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K&J Online Tools
The Magnet Calculator
Magnetic Field Calculator
Magnet Summary Page
|A K&J exclusive, calculates magnetic pull forces & field strengths for disc, cylinder, block and ring magnets.
|Our newest calculator shows the field strength at any point near a disc or cylinder magnet.
|Helpful charts make finding our most common magnet sizes easy.
|A comprehensive list of available magnet sizes, searchable and sortable. This takes a few seconds to load.
General Magnet Questions1. How can I identify the poles of the magnets?
Neodymium Magnet Specific17. What are neodymium magnets? Are they the same as "rare earth"?
Magnet Handling34. How can I separate strong magnets?
Platings/Coatings/Adhesives37. Why are most neodymium magnets plated or coated?
Custom/Special Magnets
45. Can you supply custom/special shapes of neodymium magnets?
46. What are the size limitations on manufacturing neodymium magnets?
47. I see you supply plastic- and rubber-coated neodymium magnets. Can I get XXX-size in plastic-coated (or rubber-coated)?
48. Do you sell magnetic sheets?
Health, Safety, and Electronics49. Are there health or safety concerns with neodymium magnets?
Special Uses/Applications
56. Can I use neodymium magnets to trigger traffic lights with my motorcycle/moped/bicycle?
57. Which magnets should I use for holding knives to my fridge?
58. Which magnets should I use for holding spice cans to my fridge?
59. I am looking for the equivalent of a magician's M5/PK5 magnet. Which of your magnets is the equivalent?
60. I am making magnetic earrings. Which magnets should I use?
61. I would like to erase hard drives/degauss tapes. Which magnet should I use?
62. Which magnets should I use for magnetic therapy?
63. I would like to use magnets for water treatment. Which magnets should I use?
64. Which magnets should I use for holding pictures and papers to my refrigerator?
65. Which magnets should I use for holding pins/badges through clothing instead of using pins?
66. I heard you can repair dents in brass instruments using magnets. How can I do this?
67. I need magnets for a binder/brochure closure. Which magnets work for this?
Ordering Questions
68. I am trying to order online, but every time I add something to my shopping cart, I get a message that my cart is empty. What do I need to do?
69. I don't want to put my credit card info online. Is there some other way I can pay?
70. Can I get the quantity discount pricing for an odd quantity of magnets (e.g. quantity of 87)?
71. Can I open an account with K&J Magnetics?
72. Can you just put my magnets in a small envelope to save postage?
73. Where can I get a discount code?
Questions about K&J Magnetics
74. Where are you located?
75. Do you have a local distributor near me?
76. Do you have a printed catalog?
77. Are neodymium magnets affected by recent changes in US Conflict Minerals Law, as made in section 1502 of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act?
1. How can I identify the poles of the magnets?
There are several simple methods that can be used to identify the (Scientific) North and South poles of neodymium magnets.
1) The easiest way is to use another magnet that is already marked. The North pole of the marked magnet will be attracted to the South pole of the unmarked magnet.
2) If you take an even number of magnets and pinch a string in the middle of the stack and dangle the magnets so they can freely rotate on the string, the North pole of the magnets will eventually settle pointing North. This actually contradicts the "opposites attract" rule of magnetism, but the naming convention of the poles is a carry over from the old days when the poles were called the "North-seeking" and "South-seeking" poles. These were shortened over time to the "North" and "South" poles that we know them as.
3) If you have a compass handy, the end of the needle that normally points North will be attracted to the South pole of the neodymium magnet.
4) Use one of our Pole Identifier Devices.
(Please note: In some magnetic therapy applications, the definitions of the poles are reversed from the scientific definition described above. Please be sure to confirm the proper definition of the poles prior to using magnets for medical purposes)
Also check out our article, Which Pole is North?
2. Is one pole stronger than the other?
No, both poles are equally strong.
3. Which is the strongest type of magnet?
Neodymium (more precisely Neodymium-Iron-Boron) magnets are the strongest permanent magnets in the world.
4. What does "Magnetized thru thickness" mean?
We use the description "Magnetized thru thickness" to identify the locations of the poles on our block magnets. The thickness is always the last dimension listed for block magnets. If you take one of our block magnets and place it on a flat surface with the thickness dimension as the vertical dimension, the poles will be on the top and bottom of the magnet as it sits. For example: Our BX082 blocks are 1" x 1/2" x 1/8" thick. If you place one of the blocks so it is on a flat surface with 1/8" as the vertical dimension, the poles will be on the top and bottom as the magnet sits. This means the poles are located in the middle of the 1" x 1/2" sides. Click here for Magnetization Directions Illustrated.
5. What materials do magnets attract?
Ferromagnetic materials are strongly attracted by a magnetic force. The elements iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), and cobalt (Co) are the most commonly available elements. Steel is ferromagnetic because it is an alloy of iron and other metals.
6. What materials can I use to block/shield magnetic fields?
Magnetic fields cannot be blocked, only redirected. The only materials that will redirect magnetic fields are materials that are ferromagnetic (attracted to magnets), such as iron, steel (which contains iron), cobalt, and nickel. The degree of redirection is proportional to the permeability of the material. The most efficient shielding material is the 80 Nickel family, followed by the 50 Nickel family.
7. Can you supply monopole magnets?
No, we don't, nor does anyone else, because they don't exist. All magnets must have at least two poles.
8. Can you supply a disc/cylinder/ring/sphere magnet with one pole on the outside and one on the inside?
Disc, cylinder, and sphere shapes definitely cannot be manufactured this way. Rings magnetized this way are referred to as "radially magnetized", but it is not currently possible to manufacture neodymium ring magnets this way. We are working on it, however.
9. Does stacking magnets together make them stronger?
Yes, two or more magnets stacked together will behave exactly like a single magnet of the combined size. For example, if you stacked two of our D82 disc magnets to form a 1/2" x 1/4" combined size, the two magnets would have the same strength and behave identically to our D84 discs, which are 1/2" diameter x 1/4" thick.
10. How is the strength of a magnet measured?
Gaussmeters are used to measure the magnetic field density at the surface of the magnet. This is referred to as the surface field and is measured in Gauss (or Tesla). Pull Force Testers are used to test the holding force of a magnet that is in contact with a flat steel plate. Pull forces are measured in pounds (or kilograms).
11. How is the pull force of each magnet determined?
All of the pull force values we specify have been tested in our laboratory. We test these magnets in two different configurations. Case 1 is the maximum pull force generated between a single magnet and a thick, ground, flat steel plate. Case 2 is the maximum pull force generated with a single magnet sandwiched between two thick, ground, flat steel plates. Case 3 is the maximum pull force generated on a magnet attracted to another magnet of the same type.
The values are an average value for five samples of each magnet. A digital force gauge records the tensile force on the magnet. The plates are pulled apart until the magnet disconnects from one of the plates. The peak value is recorded as the "pull force". If using steel that is thinner, coated, or has an uneven or rusty surface, the effective pull force may be different than recorded in our lab.
12. I am using another online magnet pull force calculator. Why is the pull force
value from the calculator different from K&J Magnetics' pull
Most other online calculators are based on theoretical formulas, which are notoriously inaccurate, especially for very large or very small sizes. Our fanatical engineers have worked long and hard in the laboratory developing our online calculators that are VERY accurate based on thousands of test cases. Our pull force and magnetic field density calculators can be found here: K&J Magnet Calculator.
13. Will a magnet with a 20 lb pull force lift a 20 lb object?
Because pull force values are tested under laboratory conditions, you probably won't achieve the same holding force under real world conditions. The effective pull force is reduced by uneven contact with the metal surface, pulling in a direction that is not perpendicular to the steel, attaching to metal that is thinner than ideal, surface coatings, and other factors.
14. Can you supply BH Curves, or Demagnetization Curves for your magnets?
Yes, we've posted Demagnetization Curves for our most common Neodymium magnet grades right here.
15. What does a magnetic field look like?
The traditional way of visualizing magnetic fields is to place a magnet near a surface covered with iron filings. If you already have some of our magnets, this is a good experiment to conduct! In the meantime, we've created a series of images using Finite Element Analysis software, which can be viewed here.
16. How do magnets really work?
This is a very interesting question. It's actually a difficult question to answer well. As the late, great physicist Richard Feynman once said, "How much of an explanation is enough to satisfy you?" To watch him describe the difficulty in answering this question, check out Feynman: How do Magnets Work on YouTube.
If you do want more details, this interesting video: How Special Relativity Makes Magnets Work has a great description about why an electromagnet is attracted to iron.
Their follow-on video, MAGNETS: How Do They Work? is even more relevant to permanent magnets. It addresses how permanent magnets with (seemingly) no current running through them can act magnetic. Ironically, even with that incredible level of detail, at some point they still end up saying, "(Why?) No one knows. We just know that's the way the universe works." Feynman was a pretty smart guy!
17. What are neodymium magnets? Are they the same as "rare earth"?
Neodymium magnets are a member of the rare earth magnet family. They are called "rare earth" because neodymium is a member of the "rare earth" elements on the periodic table. Neodymium magnets are the strongest of the rare earth magnets and are the strongest permanent magnets in the world.
18. What are neodymium magnets made from and
how are they made?
Neodymium magnets are actually composed of neodymium, iron and boron (they are also referred to as NIB or NdFeB magnets). The powdered mixture is pressed under great pressure into molds. The material is then sintered (heated under a vacuum), cooled, and then ground or sliced into the desired shape. Coatings are then applied if required. Finally, the blank magnets are magnetized by exposing them to a very powerful magnetic field in excess of 30 KOe.
19. What does the "N rating", or grade, of the neodymium magnets mean?
The grade, or "N rating" of the magnet refers to the Maximum Energy Product of the material that the magnet is made from. It refers to the maximum strength that the material can be magnetized to. The grade of neodymium magnets is generally measured in units millions of Gauss Oersted (MGOe). A magnet of grade N42 has a Maximum Energy Product of 42 MGOe. Generally speaking, the higher the grade, the stronger the magnet.
