text:
|Liquid crystal display cell
|Yoshida et al.
|Reflection system for liquid crystal displays
|Fergason et al.
|Soref et al.
|Bergey et al.
|Castellano et al.
|Freiser et al.
|Klein et al.
This is a continuation, of application Ser. No. 331,437, filed Feb. 12, 1973 and now abandoned.
first and second coplanar optically transparent electrode means for forming an electric field between the coplanar electrodes;
first optically transparent plate means having first inner surface means,
said first and second coplanar optically transparent electrode means supported on said first transparent plate in spaced substantially parallel cooperative relation,
optical circular polarization means spaced in substantially parallel relation with respect to the external surface means of said first optically transparent plate means,
second optically transparent plate means having second inner surface means,
mesa spacer means formed integrally with said second inner surface means for spacing said first inner surface means therefrom at a substantially constant predetermined distance,
electric field sensitive optically active means disposed between said first and second surface means for controlling the degree of optical transmission of said electro-optical display apparatus in accordance with the value of said electric field,
wall means for completing the enclosure of said electric field sensitive means sealed in hermetic relation at the peripheries of said first and second optically transparent plate means,
diffuse reflector means permanently affixed to the external surface of said second optically transparent plate means, and
said second optically transparent plate means bearing said diffuse reflector means being substantially thinner than the first of said optically transparent plate means so that said reflector means is relatively close to said coplanar electrode means for the purpose of substantially reducing parallax over a wide field of view.
1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to electrically controllable panel display devices employing positive dielectric anisotropy liquid crystalline materials as electrically active media and more particularly relates to such display devices in which the size, shape, and location of two-dimensional display patterns can be changed in discrete steps.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Nematic liquid crystal materials offer utility in electric current controlled display devices of the flat panel type. One prior art application of such electrically controllable dynamic scattering materials employs a structure which is a cell generally of sandwich configuration comprising first and second sets of transparent planar electrode systems and a specularly reflective mirror spaced from the second electrode system. Between the two electrode systems is located a relatively thick layer of active nematic material. With no electric field applied between the two electrode sets, the liquid crystal material is optically transparent. Thus, if the mirror reflects a black background, the cell looks black to a viewer looking into it through its transparent first electrode system. When an electric field is applied between the two spaced electrode systems, the liquid demonstrates turbulence and abruptly loses its transparent characteristic, scattering any light flowing into it through its transparent first electrode system. In this state, the scattered light is returned to the viewer, and the apparent color of the cell generally has the same spectral content as the light passing into it through the first electrode system. When the electric field is removed, the material abruptly reverts to its transparent state and looks black to the observer.
Such prior art displays have made advantageous use of the properties of liquid crystal compositions. However, the displays require electrode systems on interior surfaces of both the first and the second wall elements of the cell, which electrode systems accordingly require careful alignment during assembly and the displays are therefore expensive to produce. Such prior art devices, having conducting electrodes on each side of the nematic layer, are also subject to accidental short circuiting between electrode systems. A factor further degrading the life of the prior art displays is that the primary phenomenon producing the display is induced by electric current flow, rather than by effects directly responsive to the electric control field. Such substantial current flow tends to cause the liquid crystal materials to deteriorate, reducing the life span of the display. Relatively high operating power is also required. Prior art displays of this type do not permit wide angle viewing and suffer from parallax problems and from unwanted specular reflections in the reflective mode.
The invention is an electric-field controlled, electrooptical display device of the panel type which includes a very thin layer of positive dielectric anisotropy nematic liquid crystalline material directly responsive to electric fields imposed within that nematic material and therefore overcoming defects present in the prior art. The invention is an improvement over the basic concept of the R. A. Soref U.S. Pat. No. 3,807,831 for Liquid Crystal Display Apparatus issued Apr. 30, 1974 and assigned to Beckman Instruments, Inc.. As in the prior Soref patent, the nematic material is placed within a thin cell having transparent frontal and rear cell wall elements which have precisely parallel flat sides. The electric control field threading the nematic layer is provided by an array of electrodes placed only on one inner surface of one of the cell-defining wall elements. Birefringence of the nematic liquid crystal is controlled by selected voltages applied to interleaved or interdigital electrode sets which constitute a pair of coplanar cooperating electrode systems, the pair being formed on the inner surface of the one cell surface. Alignment of the elements of the electrode sets may thus be accomplished automatically in one photographic step, manufacture and assembly of the device being significantly simplified. Since electric control fields effects are directly employed, operating power is reduced and the life expectancy of the display cell is increased. Uniformity of construction and long useful life are assured by forming mesas on one of the cell walls or plates, which mesas precisely define the thickness of the nematic layer. The mesa construction permits the use of economical manufacturing methods and permanently defines the width of the active nematic layer, confining it uniformly to a selected value as small as 0.5. microns. Wide angle viewing is attained, as well as relative freedom from parallax effects and from stray specular reflections.
FIG. 1 is an elevation cross section view of one form of the invention.
FIG. 2 is cross section of the FIG. 1 structure taken along the line 2--2.
FIG. 3 is an enlarged cross section view of a portion of FIG. 1 for illustrating electric field configurations employed in the invention.
FIGS. 4, 5, and 6 are graphs useful in explaining the operation of the invention.
Referring now to FIGS. 1 and 2, the improved construction of the novel electrically-controlled birefringent display is shown as utilizing a pair of parallel-sided flat glass or optically transparent dielectric plates 10 and 11, plate 11 being specially shaped in order to accommodate a very thin layer of electric field sensitive liquid crystal material particularly within interior region 12, as will be explained. Plate 11 is spaced from plate 10 by a plurality of mesa spacers such as spacers 13, 14, 15, and 16 formed integrally with the inner surface of plate 11. Mesa spacers 13, 14, 15, 16 are placed conveniently on the inner surface of plate 11 so as not to interfere with the location of the active interdigital electrode system 20 coated on only one or the other of the interior surfaces of the respective plates 10, 11.
