text:
General R. E. Lee's Northwest Virginia Campaign
By C. H. Ambler
Admirers and critics alike know little of General R. E. Lee's futile attempt to deal with Federals in northwest Virginia in the summer and autumn of 1861. Because of Lee's later successes and his present pre-eminence among great soldiers of the world, most persons are disposed to regard his experiences in northwest Virginia as minor incidents, such as are found in the lives of most great men. For instance, George Washington had his Fort Necessity.
In brief, General Lee's campaign in northwest Virginia was a failure. According to Matthew Page Andrews, it "opened the way for the Federal government permanently to deprive Virginia of one-third of her territory."1 To George W. Peterkin, a participant and later Bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church in West Virginia, "the reasons for General Lee's retreat were far from clear."2 General "Jeb" Stuart wrote his wife that Lee had disappointed him as a general,3 and his Pulitzer prize biographer admits that Lee disclosed "a weakness" and that his campaign ended "ingloriously." Moreover, he holds him "blamable" and even "censurable."4 Reflecting the public opinion of eastern Virginia, Richmond newspapers described Lee's plan of campaign at Cheat Mountain as "disappointing" and cathechized him on "mountain warfare."5
Fortunately for the Confederacy and for mankind as well, Jefferson Davis did not lose confidence in General Lee. This was indicated by the decision to send him at once upon his return from northwest Virginia to defend Charleston, South Carolina, and Savannah, Georgia. Significant perhaps of their satisfaction at being rid of Lee, Richmond newspapers said little about this appointment,6 but opposition from other quarters was so strong that President Davis deemed it necessary to advise the governors of South Carolina and Georgia "that Lee, in his opinion, was the best soldier available for the duty assigned him."7 Fortunately, Governor Brown of Georgia, shared this opinion, and Lee was spared to posterity as a great soldier and a great man.
In the light of these facts, it seems that Lee's military experiences in northwest Virginia should be of more general interest. It would seem that the public and military people in particular would be interested to know just what he attempted there and why he failed. Without going too much into detail, it is the purpose of this paper to answer these questions. As an approach thereto a survey of the military situation in northwest Virginia, as of July 28, 1861, the date of Lee's departure from Richmond, will be helpful.
When he set out, Federals in and about Washington were skulking in panic and shame because of their defeat at Manassas one week before, and Federals everywhere were appalled and chagrined because of the disaster which had overtaken them.8 Generally, they expected an attack upon Washington, which, had it been undertaken then, as urged by Stonewall Jackson, might have ended the war in favor of the Confederates.9 Instead of taking advantage of this today obvious opportunity, the conservative President of the Confederacy, who was also commander in chief of its army and navy, turned his attention to northwest Virginia. There, ten days before Manassas, General George B. McClellan had decisively defeated Confederates at Rich Mountain and two days later at Corricks Ford, where their commander, General Robert S. Garnett, was killed.10
In keeping with plans which had been in process of forming for weeks, General McClellan on July 21, date of the Federal defeat at Manassas, announced his intention to carry his military operations into the Kanawha Valley. Thus he hoped to complete his conquest of northwest Virginia and establish the authority of the Reorganized Government set up at Wheeling one month before.11 This was preparatory to his chief objective, an attack by way of the Kanawha Valley upon the railroads centering at Staunton.12 As a part of this plan General Jacob D. Cox was already pushing General Henry A. Wise out of the Kanawha Valley.13
These plans were altered somewhat, when McClellan was on July 22 summoned to command the Army of the Potomac and save panic-stricken Federals in and about Washington.14 His command in the northwest was then turned over to General William S. Rosecrans who, as a former mining prospector in the Kanawha Valley, was familiar with the geography of that region.15 Brigadier General Joseph J. Reynolds was placed in direct command of the Federal force in Tygart Valley, and he fortified Cheat Mountain so as to command the western approach to Staunton. Meanwhile Rosecrans, in keeping with a plan previously worked out by McClellan prepared to reinforce General Cox who on July 29 took Gauley Bridge.16 To the north the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad west of Cumberland, Maryland, was in control of Federals.17
The situation resolved itself to this: All Virginia west of Cheat Mountain, except New River Valley and the region to the south of Kanawha River, was in almost complete control of Federals. They were thus able to complete the Reorganized Government of Virginia, which in turn sponsored the dismemberment of that state and the formation and admission of West Virginia to separate statehood, but the outcome of the wager of battle remained undetermined. There were those, among them Stonewall Jackson,18 who thought that the Confederates should push into the extreme northwest in sufficient numbers to hold it by force, but for evident reasons that would have been a difficult undertaking. Most Confederate leaders were therefore generally agreed that their stand should be on the principal ridge of the Alleghenies and that Staunton, a strategic railroad and agricultural center, should be defended at all hazards. This was the task assigned Lee.19
In view of the fact that the Federals had not yet reached the principal ridge of the Alleghenies, except in the region of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, the military situation in the northwest was therefore not hopeless for the Confederates, and prominent Federals were predicting their own defeat.20 The poetry and art loving but efficient General Henry R. Jackson of Georgia, with about 4,000 Confederates, was stationed at Monterey,21 and the Mexican War tried veteran, General William W. Loring, was rallying the remnants of Garnett's shattered army and drilling recruits into soldiers.22 It seemed possible therefore to make a stand atop the Alleghenies and use them as a base of operations, from which to drive the Federals from Cheat Mountain and Tygart Valley.23
By withdrawing his forces to and beyond Lewisburg. General Wise had meanwhile escaped a possible flanking movement from the north by way of the Gauley and Greenbrier valleys and was in position to defend the strategically important Virginia and Tennessee Railroad.24 Meantime, General John B. Floyd who had been organizing an army in southwest Virginia, was ordered to combine his force with that of Wise and, in case his flank could be protected, to retract Wise's steps along the James River and Kanawha Turnpike all the way to Gauley Bridge and, if possible, beyond.25
In view of this situation Lee's apparent detachment of mind, as he moved to his new assignment, may not have been as cultivated as is claimed.26 Indicative of a feeling of security, his sole military attendants were his friends, Lieutenant Colonels John A. Washington and Walter H. Taylor, and two private attendants, both Negroes. Thus accompanied, his heart went out in gratitude to "Almighty God" for the "glorious world He has given us," as recorded in the beautiful valleys and majestic mountains which greeted him between Staunton and Monterey.27
Lee's contacts, first made at Staunton, with the backwash of Garnett's army of dirty, bedraggled, and demoralized men, were somewhat disillusioning.28 To a less capable and optimistic leader they might have been ominous. The impressions thus produced on Lee were doubtless neutralized somewhat by an unexpressed yet strong confidence in his ability to deal with the situation. While not boasting of his achievements, as had McClellan, General Lee and President Davis knew that it was Lee who was mainly responsible for the defeat of the Federals at Manassas. More than any other person, he had trained the Confederate man power for that contest and determined the point of its concentration and the location of the famous "Beauregard Line."29
There was also something of a challenge in Lee's new assignment, as the outcome, plus Manassas, might prove determining. Then, too, he was attempting to undo the much lauded accomplishments of the boastful McClellan whose metal was, however, worthy the steel of any true soldier.30 Adding jest to the contest was the fact that McClellan was then actively engaged in trying to undo the results of Manassas. Thus the situation resolved itself to a somewhat personal contest.
