teenager in the 1950s, sneaking into stadiums by any means necessary—he'd even volunteer to push wounded veterans around in their wheelchairs. Before too long, he became Sports Illustrated's star photographer. He shot it all—Olympics, World Series, Kentucky Derbies, the fights. That Ali photo on the wall of so many dorm rooms? He shot it. Vince Lombardi atop his lineman's shoulders? His work. Joe Namath in the mud? Another Leifer. Many of his best NFL photographs were collected in his recent book, Guts and Glory: The Golden Age of American Football. He explains a few of them for us here.
"Over the Top": NFL Division Playoff, Vikings 23, Los Angeles Rams 20; Metropolitan Stadium; Dec. 27, 1969
In the old days—and you have to understand, I'm talking about 90 years ago, before I was shooting—all the photography was done from the press box on the mezzanine. Sometimes they'd shoot from the roof. Today it is mostly done from field level. Photographers are allowed to work the sidelines and the end zones—from one end zone to the 35-yard line and from the other 35-yard line to the other end zone.
The picture of Dave Osborn (No. 41) was very simple. When a team gets into the red zone, most of the photographers line up in the end zone, exactly 10 yards from the goal line. From that distance, you don't need a telephoto lens. I shot that picture with a 180-millimeter lens, but you could shoot it with a 300-millimeter lens, too. All you do is hope that the play will run right at you, and that one did. It's a typical news picture, and I was very happy with it. It made the cover of SI that week.
The thing is, you don't know when during the play to shoot—you're shooting with a sequence camera, four or five frames a second. There were 36 frames on a roll of film, and it would not be uncommon to shoot about 30 rolls of film of a game. Sometimes it would be 28 or 33. A lot of it would be junk, but it's a hell of a lot easier to be a genius when you edit than when you shoot. In this instance, I was using a Nikon Drive. Happily, the play came straight at me. There were 10 photographers lined up right next to me, but I got the shot. That's a good news photograph—and that was my job for the day.
"Dick Butkus, the Most Feared Man in the Game": Packers 21, Bears 3; Wrigley Field; Dec. 14, 1969
I was assigned to do a color essay that would run for 10 pages or so. SI used to shoot an essay one season that would run the next season. (You couldn't shoot the preseason—there's a different feel to preseason pictures.) They would assign a writer to do a really lengthy piece to go along with the photographs.
In 1969, Dick Butkus was one of the best players, and the editors knew they'd want him for the 1970 preview issue cover. So for four games, I shot nobody but Dick Butkus. When the defense wasn't on the field, I would shoot him on the bench.
The magazines were very healthy then. These were expensive assignments to shoot: four games, for me and an assistant. So SI would send a good photographer and a good writer, people they had a lot of confidence in. I loved doing those—they were a big showpiece for my pictures, and I wasn't competing with other photographers to see who'd make the cover. (Except once: I shot a cover for the football preview issue that was killed when the advertising came in. The essay was on Paul Hornung. The ad on the back cover was Paul Hornung pitching Marlboro cigarettes. It would have looked as if they had pitched us.) Now, that doesn't mean I wouldn't prefer to do the news coverage at the Super Bowl. But the essays gave me the chance to do something different.
This one I shot from the end zone, with a 1,000-millimeter lens. He was 20 or 30 yards away, but this was a fabulous lens that I happen to love. It brought you in that tight. And when you get in that tight, there are people who happen to have what I call a visual charisma. There are very good players who don't make good pictures, but Butkus wasn't one of them. Butkus had it—the scowl on his face, the intensity. For an essay, that's perfect. Because you're responsible for putting together some set of interesting pictures that complement each other.
"In Control": Kansas City Chiefs 38, Pittsburgh Steelers 16; Kansas City Municipal Stadium*; Oct. 18, 1971
The mood in this picture is so wonderful. It's a night game, which is a good start. And the offense has the ball inside the two-yard line. That means they huddle in the end zone. So I might've been 10 feet away from them. I was shooting with a wide lens, probably a 35 millimeter, taking advantage of the situation I was handed. You can only shoot wide when the huddle is so close. But it's rewarding—you can see the defense lined up like a picket fence.
"Out of Trouble": Colts 45, Redskins 17; Memorial Stadium; Dec. 13, 1964
Weather is a huge factor in all sports photography. Whenever the forecast came in, predicting freezing rain or snow, I would get excited—it always made for the best pictures. And fog is just the best.
The picture just captured the whole mood of the place, because of what fog does to the light. There are two kinds of color films—tungsten and daylight. You'd typically use daylight film for warm lights and incandescent lights, and you'd use tungsten film in floodlit stadiums. But this game started in daylight, so I was shooting on daylight film. That oddity made it so dramatic. Everything about that picture is special, the fog and how the lights reacted to it. There's an eerie mood. Hollywood motion pictures spend a fortune putting fog on the sets.
And it's a punt! When you're on a news assignment, you're shooting from behind the punter, hoping that the punt would be blocked, or you'd get a roughing-the-punter penalty. I probably shot hundreds and hundreds of punts. I can think of one or two that got published. This is a real favorite of mine.