It will be understood that the proportions used in FIG. 1 are particularly distorted so as to make the figure readily understandable. For example, the electrode system 20 yet to be described must be extremely thin, for example, about 400 Angstroms thick, as it is to be optically transparent. The thickness of the region 12 between plates 10 and 11 is so small as to provide capillary action and other important results, as will be further described.
Electrode system 20 comprises the parallel-disposed conductive and optically transparent electrode elements 21, 22 23, and 24 coupled to an elongate terminal conductor 31 having an exterior terminal 32. Electrode system 20 also includes the parallel-arranged conductive and optically transparent electrode elements 27, 28, 29, and 30 coupled to an elongate terminal conductor 25 having an external electrical terminal 26. The electrodes 24, 30, for example, may be spaced apart about 12 microns and be 10 to 15 microns wide. The respective electrodes 21, 22, 23, and 24 are arranged in parallel interdigital fashion with respect to electrodes 27, 28, 29, and 30, as seen particularly in FIG. 2. By virtue of their relatively low resistance, terminals 26 and 32 and the associated electrodes are substantially equipotential surfaces. Terminals 26, 32 may be coupled across a series connected switch and voltage source which latter may be a direct or alternating voltage source, as preferred.
It is seen that any adjacent pair of electrodes, such as electrode 21 and 27, are adapted in themselves to form an electric field lying between them. Dielectric plates 10 and 11 may be constructed from any suitable glass or generally from a transparent insulating material compatible with the optical and hermetic sealing requirements of the cell system. For example, the material may be selected to have an optical index of refraction similar to that of the electric field sensitive or nematic material to be placed in region 12 so as to avoid undesired reflections at optical interfaces. So that the active material may be preserved in its pure form, protected from contaminants and having uniform thickness, a quadrilateral dielectric wall 37 is formed as a continuous enclosure wall at the four edges of plates 10 and 11.
Referring especially to FIG. 2, it will be seen that particular arrays of electrodes such as array electrodes 21, 22, 23, 24, and array electrodes 27, 28, 29, 30 are shown; it will be understood that the figures are drawn in such proportions particularly for illustrating the basic principles of the invention with clarity. In actual practice, an array of very many thin and closely spaced electrodes such as electrodes 21, 22, 23, 24 will be used, with closely spaced interdigitally located electrodes such as electrodes 27, 28, 29, 30. Electrodes 21, 22, 23, 24 may be instantaneously negative, for instance, while electrodes 27, 28, 29, 30 may be instantaneously positive. In such a case, instantaneous electric fields are set up between the several alternate electrodes. As in FIG. 3, an electric field of one sense is found in the region between the oppositely poled electrodes 28 and 23, while an electric field of a reversed sense is found between electrodes 23 and 29, and so on throughout the interleaved array of electrodes. The electric fields lie primarily parallel to plates 10, 11, although the fields also fringe somewhat in other directions.
The effect of the electric field applied through terminals 26, 32 is observed in a preferred form of the invention by direct viewing, with the eye as at 40 in FIG. 1, the diffused ambient light represented by rays 41 that pass through circular polarizer 45 and through plate 10, the liquid crystal material in region 12, and the plate 11 thereupon to be reflected by a diffuse mirror 42 affixed to the exterior surface of plate 11. The reflected light retraverses the region 12, plate 10, and circular polarizer 45 to reach the eye at 40. Operation of the invention is generally as explained in the aforementioned Soref U.S. Pat. No. 3,807,831.
In the preferred form of the invention, construction of the high resolution interdigital electrode system 20 is accomplished in the manner described in the R. A. Carey, Sr., R. A. Soref patent application Ser. No. 331,436 filed Feb. 12, 1973, now abandoned assigned to the Sperry Rand Corporation and entitled: "Liquid Crystal Display Apparatus." In general, the soft glass plate 10 may be purchased with a thin, optically transparent conductive indium oxide or similar transparent film on one surface. The oxide film may be of such thickness that its electrical resistivity is about 200 to 500 ohms per square. Before masking of the indium oxide film and etching it to form the electrode system 20 therein, the oxide coated surface of plate 10 is subjected to a series of cleaning steps as described in patent application Ser. No. 331,436, now abandoned. When clean, the oxide coated surface of the plate is coated with photoresist, and a photomask for providing the pattern of the electrode system 20 is placed over the photoresist material, which then is exposed to actinic ultraviolet radiation flowing through the mask. The plate 10 is immersed in a developer solution in the conventional manner, is dried after removal, and is baked at substantially 150° Centigrade for 90 minutes in a flowing inert gas.
After cooling, the plate 10 is then immersed in a 50 percent hydrochloric acid, 50 percent water solution at 65° Centigrade for approximately 25 seconds for etching away the exposed and undesired indium oxide material. The developed photoresist is removed by a conventional photoresist stripper. Additional cleaning steps may then be taken to ensure perfect cleaning as further discussed in the aforementioned patent application Ser. No. 331,436. The cleanliness of the plate 10 is safeguarded by placing it in an appropriate container awaiting its assembly with other parts of the display device of FIG. 1. Rubbing of the plate is strictly avoided.