20. Can I cut, drill, or machine neodymium magnets?
The Neodymium Iron Boron material is very hard and brittle, so machining is difficult at best. The hardness of the material is RC46 on the Rockwell "C" scale, which is harder than commercially available drills and tooling, so these tools will heat up and become damaged if used on NdFeB material. Diamond tooling, EDM (Electrostatic Discharge Machines), and abrasives are the preferred methods for shaping neodymium magnet material. Machining of neodymium magnets should only be done by experienced machinists familiar with the risk and safety issues involved. The heat generated during machining can demagnetize the magnet and could cause it to catch fire posing a safety risk. The dry powder produced while machining is also very flammable and great care must be taken to avoid combustion of this material.
21. Can I solder or weld to neodymium magnets?
You definitely cannot solder or weld to neodymium magnets. The heat will demagnetize the magnet and could cause it to catch fire posing a safety risk.
22. Do I have to worry about temperature with neodymium magnets?
Yes. Neodymium Iron Boron magnets are sensitive to heat. If a magnet heated above its maximum operating temperature (176°F (80°C) for standard N grades) the magnet will permanently lose a fraction of its magnetic strength. If they are heated above their Curie temperature (590°F (310°C) for standard N grades), they will lose all of their magnetic properties. Different grades have different maximum operating and Curie temperatures. See our Neodymium Magnet Specifications Page for more details. Also check out our in-depth article about Temperature and Neodymium Magnets, where we dive into enough technical detail to reveal how this topic is actually a bit more complex. We do stock a range of high temperature magnets, which you can see here.
23. What is the gauss rating of your magnets?
This depends on the context it is used. Most magnetic therapy people like to present the largest number possible, so they often use the Residual Flux Density (Brmax) of the material, which really doesn't specify much about the actual magnet. This value is essentially the magnetic field density inside the magnet material. Since you will never be inside the magnet, or using the field inside the magnet, this value doesn't really have any practical value. The surface field of a magnet is a much more accurate specification for a magnet. The surface field is exactly what it sounds like. It is the magnetic field density at the surface of the magnet as measured by a Gaussmeter. This value is tested and specified for each of our stock magnets. A comprehensive table of the surface field density for each of our stock magnets can be seen here: Magnet Summary Table.
24. Do neodymium magnets require a keeper?
No, neodymium magnets do not require a keeper for storage like Alnico magnets.
25. Will my neodymium magnets lose strength over time?
Very little. Neodymium magnets are the strongest and most permanent magnets known to man. If they are not overheated or physically damaged, neodymium magnets will lose less than 1% of their strength over 10 years - not enough for you to notice unless you have very sensitive measuring equipment. They won't even lose their strength if they are held in repelling or attracting positions with other magnets over long periods of time.
26. Will neodymium magnets lose strength if they are held in repelling or attracting positions for a long time?
In most applications, the answer is simply "no". If the magnets will be exposed to higher temperatures while in repelling applications, the answer is "possibly". The exact answer is a bit too complicated for a FAQ answer, and requires specifics about the application.
27. What are neodymium magnets used for?
Just about anything you can imagine! Please see our Uses Page for a list of some of the applications for these incredible magnets.
28. How is neodymium pronounced?
From a dictionary: [nē ō dim ē um]. Or, nee-oh-dim-ee-um.
The only real trick to pronouncing it correctly is to treat the 'y' as an 'i'. It is pronounced as if it were spelled "neodimium".
29. Are your Neodymium Rare Earth Magnets RoHS compliant?
Yes, our magnets are fully RoHS compliant, meeting the European Parliament Directive entitled "Restrictions on the use Of Hazardous Substances" (RoHS). This Directive prohibits the use of the following elements in electrical/electronic equipment sold after 7/1/2006: cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)), polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Download an official RoHS Compliance Statement from K&J Magnetics here. Or, you can find individual PDF files for each specific magnet on the product detail pages, under the "Downloads" tab.
30. Can I make a magnet that I already have any stronger?
No, once a magnet is fully magnetized (saturated), it cannot be made any stronger.
31. I need a magnet the size of a penny/nickel/dime/quarter. What size do I need?
Here are the dimensions of these coins along with the closest matching magnet that we currently stock:
32. What is the difference between the maximum operating temperature and the Curie temperature of the magnets?
The maximum operating temperature is the maximum temperature the magnet may be continuously subjected to with no significant loss of magnetic strength. This is 176°F (80°C) for standard grades of neodymium magnets. The Curie Temperature is the temperature at which the magnet will become completely demagnetized. This is 590°F (310°C) for standard grades of neodymium magnets. Higher temperature grades have higher maximum operating temperatures and higher Curie Temperatures. At temperatures between these two points, a magnet will permanently lose a portion of its magnetic strength. The loss will be greater the closer to the Curie Temperature it is heated.
For a more in-depth explanation, check out our article: Temperature and Neodymium Magnets.
33. How strong of a magnetic field is necessary to magnetize a neodymium magnet?
As a general rule of thumb, a peak field of between 2 and 2.5 times the intrinsic coercivity is required to fully saturate a magnet. For standard neodymium magnets, the field required is minimum of 24 KOe, but 30 KOe is usually the minimum used.
34. How do I separate large magnets?
Small and medium-sized magnets can usually be separated by hand by sliding the end magnet off of the stack. Medium-large magnets can often be separated by using the edge of a table or countertop. Place the magnets on a table top with one of the magnets hanging over the edge. Then, using your body weight, hold the magnet(s) on the table and push down on the magnet hanging over the edge. With a little work and practice, you should be able to slide the magnets apart. Just be careful that they don't snap back together once they become separated. For very large magnets (generally 2" and larger), we use a specially made magnet separating tool. You can see pictures of one of these tools as well as instructions on how to build your own on this page: Build your own magnet separating tool.
For a more in-depth explanation, check out our article: How to Separate Strong Magnets, which includes a number of short videos.
35. I have metal dust all over my magnets. How can I remove it?
Using adhesive tape to capture the metal dust is the best way to clean magnets.
36. Are there any regulations for shipping magnets?
According to the United States Department of Transportation and the Office of Hazardous Materials Safety, the limit for shipping magnets by air is a magnetic field strength of 0.00525 Gauss measured at 15 feet (4.5 meters) from any point on the outside of the package. There are no restrictions on the shipping of magnetized materials by ground. When in doubt, ship magnets by ground transportation.
For a more in-depth explanation, check out our article about Shipping Magnets.
37. Why are most neodymium magnets plated
or coated?
Neodymium magnets are composed mainly of Neodymium, Iron, and Boron. If neodymium magnets are not plated, the iron in the material will oxidize very easily if exposed to moisture. Even normal humidity will rust the iron over time. To protect the iron from exposure to moisture, most neodymium magnets are plated or coated.
38. What is the difference between the different platings and coatings?
Choosing different coatings does not affect the magnetic strength or performance of the magnet, except for our Plastic and Rubber Coated Magnets. The preferred coating is dictated by preference or intended application. More detailed specifications can be found on our Specs page.
39. Can I paint over the nickel plating?
Yes, you can use any paint formulated for use on metal surfaces. Spray-on paint seems to work best. Roughing the surface first can help improve paint adhesion to the smooth, nickel plated surface. Sandblasting or beadblasting works, as well as an etching primer.
40. What is the thickness of the nickel (Ni-Cu-Ni) plating?
The nickel plating is actually triple plating of nickel-copper-nickel. The layers are Ni: 5-6μm, Cu: 7-8μm, Ni: 5-6μm, for a total thickness of 17-20μm.
41. Do you stock any unplated magnets?
As mentioned above, the iron in the NdFeB material will oxidize if it is exposed to moisture. For this reason, we do not stock any unplated magnets. We can supply unplated magnets as custom order items.
42. What is the best adhesive to use with your magnets?
We and several customers have had great success adhering to the nickel-plating using Loctite 39205 (an acrylic adhesive) with Loctite 7380 activator. A Loctite representative also recommended Loctite 3032 (a 2-part acrylic adhesive) with Loctite primer 770. For more commonly found adhesives, we have also had great results using many kinds of epoxy, often sold as "5-minute" epoxy. "Liquid Nails" and "Gorilla Glue" can also work well, and are available in most hardware and home supply stores. It does help to scratch the surface of the plating lightly with sandpaper or other abrasive prior to applying the adhesive. For more information, read our in-depth article: Sticky Business: How to Glue Neodymium Magnets.
43. I noticed that the plastic- and rubber-coated magnets have a lower pull force than nickel-plated magnets of the same size. Does the plastic/rubber weaken the magnet?
These materials don't "weaken" the magnet, but the volume of magnet material is reduced to allow room for the coatings, which reduces the pull force. The layer of plastic or rubber also creates distance between the magnet and metal surface which also reduces the pull force.
44. How can I protect my magnets from damage due to impact?
We have found that wrapping magnets with a few layers of electrical tape protects them from most damage caused by collisions with other magnets and hard surfaces. Another great way to protect your magnets from damage and the elements is to coat them with rubberized coating. We have created a page with step-by-step instructions on how to do this. We also stock several sizes and shapes of plastic-coated and rubber-coated magnets.
45. I need a special size/shape of neodymium
magnet. Can you supply custom magnets?
Yes, we can supply custom magnets. You can find details on our Custom Magnet Page.
46. What are the size limitations on manufacturing neodymium magnets?
The limits include:
2" max in magnetized direction
4" max diameter for discs and rings
4" max length and width for blocks
1/32" minimum on thickness on any magnet
1/16" minimum diameter on outer diameter
1/16" minimum diameter on any hole
47. I see you supply plastic- and rubber-coated neodymium magnets. Can I get XXX-size in plastic-coated (or rubber-coated)?