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Keep Seattle streets litter-free
Join more than 3000 volunteers who clean up nearly 200 miles of city streets. The mission of the Adopt-a-Street program is to promote civic responsibility and community pride as well as to enhance Seattle's quality of life through clean streets and beautiful neighborhoods. This program was launched in the late 1980s and has gained national prominence as one of the most effective and efficient grassroots litter-removal initiatives.
As an Adopt-a-Street volunteer, you will receive:
- Cleanup supplies (loaned for the duration of volunteer service - to be picked up and returned by volunteers)
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What streets have been "adopted?"
View the Adopted Streets Map to see which streets have been adopted by volunteers. More than one group or individual can adopt the same street.
Ready to Adopt-a-Street now?
- Learn how our Adopt-a-Street team is ready to help you with your questions.
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Graffiti Prevention and Removal
Illegal Dumping
King County Metro Adopt-A-Stop Program
King County Adopt-A-Road Program


text:
Anyone interested in TEACHING me? :pray:
So I'm looking for someone here (possibly high rated player) to teach me how to play chess from the scratch. In a perfect world and if I'm truly serious, I know I should've joined some chess club or something but I would like to try here since it's the best site for the chess players.
Surely, there's got to be someone who's willing, patient enough and really good player and up for teaching me, right!?
Pretty pleeeeeze!


text:
Tuesday, March 23, 2010
New Soto mailing list!
I'm starting anew with my mailing list. Over the past 10 years I have amassed a clunky 10,000+ person email list and it's time to start fresh. Over a THIRD of the emails bounce back in some way and many are just outdated or duplicates. So it's time to start over and keep things more accurate.
If you're interested in receiving email updates from me and my official store, potatostamp.com, please send an email to: email@example.com with "Mailing List" in the subject.
We will add you in and make sure you get news of print releases, upcoming shows, toys, book signings and other events. We only send a handful of updates per year, so we won't be clogging your inbox with too much junk. Our updates will come from either firstname.lastname@example.com or email@example.com, please make sure to allow both to come through, as a few people have told me my emails are flagged as spam!
If you've ordered anything from www.potatostamp.com in the last couple of years you should already be on the new list, but we'd like it if you would email us anyways just to make sure things are accurate.
With a more focused list we'll be better able to give fans higher priority and first dibs when we release new prints, and we hope to do some fun things like contests for sold out prints or giveaways of things we have laying around the office. There's a lot of things coming up this year- toys, exhibits, prints, collaborations, and secret projects in the works. Get on the list!!
3 comments:
- Unknown said...
Alright but only because you promised no spam. lol j/k
- 1:34 PM, March 24, 2010
w00t! Mailing list - best thing ever for hot of the press info :D
- 1:38 PM, March 24, 2010
- BIO said...
hey jeff, check out http://constantcontact.com or http://myemma.com for large emails....easy to manage your subscribers, follow activity, erase invalid contacts, etc.
- 6:47 PM, March 24, 2010
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text: 2019 Chrysler Pacifica Touring L Plus (KR633427) Vehicle Inquiry Back to Search Request More Info Schedule Test Drive Print Vehicle Overview Vehicle Details TypeNew Year2019 MakeChrysler ModelPacifica TrimTouring L Plus Mileage17 Exterior ColorGRANITE Interior ColorBlack/Alloy Engine Size3.6 MPG (City/Hwy)/3 StockKR633427 VIN2C4RC1EG6KR633427 LocationAlexandria VA 22312 Request Pricing Request Price Conversion Details Conversion MakeVMI Conversion ModelVMI Northstar Entry LocationSide Entry Entry OperationAutomatic Entry TypeIn Floor Vehicle Features Mobility Equipment Tie DownsRemoveable Seat Base DriverRubberized FloorRollaway Seat Base PassengerKneeling System Optional Equipment NavigationPower Adjustable Mirrors View All Disclosures Back to Top Vehicle Saved! The tracking code is a cookie we place on your computer to remember when you visit us again. We use this code to lookup vehicles viewed, saved and to provide recommendations. We do not use this number to identify any personal information about you unless you specifically supply it to us. For more information you can review our entire privacy policy here History Recommended Saved/Compare Inventory Selection Resource Guide Our Inventory Selection Resource lets you save, compare and view history of vehicles. Click Saved to view all the vehicles you have saved or compared. This is the main screen for managing the vehicles you are interested in. Click Compare to see saved vehicle details in a chart format. Click History to show all the vehicles recently viewed. Click Suggested to show more vehicles you may also be interested in based on your view history.


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What's so great about Spunkwear's new Fairway skort?The fit!A waist that doesn't bind, a drape that flatters everyone, and in response to our beloved customers' requests,A longer length andFront pockets!!Smooth, phone-fitting pockets that don't interrupt the drape of the skort.Made in the U.S.A.? You bet!Sizes XS-XL, finished length on size Medium is 18"


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It's the place to talk real world medicine.
It's the virtual doctors' lounge.
It's the meeting of medical minds and hearts.
It's the voice of physicians.
"I can speak freely because I am anonymous. I don't have to worry about my words getting back to a hospital administrator."
