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Difference between revisions of "OpenVPN"
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Now, when your launch your OpenVPN connection, you should find that your resolv.conf file is updated accordingly, and also returns to normal when your close the connection.
Now, when your launch your OpenVPN connection, you should find that your resolv.conf file is updated accordingly, and also returns to normal when your close the connection.
====Connecting to the Server====
====Connecting to the Server====
Revision as of 20:25, 12 November 2012
This article describes a basic installation and configuration of OpenVPN, suitable for private and small business use. For more detailed information, please see the official OpenVPN 2.2 man page and the OpenVPN documentation.
OpenVPN is a robust and highly flexible VPN daemon. OpenVPN supports SSL/TLS security, ethernet bridging, TCP or UDP tunnel transport through proxies or NAT, support for dynamic IP addresses and DHCP, scalability to hundreds or thousands of users, and portability to most major OS platforms.
OpenVPN is tightly bound to the OpenSSL library, and derives much of its crypto capabilities from it.
OpenVPN supports conventional encryption using a pre-shared secret key (Static Key mode) or public key security (SSL/TLS mode) using client & server certificates. OpenVPN also supports non-encrypted TCP/UDP tunnels.
OpenVPN is designed to work with the TUN/TAP virtual networking interface that exists on most platforms.
Overall, OpenVPN aims to offer many of the key features of IPSec but with a relatively lightweight footprint.
OpenVPN was written by James Yonan and is published under the GNU General Public License (GPL).
- 1 Install OpenVPN
- 2 Configure the system for TUN/TAP support
- 3 Connect to a VPN provided by a third party
- 4 Create a Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) from scratch
- 5 A basic L3 IP routing configuration
- 6 Starting OpenVPN
- 7 Advanced L3 IP routing
- 8 L2 Ethernet bridging
- 9 Contributions that do not yet fit into the main article
- 9.1 Routing client traffic through the server
- 9.2 Configuring LDAP authorization
- 9.3 Deprecated older wiki content
Install OpenVPN
Install openvpn from the official repositories.
Configure the system for TUN/TAP support
OpenVPN requires TUN/TAP support. Make sure to load the TUN module.
# Load tun.ko at boot tun
The default kernel is already properly configured, but if you use another kernel make sure to enable the TUN/TAP module. If
$ zgrep CONFIG_TUN /proc/config.gz returns
CONFIG_TUN=n, make the following change to the kernel config file and rebuild the kernel.
Kernel config file
Device Drivers --> Network device support [M] Universal TUN/TAP device driver support
Connect to a VPN provided by a third party
To connect to a VPN provided by a third party, most of the following can most likely be ignored. Use the certificates and instructions given by your provider, for instance see: Airvpn.
Create a Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) from scratch
If you are setting up OpenVPN from scratch, you will need to create a Public Key Infrastructure (PKI).
Create the needed certificates and keys by following: Create a Public Key Infrastructure Using the easy-rsa Scripts.
The final step of the key creation process is to copy the files needed to the correct machines through a secure channel.
The public ca.crt certificate is needed on all servers and clients. The private ca.key key is secret and only needed on the key generating machine.
A server needs server.crt, and dh2048.pem (public), and server.key and ta.key (private).
A client needs client.crt (public), and client.key and ta.key (private).
A basic L3 IP routing configuration
OpenVPN is an extremely versatile piece of software and many configurations are possible, in fact machines can be both "servers" and "clients", blurring the distinction between server and client.
What really distinguishes a server from a client (apart from the type of certificate used) is the configuration file itself. The openvpn daemon startup script reads all the .conf configuration files it finds in /etc/openvpn on startup and acts accordingly. In fact if it finds more than one configuration file, it will start one OpenVPN processes per configuration file.
This article explains how to setup a server called elmer, and a client that connects to it called bugs. More servers and clients can easily be added, by creating more key/certificate pairs and adding more server and client configuration files.
The OpenVPN package comes with a collection of example configuration files for different purposes. The sample server and client configuration files make an ideal starting point for a basic OpenVPN setup with the following features:
- Uses Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) for authentication.
- Creates a VPN using a virtual TUN network interface (OSI L3 IP routing).
- Listens for client connections on UDP port 1194 (OpenVPN's official IANA port number).
- Distributes virtual addresses to connecting clients from the 10.8.0.0/24 subnet.
For more advanced configurations, please see the official OpenVPN 2.2 man page and the OpenVPN documentation.
The server configuration file
Copy the example server configuration file to /etc/openvpn/server.conf
# cp /usr/share/openvpn/examples/server.conf /etc/openvpn/server.conf
Edit the following:
- The ca, cert, key, and dh parameters to reflect the path and names of the keys and certificates. Specifying the paths will allow you to run the OpenVPN executable from any directory for testing purposes.
- Enable the SSL/TLS HMAC handshake protection. Note the use of the parameter 0 for a server.
- It is recommended to run OpenVPN with reduced privileges once it has initialized, do this by uncommenting the user and group directives.
ca /etc/openvpn/ca.crt cert /etc/openvpn/elmer.crt key /etc/openvpn/elmer.key dh /etc/openvpn/dh2048.pem . . tls-auth /etc/openvpn/ta.key 0 . . user nobody group nobody
The client configuration file
Copy the example client configuration file to /etc/openvpn/client.conf
# cp /usr/share/openvpn/examples/client.conf /etc/openvpn/client.conf
Edit the following:
- The remote directive to reflect either the server's Fully Qualified Domain Name hostname (as known to the client) or its IP address.
- Uncomment the user and group directives to drop privileges.