Maybe. Each size of plastic- and rubber-coated magnet requires its own special mold. These molds cost anywhere from $300-$2500, depending on the size and shape. If you are in need of a large quantity, creating a new mold may be worthwhile. If you only need a few, then doing your own rubber-coating may be a more cost-effective solution.
48. Do you sell magnetic sheets?
No, we specialize in sintered neodymium magnets. These are solid, brittle blocks - not like the flexible magnets you might see a business card printed on. We do not sell those kinds of magnetic sheets.
49. Are there health or safety concerns with neo magnets?
There are no known health concerns with exposure to permanent magnetic fields. In fact, many people believe that magnets can be used to speed up the healing process. There may be issues with people with pacemakers or other implanted medical devices handling or being around strong magnets. We are not medical professionals, so we cannot offer complete guidance on pacemaker safety. We've shared what we do know in our article about Pacemaker Safety. Please consult a physician for this information. There are several safety concerns when handling strong magnets. Please refer to our Safety Page for complete details.
50. What is a safe distance to keep magnets away from pacemakers?
We are not medical professionals, so we cannot offer complete guidance on pacemaker safety, or about any specific medical device. Please consult a physician and/or the manufacturer of your device for this information. We've shared what we do know in our article about Pacemaker Safety.
51. Will magnets harm my electronics?
Maybe...The strong magnetic fields of these magnets can damage certain magnetic media such as floppy disks, credit cards, magnetic I.D. cards, cassette tapes, video tapes or other such devices. They can also damage televisions, VCRs, computer monitors and other CRT displays. Never place neodymium magnets near any of these appliances. As for other electronics such as cell phones, iPods, flash drives, calculators and similar devices that do not contain magnetic storage media, probably not, but it is best to err on the safe side and try to avoid close contact between neo magnets and electronics.
52. How far away from electronics should I keep my magnets?
This depends on a lot of factors, but as a general rule of thumb, we recommend keeping the distance between magnets and electronics 4" + 1" for every 10 lbs of pull force.
53. Will using magnets on my refrigerator, stove, oven, or microwave harm the appliance?
No, magnets will not harm any of these appliances.
54. Will magnets erase my hard drive or harm my
Not unless you really work at it. While you probably don't want to stick magnets directly to your computer case, having them nearby will not harm your computer. Magnets can damage floppy disks and magnetic tape storage media, so you must keep magnets away from these items. They should not, however, damage any data on your hard drive unless you place a very large and powerful magnet directly on top of the drive. Every hard drive already contains a powerful neodymium magnet, so one moving around outside the case will not affect the data.
We tried scrambling the contents of a running hard drive ourselves, and documented our failure to erase all the data in our article, Hard Drive Destruction
55. I am developing a product using magnets. Do I have to put a
safety warning on it about pacemakers/electronics?
While we love answering technical questions about magnets, this one sounds more like a legal question. We're definitely not qualified to provide legal advice.
Again, we are not medical professionals, so we cannot provide firm details on pacemaker issues. As for safety and electronics, it really depends on the application of your product, the size of the magnet(s), how the magnet is used, and where the magnet is located within the product. We recommend providing any warnings that you think may be an issue.
56. Can I use neodymium magnets to trigger traffic lights with my motorcycle/moped/bicycle?
This one is a definite "maybe". We have received feedback that magnets as small as our D84 discs have successfully triggered traffic lights, but we have also received reports that magnets as large as our DX8C have failed to trip similar traffic light sensors. It seems that there are different types and different sensitivities of traffic light sensors, and magnets will trigger some, but not all of them. If you have any feedback or good information on this, we would appreciate an email with any details you may have.
57. Which magnets should I use for holding knives to my fridge?
For small knives, small magnets like our B444 cubes are sufficient. For butcher knives and other large knives, we recommend our BX084 blocks. Mid-sized knives can be held to a refrigerator using our B884 blocks.
Also check out our Magnetic Knife Holder article, which describes how to build a magnetic knife block!
58. Which magnets should I use for holding spice cans to my fridge?
The answer varies depending on the size of the can and the weight of the items being stored. Magnets as small as our D81 discs can be used to hold smaller cans, while magnets as large as our DC2 discs may be required to hold very large cans.
59. I am looking for the equivalent of a magician's M5/PK5 magnet. Which of your magnets is the equivalent?
The magician's M5 (aka PK5) magnet is the equivalent of our BY0Y08 block magnet.
60. I am making magnetic earrings. Which magnets should I use?
The best size varies, depending on the size of the decorations being held. Generally, the best options are discs like our D31-N52 or D41-N52. Other magnets of similar size can also be used.
61. I would like to erase hard drives/degauss tapes. Which magnet should I use?
Magnetic tapes can be erased with a strong magnet. Popular choices include: DX8C, DY0X0, or BY0Y08.
We used to think that a sufficiently large magnet would scramble the data on a hard drive. Some recent experiments we have conducted seem to disagree. See our blog article on the subject for more details. We don't recommend this method if you must be sure that the data is gone -- physical destruction of the drive is the safest choice.
62. Which magnets should I use for magnetic therapy?
A wide range of sizes can be used for magnetic therapy. Many people use magnets as small as our D41 discs for spot treatment, while others use magnets as large as our DY04 discs for large area treatment. It is best to select a size that "fits" the area being treated.
63. I would like to use magnets for water treatment. Which magnets should I use?
Magnets on the main water line should be of dimensions 1.5 - 2.5 times the outside diameter of the pipe coming in. Larger magnets will provide a stronger and more consistent magnetic field between them. For this application, we often recommend our BY0Y08 blocks. They will work well on any water line up to 1.5" in diameter. Water conditioning works best if you use two magnets, one on each side of the pipe in attracting arrangement. The two magnets in this arrangement create the strongest possible magnetic field between them. It works very well if you have two "shims" which are the same thickness as the diameter of the water pipe. If you tape the shims to either side of the pipe, they will provide a flat surface for the magnets to rest on. The large magnets should hold each other in place across the pipe and shims. The magnets can then be held in place with tape to prevent them from slipping off due to vibration.
Interested in learning more about how magnetic water treatment might work? Check out our Magnetic Water Treatment article, where we discover some surprising facts about this controversial subject!
64. Which magnets should I use for holding pictures and papers to my refrigerator?
For refrigerator magnets, there are many options. We carry a neat line of magnetic thumbtacks as well as dozens of other shapes and sizes that work well. A few suggestions are our D42, D34, B333, S4 (also available in black color or gold), and ST4 stars. Many other magnets of similar sizes will also work very well for fridge magnets.
Also check out our Refrigerator Magnets section, which includes a number of great suggested magnets.
65. Which magnets should I use for holding pins/badges through clothing instead of using pins?
For holding average-sized pins and badges, we recommend our D62 disc magnets, as they provide the appropriate amount of pull strength through a wide range of fabric thicknesses. If you will be holding large or heavy pins or badges, or will be holding through exceptionally thick material, then our D72 or D82 discs may be necessary to provide enough holding force.
Also check out our Sewing Magnets that are made specifically for use as magnetic closures. They are intended to be sewn inside the fabric, remaining hidden from view.
They come in 3 different sizes and are sold in matched pairs. Also note that some have a thin plastic cover that protects them from moisture, which is an excellent solution for anything that goes through the washing machine.
See our Sewing Magnet Article for an example of how to use them. There, we describe how we replaced the Velcro fasteners on a pair of cargo shorts.
66. I heard you can repair dents in brass instruments using magnets. How can I do this?
Dent removal is accomplished by inserting a steel ball into the instrument as close to, but smaller than, the diameter of the section of tubing being repaired. The steel ball can be moved through the tube using a magnet on the outside. Working the steel ball over the damaged area will gradually smooth out the dent. A magnet like our DX0X0 will pull out most small- and medium-sized dents, while a larger magnet like our DX8C may be necessary for larger and more stubborn dents. We do carry a line of steel balls that can be used for this application.
67. I need magnets for a binder/brochure closure. Which magnets work for this?
We have many printers and other customers that use our magnets in brochures and binders to hold them closed. The most common sizes used for brochures and binders are our D401, D41, D501, D51, D601, D61, D701, D71, D801, D81 disc magnets, and our B4401, B441, B6301, B631, B661, B821, B841, B8801, and B881 block magnets, but larger sizes can also be used for larger applications.
See our Adhesive Backed Magnets article for a great example of how to do this.
68. I am trying to order online, but every
time I add something to my shopping cart, I get a message
that my cart is empty. What do I need to do?
Most of the time, this is caused by cookies being disabled on your computer. Our shopping cart must be allowed to write a small cookie to your computer to "remember" what you place in your shopping cart. To find out how to enable cookies for various browsers, please refer to this web page: Google: How to Enable Cookies. If you continue to have difficulty ordering online, you can order by phone by calling us at 215-766-8055 during normal business hours.
69. I don't want to put my credit card info online. Is there some other way I can pay?
We take every measure possible to ensure that your online transaction with us is secure. You can read more about this on our Security Page. If you would still prefer not to order online, there are many other ways to place an order with us. Please see our Ordering/Shipping Page for more details.
70. Can I get the quantity discount pricing for an odd quantity of magnets (e.g. quantity of 87)?
Yes. If you are ordering an odd quantity of a particular magnet, you can get the quantity pricing by simply adding a single magnet to your shopping cart. Then, while viewing the shopping cart, change the quantity from "1" to your desired quantity and click "Update Totals". The shopping cart will recalculate the price and total and will give you the quantity discounted price.
71. Can I open an account with K&J Magnetics?
We accept Purchase Orders from businesses with approved credit. For additional information, please email us at firstname.lastname@example.com.
