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Fairfax County Board of Supervisors Chairman Sharon Bulova will be taking your questions on her priorities for 2012, the search for a new county executive, the upcoming FY2013 budget and the state of the economy in Fairfax County, revitalization and redevelopment across the county, and will answer your questions on what you see as an issue facing us in 2012. View Bulova's priorities at http://www.fairfaxcounty.gov/opa/inauguration/2012-2015/bulova-inaugural-speech.htm.
Sharon Bulova
Welcome to Ask Fairfax! I look forward to answering your questions. Thanks for joining us!
Concerned Citizen
Why is property tax increasing when home values are declining during this difficult economic time? If we're lucky, we still have our jobs, and salary increasing is not at the same rate a inflaction but property tax on our homes went up along with other cost of living. Just doesn't make sense.
Sharon Bulova
Actually, the average property tax bill has decreased since 2007. The average bill in '07 was $5,066.18 and in '11 it was $4,713.59. Of course, everything isn't "average" and there are fluctuations among properties. Our Board has worked hard to keep homeowners' tax bills stable as we recover from the Great Recession. During my tenure as Chairman, the average tax bill has gone down, even with the addition of the Stormwater Utility Fee. Over the past three years, we have reduced our spending by $200 million, frozen salaries, reduced our workforce, while doing our best to maintain the levels of service Fairfax County residents expect and rely upon. The ratio of County employees to residents has dropped by 17% over the past 20 years. In the last three years, we have eliminated 499 positions.
Anonymous User
How much does the county spend total for the school system when one includes services such as school nurse aids, infant and toddler services, police in the schools and all of the other little (or big) things that support the schools or school aged children but aren't in the FCPS budget? I would like to see the entire budget spent on schools fairly represented on the graphs and data presented on the FCPS and countys websites.FCPS already use more than 50% of the budget, how much more do they use in support services provided by the county? It seems like there are lot of things that the county pays for the support the schools that aren't clearly represented in the overall budget. I would like to see all funds supporting FCPS capped at 50% of the county revenue. Are children getting 60% of the budget? 70% pf tje budget when after school programs, recreation programs, dept of family services costs are figured in? While schools are important, so are safety services such as police and fire, services for aged adults, recreation services for all citizens, etc.
Sharon Bulova
The County provides 52.5% of its budget in direct support of the Fairfax County Public Schools operations and debt service. If you include costs associated with county services that directly support the school system like school crossing guards, school nurses, etc., the percentage increases to 54%. Information on both direct and indirect funding for the School system is included in the budget document annually. (Beginning on page 273 in the FY 2012 Adopted budget Overview) Historically, funding in support of schools has been a large portion of the budget because our Board and our community agree that public schools are one of our most valuable resources and one which derives us great benefit. We are always told by businesses as they relocate here or expand their existing investment that our quality schools and the well educated workforce they produce are one of the main reasons that Fairfax is so attractive to businesses.
Anonymous User
Will there be a raise or COL adjustments this year for employees (2012 calendar year).
Sharon Bulova
Our employees have worked hard to identify efficiencies and savings – especially over the last three years - while not receiving any compensation increase during FY10 and FY11. In the fall, our Board approved the first raise in three years. County Executive Tony Griffin presented an outline of his proposed Fiscal Year 2013 budget last fall which includes an increase for all employees for this budget cycle. The County Executive's Recommended Budget will be presented at our Board meeting on February 28th. At that time the budget process will begin in earnest and I will work to ensure our employees are compensated fairly.
Philip (Springfield)
After the disappointing Pentagon choice of the Mark Center site, it's welcome news to hear that the Springfield GSA site could become the new headquarters of the FBI. Can you share your thoughts on the likelihood that this site will win, and the timeframe for both the decision and the relocation?
Sharon Bulova
Our Board believes that this site is a great fit for the FBI. The Senate resolution sets out several requirements for the new consolidated headquarters, and the GSA site meets them all (such as property owned by the federal government, location near Metro and near the Beltway, and size requirements). As far as timing, the relocation has only gone as far as Senate committee and it requires action by the full Congress. We are urging our federal delegation to work hard on our behalf to secure this site. As you know, we are competing with our neighboring jurisdictions for the FBI HQ.
Sharon Bulova
I received several questions on the implementation of FOCUS, our new automated financial and procurement system. I asked senior staff your questions on training and implementation and their answers are below. I've also asked for a briefing on why we are experiencing some of the difficulty I'm hearing about.
The standard implementation methodology for these types of projects does not include a full parallel testing for the financial and procurement portions of the system due to the overwhelming burden to the organization of manually entering all data transactions into multiple separate systems. The FOCUS project did conduct seven months of comprehensive testing which included unit testing, integration testing, data conversion testing, interface testing and production cutover testing prior to the FOCUS go-live
Training delivered for the financial and procurement implementation was provided in several methods - online eLearning courses that provided a solid foundation of FOCUS concepts and terminology as well as instructor-led classroom training that walked the end users through the step-by-steps of how to process transactions in FOCUS. In instances where the training may not have addressed an area as completely as needed for end users to feel comfortable with the functions, adjustments were made to the training. Additionally, numerous support labs have been available for end users to receive guided assistance in transaction processing and the FOCUS website includes a comprehensive 'Go-Live Resources' page that provide updates on procedures, forms and processing tips.
Chairman Bulova: In the search for a new County Executive, can you comment on BOTH the positives and negatives of hiring internal AND external candidates. I'm interested in hearing your perspective on why you'd consider or not consider certain candidates. Thanks.
Sharon Bulova
Our Board has hired an outside consultant to conduct a national search for replacing Tony Griffin as County Executive when he retires in April. Replacing Tony will not be easy. He has done an outstanding job and has built a culture among our Fairfax County workforce that I think is his greatest legacy.
Conducting a national search allows us to leave no stone unturned in looking for the best possible candidate to lead a workforce of over 12,000 and help us realize community priorities. Fairfax County is an incredible place to live, work and play, and the opportunity to be County Executive will no doubt attract some of the best, most experienced managers in the country.
Obviously, one of the advantages of hiring from within the County, or from within the Region, is that the candidate starts with an appreciation for the parameters within which we work in Virginia, a Dillon Rule state, meaning that we don't have home rule like most other states, including Maryland. It is also an advantage for a candidate to have some familiarity with leadership within the National Capital Region.
One of Tony's greatest strengths has been to hire and retain a stellar workforce. We must also look to this pool of potential Executives in our "leave no stone unturned" approach. Our senior employees will have the institutional knowledge and the experience in Fairfax County that outside candidates will not.
Anonymous User
What will be the cost to the taxpayers for each of the projects: the Metro extension and the Tyson's Corner renovation?
How will those projects be paid for?
At present, the Metro extension through Tyson's Corner represents a major headache for McLean residents: no parking for residents to use the Metro. Why not take over the old Mitre building and build a parking lot there?
By adding something like 100,000 new residents in Tyson's corner, an estimated 10,000 more cars will use Rt. 123 each day. How will Fairfax County deal with this traffic?
Why is the termination package for the current County Executive being held secret?
I know that this construction phase is quite a mess and not easy for residents and commuters to endure. I believe the payoff will be considerable when Rail to Dulles is completed and we begin to realize the Vision for Tysons.
Phase 1 of the Dulles Rail project is currently on time and within budget, scheduled for completion in 2013. The entire project from Falls Church to Loudoun County is being paid for using the following formula: 16.1 percent from Fairfax County, 4.8 percent from Loudoun County, 4.1 percent from the Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority, and 75 percent from Dulles Toll Road revenue, less contributions from the Federal Transit Authority and the Commonwealth of Virginia.
Fairfax County created two special tax districts to fund the majority of our contribution. In the Phase 1 Tax District, commercial landowners agreed to pay up to 29 cents per $100 of the assessed value of their commercial and industrial properties, up to a total of $400 million. Phase 2 District property owners agreed to pay up to 25 cents per $100, up to a total of $330 million. The remainder of the County's commitment will come from other sources which may include a funds from a future Transportation Bond and/or funds from the C&I (Commercial and Industrial) tax.
Costs of the redevelopment of Tysons Corner will be borne by landowners, developers, business owners and residents, as they will all see great benefit from achieving the new vision for Tysons. Remember that the redevelopment of Tysons will occur over 20 to 30 years. We are working with landowners and developers to ensure the needs of the community, such as locations for fire and police stations, schools, athletic fields and parks, and transportation improvements, are met with a fair contribution from all those that stand to benefit.
A key component of the Tysons redevelopment that is currently being developed by Fairfax County transportation staff is ensuring residents have easy access to the four Metro stations. For more information, please visit http://www.fairfaxcounty.gov/fcdot/tmsams/.
9% budget increase for schools next year?! How on earth will FCPS get that money without substantial tax increases? I don't mind paying a little more, but that number seems very high relative to the other needs of the county budget.
I have not seen the details of the FCPS budget for FY2013, but I believe the increase that Dr. Dale is proposing is quite a stretch. While education is my number one priority, it is important that we are sensitive to the affordability of taxes to homeowners especially during these difficult times.
The Board of Supervisors will be holding a first-time-ever retreat with the School Board in late February where we will be able to discuss opportunities for collaboration and efficiencies. During the past couple of years, a School-County Smart Savings task force has identified significant savings by doing things jointly. One example is the School's use of the County Attorney's services rather than contracting out for legal expertise.
Ellen Maria
A new county executive should embrace our county energy policy and staff it accordingly.
What are the county plans after our DOE energy conservation stimulus money projects are completed?
I agree that the County Executive must embrace Fairfax County's priorities, including energy. There were several projects we identified that were not able to be funded with stimulus dollars. We are currently reviewing our green building policy. We are continuing to look for new and better ways to improve outreach to encourage smart energy use and conservation.
Additionally, my Private Sector Energy Task Force will continue to expand into new areas while working to implement its policy and legislative recommendations (found in this report: http://www.fairfaxcounty.gov/chairman/pdf/energy_interim_report.pdf) You can follow the work of this group through my Chairman's Website. The meetings are open to the public and held here at the Government Center. We will be setting new dates for 2012 shortly.
Anonymous User
My concerns are geared more towards the "Humanity" of the County. I am concerned by the cuts to Drug & Alcohol Facilities as well as the number of homeless persons in this county. I was fortunate enough to go through one our county programs at "A New Beginning" 11+ years ago and it saved and changed my life. Please share your thoughts on cutting important services.
Sharon Bulova
First, congratulations on your recovery and thank you for sharing this. This is an area that concerns me as well. It is important that we maintain the safety net to help our residents when they need us the most. Our Board has worked very hard over the last several budget cycles to protect the kinds of services that protect our most vulnerable residents. You can be sure that this will continue to be a priority for me.
G Budnik
As the current Board is aware, municipalities all over the country (some larger, some smaller than Fairfax) are struggling and/or failing to meet the committed pension requirements of their aging and expanding public work force (which, here in Fairfax, includes some of the best teachers and public sector workers in the country). Higher taxes, reduced services, and modifications to the standards of living and provision of public services to those municipalities' citizens and employees are a proven result of a failure to properly and COMPLETELY plan for the increased costs of an aging population and workforce, as well as a diminished tax base if continued recession and flat growth is the norm (as many learned economists predict will be the case this time around).
What is the current Board of Supervisors planning to do now to insure that the same fate does not await our fair county?
I'm very proud of Fairfax County's proactive approach in this area. We have been very responsible about putting sufficient funding aside to comply with GASB guidelines. Also, rather than increasing taxes as a response to Recession pressures, Fairfax County has, I believe, exercised excellent fiscal stewardship in identifying ways to reduce the costs for service and adopt reorganizational changes to keep us in fiscal equilibrium. We are also working with a consultant to make sure our benefits are sustainable and affordable in the new fiscal climate you accurately describe.
In an October 8th Editorial The Washington Post wrote "EVEN AFTER three years of budget cuts and plummeting revenue, Fairfax County remains the economic wunderkind of Virginia and in many ways of the Washington area ... It is poised for further growth and prosperity even as neighboring jurisdictions scramble to retrench and regroup."
We clearly are doing a lot that is right. We also cannot rest on our laurels.
Anonymous User
Is Dulles Rail phase 2 a done deal? Or are there other hurdles that can stop the project? Are we past the point that this is only an idea or is it actually going to happen?
Sharon Bulova
Dulles Rail Phase II will not be a done deal until the final funding agreement is signed by all parties which should happen later this year. The funding partners have agreed to a memorandum that outlines the strategy to fund this critical project. Major impediments were resolved in 2011, like the MWAA board's agreement to build the airport station above ground. This significantly reduces the cost for Phase II and brings it more in line with the original estimates. We also identified other cost savings, such as a reduction in the size of the rail yard and other value engineering components. This project continues to be our Board's number one transportation priority and I am personally committed to seeing it through.
Tom O'Brien
You should investigate why they lied to us at planning meetings regarding rush hour lane restrictions during 495 express lane construction. The inner loop goes to only three lanes under the 66 flyover. This is permanent now. We were promised the Beltway would never be three lanes at rush hour. This is supposed to last till next fall. We were lied to. Traffic is backed up for miles. It was never like this before. They lied to us in the citizen briefing meeting before this started. While it is only for a short distance, it is a bottleneck that they said would not happen. This affects many people that you represent.
Sharon Bulova
Because your question is very specific in nature, I would like to be able to talk to our transportation staff and get a specific answer for you. Would you mind sending your contact information to email@example.com? Thank you.
Anonymous User
What's the latest on a new public safety building for police and fire at the Government Center to replace the Massey Building? What kind of timeline can be expected?
Sharon Bulova
The design of the new facility, to be built next to the Herrity building is well underway. A project such as this does take quite some time to design and build but currently we anticipate completion by December 2015.
Ellen Maria
Transparency of county processes and procedures should be a priority.
What improvements have been made to the county and what still needs to be done?
While there is still more we can do, I think that much progress has been made in this area over the years. The County's website is especially helpful in providing an enormous amount of information in ways that are relatively user-friendly. One of my favorite sites is "My Neighborhood".
With the new FOCUS upgrade, we will also essentially be able to put the County's "checkbook" on line for interested parties to see more detailed information about operations.
In February, our Board will hold a retreat to discuss priorities and goals for 2012 and beyond. A portion of this retreat is dedicated to public outreach – how can we improve our efforts to increase public engagement in County government?
Some successful examples of providing engagement opportunities have been:
The Community Dialogues of Budget during the beginning of the Recession
Neighborhood College Sessions which build leadership within the community along with enhanced solving capacity
The Tysons Land Use Task Force and the Reston Land-Use College
My Private Sector Energy Task Force
Many district supervisors have stepped up their efforts to engage their constituents, through increased social media presence, holding town halls, or ensuring county news makes it into local media.
Last year we expanded our public outreach process for the budget with a take-home, book club style package that encouraged local, community discussion of priorities, and we received over 880 comments. We have received over 1800 comments on our search for a new County Executive.
Ellen Maria
New sources of revenue should be identified and directed to public transit.
How is the county working with the state to improve transportation funding?
I agree with you that we need new revenue that can be directed toward public transit.
The Board of Supervisors before each General Assembly session prepares a legislative agenda. Transportation funding is the most repeated need the Board conveys to our Fairfax County delegation. We meet annually prior to the GA session to convey this need in person, as we did in December of 2011. Fairfax County residents then make their case to our delegation at an annual public hearing. Throughout the session, we are in constant contact with our representatives in Richmond both directly, through our legislative affairs staff, and through an outside lobbyist in Richmond. Our Board meets every Friday during the General Assembly session to discuss the progress being made in Richmond. In addition to working with our General Assembly representatives, we often make our case directly to the governor or transportation officials as the need arises.
In addition to State funding, the County is using our C&I (Commercial and Industrial) tax revenue to help pay for expanded transit throughout the County.
Anonymous User
If Fairfax County takes over the local roads with appropriate state money, how would you prioritize fixing roads and other issues? Would this include snow removal? Thanks.
Our Board has expressed our opposition to taking over the maintenance of roads in the County. We have no reason to believe the State would transfer this responsibility to us with adequate funding to do the job.
Sadly, our roads have not been adequately maintained by VDOT for years. Bringing our roads up to *our* standards would require our taxpayers to foot the additional bill. The list of maintenance needs across Fairfax County is extensive and includes filling potholes, repaving neighborhood streets, fixing guard rails, repairing bridges, replacing signs, repairing sidewalks, repainting crosswalks, restriping roads, etc.
I recently joined Chairmen Scott York of Loudoun County and Corey Stewart of Prince William in drafting a letter that was published in The Washington Post that stated our unified position on this.
If the Commonwealth wants to bring all of our road infrastructure up to an acceptable standard and provide an adequate level of funding to keep things in a safe and acceptable condition we would have something to talk about.
Anonymous User
What hopes do we have in our lifetimes that Metro will be built down I-66 to Centreville? I worry that because of the huge hassles and costs with Dulles Rail that it'll be another generation untl rail further down 66 is even considered. :-(
Extending Metro down the I-66 corridor will be a challenge, but something I would ultimately like to accomplish. As difficult as building rail in the Dulles corridor has been, I-66 will be even more difficult. We don't have the same land-use opportunities to help pay for it (i.e. the special tax districts agreed to by commercial land owners along the Dulles Toll Road).
Rail is not the only effective option for relieving congestion on I-66. A study conducted by the Virginia Department of Rail and Public Transportation recommended 15 transportation demand management strategies to help reduce congestion. Bus Rapid Transit is also a viable alternative to rail along the I-66 corridor.
Douglas T.
As you look for a new county executive, will you pay an outstanding candidate fair market value? We all know Tony Griffin's salary is way below where it should be for a leader of his stature and portfolio. Will the Board of Supervisors be willing to attract a strong leader from outside that we need rather than skimping and paying a low salary to internal candidates who probably don't have what it takes to lead this county (no disrespect toward them, but county executive is a unique, demanding position that requires probably well north of $300K per year). Will the board pay the price for quality?
Sharon Bulova
We will offer the kind of compensation package that attracts the kind of candidate that we need to help lead Fairfax County. With over 12,000 employees, a $6 billion budget and over 1 million residents, we need a skilled, experienced and competent manager that can not only handle the day-to-day business of managing the County, but has the talent and skill sets to achieve the long term goals set by the Board.
Anonymous User
I really admire all of the work to attract major companies to Fairfax County. However, a lot of these companies receive a lot of tax benefits and other perks. What resources and benefits are available for small business (that one day may turn into a major corporation)? Thank you for your leadership.
Sharon Bulova
Fairfax County actually does not offer financial incentives or tax breaks to attract businesses. Instead, we invest in our quality of life that in turn has made Fairfax County the site for every major corporate relocation in the U.S. in the past five years.
For small businesses, our Board has recently worked with the Small Business Commission to revamp their bylaws to include the kind of outreach and assistance you mention in your question. To learn more about the resources the County provides small businesses, visit www.fairfaxcounty.gov/business/small-business.
Sharon Bulova
Thank you all for submitting questions and participating in the chat today. I hope you will take a minute to fill out the survey on our search for the new County Executive at www.fairfaxcounty.gov/cex/search. Also I hope you will sign up for my monthly online newsletter, the Bulova Byline, by emailing your information to firstname.lastname@example.com. Thanks for your interest in Fairfax County and helping to keep us the best place to live, work, play and grow older comfortably.
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Bräcke Diakoni
To increase the social awareness and responsibility for exposed groups in our society, SKF Sweden is engaged in initiatives for disabled children. In Gothenburg this initiative is managed by the non-profit organisation Bräcke Diakoni and supported by SKF.
Bräcke Diakoni is one of Sweden's leading, private actors in healthcare. In addition to healthcare, hospice and education, the organisation is also driving research in – among other areas – cognitive pedagogy, which is a special type of pedagogy applied in treatment of neurological disorders. Examples of these are cerebral palsy, stroke, multiple sclerosis (MS) and Parkinson's.
SKF has recently supported two projects managed by Bräcke:
- the construction of an outdoor playground at the "Stegen" (the ladder) Daycare centre, a preschool for kids and a training facility for both children and grown-ups with physical disabilities,
- supporting the training facility Si-Tu in Constanta, Romania, in a joint-effort with SKF Romania.
The historic background of Bräcke Diakoni is the social work originally performed by the Swedish church, but today the organisation is totally independent.