"Exciting doctor interaction, very helpful with difficult cases, very interesting social topics and discussions… It is a form of collective intelligence that allows individuals to achieve more than they could on their own."
"Being a semi-anonymous environment actually allows for more honest and useful advice and comments. I get enough daily BS, PC crap in real life. I don't need more in the virtual life."
"You can't just Google medicine, you need a human source. We have to go beyond 'cookbook' medicine, and seek reasonable, experienced minds to think through difficult and diverse cases."
"If it was real life, we'd all hang out."
"Diverse. Interactive. Interesting and also sometimes funny. One does not feel alone."
"Medicine is fun, when it's without the intrusion of multiple third parties. We love posting cases on SERMO...we get to practice medicine even if we don't get paid for it."
"Doctors don't have the time to come to a real doctors' lounge any more. On SERMO we can ask questions and share our lives and frustrations. Whenever we feel stressed out, we come to get support and find it. Any time of the day."
"I actually shared a medical mistake for the benefit of my peers on SERMO...but would not have done so if I was identified."
"Regulators are forcing us to comply with rules and docs hardly get a voice. We're made to feel isolated and alone. It's overwhelming but SERMO is THE place where we can finally talk and feel like we are not alone. We know that we're all in the same boat."
"I think SERMO has nailed it. If I want to read a clinical discussion, I can do that. If I want to read something funny, I can do that. If I want to get into politics, I can do that. If I need help with a patient, I have a place to do that."
"Had I not read a post on SERMO, I would not have nailed the diagnosis."
"Medicine should have a unified world community. Despite political, cultural and ethnic differences, people have the same enemy: disease and everyday problems… I learned many things and have made many doc-friends. Thank you"
"These days doctors are super busy and don't have time to stop what they are doing and find a colleague with the appropriate expertise."
[SERMO] is the only forum that I know of that has been able to provide a safe atmosphere for us [doctors] to talk with each other in the same language. It has also been a place where I have felt welcome and received a lot of support when I have needed it.
Medical crowdsourcing in action
Help your peers by sharing and solving challenging cases! Converse with your colleagues and help us build the largest medical databank of real live cases, questions and answers.
For doctors, by doctors
Read real reviews of treatments from around the world and leave your own feedback for peers
Talk with your peers
about real world medicine.
Get paid for your perspective
SERMO disburses more honoraria to doctors than most any other organization in the world. Last year SERMO paid out $16 Million USD in honoraria to doctors worldwide.
"What Is THAT?" How Medical Crowdsourcing Saved Teen's Life
What at first seemed like a normal cough was really a rare, life-threatening condition. (Photo: Getty Images) When Utah-based urgent care physician Easton D. Jackson, MD, saw a 14-year-old boy for a garden-variety concern, he didn't think much of it.
Here are the apps that will provide healthcare technicians with an advantage in 2017
There are more than two million apps available for both Apple and Android devices, so it's not surprising that over 10,000 of those are dedicated to healthcare—many of which are geared toward physicians.
Experts say new Drug Ratings Tool is groundbreaking
The global social network for physicians, SERMO, has created a new Drug Ratings Tool that will make it easier for those in the medical field to share valuable information.
Meet the Facebook for doctors
When a thyroid cancer patient walked into Dr Richard Armstrong's surgery in a very rural part of Michigan in 2008, the general surgeon was able to operate and remove the affected gland.
What doctors want from health care reform as latest Congressional effort falters
As the latest Republican replacement for the Affordable Care Act begins its death rattle, a growing number of physicians worry that any solution Washington proposes will not fix the nation's ailing health care system.
Board Certification and Fees Anger Doctors
Dr. Jonathan Weiss is tired of passing exams. A triple-board-certified physician from upstate New York, Dr. Weiss retakes a long written test in each of his specialties — internal, pulmonary and critical care medicine — every 10 years to maintain his board certification.
Docs To Candidates: Your Ideas For Slashing Drug Prices Won't Work
The top Democratic presidential candidates will be heading to the debate stage tonight, and the problem of sky-high drug prices could very well end up on the agenda.
Innovating the doctor's lounge
The doctor's lounge used to be a great meeting place for doctors. A place where only doctors could go to discuss medical cases and share the stresses of everyday practice.
Crowdsourcing: the answer for rare disease diagnosis?
The main challenges in the diagnosis of rare disease are apparent, there are 7,000 identified rare diseases with hundreds of new diseases being discovered annually.
Doctor Participation Drops As Obamacare Enrollment Begins
Even as some of the nation's largest health insurers scale back participation on public exchanges under the Affordable Care Act, doctors and hospitals expect a slight decrease in engagement on the Obamacare marketplace for 2017.
Less than half of global doctors convinced on biosimilars; poll
Even as some of the nation's largest health insurers scale back participation on public exchanges under the Affordable Care Act, doctors and hospitals expect a slight decrease in engagement on the Obamacare marketplace for 2017.
Could New ICD-10 Medical Codes Put the Health Industry in Sick Bay?
October is the first month health insurers and medical-care providers have to use new government-mandated ICD-10 medical codes.