The companion plate 11 is constructed in a manner overcoming the defects of prior art methods for providing proper spacing between plates 10 and 11 and for permitting a mirror to be placed on its outer surface in very close proximity to the thin active liquid crystal layer. The spacing employed between the inner surfaces of plates 10 and 11 according to the present invention is required to be 0.5 to 2.5 microns, but may preferably lie within the range 1.4 to 1.9 microns. Such spacings are much smaller than customarily employed in displays depending upon other effects such as turbulence effects in the electrooptical medium, and the proviously used glass shims and polymer spacers are not acceptable. Further, they have been found to be difficult to use in economical production and tend to shorten the useful life of the nematic material.
A plate 11 of a soft glass similar in material and shape to plate 10 is selected and may be subjected to certain cleaning steps such as those described in connection with plate 10, for example. A photoresist layer formed in a generally similar manner as described in the foregoing is coated over one surface of plate 11 and is then exposed to actinic radiation through a conventionally formed mask having a pattern of circular, square, or otherwise shaped mask openings corresponding to the intended locations and shapes of the desired mesa spacers 13, 14, 15, 16 of FIGS. 1 and 2. Spacers such as spacers 13, 14, 15, 16 are generally located so that they do not conflict with the desired locations of elements of the electrode system 20. The spacers are also separated sufficiently to allow the liquid crystal material readily to flow into the display, as will be described. The developed photoresist patterns corresponding to mesas 13, 14, 15, 16 protect the glass beneath them from etching when the plate 11 is next placed in a 50 percent hydrofluoric, 50 percent de-ionized water solution at room temperature for a period of substantially six seconds where a 1.0 micron etch depth is desired for producing a 1.0 micron thick region 12 for the active medium layer. When the etchant immersion period ends, plate 11 is immediately flushed with running luke warm water, stopping the etching process. Removal of photoresist material and final cleaning may be accomplished as in the foregoing, for example. The plate 11 then takes the form shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, leaving flat-topped, smooth sided mesas 13, 14, 15, 16 projecting very slightly from a smooth, flat surface 46. The new surface 46 of the glass plate 11 is found to be optically good and without noticeable defects. Accordingly, if desired, the electrode system 20 may be placed on surface 46 rather than on plate 10. It should again be noted that proportions in FIG. 1 are distorted for clarity; for example, the height of mesas 13, 14, 15, 16 is considerably exaggerated. It should further be noted that the active surfaces of plates 10 and 11, though treated to be very clean, are never rubbed as in the case of ordinary liquid crystal displays. Rubbing of the plate prevents the display from operating in its novel homeotropic mode with the nematic molecules lying in their initial condition perpendicular to plates 10, 11.
Having completed formation of plates 10 and 11, they are assembled in such a manner as to form a permanently sealed container for the active liquid crystal material. For this purpose, the plates 10 and 11 are first aligned as in FIGS. 1 and 2 so that the mesa spacers 13, 14, 15, 16 do not overlap the electrode system 20 and so that the plates 10, 11 are held clamped together by a suitable tool. Conventional battery clips are readily adaptable for the purpose. A thick paste of a glass frit using a suitable commercially available fluid vehicle such as a mixture of amyl acetate and nitrocellulose is prepared. The paste is applied at the perimeter of the structure or at the edges of plates 10 and 11 to form the wall 37 of FIG. 1. Edge-seal wall 37 is provided with vent openings (not shown) and a filling slot (not shown) which are left open. The assembly is then heated at substantially 120° Centigrade in a gently flowing inert gas such as argon for about 15 minutes. This heating drives off water vapor and any volatile solvents from the frit and the frit hardens to the extent that the battery clips may be removed. A small weight is placed upon the assembly and the assembly is heated in a conventional frit oven in air to about 450° Centigrade, that temperature being held for substantially one hour so that the frit is fused and sintered together to form the non-porous wall 37 bonded to plates 10 and 11. In addition to fusing the frit, the 450° Centigrade temperature serves to bake out plates 10 and 11, thereby removing any contaminating surface layer from the plates.
The electrical power to the frit oven is removed, permitting the oven to cool in about two hours to a temperature somewhat above the temperature at which the liquid crystal material to be used transfers to its isotropic phase (such as above 130° Centigrade, for example). As soon as the assembly temperature reaches such a temperature, a large drop of filtered liquid crystal material is placed at the filling slot so that it is drawn into the thin capillary interior region 12 between plates 10 and 11. As in the case of the high temperature bake out, the temperature of the assembly during the filling event is selected so as to be high enough to minimize adsorption of water vapor on the interior surfaces of region 12 and hot enough to hold the liquid crystal material in melted condition. It evidently must not be so hot as to damage the liquid crystal material itself. The liquid crystal material is allowed to flow for 15 to 30 minutes between plates 10, 11 until its motion ceases when region 12 is filled or approximately filled. One purpose of the fusing and bake-out cycle and of the high temperature filling cycle is to provide a clean inner surface for glass plate 11 and a clean indium-oxide surface for plate 10, neither of which has an adsorbed surface layer. The surface energy of the clean plates is then such that many nematic liquids tend to align spontaneously with their long axes perpendicular to the glass plate surfaces. It will be apparent that the method of obtaining homeotropy described herein may be adopted as a matter of convenience, as an equally useful method to attain homeotropy in the interdigital display is to coat both glass plates 10 and 11 with a thin film of surfactant material or, more simply, to dissolve a small percentage of a conventional surfactant in the liquid crystal material itself prior to filling the cell.
The vents and filling slots through which air escaped are next sealed. This sealing may be accomplished by sealing the slots with a conventional epoxy cement which normally hardens in about 2 minutes. Alternatively, the vent and filling slots may be sealed rapidly by melting the frit material together with a conventional laser beam welding tool.