72. Can you just put my magnets in a small envelope to save postage?
No. All magnets must be shipped in a box in order to comply with United States Department of Transportation, USPS, and UPS regulations for the shipment of magnetic materials.
73. Where can I get a discount code?
You can receive discounts by joining our Mailing List. Our periodic newsletter (sent once every month or two) contains news, new products and Mailing List-only coupons and specials!
74. Where are you located?
Our main offices and warehouse is currently located in Pipersville, PA, about 30 miles north of Philadelphia. We currently do not have a retail store, nor do we accept walk-in customers or pick-ups at this time.
75. Do you have a local distributor near me?
We do not have any local distributors of our magnets. All sales are through our website www.kjmagnetics.com.
76. Do you have a printed catalog?
No we do not have a printed catalog available. Find information about all of our magnets online, here at our website.
77. Are neodymium magnets affected by recent changes in US Conflict Minerals Law, as made in section 1502 of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act?
This law requires reporting of the use of columbite-tantalite (tantalum, used in capacitors), cassiterite (used to make tin), wolframite (tungsten) and gold that comes from mines located in the eastern part of the Democratic Republic of Congo. Since neodymium magnets don't usually contain these elements, they shouldn't be covered by this law. Learn more about what elements are used in the manufacture of neodymium magnets in our article: How Neodymium Magnets are Made.


text:
India Medical Times is India's most credible platform for the medical professional community, engaging doctors from across specialities and regions in India. A majority of our audience includes decision makers and influencers such as Heads of Department, Hospitals' Top Management, Policy Makers, Principals/Deans of premier Medical Colleges, Medical Superintendents, Heads of Regulatory Bodies and so on.
To advertise and explore other business opportunities, please write to email@example.com and we will soon get in touch with you.
"There is a huge amount of communication that happens to healthcare professionals. So far, medical representatives have had more impact on how information was exchanged. However, in the future there will be less sales representatives, and more other channels to get information. This started happening in the US about 25 years ago and now the same trend will be seen in emerging markets. Their space has been taken by advertising, communication, PR and digital."
— Nick Colucci, President and CEO, Publicis Healthcare Communications Group

subset: commoncrawl


text:
A Guide to Your Kids' Online Hangouts
Wondering where your kid has been lately? Check with his virtual persona — his avatar. Most likely you'll find him at one of these four popular playgrounds.
For Tweens
Virtual world: clubpenguin.com
Kids create penguin avatars, decorate igloos, and play games with millions of other visitors. They can start a blog, perform in online plays, or contribute member news to the weekly newspaper, the Club Penguin Times.
Emotional draw: Kids get to test their parental skills by nurturing, protecting, and caring for their penguins. Feed a penguin too much and it gets a bellyache; feed it too little and it cries.
Cool factor: The Web site rewards creativity, inviting kids to submit anonymous fan art, which is featured in the Club Penguin Times or in the community section. Guidebooks to the virtual world make it easy for even young kids to design a penguin paradise.
Real-life rules: Run by Disney, Club Penguin is free to visit. Additional membership privileges, like the option to decorate igloos, are available for $5.95 a month. Instant-messaging chats come in two forms: Standard Safe Chat, which allows players to type messages that are filtered by a team of live moderators, and Ultimate Safe Chat, which limits conversations to a drop-down menu of preapproved words and phrases. An extensive shop sells T-shirts, toys, and baseball caps.
For Teens
Virtual world: habbo.com
Style is hot at Habbo, where avatars traverse the three-dimensional cartoon city decked out in hip sunglasses, feather boas, or varsity jackets.
Emotional draw: Kids who crave independence dive into Habbo to rehearse their imminent transition into adulthood. They choose new hairstyles, create social bonds with other teens, and find, furnish, and live in their own virtual apartments. It's like training wheels for the real world.
Cool factor: In Habbo's online forums teens talk about what's on their minds, from trouble at school to a new crush. (The Habbo staff monitors the boards to curb inappropriate behavior.) A "tag" system lets users know where on the site to find popular discussion topics. There are also mini games — goofy diversions like snowball fights and log-rolling contests — that encourage group interaction among Habbo's several million members.
Real-life rules: Kids get their own e-mail accounts, and adult-controlled characters called guides serve as monitors in case visitors need help. While there's no monthly fee, buying clothes and participating in advanced virtual events — like moving to a more sophisticated apartment — require Habbo coins, which cost about 20 cents each.
For Boys and Girls
Virtual world: gaiaonline.com
Combining the visuals of Japanese anime cartoons with cheeky humor, this world takes players ages 13 and up on an adventurous treasure hunt. Avatars wear distinct clothing and hairstyles and can get "in" with cool cliques called guilds. Like anime, Gaia Online attracts boys, but girls can be found in the world too.
Emotional draw: Only serious fans of anime seek out this exotic, insular community. Not everyone can appreciate the adventure hunting or the visual style, but for kids who find it appealing, playing on Gaia is like being admitted to the most exclusive club in town.
Cool factor: Kids can get creative with Gaia's fantasy art, poetry, and storytelling, or take a break by playing pinball, going fishing, and doing puzzles. And since the games usually involve solo play, kids don't have to depend on others for fun. They can also take a game (like the pinball experience), plop it into another virtual world and play.
Real-life rules: There is no membership fee, but accessories like mobile phone pictures, avatar upgrades and Gaia Online-branded clothing cost real-life money. Gaia Cash, the in-world currency, can be purchased several ways; Target, for example, sells gifts cards.
For Girls
Virtual world: barbiegirls.com
Painted in vibrant colors, this community invites gals to design their avatars' clothes, style their hair, and explore chic neighborhood haunts.
Emotional draw: It's all about sophistication in this girly world. Barbies hang out with friends, decorate their apartments, and do other grown-up activities. Girls dealing with peers and school can benefit from the positive daily fortunes that encourage them to take their dreams to the next level by creating a story or picture.
Cool factor: B Bucks are earned by acting in movies, playing simple games, and completing character-development activities. With B Bucks girls can shop for clothes, furniture, or even a virtual pet. There's also a small arcade with diversions like air hockey. Finally, music and videos can be downloaded to the specially branded Barbie MP3 player (sold separately).
Real-life rules: The site's instant-messaging service, B Chat, enables tweens to talk with the other 11 million Barbie Girls, but parents control the amount of freedom allowed in conversations. The Parents' Place section also lets you decide how much time your daughter can spend in the virtual world. Monthly membership is $6.
Whose Avatar Is That?
While there may be limitations to the icons kids can create to represent themselves — for example, avatars in Club Penguin must be penguins — kids can often pick the gender, clothing, hairstyle, or body type. "Someone who invents a sexy, sultry alternate identity may not realize the impression she is giving to the outside world," says Barbara Melton, a licensed professional counselor in Charleston, South Carolina, and coauthor of What in the World Are Your Kids Doing Online? (Broadway Books). And since tweens and teens use avatars to portray how they want to look or be seen by others, parents should take note. If your child devises a completely different identity, ask her why she designed her avatar that way, then suggest she create a second with characteristics more like her own. Kids should divide their time between the "fantasy" avatar and the more realistic version.
Living in a Virtual World
Online communities aren't just a time-suck for kids — they also have their benefits, according to experts. Kids can learn life skills, such as managing money, setting up a home, and planning for the long term, says Melton. "Online worlds also encourage kids to work together to accomplish goals and overcome challenges," she says. "And since kids can choose to be anonymous, it's a safe place for them to practice social dexterity without worrying about being judged by their friends in the real world." That might be why online environments are especially popular with shy tweens and teens who are less comfortable interacting with their peers. But whether or not your daughter is a social butterfly, pay attention to how much time she spends on the computer. Research her favorite virtual world to see what others say about it — check commonsensemedia.org — and even sign up yourself. "Ask her to help you create an avatar," suggests Melton. "That way you'll show interest in what she's doing and learn about her fantasyland at the same time."
Originally published in the June 2009 issue of Family Circle magazine.