Doctors are cutting opioids, even if it harms patients
More than half of doctors across America are curtailing opioid prescriptions, and nearly 1 in 10 have stopped prescribing the drugs, according to a new nationwide online survey.
Doctors are cutting opioids, even if it harms patients
More than half of doctors across America are curtailing opioid prescriptions, and nearly 1 in 10 have stopped prescribing the drugs, according to a new nationwide online survey.
The unproven benefit of awareness campaigns
As October wanes, so recedes from sight the plethora of pink ribbons, pink merchandise, pink this and pink that—the now familiar symbols of Breast Cancer Awareness Month.
Doubts remain as California allows girls and women to get more birth control without a prescription
Doubts remain as California allows girls and women to get more birth control without a prescription
The word "provider" should be politically incorrect
It turns out that when Shakespeare asked, "What's in a name?" he didn't have medical providers in mind. In the last decade, the nondescript and confusing term "provider" has crept into the American medical lexicon thanks to the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services...
World AIDS Day: Majority of doctors believe pre-exposure prophylaxis will reduce HIV infection
It turns out that when Shakespeare asked, "What's in a name?" he didn't have medical providers in mind. In the last decade, the nondescript and confusing term "provider" has crept into the American medical lexicon thanks to the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services...
Physician Social Media 101
Many doctors are on the fence about whether using social media is beneficial to their practice. A number of physicians are concerned that patients may attempt to contact them through social media sites, which can encroach on 'off duty' time when arrangements for on call colleagues to cover patient matters have already been put in place.
How to Get More Students to Become Physicians
Though many countries are struggling with a shrinking physician workforce, the U.S. in particular has created unnecessary and unique challenges for students seeking to become physicians: massive student debt.
They Got What Stuck Where?
Among the hundreds of thousands of entries in the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System database last year, there are a handful of cringe worthy ones that stand out: at least 53 instances of objects lodged in patients' rectums.
Industry Innovator
Crowdsourcing Webinar


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Wednesday, 30 April 2014 11:01 AM
U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, like the rights advocacy groups, has called for the U.N. peacekeeping mission, known as MINURSO, to monitor and report on human rights abuses in the territory, traditionally backed by France, Morocco has long rejected the idea.
Morocco took control of most of the territory in 1975 when colonial power Spain withdrew, prompting the Polisario Front independence movement to wage a guerrilla war that lasted until 1991, when the U.N. brokered a ceasefire and sent in MINURSO.
Polisario now runs refugee camps at Tindouf in Algeria.
Tuesday's unanimously adopted resolution had the U.N. Security Council "stressing the importance of improving the human rights situation in Western Sahara and the Tindouf camps, and encouraging the parties to work with the international community to develop and implement independent and credible measures to ensure full respect for human rights."
Earlier this month, Ban renewed his appeals for sustained human rights monitoring in Western Sahara and warned against unfair exploitation of the region's natural resources.
However, the U.S.-drafted resolution, which council diplomats said was painstakingly negotiated with Morocco, did not heed Ban's appeal.
New York-based advocacy group Human Rights Watch (HRW) accused France of helping Morocco overcome international pressure to add a rights monitoring component to MINURSO.
"Truth: for years France has enabled Morocco's counterproductive allergy to U.N. rights monitoring," HRW's U.N. Director Philippe Bolopion wrote to French envoy Gerard Araud on Twitter. Araud rejected the allegation, saying on Twitter: "Morocco able to defend its interests and the U.S. able to make proposals when wanting to. No need of France."
Araud has repeatedly denied threatening to use France's veto power to block a U.N. rights mechanism for Western Sahara. This came after two diplomats suggested Paris could use its veto.
Another diplomat said a French veto on the issue was highly unlikely, adding that Nigeria was the only member this year to raise the idea of MINURSO monitoring rights in Western Sahara.
"Raising such a possibility (of a veto) is a convenient way for some council members, including Washington, to dodge their responsibility and justify a text without a (human rights) mechanism," the diplomat added.
Last year the United States initially proposed that MINURSO take on the job of rights monitoring. But Morocco was furious and Washington dropped the idea. As a compromise, Rabat agreed to allow some U.N. rights investigators to visit the territory.
This year, however, Washington did not renew the proposal.
French officials say they do not oppose rights monitoring, but argue that such a change would lead to MINURSO's expulsion.
Morocco's new U.N. Ambassador Omar Hilale told reporters that Ban's latest report on Western Sahara had indeed placed the future of MINURSO in jeopardy. He also said there was "no need for any kind of mechanism" for monitoring human rights.
"All people who want to express themselves, they express themselves," Hilale said.
Polisario's U.N. representative Ahmed Boukhari welcomed the Security Council expression of support for a political solution to the Western Sahara conflict, but said "the Frente Polisario notes with regret that MINURSO is the only U.N. Peacekeeping Mission established since 1978 that does not have a mandate to monitor and report on the human rights situation on the ground."
But Hilale said some other U.N. missions also do not monitor rights.
Several council diplomats voiced dismay at the fact that the U.N. secretariat twice revised Ban's report on Western Sahara earlier this month within the space of several hours. The main change in the third and final version altered his call for a human rights "monitoring mechanism" to a call for "monitoring."