The novel mirror 42 is now to be integrated with the aforedescribed structure. Since the light rays 41 seen in FIG. 1 may approach the electro-optical device from a variety of angles, a corresponding multiplicity of imaging or parallax effects might ordinarily be viewed by the eye at 40. Since the light rays 41 pass through region 12 twice, these images appear to emanate from locations when the rays strike mirror 42, rather than from the plane of intersection with the liquid crystal layer. Parallax is minimized by locating the reflecting plane of mirror 42 as close as possible to the liquid crystal layer. For this purpose, the wall of plate 11 is made very thin between 2 and 5 mils in thickness, consistent with maintaining proper mechanical strength. The beneficial process used in generating the plate 11 with its integral mesas 15, 16 readily makes it possible to construct mirror 42 directly on a thin wall and very close to the active liquid crystal medium, as seen in FIG. 1.
In the preferred way of constructing the mirror 42, a commercially available aluminum, silver, or gold powder paint is brushed or sprayed on the smooth outer surface of plate 11. A paste of silver epoxy material may alternatively be used, as well as other suspensions which provide randomly located reflective metal flake-like particles suspended in a conventional transparent binder for causing diffuse reflection and consequently for permitting wide angle viewing of the display with substantially no multiple imaging. Reflectivity in the displaying state of such diffuse metal particles or platelets is excellent; in the homeo-tropic or non-displaying state, the display face is very dark, either very dark purple or dark blue, over a range of viewing angles of ± 30° from the vertical. The outer surface of the plate 11 may be roughened by grinding or sand-blasting before painting, or such a roughened surface may be coated chemically or in a vacuum metal deposition apparatus, for example, with aluminum or silver. The diameters of the irregular hills and valleys formed at the surface may be from 1 to 10 microns, for example, The diffuse mirror is preferably located less than 5 mils from the active liquid crystal layer so as to minimize parallax effects and the separation is maintained uniform over the display area because of the good mechanical properties of the mesa construction.
The electrode assembly 20 may take on any of a variety of forms, such as the simple interdigital form shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, as well as other more complex forms. For example, the interdigital electrode conformation may be employed to construct seven-segment numeric displays such as those of the aforementioned R. A. Soref U.S. Pat. No. 3,807,831. Other configurations will readily be conceived by those skilled in the art.
As was observed with reference to FIG. 3, the electric field lines E∥ between adjacent electrodes such as electrodes 28 and 23 are largely parallel to plates 10 and 11, the fringing field E⊥ components having only a small effect upon the liquid crystal medium. According to the invention, liquid crystal materials from those known to display strong positive dielectric anisotropy are selected particularly for use in the present situation, since positive anisotropy materials (initially homeotropic) are most sensitive to the E∥ transverse electric field components. The thin homeotropic nematic layer in which electrically controllable birefringence effects are to be viewed may be selected from well known liquid crystal materials, including a known mixture of nematic liquid crystals having strong positive dielectric anisotropy, operating at relatively low drive voltages at room temperature, and composed of equal molar proportions of nitrile Schiff bases. Such a mixture demonstrates desirably low electrical conductivity and also has a desirably large dielectric anisotropy (ε∥ = 25, while ε⊥ = 8). Suitable nematic materials are discussed in the aforementioned patent application Ser. No. 331,436, now abandoned, and elsewhere.
The performance of the invention is of particular interest in explaining the choice of very small separations for the inner surfaces of plates 10 and 11 and the location of mirror 42. FIG. 4, for example, is a graph of the maximum viewing angle (twice θ of FIG. 1) with respect to the vertical as a function of the internal separation d between plates 10 and 11, the distance between electrodes and electrode widths being held constant. The curve is a locus for points where the on-off contrast is 11 to one or more. It is seen that a total viewing angle of 120° is constantly available for values of d lying substantially between 0.5 and 1.5 microns. It is seen that the optimum values for d cover a small range and that the benefit of mesas 13, 14, 15, 16 of FIG. 2 is to maintain uniformity in the value of d for the life time of the product.
FIG. 5 illustrates the relation between plate separation d and the brightness of the display in its fully on state. The peak of this curve falls at approximately 1.4 microns for d. The r.m.s. driving voltage for the curve in FIG. 5 is about three times the threshold voltage for the material. FIG. 6, which plots threshold voltage in arbitrary units against the separation d shows that the normalized threshold voltage lies in an intermediate and acceptably low range for plate spacings between 1.2 and 2.0 microns. More specifically, the observed threshold voltage conforms to the relation: ##EQU1## where S is the uniform electrode finger separation, and K33 is the elastic bend constant of the nematic. The three graphs indicate that a value of d of 1.5 microns is generally optimum. However, if plates 10 and 11 should be squeezed together, unsuitable values of relative brightness and of high threshold voltages are rapidly demonstrated in at least parts of the display, further illustrating the benefit of the novel structure whereby the glass mesas 13, 14, 15, 16 maintain d constant and uniform at a value selected between 0.5 and 2.5 microns or preferably at a value selected between 1.4 and 1.9 microns. For long-term reliability or long life, it is found that the frequency of the alternating voltage should be greater than fc, where fc is defined in the conventional manner as the space charge relaxation frequency and is equal to σ/2π ε⊥ ε0, σ -- representing the electrical conductivity of the liquid crystal. The quantity fc is typically about 100 Hz.
It is seen that the invention is a liquid crystal electrooptic display device or light valve of the reflective type in the form of a flat panel display or modulator that employs an interdigital electrode structure. The interdigital dielectric electrode array is required only at one surface of the very thin positive dielectric anisotropy nematic film, there being no necessity for cooperating electrodes at the other surface of the nematic layer, and the display is therefore inexpensive to make and to assemble. The electrodes apply a primarily transverse electric field component with respect to the volume occupied by the very thin nematic film.