We shall now see what Lee did about it. With Confederates and Federals watching each other from their respective outposts on Allegheny and Cheat mountains over a beautiful expanse of woodland and stream only fifteen miles wide, Lee resolved to dislodge the enemy from his entrenched position. This accomplished, he would then be in position to push him out of Tygart Valley and destroy the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad at Grafton and other strategic points. With his flank thus protected General Floyd would be in position to move against the Federals at Gauley Bridge. If successful, he planned to push them out of the Kanawha Valley and pursue them into Ohio. This accomplished, he could join forces with General Loring and complete the conquest of northwest Virginia.31
Capable officer that he was, Lee did not propose to move directly against the Federals on Cheat Mountain. Fortunately for his purposes, a difficult but usable road, not occupied by Federals, connected Millboro on the Virginia Central Railroad with Valley Mountain which overlooked the Federal camp at Elkwater on Tygart River and was also in striking distance of their camp on Cheat Mountain.32 General Jackson had seen the importance of this road. Before Lee came up Loring had on July 30 established his headquarters on it at Huntersville, near present Marlinton,33 and Colonel William Gilham had taken possession of Valley Mountain.34
As these moves were in keeping with instructions issued by General Lee before he left Richmond 35 and as their execution had been as complete as possible under the circumstances, the results were doubtless gratifying to him. Except for the untrained condition of his troops and the inclemency of the weather, conditions were therefore much to his liking, when he, unannounced, on August 3, rode into Loring's headquarters.36
Lee's difficulties at this time were not primarily those which one would expect to encounter in a mountainous country occupied by a superior and entrenched enemy. They were rather those human equations which from time to time in world history have wrought the undoing of soldiers, statesmen, and others. Shortly following the death of General Garnett at Corricks Ford, Lee had sent General Loring with discretionary orders to deal with the situation in northwest Virginia. As Loring reached Huntersville only four days before Lee arrived and had not yet made his plans, it was doubtless natural for him to resent Lee's presence which he interpreted as an effort to tell him what to do and how to do it.37 At this point it is recalled that Loring was a general in the Mexican War and Lee was only a captain.
More tactful and less emotional than Loring, Lee had been sent out by President Davis for no other purpose than to inspect and consult "on the plan of campaign."38 Accordingly he chose to play the part of a diplomat rather than that of a commanding officer. All military orders were therefore issued in the name of "Brigadier General W. W. Loring," and "at a time when everything depended on speed," Loring was allowed to take time out to establish a base at Huntersville on the road between Millboro and Valley Mountain. Or, as is well said by Dr. Freeman, "the great opportunity was being lost for fear the soldiers might miss their breakfast!"39 As a consequence Loring did not move his entire command to Valley Mountain until August 12,40 but it was then too late to surprise General Reynolds at Elkwater. Moreover, the torrential rains made roads all but impassable, and measle were taking heavy tolls in the Confederate camps.41
Under the circumstances there was left to Lee one of two alternatives: He might either return to Millboro on the railroad and end the campaign, or he might try to dislodge the Federals from Cheat Mountain. As the latter alternative permitted concerted action on the part of General Jackson, stationed on Allegheny Mountain, and General Loring, it was adopted. The opposing forces each totaled about 15,000, and, although half of Lee's men were sick,42 he planned to follow up a possible success at Cheat Mountain by an attack upon the Federals at Elkwater. If successful in this campaign, he would then have been in position to complete the conquest of northwest Virginia.
Every detail in the Confederate plans for attainment of these objects received Lee's personal attention.43 His elevation on August 31 to be a full general in the regular Army of the Confederacy, outranked only by Samuel Cooper and Albert Sidney Johnston, was helpful. The promotion tended to allay General Loring's jealousy and to permit Lee gradually to take over the strategy of operations.44
It was about this time that he discovered a sort of rabbit path over which a courageous column could make its way from Valley Mountain to a point on the Staunton-Parkersburg Turnpike about two miles west of the enemy force on Cheat Mountain. About the same time he learned of an overlooking summit to the south of that mountain, from which it might be successfully attacked. He planned therefore to have each of these strategic points seized early in the morning of September 12. At the same time a column was to advance along the mountainside on the right bank of Tygart River and cut off a possible Federal retreat from Elkwater; General Jackson was to advance toward the enemy force on Cheat Mountain; and Lee and Loring were to move down Tygart River toward Elkwater.45
The respective columns having placed themselves in striking positions, the signal for these movements was to be the sound of artillery fire from the summit overlooking the Federal camp on Cheat Mountain.46 At his own request the execution of this phase of the plan was entrusted to Colonel Albert Rust of the Third Arkansas Regiment, but he was intimidated into inaction by captured Federal pickets who succeeded in convincing him that he was overwhelmingly outnumbered and that attack would be suicidal. Thus the expected and awaited signal was not given and Lee's first battle ended in "utter fiasco." Worse still, the morale of his army was gone.47
As Lee had remained "sanguine of taking the enemy's works" until the very last, his failure was a great disappointment to him, but in characteristic manner he made the best of it. To that end he determined to hold his position in Tygart Valley and on Valley Mountain as bases from which to strike the enemy at Elkwater from the rear. A brigade was accordingly set to cutting a road in the direction of Rich Mountain and a reconnoitering party, including Colonel Washington and Rooney Lee, was sent to explore the left bank of the Tygart River in the direction of the Federal camp. This movement resulted in the death of Colonel Washington and added only grief to Lee's disappointment.48 "With absolutely no positive results for all his planning," he then ordered his force back to Valley Mountain. An indignant Tennesseean expressed the resulting sentiments in these words: "Never were men more sick of Virginia and Virginians than we were."49
Characteristically, Lee closed this phase of the campaign with the statement, "We must try again." His chief comfort was doubtless in the obvious inability of the enemy to advance. Therefore, having detached enough of his force to guard the passes leading into Greenbrier Valley and to Staunton, he on September 20 directed his course toward General Floyd's camp at Meadow Bluff on the James River and Kanawha Turnpike about fifteen miles west of Lewisburg and sixty miles south of Valley Mountain. As General Rosecrans had ten days before engaged General Floyd in an indecisive action at Carnifex Ferry, Rosecrans was in position to pursue Floyd and reinforce Cox at Gauley Bridge.50 Lee accordingly ordered Loring to follow him with most of his force.51 The campaign was thus shifted to another sector.