text:
|General Discussion
|« Previous MessageNext Message »
|Bjorn Munch
|September 21 2013 4:04pm
|MySQL Community Server 5.7.2 has been released (part 1)
|View as plain text
Dear MySQL users, MySQL Server 5.7.2 (Milestone Release) is a new version of the world's most popular open source database. This is the second public milestone release of MySQL 5.7. http://dev.mysql.com/doc/mysql-development-cycle/en/development-milestone-releases.html [ Due to a size limit of 50K and the large number of changes in the 5 months since the first milestone, this announcement has to be split into 4 parts. This is part 1. ] As with any other pre-production release, caution should be taken when installing on production level systems or systems with critical data. Note that 5.7.2 includes all features in MySQL 5.6. For information on installing MySQL 5.7.2 on new servers, please see the MySQL installation documentation at http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/installing.html MySQL Server 5.7.2 is available in source and binary form for a number of platforms from the "Development Releases" selection of our download pages at http://dev.mysql.com/downloads/mysql/ The platforms and package formats available for MySQL 5.7.2 are the same as for 5.6. Windows packages are now available via the new Installer for Windows Installer or .ZIP (no-install) packages for more advanced needs. It should be noted that the previous MSI packaging is no longer available and the point and click configuration wizards and all MySQL products are now available in the unified Installer for Windows: http://dev.mysql.com/downloads/installer/ Like the newly released MySQL 5.6.14, 5.7.2 also comes with a web installer as an alternative to the full installer. The web installer doesn't come bundled with any actual products and instead relies on download-on-demand to fetch only the products you choose to install. This makes the initial download much smaller but increases install time as the individual products will need to be downloaded. We welcome and appreciate your feedback, bug reports, bug fixes, patches, etc.: http://bugs.mysql.com/report.php The following section lists the changes in MySQL 5.7.2 since the first milestone. Many of these bug fixes have previously been released with MySQL 5.6.12 or 5.6.13 but are included here to give a complete list of changes since 5.7.1. The list may also be viewed online at http://dev.mysql.com/doc/relnotes/mysql/5.7/en/news-5-7-2.html Enjoy! On behalf of the MySQL Build Team at Oracle, - Bjorn Munch =================================================================== Changes in MySQL 5.7.2 (Sep 21, 2013, Milestone 12) Note This is a milestone release, for use at your own risk. Significant development changes take place in milestone releases and you may encounter compatibility issues, such as data format changes that require attention in addition to the usual procedure of running mysql_upgrade. For example, you may find it necessary to dump your data with mysqldump before the upgrade and reload it afterward. Authentication Notes * Incompatible Change: Previously, account rows in the mysql.user table could have an empty plugin column value. In this case, the server authenticated such an account using either the mysql_native_password or mysql_old_password plugin, depending on whether the password hash value in the Password column used native hashing or the older pre-4.1 hashing method. With the deprecation of old-format password hashes in MySQL 5.6.5, this heuristic for deciding which authentication plugin to use is unnecessary and it is desirable that user table rows always specify explicitly which authentication plugin applies. To that end, the plugin column is now defined to be non-NULL with a default value of 'mysql_native_password', and associated server operations require the column to be nonempty. In conjunction with this plugin column definition modification, several other changes have been made: + The --default-authentication-plugin command-line option is reimplemented as the default_authentication_plugin system variable. Its use at server startup is unchanged, but now the default plugin value can be examined at runtime using SHOW VARIABLES or SELECT @@default_authentication_plugin. The variable is read only and cannot be changed at runtime. + When mysql_install_db is run, it invokes the server to initialize the mysql database. The server now assigns every user table row a nonempty plugin column value. The value is 'mysql_native_password' unless the default_authentication_plugin system variable is set otherwise at server startup. + mysql_upgrade checks user table rows and, for any row with an empty plugin column, sets that column to 'mysql_native_password' or 'mysql_old_password' depending on the hash format of the Password column value. + At startup, and at runtime when FLUSH PRIVILEGES is executed, the server checks user table rows. For any row with an empty plugin column, the server writes a warning to the error log of this form: [Warning] User entry 'user_name'@'host_name' has an empty plugin value. The user will be ignored and no one can login with this user anymore. To address this issue, execute mysql_upgrade. If you upgrade to this release of MySQL from an earlier version, you must run mysql_upgrade (and restart the server) to incorporate the plugin column change into the mysql database and assign the appropriate nonempty plugin value to any empty plugin column values. However, because the server now checks for and disables accounts with empty plugin column values, it is necessary to upgrade as follows. For an upgrade in which you plan to use the data directory from your existing MySQL installation: 1. Stop the server 2. Upgrade MySQL in place 3. Restart the server with the --skip-grant-tables option to disable privilege checking 4. Run mysql_upgrade 5. Restart the server normally (without --skip-grant-tables) For an upgrade in which you plan to reload a dump file generated from your existing MySQL installation: 1. To generate the dump file, run mysqldump without the --flush-privileges option 2. Stop the server 3. Upgrade MySQL in place 4. Restart the server with the --skip-grant-tables option to disable privilege checking 5. Reload the dump file (mysql < dump_file) 6. Execute mysql_upgrade 7. Restart the server normally (without --skip-grant-tables) Diagnostics Notes * Incompatible Change: Per the SQL standard, nondiagnostic statements should clear the diagnostics area when they begin executing. Previously, MySQL differed from this in that some nondiagnostic statements did not do this. MySQL now follows the SQL standard, which affects the content of the diagnostics area for some statements. Consequently, the result from statements such as SHOW WARNINGS that display the diagnostics area now differs somewhat: + The previous behavior: SHOW WARNINGS displays information about the conditions (errors, warnings, and notes) resulting from the most recent statement in the current session that generated messages. It shows nothing if the most recent statement used a table and generated no messages. (That is, statements that use a table but generate no messages clear the message list.) Statements that do not use tables and do not generate messages have no effect on the message list. + The new behavior: SHOW WARNINGS displays information about the conditions resulting from execution of the most recent nondiagnostic statement in the current session. The result from other diagnostic statements is affected similarly (SHOW ERRORS, GET DIAGNOSTICS). The following example demonstrates the difference in behavior. Previously: mysql> DROP TABLE test.no_such_table; ERROR 1051 (42S02): Unknown table 'test.no_such_table' mysql> SELECT @@warning_count; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> SHOW WARNINGS; +-------+------+------------------------------------+ | Level | Code | Message | +-------+------+------------------------------------+ | Error | 1051 | Unknown table 'test.no_such_table' | +-------+------+------------------------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) Here, the SELECT statement does not use tables and does not generate messages, so it does not change the diagnostics area. Consequently, SHOW WARNINGS output pertains to the DROP TABLE statement. Now: mysql> DROP TABLE test.no_such_table; ERROR 1051 (42S02): Unknown table 'test.no_such_table' mysql> SELECT @@warning_count; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> SHOW WARNINGS; Empty set (0.00 sec) Here, the SELECT statement clears the diagnostics area because it is a nondiagnostic statement. Consequently, SHOW WARNINGS output pertains to the SELECT statement (and is empty because the SELECT produces no messages). An implication of this change in diagnostics area handling is that if you expect to display the warning count as well as the list of messages, you should list the messages first because selecting the warning_count value clears the message list. Alternatively, use SHOW COUNT(*) WARNINGS to display the count; this is recognized as a diagnostic statement and does not clear the diagnostics area. Similar considerations apply to use of error_count. For compliance with the SQL standard, which states that diagnostics statements are not preparable, MySQL no longer supports the following as prepared statements: + SHOW WARNINGS, SHOW COUNT(*) WARNINGS + SHOW ERRORS, SHOW COUNT(*) ERRORS + Statements containing any reference to the warning_count or error_count system variable. In other words, those statements are now treated, in terms of preparability, the same as GET DIAGNOSTICS, which was already not preparable. Logging Notes * Incompatible Change: Several changes have been made to provide more logging control and more informative log messages: + The log_error_verbosity system variable now controls verbosity of the server in writing error, warning, and note messages to the error log. Permitted values are 1 (errors only), 2 (errors and warnings), 3 (errors, warnings, and notes), with a default of 3. log_error_verbosity is preferred over, and should be used instead of, the older log_warnings system variable. See the description of log_warnings for information about how that variable relates to log_error_verbosity (Server System Variables (http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/server-system-var iables.html)). Note The effective default verbosity is different now. The previous default (log_warnings=1) corresponds to log_error_verbosity=2, but the default log_error_verbosity is 3. To achieve a logging level similar to the previous default, set log_error_verbosity=2. + Default server verbosity is less when invoked with the --bootstrap option (such as is done by mysql_install_db): Only errors are written during the installation process so that they are less likely to be overlooked by the installer. + The log_timestamps system variable has been introduced for control of the timestamp time zone of messages written to the error log, and of general query log and slow query log messages written to files. (It does not affect the time zone of general query log and slow query log messages written to log tables, but rows retrieved from those tables can be converted from the local system time zone to any desired time zone with CONVERT_TZ() or by setting the session time_zone system variable.) Note The default timestamp time zone is different now (UTC rather than the local system time zone). To restore the previous default, set log_timestamps=SYSTEM. + The format of timestamps has changed for messages written to the error log, and for general query log and slow query log messages written to files. Timestamps are written using ISO 8601 / RFC 3339 format: YYYY-MM-DDThh:mm:ss.uuuuuu plus a tail value of Z signifying Zulu time (UTC) or ±hh:mm (an offset from UTC). In addition, for the general query log file, timestamps are included in every message, not just when the second changes. The format of timestamps has also changed for messages written to the general query log and slow query log tables (mysql.general_log, mysql.slow_log), which now include fractional seconds. (The column type for timestamps has changed from TIMESTAMP to TIMESTAMP(6).) + Previously, the ID included in error log messages was the mysqld process ID. Now the ID is that of the thread within mysqld responsible for writing the message. This is more informative with respect to which part of the server produced the message. It is also more consistent with general query log and slow query log messages, which include the connection thread ID. For information about log output destinations, see Selecting General Query and Slow Query Log Output Destinations (http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/log-destinations.html) . For information about specific logs, see The Error Log (http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/error-log.html), The General Query Log (http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/query-log.html), and The Slow Query Log (http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/slow-query-log.html). Performance Schema Notes * The Performance Schema now instruments memory usage and aggregates memory usage statistics, detailed by these factors: + Type of memory used (various caches, internal buffers, and so forth) + Thread, account, user, host indirectly performing the memory operation The Performance Schema instruments the following aspects of memory use + Memory sizes used + Operation counts + Low and high water marks Memory sizes help to understand or tune the memory consumption of a server. Operation counts help to understand or tune the overall pressure the server is putting on the memory allocator, which has an impact on performance. Allocating a single byte one million times is not the same as allocating one million bytes a single time; tracking both sizes and counts can expose the difference. Low and high water marks are critical to detect workload spikes, overall workload stability, and possible memory leaks. These specific changes were implemented: + The setup_instruments table now has memory instruments. These have names of the form memory/component/instrument_name. Memory instrumentation is disabled by default. + The performance_schema_max_memory_classes system variable configures the maximum number of memory instruments. + The Performance_schema_memory_classes_lost status variable indicates the number of times a memory instrument could not be loaded. + Several summary tables aggregate memory-related events. For more information, see Memory Summary Tables (http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/memory-summary-tables. html). If you upgrade to this release of MySQL from an earlier version, you must run mysql_upgrade (and restart the server) to incorporate these changes into the performance_schema database. * The Performance Schema now instruments stored program execution and aggregates statistics for them. This includes stored procedures, stored functions, triggers, and