- The ca, cert, and key parameters to reflect the path and names of the keys and certificates.
- Enable the SSL/TLS HMAC handshake protection. Note the use of the parameter 1 for a client.
remote elmer.acmecorp.org 1194 . . user nobody group nobody . . ca /etc/openvpn/ca.crt cert /etc/openvpn/bugs.crt key /etc/openvpn/bugs.key . . tls-auth /etc/openvpn/ta.key 1
Testing the OpenVPN configuration
# openvpn /etc/openvpn/server.conf on the server, and
# openvpn /etc/openvpn/client.conf on the client. You should see something similar to this:
# openvpn /etc/openvpn/server.conf
Wed Dec 28 14:41:26 2011 OpenVPN 2.2.1 x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu [SSL] [LZO2] [EPOLL] [eurephia] built on Aug 13 2011 Wed Dec 28 14:41:26 2011 NOTE: OpenVPN 2.1 requires '--script-security 2' or higher to call user-defined scripts or executables Wed Dec 28 14:41:26 2011 Diffie-Hellman initialized with 2048 bit key . . Wed Dec 28 14:41:54 2011 bugs/126.96.36.199:48904 MULTI: primary virtual IP for bugs/220.127.116.11:48904: 10.8.0.6 Wed Dec 28 14:41:57 2011 bugs/22.214.171.124:48904 PUSH: Received control message: 'PUSH_REQUEST' Wed Dec 28 14:41:57 2011 bugs/22.214.171.124:48904 SENT CONTROL [bugs]: 'PUSH_REPLY,route 10.8.0.1,topology net30,ping 10,ping-restart 120,ifconfig 10.8.0.6 10.8.0.5' (status=1)
# openvpn /etc/openvpn/client.conf
Wed Dec 28 14:41:50 2011 OpenVPN 2.2.1 i686-pc-linux-gnu [SSL] [LZO2] [EPOLL] [eurephia] built on Aug 13 2011 Wed Dec 28 14:41:50 2011 NOTE: OpenVPN 2.1 requires '--script-security 2' or higher to call user-defined scripts or executables Wed Dec 28 14:41:50 2011 LZO compression initialized . . Wed Dec 28 14:41:57 2011 GID set to nobody Wed Dec 28 14:41:57 2011 UID set to nobody Wed Dec 28 14:41:57 2011 Initialization Sequence Completed
On the server, find the IP assigned to the tunX device:
# ip addr show
. . 40: tun0: <POINTOPOINT,MULTICAST,NOARP,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UNKNOWN qlen 100 link/none inet 10.8.0.1 peer 10.8.0.2/32 scope global tun0
Here we see that the server end of the tunnel has been given the IP address 10.8.0.1.
Do the same on the client:
# ip addr show
. . 37: tun0: <POINTOPOINT,MULTICAST,NOARP,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UNKNOWN qlen 100 link/none inet 10.8.0.6 peer 10.8.0.5/32 scope global tun0
And the client side has been given the IP 10.8.0.6.
Now try pinging the interfaces.
On the server:
# ping -c3 10.8.0.6
PING 10.8.0.6 (10.8.0.6) 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from 10.8.0.6: icmp_req=1 ttl=64 time=238 ms 64 bytes from 10.8.0.6: icmp_req=2 ttl=64 time=237 ms 64 bytes from 10.8.0.6: icmp_req=3 ttl=64 time=205 ms --- 10.8.0.6 ping statistics --- 3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 2002ms rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 205.862/227.266/238.788/15.160 ms
On the client:
# ping -c3 10.8.0.1
PING 10.8.0.1 (10.8.0.1) 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from 10.8.0.1: icmp_req=1 ttl=64 time=158 ms 64 bytes from 10.8.0.1: icmp_req=2 ttl=64 time=158 ms 64 bytes from 10.8.0.1: icmp_req=3 ttl=64 time=157 ms --- 10.8.0.1 ping statistics --- 3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 2001ms rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 157.426/158.278/158.940/0.711 ms
You now have a working OpenVPN installation, and your client (bugs) will be able to use services on the server (elmer), and vice versa.
Starting OpenVPN
Manual startup
To manually start with a specific configuration file:
# openvpn /etc/openvpn/client.conf
Initscripts startup
To manually start as a daemon
# rc.d start openvpn
To start as a daemon at boot, add openvpn to the daemons array in
Systemd service configuration
Since version 2.2.2-2, a service file is included by default. To start an OpenVPN daemon using /etc/openvpn/client.conf and enable it permanently:
# systemctl enable email@example.com # systemctl start email@example.com
Respectively using /etc/openvpn/server.conf:
# systemctl enable email@example.com # systemctl start email@example.com
Advanced L3 IP routing
Prerequisites for routing a LAN
IPv4 forwarding
For a host to be able to forward IPv4 packets between the LAN and VPN, it must be able to forward the packets between its NIC and its tun/tap device.
etc/sysctl.conf to permanently enable ipv4 packet forwarding (takes effect at the next boot):
# Enable packet forwarding net.ipv4.ip_forward=1
To temporarily enable without rebooting:
# echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward
Promiscious LAN inteface
The forwarding host's NIC (eth0 in the following examples) must also be able to accept packets for a different IP address than it is configured for, something known as promiscious mode. To enable, add the following to
/etc/rc.local (takes effect at the next boot):
ip link set dev eth0 promisc on
To temporarily enable without rebooting:
# ip link set dev eth0 promisc on
To set the
eth0 in promiscuous mode using systemd use this service file and enable it using:
# systemctl enable email@example.com
Routing tables
By default, all IP packets on a LAN addressed to a different subnet get sent to the default gateway. If the LAN/VPN gateway is also the default gateway, there is no problem and the packets get properly forwarded. If not, the gateway has no way of knowing where to send the packets. There are a couple of solutions to this problem.