subset: commoncrawl


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An unique pin-up.
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Selecting Category Pages in Quick Shopping Cart
Category pages are the Quick Shopping Cart® storefront pages that show your entire catalog and its categories. You can apply a layout style to your category pages, which determines how the categories and products display on the page.
For each category you create, Quick Shopping Cart automatically generates an RSS feed featuring those items.
To Select a Category Page
- Log in to your GoDaddy account.
- Click Quick Shopping Cart.
- In the Quick Shopping Cart list, click Manage next to the Quick Shopping Cart account you want to use.
- From the Set Up menu, in the Design section, select Category Page Style.
- On the Select Category Page Style page, select a layout style. To view the classic layouts, click View Classic layouts.
- Click OK.
Note: To preview a particular category page style, click the style thumbnail. The current layout style is shown in the Current Selection menu.


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How amazing would it be to start the first day of school receiving random acts of kindness from your fellow students? Last year, a hundred students at Kansas State huddled early in the morning to see just how they could pool their time, money and creativity to surprise (and perhaps shock!) their fellow students with unexpected generosity. From a welcome applause to paying for meals to wowing a driver with parallel park assistance, this is a video that'll make you smile.
Video from KarmaTube


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Don't have an account with us yet? Please set up an account to place order or obtain customer services.
This ANP (1-28) peptide hormone has been biotinylated at the N-terminus and can be used in conjugation experiments. ANP (1-28) constitutes the first 28 amino acids of the ANP synthesized in the heart of different vertebrates. It plays an important role in the regulation of blood pressure and natriuresis/diuresis. Residues Phe8, Arg14 and the C-terminal sequence of ANP are known to bind to human NPR-A (Natriuretic peptide receptor type A).
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Yo, peeps, what is up. Today on Dragoart.com you're going to learn how to draw Pichu from Pokemon. Pikachu is the evolved form of Pichu. After Pikachu, it's Richu, which I may put up if I want. They are all electric type Pokemon. Electric Pokemon are weak against ground, and are super effective on water and bird. OK, fine, I was in a Pokemon mode for about a week, then I got bored with it. Anyways, I think Pichu is the cutest type of Pokemon. This tutorial was very easy and I hope you'll find it easy, too. The background is kinda boring if you ask me. So, I hope you enjoy the tutorial. Until next time, I'll see ya.
DragoArt members upload artwork and drawing tutorials! They are also allowed to leave comments on tutorials, profiles, etc. Many more features, as well; it's way better than just being a boring guest! Register Now!


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When you use Preview's feature to use the Mac's camera to scan your signature for later insertion into documents, it does a fantastic job of digitizing your written piece so that it is rendered smoothly, I assume as vector, not raster.
I need that same feature for other uses, to scan sketches and work on them digitally.
But, of course, using the little signature feature in Preview does not work for most of them!
How can I utilize that same "scan-a-sketch-into-clean-vector-form" feature in a way other than using Preview's signature app?
THANKS --eric


text: Sheri Van Dyke - Grew up in the 60's and 70's, college in the 80's, so I sang along to all our Classic Hits when they were 'new!'I'm a graduate of Malabar High School in Mansfield, Ohio, and I graduated Bowling Green State University with a degree in Radio/TV/Film. Radio was the only one that wanted me :)I've been with 3WS since March 19, 1990, and I'm happy to now call Pittsburgh my home -- and the Steelers my football team (after so many years of The Browns!)Hockey's my favorite -- I get to the Pens games whenever I can..I live in Scott Township with our doggies Echo and Blue..


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triexa needed a new logo design and created a contest on 99designs.
A winner was selected from 77 designs submitted by 27 freelance designers.
We are looking for a fresh new logo to use for our flagship software package, SonicMailer Pro.
SonicMailer Pro
Professional PHP mailing list manager
Desired Color Scheme:
Desired Style:
The new interface of the software is Web 2.0 so we would like a logo to be modern/fresh looking.
Accepted File Formats:
ai/eps, psd, jpg/gif/png
This is our current logo:
We are looking for a new logo to use in our software package, SonicMailer Pro. An "updated" version of the current logo may be nice if it can look good, but otherwise we are willing to explore new conceptions.
Logo must be available in vector format. If you'd like, you can post a modified vector version with improved gradients/blurs/etc. The graphic is much more important than the text, but it would be nice if you included text (that matches the graphic of course) in the submission as well.
Find out how a design contest works or learn more about our logo design services.


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Burbidge, Margaret
Burbidge, Margaret (Eleanor Margaret Burbidge), 1925–, Anglo-American astronomer. She was the first woman appointed director (1972–73) of the Royal Greenwich Observatory and was named (1982) president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Burbidge; her husband, Geoffrey Burbidge; William Fowler; and Sir Fred Hoyle showed (1956) how heavier elements can be built up from lighter ones in the interiors of stars.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
See more Encyclopedia articles on: Astronomy: Biographies