The following day Lee, accompanied only by Colonel Taylor and a small cavalry escort, rode into Floyd's camp, there to take up at close range the threads of a controversy between Floyd and Wise, which had already consumed too much of Lee's time and was then demoralizing Confederate forces. Ever since Floyd had taken over on August 6 he and Wise, former governors of Virginia and political rivals of long standing, had engaged in an unseemly controversy regarding their respective prerogatives, the proper tactics to pursue, and the strength and movements of the enemy.52
Among other things, Floyd, against Lee's advice and over Wise's protest, had fought a battle at Carnifex Ferry. When forced to retreat, he blamed Wise for the outcome.53 When Lee joined them, they were about twelve miles apart engaged in a battle of words about the strategic merits of their respective positions at Sewell Mountain and Meadow Bluff. Fortunately for Lee, this empasse came to an end on September 25, when Wise received an order from Secretary of War Benjamin directing him to report in person and "with the least delay" to the adjutant General in Richmond.54
As Wise and Floyd had refused to cooperate by joining their forces, each urging that he was about to be attacked and that the proposed troop movement would, under the circumstances, be suicidal, General Lee set out at once to investigate. After a careful study of the situation he was convinced that Floyd was in no immediate danger 55 and that a Federal attack, if attempted, would be by way of the James River and Kanawha Turnpike from Gauley Bridge. Accordingly, he decided to maintain Wise's position on big Sewell Mountain and withdrew a part of Floyd's force to that point. At the same time he indicated to Floyd his desire that he should follow him.56 His failure to do so was neutralized by the timely arrival on September 29 of General Loring with 9,000 men. This enabled Lee to use Floyd's force of about 2,000 to facilitate the transport of supplies and to serve as a necessary reserve. This arrangement also saved Floyd's face, as he had staked his reputation upon the necessity of holding Meadow Bluff.57
The Federals had meanwhile approached the Confederate position on Sewell Mountain, and it thus became necessary for Lee to determine whether to attack them or await their attack.58 As he held a strong natural position and the necessary reserve of supplies to sustain an offensive could not be accumulated, he resolved to await the expected attack. Thus the first days of October slipped by until the night of the 5-6, when pickets reported the Federals in motion. For a time the Confederates were breathless with suspense, but no enemy came. It was not until daylight that Lee discovered the cause of their concern. Instead of moving to attack, Rosecrans had moved in the other direction.59
Unwilling to be outgeneraled in this matter and not averse to giving the boastful Floyd an opportunity to sweep the Federals out of the Kanawha Valley and invade Ohio, Lee decided to pursue the enemy. For this purpose Floyd was sent with about 4,000 men to the south side of New River with orders to move against the Federals and cut their communications at Gauley Bridge.60 This accomplished, Lee and Loring were to press forward to that point and help drive them out of the region about the Hawk's Nest. Successful in this, they might then drive them out of the Kanawha Valley.61
In pursuit of this policy Floyd on October 23 seized Cotton Hill, a high elevation overlooking the Federal camp at Gauley Bridge, and at once began to harass it by direct cannon fire.62 This continued for about three weeks, at the end of which he was outflanked by Brigadier General Henry W. Benham and forced to retire.63 In doing so he, in a characteristic manner, placed the blame upon Lee.64 Soon thereafter he was transferred to the army of General Albert Sidney Johnston, and, at the time of the disaster of February 15, 1862, he was in immediate command at Fort Donelson.
Meanwhile Lee had given up pursuit of Rosecrans and, for reasons to be stated shortly, left Floyd to his own resources. The Federal attack at Greenbrier River, October 3, was a contributing factor.65 Although they had been repulsed, Lee believed that the Federals would persist in their purpose to gain control of the railroads in and around Staunton. Accordingly, he had on October 20 ordered General Loring to place his entire force in position to protect them.66 In this Lee anticipated General Robert H. Milroy's unsuccessful attack of December 13 on Allegheny Mountain and thus saved Staunton and its railroads. Ten days later, October 30, Lee "turned his horse's head eastward to the Virginia Central Railroad and left western Virginia -- left it to the enemy." Thus his "Kanawha and New River Campaign" ended as "ingloriously" as had his efforts about Cheat Mountain.67
In light of the outstanding incidents of these failures, their causes need not occupy us long. Loring's delay, Rust's mistake, and Wise's and Floyd's foolish quarreling were indeed despicable. Except in the case of the gullible Rust, they were not, however, necessarily fatal. The human factors may therefore be reduced to minor roles.
Fortunately perhaps, the chief blame can be placed on the inclement weather, for the three months spent by General Lee in the Virginia Alleghenies in 1861 were unprecedented on that score. It rained almost constantly and the nights were cold and dismal. As a result there was frost at intervals during the entire period; streams were swollen; roads were impassable; and measles decimated the Confederate ranks. Among accompanying phenomena, ice formed on Valley Mountain on the night of August 14-15, and on the eve of the expected battle between Rosecrans and Lee on Sewell Mountain, New and Kanawha rivers reached the highest stages in their history.68 On this point Lee's biographer, Freeman, concludes, "It is very doubtful whether any soldier could have succeeded in such weather," especially when, as stated by the same author, "The rains appear to have washed away his initiative."69
The next most effective single factor in Lee's failures was perhaps his inability to get supplies because of the inclement weather and inadequate transportation. As a consequence offensive operations were restricted to brief periods, and men and animals alike became gaunt and jaded. More than anything else Lee's inability to get supplies determined his plans on Sewell Mountain and his subsequent decision not to continue the pursuit of Rosecrans. Of his failure to engage him at that time and to support Floyd at Gauley Bridge, he later told a friend that "a battle would have been without substantial result, that the Confederates were seventy miles from their rail base, that the roads were almost impassable, that it would have been difficult to procure two days' food, and that if he had attacked and beaten Rosecrans, he would have been compelled to retire because he could not provision his army."70
Among the more human factors responsible for Lee's failure account must be taken of his "excessive consideration for the feelings of others."71 A product of the slaveholding aristocracy, he had not yet learned to command his peers or even his subordinates. Like most Virginians of the period, he was also too deferential to politicians. On this point, it should be recalled that "the politicians were so powerful," and that "Lee had been sent out to harmonize differences, not to aggravate them." To put it another way, he was only the agent of President Davis who, as commander in chief, maintained direct contact with his field officers and directed their movements.72 But had Lee been vested with more complete authority, the outcome would not perhaps have been different.
Why then was General Lee retained and how did he become a great soldier? The answer is brief and simple: Great as he became as a soldier, he was even greater as a man. In his negative accomplishments in present West Virginia, his manly qualities were abundantly attested. Among other things, his "code of honor did not countenance self-vindication at the expense of others."73 He therefore refused to make a formal report of what happened there and left his own vindication to time and the historian, if indeed he even thought about such a thing, so completely was he lost in the cause of liberty. As with most great men, it was a case of losing one's self for a cause and thus unconsciously creating an undying entity in the lives of his people and through them in the memory and esteem of good men and women everywhere.
That is why we in West Virginia, daughter of the state Lee loved and whose dismemberment he deplored, can, do, and will continue to venerate the name of Robert E. Lee. That is why the places where he camped and the observation posts, from which he watched enemy movements, tend to be sacred soil in the Mountain State. That is why West Virginians, unable to claim Lee as their own, as they do Stonewall Jackson, take pride in claiming "Traveller," that faithful steed which Lee purchased while on his ill-fated campaign and which in his many fine qualities reflected the character of his master.