- Add a static route to the default gateway routing the VPN subnet to the LAN/VPN gateway's IP address.
- Add a static route on each host on the LAN that needs to send IP packets back to the VPN.
- Use iptables' NAT feature on the LAN/VPN gateway to masquerade the incoming VPN IP packets.
Connect the server LAN to a client
The server is on a LAN using the 10.66.0.0/24 subnet. To inform the client about the available subnet, add a push directive to the server configuration file:
push "route 10.66.0.0 255.255.255.0"
Connect the client LAN to a server
- Any subnets used on the client side, must be unique and not in use on the server or by any other client. In this example we will use 192.168.4.0/24 for the clients LAN.
- Each client's certificate has a unique Common Name, in this case bugs.
- The server may not use the duplicate-cn directive in its config file.
Create a client configuration directory on the server. It will be searched for a file named the same as the client's common name, and the directives will be applied to the client when it connects.
# mkdir -p /etc/openvpn/ccd
Create a file in the client configuration directory called bugs, containing the
iroute 192.168.4.0 255.255.255.0 directive. It tells the server what subnet should be routed to the client:
iroute 192.168.4.0 255.255.255.0
Add the client-config-dir and the
route 192.168.4.0 255.255.255.0 directive to the server configuration file. It tells the server what subnet should be routed from the tun device to the server LAN:
client-config-dir ccd route 192.168.4.0 255.255.255.0
Connect both the client and server LANs
Combine the two previous sections:
push "route 10.66.0.0 255.255.255.0" . . client-config-dir ccd route 192.168.4.0 255.255.255.0
iroute 192.168.4.0 255.255.255.0
Connect clients and client LANs
By default clients will not see each other, to allow ip packets to flow between clients and/or client LANs add a client-to-client directive to the server configuration file:
In order for another client or client LAN to see a specific client LAN you will need to add a push directive for each client subnet to the server configuration file (this will make the server announce the available subnet(s) to other clients):
client-to-client push "route 192.168.4.0 255.255.255.0" push "route 192.168.5.0 255.255.255.0" . .
L2 Ethernet bridging
For now see: OpenVPN Bridge
Contributions that do not yet fit into the main article
Routing client traffic through the server
Append the following to your server's openvpn.conf configuration file:
push "redirect-gateway def1" push "dhcp-option DNS 192.168.1.1"
Change "192.168.1.1" to your preferred DNS IP address.
If you have problems with non responsive DNS after connecting to server, install BIND as simple DNS forwarder and push openvpn ip address of server as DNS to clients.
Configure ufw for routing
Configure your ufw settings to enable routing traffic from clients through server.
You must change default forward policy, edit /etc/sysctl.conf to permanently enable ipv4 packet forwarding. Takes effect at the next boot.
# Enable packet forwarding net.ipv4.ip_forward=1
And then configure ufw in /etc/default/ufw
Now change /etc/ufw/before.rules, add following code after header and before *filter line, don't forget to change ip range to yours
# nat Table rules *nat :POSTROUTING ACCEPT [0:0] # Allow traffic from clients to eth0 -A POSTROUTING -s 192.168.1.0/24 -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE # don.t delete the .COMMIT. line or these nat table rules won.t be processed COMMIT
Open openvpn port 1194
ufw allow 1194
usage of iptables
Use an iptable for NAT forwarding:
echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -s 10.8.0.0/24 -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE
If running ArchLinux in a OpenVZ VPS environment [1]:
iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -s 10.8.0.0/24 -o venet0 -j SNAT --to (venet0 ip)
If all is well, make the changes permanent:
Edit /etc/conf.d/iptables and change IPTABLES_FORWARD=1
/etc/rc.d/iptables save
You may also want to install openvpn-authldap-pluginAUR, available in the Arch User Repository.
Deprecated older wiki content
Using PAM and passwords to authenticate
port 1194 proto udp dev tap ca /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa/keys/ca.crt cert /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa/keys/<MYSERVER>.crt key /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa/keys/<MYSERVER>.key dh /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa/keys/dh2048.pem server 192.168.56.0 255.255.255.0 ifconfig-pool-persist ipp.txt ;learn-address ./script client-to-client ;duplicate-cn keepalive 10 120 ;tls-auth ta.key 0 comp-lzo ;max-clients 100 ;user nobody ;group nobody persist-key persist-tun status /var/log/openvpn-status.log verb 3 client-cert-not-required username-as-common-name plugin /usr/lib/openvpn/openvpn-auth-pam.so login
Using certs to authenticate
port 1194 proto tcp dev tun0 ca /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa/keys/ca.crt cert /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa/keys/<MYSERVER>.crt key /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa/keys/<MYSERVER>.key dh /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa/keys/dh2048.pem server 10.8.0.0 255.255.255.0 ifconfig-pool-persist ipp.txt keepalive 10 120 comp-lzo user nobody group nobody persist-key persist-tun status /var/log/openvpn-status.log verb 3 log-append /var/log/openvpn status /tmp/vpn.status 10
Routing traffic through the server
Append the following to your server's openvpn.conf configuration file:
push "dhcp-option DNS 192.168.1.1" push "redirect-gateway def1"
Change "192.168.1.1" to your external DNS IP address.