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This is Peter Sloep's blog on all things Technology Enhanced Learning. Though there is a particular focus on social aspects of online and networked learning, other things may appear as well.
10 October 2014
MOOCs, every letter is negotiable
Massive Open Online Courses have put online education on the agendas of the boards of many universities. And that cannot be a bad thing. For too long universities have hand-cuffed innovation by ignoring the opportunities offered by the information and social webs that the Internet has woven. What is at stake here is the quality of the educational experience. And the big question is whether MOOCs make for innovative learning arrangements that enhance the quality of the educational experience. Here I want to discuss this question following a format that is prompted by a popular picture that Math Plourde published in 2013. As you may have noticed, this post carries the same title.
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Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis
His Excellency The Most Honourable General
The Marquess Cornwallis
|Portrait by John Singleton Copley, circa 1795
|Governor-General of the Presidency of Fort William
In office
12 September 1786 – 28 October 1793
|George III
|Preceded by
Sir John Macpherson, Bt
As Acting Governor-General
|Succeeded by
|Sir John Shore
In office
30 July 1805 – 5 October 1805
|George III
|Preceded by
|The Marquess Wellesley
|Succeeded by
Sir George Barlow, Bt
As Acting Governor-General
|Lord Lieutenant of Ireland
In office
14 June 1798 – 27 April 1801
|George III
|Prime Minister
|William Pitt the Younger
|Preceded by
|The Earl Camden
|Succeeded by
|The Earl Hardwicke
|Personal details
Charles Edward Cornwallis V
31 December 1738
Grosvenor Square
Mayfair, London, England
5 October 1805
(aged 66)
Gauspur, Ghazipur
Kingdom of Kashi
|Jemima Tullekin Jones
|Mary, Charles
|Alma mater
Eton College
Clare College, Cambridge
|Military officer, Colonial administrator
|Military service
Kingdom of Great Britain (1757–1801)
United Kingdom (1801–1805)
British Army
British East India Company
|Years of service
|Lieutenant General
Seven Years' War
American War of Independence
Third Mysore War
Irish Rebellion of 1798
|Knight Companion of The Most Noble Order of the Garter
Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis KG (31 December 1738 – 5 October 1805), styled Viscount Brome between 1753 and 1762 and known as The Earl Cornwallis between 1762 and 1792, was a British Army officer and colonial administrator. In the United States and the United Kingdom he is best remembered as one of the leading British generals in the American War of Independence. His surrender in 1781 to a combined American and French force at the Siege of Yorktown ended significant hostilities in North America. He also served as a civil and military governor in Ireland and India; in both places he brought about significant changes, including the Act of Union in Ireland, and the Cornwallis Code and the Permanent Settlement in India.
Born into an aristocratic family and educated at Eton and Cambridge, Cornwallis joined the army in 1757, seeing action in the Seven Years' War. Upon his father's death in 1762 he became Earl Cornwallis and entered the House of Lords. From 1766 until 1805 he was Colonel of the 33rd Regiment of Foot.[1] He next saw military action in 1776 in the American War of Independence. Active in the advance forces of many campaigns, in 1780 he inflicted an embarrassing defeat on the American army at the Battle of Camden, though he surrendered his army at Yorktown in October 1781 after an extended campaign through the Southern states which was marked by disagreements between him and his superior, General Sir Henry Clinton (which became public knowledge after the war).
Despite this defeat, Cornwallis retained the confidence of successive British governments and continued to enjoy an active career. Knighted in 1786, he was in that year appointed to be Governor General and commander-in-chief in India. There he enacted numerous significant reforms within the East India Company and its territories, including the Cornwallis Code, part of which implemented important land taxation reforms known as the Permanent Settlement. From 1789 to 1792 he led British and Company forces in the Third Anglo-Mysore War to defeat the Mysorean ruler Tipu Sultan.
Returning to Britain in 1794, Cornwallis was given the post of Master-General of the Ordnance. In 1798 he was appointed Lord Lieutenant and Commander-in-chief of Ireland, where he oversaw the response to the 1798 Irish Rebellion, including a French invasion of Ireland, and was instrumental in bringing about the Union of Great Britain and Ireland. Following his Irish service Cornwallis was the chief British signatory to the 1802 Treaty of Amiens, and was reappointed to India in 1805. He died in India not long after his arrival.
- Early life and family 1
- Early military career 2
- Parliament, politics, and marriage 3
American War of Independence 4
- Early campaigns 4.1
- Southern theatre 4.2
- Virginia campaign 4.3
- Return to Britain 4.4
Governor-General of India 5
- Reforms 5.1
- Diplomacy and war with Mysore 5.2
- Master of the Ordnance 6
- Lord Lieutenant of Ireland 7
- Treaty of Amiens 8
- Death and legacy 9
- Dates of rank 10
- References 11
- Sources 12
- Further reading 13
- External links 14
Early life and family
Cornwallis was born in Grosvenor Square, even though his family's estates were in Kent. He was the eldest son of Charles Cornwallis, 5th Baron Cornwallis. His mother, Elizabeth, was the daughter of Charles Townshend, 2nd Viscount Townshend, and niece of Sir Robert Walpole. His uncle, Frederick, was Archbishop of Canterbury. Frederick's twin brother, Edward, was a military officer, colonial governor, and founder of Halifax, Nova Scotia. His brother William became an Admiral in the Royal Navy. His other brother, James, eventually inherited the earldom from Cornwallis's son, Charles.
The family was established at Brome Hall, near Eye, Suffolk, in the 14th century, and its members would represent the county in the House of Commons over the next three hundred years. Frederick Cornwallis, created a Baronet in 1627, fought for King Charles I, and followed King Charles II into exile. He was made Baron Cornwallis, of Eye in the County of Suffolk, in 1661, and by judicious marriages his descendants increased the importance of his family.
Early military career
Cornwallis was educated at Eton College and Clare College, Cambridge. While at Eton, he received an injury to his eye by an accidental blow while playing hockey, from Shute Barrington, later Bishop of Durham.[2] He obtained his first commission as Ensign in the 1st Foot Guards, on 8 December 1757.[3] He then sought and gained permission to engage in military studies abroad. After travelling on the continent with a Prussian officer, Captain de Roguin, he studied at the military academy of Turin.[4] Upon completion of his studies in Turin in 1758, he traveled to Geneva, where he learned that British troops were to be sent to the Continent in the Seven Years' War. Although he tried to reach his regiment before it sailed from the Isle of Wight, he learnt upon reaching Cologne that it had already sailed. He managed instead to secure an appointment as a staff officer to Lord Granby.[5]
A year later, he participated at the Battle of Minden, a major battle that prevented a French invasion of Hanover. After the battle, he purchased a captaincy in the 85th Regiment of Foot. In 1761, he served with the 12th Foot and was promoted to Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel. He led his regiment in the Battle of Villinghausen on 15–16 July 1761, and was noted for his gallantry. In 1762 his regiment was involved in heavy fighting during the Battle of Wilhelmsthal. A few weeks later they defeated Saxon troops at the Battle of Lutterberg and ended the year by participating in the Siege of Cassel.[6]
Parliament, politics, and marriage
In January 1760 Cornwallis became a Member of Parliament, entering the House of Commons for the village of Eye in Suffolk. He succeeded his father as 2nd Earl Cornwallis in 1762, which resulted in his elevation to the House of Lords.[6] He became a protege of the leading Whig magnate, and future Prime Minister, Lord Rockingham.[7]
He was one of five peers who voted against the 1765 Stamp Act out of sympathy with the colonists.[8] In the following years, he maintained a strong degree of support for the colonists during the tensions and crisis that led to the War of Independence.[9]
On July 14, 1768, he married Jemima Tullekin Jones, daughter of a regimental colonel.[10] The union was, by all accounts, happy. They settled in Culford, Suffolk, where their children, Mary (28 June 1769 - 17 July 1840), and Charles were born. Jemima died on 14 April 1779.[11]
American War of Independence
During the postwar years, Cornwallis had remained active in military matters. He became colonel of the 33rd Regiment of Foot in 1766.[8] With the outbreak of the war in North America, Cornwallis put his previous misgivings aside and sought active service.[12]
Early campaigns
Promoted to lieutenant general in North America, he began his service in 1776 under General Sir New Jersey after the city fell.[13][14] Howe recognized the successful close of the campaign "much to the honor of his lordship and the officers and soldiers under his command."[15]
General Howe granted Cornwallis leave in December 1776; however it was cancelled after Washington launched his surprise attack on Trenton on 26 December. Howe ordered Cornwallis to return to New Jersey to deal with Washington.[15] Cornwallis gathered together garrisons scattered across New Jersey and moved them towards Trenton.[16] On 2 January 1777, as he advanced on Trenton, his forces were engaged in extended skirmishing that delayed the army's arrival at Washington's position on the Assunpink Creek until late in the day. Cornwallis was unable to dislodge Washington in the battle that followed.[17] Cornwallis prepared his troops to continue the assault of Washington's position the next day, and critically failed to send out adequate patrols to monitor the Americans. During the night, Washington's forces slipped around Cornwallis's and attacked the British outpost at Princeton. Washington's success was aided by a deception: he had men maintain blazing campfires and keep up sounds of camp activity during his movement.[18] Cornwallis spent the winter in New York and New Jersey, where the forces under his command were engaged in ongoing skirmishes with the Americans.[19]
Cornwallis continued to serve under Howe on his campaign for control of the rebel capital, Philadelphia. Cornwallis was again often in an advance role, leading the flanking manoeuvre at the Battle of Brandywine,[20] and playing key roles at Germantown and Fort Mercer.[21][22] With the army in winter quarters in Philadelphia, Cornwallis finally returned home for leave.[23] Upon his return in 1778, Howe had been replaced by Clinton as commander in chief, and Cornwallis was now second in command.[24] The entry of France into the war prompted the British leaders to redeploy their armed forces for a more global war, and Philadelphia was abandoned. Cornwallis commanded the rearguard during the overland withdrawal to New York City and played an important role in the Battle of Monmouth on 28 June 1778. After a surprise attack on the British rearguard, Cornwallis launched a counter-attack which checked the enemy advance.[25] Even though Clinton commended Cornwallis for his performance at Monmouth, he eventually came to blame the earl for failing to win the day.[26] In November 1778, Cornwallis once more returned to England to be with his ailing wife Jemima, who died in February 1779.[27]
Southern theatre
Cornwallis returned to America in July 1779, where he was to play a central role as the lead commander of the British "Southern strategy" (which was to invade the south on the assumption that a significantly more Loyalist population would rise up and assist in putting the rebellion down).[28] At the end of 1779, Henry Clinton and Cornwallis transported a large force south and initiated the second siege of Charleston during the spring of 1780, which resulted in the surrender of the Continental forces under Benjamin Lincoln.[29] After the siege of Charleston and the destruction of Abraham Buford's Virginia regiments at Waxhaw, Clinton returned to New York, leaving Cornwallis in command in the south.[30][31] The relationship between Clinton and Cornwallis had noticeably soured during the Charleston campaign, and they were barely on speaking terms when Clinton left.[32]
The task Clinton left Cornwallis with was to, first and foremost, preserve the gains made by taking Charleston, and only then engage in offensive moves.[33] Clinton's orders gave Cornwallis wide latitude in how to achieve the goal of pacifying both South and North Carolina, after which Clinton expected Cornwallis to move into Virginia. Clinton wrote, "I should wish you to assist in operations which will certainly be carried on in the Chesapeake as soon as we are relieve from our apprehension of a superior fleet and the season will admit ..."[34] However, Clinton provided Cornwallis with a relatively modest force of British, German, and provincial (Loyalist) regiments—about 3,000 men—with which to accomplish all of this.[35] The forces he was given to accomplish this were limited by the necessity of keeping a large British force in New York under Clinton to shadow Washington. Cornwallis was expected to recruit more Loyalists, who were believed to be more numerous in the southern colonies.[36]