Boukhari accused both Morocco and France of pressuring the United Nations to revise the report. Araud denied the charge.
The 1991 ceasefire settlement was brokered by the United Nations with the understanding that a referendum would be held on the territory's fate. But the referendum, which MINURSO was deployed to help organize, never took place, and attempts to reach a lasting political deal have foundered.
The renewal of the mandate of the peacekeeping mission marks an annual battle in the Security Council.
Rabat wants Western Sahara to be an autonomous part of Morocco. Polisario, backed by a number of African countries including Algeria, instead wants to hold the long-promised referendum among the region's ethnic Sahrawis that would include the option of independence. There is no agreement between Morocco and Polisario on who should participate in a referendum.
Western Sahara is slightly bigger than Britain and has a population of under 500,000. It is rich in phosphates — used in fertilizer — and potentially, offshore oil and gas. Polisario has complained about Western firms searching for natural resources based on permits from Morocco.
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Unique Handmade Gifts, Made in Australia
search unique products
buy direct from artisans
exclusively australian handmade
Madeit for Firefighters
In response to the Australian bushfire crisis, 100% of the product price of these handmade items (excluding postage charges) will be donated to the NSW Rural Fire Service or the Victorian Country Fire Authority
The Summer Style Edit
Step into warm days in style with a gorgeous array of jewellery & accessories and a few key fashion pieces.
The Summer Lifestyle Edit
Summerise your life with these handmade finds for your home, hobbies, and health.
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The Hard Launch; a brand launch and product release case study
24 Jan 2019 / 0 /
11 useful store launch and product release lessons for handmade brands, new and old.
4 Postage Pricing Strategies to Boost Sales
23 Nov 2018 / 2 /
How shipping prices affect sales and 4 postage pricing strategies to try in your handmade business.
SEO Low Hanging Fruit: Optimising Your Store for Google Search
9 Nov 2018 / 3 /
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In this episode, Martha demonstrates two of the oldest preserving techniques, confit and salting, and shows how viewers can put them to use in the home kitchen. Martha makes an assortment of confits-starting with the most classic: duck, which can be served on its own or as a rich addition to salads, then followed by lemon and tomato confits, both of which make excellent condiments for grilled or roasted meats. She then shows how to make gravlax, a delicious cured salmon appetizer.
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Deepwater Gulf of Mexico oil reserves and production
The Gulf of Mexico is peppered with thousands of oil platforms, and their frequency surprises those of us who have never been to this vast body of water that is so heavily utilized by the oil and gas industry. Credit: NOAA
Published: September 24, 2010, 12:00 am
Edited: December 10, 2010, 8:27 am
Lead Author: Mallory Nomack
Topics: Offshore Petroleum, Gulf of Mexico
***EXCERPT FROM MMS REPORT, Deepwater Gulf of Mexico 2009: Interim Report of 2008 Highlights***
Table of Contents
1 Background
1.1 Definitions
1.2 Expanding Frontier
1.3 Ultra-Deepwater Drilling and Discoveries (greater than 5,000 FT/1,524 M)
1.4 Challenges and Rewards
2 Reserves and Production
2.1 Reserves and Discoveries
2.2 Production Trends
2.3 Production Rates
For purposes of this article, deep water is defined as water depths greater than or equal to 1,000 ft (305 m), and ultra-deep water is defined as water depths greater than or equal to 5,000 ft (1,524 m). A few other definitions are useful at this point:
Proved Reserves are those quantities of hydrocarbons that can be estimated with reasonable certainty to be commercially recoverable from known reservoirs. These reserves have been drilled and evaluated and are generally in a producing or soon-to-be producing field.
Unproved Reserves can be estimated with some certainty (drilled and evaluated) to be potentially recoverable, but there is as yet no commitment to develop the field.
Known Resources refer to discovered resources (hydrocarbons whose location and quantity are known or estimated from specific geologic evidence) that have less geologic certainty and a lower probability of production than the Unproved Reserves category.
Industry-Announced Discoveries refer to oil and gas accumulations that were announced by a company or otherwise listed in industry publications. These discoveries may or may not have been evaluated by the Minerals Management Service (MMS) and the reliability of estimates can vary widely.
Field is defined as an area consisting of a single reservoir or multiple reservoirs grouped on, or related to, the same general geologic structural feature and/or stratigraphic trapping condition. There may be two or more reservoirs in a field that are separated vertically by intervening impervious strata or laterally by local geologic barriers or both.
Expanding Frontier
In the late 1990s, a new era for the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) had just begun with intense interest in the oil and gas potential of the deepwater areas. At that time, there were favorable economics, recent deepwater discoveries, and significant leasing spurred on by the Deep Water Royalty Relief Act (DWRRA; 43 U.S.C. §1337). Historically, deepwater production began in 1979 with Shell's Cognac Field, but it took another 5 years before the next deepwater field (ExxonMobil's Lena Field) came online. Both developments relied on extending the limits of platform technology used to develop the GOM shallow-water areas.