1. Virginia The Old Dominion, p. 491.
2. William E. Brooks, Lee the Virginian, p. 140.
3. John W. Thomason, Jeb Stuart, p. 131.
4. Douglas S. Freeman, R. E. Lee, Vol. I, pp. 574-576.
5. The Richmond Dispatch, September 26, 1861; Brooks, Lee, pp. 140-143.
6. Freeman, Lee, Vol. I, p. 607.
7. Ibid.
8. James F. Rhodes, History of the Civil War, p. 43.
9. McClellan's Own Story, pp. 66-67; G. F. R. Henderson, Stonewall Jackson, pp. 154-156.
10. Official Records, I, Vol. II, pp. 194-285; Freeman, Lee, Vol. I, pp. 532-534.
11. Pierpont, Letters and Papers (W. Va. University Library).
12. Jacob D. Cox, "McClellan in West Virginia," in Battles and Leaders, Vol. I, pp. 127-130; Official Records, I, Vol. II, pp. 50, 743-744, 752.
13. Jacob D. Cox, Military Reminiscences, Vol. I, pp. 59-80; Official Records, I, Vol. II, pp. 197, 200.
14. Official Records, I, Vol. V, pp. 749, 753.
15. Official Records, I, Vol. V, pp. 753, 759.
16. Cox, "McClellan in West Virginia," in Battles and Leaders, Vol. I, pp. 143-144; Cox, Reminiscences, Vol. I, pp. 81-84; Official Records, I, Vol. II, p. 759; ibid., Vol. V, pp. 552, 564.
17. F. P. Summers, The Baltimore and Ohio in the Civil War, pp. 88-89.
18. Official Records, I, Vol. II, p. 863; Henderson, Jackson, Vol. I, pp. 164, 174-181, 185.
19. Freeman, Lee, Vol. 1, pp. 545, 552.
20. Official Records, I, Vol. V, pp. 552, 561-562, 564.
21. Official Records, I, Vol. II, p. 986; Freeman, Lee, Vol. 1, pp. 543-544.
22. Ibid., p. 550.
23. Official Records, I, Vol. II, p. 986.
24. Official Records, I, Vol. II, pp. 290-292, 1011; Ibid., Vol. V, pp. 150-165, 768-770; Freeman, Lee, Vol. I, pp. 579-580.
25. Official Records, I, Vol. V, pp. 781. See also ibid., I, Vol. V, pp. 775, 780, 786, 788-794, 802-807, 819, 822, 829, 831, 836-838, 859-862; ibid., Vol. II, pp. 190-226.
26. Freeman, Lee, Vol. I, p. 543.
27. Ibid.
28. Official Records, I, Vol. II, pp. 989, 998; Freeman, Lee, Vol. I, p. 544.
29. Official Records, I, Vol. II, pp. 504-505; Freeman, Lee, Vol. I, pp. 539-540.
30. According to General Jacob D. Cox, McClellan, following his success at Rich Mountain, was dubbed "the young Napoleon" and "photographers got him to stand with folded arms, in the historic pose." Battles and Leaders, Vol. I, p. 135.
31. Official Records, I, Vol. LI, p. 190 ff; ibid., Vol. II, p. 996.
32. Official Records, I, Vol. XIX, pt. 1, p. 947.
33. Official Records, I, Vol. II, pp. 999, 1006, 1009.
34. Ibid., p. 1006.
35. Ibid., p. 996.
36. Freeman, Lee, Vol. I, p. 549.
37. Ibid., p. 550; Aronistead L. Long; Memoirs of Robert E. Lee, p. 120.
38. Richmond Examiner, July 31, 1861; Freeman, Lee, Vol. I, p. 542.
39. Ibid., p. 551.
40. Official Records, I, Vol. V, pp. 555-556; Freeman, Lee, Vol. I, p. 556.
41. Ibid., pp. 557-559.
42. Official Records, I, Vol. LI, pt. 2, pp. 282-284.
43. Ibid.; Freeman, Lee, Vol. I, pp. 560-568.
44. Ibid., Vol. I, pp. 559-560.
45. Ibid., Vol. I, pp. 560-563.
46. Ibid., Vol. I, pp. 566-567.
47. Lee made no official report on his campaign about Cheat Mountain. Freeman, Lee, Vol. I, p. 568.
48. Ibid., Vol. I, pp. 569-570.
49. Ibid., Vol. I, p. 571.
50. Official Records, I, Vol. V, pp. 128-165.
51. Freeman, Lee, Vol. I, p. 574.
52. Floyd addressed most of his letters to President Davis, whereas Wise wrote vitriolic letters to Floyd and explained them to Lee. Their correspondence can be found in Official Records, I, Vol. V, p. 776 ff.
53. Ibid., I, Vol. V, pp. 147, 900.
54. Ibid., I, Vol. V, pp. 148-149.
55. Ibid., I, Vol. LI, pt. 2, p. 312; Freeman, Lee, Vol. I, p. 591.
56. Ibid.
57. Official Records, I, Vol. LI, pt. 2, p. 324; Freeman, Lee, Vol. I, pp. 592, 595.
58. Ibid., p. 596.
59. Official Records, I, Vol. V, p. 615.
60. Official Records, I, Vol. LI, pt. 2, pp. 335, 337.
61. Ibid.
62. Official Records, I, Vol. V, pp. 917, 924, 927.
63. Ibid., I, Vol. V, pp. 255, 278, 286.
64. Ibid., I, Vol. V, p. 286.
65. Ibid., I, Vol. V, pp. 220-221.
66. Ibid., I, Vol. V, p. 908.
67. Freeman, Lee, Vol. I, p. 602.
68. Ibid., pp. 557-558, 573, 601.
69. Ibid., pp. 574, 601.
70. Ibid.
71. Ibid., Vol. I, p. 577.
72. Ibid., Vol. I, pp. 542, 592.
73. Ibid., Vol. I, p. 603.
West Virginia History Journal: Table of Contents
West Virginia History Center


text:
I have an array with $N$ elements. I want to sample elements pseudo-randomly in the array in a controllable fashion. For example, I would like to sample the elements such that
element $x$ is sampled $K$ times more than element $N$, where
$N$ = Total number of elements
$T$ = Some constant, e.g. 3
$K = 1 + T(1 - x/N)$
In this example, the first element is sampled $\approx 4$ times more than the last one, and the penultimate element is sampled $1 + T(1 - (N-1)/N) \approx 1$ time(s) more than the last one.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
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Pork Loins Plate #2
My "ex" is sitting on the sofa talking on the phone as I write this. She has no idea that I am writing about her. Hahaha… I am trying to build up the courage to ask her for a second … Continue reading
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text: Children born with Eisenmenger syndrome are born with a hole between the two pumping chambers, the left and right ventricles, of the heart (ventricular septal defect). The hole allows blood that has already picked up oxygen from the lungs to flow back into the lungs, instead of going out to the rest of the body. The increased blood flow and high pressure damages the small blood vessels in the lungs.


