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Record Display for the EPA National Library Catalog
|OLS Field Name
|OLS Field Data
|Main Title
|The Constitution of the United States of America : analysis and interpretation : analysis of cases decided by the Supreme Court of the United States to June 28, 2002 /
|Other Authors
|CORP Author
|United States.
|U.S. G.P.O. : For sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. G.P.O.,
|Year Published
|OCLC Number
|0160723795; 9780160723797
|Constitutions--United States. ; Constitutional law--United States.
|Internet Access
|xxii, 2608 pages ; 29 cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
|Contents Notes
Kept up to date by pocket parts. Public Law 91-589 -- Introduction to the 2002 edition -- Historical note on formation of the Constitution -- Constitution Of The United States of America: Literal Print -- Amendments Of The Constitution Of The United States Of America -- Proposed Amendments Not Ratified By The States -- Constitution Of The United States of America: With Analysis -- Preamble: -- Purpose and effect of the Preamble -- Article 1: Legislative Department: -- Section 1: Legislative Powers: -- Separation of Powers and Checks and Balances -- Theory Elaborated and implemented -- Judicial Enforcement -- Bicameralism -- Enumerated, Implied, Resulting, and Inherent Powers -- Delegation of Legislative Power: -- History of the Doctrine of Nondelegability -- Nature and Scope of Permissible Delegations -- Delegations to the President in Areas of Shared Authority -- Delegations to States and to Private Entities -- Particular Subjects or Concerns: Closer Scrutiny or Uniform Standard? -- Congressional Investigations -- Source of the Power to Investigate -- Investigations of Conduct of Executive Department -- Investigations of Members of Congress -- Investigations in Aid of Legislation -- Sanctions of the Investigatory Power: Contempt -- Section 2: House Of Representatives: -- Clause 1: Congressional Districting -- Elector Qualifications -- Clause 2: Qualifications of Members of Congress -- When the Qualifications must be Possessed -- Exclusivity of Constitutional Qualifications -- Congressional Additions -- State Additions -- Clause 3: Apportionment of Seats in the House -- Census Requirement -- Clause 4: Vacancies -- Clause 5: Officers and Power of Impeachment -- Section 3: Senate: -- Clauses 1: Composition and Selection -- Clause 2: Classes of Senators -- Clause 3: Qualifications -- Clause 4: Vice President -- Clause 5: Officers -- Clauses 6: Trial of Impeachment -- Clause 7: Judgments on Impeachment -- Sections 4: Elections: -- Clause 1: Congressional Power to Regulate -- Legislation protecting Electoral Process -- Clause 2: Time of Assembling -- Section 5: Powers And Duties Of The Houses: -- Clauses 1: Power to Judge Elections -- Clause 2: Rules of Proceedings -- Clause 3: Duty to Keep a Journal -- Clause 4: Adjournments -- Power to Judge Elections -- Quorum to Do Business -- Rules of Proceedings -- Powers of the Houses Over Members -- Duty to Keep a Journal -- Section 6: Rights And Disabilities Of Members: -- Clause 1: Compensation and Immunities of Members -- Congressional Pay -- Privilege From Arrest -- Privilege of Speech or Debate -- Clause 2: Disabilities -- Appointment to Executive Office -- Incompatible Offices -- Section 7: Bills and Resolutions -- Clause 1: Revenue Bills --Clause 2: Approval by the President -- Clause 3: Presentation of Resolutions -- Legislative Process -- Revenue Bills -- Approval by the President -- Veto Power -- Presentation of Resolutions -- Section 8: Powers Of Congress: -- Clause 1: Power to Tax And Spend -- Kinds of Taxes Permitted -- Purposes of Taxation -- Spending For the General Welfare -- Social Security Act Cases -- Conditional Grants-in-Aid -- Earmarked Funds -- Debts of the United States -- Clause 2: Borrowing Power -- Clause 3: Commerce Power -- Power to Regulate commerce -- Interstate Versus Foreign Commerce -- Instruments of Commerce -- Congressional Regulation of Waterways -- Congressional Regulation of Land Transportation -- Congressional Regulation of Commerce as Traffic -- Acts of Congress Prohibiting Commerce -- Commerce Clause as a Source of National Police Power -- Commerce Clause As a Restraint On State Powers -- State Taxation and Regulation: The Old Law -- State Taxation and Regulation: The Modern Law -- Foreign Commerce and State Powers -- Concurrent Federal and State Jurisdiction -- Commerce With Indian Tribes -- Clause 4: Naturalization and Bankruptcies -- Naturalization and Citizenship -- Aliens -- Bankruptcy -- Clauses 5 and 6 Money -- Fiscal and Monetary Powers of Congress -- Clause 7: Post Office -- Postal Power -- Clause 8: Copyrights and Patents -- Copyright and Patents -- Clause 9: Creation of Courts -- Clause 10: Maritime Crimes -- Piracies, Felonies, and Offenses Against the Law of Nations -- Clauses 11, 12, 13, and 14: War; Military Establishment -- War Power -- Power to Raise and Maintain Armed Forces -- War Legislation -- Constitutional Rights In Wartime -- Clauses 15 and 16: Militia -- Militia Clauses -- Clause 17: District of Columbia; Federal Property -- Seat of the Government -- Authority Over Places Purchased -- Clause 18: Necessary and Proper Clause -- Necessary and Proper Clause -- Section 9: Powers Denied To Congress: -- Clause 1: Importation of Slaves -- In General -- Clause 2: Habeas Corpus Suspension-- In General -- Clause 3: Bills of Attainder and Ex Post Facto Laws -- Bills of Attainder -- Ex Post Facto Laws -- Clause 4: Taxes -- Direct Taxes -- Clause 5: Duties on exports from States -- Taxes On Exports -- Clause 6: Preference to Ports -- No Preference Clause -- Clause 7: Appropriations and Accounting of Public Money -- Appropriations -- Payment of Claims -- Clause 8: Titles of Nobility; Presents -- In General -- Section 10: Powers Denied To The States: -- Clause 1: Treaties, Coining Money, Ex Post Facto Laws, Impairing Contracts -- Treaties, Alliances, or Confederations -- Bills of Credit -- Legal Tender -- Bills of Attainder -- Ex Post Facto Laws -- Scope of the Provision -- Denial of Future Privileges to Past Offenders -- Changes in Punishment -- Changes in Procedure -- Obligation of Contracts --Clause 2: Duties on Exports and Imports -- Duties On Exports or Imports -- Clause 3: Tonnage Duties, Keeping Troops, Making Compacts, War -- Tonnage Duties -- Keeping Troops -- Interstate Compacts -- Article 2: Executive Department: -- Section 1: President: -- Clause 1: Powers and Term of the President -- Nature and Scope of Presidential Power -- Tenure -- Clauses 2-3: Election -- Clause 4: Election -- Electoral College -- Clause 5: Qualifications -- Clause 6: Presidential Succession -- Clause 7: Compensation and Emoluments -- Clause 8: Oath of Office -- Section 2: Powers And Duties Of The President: -- Clause 1: Commander-in-Chiefship; Presidential Advisers; Pardons -- Commander-In-Chief -- Martial Law and Constitutional Limitations -- Presidential Advisers -- Pardons and Reprieves -- Clause 2: Treaties and Appointment of Officers -- Treaty-Making Power -- President and Senate -- Treaties as Law of the Land -- Constitutional Limitations of the treaty Power -- Interpretation and Termination of Treaties as International compacts -- Indian Treaties -- International Agreements Without Senate Approval -- Executive Establishment -- Appointments and Congressional Regulation of Offices -- Stages of Appointment Process -- Removal Power -- Presidential Aegis: Demands for Papers -- Clause 3: Vacancies during Recess of Senate -- Recess Appointments -- Section 3: Legislative, Diplomatic, and Law Enforcement Duties Of The President -- Legislative Role of the President -- Conduct of Foreign Relations -- President As Law Enforcer -- Protection of American Rights of Person and Property Abroad -- President Action In the Domain of Congress: the Steel Seizure Case -- Presidential Immunity From Judicial Direction -- Commissioning Officers -- Section 4: Impeachment: -- Impeachment. Article 3: Judicial Department: -- Section 1: Judicial Power, Courts, Judges: -- Organization of Courts, Tenure, and Compensation of Judges -- One Supreme Court -- Inferior Courts -- Compensation -- Courts of Specialized Jurisdiction -- Legislative Courts -- Noncourt Entities in the Judicial Branch -- Judicial Power -- Characteristics and Attributes of Judicial Power -- Finality of Judgment as an Attribute of Judicial Power -- Ancillary Powers of Federal Courts -- Contempt Power -- Sanctions Other Than Contempt -- Power to Issue Writs: The Act of 1789 -- Congressional Limitation of the Injunctive Power -- Rule-Making Power and Powers Over Process -- Appointment of Referees, Masters, and Special Aids -- Power to Admit and Disbar Attorneys -- Sections 2: Judicial Power And Jurisdiction: -- Clause 1: Cases and Controversies; Grants of Jurisdiction -- Judicial Power and Jurisdiction-Cases and Controversies -- Judicial Review -- Jurisdiction of Supreme Court and Inferior Federal Courts -- Suits Affecting Ambassadors, Other Public Ministers, and Consuls -- Cases of Admiralty and Maritime Jurisdiction -- Cases to Which the United States Is A Party -- Suits Between Two or