The applied electric field is used to distort the normal alignment of the long nematic molecules (alignment perpendicular to the major surfaces of the glass container plates) and thus to distort the nematic ordering of the material for controlling the birefringence properties of the film. The controlled birefringence is directly electric field sensitive and very low drive powers are therefore effective. This is in contrast to prior art turbulence displays which operate largely because of the presence of electrical currents and therefore consume substantially greater power. Since little electrical current flows, the liquid crystal materials find themselves in an environment in which they may have relatively long life.
Because an electric field effect is used, little power is consumed and positive dielectric anisotropy liquid crystals are readily employed which normally do not exhibit dynamic scattering effects, but are primarily electric field sensitive. The novel construction whereby the thickness of the active nematic film is maintained extremely small and very uniform permits efficient operation of the display in its optimum condition. The mesa construction affords immunity to atmospheric pressure changes and to warping or other causes of distortion of the display package. The mesas also serve beneficially during manufacture of the device, so that the outer wall 37 need serve only as a hermetic seal and no longer plays a major role in providing proper spacing of the plates 10 and 11. Further, the novel structure of the plate having the integrated mesa structure not only permits use of an extremely thin layer of liquid crystal material, but permits construction of the diffusing mirror directly on the outer surface of the mesa-bearing plate. Consequently, the diffusing mirror flakes or platelets may be located very close to the active liquid crystal layer, preferably between 2 and 5 mils from the active liquid crystal material. A consequence of the construction is that the thickness of the active layer is fixed and the position of the diffuse reflecting mirror is accurately spaced very close to the active layer, largely eliminating undesirable parallax and multiple image effects and affording a wide field of view.
While the invention has been described in its preferred embodiments, it is to be understood that the words which have been used are words of description rather than of limitation and that changes within the purview of the appended claims may be made without departure from the true scope and spirit of the invention in its broader aspects.


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Report Finds 20% of Yelp Reviews Are Fake
Fraudulent reviews are growing as more businesses become aware of the importance of social media and compete with rivals for public affection. Quentin Fottrell explains on the News Hub.
This transcript has been automatically generated and may not be 100% accurate.
... the the ... well the easy use Yelp it's probably suspected that said the ECB settle over the top rate they just might be say ... light turns out some of them on ... new York's attorney general is finding the until companies over three hundred and fifty thousand dollars for posting on even the funny Erdenes ... Quentin for trial MarketWatch you tell us more I'm tying or you can only help creates selling through out the bus driver is the G twenty years everyone is lying to us write to ... her ... they're lying and a of of ... employees who are writing these for them ... the rules to ... some of these companies reducing the ... competition ... so it was one report found mention in this new York Attorney General investigation ... I tried to call Michael is kind ... of cost from Harvard business school ... with this release is second reports ... that says that up to twenty percent twenty five ... of reviews on yelp are likely to be fake ... twenty percent so that he didn't buy any more talking like all kinds of different businesses ... right so you ... have to be free to yell to get there faster filters many visas costs Bowman how will these algorithms ... that might expect ... such the Howley yes I mean I mean I think that a community of rights that they have ... the novel of these computer systems to look at your own Sunline refuse to accept her but you know consumers can also ... come out a way of looking to ... usually one star ... or five star ... aura and while they can be a genuine contest a buy on a new study by ... Harvard business school and Boston University suggests that a thermos like the one star in the five term is likely to be fake the four star reviews or ... almost always more likely to be done ... at Sony Yelp lead these things out or is it just that we should be throwing away our lives are the ones that were looking at me know when it's all a lot more subtle than that now we have to look at the ... mine which use unease around ... on our own ... judgments and that the ... people of Sands ... except around balance it all together ... yell for doing that Yelp or Wieting Madden also it's that they say the site is really ... tall more than a Boston board to take you to any the state makes it seem like it's headed the cycle the underground economy in people who are writing ATM fees and it's not just ... the business is ending and people were fed and actually hiring people eighteen different countries to repeat the writes about the New York attorney general said the company has been ... wanting one dollar and ten dollars per review these people are the heart from overseas ... as these companies and they advertised on Craigslist is well ... I got ... an email today from a ... truck company he was convinced stockholder ... to five hundred reviews that has some ... models of cotton is the quilt and even that didn't even business in the euro to ... hack into how many reviews for ... us it's a good business and businesses a short time ... I think quicker in you're you're being ninety rating if you look at the number ... we still feel better about your neighbor telling us he should have an effect on the block instead of Yelp or unlike some other of the singing and telling writes that in the late seventy nine percent of people trust online reviews ... as much the trust's ... word of mouth so ... but this job it's catching up definitely people are the more trust in ... an online reviews but there's one website where ... God does for people how to use their real names of at least you know that their position on the open up ... my Facebook so I know I love it for us one of my kids Yelp was my first port of call when my test Outlander ... might look on the month on the common good reviews and plunger ... dollars due to face up to us by France ... twenty think I face but for all the rest recommendations going forward and thanks for being a nicer

subset: commoncrawl


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Vanessa L Williams Gossip
Vanessa Williams gossip, latest news, photos, and video.
Vanessa at 45
Been interviewed a few times lately about aging and Hollywood and ladies who are holding it together quite nicely without frightening us from the horrors of their faces. Vanessa Williams, turning 45, is a wonderful example. Ugly Betty was honoured last night at the NAACP Image Awards and Vanessa totally owned the carpet, Not crazy about the one shoulder but love the colour and the body and the hair and the eyes… and Rick Fox is a f&cking idiot. Full Story
Best Yellow: Vanessa L Williams
Crazy ass body. And what a crazy ass comeback. Girl deserves a SAG just for putting up with that douchebag Rick Fox. So here's Vanessa wearing every inch of this Escada and celebrating her 40s. 44 to be exact. But it may as well be 35, non? Full Story


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Lauren Collins Gossip
Lauren Collins gossip, latest news, photos, and video.