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Federal Courts Making It More Expensive To Access Records, Even As They're Swimming In Cash
from the the-public-domain-is-expensive deptThe Federal Court's PACER system is really quite misguided. It's the system that the federal courts use to distribute judicial records (court filings, rulings, etc.), but rather than making that info available to the public, it's basically locked up behind a paywall, and it costs people 8 cents per page to download documents. Well, it did cost 8 cents per page. They've just announced that they're jacking up the fees to 10 cents per page, and that can add up pretty quickly when accessing a lot of court documents or some rather long filings or rulings.
While Harlan Yu and Tim Lee helped create RECAP to free up court documents, and that has helped make some of this material more widely available, it's still limited. And, in fact, some courts have expressed concerns about RECAP and told lawyers not to use it. And even though the official policy of the US courts is that they're fine with RECAP, it appears not everyone in the court system agrees. EFF lawyer Michael Barclay recently alerted me to the fact that the PACER system for the Western District of NY has a warning on its query page about RECAP, saying:
The court would like to make CM/ECF filers aware of certain security concerns relating to a software application or .plug-in. called RECAP, which was designed by a group from Princeton University to enable the sharing of court documents on the Internet.Of course, with this price hike, one wonders if the courts are really concerned about "security" or if they're concerned about losing out on a big chunk of cash that comes into the courts thanks to PACER. Apparently, that cash is being used for all sorts of things, way outside of what's allowed. The law that authorizes PACER to charge, makes it clear that it can only charge "reasonable fees" and then only to the extent necessary to fund the working of the system:
Once a user loads RECAP, documents that he or she subsequently accesses via PACER are automatically sent to a public Internet repository. Other RECAP/PACER users are then able to see whether documents are available from the Internet repository. RECAP captures District and Bankruptcy Court documents, but has not yet incorporated Appellate Court functionality. At this time, RECAP does not appear to provide users with access to restricted or sealed documents. Please be aware that RECAP is "open-source" software, which can be freely obtained by anyone with Internet access and modified for benign or malicious purposes, such as facilitating unauthorized access to restricted or sealed documents. Accordingly, CM/ECF filers are reminded to be diligent about their computer security practices to ensure that documents are not inadvertently shared or compromised.
The court and the Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts will continue to analyze the implications of RECAP or related-software and advise you of any ongoing or further concerns.
The Judicial Conference may, only to the extent necessary, prescribe reasonable fees, pursuant to sections 1913, 1914, 1926, 1930, and 1932 of title 28, United States Code, for collection by the courts under those sections for access to information available through automatic data processing equipment.And yet, reports have shown that PACER already collects a lot more money than is needed to run the system. And this price hike will only increase that. And while some of that money is going to fund additional technology in the courtroom, it's not clear that this is a legal or even best use of funds.
One example is a courtroom renovation one judge described at a 2010 conference. He said that as a result of PACER fees, "every juror has their own flatscreen monitors," and there are also monitors for members of the public to see. His courtroom also got the latest audio technology. "We just put in new audio so that people—I'd never heard of this before—but it actually embeds the speakers inside of the benches in the back of the courtroom and inside counsel tables so that the wood benches actually perform as amplifiers," the judge said.Not that we're against better technology in court, but it's not clear this is the best use of funds, when collecting less money but making the information more widely available might better serve the public interest.
And, really, you have to wonder why the court system needs PACER in the first place. In this age of easy and free delivery of information, why can't the courts release that content for free, and charge people just for paper printouts? And, as Tim Lee's article points out, there seem to be much better ways to handle such a distribution of content:
For example, there isn't just one PACER website for the whole country. Instead, there are actually around 200 separate PACER websites, each serving a different judicial district. Consolidating those 200 servers into a single website hosted from a modern data center would improve the user experience and dramatically reduce IT costs.
Indeed, Yu argued that the very concept of charging for copies of public records is misguided. He suggested that instead of jacking up fees in order to fund the development of a more elaborate PACER site, the courts should publish their raw data and allow private parties, from Google to the Internet Archive, to build websites using that data.
"Congress needs to consider funding PACER out of general appropriations," Yu told Ars. "It's really shutting people out from being able to learn the laws that they need to abide by in our society." Of course, if PACER were run in a cost-effective matter, and without a paywall, it would cost a lot less than $100 million.
Filed Under: federal courts, fees, pacer, public access


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Release Year:
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The Particulars
Harvard and Brown kick off the Ivy League season Friday evening at Harvard Stadium in a 7 p.m. start.
The game will be shown live on GoCrimson.com with Bernie Corbett and Mike Giardi '94 on the call. The game is part of the football season pass and can also be purchased as a one-time event. Streaming is offered on computers, iPads and iPhones. For those unable to watch the game live, it will also be available as an archived event immediately following the completion.
The game can be heard on the radio (WBNW 1120 AM, WPLM 1390 and WESO 790) with Corbett and Giardi '94 on the call as well as WHRB-FM 95.3 with students Scott Reed and Charlie Hobbs.
Opening Day
Harvard is an impressive 112-23-2 in season-openers (.827). The Crimson has won its opening game in eight of the last 10 years and is 11-6 on Opening Day under current head coach Tim Murphy.
Into The Night
Harvard is 4-0 all-time in night games at Harvard Stadium.
Harvard drew 18,898 fans to its first-ever night game in 2007 at The Stadium.
A year later, in its 2008 opener against Holy Cross, the Crimson drew 20,462 in the first Friday night game at The Stadium.
The Crimson drew 17,263 to its third night game - against Brown in 2009.
21,704 fans saw Harvard's 34-6 win over Holy Cross on Sept. 18, 2010.
Out of the Gates
Harvard has won its Ivy League opener in 10 of the last 12 seasons with nine of the wins coming against Brown and the other coming against Columbia.
Series History
Saturday's game will be the 111th meeting between Harvard and Brown in a rivalry that dates back to 1893. Harvard holds a 78-30-2 series lead and has won nine of its last 11 against the Bears.
Last Year's Meeting
Brown's Alex Norocea kicked five field goals and the Bears held a sputtering Harvard offense in check for a 29-14 Ivy League victory in the first-ever night game at Brown Stadium, which opened in 1925.
The Bears held possession for 39:05 and led 23-0 before the Crimson scored seven seconds before halftime on Andrew Hatch's '10-11 21-yard pass to Marco Iannuzzi '10.
Iannuzzi returned the opening second-half kickoff 95 yards to make it 23-14, but Harvard got no closer. Hatch threw his second interception, leading to a 44-yard Norocea field goal with 9:28 left in the third quarter.
Harvard also fumbled four times, losing one with 2:44 left in the quarter when Brown recovered a snap over the head of Harvard punter Jacob Dombrowski. Norocea's fifth field goal made it 29-14.
Don't Go Anywhere
Harvard-Brown games in recent years have been memorable.
Two years ago at The Stadium, Harvard led 24-14 before Brown scored with 34 seconds remaining to make it interesting before the Crimson held on.
In the 2008season, Harvard was cruising with a 13-0 lead before heavy rains arrived in Providence, R.I. and made for a wild ride as Brown came back to win, 24-22.