More States -- Controversies Between a State and Citizens of Another State -- Controversies Between Citizens of Different States -- Controversies Between Citizens of the Same State Claiming Land Under Grants of Different States -- Controversies Between a State, or the Citizens Thereof, and Foreign States, Citizens, or Subjects -- Clause 2: Original And Appellate Jurisdiction; Exceptions and Regulations of Appellate Jurisdiction -- Original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court -- Power of Congress to Control the Federal Courts -- Theory Reconsidered -- Federal-State Court Relations -- Clause 3: Trial by Jury -- Section 3: Treason: -- Clause 1: Definition and Limitations -- Treason -- Clause 2: Punishment -- Corruption of the Blood and Forfeiture -- Article 4: States' Relations: -- Section 1: Full Faith And Credit: -- Sources and effect of Full Faith and Credit -- Private International Law -- Judgments: effect to be given in Forum State -- In General -- Jurisdiction: A Prerequisite to Enforcement of Judgments -- Divorce Decrees: Domicile as the Jurisdictional Prerequisite -- Other Types of Decrees -- Penal Judgments: Types Entitled to Recognition -- Fraud as a Defense to suits on Foreign Judgments -- Recognition of Rights Based Upon Constitutions, Statutes, Common Law -- Development of the Modern Rule -- Full Faith and Credit: Miscellany -- Scope of Powers of Congress Under Provision -- Judgments of Foreign States -- Section 2: Interstate Comity: -- Clause 1: State Citizenship: Privileges and Immunities -- Origin and Purpose -- How Implemented -- Citizens of Each State -- All Privileges and Immunities of Citizens in the Several States -- Discrimination in Private Rights -- Access to Courts -- Taxation -- Clause 2: Interstate Rendition -- Duty to Surrender Fugitives From Justice -- Fugitive From Justice Defined -- Procedure for Removal -- Trial of Fugitives After Removal -- Clause 3: Fugitives from Labor -- Section 3: Admission Of New States ; Property Of United States: -- Clause 1: Admission of New Stats to Union -- Doctrine of the Equality of States -- Clause 2: Property of the United States -- Property and Territory: Powers of Congress -- Section 4: Obligations Of United States To States: -- Guarantee of Republican Form of Government -- Article 5: Mode Of Amendment: -- Amendment of the Constitution -- Scope of the Amending Power -- Proposing a Constitutional Amendment -- Proposals by Congress -- Convention Alternative -- Ratification -- Authentication and Proclamation -- Judicial Review Under Article 5 -- Article 6: Prior Debts, National Supremacy, Oaths Of Office: -- Clause 1: Validity of Prior Debts and engagements -- Prior Debts -- Clause 2: Supremacy of the Constitution, Laws and Treaties -- National Supremacy -- Marshall's Interpretation of the National Supremacy Clause -- Task of the Supreme Court Under the Clause: Preemption -- Operation of the Supremacy Clause -- Obligation of State Courts Under the Supremacy Clause -- Supremacy Clause Versus the Tenth Amendment -- Federal Instrumentalities and Personnel and State Police Power -- Doctrine of Federal Exemption From State Taxation -- Summation and Evaluation -- Clause 3: Oath of Office -- Oath of Office -- Power of Congress in Respect to Oaths -- National Duties of State Officers -- Article 7: Ratification -- Amendments To The Constitution -- First through Tenth Amendments: -- Bill Of Rights: -- History -- Formulation and Adoption -- Bill of Rights and the States -- Fourteenth Amendment -- First Amendment: Religion And Expression: -- Religion -- Overview -- First Amendment: Religion And Expression: -- Religion: -- Overview: -- Scholarly commentary -- Court tests applied to Legislation Affecting Religion -- Government Neutrality in Religious Disputes -- Establishment of Religion: -- Financial Assistance to Church-Related Institutions -- Governmental Encouragement of Religion in Public Schools: Released Time -- Governmental Encouragement of Religion in Public Schools: Prayers and Bible Reading -- Governmental Encouragement of Religion in Public Schools: Curriculum Restriction -- Access of Religious Groups to School Property -- Tax Exemptions of Religious Property -- Exemption of Religious Organizations from Generally Applicable Laws -- Sunday Closing Laws -- Conscientious Objection -- Regulation of Religious Solicitation -- Religion in Governmental Observances -- Religious Displays on Government Property -- Miscellaneous -- Free Exercise of Religion: -- Belief-Conduct Distraction -- Mormon Cases -- Jehovah's Witnesses Cases -- Free Exercise Exemption from General Governmental Requirements -- Religious Test Oaths -- Religious Disqualification -- Freedom of Expression-Speech and Press: -- Adoption and Common Law Background -- Freedom of Expression: The Philosophical Basis -- Freedom of Expression: Is There a Difference Between Speech and Press? -- Doctrine of Prior Restraint: -- Injunctions and the Press in Fair Trial Cases -- Obscenity and Prior Restraint -- Subsequent Punishment: Clear and Present Danger and Other Tests: -- Clear and Present Danger -- Adoption of Clear and Present Danger -- Contempt of Court and Clear and Present Danger -- Clear and Present Danger Revised: Dennis -- Balancing -- Absolutist View of the First Amendment, With a Note on "Preferred Position" -- Is There a Present Test? -- Freedom of Belief: -- Flag Salute Cases -- Imposition of Consequences for Holding Certain Beliefs -- Right of Association: -- Political Association -- Conflict Between Organization and Members -- Maintenance of National Security and the First Amendment: -- Punishment of Advocacy -- Compelled Registration of Communist Party -- Punishment for Membership in an organization That Engages in Proscribed Advocacy -- Disabilities Attaching to Membership in Proscribed Organizations -- Employment Restriction and Loyalty Oaths -- Legislative Investigations and the First Amendment -- Interference With War Effort -- Suppression of Communist Propaganda in the Mails -- Exclusion of Certain Aliens as a First Amendment Problem -- Particular Government Regulations that Restrict Expression -- Government as Employer: Political and Other Outside Activities -- Government as Employer: Free Expression Generally -- Government as Educator -- Government as Regulator of the Electoral Process: Elections -- Government as Regulator of the Electoral Process: Lobbying -- Government as Regulator of Labor Relations -- Government as Investigator: Reporter's Privilege -- Government and the Conduct of Trials -- Government as Administrator of Prisons -- Government and Power of the Purse -- Governmental Regulation of Communications Industries -- Commercial Speech -- Taxation -- Labor Relations -- Antitrust Laws -- Radio and Television -- Governmentally Compelled Right of Reply to Newspapers -- Regulations of Cable Television -- Government Restraint of Content of Expression -- Seditious Speech and Seditious Libel -- Fighting Words and Other Threats to the Peace -- Threats of Violence Against Individuals -- Group Libel, Hate Speech -- Defamation -- False Statements -- Invasion of Privacy -- Invasion of Privacy -- Emotional Distress Tort Actions -- Right of Publicity Tort Actions -- Publication of Legally Confidential Information -- Obscenity -- Child Pornography -- Non-obscene But Sexually Explicit and Indecent Expression -- Speech Plus: Constitutional Law of Leafleting, Picketing, and Demonstrating -- Public Forum -- Quasi-Public Places -- Picketing and Boycotts by Labor Unions -- Public Issue Picketing and Parading -- Leafleting, Handbilling, and the Like -- Sound Trucks, Noise -- Door-to-Door Solicitation -- Problem of Symbolic Speech -- Rights of Assembly and Petition -- Background and Development -- Cruikshank Case -- Hague Case. Second Amendment: Bearing Arms: -- In General -- Third Amendment: Quartering Soldiers -- In General -- Fourth Amendment: Search And Seizure: -- Search and Seizure -- History and Scope of the Amendment -- History -- Scope of the Amendment -- Interest Protected -- Arrests and Other Detentions -- Searches and Inspections in Noncriminal Cases -- Searches and Seizure pursuant to warrant -- Issuance by Neutral Magistrate -- Probable Cause -- Particularity -- First Amendment Bearing on Probable Cause and Particularity -- Property Subject to Seizure -- Execution of Warrants -- Valid Searches And Seizures Without Warrants -- Detention Short of Arrest: Stop and Frisk -- Search Incident to Arrest -- Vehicular Searches -- Vessel Searches -- Consent Searches -- Border Searches -- Open Fields -- Plain View -- Public Schools -- Government Offices -- Prisons and Regulation of Probation and Parole -- Drug Testing -- Electronic Surveillance and the Fourth Amendment -- Olmstead Case -- Federal Communications Act -- Nontelephonic Electronic Surveillance -- Berger and Katz Cases -- Warrantless "National Security" Electronic Surveillance -- Enforcing the fourth Amendment: The Exclusionary Rule -- Alternatives to the Exclusionary Rule -- Development of the Exclusionary Rule -- Foundations of the Exclusionary Rule -- Narrowing Application of the Exclusionary Rule -- Operation of the Rule: Standing -- Fifth Amendment: Rights Of Persons: -- Indictment by Grand Jury -- Double Jeopardy -- Development and Scope -- Reprosecution Following Mistrial -- Reprosecution Following Acquittal -- Acquittal by Jury -- Acquittal by the Trial Judge -- Trial Court Rulings Terminating Trial Before Verdict -- Reprosecution Following Conviction -- Reprosecution After Reversal on Defendant's Appeal -- Sentence Increases -- For the Same Offence -- Legislative Discretion as to Multiple Sentences -- Successive Prosecutions for the same Offense -- Same Transaction Problem -- Self-Incrimination -- Development and Scope -- Power to Compel Testimony and Disclosure -- Immunity -- Required Records Doctrine -- Reporting and Disclosure -- Confessions: Police Interrogation, Due Process, and Self-Incrimination -- Common Law Rule -- McNabb-Mallory Doctrine -- State Confession Cases Before Miranda -- From the Voluntariness Standard to Miranda -- Miranda v Arizona -- Operation of the Exclusionary Rule -- Supreme Court Review -- Procedure in the Trial Courts -- Due Process -- History and Scope -- Scope of the Guaranty -- Procedural Due Process -- Generally -- Administrative Proceedings: A Fair Hearing -- Aliens: Entry and Deportation -- Judicial Review of Administrative or Military Proceedings -- Substantive Due Process -- Discrimination -- Congressional Police Measures -- Congressional Regulation of Public Utilities -- Congressional Regulations of Railroads -- Taxation -- Retroactive Taxes -- Deprivation of property: Retroactive Legislation -- Bankruptcy Legislation -- Right to Sue the Government -- Congressional Power to Abolish Common Law Judicial Actions -- Deprivation of Liberty: Economic Legislation -- National Eminent Domain Power -- Overview -- Public Use -- Just Compensation -- Interest -- Rights for Which Compensation Must Be Made -- Consequential Damages -- Enforcement of Right to Compensation -- When Property Is Taken -- Government Activity Not Directed at the Property -- Navigable Waters -- Regulatory Takings -- Sixth Amendment: Rights Of Accused In Criminal Prosecutions: -- Criminal Prosecutions: -- Coverage -- Offenses against the United States -- Right to a Speedy and Public Trial -- Speedy Trial -- Source and Rationale -- Application and Scope -- When the right is Denied -- Public Trial -- Right to Trial by Impartial Jury -- Jury Trial -- Attributes and Function of the Jury -- Criminal Proceedings to Which the Guarantee Applies -- Impartial Jury -- Place of Trial: Jury of the Vicinage -- Notice of Accusation -- Confrontation -- Compulsory Process -- Assistance of Counsel -- Development of Absolute Right to Counsel at Trial -- Powell v Alabama -- Johnson v Zerbst -- Betts v Brady and Progeny -- Gideon v Wainwright -- Protection of the Right to Retained Counsel -- Effective Assistance of Counsel-- Self-Representation --Right to Assistance of Counsel in Nontrial Situations -- Judicial Proceedings Before Trial -- Custodial Interrogation -- Lineups and Other Identification Situations -- Post-Conviction Proceedings -- Noncriminal and Investigatory Proceedings -- Seventh Amendment: Civil Trials -- Trial by Jury in Civil Cases -- Right and the Characteristics of the Civil Jury -- History -- Composition and Functions of Civil Jury -- Courts in Which the Guarantee Applies -- Waiver of the Right -- Application of the Amendment -- Cases "at Common Law" -- Continuing Law-Equity distinction -- Procedures Limiting Jury's Role -- Directed Verdicts -- Jury Trial Under the Federal Employer's Liability Act -- Appeals from State Courts to the Supreme Court -- Eighth Amendment: Further Guarantees In Criminal Cases: -- Excessive Bail -- Excessive Fines -- Cruel and unusual Punishments -- Style of Interpretation -- Application and Scope -- Capital Punishment -- General Validity and Guiding Principles -- Implementation of Procedural Requirements -- Limitations on Capital Punishment: Proportionality -- Limitations on capital Punishment: Diminished Capacity -- Limitations on Capital Punishment: Equality of Application -- Limitations on Habeas Corpus Review of Capital Sentences -- Proportionality -- Prisons and Punishment -- Limitation of the Clause to Criminal Punishments -- Ninth Amendment: Unenumerated Rights: -- Rights Retained by the People -- Tenth Amendment: Reserved Powers: -- Reserved Powers: -- Scope and Purpose -- Effect of Provision on Federal Powers -- Federal Taxing Powers -- Federal Police Power -- Federal Regulations Affecting State Activities and Instrumentalities -- Eleventh Amendment: Suits Against States: -- State Immunity: -- Purpose and Early Interpretation -- Expansion of the Immunity of the States -- Nature of the States' Immunity -- Suits Against States -- Consent to Suit and Waiver -- Congressional Withdrawal of Immunity -- Suits Against State Officials -- Tort Actions Against State Officials -- Twelfth Amendment: Election Of President. Thirteenth Amendment: Slavery And Involuntary Servitude: -- Abolition of Slavery -- Origin and Purpose -- Peonage -- Situations in Which the Amendment Is Inapplicable -- Fourteenth Amendment: Rights Guaranteed: Privileges And Immunities Of Citizenship, Due Process, And Equal Protection: -- Section 1: Rights Guaranteed -- Fourteenth Amendment and States' Rights -- Citizens of the United States -- Privileges or Immunities -- Due Process of Law -- Generally -- Definitions -- Rise and Fall of Economic Substantive Due Process: Overview -- Regulation of Labor Conditions -- Regulation of Business Enterprises: Price Controls -- Regulation of Public Utilities and Common Carriers -- Regulation of Businesses, Corporations, Professions, and Trades -- Protection of State Resources -- Ownership of Real Property: Rights and Limitations -- Health, Safety, and Morals -- Health -- Safety -- Morality -- Vested and Remedial Rights -- State Control over Local Units of Government -- Taxing Power -- Jurisdiction to Tax -- Procedure in Taxation -- Eminent Domain -- Fundamental Rights (Noneconomic Substantive Due Process) -- Procedural Due Process: Civil -- Procedure Which Is Due Process -- Jurisdiction -- Power of the States to Regulate Procedure -- Procedural Due Process: Criminal -- Equal Protection of the Laws -- Traditional Equal Protection: Economic Regulation and Related exercises of the Police Powers -- Equal Protection and Race -- New Equal Protection -- Classifications Meriting Close Scrutiny -- Illegitimacy -- Fundamental Interests: The Political Process -- Right to Travel -- Marriage and Familial Relations -- Sexual Orientation -- Poverty and Fundamental Interests: The Intersection of Due Process and Equal Protection -- Section 2: Apportionment of Representation -- Sections 3 and 4: Disqualification and Public Debt -- Section 5: Enforcement --Enforcement -- Fifteenth Amendment: Rights Of Citizens To Vote: -- Abolition of Suffrage Qualifications on Basis of Race -- Adoption and judicial enforcement -- Adoption -- Judicial View of the Amendment -- Grandfather Clauses -- White Primary -- Literacy tests -- Racial Gerrymandering -- Congressional Enforcement -- State Action -- Federal Remedial Legislation -- Sixteenth Amendment: Income Tax: -- Income Tax -- History and Purpose of the Amendment -- Income Subject to Taxation -- Corporate Dividends: When Taxable -- Corporate Earnings: When Taxable -- Gains: When Taxable -- Income from Illicit Transactions -- Deductions and exemptions -- Diminution of Loss -- Seventeenth Amendment: Popular Election Of Senators: -- Eighteenth Amendment: Prohibition Of Intoxicating Liquors -- Nineteenth Amendment: Women's Suffrage Rights -- Twentieth Amendment: Commencement Of The Terms of Office -- Twenty-First Amendment: Repeal Of Eighteenth Amendment: -- Repeal of Eighteenth Amendment -- Effect of Repeal -- Scope of Regulatory Power conferred upon the States -- Discrimination between Domestic and Imported Products -- Regulation of Transportation and "Through" Shipments -- Regulation of Imports Destined for a Federal Area -- Foreign Imports, Exports; Taxation, Regulation -- Effect of Section 2 upon Other Constitutional Provisions -- Effect on Federal Regulation -- Twenty-Second Amendment: Presidential Tenure -- Limitation of Presidential Terms -- Twenty-Third Amendment: Presidential Electors For The District Of Columbia -- Twenty-Fourth Amendment: Abolition Of The Poll Tax -- Expansion of the Right to Vote -- Twenty-Fifth Amendment: Presidential Vacancy and Disability -- Twenty-Sixth Amendment: Reduction Of Voting Age -- Eighteen-Year-Old Vote -- Twenty-Seventh Amendment: Congressional Pay Limitation -- Regulating Congressional Pay -- Acts Of Congress Held Unconstitutional In Whole Or In Part By The Supreme Court Of The United States -- State Constitutional And Statutory Provisions And Municipal Ordinances Held Unconstitutional Or Held To Be Prempted By Federal Law -- Supreme Court Decisions Overruled By Subsequent Decision -- Table Of Cases -- Index. Popularly known as the Constitution Annotated or "CONAN", encompasses the U.S. Constitution and analysis and interpretation of the U.S. Constitution with in-text annotations of cases decided by the Supreme Court of the United States. The analysis is provided by the Congressional Research Service (CRS) in the Library of Congress.