Since then, deepwater exploration and production technology has tremendously advanced. In February 1997, there were 17 producing deepwater projects, up from only 6 at the end of 1992. Since then, industry has been rapidly advancing into deep water, and many of the anticipated fields have begun production. At the end of 2008, there were 141 producing projects in the deepwater GOM, up from 130 at the end of 2007.
Over the last 15 or so years, leasing, drilling, and production moved steadily into deeper waters. There are approximately 7,310 active leases in the U.S. GOM, 58 percent of which are in deep water. (Note that lease statuses may change daily, so the current number of active leases is an approximation.) Contrast this to approximately 5,600 active GOM leasesin 1992, only 27 percent of which were in deep water. There was a maximum of 31 rigs drilling in deep water in 2008, compared with only 3 rigs in 1992. Likewise, deepwater oil production rose about 786 percent and deepwater gas production increased about 1,067 percent from 1992 to 2007. Production from seven deepwater fields began in 2008, including Thunder Horse, the largest daily producer in the GOM.
Ultra-Deepwater Drilling and Discoveries (greater than 5,000 FT/1,524 M)
In 1986, the first discovery in the GOM in water depths greater than 5,000 ft (1,524 m) occurred with Mensa. Since that time, there have been 64 additional discoveries in the ultra-deep provinces of the Gulf. The production from 13 of these discoveries is associated with the Independence Hub natural gas processing facility. Another 15 of the discoveries are associated with the Lower Tertiary trend.
In 2007, MMS reported a record number of 15 rigs drilling for oil and gas in water depths of 5,000 ft (1,524 m) or more in the GOM. Although this record has not yet been surpassed, MMS expects increased drilling activities in ultra-deep water, with 15 newbuild mobile offshore drilling units (MODU's) contracted for delivery to the GOM in 2009 through 2011. The MMS expects 2 new drillships and 6 new semisubmersible drilling rigs in 2009, 5 new drillships and 1 semisubmersible drilling rig in 2010, and 1 new semisubmersible drilling rig in 2011. There are also 4 semisubmersible rigs that are currently being upgraded to drill in ultra-deep water that are contracted for delivery to the GOM in 2009 and 2010. The newbuild Stena DrillMAX I drillship and the Seadrill West Sirius semisubmersible drilling rig were delivered to the GOM in 2008. All of the newbuild MODU's are being built with dynamic positioning systems and will not have to be moored to the seafloor. These newbuild MODU's will be capable of drilling in water depths from 7,500 to 12,000 ft (2,286 to 3,658 m) and will be capable of drilling wells from 30,000 to 40,000 ft (9,144 to 12,192 m) below the seafloor. There are several drilling contractors that have MODU's in construction for delivery in 2010 and 2011 that are not yet contracted with operators, and some of these MODU's are expected to operate in the GOM under future contracts.
Challenges and Rewards
Significant challenges exist in deep water in addition to environmental considerations. Deepwater operations are very expensive and often require significant amounts of time between initial exploration and first production. Despite these challenges, operators often reap great rewards. Figure 1 shows the history of discoveries in the deepwater GOM. There was a shift toward deeper water over time, and the number of deepwater discoveries continues at a steady pace.
In addition to the significant number of deepwater discoveries, the flow rates of deepwater wells and the field sizes of deepwater discoveries are often quite large. These factors are critical to the economic success of deepwater development. Figure 2 illustrates the estimated sizes and locations of 127 proved deepwater fields. In addition to their large sizes, the fields have a wide geographic distribution and range in geologic age from Pleistocene through Paleocene.
Figure 3 illustrates existing and potential hubs for deepwater production. For purposes of this article, deepwater hubs are defined as surface structures that host production from one or more subsea projects. These hubs represent the first location where subsea production comes to the surface, and the hubs are the connection point to the existing pipeline infrastructure. Note that potential hubs are moving into deeper waters, expanding the infrastructure and facilitating additional development in the ultra-deepwater frontier.
Credit: BOEMRE Figure 3 illustrates existing and potential hubs for deepwater production. For purposes of this article, deepwater hubs are defined as surface structures that host production from one or more subsea projects. These hubs represent the first location where subsea production comes to the surface, and the hubs are the connection point to the existing pipeline infrastructure. Note that potential hubs are moving into deeper waters, expanding the infrastructure and facilitating additional development in the ultra-deepwater frontier.
Reserves and Production
Reserves and Discoveries
Figure 4 shows the number of deepwater discoveries each year since 1975. Since 1975 there have been at least 285 deepwater discoveries in the GOM, of which 127 have become proved fields, accounting for 11.060 BBOE of proved reserves. In an attempt to capture the impact of the deepwater exploratory successes, in addition to MMS proved reserves, unproved reserves, and resource estimates, Figure 4 also includes publicly-available, industry-announced discoveries (IAD's). The IAD volumes contain considerable uncertainty, are based on limited drilling, include numerous assumptions, and have not been confirmed by independent MMS analyses. They do, however, illustrate recent activity better than using only MMS-proved reserve numbers.