Drake's Degrassi reunion
Drake has a lot of cache. Especially now, in Toronto, and in the wake of this lopsided Meek Mill feud. So when he chooses to make his first public appearance since his OVO Fest domination at the We Are Disorderly webseries premiere at home last night, it matters. Full Story
Degrassi red carpet
Degrassi Goes Hollywood, the show's first movie, broke records at The N a couple of weeks ago in America as the most–watched, highest-rated telecast ever for the network. Canadian shows have been kicking ass lately with the major players. And both Degrassi and Flashpoint received Gemini Award nominations this week. Full Story
Degrassi goes Hollywood
Lauren Collins and Adamo Ruggiero were in New York yesterday, made an appearance on Alexa Chung, and at Planet Hollywood to promote the first feature length Degrassi movie, airing tomorrow August 14th on TEENick (formerly known at The N). Degrassi goes Hollywood will be broadcast in Canada on August 30th. Full Story
Degrassi goes to Hollywood
Teen dramas don't just exist in the states. Degrassi's been doing it for years. New season, new stories, new faces…and some Hollywood styles too! Details? Degrassi is currently shooting extra episodes with an LA spin featuring my girl Lauren Collins and Cassie Steele with guest appearances by Kevin Smith and Jason Mewes (Jay and Silent Bob!) and a list of other surprise celebrity guests that are also fans of the show. Full Story
A real Canadian baby
Pamela Anderson was born on Canada Day. For some reason, only filthy scabs with fake tits and too many ex husbands seem to get any media play in Canada. Still… certain Canadians are "proud" of her. And even though Pamela Anderson barely has a career anymore, even though her mothering skills leave much to be desired, even though her happy habits are probably no better than Lindsay Lohan's used to be, or still are, still they cheer when they see her at hockey games and roll out the carpet for her tits. Full Story
They Love Adamo
Adamo Ruggiero is one of the stars of Degrassi, a grossly under appreciated Canadian tv show that gets more love in other parts of the world than it does at home. Adamo came out earlier this year on his own terms and was invited to present at the GLAAD Awards at the Kodak Theatre on Saturday night. Full Story


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Giu 10º Fiber cut in Kansas City
We just got confirmation that there is a fiber cut in Kansas City. The Datacenter does not have an ETA they are working to resolve it.
Giu 18º Zarg Online Moving forward with Migration
We have no response on Semperfi Server nor from the Datacenter administrators, we have Zarg ready to go, those affected will be immediately moved to Zarg with the backup data we have. If you have a newer backup file you can restore that via cPanel or contact support and we will help you with it. If you have a custom name server please email ... Espandi »
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Speedbump Modal Called Incorrectly!


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We're proud that our long history of ingenuity and passion for innovation has helped us to change the industry. We promise that we'll always take dramatic leaps so you can reach new heights with your music. That's our commitment to you, because in the end, we love being a part of making great music.
Our product catalog varies by country due to manufacturer restrictions. If you change the Ship-To country, some or all of the items in your cart may not ship to the new destination.


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5 cheap, easy ways to catch holiday spirit
Stick to your budget while restoring cheer this year
Just because the purse strings may be a little tighter this year doesn't mean you can't celebrate the holidays like it's 1999.
In fact, you may have a little more fun if you have to put more thought into creating the atmosphere for holiday spirit, and anytime we can find a bargain, it's just another version of a shopping high.
The holidays can be the most wonderful time of the year, but for some, it is the most depressing time of the year. Let's do what we can with what we have and spread the holiday joy.
Let's take in a big whiff of holiday scents, listen to classic tunes, break out some old VHS tapes, find a new way to wrap gifts and create goodies just like Mom used to make ...
No. 5: Scented holidays
The holiday season just feels different compared to other times of the year. There's a bounce in people's steps -- especially those rushing out on Christmas Eve to do their last-minute shopping.
A great way to bring that holiday feeling to the forefront is to light some candles that take you back to the best holiday feeling.
Maybe your grandma baked apple pie the week before Christmas or you found candy canes in your stocking on Christmas morning. No matter what your special memory is, capture it and embrace it. Find it in a candle scent, light it at home, sit back and enjoy.
If you really want to get ambitious, buy a candle-making kit at your local craft or hobby store and make the perfect scented candles either for your home or someone else's. Your holiday memory can double as a great homemade gift.
That's one of the five senses down, let's tackle another one ...
No. 4: Classic holiday sounds
As your favorite scented candle flickers near the window, break out the old vinyl or crack open the iTunes. Sway to the music that only makes an appearance once a year, the music that snaps you right into that holiday spirit.
Some radio stations even go to an all-holiday-music format right around this time of year. While the incessant holiday music so long before Christmas can drive some people nuts, embrace it. Sing along and remember the holiday season comes around only once a year.
Need some motivation? Download these classics:
- "It Came Upon a Midnight Clear" - Bing Crosby and Frank Sinatra
- "Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree" - Brenda Lee
- "It's Beginning to Look a Lot Like Christmas" - Perry Como
- "Let It Snow, Let It Snow, Let It Snow" - Dean Martin
- "Frosty the Snowman" - Jimmy Durante
- "Silver Bells" - Johnny Mathis
- "Rudolph, the Red Nosed Reindeer" - Gene Autry
- "O Holy Night" - MercyMe
- "Baby, It's Cold Outside" - Ella Fitzgerald and Louis Jordan
Now that you've got the music covered, let's move onto something more visual ...