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MONTGOMERY | State Health Officer Don Williamson told a legislative committee that a new Medicaid system can be operational by October 2014 or one year later, depending on the type of system selected.
MONTGOMERY | State Health Officer Don Williamson told a legislative committee that a new Medicaid system can be operational by October 2014 or one year later, depending on the type of system selected.
Gov. Robert Bentley charged Williamson with leading his Alabama Medicaid Advisory Commission. The commission will recommend a new Medicaid program provides quality service, keeps as much of the current delivery system as possible and holds down costs.
Bentley's commission meets today in Montgomery to determine costs and make other decisions before the Feb. 5 legislative session.
"I hope the commission will give us some direction," Williamson said.
Williamson told the Permanent Joint Legislative Committee on Medicaid Policy that delivery systems include commercial-managed care and community-managed care, like the four that exist in areas of the state now.
"If you use commercial-managed care, we could put (a request for proposal) on the street and probably start enrolling people in October 2014," Williamson said. "Community-based managed care you're looking at October 2015, a year's difference."
However, he said, commercial managed care would require a legislative appropriation of $125 million to get the system operational.
Medicaid, a joint state-federal program for the poor, elderly and disabled, serves about 935,000 people at a cost of about $640 million in state dollars.
Planners said that Medicaid takes up a third of the state's General Fund appropriation and, if not changed, is likely to grow by at least $100 million a year.
"The (legislative) committee will be providing a working draft prior to Feb. 5," said committee chairman Rep. Greg Wren, R-Montgomery. "Medicaid will undergo comprehensive change into a new Medicaid."
Williamson said a new Medicaid model must address cost, quality of service and support for the health delivery system, which accounts for 17 percent of Alabama's gross domestic product.
Williamson said that Medicaid took 17 percent of the state's General Fund budget just 10 years ago, but last year required 36 percent of the budget.
"We know Medicaid is not going to be able to continue in its present form," said Sen. Greg Reed, R-Jasper, vice-chairman of the legislative committee. "Some form of management in the delivery system will be required, whether it's managed care by corporate Alabama or by Medicaid or parts and pieces of both."
Williamson said a commercially managed care system can ask for rate increases and, if not received, can leave the state, as has happened elsewhere. A community-based care system takes longer to develop, but probably won't leave.
"You're trading off buying for time," he said.
Williamson said whichever model is used, provider assessments, or taxes, will be critical because of the cash they provide. He said hospitals paid $229 million in provider taxes last year and nursing homes $55 million.
Those taxes are up for renewal by Sept. 30, Williamson said.
Tarren Bragdon, chief executive officer of the Foundation for Government Accountability, said that several states have changed their Medicaid systems, some with success.
"Some states have had disasters," he said.

subset: commoncrawl


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If the plan for your kitchen renovation includes both new cabinetry, storage solutions and new appliances, it is important to select the kitchen appliances before making any permanent cabinetry decisions. This is because major appliances such as refrigerators and stove ranges contribute to the overall layout of your kitchen. They will influence decisions like the size and fit of your kitchen cabinetry and storage design of your room. Your kitchen designer can help you make the most of your kitchen's space and assist you with the right choices.
Do You Need New Appliances?
We work closely with our customers and learn from their stories so we can share their experiences with other customers. One lesson that many customers have shared with us is that you may not want to keep dated appliances when installing new kitchen cabinetry.
Why? When properly taken care of, your new KraftMaid cabinetry and accents will be with you for years to come. Dated appliances may not and retrofitting replacement appliances after installation of your new kitchen cabinetry may present some difficulties. Although new appliances can add to your budget, in the long run it is money well spent to avoid issues with ill-fitting appliances, or cabinetry and flooring damaged during installation.
By including new appliances in your project plan, you have even more opportunities to create your perfect kitchen by tackling any restrictions or functionality issues that you have with your existing appliances.
So, how best to determine whether or not you need new appliances? Here are a few helpful questions to ask yourself:
- How old are your appliances?
- Are they noisy?
- How well do they perform?
- Have they required any recent repairs?
- Will they fit in with the new design of the space?
- Are your appliances Energy Star compliant?
If the answers to these questions raise any concerns, it's a good idea to start doing some research on new features and trends in kitchen appliances.
Selecting a Major Appliance
The most important factor to consider is the size of your household and the number of cooks in your kitchen. This will help you determine the size of appliances to consider and help you decide whether or not you need an additional cooking area or a prep sink.
Next, evaluate the size of your kitchen to help determine the type of refrigerator, stovetop and cooking range you should purchase. If you're limited on counter space, or space in general, look into stacked cooking units (an oven range rather than separate cooktop and oven) and narrow refrigerators.
Visit local appliance stores to explore the latest designs and features. Pay attention to details. Open up the doors on refrigerators and ovens to get an idea of the space they will need to open completely.
From a design perspective, collect images of the appliances you like from magazines and brochures. Identify what you like about each appliance and consider how the appliance will contribute to the overall look of the kitchen. Do you want stainless appliances to match your decorative hardware? Perhaps an oil rubbed bronze to coordinate with a rich finish? You might even consider appliances with a floating glass appearance to coordinate with a more contemporary style. Or would you rather conceal your appliances for a seamless look in your kitchen? Your kitchen and/or interior designer can help you with these selections.
Think about color contrast you would you like to create in your kitchen. Some customers like the look of dark appliances against light cabinets, while others favor the look of light-colored appliances against darker cabinetry.
Want to conceal your appliances? KraftMaid offers decorative appliance panels that match your cabinets and create a seamless cabinetry look in your kitchen. Not all appliances accept a panel, so be sure to review the specifications of the appliance for a trim kit before you purchase.
In the end, your kitchen designer is the best person to help you select the appropriate appliances for your home. You'll save time, energy, and perhaps even money, by relying on their expertise in selecting new appliances for your kitchen.


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Triple Layer Fudgy Mint Oreo Brownies
Happy Saint Patrick's Day! A few weeks early, but who's counting.
I couldn't resist sharing these.
These brownies are the best thing to come out of my kitchen thus far in 2012.
I know we're only two months into the year, but I assure you, these
take the cake take the brownie.
Let's talk about what's going on in them. First there is an incredibly dense, rich, and fudgy brownie base layer. I adapted my own Fudgy Nutella Brownies, which are my favorite brownie recipe of all time, and I've sampled one or two brownies over the years. It's the best-tasting (and easiest) brownie-from-scratch recipe I've ever tried because the resulting brownies are incredibly fudgy, dense, and not at all cakey or dry.