Event Scheduler events. These specific changes were implemented: + The setup_instruments table has new instruments. The statement/scheduler/event instrument tracks all events executed by the Event Scheduler. Instruments with names of the form statement/sp/program_instruction track internal instructions executed by stored programs. + The setup_objects table OBJECT_TYPE column now permits values of 'EVENT', 'FUNCTION', 'PROCEDURE', 'TABLE', or 'TRIGGER', not just 'TABLE'. + Statement event tables (events_statements_current, events_statements_history, and events_statements_history_long) now have a NESTING_LEVEL column that indicates the event nesting level. + The performance_schema_max_program_instances and performance_schema_max_statement_stack system variables configure the maximum number of stored programs and the maximum depth of nested stored program calls for which the Performance Schema maintains statistics. + The Performance_schema_program_lost and Performance_schema_nested_statement_lost status variables indicate the number of stored programs for which statistics were lost, and the number of stored program statements for which statistics were lost. + The events_statements_summary_by_program summary table aggregates statement events per stored program. For more information, see Event Pre-Filtering (http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/performance-schema-fil tering.html#performance-schema-pre-filtering), and Statement Summary Tables (http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/statement-summary-tabl es.html). If you upgrade to this release of MySQL from an earlier version, you must run mysql_upgrade (and restart the server) to incorporate these changes into the performance_schema database. * The Performance Schema now provides tables that expose replication information. This is similar to the information available from the SHOW SLAVE STATUS statement, but representation in table form is more accessible and has usability benefits: + SHOW SLAVE STATUS output is useful for visual inspection, but not so much for programmatic use. By contrast, using the Performance Schema tables, information about slave status can be searched using general SELECT queries, including complex WHERE conditions, joins, and so forth. + Query results can be saved in tables for further analysis, or assigned to variables and thus used in stored procedures. + The replication tables provide better diagnostic information. For multi-threaded slave operation, SHOW SLAVE STATUS reports all coordinator and worker thread errors using the Last_SQL_Errno and Last_SQL_Error fields, so only the most recent of those errors is visible and information can be lost. The replication tables store errors on a per-thread basis without loss of information. + The last seen transaction is visible in the replication tables on a per-worker basis. This is information not avilable from SHOW SLAVE STATUS. + Developers familiar with the Performance Schema interface can extend the replication tables to provide additional information by adding rows to the tables. These tables provide replication information: + replication_connection_configuration and replication_connection_status indicate the configuration parameters used by the slave for connecting to the master and the status of the connection. + replication_execute_configuration and replication_execute_status indicate, for aspects of transaction execution on the slave not specific to any given thread, the configuration parameters and the current execution status. + replication_execute_status_by_coordinator and replication_execute_status_by_worker contain thread-specific transaction execution information, either about the SQL thread (for a single-threaded slave), or about the coordinator and worker threads (for a multi-threaded slave). If the slave is multi-threaded, the SQL thread is the coordinator for worker threads. In this case, the Last_SQL_Error field of SHOW SLAVE STATUS output now shows exactly what the Last_Error_Message column in the Performance Schema replication_execute_status_by_coordinator table shows. The field value is modified to suggest that there may be more failures in the other worker threads which can be seen in the replication_execute_status_by_worker table that shows each worker thread's status. For more information, see Performance Schema Replication Tables (http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/performance-schema-rep lication-tables.html). If you upgrade to this release of MySQL from an earlier version, you must run mysql_upgrade (and restart the server) to incorporate these changes into the performance_schema database. RPM Notes * It was not possible to upgrade a community RPM to a commercial RPM using rpm -uvh or yum localupdate. To deal with this, the RPM spec file has been updated in MySQL 5.7.2, which has the following consequences: + For a non-upgrade installation (no existing MySQL version installed), it possible to install MySQL using yum. + For upgrades, it is necessary to clean up any earlier MySQL installations. In effect, the update is performed by removing the old installations and installing the new one. Additional details follow. For a non-upgrade installation of MySQL 5.7.2, it is possible to install using yum: shell> yum install MySQL-server-NEWVERSION.glibc23.i386.rpm For upgrades to MySQL 5.7.2, the upgrade is performed by removing the old installation and installing the new one. To do this, use the following procedure: 1. Remove the existing 5.7.X installation. OLDVERSION is the version to remove. shell> rpm -e MySQL-server-OLDVERSION.glibc23.i386.rpm Repeat this step for all installed MySQL RPMs. 2. Install the new version. NEWVERSION is the version to install. shell> rpm -ivh MySQL-server-NEWVERSION.glibc23.i386.rpm Alternatively, the removal and installation can be done using yum: shell> yum remove MySQL-server-OLDVERSION.glibc23.i386.rpm shell> yum install MySQL-server-NEWVERSION.glibc23.i386.rpm (Bug #16445097, Bug #16445125, Bug #16587285) Security Notes * Platform availability, usability, and security of mysql_secure_installation has been improved. Previously, this program was a shell script available for Unix and Unix-like systems. It has been converted to a binary executable program (written in C++) that is available on all platforms. Implementation as a C++ program permits mysql_secure_installation to connect directly to the MySQL server using the client/server protocol, rather than by invoking mysql to do so and communicating with mysql using temporary files. This reimplementation of mysql_secure_installation is feature-compatible with previous versions, but the following usability improvements have been made: + The validate_password plugin can be used for password strength checking. + Standard MySQL options such as --host and --port are supported on the command line and in option files. For more information, see mysql_secure_installation --- Improve MySQL Installation Security (http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/mysql-secure-installat ion.html). For more information about validate_password, see The Password Validation Plugin (http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/validate-password-plug in.html). Semisynchronous Replication Notes * Replication: Semisynchronous replication master servers now use a different wait point by default in communicating wih slaves. This is the point at which the master waits for acknowledgement of transaction receipt by a slave before returning a status to the client that committed the transaction. The wait point is controlled by the new rpl_semi_sync_master_wait_point system variable. These values are permitted: + AFTER_SYNC (the default): The master writes each transaction to its binary log and the slave, and syncs the binary log to disk. The master waits for slave acknowledgment of transaction receipt after the sync. Upon receiving acknowledgment, the master commits the transaction to the storage engine and returns a result to the client, which then can proceed. + AFTER_COMMIT: The master writes each transaction to its binary log and the slave, syncs the binary log, and commits the transaction to the storage engine. The master waits for slave acknowledgment of transaction receipt after the commit. Upon receiving acknowledgment, the master returns a result to the client, which then can proceed. For older versions of MySQL, semisynchronous master behavior is equivalent to a setting of AFTER_COMMIT. The replication characteristics of these settings differ as follows: + With AFTER_SYNC, all clients see the committed transaction at the same time: After it has been acknowledged by the slave and committed to the storage engine on the master. Thus, all clients see the same data on the master. In the event of master failure, all transactions committed on the master have been replicated to the slave (saved to its relay log). A crash of the master and failover to the slave is lossless because the slave is up to date. + With AFTER_COMMIT, the client issuing the transaction gets a return status only after the server commits to the storage engine and receives slave acknowledgement. After the commit and before slave acknowledgment, other clients can see the committed transaction before the committing client. If something goes wrong such that the slave does not process the transaction, then in the event of a master crash and failover to the slave, it is possible that such clients will see a loss of data relative to what they saw on the master. The new wait point is a behavior change, but requires no reconfiguration. The change does introduce a version compatibility constraint because it increments the semisynchronous interface version: Servers for MySQL 5.7.2 and up do not work with semisynchronous replication plugins from older versions, nor do servers from older versions work with semisynchronous replication plugins for MySQL 5.7.2 and up. Trigger Notes * Previously, a table could have at most one trigger for each combination of trigger event (INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE) and action time (BEFORE, AFTER). This limitation has been lifted and multiple triggers are permitted. Along with that change, several additional modifications were made: + By default, triggers for each combination of trigger event and action time execute in the order they were created. To make it possible to specify trigger activation order, CREATE TRIGGER now supports FOLLOWS and PRECEDES clauses. Each clause takes the name of an existing trigger that has the same trigger event and action time. + The ACTION_ORDER column in the INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TRIGGERS table is no longer 0 but an integer greater than zero that indicates the order in which triggers activate. + Creation time for triggers is now maintained, as a TIMESTAMP(2) value (with a fractional part in hundredths of seconds): o The CREATED column in the TRIGGERS table is no longer NULL, for triggers created as of MySQL 5.7.2. o The same is true for the Created column of SHOW TRIGGERS output, and for the (new) Created column of SHOW CREATE TRIGGER output. o The tbl_name.TRG file that stores trigger information for table tbl_name now contains a created line with trigger creation times. For additional information, see Using Triggers (http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/triggers.html), CREATE TRIGGER Syntax (http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/create-trigger.ht ml), SHOW CREATE TRIGGER Syntax (http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/show-create-trigg er.html), SHOW TRIGGERS Syntax (http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/show-triggers.htm l), The INFORMATION_SCHEMA TRIGGERS Table (http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/triggers-table.ht ml), and Table Trigger Storage (http://dev.mysql.com/doc/internals/en/sp-storage.html#sp -storage-trigger). + If run against a table that has triggers, mysql_upgrade and CHECK TABLE ... FOR UPGRADE display this warning for each trigger created before MySQL 5.7.2: Trigger db_name.tbl_name.trigger_name does not have CREATED attribute . The warning is informational only. No change is made to the trigger. These changes have implications for backups, upgrades, and downgrades, as described following. For brevity, "multiple triggers" here is shorthand for "multiple triggers that have the same trigger event and action time." Backup and restore. mysqldump dumps triggers in activation order so that when the dump file is reloaded, triggers are re-created in the same activation order. However, if a mysqldump dump file contains multiple triggers for a table that have the same trigger event and action time, an error occurs for attempts to load the dump file into an older server that does not support multiple triggers. (See the downgrading notes for a workaround; you can convert triggers to be compatible with older servers.) Upgrades. Suppose that you upgrade an old server that does not support multiple triggers to MySQL 5.7.2 or newer. If the new server is a replication master and has old slaves that do not support multiple triggers, an error occurs on those slaves if a trigger is created on the master for a table that already has a trigger with the same trigger event and action time. To avoid this problem, upgrade the slaves first, then upgrade the master. Downgrades. If you downgrade a server that supports multiple triggers to an older version that does not, the downgrade has these effects: + For each table that has triggers, all trigger definitions remain in the .TRG file for the table. However, if there are multiple triggers with the same trigger event and action time, the server executes only one of them when the trigger event occurs. For information about .TRG files, see Table Trigger Storage (http://dev.mysql.com/doc/internals/en/sp-storage.html#sp -storage-trigger). + If triggers for the table are added or dropped subsequent to the downgrade, the server rewrites the table's .TRG file. The rewritten file retains only one trigger per combination of trigger event and action time; the others are lost. To avoid these problems, modify your triggers before downgrading. For each table that has multiple triggers per combination of trigger event and action time, convert each such set of triggers to a single trigger as follows: 1. For each trigger, create a stored routine that contains all the code in the trigger. Values accessed using NEW and OLD can be passed to the routine using parameters. If the trigger needs a single result value from the code, you can put the code in a stored function and have the function return the value. If the trigger needs multiple result values from the code, you can put the code in a stored procedure and return the values using OUT parameters. 2. Drop all triggers for the table. 3. Create one new trigger for the table that invokes the stored routines just created. The effect for this trigger is thus the same as the multiple triggers it replaces.