Use an iptable for NAT forwarding:
echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -s 10.8.0.0/24 -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE
If running ArchLinux in a OpenVZ VPS environment [2]:
iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -s 10.8.0.0/24 -o venet0 -j SNAT --to (venet0 ip)
If all is well, make the changes permanent:
Edit /etc/conf.d/iptables and change IPTABLES_FORWARD=1
/etc/rc.d/iptables save
Setting up the Client
The clientside .conf file
With password authentication
client dev tap proto udp remote <address> 1194 resolv-retry infinite nobind persist-tun comp-lzo verb 3 auth-user-pass passwd ca ca.crt
passwd file (referenced by auth-user-pass) must contain two lines:
- first line - username
- second - password
Certs authentication
client remote <MYSERVER> 1194 dev tun0 proto tcp resolv-retry infinite nobind persist-key persist-tun verb 2 ca ca.crt cert client1.crt key client1.key comp-lzo
Copy three files from server to remote computer.
ca.crt client1.crt client1.key
Install the tunnel/tap module:
# sudo modprobe tun
To have the tun module loaded automatically at boot time add it to the Modules line in /etc/rc.conf
The DNS servers used by the system are defined in /etc/resolv.conf. Traditionally, this file is the responsibility of whichever program deals with connecting the system to the network (e.g. Wicd, NetworkManager, etc...) However, OpenVPN will need to modify this file if you want to be able to resolve names on the remote side. To achieve this in a sensible way, install openresolv, which makes it possible for more than one program to modify resolv.conf without stepping on each-other's toes. Before continuing, test openresolv by restarting your network connection and ensuring that resolv.conf states that it was generated by "resolvconf", and that your DNS resolution still works as before. You should not need to configure openresolv; it should be automatically detected and used by your network system.
Next, save the following script at /usr/share/openvpn/update-resolv-conf:
#!/bin/bash # # Parses DHCP options from openvpn to update resolv.conf # To use set as 'up' and 'down' script in your openvpn *.conf: # up /etc/openvpn/update-resolv-conf # down /etc/openvpn/update-resolv-conf # # Used snippets of resolvconf script by Thomas Hood <email@example.com> # and Chris Hanson # Licensed under the GNU GPL. See /usr/share/common-licenses/GPL. # # 05/2006 email@example.com # # Example envs set from openvpn: # foreign_option_1='dhcp-option DNS 18.104.22.168' # foreign_option_2='dhcp-option DNS 18.104.22.168' # foreign_option_3='dhcp-option DOMAIN be.bnc.ch' [ -x /usr/sbin/resolvconf ] || exit 0 case $script_type in up) for optionname in ${!foreign_option_*} ; do option="${!optionname}" echo $option part1=$(echo "$option" | cut -d " " -f 1) if [ "$part1" == "dhcp-option" ] ; then part2=$(echo "$option" | cut -d " " -f 2) part3=$(echo "$option" | cut -d " " -f 3) if [ "$part2" == "DNS" ] ; then IF_DNS_NAMESERVERS="$IF_DNS_NAMESERVERS $part3" fi if [ "$part2" == "DOMAIN" ] ; then IF_DNS_SEARCH="$part3" fi fi done R="" if [ "$IF_DNS_SEARCH" ] ; then R="${R}search $IF_DNS_SEARCH " fi for NS in $IF_DNS_NAMESERVERS ; do R="${R}nameserver $NS " done echo -n "$R" | /usr/sbin/resolvconf -a "${dev}.inet" ;; down) /usr/sbin/resolvconf -d "${dev}.inet" ;; esac
Remember to make the file executable with:
$ chmod +x /usr/share/openvpn/update-resolv-conf
Next, add the following lines to your OpenVPN client configuration file:
script-security 2 up /usr/share/openvpn/update-resolv-conf down /usr/share/openvpn/update-resolv-conf
Now, when your launch your OpenVPN connection, you should find that your resolv.conf file is updated accordingly, and also returns to normal when your close the connection.
webmin-plugin-openvpnAUR is available in the AUR.
Connecting to the Server
You need to start the service on the server
/etc/rc.d/openvpn start
You can add it to rc.conf to make it permanet.
On the client, in the home directory create a folder that will hold your OpenVPN client config files along with the .crt/.key files. Assuming your OpenVPN config folder is called .openvpn and your client config file is vpn1.conf, to connect to the server issue the following command:
cd ~/.openvpn && sudo openvpn vpn1.conf


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|Country of Origin
|Fire Retardant/Resistance
|In the UK, all upholstered furniture must meet UK domestic or contract fire regulations. Fabric to be used on furniture must either pass a fire retardancy test or if exempt, must be used with a fire retardant interliner. The majority of our upholstery fabrics can be treated to enhanced levels of flame retardant performance on request. For more information please call or email for more information. There are no current fire regulations in the UK for curtains, cushions and throws in general domestic situations.
|Fire Rating
|Fire Rating Europe
|Marine FR
|Additional Finishes
|Fabric Width Approx
|137-140 cm (54")
|Fabric Weight m2
|285gsm (410g per linear metre, 13 oz per linear yard)
|Horizontal Repeat
|20.5 cm
|Vertical Repeat
|19.5 cm
|Martindale Abrasion Test
|30,000 approx
|Dry Clean
|Shipping Information
|If you live outside the UK please contact us for shipping information.
|Please Note
|Please note that once ordered, fabric cannot be exchanged or refunded, fabric samples are available on request. Your statutory rights to refund or exchange of course still apply if goods are faulty, or not as described.
|TERMS & CONDITIONS https://www.sprucelondon.com/termsandconditions
Up to 5 samples are free per address (except Kirkton tartan, Aviemore and Norfolk samples which are £3 per sample and cashmere samples which are £4 per sample).