To the brownie batter for the base layer, I added a dozen crumbled Cool Mint Oreo Cookies (Layer 1)
I also made a green minty marshmallow mixture, comprised of Marshallow Fluff, peppermint extract, and green food coloring, and I swirled half of it through the brownie batter along with the crumbled Oreos.
To say this green mixture is "pretty good" is an understatement: white chocolate chips + buttercream frosting + Marshmallow Fluff + peppermint extract = Dive In and Don't Come Up For Air.
I would like to have this stuff on hand for mental health days because a spoonful of it is guaranteed to put a smile on your face. Rich, sweet, decadent, minty, yet still fluffy.
While the brownies were baking I made the next layer (Layer 2):
melted white chocolate chips
made a batch of buttercream frosting
combined the white chocolate chips + buttercream frosting + the remaining half of the green minty marshmallow mixture
After spreading the Green Goddess over the cooled brownies and because there wasn't enough going on already, I crumbled a dozen and a half more Cool Mint Oreos over the top (Layer 3)
This recipe below looks long because I gave instructions for how to make both brownies and frosting from scratch.
Use a boxed brownie mix and a can of frosting if that's what it takes for you to make these.
Yes, there are a few stages and steps but it's all worth it, I promise. Really you're just making brownies, making a green minty marshmallow mixture, and crumbling Oreos everywhere. Not hard at all and no electric mixer is necessary.
I cannot convey to you how good these are:
The brownies themselves are so rich, and the mint Oreos crumbled in the batter add a crunchy minty surprise.
The green minty marshmallow mixture that is swirled throughout the brownie batter add a sweet soft surprise.
(I'm all about contrasting flavors and textures)
The top layer of green minty marshmallow mixture, with melted white chocolate chips, vanilla buttercream frosting, and more crumbled Oreos…
Heaven-sent. Or Saint Patrick sent.
PMS? Bad day? Child not cooperating? Husband not cooperating? Your dog ate your homework? Your favorite lip gloss has been discontinued? You typically don't celebrate St. Patrick's Day? You just got a parking ticket? Your boss is mean? Your best friend forgot your birthday? Your husband forgot your birthday?
Not a problem. Have one of these.
Mint Oreos, chocolate, and green food will cure whatever ails you. And by green food, I do mean one of these and not a kale salad.
Both Saint Patrick and I urge you to make these.
Triple Layer Fudgy Mint Oreo Brownies
These layered brownies are loaded with rich textures and flavors, from the dense fudgy brownies layer, to the soft, fluffy minty layer, with oodles of crushed Mint Oreos throughout. Use regular Oreos if you can't find Mint Oreos and possibly add a touch more mint extract to the filling. As a shortcut, feel free to use your favorite boxed brownie recipe for the brownie layer, and to use 1 cup to 1 can of storebought vanilla frosting for the frosting and topping layer. They're rich, decadent, and everyone loves these!
one 7-ounce jar Marshmallow Fluff
1/8 teaspoon mint extract*
8 drops+ green food coloring, or until desired shade of green is reached
1 batch of brownies – see ingredients below in step 2 (or use 1 box of brownie mix – make according to directions on the box by adding the water, oil, eggs)
4 ounces baking chocolate (I used 9 squares of TJ's 72% chocolate bar or use 4 squares Baker's Chocolate, semi-sweet)
3/4 cup unsalted butter, melted (1 1/2 sticks)
2 cups granulated sugar
3 eggs
1 teaspoon vanilla extract
2 tablespoons espresso or brewed coffee, optional
1 cup all-purpose flour
12 Cool Mint Oreo Cookies, hand-crumbled
Frosting and Topping
1/2 cup butter or margarine, softened
3 to 4 cups powdered sugar
1 teaspoon vanilla extract
splash of milk, if necessary for consistency
3/4 cup white chocolate chips, melted
18 Cool Mint Oreo Cookies, hand-crumbled
1. Preheat oven to 350°F. Line a 9×13-inch pan with foil and spray it with cooking spray.
2. Filling – In medium bowl, stir together marshmallow fluff, mint extract* (be very careful and do not use more than this unless you love mint; a little bit of mint goes a very long way), 4 drops of food coloring, or until light green is achieved; set aside.
2. Brownies – Microwave chocolate and butter in large microwave-safe bowl for 90 seconds or until butter is melted. Stir until chocolate is completely melted. Stir in sugar (it will seem very granular, this is okay). Stir in eggs and vanilla. If adding espresso or coffee, add it now. Stir in flour until just combined, do not overmix. Hand-crumble 12 Oreos over the bowl and fold them in.
3. Spread brownie batter in prepared pan.
4. Drop about 1/2 cup of green filling mixture onto brownie batter and reserve the remainder. Gently pull a table knife through the batter in S-shaped curves for a swirled design.
5. Bake 23 to 25 minutes or until brownies are set, taking care not to overbake. (Some people's ovens and taste preferences may require 25-30 minutes, bake until brownies are done and to your liking) Cool completely, about 1 hour, or put the pan into the freezer for 10 minutes if you're rushed.
6. Frosting and Topping – While brownies are cooling, make vanilla frosting by whisking together the butter, confectioners' sugar, vanilla, and milk as needed until smooth and fluffy, or beat with an electric mixer. Optionally use 1 cup storebought vanilla frosting – or use entire can if you want a thicker final green layer.
7. In another small microwave-safe bowl, melt the white chocolate chips (microwave on high for 30 seconds; stir and microwave 30 seconds longer; stir until smooth, taking care not to scorch it as white chocolate scorches easily).
8.Add the melted white chocolate chips and the vanilla frosting to the reserved green minty marshmallow mixture.
9. Stir in 4 drops+ food coloring, or until light green color is reached, and spread over cooled brownies.
10. Sprinkle with 18 hand-crumbled Oreo Cookies, slightly pressing them into the green mixture. Allow top layer to set fully before slicing and serving. I prefer these bars chilled and I store them in the refrigerator in an airtight container for up to 10 days or in the freezer for up to 6 months.
All images and content are copyright protected. Please do not use my images without prior permission. If you want to republish this recipe, please re-write the recipe in your own words, or simply link back to this post for the recipe. Thank you.
If you're a fan of mint, you may enjoy these other desserts, all of which are also mint + chocolate combinations:
Girl Scout "Thin Mint"-Inspired Fudge (Raw, Vegan, GF)
Chocolate Peppermint Donut Holes (Raw, Vegan, GF)
Creme de Menthe Bars (No-Bake, Vegan, GF)
Peppermint Patties (Raw, Vegan, GF)
Mint Chocolate Coconut Snowballs (Raw, Vegan, GF)
Mint and Chocolate Fudge Oreo Bars
Do you celebrate St. Patrick's Day?
Not only are these brownies perfect for St. Paddy's Day, but they would also be wonderful for Christmas and winter holiday parties.
They are going on my 2012 holiday baking list. It's never too early to start thinking about holiday baking season, 8 months in advance.
Do you like mint-flavored foods?
I do, but a little mint goes a long way and once you add it, you cannot un-do it. I learned that the hard way when I once made creme de menthe bars that tasted like I was eating a bottle of Listerine, so easy does it when adding mint.
Happy St. Paddy's Day!


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The splay-footed cricket is one of the biggest, most scary-looking insects, and it's been that way for a long, long time. A fossil recently uncovered in Brazil reveals these crickets have looked more or less exactly the same since the time of the dinosaurs. Clearly, these insects don't adapt - they make the world adapt to them.
Nowadays, these crickets can be found in southern Asia, the northern regions of the Indochina peninsula, and parts of Africa. Researchers have just uncovered a fossil in Brazil that dates back 100 million years. Technically speaking, it's not the same species as the modern splay-footed cricket, but it's of the same genus, and it's more or less identical.
It's so similar that lead researcher Sam Heads says these insects have been in "evolutionary stasis" since the early Cretaceous period, a time spanning over 100 million years. Just to put that in perspective, anatomically modern humans have only been around for 200,000 years, and the vast majority of species won't stay effectively unchanged for much more than a few million years.
So how have these crickets stayed in stasis for so impossibly long? It seems that the crickets have been exceptionally good at locating and remaining in the same basic environment, which Heads describes as "an arid or semi-arid monsoonal environment." Then, through some combination of good luck or strategic migration, these crickets have stayed in the exact same ecological niche for a hundred million years. However they did it, it's an absolutely incredible feat.
But what exactly are these insects, other than the stuff of nightmares? Entomologist Sam Heads explains:
"Schizodactylidae, or splay-footed crickets, are an unusual group of large, fearsome-looking predatory insects related to the true crickets, katydids and grasshoppers, in the order Orthoptera. They get their common name from the large, paddle-like projections on their feet, which help support their large bodies as they move around their sandy habitats, hunting down prey."