Cornwallis established a series of outposts in South Carolina, but keeping communication and supply lines open was an ongoing challenge. Supplies not available locally (like uniforms, camp gear, arms, and ammunition) were delivered all too infrequently, supply ships were frequent targets of local privateers, and bad weather impeded the work.[37] In order to help provide fresh food and forage for his troops, Cornwallis established two commissioners. The first was responsible for administering goods confiscated from Patriots (he avoided confiscating supplies from Loyalists since he depended on them for manpower and intelligence), and the second for administering land that was confiscated. A chronic shortage of hard currency (another supply only infrequently delivered to Charleston) made it difficult to purchase supplies from any source, either Patriot or Loyalist.[38] Cornwallis also attempted to reestablish civil authority under British or Loyalist oversight. Although these attempts met with limited success, they were continually undermined by Patriot activity, both political and military, and the indifferent abuses of British and Loyalist forces. Patriot militia companies constantly harassed Loyalists, small British units, and supply and communication lines.[39][40]
In August 1780 Cornwallis' forces met a larger but relatively untried army under the command of Horatio Gates at the Battle of Camden, where they inflicted heavy casualties and routed part of the force.[41] The relatively untried Continentals in Gates' army were routed, and suffered heavy casualties.[42] This served to keep South Carolina clear of Continental forces, and was a blow to rebel morale.[43] The victory added to his reputation, although the rout of the American rebels had as much to do with the failings of Gates (whose rapid departure from the battlefield was widely noted) as it did the skill of Cornwallis.[44][45] In London, Cornwallis was perceived as a hero, and was viewed by many there as the right man to lead the British forces to victory over the rebels.[46]
As the opposition seemed to melt away, Cornwallis optimistically began to advance north into North Carolina while militia activity continued to harass the troops he left in South Carolina.[47] Attempts by Cornwallis to rally Loyalist support were dealt significant blows when a large gathering of them was defeated at Kings Mountain,[48] only a day's march from Cornwallis and his army,[49] and another large detachment of his army was decisively defeated at Cowpens.[50] He then clashed with the rebuilt Continental army under General Nathanael Greene at Guilford Courthouse in North Carolina, winning a Pyrrhic victory with a bayonet charge against a numerically superior enemy.[51] In the battle, he controversially ordered grape shot to be fired into a mass of combat that resulted in friendly casualties but helped break the American line.[52]
Cornwallis then moved his forces to Wilmington on the coast to resupply. Cornwallis himself had generally been successful in his battles, but the constant marching and the losses incurred had shrunk and tired out his army.[53] Greene, whose army was still intact after the loss at Guilford Courthouse, shadowed Cornwallis toward Wilmington, but then crossed into South Carolina, where over the course of several months American forces regained control over most of the state.[54]
Cornwallis received dispatches in Wilmington informing him that another British army under Generals William Phillips and Benedict Arnold had been sent to Virginia. Believing that North Carolina could not be subdued unless its supply lines from Virginia were cut, he decided to join forces with Phillips.[55]
Virginia campaign
On arrival in Virginia, Cornwallis took command of Phillips' army. Phillips, a personal friend of Cornwallis, died one week before Cornwallis reached his position at Petersburg.[56] He then sought to fulfil orders Clinton had given to Phillips, and raided the Virginia countryside, destroying American military and economic targets.[57]
In March 1781, in response to the threat posed by Arnold and Phillips, General Washington had dispatched the Marquis de Lafayette to defend Virginia.[58] The young Frenchman had 3,200 men at his command, but British troops under Cornwallis' command totalled 7,200.[57][59] Lafayette skirmished with Cornwallis, avoiding a decisive battle while gathering reinforcements. It was during this period that Cornwallis and Clinton exchanged a series of letters in which Clinton issued a number of confusing, contradictory, and not entirely forceful orders.[60] Cornwallis eventually received firm orders from Clinton to choose a position on the Virginia Peninsula—referred to in contemporary letters as the "Williamsburg Neck"—and construct a fortified naval post to shelter ships of the line.[61] In complying with this order, Cornwallis put himself in a position to become trapped. With the arrival of the French fleet under the Comte de Grasse and General Washington's combined French-American army, Cornwallis found himself cut off. After the Royal Navy fleet under Admiral Thomas Graves was defeated by the French at the Battle of the Chesapeake, and the French siege train arrived from Newport, Rhode Island, his position became untenable.[62] He surrendered after about three weeks' siege to General Washington and the French commander, the Comte de Rochambeau, on 19 October 1781.[63] Cornwallis, apparently not wanting to face Washington, claimed to be ill on the day of the surrender, and sent Brigadier General Charles O'Hara in his place to surrender his sword formally. Washington had his second-in-command, Benjamin Lincoln, accept Cornwallis' sword.[64]
Return to Britain
Cornwallis returned to Britain with Benedict Arnold, and they were cheered when they landed in Britain on 21 January 1782.[65] His surrender did not mark the end of the war, though it ended major fighting in the American theatre. Because he was released on parole, Cornwallis refused to serve again until the war came to an end in 1783. An attempt was made to exchange him for Henry Laurens, an American diplomat who was released from the Tower of London in anticipation that Cornwallis would be freed from his parole, but the attempt failed.[66]
His tactics in America, especially during the southern campaign, were a frequent subject of criticism by his political enemies in London, principally General Clinton, who tried to blame him for the failures of the southern campaign.[67] Cornwallis, however, retained the confidence of the earl of Shelburne, but he was placed in a financially precarious state by his inability to be on active duty.[68]
In August 1785 he was sent to Prussia as an ambassador to the court of Frederick the Great to sound out a possible alliance.[69] He attended manoeuvres along with the Duke of York where they encountered his old opponent Lafayette.[70]
Governor-General of India
In 1786 Cornwallis was made a Knight Companion of the Most Noble Order of the Garter.[71] The same year he accepted appointment as Governor-General and commander in chief in India. He had in 1782 been offered the governor-generalship only, but refused the post until he also received military command as well.[72]
Cornwallis engaged in reforms of all types, that had an impact on many areas of civil, military, and corporate administration. According to historian Jerry Dupont, Cornwallis was responsible for "laying the foundation for British rule throughout India and setting standards for the services, courts and revenue collection that remained remarkably unaltered almost to the end of the British era."[73] He also enacted important reforms in the operations of the British East India Company and, with the notable exception of the Kingdom of Mysore, managed to keep the company out of military conflicts during his tenure.
Prior to Cornwallis's tenure, company employees were allowed to trade on their own accounts and use company ships to send their own goods back to Europe. This practice was tolerated when the company was profitable, but by the 1780s the company's finances were not in good shape. Cornwallis eliminated the practice, increasing employee salaries in compensation. He also worked to reduce nepotism and political favouritism, instituting the practice of merit-based advancement.[74]
Criminal and civil justice systems in the company's territories were a confusing overlay of legal systems, jurisdictions, and methods of administration. Cornwallis had the company take over the few remaining judicial powers of the Nawab of Bengal, the titular local ruler of much of the Bengal Presidency, and gave some judicial powers to company employees. In 1790 he introduced circuit courts with company employees as judges, and set up a court of appeals in Calcutta. He had the legal frameworks of Muslim and Hindu law translated into English, and promulgated administrative regulations and a new civil and criminal code. This work, introduced in 1793, was known as the Cornwallis Code. One consequence of the code was that it instituted a type of racism, placing the British as an elite class on top of the complex status hierarchy of caste and religion that existed in India at the time.[75] Cornwallis held racist views, in a manner common at the time; of mixed European-Indians he wrote, "...as on account of their colour & extraction they are considered in this country as inferior to Europeans, I am of opinion that those of them who possess the best abilities could not command that authority and respect which is necessary in the due discharge of the duty of an officer."[76]
Cornwallis's attitude toward the lower classes did, however, include a benevolent and somewhat paternalistic desire to improve their condition. He introduced legislation to protect native weavers who were sometimes forced into working at starvation wages by unscrupulous company employees, outlawed child slavery, and established in 1791 a Sanskrit college for Hindus that is now the Government Sanskrit College in Benares.[77] He also established a mint in Calcutta that, in addition to benefiting the poor by providing a reliable standard currency, was a forerunner of India's modern currency.[78]
Part of the Cornwallis Code was an important land taxation reform known in India as the Permanent Settlement. This reform permanently altered the way the company collected taxes in its territories, by taxing landowners (known as zamindars) based on the value of their land and not necessarily the value of its produce. In the minds of Cornwallis and its architects, the reforms would also protect land tenants (ryots) from the abusive practices of the zamindars intended to maximize production. Cornwallis, a landed gentleman himself, especially believed that a class of landed gentry would naturally concern themselves with the improvement of the lands, thus also improving the condition of its tenants.[79] Nevertheless, the Permanent Settlement effectively left the peasants at the mercy of the landowners. While the Company fixed the land revenue to be paid by the landowners, the zamindars were left free to extract as much as they could from the peasantry[80]
Diplomacy and war with Mysore
Cornwallis had been sent to India with instructions to avoid conflict with the company's neighbors. Early in his tenure he abrogated agreements with the Maratha Empire and the Nizam of Hyderabad that he saw as violating the 1784 Treaty of Mangalore that ended the Second Anglo-Mysore War. This ensured the company's non-involvement in the Maratha-Mysore War (1785–1787).[81] He was, however, manouevred into the establishment of a new company based at Penang (in present-day Malaysia), where conflict was avoided when he agreed to pay a stipend to the local rajah for use of the base. Fort Cornwallis in Penang is named for Cornwallis.[82]
The King of Nepal appealed to Cornwallis in 1792 for military assistance. Cornwallis declined the king's request, sending instead Colonel William Kirkpatrick to mediate the dispute. Kirkpatrick was the first Englishman to see Nepal; by the time he reached Kathmandu in 1793, the parties had already resolved their dispute.[83][84]
The company was unavoidably drawn into war with Mysore in 1790. Tipu Sultan, Mysore's ruler, had expressed contempt for the British not long after signing the 1784 Treaty of Mangalore, and also expressed a desire to renew conflict with them.[81] In late 1789 he invaded the Kingdom of Travancore, a company ally according to that treaty, because of territorial disputes and Travancore's harbouring of refugees from other Mysorean actions. Cornwallis ordered company and Crown troops to mobilize in response. The 1790 campaign against Tipu was conducted by General William Medows, and it was a limited success. Medows successfully occupied the Coimbatore district, but Tipu counterattacked and was able to reduce the British position to a small number of strongly held outposts. Tipu then invaded the Carnatic, where he attempted unsuccessfully to draw the French into the conflict. Because of Medows' weak campaigning, Cornwallis personally took command of the British forces in 1791.[85]
When the war broke out, Cornwallis negotiated alliances with the Marathas and Hyderabad.[86][87] Cornwallis ascended the Eastern Ghats to reach the Deccan Plateau in February 1791.[88] After successfully besieging Bangalore, Cornwallis then joined forces with Hyderabadi forces that he described as "extremely defective in almost every point of military discipline", and their presence in the army ultimately presented more difficulties than assistance.[89] These forces then marched toward the Mysorean capital at Seringapatam, compelling Tipu to retreat into the city at the Battle of Arakere on 15 May. Dwindling provisions, exacerbated by Tipu's slash-and-burn tactics, forced Cornwallis to abandon the idea of besieging Seringapatam that season, so he retreated to Bangalore.[90][91]