Each additional sample is £2.00. Any subsequent sample orders with 8 weeks will be charged at £2.00 per sample.
Carriage: Carriage is free for UK customers (5 samples or less). Postage for international customers is from £3.50.
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com with your sample request. If there is a charge for samples and/or postage we will send you a bill which you can pay online.
Please ask for a price if your project requires more than 20 metres.
The price we charge will be based on quantity and the fabric.
This arrangment is not limited to trade customers.


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Just a quick note.
We are An Gaill Glais, a Norman Reenactment group, with members from Limerick, Clare, Cork, Kerry and Kilkenny.
We specialise in the portrayal of Norman Warriors and their life on campaign. European Campaigns as well as the Crusades.
We were established in Nov 2012, attended 3 events in 2013 (Thomond Park, Marriage of Strongbow - Waterford and The National Heritage Park in Wexford), so our first year is behind us. 2013 has been a great year for us and we look forward to 2014.
We are currently looking for new members to our professional and family friendly club. Anyone with an interest, simply get in touch.
Our website is: http://www.normantimes.com
I look forward to meeting you all in 2014, when we hope to add to our list of events.


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Infineon Raceway in Sonoma, Calif. will host the 2006 USA Cycling Mountain Bike National Championships July 13-16 as part of the Infineon Technologies Cougar Mountain Classic.Read the full details here.
Originally planned for the following weekend, the 2006 USA Cycling Mountain Bike National Championships have been moved up one week after a record amount of snowfall forced the event's relocation from Mammoth Mountain last month.
Initially designated as the fifth round of the 2006 National Mountain Bike Series, the event has been removed from the series calendar and will no longer factor into the overall series standings. Instead, the event has been designated as the stand-alone, American-only national championship for all levels and disciplines of mountain biking.
UPDATE: Okay, I've thought about this. This sucks. Not only does it shorten the season by two races (the national championship and cougar mtn) since I probably won't qualify for nationals, but it takes away a really good race in Sonoma. Combine that with USA Cycling moving up the dates by two months and they have basically halved the racing season. I must say I am very disappointed in USA Cycling's decision. I really thought they were going to get back on track this year, but I am sorely mistaken.
UPDATE 2 (05/18/06): Lee Likes Bikes has also weighed in on this.


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Authorities in Russia's Tatarstan region have rejected a complaint from a local man who says regional tax officials and a state-owned bank are providing services in Russian only, not in the Tatar language.
A businessman from Russia's Tatarstan region says Ukraine has rejected his petition for political asylum.
A court in Russia's Tatarstan region has fined poet Lilia Gazizova for tearing a ballot at a polling station during the March 18 presidential election.
Russian investigators said on March 19 that they have found no evidence of foul play in the sudden death of a deputy regional health minister who was being prosecuted in Tatarstan.
The director of a private school in Russia's Tatarstan region has been fined for refusing to drop mandatory Tatar-language classes.
Russian President Vladimir Putin's recent suggestion that Jews and other minorities in Russia could have been behind the meddling in the 2016 U.S. presidential election has prompted a backlash in the United States.
The Jewish community in Russia's Tatarstan region has expressed outrage about the name and packaging design of a new ice cream called Poor Jew.
A regional health minister in Russia claims that seven male sex partners is an unlucky number for young women trying to bear their first child.
The health minister in Russia's Tatarstan region, Adel Vafin, has been removed from his post days after his deputy was found dead in her home while under house arrest on financial-crime charges.
A senior official in Tatarstan who was under house arrest on financial-crimes charges has been found dead in her home, officials in the Russian region say.
An official from Russia's central Tatarstan region has been appointed prime minister of the North Caucasus region of Daghestan, following a roundup on fraud charges of several senior Daghestani officials.
An activist in Russia's Tatarstan region who spent three years in prison for criticizing the Russian occupation of Ukraine's Crimean Peninsula says he has fled from Russia.
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Light and Lovely Marble Kitchen
A kitchen is transformed into a bright, glamorous space
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Days after having her third child, Cindy Razeghi faced the daunting task of designing a kitchen for the home that she and her husband, Andrew, were building in Winnetka, Illinois. "I was at that crazy phase of no sleep, and I knew the kitchen would be the most overwhelming area to plan," she says. "I had no clue what to do."
Cindy enrolled in a class taught by Chicago-based kitchen designer Mick De Giulio, hoping to pick up a few hints. Instead, she hired the teacher. "Mick mixes traditional and contemporary, and I knew my husband would love that," Cindy says. "My husband leans toward the contemporary, and I pull toward the traditional. After seeing some of Mick's work, I thought, 'This guy is going to be able to make both of us happy.' "
Short on time (as well as sleep), Cindy was more than happy to turn over the bulk of the planning to De Giulio, who quickly sized up the family's needs. "The general idea was to create a kitchen that would be central to everyday living," De Giulio says. "They love cooking and having their family in the kitchen, so this is really the hub."
With three children, who are now ages 8, 4, and 2, there is plenty of bustle in the room. While De Giulio factored in the demands the busy family would make on the kitchen, he didn't sacrifice beauty or function. "Mick does a very good job of making things useful. Our kitchen looks elegant, but it's definitely not dainty," Cindy says, adding that storage is plentiful and thoughtfully placed so the kitchen functions efficiently.