Via ZooKeys. Photo by Hwaja Goetz.


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Quote:hahaha no i didint but good to hear it anywayz lol, my instructor thinks i should b able to go for my blackbelt in november of 2007 so that should b cool, i do Rhee Taekwon-Do i dont no if uve heard of it b4 but we practice non-contact full power sparring and we do not enter into competition at all. It is a pure martial art thats main objective is self-defence and defence of the weak. I'd b interested to no if u have ever heard of Rhee Taekwon-Do or of it's Founder Master Chong Chul Rhee and wat is the Dutch Tuls, out of curiosity?
Quote:Rhee TKD as in Chong Chul Rhee, not Jhoon Rhee correct?
Quote:Oh ok, sorry. Is it true Jhoon Rhee trained with Bruce lee?
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For little more than a year now, I have been making video marketing productions using two Canon DSLRs as my weapon of choice: a 5D mark II (for its ability to do bokeh-porn) and the 7D (for those smooth Glidecam shots at 50 or 60 frames per second). Although both Panasonic (AF100) and Sony (F3) are introducing affordable ($5k and $15k respectively) new cameras that take in some of the best aspects of DSLRs, it's time to wonder what route Canon should take with its forthcoming DSLR successor to the Canon 5D mark II: the Canon 5D mark III.
Already, the Canon 5D mark III (or will it be called the 6D?) is on the India edition of PC World's most awaited cameras list. Since the 5D mark II was introduced two years ago, the new breed of DSLRs may very well be announced at NAB (in April), but surely we should expect to see them in the shops by IBC and PhotoKina (in September).
But what are the top features we would like to see in the next generation? Here it is: an ultimate wishlist of features for the 5D mark III.
Keep the form factor
I love DSLRs. No surprise there. I love them for the image quality that you can achieve with them, but I especially like the form factor. They are incredibly small, which allows me to travel with two or more bodies at the same time. Compare that to a 'proper' sized video camera with a humongous video lens attached to it. Not only are you carrying more weight, traditional video cameras are also much more mistrusted by the general audience. People behave differently when they know a camera crew is present. Not so for still photographers. Whenever I shoot in public places, almost everyone thinks I am shooting stills, not video. Often, people will pose for my camera, waiting for that click-noise from the shutter. I usually let them keep that pose for about 5-10 seconds and just when they start to wonder why they don't hear any click, I tell them that I am shooting video. At that point they relax, laugh and give you the best natural looking footage you can dream of (and use in your edit).
Altogether, Canon should definately NOT take the route Panasonic and Sony have taken. In other words: keep the form factor the way it is. Nice and small. Instead, Canon should allow for external add-ons to complement the camera with extra features that DSLR shooters require (more on that below). Much like the BG-E6 battery grip that adds extra power (and weight for stability), Canon could create similar add-ons for recording uncompressed video or allowing for XLR-inputs.
The small form factor also allows me to easily mount the camera to a Glidecam for ultra-smooth moving camera shots. This would not be as easy with a much heavier piece of gear. Many of the shots in the video below would not be as attainable:
Since the majority of these cameras are sold to a different market than DSLR shooters that use it for filmmaking (that is, the photographers that use it for stills), Canon will most likely continue to focus on development of features for this market. Righteously so, I like to add. The power of DSLRs already lies in the ability to interchange lenses as you please (and thus have a shooting range from 8 to 500mm). Being able to extend this with additional components allows for more wider use. Look at RED's building blocks and learn.
Maintain Full-frame sensors
The recent arrival of the Panasonic AF-100 has given rise to the notion that micro 4/3rd sensors are the way forward. I truly hope Canon will not follow that route. The bad thing about micro 4/3rd is that it gives a whopping 2.0 crop factor to existing 35mm glass. Also, Panasonic does not provide particularly fast glass itself, as Stu Maschwitz concluded earlier. And fast glass with at least a constant aperture is what we need to achieve beautiful shots. Sure, you can mount PL or compact primes to the Panny as well, but that won't solve the crop.
The video from Panasonic above compares the size of the sensor to 35mm film cameras versus 35mm still cameras. However, it does not discuss the crop factor. Yet, with a crop factor of 2, all of a sudden your nice-n-wide 24mm becomes a not-so-wide 48mm. Smaller sensors may be cheaper but the existing breed of cropped-sensor sizes of the 1D mark IV (1.3 crop factor) or 7D (1.6 crop factor) is enough for my taste. Combined with a 2x extender, I can turn my 70-200mm F2.8 into a 224-640mm F5.6 on my 7D (loosing two stops of light in the process), so there is no real need for further cropping to narrow my field-of-view.
Instead, the Canon 5D mark III should continue to have a full-frame sensor, meaning that your 24mm remains a 24mm. The real investment for any DSLR shooter is in the glass and one would expect this to last for the lifetime of multiple bodies.
Although full-frame sensors are harder to focus, they also provide a type of bokeh-porn from the shallow depth-of-field that you can't achieve with any other affordable camera. In the words of Stu Maschwitz:
Quite simply, we have tasted full-retard DOF, and it is good."
By the way, being able to shoot shallow depth-of-field does not mean that you should. One of the most famous movies of all-time, Citizen Kane, was known for its use of deep focus. But, at least, with a full-frame sensor and fast 35mm glass, you can achieve that shallow DOF, whereas with a small-chip video camera, you can only shoot deep focus. It's all about having options and using the tools wisely and with proper effect.
Provide clean HDMI out
The current breed of DSLR cameras record footage in a highly compressed format, using the H.264 codec. This means that a lot of information gets thrown out and is therefore no longer available for post production image manipulation.
Being stills cameras, the DSLRs already do allow for RAW image recording, albeit for the stills function only. In terms of speed, they allow for between 3.9 (5D mark II) and 8 (7D) frames per second in consecutive RAW (CR2) images:
- Canon EOS 5D mark II at 21 Megapixels and a resolution of 5616×3744 pixels
- Canon EOS 7D at 18 Megapixels and a resolution of 5184×3456 pixels
If Canon would be able to handle the heat that these sensors generate they might be able to up that to 24-25 frames per second, thus giving you a camera that shoots RAW video. One thing is for sure – for video purposes they don't have to move the mirror 25 times a second.
However, the truth is that today's de facto video resolution is not 5k, 3k or even 2k – it is FullHD, or 1920×1080 pixels. Something you might call a 2k sub-standard, since true 2k is 2048×1080 pixels. Most digital theaters have 2k projectors, while the typical home cinema displays only support FullHD at best.
Image source: Wikipedia
Therefore, a better route than trying to shoot 24 or 25 consecutive RAW images per second would be for Canon to provide a clean HDMI out-signal and allow for external recorders to record the image. Again, these could be from external companies, or as a nice bolt-on package from Canon itself. Below are images of two notable products, the Ki Pro Mini and the Ninja from Atomos:
And by clean HDMI out signal, I mean clean. The image should not have any On Screen Display functions. More importantly, however, Canon should optimize this 5k-to-2k translation process and then allow for an external device (or: their own add-on) to record the image, instead of the camera's on-board recording function. The latter would cause the DLSR to overheat in a very short timespan, something an external device could handle better.
Recently, I read an excellent article on FreshDV from Matthew Jeppsen entitled "RAW video – be careful what you wish for", which discusses the pros and cons of adding RAW video to DSLRs. Another important issue with RAW video recording is the ability to process the images in the edit. Most current video editing systems are not fit for handling 5k images. Anyone who has ever tried to make a timelapse from RAW CR2 files knows how much of a strain this puts on your computer's resources (Adobe After Effects CS5 handles it remarkably well). Although RAW allows for tons of more options for image manipulation in post, it also comes at a cost. As Jeppsen correctly concludes:
Given a choice between H.264 and a substantially more space-hogging codec on a DSLR, I would probably still choose H.264 most of the time. Which is why the only "raw video" I want Canon to add in the next DSLR is a proper HDMI output. That would give me all the "RAW" options I'd need, for the handful of times I'd have to use it.
Aside from enabling a clean HDMI out, Canon should also allow for a variable setting of the bit-rate at which the H.264 codec operates. Already, the guys at Magic Lantern have shown that these cameras are able to go upto 70Mbps, thus giving you far less compression and more information to work with in post production.