In January 1792 the army, now well provisioned, set out for Seringapatam. Arriving before the city on 5 February, Cornwallis quickly eliminated Tipu's defensive positions outside the city, and then began siege operations. Tipu requested negotiations on 23 February, and peace was agreed in 18 March. Cornwallis and his allies demanded the cession of half of Mysorean territory, much of which went to the allies. As a guarantee of Tipu's performance, two of his sons were delivered to Cornwallis as hostages.[92] Cornwallis and other British commanders, in a move appreciated by their soldiers, donated prize money awarded them to be distributed among the rank and file.[93]
For his success in conducting the war, Cornwallis was created Marquess Cornwallis in 1792,[94] although he did not learn of it until the following year.[95] He returned to England the following year, and was succeeded by Sir John Shore.[96]
Master of the Ordnance
Upon his return to Britain in 1794, he found it militarily engaged in the French Revolutionary Wars. After he was sent on an ultimately fruitless diplomatic mission to stop the fighting, he was appointed master of the ordnance, a post he held until 1798.[97] In this position he was responsible for much of the British Army's military infrastructure, overseeing its storage depots and supply infrastructure, as well as commanding its artillery and engineering forces. He oversaw improvements to Britain's coastal defences, and was able to expand Woolwich Academy's artillery training program to address a significant shortage of qualified artillery officers. His attempts to significantly reform the military were hampered by the ongoing war.[98]
Lord Lieutenant of Ireland
In June 1798 he was appointed Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and Commander-in-Chief, Ireland. His appointment, which had been discussed as early as 1797, was made in response to the outbreak in late May of the Irish Rebellion of 1798.[99] His appointment was greeted unfavourably by the Irish elite, who preferred his predecessor Lord Camden, and suspected he had liberal sympathies with the predominantly Catholic rebels. However, he struck up a good working relationship with Lord Castlereagh, whom he had appointed as Chief Secretary for Ireland.[100]
In his combined role as both Lord Lieutenant and Commander-in-Chief Cornwallis oversaw the defeat of both the Irish rebels and a French invasion force led by General Jean Humbert that landed in Connacht in August 1798. Panicked by the landing and the subsequent British defeat at the Battle of Castlebar, Pitt despatched thousands of reinforcements to Ireland, swelling British forces there to 60,000.[101] The French invaders were defeated and forced to surrender at the Battle of Ballinamuck, after which Cornwallis ordered the execution by lot of a number of Irish rebels.[102] During the autumn Cornwallis secured government control over most of the island, and organised the suppression of the remaining supporters of the United Irish movement.
Cornwallis was also instrumental in securing passage in 1800 of the
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|Offices and distinctions
- The Peerage profile of Cornwallis
- Archival material relating to Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis listed at the UK National Archives
- Letters of Cornwallis from the American Revolution
- 1781: The World Turned Upside Down
External links
- Adams, R: "A View of Cornwallis's Surrender at Yorktown", American Historical Review, Vol. 37, No. 1 (October, 1931), pp. 25–49
- Clement, R: "The World Turned Upside down At the Surrender of Yorktown", Journal of American Folklore, Vol. 92, No. 363 (January — March, 1979), pp. 66–67
- Hibbert, Christopher: Rebels and Redcoats: The American Revolution Through British Eyes, London, 2001
- Mackesy, Piers: The War for America, London, 1964
- Pakenham, Thomas (1969). The Year of Liberty : the History of the Great Irish Rebellion of 1798. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
- Peckham, H:The War for Independence, A Military History, Chicago, 1967
- Saberton, Ian ed, The Cornwallis Papers: The Campaigns of 1780 and 1781 in the Southern Theatre of the American Revolutionary War (6 vols), The Naval & Military Press Ltd 2010
Further reading
- Bicheno, H: Rebels and Redcoats: The American Revolutionary War, London, 2003
- Borick, Carl P (2003). A Gallant Defense: the Siege of Charleston, 1780. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press.
- Buchanan, J: The Road to Guilford Courthouse: The American Revolution and the Carolinas, New York, 1997
- Carrington, Henry Beebe (1876). Battles of the American Revolution, 1775–1781. New York: A. S. Barnes.
- Duffy, Christopher. Frederick the Great: A Military Life. London, 1985.
- Dupont, Jerry (2001). The Common Law Abroad: Constitutional and Legal Legacy of the British Empire. Littleton, CO: Wm. S. Hein.
- Ferling, John (1988). The World Turned Upside Down: The American Victory in the War of Independence. London.
- Fewer, Michael (2007). The Wicklow Military Road: History and Topography. Dublin: Ashfield Press.
- Fortescue, John William (1902). A History of the British army, Volume 3. New York: Macmillan.
- Greene, Jerome (2005). The Guns of Independence: The Siege of Yorktown, 1781. New York: Savas Beatie.
- Harvey, R: A Few Bloody Noses: The American War of Independence, London, 2001
- Harvey, R: War of Wars: The Epic Struggle Between Britain and France 1789-1815, London, 2007
- Johnston, Henry Phelps (1881). The Yorktown Campaign and the Surrender of Cornwallis, 1781. New York: Harper & Bros.
- Lecky, William Edward Hartpole (1892). A History of Ireland in the Eighteenth Century. London: Longmans, Green.
- Mill, James; Wilson, Horace Hayman (1858). The History of British India, Volume 5. London: Piper, Stephenson, and Spence.
- Ooi, Keat Gin (ed) (2004). Southeast Asia: a Historical Encyclopedia, From Angkor Wat to East Timor, Volume 3. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO.
- Pancake, John (1985). This Destructive War. University, AL: University of Alabama Press.
- Piecuch, Jim (2006). The Battle of Camden: a Documentary History. Charleston, SC: The History Press.
- Rohatgi, Pauline; Parlett, Graham (2009). "Indian Life and Landscape by Western Artists: Beginnings – The English East India Company". Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya. Retrieved 23 August 2010.
- Ross, Charles (ed); Cornwallis, Charles (1859). Correspondence of Charles, First Marquis Cornwallis, Volume 1. London: J. Murray.
- Sen, Sailendra Nath (1994). Anglo–Maratha Relations, 1785–96. Delhi: Popular Prakashan.
- Unger, H.G: Lafayette, New York, 2002
- Ward, Christopher (1952). War of the Revolution. New York: Macmillan.
- Weintraub, Stanley (2005). Iron Tears, Rebellion in America 1775–1783. London.
- Wickwire, Franklin and Mary (1970). Cornwallis: The American Adventure. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
- Wickwire, Franklin and Mary (1980). Cornwallis: The Imperial Years. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
- Wilbur, Marguerite Eyer (1945). The East India Company and the British Empire in the Far East. New York: R. Smith.
- Whelpton, John (2005). A history of Nepal. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
- ^ Duke of Wellington's regimental website, Colonels of The Regiment
- ^ "Cornwallis, Charles, Viscount Brome (CNWS755C)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.
- ^ Ross, p. 3
- ^ Ross, p. 4
- ^ Ross, pp. 6–7
- ^ a b Ross, p. 9
- ^ Bicheno, p. 168
- ^ a b Weintraub, p. 34
- ^ Ross, p. 11
- ^ Wickwire (1970), p. 39
- ^ Wickwire (1970), p. 40
- ^ Wickwire (1970), pp. 79–80
- ^ Fischer (2004), p. 95.
- ^ Wickwire (1970), p. 92
- ^ a b Wickwire (1970), p. 95
- ^ Fischer (2004), p. 291.
- ^ Wickwire (1970), p. 96
- ^ Wickwire (1970), p. 97
- ^ Fischer (2004), p. 343.
- ^ Buchanan, p. 238
- ^ Buchanan, p. 280
- ^ Ross, p. 30
- ^ Wickwire (1970), p. 105
- ^ Wickwire (1970), p. 107
- ^ Wickwire (1970), pp. 110–112
- ^ Wickwire (1970), p. 112
- ^ Wickwire (1970), pp. 113–114
- ^ Wickwire (1970), pp. 135–137
- ^ Borick (2003) recounts the siege of Charleston in detail
- ^ Borick (2003), pp. 237–239
- ^ Wickwire (1970), p. 133
- ^ Borick (2003), pp. 127–128
- ^ Alden, p. 417
- ^ Wickwire (1970), p. 134
- ^ Wickwire (1970), p. 135
- ^ Wickwire (1970), pp 135–137
- ^ Wickwire (1970), pp. 137–139
- ^ Wickwire (1970), pp. 140–142
- ^ Pancake, pp. 81–83,91–92
- ^ Wickwire (1970), pp. 145–147
- ^ Harvey (2001), pp. 424–427
- ^ Alden, p. 420
- ^ Piecuch, p. 101
- ^ Piecuch, pp. 102–114
- ^ Wickwire (1970), p. 165
- ^ Alden, p. 422
- ^ Alden, p. 458
- ^ Pancake, pp. 118–120
- ^ Wickwire (1970), p. 211
- ^ Pancake, pp. 133–138
- ^ Pancake, pp. 185–186
- ^ Wickwire (1970), pp. 307–308
- ^ Johnston, p. 25
- ^ Pancake, pp. 187–221
- ^ Johnston, pp. 26–28
- ^ Johnston, p. 28
- ^ a b Wickwire (1970), p. 326
- ^ Carrington, pp. 584–585
- ^ Johnston, p. 37
- ^ Wickwire (1970), pp. 336–349
- ^ Wickwire (1970), p. 350
- ^ Pancake, pp. 226–229
- ^ Unger, pp. 158–159
- ^ Greene, pp. 294,297
- ^ Weintraub, p. 315
- ^ Wickwire (1980), p. 6
- ^ Wickwire (1980), p. 4
- ^ Wickwire (1980), pp. 7–8
- ^ Wickwire (1980), p. 16
- ^ Duffy, p. 279–280
- ^ Ross, p. 16
- ^ Wickwire (1980), pp. 17–18
- ^ Dupont, p. 483
- ^ Wickwire (1980), pp. 37–43
- ^ Wickwire (1980), p. 90
- ^ Wickwire (1980), p. 89
- ^ Wickwire (1980), p. 94
- ^ Wickwire (1980), p. 95
- ^ Wickwire (1980), pp. 66–72
- ^ NCERT, Modern India
- ^ a b Fortescue, p. 546
- ^ a b Ooi, p. 786
- ^ Whelpton, p. 39
- ^ Wilbur, p. 354
- ^ Fortescue, pp. 550–563
- ^ Wickwire (1980), pp. 136–140
- ^ Mill, p. 234
- ^ Fortescue, pp. 563–564
- ^ Wickwire (1980), p. 146
- ^ Fortescue, pp. 570–576
- ^ Mill, pp. 271–272
- ^ Mill, pp. 291–317
- ^ Mill, p. 323
- ^ The London Gazette: no. 13450. p. 635. 14 August 1792.
- ^ Wickwire (1980), p. 174
- ^ Wickwire (1980), p. 177
- ^ Wickwire (1980), pp. 184–222
- ^ Wickwire (1980), pp. 189–207
- ^ Wickwire (1980), pp. 220–222
- ^ Wickwire (1980), pp. 235–237
- ^ Harvey (2007), pp. 224–225
- ^ Lecky, Vol. 5, p. 63
- ^ Wickwire (1980), p. 247
- ^ Wickwire (1980), p. 243
- ^ Wickwire (1980), pp. 250–251
- ^ Wickwire (1980), pp. 252–253
- ^ Wickwire (1980), pp. 253–256
- ^ Wickwire (1980), pp. 255–260
- ^ Wickwire (1980), pp. 260
- ^ Wickwire (1980), p. 263
- ^ Wickwire (1980), p. 265
- ^ Wickwire (1980), p. 267
- ^ "Lord Cornwallis Tomb, Ghazipur". Archaeological Survey of India. Retrieved 26 January 2012.
- ^ "The Patriot". IMDb.com. Retrieved 21 January 2012.
- ^ Fewer, p. 27
- ^ Wilbur, p. 367
- ^ Rohatgi and Parlett
|Ensign, British Army
|Captain, British Army
|Lieutenant-Colonel, British Army
|Colonel, British Army
|Major-General, British Army
|Lieutenant-General, British Army
|General, British Army
Dates of rank
A building is named after him at the Victoria Memorial, Kolkata.[116][117]
In India he is remembered for his victory against Tipu Sultan in the Mysore war and his promulgation of revenue and judicial acts. Prince of Wales Island (now the island part of the Malaysian state of Penang), is named for him.[82]He is remembered for his deeds in England.
In Ireland Cornwallis achieved a notoriety that lasts to this day because of the execution of rebel prisoners after the Battle of Ballinamuck. His legacy also includes the Wicklow Military Road (now the R115) through the Wicklow Mountains.[115] Fictional accounts of the rebellion, such as The Year of the French by Thomas Flanagan, feature Cornwallis.
Today Cornwallis is remembered primarily in the United States as the British commander who surrendered at Yorktown. Because of the enormous significance of the siege in American history he is still fairly well known in the United States, and is often referenced in popular culture. In the 1835 novel Horse-Shoe Robinson by John Pendleton Kennedy, a historical romance set against the background of the Southern campaigns in the American War of Independence, Cornwallis appears and interacts with the fictional characters in the book. He is depicted as courtly in manner, but tolerant or even supportive of brutal practices against those found deficient among his own forces and against enemy prisoners. In the 2000 film The Patriot about the events leading up to Yorktown, Cornwallis was portrayed by English actor Tom Wilkinson.[114]
In 1805 Cornwallis was reappointed Governor-General of India by Pitt (who had again become Prime Minister), this time to curb the expansionist activity of Lord Wellesley (older brother of Colonel Arthur Wellesley, later Duke of Wellington).[110] He arrived in India in July 1805, and died on 5 October of a fever at Gauspur in Ghazipur, at that time in the Varanasi kingdom.[111] Cornwallis was buried there, overlooking the Ganges River,[112] where his memorial is a protected monument maintained by the Archaeological Survey of India.[113]
Death and legacy
Expecting an opportunity to relax at home, Cornwallis was instead despatched not long after his return to lead the defences of eastern Britain against a threatened French invasion.[106] Cornwallis was then sent to France to finalise peace terms with Bonaparte. The peace negotiations were made possible in Britain by financial pressure brought on by the ongoing wars and by Bonaparte's desire to consolidate his hold on the Continent. Pitt's resignation brought Henry Addington to power, and he appointed Cornwallis as plenipotentiary minister to France.[107] The negotiations resulted in the Treaty of Amiens, which Cornwallis signed on behalf the United Kingdom on 25 March 1802.[108] The treaty ended the War of the Second Coalition, but the peace was short-lived. Actions by Bonaparte over the next year alarmed the other European powers, and the United Kingdom refused to withdraw forces from Malta as specified in the treaty. By May 1803 war was again declared. Cornwallis is often seen as being partially responsible for conceding too much in the negotiations, although much had already been granted to France in the preliminary negotiations.[109]
Treaty of Amiens