There were some tough decisions along the way: Should they install marble countertops, which are inclined to stain? ("My older son is always concocting some potion out of seven different ingredients," observes his mother.) How about full-length glass cabinet doors? ("I could just see a ball going through them.")
In the end, the Razeghis followed their stylish instincts and trusted in De Giulio's selection of durable materials. "We felt marble is more beautiful than anything else, so it would be worth the marks and stains," Cindy says. And no ball has yet cracked the thick door-quality glass on the cabinets, where the Razeghis show off some of their favorite dishes and glassware.
De Giulio satisfied Andrew's modernist preferences with a sculptural vent hood custom-crafted of polished stainless steel. Countertops on each side of the range are brushed stainless, which develops a warm patina with age. The countertops waterfall down cabinet side panels, also fabricated of stainless that is polished—not brushed—to a mirror finish. Some other cabinet bases are trimmed with strips of stainless steel for durable toekicks. "One of the most modern elements is the polished stainless steel, which is like the jewelry of the space," notes De Giulio.
Cindy got her traditional fix with marble countertops, a vintage-style faucet, and a crystal chandelier in the window-lined breakfast nook. "It's definitely a classical kitchen, but there's an edginess to the design," De Giulio says. "We wanted to think differently about the style and not do a typical traditional kitchen but rather one that really has a modern feel to it."
The table in the breakfast nook is a good example of the kitchen's modern-traditional mix. Cindy and Andrew ordered it after admiring a similar one in De Giulio's showroom. (The handcrafted tables are favorites of the designer, who has one in his own home.)
The bronze base with its contemporary lines is topped with a handmade fired terra-cotta surface featuring an intricate compass-like design. "The method used to make the top is the same as that used by the Romans 2,000 years ago to make their aqueducts," De Giulio explains. "The table has a really great texture and is finished with beeswax." And like the aqueducts, it stands up to plenty of use. "We eat on it every day, and the kids sit there all the time to color and build things," Cindy says.
While Cindy fussed about creating a kitchen that would accommodate her three youngsters, De Giulio reminded her about the importance of planning for the long term.
"We built the future into the kitchen, both stylistically and functionally," De Giulio says. "From an everyday-living standpoint, that kitchen is a room they can morph into as their kids get older."
Photography: Werner Straube
Produced by Hilary Rose
Kitchen designer: Mick De Giulio, DeGiulio Kitchen Design, 1121 Central Ave., Wilmette, IL 60091; 847/256-8833, www.degiulio.org.
Table (steel base with bronze patina, custom designed cottopesto top): DeGiulio Kitchen Design, 847/256-8833, www.degiulio.org.
Chairs ("BABA Side Chair"): Design Within Reach, 800/944-2233, www.dwr.com.
Chandelier ("Renaissance"): Schonbek, 800/836-1892, www.schonbek.com.
Sconces: owner's collection.
Television: Samsung, 800/726-7864, www.samsungusa.com.
Kitchen Island
The kitchen has a sense of transparency thanks to tall windows that line the breakfast nook and flank the range from countertop to ceiling. To maximize light, kitchen designer Mick De Giulio added reflective surfaces such as glass, stainless steel, and antique French mirror panels on the refrigerator.
Cabinetry (DeGiulio Collection, custom painted finish); hardware (polished nickel); range hood (custom, polished stainless steel): DeGiulio Kitchen Design, 847/256-8833, www.degiulio.org.
Range ("Dual Fuel Range," with 6 burners and griddle#DF486G, by Wolf); refrigerator/freezer left of range (#736TCI HL, by Sub-Zero): Sub-Zero/Wolf, 800/222-7820, www.subzero-wolf.com.
Backsplash (Calcutta Gold marble, satin brushedfinish); island countertop (Calcutta Gold marble, satin brushed finish); stainless steel countertops (brushed finish on countertops, polished finish on side panels); mirrored refrigerator front (French antique mirror panels): DeGiulio Kitchen Design, 847/256-8833, www.degiulio.org.
Faucets (Bridge Mixer, by Perrin & Rowe): Rohl, 800/777-9762, www.rohlhome.com.
Hanging light fixtures ("Stamen Modern Pendant Light"): Niche Modern, 866/299-7105, www.nichemodern.com.
Counter stools: owner's collection.
Kitchen Island Detail
Insider tips from Mick De Giulio: "Picture-framing elements of stone is an ideal use for countertops to make them more artful. The border is created by cutting narrow pieces of the stone and laminating them around the perimeter with an opposing grain direction."
Kitchen Island Sink
"Stone can be honed to a matte finish or flamed [roughened] to give it more texture. Mixing honed, flamed, and polished stone in the same kitchen can be wonderful," says designer De Giulio.
Cooking Range
"I pay particular attention to range hoods," De Giulio says. "A custom-designed hood is a relatively small financial investment compared to the visual return it can provide. A unique hood creates an artful composition around the cooking area."
Glass Door Detail
Mick De Giulio: "Glass can contribute to a spacious feeling. Clear or opaque glass-fronted doors on cabinets, sanded glass backsplashes and tabletops, and even glass-fronted or glass-paneled refrigerators are possibilities."
Countertop Detail
"Stainless steel is never out," De Giulio says. "It is practical—wipes clean, does not burn—and beautiful. It does scratch, but I consider that patina. Stainless also is the consummate neutral and an exemplary mixer. It pairs beautifully with other materials."
Hideaway Spice Rack
"A kitchen needs to work," De Giulio says. "That is the one hard-and-fast rule of good kitchen design. Each material, each object, each work zone must function extremely well, and the materials, in particular, must be durable." In the range area, sliding panels reveal handy spices. When closed, it's a sleek marble-tile backsplash.