It was Harvard that rallied from double-digit first-quarter deficits to defeat Brown in 2004 and 2005. The Crimson came back from a 16-0 hole to win, 38-35, in double-overtime in 2005, and Harvard overcame deficits of 21-0 and 31-10 to prevail, 35-34, in 2004.
In 2006 it was Brown that tried a late comeback. Trailing 21-0 in the second and 31-7 in the fourth, Brown cut the margin to 31-21 before a late TD iced the game for Harvard, 31-21.
In 2007 - in the first night game at Harvard Stadium, Brown led Harvard, 17-14, before the Crimson scored a touchdown in the final minute of the first half and added a second-half field goal while holding the Bears to just 49 yards rushing in a 24-17 victory. Harvard's defense came up with three sacks, three interceptions and 10 quarterback hurries in the victory.
Harvard's Last Time Out
Holy Cross came back from a 14-3 deficit as the Crusaders downed Harvard, 30-22, in the Crimson's season-opening game at Fitton Field.
With Holy Cross leading 23-14 early in the fourth quarter, Andrew Zitnik picked off a Collier Winters pass at the 3-yard line and returned it 97 yards for a touchdown and a 30-14 lead. The mishap capped an afternoon of uncharacteristic mistakes for a Harvard team that scored on its first two possessions but saw the Crusaders answer with 27-straight points before Harvard got back into contention.
Winters finished 24-of-41 for 265 yards and all three Harvard touchdowns (one rushing). Chris Lorditch had seven receptions for 68 yards and senior captain Alex Gedeon led all players with 13 total tackles (eight solo, five assisted) including one for a loss.
Brown's Last Time Out
Kyle Newhall-Caballero threw a touchdown pass to Tellef Lundevall with 3:06 remaining to lead Brown to a 21-20 victory over Stony Brook.
Stony Brook had a last opportunity to win the game but its 55-yard field goal attempt fell short.
Lundevall finished with eight receptions for 68 yards. Newhall-Caballero completed 22-of-37 passes for 292 yards and three touchdowns, while Alex Tounkara-Kone had seven receptions for 149 yards, making touchdown receptions of 38 and 46 yards.
Harvard Coach Tim Murphy
In his 18th season as Harvard's head coach, Tim Murphy enters Saturday's game with a 111-59 record with the Crimson and a 143-104-1 overall head coaching record, which includes five years at Cincinnati and two years at Maine. Murphy is one of just five coaches to win 100 games since the formation of the Ivy League in 1954. Murphy has led Harvard to five Ivy League championships (1997, 2001, 2004, 2007, 2008). He is 11-7 all-time against Brown.
Brown Coach Phil Estes
Phil Estes is in his 14th season as Brown's head coach, and he brings a 79-51 record with the Bears into the game. Estes has had the Bears at .500 or better in 11 of his first 13 years in Providence. He is 4-9 against Harvard.
Recovery Time
Since 2007, Harvard is 8-0 following a loss. The Crimson has not lost consecutive games since weeks nine and 10 of the 2006 season.
Home Openers
Harvard has won its last 10 home-openers.


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Vikes' Peterson, Allen Held Out of Practice
The Vikings are giving running back Adrian Peterson and defensive end Jared Allen a break this week. Both missed practice Thursday for precautionary reasons. Peterson has a sprained left ankle and Allen has been bothered by a groin injury. Both are expected to play Sunday when the Vikings host Arizona at noon, pregame on WJON at 11am.
Receiver Jerome Simpson has been a full participant at practice all week and is expected to play Sunday after being deactivated Sunday at Washington. The following Viking players were limited in practice Thurdsay; safety Mistral Raymond, cornerback Antoine Winfield, linebacker Marvin Mitchell, safety Robert Blanton and running back Matt Asiata. Both Christian Ponder and Jerome Simpson were listed as full participants at practice.
The Vikings and Cardinals are both 4-2 this season. The Vikings are 6-point favorites Sunday against Arizona. The Vikings will come back and play at home against Tampa Bay next Thursday at 7:20.


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[M]any impotent men have chosen not to take the drugs, even though the drugs work about 70 percent of the time and have relatively few side effects....The article notes that the sale of antidepressants has also fallen. Has some widespread reaction to mainstream drug-pushing set in? Are human beings finding their way back to their natural bodies?
While the drugs have helped millions, many impotent men have simply decided not to take medicine to improve their ability to have sex, said Dr. Abraham Morgentaler, associate clinical professor of urology at Harvard Medical School.
"The idea that every man with erectile dysfunction is going to want to take one of these pills - I think that's not accurate," Dr. Morgentaler said. "And I don't think there's anything wrong with that."...
Younger men who take the drugs are often disappointed because the medicines do not stimulate sexual desire, said Ian Kerner, a sex therapist in New York City. Instead, the drugs work in men who are already aroused but are physically unable to sustain an erection because they have poor blood flow to the penis.
"I think that they're being oversold," Mr. Kerner said. "I especially think they're being oversold to young people."
"Don't you want to be free and men? Don't you even understand what manhood and freedom are?"


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Michelle Trachtenberg Gossip
Michelle Trachtenberg gossip, latest news, photos, and video.
Something I was saving…
I don't post about Michelle Trachtenberg much. Because, obviously. Or maybe not. Maxim just put her on its cover. Total bitch move but I'll just come right out and say it – we're talking about a supporting role tv girl here, aren't we? Sure, I get it. This is a skin rag men's mag, great. Full Story
The Bitches and Chuck at the Upfronts
Leighton Meester's purple clutch…you likey? It's cool yes. But the fact that she has to tuck her hand into looks weird. At least it photographs weird. Like her hand is missing. Missing a hand looks weird. Other than that, as usual, she is sublime. Love her. And just for Lara – this is Ed Westwick with slick combed hair and a smarmy stank begging me to lick him. Full Story
Are you ready? Tonight marks the return of Gossip Girl. Am 34. Am pathetic. Can't.F&cking.Wait. But the good news is … Gossip Girl is not Twilight. Well... in one way, it might be like Twilight. Because Twilight the movie will artistically be undoubtedly better than the book. Full Story


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Get matched with top Home Security Companies in Brookwood
There are 16 highly-rated local home security companies.
Blue by ADT
Business Description: Affordable, Advanced Wireless Home Security. LifeShield was started with one simple goal: to offer reasonably-priced home security systems that take advantage of the latest in technology systems that are easy to setup and virtually impossible for burglars or home intruders to defeat. LifeShield is headquartered in Langhorne, PA and run by a dedicated, talented staff motivated by that commitment to excellence, innovation and customer service.
Link Interactive
Business Description: Link Home Security is a Mountain Alarm company and has been in business since 1952. We're 5-Star rated with Alarm.com--the highest rating possible! Our 5-Diamond-rated central station has redundant locations so you'll never be without service. Our 2Gig (cellular) and Z-Wave products are the highest quality on the market. Everything we sell is backed by a 30-day money back guarantee. Our customer support is unparalleled in the industry!
LifeWatch USA
Business Description: Founded over 33 years ago; family run and operated. Serving over 500,000 seniors. Proudly providing USA-made products and all monitoring is 24/7 live USA based.