There is often a significant lag between a successful exploration well and its hydrocarbons being produced. The success of an exploration well may remain concealed from the public for several years until the operator requests a "Determination of Well Producibility" from MMS. A successful MMS determination then "qualifies" the lease as producible and the discovery is placed in a field. The discovery date of that field is then defined as the total depth date of the field's first well that encountered significant hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbon reserves are still considered unproved until it is clear that the field will go on production. Then the reserves move into MMS's proved category.
The increase in proved reserves in 1989 is partially a result of the Mars-Ursa discoveries. Likewise, the increase in 1999 is partially a result of the Thunder Horse discovery. These two fields, located in Mississippi Canyon, represent two of the largest in the GOM based on proved barrels of oil equivalent (BOE) reserves. The apparent decline of proved reserve additions in recent years is caused by the lag between discovery and development. The increase of unproved reserves, resources, and IAD's in 2006 is partially a result of the Kaskida discovery located in Keathley Canyon. In the last 2 years, oil and gas volumes added to the GOM decreased sharply from those in 2006. This is due in part to the fact that MMS has not completed volumetric estimates for 2007 and 2008 discoveries in deep water.
Production Trends
Leasing, drilling, and discoveries all stepped into deeper waters with time. Production, the final piece in the puzzle, is no exception. In 2007, approximately 70 percent of the GOM's oil production and 36 percent of its natural gas were from wells in 1,000 ft (305 m) of water or greater. Figure 5 illustrates deepwater projects that began production in 2007 and 2008 and those expected to commence production in the next 5 years. Seven deepwater projects went online in 2008: Bass Lite and Neptune in Atwater Valley; and Blind Faith, Mississippi Canyon Block 161, Raton, Thunder Horse, and Valley Forge in Mississippi Canyon. In addition to the projects displayed on Figure 5, more are likely to come online in the next few years but are not shown because operators have not yet announced their plans.
The GOM supplied approximately 25 percent of the Nation's domestic oil and 14 percent of the Nation's domestic gas production in 2007. A significant portion (approximately 18%) of the oil volume came from the deepwater GOM. Nine projects tied back to the Independence Hub facility came online from July through October of 2007. When at peak capacity, production from the hub will add 1 Bcf/d, representing over 10 percent of the gas production from the total GOM.
Shallow-water oil production rose rapidly in the 1960's, peaked in 1971, and has undergone cycles of increase and decline since then. Since 1997, the shallow-water GOM oil production has steadily declined and, at the end of 2006, was at its lowest level since 1965. It has, however, begun to increase in 2007. From 1995 through 2003, deepwater oil production experienced a dramatic increase similar to that seen in the shallow-water GOM during the 1960's, offsetting declines in shallow-water oil production. In fact, beginning in 2000, more oil has been produced from the deepwater areas of the GOM than from shallow waters. Starting in 2003, deepwater oil production basically leveled off. Shallow-water gas production rose sharply throughout the 1960's and 1970's, and then remained relatively stable over the next 17 years before declining steadily from 1997 through 2007. At the same time shallow-water gas production started to decline in 1997, deepwater gas production began to increase, helping to offset the declines from shallow water. Gas production from deep water has, however, declined slightly from 2003 through 2007.
Production Rates
Figures 6a and 6b compare maximum historic daily production rates for each lease in the GOM (i.e., the well with the highest historic production rate is shown for each lease). These maps show that many deepwater fields produce at some of the highest rates encountered in the GOM. Figure 6a also shows that maximum oil rates were significantly higher off the southeast Louisiana coast than off the Texas coast. Figure 6b illustrates the high deepwater gas production rates relative to the rest of the GOM. The relatively high gas rates from fields denoted with an asterisk are tied back to the Independence Hub facility. The hub's 1 Bcf/d capacity accounts for over 10 percent of the total gas production from the GOM. Note also the excellent production rates from the Norphlet trend (off the Alabama coast) and the Corsair trend (off the Texas coast).
Mallory Nomack (Lead Author);BOEMRE (Content Source);Cutler Cleveland (Topic Editor) "Deepwater Gulf of Mexico oil reserves and production". In: Encyclopedia of Earth. Eds. Cutler J. Cleveland (Washington, D.C.: Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment). [First published in the Encyclopedia of Earth September 24, 2010; Last revised Date September 25, 2010; Retrieved November 6, 2010
The Author
Mallory Nomack is currently a student at Boston University pursuing a combined Bachelor's/Master's degree in Energy and Environmental Analysis in the Department of Geography and Environment. Her coursework has included Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Environmental Modeling, Remote Sensing, and Ecology, among others. She has been involved in a number of research projects throughout her time at BU, including a statistical analysis of the drivers of Amazon deforestation in favor of cattle pa ... (Full Bio)
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Augusta University Health (AU Health) sought to develop a strategic and comprehensive plan for actionable clinical growth.
Philips worked closely with AU Health's management and clinical staff to identify key clinical program strategies and areas of opportunity that would allow AU Health to achieve market growth and rapidly transition to a value provider.
A Strategic Growth Plan was developed, integrating many performance improvement project recommendations. The Philips-AU Health team also established work streams to assess, recommend, and implement change initiatives for the next-level clinical service areas.