|• MySQL Community Server 5.7.2 has been released (part 1)
|Bjorn Munch
|21 Sep
|• Re: MySQL Community Server 5.7.2 has been released (part 1)
|24 Oct
|• RE: MySQL Community Server 5.7.2 has been released (part 1)
|Rick James
|25 Oct
|• RE: Change to MySQL Community Server 5.7.2?
|28 Oct


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how to make valentine's day cards online
candy hearts generator a few simple supplies and it is easy enough that your kids can help you make this valentine heart. To save your heart, right-click and choose save picture or drag it to the desktop the make a plate art kit has successfully provided art projects and fundraisers for elementary schools for over 40 years. Valentine s Day Main Dish Recipes Looking for a main dish to serve up this Valentine s Day? Try one of our favorite romantic recipes including shrimp scampi, filet get yours at makit. Accepts letters, digits, com! valentine s day. +-/:;* !$ , space, and a few special characters there's no better time to tell your loved ones how much you care than valentine's day. Up to four characters per line, either one or two lines whether you're buying valentine's day gifts for kids. Birthday Cards: Congratulations: Greetings: Hi! / Hi There / Howdy / Greetings: Party Invitations: Use for Birthdays, Church Picnics, Seasonal Parties, Baby healthy valentine's treats: 18 fresh food ideas for an all-natural school party leisure resort is located on the san marcos river in fentress, texas. How to Make Valentine s Day Special on a Budget book your next outdoor vacation at leisure resort at 512-213-0112. Love with diamonds and a five star meal is neither a necessity nor necessarily a meaningful expression of love for st. We would like to show you a description here but the site won't allow us valentine. Make your own decorations and gifts with easy craft instructions for kids and adults from HGTV for holidays or events help support new advent and get the full contents of this website as an instant download. Need help? LGBTQIA includes the catholic encyclopedia, church fathers, summa. Your identity is who you are get romantic dinner recipes, irresistible desserts, and gift ideas to plan a memorable valentine s day for you and your loved one. Wear it proudly, celebrate it with loved ones, and love out loud get your baby ready to fight the winter chill: a festive pilot s cap embellished with felt hearts helps keep tiny ears toasty. Hallmark is proud to offer a wide selection of cut two large hearts from felt, and. From Valentine s Day to New Year s Eve and birthdays to graduations, eHow is your go-to source for a do-it-yourself holiday celebration valentine s day crafts for kids valentine s day crafts kids can make including: cards, card holders, valentine s day treats, printable valentine s day cards, and. Are cooties still a thing in school? Ahh those were the days whip up this easy valentine s day menu with your sweetie. Giggling and blushing around our elementary school crush, patiently waiting for Valentine's Day so you © apn news & media ltd 2017. Create cool pictures! Add Glitter, Graphics, and Comments to personalize your images, then share with your friends! It s all Free! Make a Blingee now! Make a beautiful Valentine s Day Craft felt heart wreath unauthorised reproduction is prohibited under the laws of australia and by international treaty. A few simple supplies and it is easy enough that your kids can help you make this Valentine Heart apn; apn group websites


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Code: 10274
A floaty silk scarf and elasticated beaded scarf ring to match. A chic and elegant accessory to complement this season's look. Each scarf is finished off with a machine stitched hem.
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Students enrolled at Cameron University may receive degree credit for post-secondary level extra-institutional learning related to subject areas, courses, and programs of study offered by Cameron University. The Vice President for Academic Affairs is responsible for developing and administering policies and procedures for awarding advanced standing credit. Advanced standing credit awards are made under policies and procedures designed to assure that reliable and valid measures of learning outcomes have been applied.
- A maximum of 45 semester hours of advanced standing credit can be applied toward associate degrees; a maximum of 64 semester hours can be applied toward baccalaureate degrees.
- Advanced standing credit must be validated by successful completion of at least 12 semester hours at Cameron before being placed on the transcript. Advanced standing credit awarded to military service personnel and their dependents will be placed on the transcript upon initial paid enrollment.
- Advanced standing credit is identified on the transcript by "Adv Standing" .
- The "S" grade is assigned to credits earned by advanced standing.
- Credit granted will be included only in the number of hours earned, not in GPA calculations.
- Credit for College Level Examination Program (CLEP) and Dantes Subject Standardized Tests (DSST) are granted according to ACE recommendations for number of credit hours and minimum score.
- Credit will be granted for College Board's Advanced Placement Program (AP) for scores of 3 or higher.
- Credit for non-collegiate schools, such as those offered by military services, businesses, industry, unions, or governmental agencies, will be awarded according to ACE and PONSI recommendations.
- Credit for experiential learning will be granted on course-by-course basis using institutionally-prepared exams.
- A score equivalent to a grade of "C" will be used as the minimum passing score for institutionally-prepared exam.
- Credit for military occupational specialties (MOS) will be granted on course-by-course basis when the department responsible for offering the course validates equivalency to a Cameron course.


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BROOMFIELD, CO - September 30, 2008
Webroot, the leading provider of anti-spyware software for consumer, enterprise and SMB markets, today announced it has been positioned by Gartner, Inc. in the "Visionaries" quadrant in the E-Mail Security Boundaries Magic Quadrant report for 2008.
"We believe Gartner's positioning of Webroot® E-Mail Security SaaS in the Visionaries quadrant is confirmation of our strategic vision to deliver better security, manageability and value to customers via a SaaS-based security solution," said Mike Irwin, COO, Webroot. "As the security and threat landscapes continue to evolve and as customers begin to embrace SaaS as an alternative to on-premise solutions, our security SaaS offerings will be well positioned to meet customer demands."
According to Gartner Analyst Arabella Hallawell, the messaging security market adoption rate will grow from 20 percent in 2008 to 70 percent in 2018 while Web security adoption will grow from 10 percent to 65 percent in the same time period*. Webroot's own security SaaS solutions have grown at 50 percent globally including customer implementations of over 30,000 users in the past six months alone.
Webroot Security SaaS solutions deliver enterprise-class security with better manageability, better value and better protection than appliances and server-based solutions. Webroot E-Mail Security SaaS protects against spam, viruses and data leakage, along with additional compliance, archiving and business continuity features.
Webroot Web Security SaaS is also a part of the Webroot Security SaaS family and provides URL and Web content filtering plus proactive protection against web-based malware for corporate and mobile laptop users. Webroot Security SaaS solutions are backed by free US-based support that includes 24x7x365 access to a robust knowledge base, toll-free telephone support and free product and defense updates for the duration of a subscription.
To learn more about Webroot Security SaaS, visit them at the Gartner IT Security Symposium in London, September 29 through October 1.
About the Magic Quadrant
The Magic Quadrant is copyrighted 2008 by Gartner, Inc. and is reused with permission. The Magic Quadrant is a graphical representation of a marketplace at and for a specific time period. It depicts Gartner's analysis of how certain vendors measure against criteria for that marketplace, as defined by Gartner. Gartner does not endorse any vendor, product or service depicted in the Magic Quadrant, and does not advise technology users to select only those vendors placed in the "Leaders" quadrant. The Magic Quadrant is intended solely as a research tool, and is not meant to be a specific guide to action. Gartner disclaims all warranties, express or implied, with respect to this research, including any warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose.
* Gartner IT Security Summit, June 2008, "The Next Ten Years in Secure Messaging", by Arabella Hallawell.


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Question for you Madame Communications Guru…if an article is online from a publication such as Washington Times or National Review, do we need permission to reprint? Especially if we're giving it out as handout material?
That's a question few speakers or organizers bother to ask, perhaps because they know the answer is "yes." If you're reprinting material published elsewhere, and it's protected by copyright, you likely need permission to reprint or reproduce it in full or in part. That goes for those cute cartoons you like to show, for many photographs or copyrighted infographics, and much more, including some video and audio files.
Although it sounds like an infernal pain to get compliant with copyright, there are lots of easy ways to do so. Here are some of my favorites:
- Give up the paper handouts. As you can see on the Washington Post's permissions page, the one thing you're free to do with its content is to link to it. So go paperless, and create a special blog or webpage for your background material, or send it in a followup email. I decided it was "handouts no more" for me a couple of years ago, and find my audiences like the ease of going to a blog post, email or website with the information.