Family Portrait
Cindy and Andrew Razeghi with Ainslie, 2, and sons Matthew, 4, and Charlie, 8.
Butler's Pantry
"I rarely install kitchen cabinets all the way up to the ceiling," De Giulio says, "even in this butler's pantry. It allows for some nice uplighting, and when the entire outline of a room (where the ceiling meets the wall) can be seen, the space feels airier and the cabinets appear sculptural."
Cabinetry (DeGiulio Collection, custom painted finish); hardware (polished nickel); antique nickel backsplash; countertop (honey on maple): DeGiulio Kitchen Design, 847/256-8833, www.degiulio.org.
Light fixture: owner's collection.
Table Detail
The breakfast table has a top made of a colored and fired terra-cotta that is finished with beeswax. "It has great texture and mixes well with other materials in the kitchen. The whole idea is to create warmth, personality, and mood," says De Giulio.
Secondary Sink Station
Mick De Giulio: "The secondary sink zone is what I call the 'la mattina' [morning] area, which serves as a cleanup station so you can go directly from the table to the dishwasher and the sink. It's the same idea you'll find in commercial kitchens: Food prep never takes place in the same area as cleanup does."
Countertop (oyster pearl granite, polished finish); stainless steel sink with sliding teak cutting board; cabinetry hardware (satin brushed finish: DeGiulio Kitchen Design, 847/256-8833, www.degiulio.org.
Faucet (by Kallista): owner's collection.
Glass Cabinet
According to De Giulio, "Varying the shades of white within a kitchen gives depth and richness to the all white. I like playing with the variables—the walls, ceiling, floors, countertops—and making some or all of them white. An all-white kitchen with white cabinets and marble countertops is fantastic. The whiteness becomes dreamlike. Everything white sculpts together, which makes everything that is not white pop."
Mixing Mediums
De Giulio says, "I often use many types of woods, finishes, and countertop materials in one kitchen. I am frequently asked for the magic number: How much mixing is right? It is not about a number or mixing for the sake of mixing. It is about creating visual texture, and there is no formula for that but rather a feeling—one kitchen at a time."
Light Fixture Detail
"A lot of this kitchen's concept was built on the idea of transparency," De Giulio says. "You can see the windows reflect off the range hood. Polished stainless steel melts into adjacent spaces. It's not an added element, but rather it takes on its surroundings. The space itself has a real lightness."
More Kitchen Design Ideas
See hundreds of design ideas for your kitchen at our Kitchen Design Idea Center.


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Alabama House Passes Bill to Bring Back the Electric Chair
Drug companies denying the use of drugs for prisons carrying out executions by lethal injections has had disastrous and almost predictable consequences.
In March 2015, the Electric Chair Bill passed the Republican dominated Alabama State House of Representatives as an alternative to death by lethal injection, should that method remain unavailable.
Alabama Bringing Back The Electric Chair http://deathpenaltynews.blogspot.com/2015/03/alabama-bringing-back-electric-chair.html
According to the above article, the Representative responsible for introducing legislation to bring back the Electric Chair is Republican Lynn Greer. If you'd like to tell him what you think about his endorsing such a barbaric manner of execution (death by torture), here's a link to his contact info – click here.
The electric chair is the most horrible and painful way to die ever created. If you have never had a 110 volt or more shock then you cannot imagine how painful an electric shock can be.
Anyone who feels using the Electric Chair is a OK method to kill someone should try being tasered for 15 – 20 seconds. That is the same period of time a victim is initially shocked with 1,800 volts to kill them in the chair.
One who is put to death by electrocution is literally burned alive.
This is yet another example of man's inhumanity to man and the incredible ignorance of so called government leaders and the supreme court. If the "powers that be" had any sense, they would have outlawed the Electric Chair over 100 years ago after the first execution using this horrific misuse of technology.
It was apparent from the very first execution, that the Electric Chair was cruel and unusual punishment. Click here to read the history of the Electric Chair.
Republicans Are At Fault
Republican "conservatives" are for the death penalty… most liberals are not.
Republicans are the ones who passed extreme "war on crime" and "stand your ground" laws.
Republican "conservatives" are against gun regulations. Guns are responsible for most murders. If there were better gun restrictions prohibiting mentally disturbed people from getting guns, there would be less murders.
Republicans are ALL for building more private prisons and don't give a dam about locking up innocent people. Republicans in Pennsylvania closed 23 schools and nearly four thousand district workers received pink slips, while Pennsylvania Republican Gov. Tom Corbett and his Department of Corrections Secretary John Wetzel are spending $400 million to build a brand new prison in Philadelphia.
There are more people incarcerated in the United States than in any other country on this planet… even more than communist China. Instead of calling this the land of the free, the US should be called the "Land of the imprisoned"… and Republicans are the ones who are to blame.
Recently, Arizona Republicans passed a Bill which would have legalized discrimination . If it were not for national outrage and media pressure, this bill might have been signed by the governor and become an active law.
Republicans are often not sympathetic to rape victims and often feel the victim did something to cause being raped.
Republicans have passed anti-abortion laws. Many Republicans feel a women who is raped should have the rapists child and not be allowed to have an abortion.
Republicans have passed anti-voting laws so they can cram their radical agendas down the majority of people's throats.
Republicans have gerrymandered districts all across the United States so they cannot be voted out of office.
Republican "conservatives" always seem eager to go to war.