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What is Linux anyway?
Everybody knows Windows, and not always for the right reasons. Linux on the other hand can seem like dark magic only known to geeks and computer nerds to those of us on the outside. While it is harder to master than Windows, it is much more rewarding in that you finally gain control of your own PC. No more nagging from the operating system telling you it didn't like what you just did, or not allowing you to delete that file you wanted to get rid of. If Linux tells you not to do something you can be sure it's for a good reason!
Linux is an operating system that has its roots in Unix. It can do (almost) everything Windows can, and most of the time it can do it better. The fundamental difference between Windows and Linux is the approach. Windows is a commercial product designed to appeal to the widest possible audience and their various computers. It makes things as easy as possible to use, and hides all the workings from the user. This entails compromise.
Any system that tries to covers as wide a field as Windows isn't going to be able to do everything well. To make it appeal and work for the widest audience the users have to be 'protected' from damaging the system and cede most of the control to it. Linux on the other hand has a more sensible approach. It has a core system which you can then bolt extras onto if you need them. You can tailor it to an amazing degree to your specific needs. It (mostly) isn't a commercial product, and is maintained and developed by enthusiasts throughout the world.
The differenced I think can be summed up in one sentence. Windows was designed to sell, Linux was created to work.
Most distributions or 'distros' are free. You can download them, use them, abuse them, and pretty much do what you like with them. Most of the utilities and applications are also free. This is the other main attraction to new Linux users. Freedom. Not only do you not have to pay for any of the software, although I would encourage donations where appropriate, you have the freedom to do what you like. There are no lengthy Terms and Conditions to read, or copy protection because the software is free to use and distribute.
Linux main downside is that it is harder to manage to begin with. It can seem daunting at first, but well worth it once you get the hang of things. A lot of work has been done, and is being done to make the system easier for the newbie. The documentation is pretty good, and because the following of Linux is pretty fanatical there are hundreds of online forums and resources to help you along the way.
Linux, like your PC itself is made up of several components which I shall briefly describe below.
Even though you can see it, your operating system is doing several things at once. Most of them will have to go through your processor. Linux has a scheduler which prioritizes all the different demands and gives them to the processor in order. It decides what is important and what isn't and ensures the processor deals with the important ones first.
Linux tries to use your available memory as much as possible as it works much faster than your hard drive. The processes mentioned above are stored here while they are being worked on. If you memory gets full then it has an overflow called Swap Space which pretends to be memory so your processor can use it.
Your PC is made up of any number of combinations of hardware. Sound cards, video cards, network cards, hard drives, the list is endless. Somehow Linux manages to support the majority of them while remaining a decent size. It does this by using modules. These are like 'bolt-ons' that can be added if they are needed by the system. This allows the flexibility to add and remove hardware as you need to.
The kernel is the heart of Linux. It is the sun around which everything orbits and receives life. This is what makes Linux what it is. It is a core program that controls everything around it. It coordinates everything that goes on within the system.
File System
Where you had FAT and NTFS in Windows, here we have ext2, ext3 and others. Think of them as a library. Your hard drive is the book shelf, and the file system is how the books are arranged. There has to be a system for you to quickly find your book and the same for computer files.
The Graphical User Interface (GUI) is the pretty desktop you see. Windows is purely GUI driven, in that everything you do is dragging and dropping from one window to another, which is where it got its name. Although Linux can do the same, it works differently. At its core Linux is controlled from the command line. You type in commands and the machine does its thing.
These are software addons you can install to achieve a certain goal. Things like music players, office tools, web browsers etc. Exactly the same as buying a firewall or office suite for Windows, except for the most part, applications for Linux are free. There are commercial applications out there which you have to pay for, but they are in the minority, and unless your needs are extremely specific, not really necessary.
These are similar to applications in that you can install them on your system for a specific purpose. However that purpose is very different. Applications are like productivity tools, they help you produce something. Utilities help you manage your system like managing hard drives, monitoring networks, firewalls and that kind of thing.
That is your Linux system in a nutshell. As with everything, there is as much technical detail as you could wish for if that's your thing, but this was just an overview to familiarize you with Linux. Pretty straightforward once explained isn't it?