No. 3: Turn back the clock
Holiday time is family time, so what better occasion to dust off the old home movies?
Remember when Mom flipped the video camera over and made all the footage sideways? Show that video. Show the video of making snow angels in the front yard, or the first time the kids went down the sledding hill that looked huge and dangerous through their young eyes.
If your family wasn't into home movies, don't fret, your old VCR still can get in on the holiday fun. Chances are you have some of the movie classics of the season lying around. Bust those out and have your own holiday movie festival.
Need some suggestions? Consider movies such as "Miracle on 34th Street," "Babes in Toyland," "A Christmas Carol," either of the first two "Home Alone" movies, "Elf," "It's a Wonderful Life," "The Muppet Christmas Carol," "The Santa Clause" and "A Charlie Brown Christmas."
And don't forget the 1983 cult favorite "A Christmas Story," a choice made especially easy and affordable given TBS' annual 24-hour marathon starting on Christmas Eve.
Next up, let's get make wrapping presents a little more fun and festive ...
No. 2: Get creative with your wrapping
A great way to drop extra money around the holidays is on shiny wrapping paper, spendy tissue paper and cute bags and boxes. Let's reclaim wrapping gifts and come up with other creative ways to do so.
Of course, there's the classic wrapping with newspaper. This is both economical and eco-friendly, which we're all about these days.
You can also create your own gift boxes with leftover wrapping paper, or any paper item. Wrap the box and the lid of the box separately, so it's beautiful but reusable.
Find objects at thrift stores that would make great containers in which to deliver your gifts. Have fun with it -- match the wrapping to the personalities of the recipients.
Have extra photos of family members? Downsize your collection by using the photos as gift tags. Cut around the gift recipient's head and paste it on the gift. It's a great way to identify whose gift it is and it's guaranteed to get a laugh.
Last up, who's ready to do some baking?
No. 1: Holiday goodies create a happy mood
Whether you're home for the holidays or not, there's something about homemade holiday goodies.
If you're far away from family, dig out some old family recipes and have family members talk you through baking them while on speakerphone. Tackle Grandma's secret sugar cookie recipe and share with your neighbors.
If you're attending a family gathering or blending families for the first holiday season, create something that has been important to your family's tradition and share the story through food. It will be a yummy and non-threatening way to bond with your new family or in-laws.
Make something you're craving and establish it as your own holiday goodie tradition. If food is involved, everyone will be supportive of your new ideas. Create frosted sugar cookies, corn flake wreaths, gingerbread men, Russian tea cakes, pie, homemade turnovers and your own creations.
Distributed by Internet Broadcasting. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


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Numbers do matter! In fact, we'll name our favorite coffee shop in this neighborhood by not only its food but the address too.
Try Ronaker's Coffee Shop at 2123 Doolittle Drive! It's a block away from our 2123 Juneau Street property for sale!
(Also worth noting: Coffee Time at 2105 Doolitte Drive.)


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Pictures of Erin Wasson Texas-Inspired Style Story
Erin Wasson's Texan-Style Tribute to the USA
Erin Wasson's Texan-Style Tribute to the USA
In honor of our stars and stripes, Erin Wasson, who we had the pleasure of chatting with recently, gives us a taste of the American country in denim, camo, and cowboy boots. The all-American "Texas Story" — shot by David Mushegain in Elle Italia's August issue — features Erin as the big star of small-town America. Hard to resist the call to kick back in cutoffs, eclectic vintage, and layered knits. It's Summer USA, a reminder to celebrate the small things — think running errands in Native American-inspired ponchos and studded cowboy boots. Click through and pay homage to the American dreamer and the best of big, Texan-inspired style.


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AFRICAN PSYCHO - Alain Mabanckou
When AFRICAN PSYCHO by Alain Mabanckou arrived in my book stack, I really wasn't sure what to expect. I've finished it now and I'm still not sure what I got. But I do remember it!
Gregoire is a neglected child - an ugly child - an anonymous child - abandoned by his parents - he's raised in an increasingly haphazard manner really by himself mostly. He vows he will be different. He will be remembered. He vows to escape his humdrum reality and commit a spectacular murder. Just like his idol - the serial killer Angoualima. Angoualima is Gregoire's guide, his mentor, his hero. He's dead, but that doesn't mean that Gregoire is separated from him, often sharing his plans when sitting on Angoualima's grave.
Told in Gregoire's own voice, AFRICAN PSYCHO is a journey into the macabre, the funny, the sad, the desperate and the disturbing. At the same time, there are great sweeping vistas of the absurd - not the least because the author uses the most bizarre names for places - "He-Who-Drinks-Water-Is-An-Idiot" is where Gregoire lives. The novel isn't set in a real place, just as Gregoire's life is somehow not quite real.
AFRICAN PSYCHO isn't a book that fits into any "category" that's for sure. It's frequently weird, it's often confusing, but at the same time it's compelling, intriguing and just a little sad. Gregoire's an unreliable narrator in some ways, not by artifice or to manipulate. He's fragile. He's very damaged. The world he lives in isn't anywhere near where the rest of us lead our lives.
It's not an easy book to read, partially because it doesn't fit into any particular pattern or mould. It's also not an easy book to read as Gregoire's somebody who despite everything, that you could very well find yourself caring about - a lot.