SimpliSafe Home Security
Business Description: You'd pay a fortune to keep your family safe, but you shouldn't pay a penny more than $14.99! Most alarms systems seem like a bargain---UNTIL you look at the cost of signing a long-term alarm contract for $30, $40, sometimes even $50/month. Protect your home and your wallet with a SimpliSafe home security system. Our alarm monitoring costs just $14.99/month, and we'll never lock you into a contract, so you are free to cancel with us anytime. Each year that you protect your family with SimpliSafe, you'll save up to $420...that's why the nation's leading financial expert, Dave Ramsey, recommends SimpliSafe to all his listeners. Try SimpliSafe today! You have nothing to lose---we are so sure you'll be happy with your alarm that we offer you a three year product warranty and a 60 Day No-Questions-Asked Full Refund Guarantee
Lifenet Alert Systems LLC
Business Description: Low cost, less than $1 a day. Everything included, no extras needed. High quality medical alert systems for seniors and their families. All staff is based in the USA - never outsourced. Free shipping. Free return shipping. Free lifetime replacement service. Peace of mind in your own home. No deposits, no hidden charges. Your rates will never go up. Designed for use in bath and shower. Cancel anytime without penalty. No activation fees. No deposits. No install fees. No setup fees. Additional emails - email@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.com, email@example.com & email@example.com. Additional phone numbers - (516) 453-2500 & (800) 676-1100.
USA Security Solutions Corporation
Business Description: We are one of the largest stocking distributors of CCTV products and accessories in the United States. Our inventory includes both our own cost-effective and fully supportable house brand of CCTV products as well as all the industry top-sellers. What that means for you as a potential customer is that you can leverage the economies of scale we've created and take advantage of volume pricing on every order. Why choose USA SSC? Customer Leasing Program – Our turnkey Customer Leasing Program provides you the tools you need to sell a higher volume of security systems while providing your customer with the many advantages of leasing. Once your client has been approved, 50% of the project cost is available immediately, with the balance funded upon job completion My Account – As soon as you create your USA-SSC account, you'll enjoy instant access to pricing, online product search with easy-to-use find and filter options, saved quotes, and one-click-checkout. View and track your orders in your account, save and label serial numbers by order and location, and initiate and manage online warranty/RMA submissions — all directly from our platform Project Pricing Specialist – Not sure what you need or require extra assistance? USA-SSC has a dedicated team to support our dealers and are available 7 days a week to assist you in any way. Industry Leading Product Warranties – Our warranties exceed industry standards on select USA-SSC manufactured products and all your warranty information can be tracked from the "My Account" portal. We want to be your preferred purchasing partner and aim to make your ordering process as simple as possible. My team and I look forward to serving your security needs.
Best Medical Alert LLC
Business Description: Our low cost medical alert systems acts as a SOS medical alert system a personal emergency medical alert for those at risk. Just press the sos button to reach a 24/7 hr dispatcher who will reach a relative, caregiver, 911.
SOS Family Secure, Inc.
Business Description: SOS Family Secure has been operating since 2007 and is nationwide.
Business Description: GetSafe offers a smart, flexible way to secure what matters most to you. Our no-contract home security system is easy to install and even easier to use. It delivers all the benefits of a professional security system without the long-term commitments. The idea that you're locked into a three-year deal? No, we think you should be free to choose whether you stay with us.
Medical Care Alert
Business Description: 7-year Angie's List Super Service Award Winner. Medical Care Alert provides personal emergency medical alert systems for seniors in all 50 states. Our "Help At The Push Of A Button" Medical Alert Systems provide instant access to our US-based, EMT-trained emergency personnel 24 / 7 / 365. With Medical Care Alert there is nothing to buy, no long term contracts, no hidden fees - we have several plans which all work out to around $1 a day for the service. We offer systems with 2-way voice pendants for folks who like to get out into the yard or visit neighbors, and GPS cellular systems for folks who are on-the-go. Please call 1-855-253-9990 to learn more.
Explore Our Solution Center for Helpful Alarm System Articles
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DPremier Service Company Incunknown- Timothy G.


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November 2012 Window Shopper
The Scrapbook
Scrapbook: A History of Hot Rodding and Customizing Told by Those Who Were There
The Rodder's Journal announces the Scrapbook, a 480-page hardbound book that documents the evolution of hot rodding through the eyes of the people who experienced it firsthand. Chock full of previously unpublished historic photographs, each chapter highlights a different era and geographic region, including preWorld War II racing on California's dry lakes, customizing and drag racing in the Northwest, '50s and '60s indoor car shows in the Mid-Atlantic, early drag racing in Georgia and Florida, racing on the Bonneville Salt Flats, and the dawn of modern street rodding in the Midwest. Hot rods, customs, and race cars from over 30 states are represented.
Extensive interviews of the original photographers, relatives, and close friends provide invaluable insights. In addition to featuring well-known rods and customs, many previously unknown machines and unsung heroes are captured in backyard garages and on hometown streets.
This must-have for any automotive enthusiast will be printed in limited quantities and is available exclusively through The Rodder's Journal and the TRJ dealer network for $50, plus shipping and handling.
The Rodder's Journal
(650) 246-8920
The Correct Turn
LimeWorks has an old-style column shifter for your modern automatic transmission and the first aftermarket column shifter with a neutral safety switch; vehicle only starts in Park, with lockouts in Park, Reverse, and Neutral.
Based on the popular '40 Ford, LimeWorks' safety shifter includes aluminum upper and lower housings with all working parts in stainless steel. Polished upper housing spring loads the shaft, lower housing has the detente plate, and neutral safety switch. The polished stainless steel lever and shaft even comes complete with a reproduction knob.
LimeWorks also offers a retro shifter kit for those who want to use their original column shifter and just need the shifting housings. You can also purchase the linkage kit separately in 14-18 inches.
LimeWorks Speed Shop
(562) 698-1227
Lakester Headers
Patriot Exhaust Products has designed something for the hot rod owner who wants the look of the Lakester-style header but without the downtubes for conventional exhaust hookup or rings on the end of the cones for that outlaw open header sound. The Traditional Lakesters feature Patriot's unique primary tubes that sweep into the cones for a more aesthetically pleasing look and better flow. Made from 16-gauge tubing, the primary tubes are 1-5/8, 1-3/4, or 1-7/8 inches, depending on the application. The cones have a subtle taper with a 3-1/2-inch opening.
Patriot says that they are available now for Buick Nailheads, small-block Chevrolets, Flathead and small-block 260-351W Fords, and Chrysler 331-392 Hemis. They are offered in high-heat black coating or silver metallic ceramic and come with high-temp gaskets and special header bolts. For those who want to take away a little of the open-header bark, Patriot also offers optional slip-in baffles and short turnouts to keep the exhaust away from doors.
Patriot Exhaust
(909) 599-5955
The Great Cover Up
OTB Gear introduces a finned cover that will enhance the appearance of your '39-40 style PowerGen alternators. Cast in A-356 aircraft aluminum alloy in the United States, and polished (or left unpolished) to show-quality standards, this sleeve simply slides on and secures with two setscrews on the bottom. (Not fit the original Ford generator with the wire poles on the side of the case.)