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Welcome to our online liquor selection, with the 3000+ liquors we have in stock: virtually every variety of liquor that one can buy in the state of Colorado.Shop All Liquor >>
No need to shop anywhere else, we match other Liquor Stores Ads in Boulder County. This excludes coupons.Shop Sales Liquor >>
From around the world, whiskeys are thought to be rich and diverse in flavors—more than any other distilled spirit. Find your favorite or try something new.Shop Whiskeys >>
you can find most of the nearly 8000 bottles of wine from every major growing region in the worldShop All Wines >>
No need to shop anywhere else, we match other Liquor Stores Ads in Boulder County. This excludes coupons.Shop Sale Wines >>
Size of product image and thumbnails on product page editable from admin panel. Specify any size you like, images don't have to be square - keep the aspect ratio.Shop All Beer >>
No need to shop anywhere else, we match other Liquor Stores Ads in Boulder County. This excludes coupons.Shop Sale Beers >>
Working from our vast selection of bombers, domestic beers, micro-brews, and our vast array of imports, every week our staff comes together to pick their current favorites. Here's where we share that selection with you.Shop Staff Picks >>
Here you can shop our large selection of barware, including pint beer glasses, beer steins and mugs, flasks, decanters, wine glasses, shot glasses, bottle openers, glasses and tools for every kind of cocktail, and much, much more.Shop Barware >>
Find the best mixers the world has to offer. Things like syrups, club soda, coke, diet coke and other soft drinks, bloody mary mix, margarita mix, tonic water, juices, non-alcoholic beer and wine, ice, and much, much more.Shop Mixers >>
Hey, if you find it cheaper at competing Boulder County liquor store, we'll match their advertised price! This excludes coupons.Shop Sale Mixers & Bareware >>
Simply put, we strive to be the best liquor store in Boulder. Serving our customers since 1968, our mission is to provide you with the best selection of beer, wine, and liquor at the lowest possible prices, while maintaining the highest-quality customer experience at both our Boulder, Colorado location and in our online beer, wine, and liquor stores. Visit our store today or shop online and choose from our selection of over 2,000 different beers, 3,000 different varieties of liquor, and nearly 8,000 different wines. See how we can help you find the perfect beverage for any occasion.
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Backup and Restore
RegCure offers you peace of mind with its backup and restore features. If you are using Vista or Windows XP, there are two ways for you to protect against accidents: system restore points and backup files. Meanwhile, if you are using Windows 2000 (SP4), Windows 98 (SE) or Windows ME, every time you remove a registry item a backup file is created.
Program Shortcuts
Incorrect program shortcuts can cause headaches! They could cause applications to take longer to launch or even stop them from working at all. RegCure finds and removes these incorrect shortcuts and improves your PC's performance.
Built-In Scheduler
With RegCure's scheduling feature, you can just tell it when you want it to do its job, sit back and relax. You can set it to scan at system startup or assign it to work on a daily, weekly or monthly basis. You can even set up more than one schedule.
Invalid Class Keys and Shell Extensions
Non-working class keys and shell extensions can seriously slow down your PC and cause frustrations. RegCure scans to find invalid entries and remove them.
Empty Registry Keys
Useless registry keys have no value and actually are detrimental as they can clog up and slow down your system. RegCure sweeps away this mess.