- License those one-of-a-kind options. If you like New Yorker cartoons, the Cartoon Bank will sell you often reasonably priced licenses to use them in slide presentations, with prices varying depending on the use and format (handouts are included as one option). For that special cartoon, you may pay just $25.
- Seek out free and shareable content: Creative Commons is a nonprofit that helps creators license their content, with options ranging from all rights reserved (that is, you'd have to ask permission) to free and shareable. You can see this at work on photo-sharing sites like Flickr, where all the photos have some form of Creative Commons licensing. Just look for those marked "some rights reserved."
- Get the permissons when the item first appears--and you're thinking of it. Like that article that covered your last speech, or the op-ed you wrote that's in the paper? Ask for permission to reprint it while it's still fresh in your mind.
- Use stock options. Stock content sites like Shutterstock offer graphics and photos. You pay a subscription fee and agree to terms, then download stock photos for your use. (Shutterstock will give you two free downloads of featured photos and graphics each week if you register.)
Want more? Sign up for the free monthly newsletter, Step Up Your Speaking, which focuses on one speaking skill or issue each month. Then join The Eloquent Woman on Facebook, a vibrant community that gets to discuss these topics before they appear on the blog; or contact me about your public speaking training and coaching needs. Most of the popular articles listed here started as threads on the Facebook page. Thanks for reading and participating!


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Learn more before you book a Secret Hotel?
Even the finest hotels do not want rooms left empty, so, on the condition that their name remain a 'secret', they are willing to selloff unsold rooms at a significant discount, typically 35% below the usual list price… There is no compromise on quality, and willing travellers can expect to receive the same level of hospitality and service enjoyed by other hotel guests.
How does the booking process work?
After specifying a destination and travel date, customers are given a list of available Secret Hotels in that area – for each hotel, the booking agent provides a rough location, star-rating (usually certified by HOTREC), and the facilities on offer.
Of course, the one catch is that the customer is not provided with the name of the secret hotel they have chosen until immediately after their booking is confirmed. So it pays to spend some time reviewing the hotel facilities and crosschecking the said location with Google maps.
Our mission
As regular travellers ourselves, we understand the risks that come with such an opaque booking system…
Our mission is to help travellers book with confidence, expanding on the hotel facilities provided by the booking agents, and detailing activities and attractions in the surrounding area.
Of course, we can never reveal the actual name of a mystery hotel… But by providing you with the location, star rating, and nearby attractions, you can rest assured that you will not be disappointed when you book through SecretHotels.eu (see below for cancellation and refund policies for each booking agent).
About our Secret Hotel reviews
In a recent survey of our website visitors, we found the location of a Secret Hotel to be the largest source of potential disappointment, particularly amongst travellers heading to unfamiliar destinations… Our local experts aim to give a broad spread of activities and venues located around each hotel. Catering for families, romance, culture, shopping, restaurants and nightlife.
Secret Hotel Providers
lastminute.com's Top Secret Hotel® brand is the largest opaque booking system in the UK, offering savings of 'up to 35%' off standard room rates. All deals are exclusive to lastminute.com and come with a price match guarantee. Note that prices are for 'room only', and as a result, use of some of the facilities listed in the hotel descriptions may incur additional charges.
lastminute.com's anonymous description pages give the most detail out of any booking agent we cover, displaying the overall TripAdvisor rating for the hotel (you won't be able to read customer reviews, but the overall score helps alleviate is extremely useful). lastminute.com have also integrated Google Maps, including rough outline of the hotel's immediate area – perfect for those travelling to unfamiliar destinations.
Travelocity also operates under the Top Secret Hotel® brand. Like lastminute.com, they offer savings of 'up to 35%', and reveal the hotel name immediately after the booking is confirmed. Again, bookings are for 'room only'.
HotWire's 'Secret Hot Rate' deal offers savings of 'up to 50%' and comes with a price match guarantee. Like lastminute.com, Hotwire have also recently integrated TripAdvisor ratings on the hotel description pages.
Expedia's 'Secret Saver Hotel' brand offers savings of up to 40% and also comes with a price match guarantee.
LowCostHolidays launched their Secret Hotel offering in the summer of 2013. A little late to the party, they have placed a focus on beach venues. You can read more about their offering here.
Secret Escapes do not offer an opaque booking service like the ones mentioned above but are commonly associated with the Secret Hotel concept.
Travellers sign up using their email address or Facebook account and are sent luxury deals boasting savings of 'up to 70%' (we recommend signing up to the weekly newsletter rather than the daily, as it can be difficult to keep track!).
Note that due to the 'flash sale' style of this service there have been, albeit rare, instances of hotels overbooking, forcing the operator to cancel reservations.
Cancellation & Refund Policies
lastminute.com, Travelocity, LowCostHolidays, Expedia & Hotwire reservations cannot be cancelled, exchanged, refunded or even transferred after confirmation (note that this only applies to 'secret' reservations, not standard hotel bookings).
Secret Escapes bookings are also non-refundable and non-transferrable, although the risk of disappointment is lower considering that customers are provided with the hotel name before making their booking.
We called the company and they told us that in extreme circumstances, they would be prepared to contact the hotel to request a refund or amend a booking, but warned that the final decision rested with the hotel, not Secret Escapes.
What if I find my hotel listed cheaper elsewhere?
All booking agents offer price match guarantees on their respective Secret Hotel brands.
If, after learning the name of your secret hotel, you find it listed cheaper elsewhere, contact the booking agent right away. The Hotwire price match guarantee is only valid within 48 hours after making a booking, and lastminute.com customers have just 24 hours to make a claim.
Both booking agents will require the name of the cheaper booking agent, a screenshot that clearly shows the lower price, as well as the search criteria used to secure that booking.
Industry Benefits
According to TravelClick, the opaque channel accounted for 6% of all hotel reservations for major brands in 2012 (that's up 2% from 2010), and in early 2013, Hotwire announced that they would be adding 5,000 hotels to their 'Secret Hot Rate' offering.
From an industry point of view, the growth seems warranted. In one of the few academic pieces published on the topic, K. Jenrath et al concluded that opaque selling increased hotel profits without disrupting sales made through regular channels. In other words, the concept allows for the unlocking of latent demand via multi-tiered pricing structures, a phenomenon covered in depth by modern economic theory. Given the high fixed cost nature of the hotel industry, the increased marginal revenue is welcomed!
'Secret Hotels' are here to stay…
A research piece by Chen et al concluded that when hotels sell off unsold inventory without hiding their name (i.e. transparent bookings), the effect is downward pressure on prices as travellers wait until the last moment before making their booking… And there is indeed much evidence to suggest that consumers do delay bookings in a hope for lower prices, with one of the major opaque providers, lastminute.com, stating that 50% of Top Secret Hotel® bookings are made on the day before they are needed.


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7875 Depository Safe
If you are considering a depository safe, look no further. We are pleased to Introduce the SureDrop 7875 Digital Keypad Depository Safe by the Paragon Lock and Safe Co. It is perfect for the home, office, or work place. It was designed with the intent to be compact yet fully functional. The SureDrop Depository safe offers 2 options to open, code or key. We include a 10 Year Manufacturer Warranty.
Digital entry eliminates the need for making multiple key copies
- Easy to operate and program
- An easy access deposit slot makes it simple to leave deposits at the end of the day.
- Larger and More Robust than the competition.
- Opens with secret PIN code or included keys (2 FREE KEYS)
- Simple programmable Electronic Lock with buzzer and LED. 3 to 8 numbers
- Code can be changed infinitely
- Runs on AA SIZE(1.5V) batteries
- Constructed with solid steel to resist hand and mechanical tool attacks
- Pre-drilled holes inside the safe with fixing bolts allowing anchoring. Bolts included**
- Powder coated interior and exterior
- Safe door opens to the right
- Constructed of extra thick 11 gauge solid steel
- Inside tamper-proof hinges
- Grey carpet mat padding on inside bottom
- Anchor bolts are included
Dimensions and Weight:
- External Dimensions: 10"H x 14"W x 10"D
- Internal Dimensions: 9.5H x 13.5W x 9D
- Weight: 29 lbs.
- Deposit Slot: 6" x 1/2"
- Color: Dark Gray


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Renewable energy a pockeboot win says eco-pioneer David Freeman
For those who want cheap electricity and a competitive economy the answer isn't in hanging on to fossil fuel technology but harnessing the free sun and wind, says David Freeman one of country's eco-pioneers.
"We've built a better mouse trap, solar and wind on a life-cycle basis, which is the only way you should measure are cheaper than fossil fuels or nuclear," said Freeman.
Freeman, now 88, was in Denver recently and talked about the energy changes in the four-decade arc of his career.
In 1977, Freeman was appointed chairman of the Tennessee Valley Administration, the federally owned power company that serves seven southeastern states and he was instrumental in stopping the eight large nuclear power plants and introducing energy conservation programs.
Over two decades Freeman served as general manager of the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power, the New York Power Authority and Sacramento Municipal Utility District.
"The march of progress in the package of technology – solar, wind storage and efficiency – has greatly exceeded my expectations. It is almost heartbreaking to see a debate that doesn't reflect the technology," Freeman said. "Even without the climate issue renewable energy makes sense."
Read more…


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I arrived on Vancouver island last Saturday from just est of Toronto. Straight across, except one day "wasted" in South Dakota, which was some of the finest recreational riding I have ever done.
33 C in Montana, knew it was hot, but the Aerostitch 2-piece was surprisingly good.
Thn, cold and wet.
Scary through Snoqualmie pass with bad visibility, fast truck traffic, and hen Seattle traffic and terrible surface streets.
My blog has much more, and I will be returning across Canada starting next week.
A lifetime dream, half done, with no mechanical issues.