Gregoire Nakobomayo, a petty criminal, has decided to kill his girlfriend Germaine. He's planned it for some time, but still, the act of murder requires a bit of psychological and logistical preparation.
|AFRICAN PSYCHO - Alain Mabanckou
Karen Chisholm
|Tuesday, May 19, 2009
|Currently Reading - African Psycho, Alain Mabanckou
Karen Chisholm
|Monday, May 4, 2009


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Focused: Photographer of the rich, famous...and everyone else
Photography and history buffs no doubt consider Rufus Holsinger a hard act to follow. His photographs of celebrities, the University– and especially everyday life in late 19th- and early 20th-century Charlottesville– have almost iconic status hereabouts.
But those same darkroom devotees would be quick to agree that long-time Charlottesville shutterbug Jim Carpenter is a worthy contender for the successor's crown. Carpenter– who moved from news to portrait photography when he bought Billy Gitchell's studio 17 years ago– has an archive of pictures that may one day be as valuable a resource as the Holsinger Collection at UVA.
"I've photographed six presidents, the Dalai Lama, Desmond Tutu, and the Queen," Carpenter recalls proudly, adding the interesting tidbit that he was able to snap Her Majesty and Jerry Ford in the same week in 1976.
"I got into some trouble with the Queen," he laughs, describing the panic of her secret service detail on finding him close on the monarch's heels. But when she turned around to investigate, "She saw me and flashed this wonderful smile"– which Carpenter dutifully captured for history.
His lucky positioning during Ford's visit to Monticello resulted in a shot that was picked up by UPI. "I took two pictures of the president that day," he says, "and sent them to him. One came back to me signed, and the other went to the National Archives." UPI flashed it around the world on their wire service.
Carpenter's illustrious career had a modest start. He was sitting with life-long friend John Atkins (then a Daily Progress photographer) in the fourth-floor art room at old Lane High School (now the County Office Building). "You want to take some pictures of the class of '66?" Adkins asked. "I'll show you everything you need to know."
"Once you get that hooked on photography," Carpenter says, "it's forever in your blood. The mystery of watching those chemicals fix time in that subdued light... You can almost stop time."
As a member of the Lane class of '68, Carpenter lived through some important Charlottesville history: "It was the middle of Lane's 53-game winning streak in football," he laughs.
Carpenter isn't just a local treasure. In addition to having his portrait of Jerry Ford in the National Archives, he has won prizes in many national competitions. One he's particularly proud of is taking second place out of 10,000 entries in the most recent Kodak Gallery Elite competition. The thrill for him is that entries in such contests are judged solely on their own merits, not in comparison to other photos.
"They judge you for what you've done in that picture," he says. "Hearing their critique always makes you a better photographer."
Young women planning weddings in the next few years and other folks just interested in seeing Charlottesville's history captured through a loving lens will be happy to know that Carpenter has no plans to retire.
"I'd like to be able to stay in business 50 years," he says. That would push retirement to 2018. Will that be a chore?
"I love my work," he says. "After 36 years, I still love getting up and coming to work each morning."
With that attitude, sounds like hitting the half-century mark will be a snap.
Age: 54
Why here? I was born and raised here.
Worst thing about living here? Inconsiderate drivers
Favorite hangout? Outback Steakhouse
Most overrated virtue? [blank]
People would be surprised to know? I love to clown for hospitalized children.
What would you change about yourself? I'd be a better public speaker.
Proudest accomplishment? Marrying my wife, Joan, 27 years ago
People find most annoying about you? I punch too many buttons on my computer.
Favorite book? The Bible
Causes you to rant? Smoking in public places
Biggest 21st century thrill? Emerging into digital technology
Biggest 21st century creep-out? Identify theft
What do you drive? 2000 Toyota Landcruiser
In your car CD player right now? Shrek soundtrack
Next journey? Atlanta to give a photography seminar at SEPPA
Most trouble you've ever gotten in? I got a crew-cut to save 25 cents of the barber's fee to buy candy.
Regret? My red hair has turned silver.
Favorite comfort food? Spoon bread
Always in your refrigerator? Film and damson preserves
Must-see TV? The Apprentice
Favorite cartoon? Foghorn Leghorn
Describe a perfect day. Having both my feet on the ground
Walter Mitty fantasy? To be a good singer! Or how about, just to carry a tune!
Who'd play you in the movie? David Letterman
Most embarrassing moment? I really try to forget those!
Best advice you ever got? Never volunteer for anything in the U.S. Army.
Favorite bumper sticker? Following the Son too close may keep you from burning.
Jim Carpenter on the other side on the lens


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Protecting your most important assets
Mining demands an increased focus on safety and all Liebherr mining equipment is designed to reduce risk, even under the most challenging conditions.
For operational and maintenance reasons, Liebherr purposely designs and builds with increased safety awareness. Liebherr strictly adheres to industry standards, with a dedicated focus on Design Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (DFMEA) during all phases of equipment design.
Maintenance safety is enhanced through easy machine and component access and anti-slip surfaces, while advanced suppression systems aid in fire prevention.
Ongoing training to educate mine personnel on a wide range of safety topics including Operator Fatigue Avoidance, Maintenance Precautions, and other crisis preventative procedures, help to minimize the risk of operational interruptions that negatively impact daily productivity and profit margins.


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Look directly to the right of the navigation buttons. Do you see it?
Because the ghost of the next_day.gif image isn't showing up, that <td> cell has collapsed and the image to the right of it has moved to the left.
I want the next_day_ghosted.gif image to be there because of the overall look of the nav itself so I put the "next_day_ghosted.gif" into the /workspace/images and updated so that it moved into /public_html/images (I double checked, it's there) and performed a full site update.I don't think my html is at fault here. Check out the screenshot:
Does anybody see something I've done wrong here?