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Don't Confuse Me with the Facts
Opposition is building to the proposed D.C. Voting Rights Act because it also restricts D.C.'s draconian gun‐control laws. Mary G. Wilson, president of the League of Women Voters of the United States, and Billie Day, president of the League of Women Voters of the District of Columbia, said today that "asking citizens to sacrifice their safety in order to have representation in Congress is unacceptable."
And on NPR's Morning Edition today, we heard the thoughts of D.C. councilwoman Mary Cheh, my con law professor: "I would rather wait to eternity before I bow down to the gun lobby and say 'The only way I'm gonna get this is if we give up the right to protect ourselves.'"
The District's gun laws protect us? By keeping guns out of the hands of criminals?


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The gospel for the Feast of All Saints was that of the Beatitudes, the start of the Sermon on the Mount, which is of course the most famous gospel passage of all. It is usually cited by moral theologians as being Jesus' equivalent of the Ten Commandments, which were delivered through Moses on a different mountain. The Sermon is, like the Ten Commandments, something that does not grow old.
All this reminded me of what Ben Jonson said about Shakespeare: "He was not of an age, but for all time!" If that is true of Shakespeare – and it most certainly is -how much more is it true of the Gospels.
Again, I was reminded of something once said by Fr Francesco Pierli, the Comboni missionary, at a meeting I attended in Africa. "The Bible," he said "is a moment in history that illuminates the whole of history."
Shakespeare and the Bible are both products of their time, that reflect their time; but they are not locked into the culture that produced them. You do not need to travel back to Elizabethan England in order to understand the universal themes of, let us say, Romeo and Juliet. And you certainly do not have to enter into the world of the Ancient Near East to be able to read the Bible, which transcends history, time and place, while being, at the same time, securely anchored in all three. This is why, contrary to the expectations of so many, Christianity simply does not go out of date. So many pseudo-gospels – Marxism being the most obvious example – look very passé now; and quite a lot of modern trends will, fifty years from now, look anything but. But the Scriptures are as fresh now as when they were written.
Like all priests, I went to seminary, and like many I was disappointed by much of the teaching there. Some of it was good, but the part that really let me down, I felt, was the Scriptural part. The approach taken was something like this. To enter into the text, you need first to understand authorial intention; to understand authorial intention, you have to understand the author's "living situation" (Sitz im leben); and to do that you have to reconstruct as fully as possible the concerns of that long dead person, which will involve understanding the language that person spoke. And so it was, before we could ever approach the Scriptures themselves, we had to spend hours and hours listening to very diffuse talk about the Hittites.
But the truth of the matter is, it seems to me, that people can engage with the text without any preamble whatever, and find it profitable. The text speaks directly. You do not have to know about the Hittites; you do not have to know about the Roman Empire to understand, for example, the accounts of Jesus' encounter with Pontius Pilate. When Pontius Pilate asks "What is truth?" or says "Quod scripsi, scripsi" or "Ecce Homo", these things speak for themselves.
Please do not think that I am going down the Lutheran path of Holy Scripture being its own interpretation. Rather I am saying that just as moral experience is at first hand, so too is the experience of God through the reading of the Bible. What that experience means, of course, has to be interpreted by the Church. But the foundational approach to Holy Scripture surely must be that of Saint Augustine: pick up and read. Tolle, lege!
Talking of great literature, consider this, from Book Eight of St Augustine's Confessions, which is great theology too:
I was saying these things and weeping in the most bitter contrition of my heart, when suddenly I heard the voice of a boy or a girl, I know not which — coming from the neighbouring house, chanting over and over again, "Pick it up, read it; pick it up, read it." Immediately I ceased weeping and began most earnestly to think whether it was usual for children in some kind of game to sing such a song, but I could not remember ever having heard the like. So, damming the torrent of my tears, I got to my feet, for I could not but think that this was a divine command to open the Bible and read the first passage I should light upon. For I had heard how Anthony, accidentally coming into church while the gospel was being read, received the admonition as if what was read had been addressed to him: "Go and sell what you have and give it to the poor, and you shall have treasure in heaven; and come and follow me." By such an oracle he was forthwith converted to thee.
So I quickly returned to the bench where Alypius was sitting, for there I had put down the apostle's book when I had left there. I snatched it up, opened it, and in silence read the paragraph on which my eyes first fell: "Not in rioting and drunkenness, not in chambering and wantonness, not in strife and envying, but put on the Lord Jesus Christ, and make no provision for the flesh to fulfil the lusts thereof." I wanted to read no further, nor did I need to. For instantly, as the sentence ended, there was infused in my heart something like the light of full certainty and all the gloom of doubt vanished away.


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DETROIT — The Detroit Tigers say minor league right-hander Cesar Carrillo has been suspended 100 games for violating baseball's minor league drug prevention and treatment program.
The team posted a release on its website Friday, saying the commissioner's office announced the suspension.
Carrillo's suspension is effective at the start of the season. He is currently on the roster of Erie, which is Detroit's Double-A affiliate.
Carrillo's name was included in a Miami New Times report earlier this year, when the alternative weekly newspaper said it had acquired records from a Florida clinic the paper said sold performance-enhancing drugs


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For an affordable, though decidedly luxurious, tropical getaway, consider Bequia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, a necklace of Caribbean islands where you'll find a welcoming and friendly population, incredible natural beauty, a plethora of invigorating outdoor activities and ample stretches of white-sand beach. Yachters have long been in love with the region; see for yourself why they're wooed time and again for swimming, sailing, snorkeling and all-around relaxation. World-class resorts and boutique hotels are ubiquitous, yet you'll want to explore the private holiday rentals available in each village and on the beach – each offers its own distinct advantages, ample amenities and the luxury of coming and going on your own terms.
Among the many draws of a holiday in St. Vincent and the Grenadines are the snorkeling and SCUBA diving opportunities. On Bequia itself, two dive shops run trips to 28 nearby dive sites – stay on the lookout for Hawksbill turtles, lobsters and moray eels. On land, you can set out on foot and visit the charming waterfront of Port Elizabeth, stopping by the vegetable market, or follow a hilly trail to Princess Margaret Beach and Lower Bay Beach. Take time to visit the Old Hegg Turtle Sanctuary, where more than 2,000 turtles have been released over the past 12 years. When it's time for a respite back at your beach house or rental cottage in the village, just hop aboard one of the famous open-backed taxis.
The island of St. Vincent is just as attractive, complete with volcano hiking, walks to waterfalls, snorkeling among colorful coral reefs and whale and dolphin watching. Keep a careful eye out for the endemic St. Vincent parrot.
Make the most of your holiday dollars with a private rental property, whether it's a studio apartment right in Port Elizabeth on Bequia or a lavish four-bedroom estate on St. Vincent. Depending on your family or group's needs, you may find amenities such as housecleaning, chef services, private beach access, babysitting services, watersports equipment, high-tech entertainment systems, Internet access and much more. Shop for groceries in town, then cook up your own elaborate feasts in your fully equipped kitchen – better yet, dine alfresco on our private patio, with only the brilliant stars and the lapping waves as distraction. You won't get a better value in the islands than one of these self-catering apartments, homes or cottages. Come and go as you please, enjoy beach access – it's the ultimate in island living for families and groups of friends.


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* Uterine cancer drug shows effectiveness in trial
* Side effects significantly worse
* Ariad shares rise 5 pct to $4.14
* Shares of partner Merck rise 0.8 pct (Adds details on side effects, byline, updates shares)
By Ransdell Pierson
NEW YORK, Oct 25 (Reuters) - Ariad Pharmaceuticals ARIA.O said its experimental treatment for advanced uterine cancer was more effective than standard treatment in a mid-stage trial, but side effects were considerably worse.
Patients taking stand-alone treatment with ridaforolimus, which Ariad is developing in partnership with Merck & Co (MRK.N), went significantly longer without a worsening of cancer symptoms than did patients receiving standard medicines, Ariad said.
Half the 114 patients in the study received oral ridaforolimus, while others received either oral progestin or chemotherapy.
Those receiving ridaforolimus went 3.6 months without a worsening of cancer symptoms, a statistically significant 1.7 months longer than those receiving the standard treatments, Ariad said.
But almost one-fourth of patients taking the Ariad drug experienced serious side effects, compared with only about 4 percent receiving standard treatment.
About 38 percent of patients receiving ridaforolimus developed mucositis, or inflammation of digestive tract tissues, while 22 percent experienced inflamed tissues of the mouth. About 27 percent developed elevated blood sugar levels.
Ariad said those side effects have been seen in previous studies and are considered to be common among all drugs in the same class of medicines, called mTOR inhibitors.
Based on the favorable efficacy results, Merck has stopped further enrollment in the study, while continuing to follow surviving patients.
Merck is testing the oral drug against a number of cancers under an exclusive license agreement with Ariad, including bone cancer and breast cancer. Cowen and Co has estimated the medicine could generate sales of $250 million in 2015 if it is approved.
The drug blocks a protein called mTOR that is involved with cell growth and cell survival.
Ariad shares were up 23 cents, or 5 percent, to $4.14 in morning trading on the Nasdaq. Merck shares rose 33 cents to $37.43 on the New York Stock Exchange. (Reporting by Ransdell Pierson, editing by Maureen Bavdek and John Wallace)


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Barrie is located in the Greater Golden Horseshoe, the most densely populated area of Canada. As of 2006, the city's population was 128,430 residents,making it the 35th largest city in Canada. Data released from the 2006 census indicates that the Barrie Metropolitan area, with 177,061 residents, is the 21st largest, and one of the fastest growing Census Metropolitan Areas in the country.
The City of Barrie consists of 23 communities: Allandale, Allandale Heights, Ardagh, Bayfield, Bayshore, Bayshore Estates, Codrington, East Bayfield, Grove East, Holly, Letitia Heights, Lakeshore, Mapleview West Business Park, Northwest, Painswick North, Painswick South, Queens Park, Sanford, South Barrie Business Park, South Barrie Industrial Park, Sunnidale, and Welham Industrial Park.


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Where history lives again
The Folklore Museum in Dietenheim near Bruneck lies in the heart of the Pustertal valley. It shows the environment of the everyday life of rural population of the past – from the landed gentry and the self-sustaining peasantry to the day labourers. The centrepiece is the baroque Mair am Hof residence with its stately rooms and ethnological collections. The appendant farm building houses numerous agricultural implements and vehicles.
The open-air site containing old, original farmhouses, craft workshops, farm gardens and domestic animals invites visitors to stay and recounts the everyday life of earlier times.