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Five Ways to Roll Sushi Without a Mat
With these helpful sushi-assembling assistants, you'll be rolling like a pro in no time.
With these helpful sushi-assembling assistants, you'll be rolling like a pro in no time.
It needn't be a mess of cabinets and tools, there are many ways to ensure you know where everything and anything is.
Smoke alarms may be essential life-saving devices but aren't exactly the most aesthetically pleasing electronics in your home. At least until now, that is.
Home Security products are expensive and created by developers that have no interest in making things easy for end users. Instead, pull that old iPhone out of a drawer and make it the spy cam you've always wanted.
You haven't cleaned the litterbox in what, two weeks now? It's all well and good that you've acclimated to the overwhelming stench of ammonia and kitty poop, but what about when guests come over? With some minor mods and a little electrical engineering, you can keep your home from smelling of feline by-products without actually having to be a responsible pet owner and clean up!


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Save interesting pages while you browse the DKSH website via the basket icon on the bottom of the page. You will find the pages you saved in this area again.
Save interesting documents while you browse the DKSH website via the basket icon next to the download links. You will find the documents you saved in this area again.
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Aurélie Blanc, Specialist
It is an essential device for any precision study of the mandible.
It also helps to assess:
Net weight: 1,200 kg


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mcewe needed a new logo design and created a contest on 99designs.
A winner was selected from 32 designs submitted by 13 freelance designers.
We have agreed the basic logo design in black and white through a Sitepoint contest. We now want to agree how the logo will be incorporated into our overall livery.
McEwen & Co Chartered Accountants
Desired Color Scheme:
We have not decided on colors but we want to avoid red and anything drap. Shades of Green is our current preference. This will be a 2 color print
Desired Style:
We are a firm of Accountants so the theme should be professional.
Accepted File Formats:
We would like a Corel Paint Shop Pro file or Microsoft Office Publisher.
The logo needs to be adapted (ideally through crowdsourcing) to make use of the full design tools available i.e. shading, colour. One idea is to have the top triangle a different colour to the bottom. We do not want to change the basic shape of the logo, but shading could imply the hidden shape of the M, see:
We want the wording to be McEwen & Co Chartered Accountants, Then the following listed or bullet pointed services: Business Advisers, Tax Consultants, Accounts preparation.
Fonts: We would like the fonts to be modern and want there to be no licensing restrictions. The name of the font and general use of it will be necessary, so that we can incorporate it into a letterhead revision.
Find out how a design contest works or learn more about our logo design services.


text: 712 in the house! I grew up in Iowa, just south of Sioux City. I went to High School at SB-L, Sergeant Bluff-Luton for those of you who aren't in the know. I went to college at Morningside College. As far as music goes, I really do like a little bit of everything, but my most favorite is cheesy pop, especially of the boy band variety. I was broken hearted when Justin Timberlake got married and then devastated when the same happened to Nick Carter. However, I'm still holding out for Jonathan Taylor Thomas. My other favorite things include chocolate, tap dancing, brunch, Harry Potter, napping, collecting useless pop culture knowledge, not wearing pants, and giving Andy a hard time on the radio!


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Posts: The common test is for recruitment of Probationary Officer or Management Trainee vacancies that arise in 19 public banks – Allahabad Bank,Andhra Bank, Bank of Baroda, Bank of India, Bank of Maharashtra, Canara Bank, Central Bank of India, Corporation Bank, Dena bank, Indian Bank, Indian Overseas Bank, Oriental Bank of Commerce, Punjab National Bank, Punjab & Sind Bank, Syndicate Bank, Union Bank of India, United Bank of India, UCO Bank & Vijaya Bank.
Dates: Online application registration: July 9 – August 1 ,2011
Common written test: September 18, 2011
Eligibility conditions to apply for common written test, as on 1.07.2011
* Age to be minimum: 20 yrs & maximum: 30 yrs
* Must have a degree in any discipline from a recognized university
– Still confused? Read answers for your common eligibility doubts
The common bank exam pattern is same as previous banking recruitments with Objective & Descriptive papers for a total of 250 marks.For every wrong answer in objective test, 0.25 would be reduced as negative mark.
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Common written test is compulsory to apply for bank jobs in India hereafter.Hence download the notification of this exam from their website here


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Steve Wozniak just sent me this hilarious screenshot, from the wife of one of his friends. It's from the Genius Recommendations in the movie section of the iTunes store: If you bought the PBS documentary Steve Jobs: One Last Thing you will like Hitler: A Career.
His comment in the mail: "Someone at Apple has a sense of humour." I laughed out loud. Thank you, Woz!
And no, this is not an April Fools Day joke. It's real, and it was found by Woz's friend Alex Fielding:
I actually received this from Alex Fielding days ago. It was a genius recommendation for his wife Amyen. You can contact Alex to get more info. I didn't have time to play a single original April Fools Joke. Just like the founding document of our Apple partnership. Yesterday's date was just a coincidence.
I think it's very funny.
Indeed it is.


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Keep Track by Fufflets
by Rob on
September 16, 2009
Filed under App DB, Productivity, Utilities
Thanks to its appealing and intuitive interface,
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