Proper audio in- and outputs (and monitoring)
Much akin to traditional cinema, using a dual audio system is the safest route to good results with a DSLR. The on-board audio just cannot be trusted for professional audio quality. Sure, you can attach a Beachtek with XLR inputs (and an audio output), but there is no way for you to monitor the audio output on the camera itself. If you attach your headphones to the AV-out on the camera you will not get audio output and instead loose your video signal on the LCD screen. So there is no way for you to know if the audio is properly recorded on the DSLR. As the hackers from Magic Lantern have shown, Canon could instantly enable audio monitoring through a simple firmware upgrade.
Until the March 2010 firmware upgrade, which gave us 24/25p and manual audio, the Canon 5D mark II only had audio with a bismal Auto Gain Control (AGC), a feature the Canon 7D still has. After the upgrade, Canon did enable the setting of manual audio levels, but this feature is buried so deep inside the menu, that you cannot access it whilst recording, let alone change its settings easily.
The next breed of Canons should allow for on-board monitoring of audio via the AV-out (you will use the HDMI connector for video output anyway) and allow for an add-on box featuring two balanced XLR inputs on the L and R channels. Again, could be from Beachtek or as a battery-style grip from Canon itself.
Lens upgrades
Although the Canon L-Series glass is of phenomenally great quality and speed, it has two main drawbacks: the focus ring and the lack of manual aperture control. In short, these are stills lenses and they were made for — stills.
First, the focus ring was made for electronic, not manual control. In order for the brain inside the camera to get focus fast, the amount of travel on the focus ring is kept to a minimum distance. Although great when shooting stills in auto focus mode, this tight focus throw makes maintaining focus on moving subjects when shooting video more of a challenge. A larger lens throw would be wellcomed. Such larger focus travels can be found on the CP2 Compact Primes series from Zeiss, which feature a 330° throw.
Second, aperture – or F-Stop – can only be controlled from the camera body, not on a separate ring on the lens itself. Instead of allowing for the aperture blades to smoothly open or close down, this feature is controlled electronically with noticeable clicks: the shortest range possible is with a 1/3rd stop setting. Noticeable, since you will see the stopping down (from say F2.8 to F5.6) in your recorded image and there is little you can do to fix that to a smooth curve in post production. Older lenses from the seventies used to have a aperture ring on the lens, although I am not sure how smooth these could be controlled.
Manual control of aperture is a desired feature when shooting video. If you move the camera from a very dark to a very light room, you want the transition to be as smooth as possible. Also, it allows you to enlarge the focal plane, provided you have some control over the incoming light at the same time.
Another thing video lenses have as a benefit over stills lenses is the ability to remotely control zoom and focus. Especially when the camera is mounted on a crane or a steadicam, remote control is a key issue. Traditional video cameras have an on-board control mechanism for this – a LANC. DSLRs, on the other hand, require the addition of external motors to control these two lens rings.
If Canon were to allow for a series of lenses that feature a) a larger throw of the focus ring, b) smooth manual aperture control and c) a LANC-like control function, they would appeal to a new market of video enthusiasts and filmmakers alike. Canon could learn a lot from the popular Zeiss CP2 Compact Primes series which retail at premium prices. For me, this would be a reason to sell my current primes and upgrade my glass.
Fix Moire & Rolling Shutter
In order to go from an image captured by the sensor at full frame resolution (5616×3744 pixels) to a FullHD image (1920×1080 pixels), the Canon DSLRs use an algorithm that is not very precise. The current sensor processes the image in such a way that lines are skipped. This is causing moire. In other words, pure nastiness. Trying to shoot repetitive patterns, such as a brick house or a shirt with fine lines quickly introduces those funky, radiating patterns which cannot be easily fixed in post either. Unless you like frame-by-frame painting ;-). Canon should therefore improve this translation process.
One problem persist, though: the stills guys want Canon to up their game in the Megapixel race. Some rumors exists that the Canon 5D mark III will feature an upgrade from 21 to 28 Megapixel. If that translates into higher resolution, the translation to FullHD may even become a bigger challenge. Guess we'll have to wait and see how the new camera handles this.
Another issue has to do with the way CMOS sensors record the image. Unlike a CCD-chip, they start at the top and proceed towards the bottom. What happens when you record a fast-moving image (e.g. a bus passing by a steady camera or a whip-panning camera on a set of straight lines), is called Rolling Shutter.
Although there is a way to fix this with a plugin by The Foundry, Canon could fix this by allowing multiple CMOS chips to work on the image at the same time, hence reducing the time difference between the top and the bottom parts of the image. The Canon 5D mark III is rumored to have dual Digic-IV sensors (the 5D only has one), so that will hopefully help solve this problem once and for all.
Various other neat functions
Traditional video users are accustomed to various features that help when shooting, such as Zebra marks that indicate the extend to which your whites are clipping. Although I do not really miss such a feature, I can imagine this to add value for others. Again, Canon could learn a lot from the Magic Lantern firmware hack. Alternatively, the forthcoming electronic viewfinder, or EVF from companies like Zacuto and Red Rock Micro are likely to have such a feature integrated.
Aside from Zebras, a really neat feature would be the ability to digitally zoom in whilst recording. Currently, you can use the 5x and 10x zoom button on the back of the camera to check focus before hitting the record button. Use of this feature during a recording session would allow you to re-check focus. Of course, the zooming in would not need to be recorded on the flash card.
Another useful feature would be a short-cut button that allows you to see a short review (5 seconds) of the last recorded clip. Something pro-sumer level video camera's provide and can help you frame up your next shot.
Finally, an A-B setting mode to automatically rack focus between object A and object B would be a nice addition. This is already common in most (semi-)professional video cameras.
It will be interesting to see which features Canon is able to implement from the list above. One should not forget that Canon will continue to sell these as stills cameras to the photography community and that they have different demands than DSLR shooters. Some photographers I know rely on auto focus to a great extend, while I tend to operate these cameras almost exclusively in manual mode.
Also, Canon has to deal with the internal issue of having a professional video department that sells small-sensor-big-form-factor cameras to the prosumer and professional markets. These are the people that may consider using DSLRs, especially if they start to look and work more like video cameras. Given that you pay about $7000-8000 for a Canon 1/2inch chip video camera (standard video lens included) and only $3000 for a DSLR body and nice L-Series Zoom lens, it's not hard to do the math. On the other hand, if Canon were to take an approach of add-ons, as suggested in this article, the total spend on the camera could easily go up. Plus, people will be more likely to build-up a range of lenses with DSLRs than with video cameras, which is more profitable for Canon.
Also, the unexpected popularity of DSLRs over the past few years has given rise to a whole ecosystem of manufacturers that make complementary products. Canon should embrace this and nurtur it. If your product constitutes an ecosystem, you can be right at the center of it all.
Taken together, I do hope that Canon will listen to its users and give them what they want (and, perhaps, need). The Canon 5D mark II was the best thing that ever happened to Canon, so please let the mark III (or 6D?) be even better than that.


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NE1 Toolbar Icons
Posted by , Last modified by on 17 December 2010 02:46 PM
The Icons on the page editor make it easier for you to quickly select how to style your text, background color, add images, links, HTML, Flash, and video. The icons are located above the text editor.
*Note: When you have finished editing a page, click the "Save" icon in the top left corner of the Page Editor to save your changes.
*Tip: If you are going to be making a lot of edits on a page, save the work you have done periodically as a precaution so you will not lose your work if anything unexpected happens.
*Tip 2: To save the changes you've made on a page, you can either click the "Save" icon in the top, left corner of the Page Editor or you can click the "Save Changes" button at the bottom of the page settings section. Both will save the changes you have made.


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The Best Motorcycle Route in the World
Are you a biker with the passion to travel on your bike?
People around the world enjoy riding motorcycles and have experience with friends or family.
There are more than 4.12 million miles of highways in the United States alone. This makes many opportunities to enjoy riding your motorcycle in different places. But when you look abroad, you will find some of the best rides in the world.
Read on to learn about the best motorcycle trips on Earth.
Ideal Motorcycle Travel Route
Dragon Tail – North Carolina / Tennessee
Deals Gap is a mountain path that runs along the Great Smoky Mountains.
In North Carolina and the state of Tennessee, where you will find the Tail of the Dragon. The winding part of the U.S. Route 129 takes you through the mountains and encircles some of the best scenery the country has to offer.
This 11-mile highway offers a 318 iteration curve and is a fun ride for motorcyclists.
Mae Hong Son Loop – Thailand
If you are looking for an international adventure for a motorcycle trip, Mae Hong Son Loop Thailand is well worth the trip.
This circle offers more than 1,000 curves and motorcycle enthusiasts travel from all directions to experience the unique twists. The highway takes you through many of the things that make Thailand a popular tourist destination.