OTB Gear
(909) 595-4995


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text: Paladar y Tomar is a Spanish boutique DMC specialized in crafting unique wine, food, and lifestyle tours in Spain and Portugal. Our luxury culinary vacations tell stories through home-cooked customized adventures using gastronomy as the common thread. As native locals, we offer intimate first-hand experiences driven by authenticity and singularity. With a black book of contacts, we now offer one-of-a-kind experiences giving access to the inaccessible. We take personalization to a different level in every journey and we personally lead every group adventure.


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Shakespeare's Legacy – Books of the Bard for Young Adults
From Wiki
Article in Category:Young Adult Fiction and Category:Themes categories.
Shakespeare's Legacy – Books of the Bard for Young Adults
This list is good for teen readers interested in Shakespearean themes & characters, and also in the theater arts. Created in Fall 2009 for Musings, Crozet Library's Teen Writing Group.
The Man Himself and His Times
- Shakespeare: The World as Stage, by Bill Bryson—an engaging biography based just on what we can find out from historical sources.
- Shakespeare Alive! , by Joseph Papp and Elizabeth Kirkland—Discover the London at the time when Shakespeare's plays were first being staged. Who was who, how they lived, what it smelled like, and more.
Historical Fiction Set in Shakespeare's Time
- The story of Widge, an apprentice to Shakespeare's theater company in Elizabethan England, is told in this series of theatrical mysteries by Gary Blackwood: The Shakespeare Stealer, Shakespeare's Scribe, and Shakespeare's Spy
- King of Shadows, by Susan Cooper—An American boy playing Puck wakes up in Elizabethan England and finds acceptance and a mentor in Will Shakespeare. Will he return to his own time?
- Shakespeare's Daughter, by Peter Hassinger—Susanna's life may be in danger after she runs away to be a singer, entranced by the life of the theater she sees through her father, William Shakespeare.
- Swan Town: The Secret Journal of Susanna Shakespeare, by Michael Ortiz—Another story about Susanna, with as much adventure but with a lighter tone than Shakespeare's Daughter (above).
- The Fool's Girl, by Celia Rees
Modern Retellings
- Romiette and Julio, by Sharon Draper - This retelling of Romeo and Juliet deals with Internet chats, gangs, and interracial romance.
- Street Love, by Walter Dean Myers – a Romeo and Juliet story told in verse and set in modern-day Harlem. For yet another modern re-telling of R&J, try Star Crossed, by Mark Schreiber.
- This Must be Love, by Tui Sutherland—Though the four main characters of this fun book are putting on Romeo and Juliet as their school play, they are actually retelling A Midsummer Night's Dream in their various loves and losses.
- Confessions of a Triple Shot Betty, by Jody Gehrman – Hero's clean reputation is at stake after bad boy John posts revealing pictures online; Geena trades witty put-downs with the skater boy-next-door. What else can you find in common with this updated Much Ado About Nothing?
- Something Rotten: a Horatio Wilkes mystery, by Alan Gratz. Horatio Wilkes is just visiting his friend on a break from school when he gets embroiled in investigating the murder of his moody friend Hamilton Prince's father in Denmark, Tennessee. Guess which play this is based on?
- Illyria, by Elizabeth Hand
Stories involving Shakespearean Characters
- Ariel, by Grace Tiffany—The story of the dark fairy from The Tempest and her role in the story of the shipwrecked Prospero and his daughter.
- Enter Three Witches, by Caroline B. Cooney - This tells the story of Macbeth from the point of view of a noblewoman in the Scottish castle, who fights to save lives from the power-mad Macbeths.
- Ophelia, by Lisa Klein—Ophelia's viewpoint sheds light on her relationship with Hamlet, as he falls into madness.
- Shylock's Daughter, by Mirjam Pressler — Jessica, living in the Jewish ghetto in 16th-century Venice, elopes with Christian Lorenzo, causing problems with her father Shylock, all characters in The Merchant of Venice.
- Wondrous Strange, by Lesley Livingston—In this dark fantasy, 17-year-old Kelley, an actress playing Titania in A Midsummer Night's Dream, discovers she is a changeling, and the fairy characters in the play are alive and all around. Try the sequel Darklight.
- Eyes Like Stars by Lisa Mantchev. Beatrice arrived at the Théâtre Illuminata as a baby; and has lived there for all of her 17 years. The Théâtre Illuminata is no ordinary theater, however, and inside its walls live characters from plays, magically brought to life.
- Lady Macbeth's Daughter by Lisa Klein.
- Still Star-Crossed by Melinda Taub
- Juliet Immortal by Stacey Jay
Shakespeare's Influence on Modern Lives
- The Blue Avenger Cracks the Code, by Norma Howe—Sixteen-year-old Blue finds himself in Venice, cracking codes for his English teacher, who believes that Edward de Vere was the true author of Shakespeare's work. Literary detection at its best.
- Interred with their Bones, by Jennifer Lee Carrell— This literary mystery suitable for older teens follows a theater director on an international journey to uncover a long-lost Shakespeare manuscript.
- The Juliet Club, by Suzanne Harper—a group of American and Italian teenagers attend a summer Shakespeare program in Verona. They learn theater, history, and love while studying the play Romeo and Juliet. (The Juliet Club is an actual group in Verona, and was also featured in the 2010 movie "Letters to Juliet".)
- Romeo and Juliet Together (and Alive!) At Last, by Avi - Two eighth graders who secretly crush on each other are cast opposite each other in the lead roles of Romeo and Juliet.
- Saving Juliet, by Suzanne Selfors—A teenage actress is transported into the story of Romeo and Juliet. Her actions may set the main characters onto a very different course than we expect—will the star-crossed lovers end up together?
- Shakespeare's Secret, by Elise Broach—Hero and her sister Beatrice (named for characters in Much Ado About Nothing) move to a new town, and Hero works to solve the mystery of an Elizabethan diamond hidden in a house next door.
- King of Shadows by Susan Cooper – Nat is a young actor playing Puck at the Globe Theatre in modern London, when he mysteriously finds himself in the year 1599, and comes to the attention of Shakespeare himself. Many good historical theatrical details.
Want Just a Taste? Just Looking for a Good Quote?
- Brush up your Shakespeare! by Michael Macrone—Famous phrases, the Bard's own made-up words, a character index, and lots more Shakespearean tidbits.
- Shakespeare on Fairies & Magic, compiled by Benjamin Darling. An illustrated collection of poems and quotations featuring the fairies and witches of Shakespeare's plays and sonnets.
Studying Shakespeare?
The library has "parallel text" versions of most of Shakespeare's plays, which include the original text, side-by-side with the story told in more modern language – very helpful for students struggling with Elizabethan English. These also include discussion material and study activities. Click here to see available titles in parallel text.
Graphic Novel Versions
Illustrated by Gareth Hinds:
Manga Shakespeare series:


text:
- Detached
- 4 Beds
- 2 Baths
- 1,426 SqFt
466 Country Hills Dr Nw, Calgary
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