You will maneuver your way through the mountains, past waterfalls, villages, and temples in the past.
Tears – Tennessee trail to Alabama
If you are a motorcyclist who has an appreciation of the historic rides, Trail of Tears is one of the driving adventures for you.
The Trail of Tears is well known in American history for being the path Native Americans traveled when they were forced westward in the 1800s.
But today, motorcyclists and Native Americans gather to walk this highway as a way of honoring those who are forced to leave their land.
If you want to ride on a very historic day, go on the third Saturday of September. In addition to great weather for travel, thousands of people gather to travel on Highway 72 from Chattanooga, Tennessee, to Waterloo, Alabama.
Transalpine Route – France to Italy
How does the trip from Grenoble, France, to Venice, Italy, make sense?
The Transalpine route takes you from France to Italy, through the Alps, making it one of the most popular highways in Europe, especially during the summer. If you have a lot of time on your journey, consider traveling the whole route – more than 2,400 km. It will also take you through Switzerland and Austria along the way.
In addition to stunning views along the road and sharp turns, you will be treated to Venice, Italy as you reach the end of the route.


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[email protected] Lecture Series
As UT Dallas has evolved, so has every field of knowledge studied and taught within its walls. The yearlong [email protected] lecture series examined how we have grown to understand our world differently in the four decades since UT Dallas began life as a UT System institution. The 40 events covered a wide variety of subjects and academic disciplines.
Neal Lane "Science and Technology Policy in the Obama Era"
In an event marking the 25th anniversary of Issues in Science and Technology, former presidential science policy director Neal Lane discussed "Science and Technology Policy in the Obama Era."
Listen | Download | Transcript
Yexiao Xu "Systematic Risk and Idiosyncratic Risk in Stock Investing"
School of Management faculty member Yexiao Xu addressed how conventional thinking about the role of risk versus return in investment has given way to new thinking about the importance of firm-specific risk.
Peter Petrik "From Behind the Iron Curtain to Membership in the European Union"
School of Management faculty member Peter Petrik, who was raised in what was then known as Czechoslovakia, gave a personal account of the transformation in Eastern Europe since the end of the Cold War, and its impact on international business.
Rachel Croson "The Behavioral Revolution in Economics: How We Make Financial Decisions"
School of Economic, Political and Policy Sciences Professor Rachel Croson explained how the standard model of a rational Economic Man has been challenged by empirical research over the last four decades, revolutionizing our understanding of the field of economics. She demonstrated how this model is applicable to the real world, from designing and communicating compensation plans in corporations to helping individuals make better financial decisions.
John Hoffman "UTD and the Apollo Missions"
Dr. Hoffman, whose research involves the study of planetary atmospheres, has developed scientific instruments for many NASA missions over the last 40 years: from instruments carried on Apollo missions 15, 16, and 17, to the Pioneer Mission to Venus in 1972, and most recently to the Phoenix Mission to Mars in 2008.
James Carter "UTD and the Apollo Missions"
At NASA's request, Dr. Carter identified the mineral and chemical composition of lunar soil samples provided to him from all Apollo lunar missions, as well as Russian LUNA-20 missions. In 1992, he was contacted again by NASA to produce a synthetic lunar soil for its experiments. Over the years he has produced and shipped more than 50 tons to Houston. His discussion highlighted differences between our Earth and moon.
A&H faculty member Monica Evans gave the talk "From 'Spacewar!' to Serious Games: 40 Years of Game Studies." The lecture addressed how computer games permeate every facet of our technological lives, from entertainment to art, business, communications, research, education, training and the sciences.
[email protected]: EPPS faculty member Richard Scotch discussed "The American Health Care System, 1969-2009." The talk addressed changes in U.S. health care policy over the last 40 years.
[email protected]: SOM professor Ram Rao gave a lecture, >"Marketing Turns Quantitative." The discussion focused on the revolution in marketing research over the last 40 years, with a focus on the differences the University has made in the field.
[email protected]: A&H faculty member John Gooch gave a talk, "Forty Years of Teaching Writing." The lecture highlighted the major philosophical and theoretical trends in composition studies, as well as identify the contributions of University faculty to the field.
[email protected]: James Joiner, an SOM faculty member, discussed "Project Management Education in Academia." Joiner gave a history of project management programs at universities, from their early beginnings to now.
[email protected]: School of Management faculty member Kannan Ramanathan discussed "Quality Management: An Historical Perspective." Ramanathan examined changes in the field of quality management over the past forty years.
[email protected]: ECS faculty member Ravi Prakash gave a talk titled "ALOHA Dr. Abramson. Could We Eat the Telco's Lunch?: Evolution of Computer Networking." The lecture addressed the first wireless network, the AlohaNet, which was deployed in 1970 and paved the way for the Ethernet protocol.
[email protected]: NS&M faculty member Wolfgang Rindler gave a lecture titled "How Could the Universe Change So Much in the Last 40 Years?" The talk addressed changes in the field of cosmology over the last 40 years, as well as UT Dallas' contributions to current thinking on the topic.
[email protected]: A&H faculty member Rainer Schulte gave a talk titled "Translation: A Model for Intercultural Communication." The lecture included an examination of the developmental of translation studies over the last 40 years, with particular reference to the founding of the American Literary Translators Association at UT Dallas.
[email protected]: Brain and Behavioral Science faculty member Emily Tobey discussed "Hearing Research in the Last Forty Years." Tobey took a look at the field of hearing research with particular reference to the Callier Center.
[email protected]: EPPS faculty member Ron Briggs will gave the talk "Geospatial Science: From Ph.D. to Google Earth." Briggs discussed how 40 years ago, a person needed a Ph.D. to do what anybody can now do with Google Map and Google Earth.
[email protected]: School of Arts and Humanities faculty member Theresa Towner presented the development of "Imagined Worlds in the Academy: Oz, Narnia, Hogwarts."
[email protected]: IS faculty member Alexey Root gave a lecture, "Chess is Now for Children: Changes Over the Past 40 Years." Root's talk addressed the changing demographics of chess during the past four decades, from its beginnings as a game for adults to a game now dominated by children. She gave special emphasis to the role the University has played in the field of chess in education.
[email protected]: SOM faculty member Mike Peng discussed "Global Competition and the Rise of Asia." The talk focused on China and India, and how they have become "global dynamos" in the last 40 years.
[email protected]: BBS faculty member Aage Moller addressed "Advances in Neuroscience." The lecture covered fundamental changes during the last 40 years in views about how the brain works.
[email protected]: Arts and Humanities faculty member Stephen Rabe discussed "United States Foreign Policy, 1970-2010." Rabe's talk looked at all that has changed since UT Dallas started. The U.S. was bogged down in the Vietnam War, did not have diplomatic relations with China, and confronted the USSR in the divided city of Berlin.


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Diversity and inclusion are essential to the fulfillment of our institutional mission. We value inclusive excellence in learning, curricular, and co-curricular programming, campus climate, recruitment, admissions, hiring, and retention. We are deeply committed to promoting and maintaining a civil community that facilitates opportunities for shared understanding and expression of individual and collective truths. Moreover, we resolve to create and uphold a community that is respectful of all persons despite differences in age, citizenship, ethnicity, gender identity or expression, geographic origin, language, marital status, nationality, parental status, philosophical beliefs, race, religion, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status, varied abilities, or veteran status. To view APER's Gender Identity* and Expression* Inclusion Policy click here.
Sporting Conduct at Mills College
APER promotes positive sporting conduct during in all athletics, physical education and recreational activities. We request your cooperation by conducting yourself and supporting other participants in a positive manner. Poor sporting conduct, such as profanity, derogatory comments, harassment or other intimidating actions will not be tolerated and are grounds for immediate removal from the activity and premises. Use of tobacco products and consumption or possession of illicit drugs or alcoholic beverages are prohibited.
Incidents reported to staff on duty shall be documented on an incident report, submitted to the appropriate APER supervisor, reviewed by the APER Director, and addressed in accordance with departmental and Mills College policies.
Thank you for supporting a safe and positive atmosphere for everyone involved.


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Motherboard reports that "while America's most expensive surveillance drone, the Northrop Grumman RQ-4 Global Hawk, can stay aloft for 32 hours, the Pentagon is looking for a drone that can fly nonstop for a week or more at a time, if two recently submitted solicitations are to go by."
"In a solicitation published last November, the Department of Defense (DoD) is calling on contractors to submit designs for a low cost, ultra-long endurance UAV that can perform intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) missions for seven days or more. Specifically, the DoD wants to eliminate the need for launching new waves of drones to replace the ones that have run out of fuel and have to return to base."