Republican "conservatives" have proven time & time again that they are cold-hearted people who only care about themselves and are incapable of being compassionate. As long as someone else is being put to death in an Electric Chair, they could care less.
Electrocution is clearly inhumane, cruel, unusual punishment and must be stopped.
Mistakes are made and many an innocent person has been wrongly convicted of a crime they did not commit and put to death.
Many people feel it is justifiable to use the most painful methods available to execute a convicted murderer. People who feel that way should consider how they would like being electrocuted and how they would feel if their Mother, Dad, Son, Daughter, Brother or Sister were to die in the Electric Chair.
Most people who commit violent murders are sick individuals. They were either born that way or bad circumstances made them that way.
Almost anyone is capable of killing another human being under the right circumstances.
When we as a society use capital punishment to kill another human being, we become as guilty of murder as the criminal whose life is snuffed out.
The Sixth Commandment reads: Thou shalt not kill. (Exodus 20:13)
In response to Alabama's House of Representatives passing a bill authorizing the use of the Electric Chair we are asking everyone to:
1. Call Alabama Republican Governor Robert J. Bentley and tell him what you think about the use of such inhumane, cruel and unusual punishment – 334.242.7100
Robert J. Bentley
State Capitol
600 Dexter Avenue
Montgomery, AL 36130
2. Tell him you will be Boycotting Alabama and do not go there until the Electric Chair has been outlawed once and for all in Alabama.
3. Tell him they should consider using nitrogen gas instead like Oklahoma is using as described in this article "Oklahoma governor signs 'foolproof' nitrogen gas execution method"
We need to send a loud and clear message to Republicans in Alabama and any other state which is considering using the Electric Chair that there will be a political, financial and public relational cost for condoning legalized torture.
It's time to pull out the plug on the Electric Chair, Once and for all!


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Khetigaadi provides you an online service for tractor outlook and comparison that helps you to get patent difference between your chosen tractors. You may also get our expert tractor comparison advice if you require the professional opinion on different tractor models and brands. The information provided on Khetigaadi is believed to be accurate and correct, but not guaranteed.
Choose at least two tractors of your own choice to compare based on their price, specifications, features, mileage and overall performance.
Get Tractor Price


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Camlp4 3.10
Deprecation Warning: this tutorial describes technology that is considered obsolete. It's been replaced by extensions points and ppx rewriters
Camlp4, the OCaml "pre-processor pretty printer" is an advanced macro system which allows complex abstract syntax tree transformations on ocaml programs, and on other recursive decent grammars.
Warning this page contains advanced material.
Camlp4 underwent a major revision between the version included in ocaml 3.09 and 3.10. The supplied documentation as of this pages' creation is very small. This page is experimental and user supported content.
External Documents
The semi-official documentation: Camlp4 Wiki
The ocaml beta announcement: camlp4-changes
The examples
An example written for Camlp4 3.10:
These examples are from the camlp4 beta announcement:
- Camlp4 3.10/dynamic_old_syntax.ml
- Camlp4 3.10/static_old_syntax.ml
- Camlp4 3.10/quick_non_extensible_example.ml
- Camlp4 3.10/dynamic_functor_example.ml
- Camlp4 3.10/static_functor_example.ml
This is a translation of M. Jambon's json_static to Camlp4 3.10 by N. Poulliard.
The patch:
The new version (compiles with camlp4orf):
The command line
In the beta announcement, there was mention of new binaries camlp4xxx that come preloaded with selections of new and old syntaxes
New commands:
- camlp4orf: camlp4o + Grammar, macro and revised quotation syntaxes.
- camlp4oof: camlp4o + Grammar, macro and the same syntax for quotations.
- camlp4rf: camlp4r + Grammar, macro and the same syntax for quotations.
It is not necessary to use a
.cma file to create a regular camlp4
extension. The
.cmi libraries are for creating standalone executables.
Only the
.cmi files from the include path are needed.
So as an example:
$ ocamlc -I +camlp4 -pp camlp4orf -c dynamic_functor_example3.ml
The .cma files
From N. Poulliard http://caml.inria.fr/pub/ml-archives/caml-list/2007/04/47c5c935136351afaefee6a0aa9cc506.en.html
There is a list of libraries provided with camlp4:
camlp4{o,of,orf,r,rf}.cmaare toplevel libs there are only made to be loaded in the OCaml interactive toplevel.
camlp4lib.cmacontains the Camlp4 module which holds the camlp4 kernel.
camlp4fullilb.cmacontains modules of camlp4lib.cma plus all parsers and filters.


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52 Austin Bites and Sips: Visionary Burger at All Star Burger
Food lover finds show up in the most unexpected places. Evidence: local family-owned and community-focused All Star Burger in the Hill Country Galleria offers inventive burgers sourced from local farmers and markets. Further evidence: the Visionary, a rich Angus burger complimented with tart goat cheese, slightly sweet roasted...read more


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After yet another season of missing the playoffs, it's been no secret that Jerry Jones was probably going to make some big changes to the coaching staff, but the first axe has apparently fallen on the neck of defensive coordinator Rob Ryan, who seems to be taking it all in stride.
Now, would/could/should the the Jets dare hire another Ryan brother? Dennis Thurman is expected to replace outgoing DC Mike Pettine, but dare to dream, I say.


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NSS Bookstore
What's happening here?The NSS is in the process of moving to the Neon Customer Relationship Management (NeonCRM) software, which includes a store module. Although the membership management system is not quite ready, we're implementing a new NSS Bookstore now because the old one was failing and insecure.
To access the bookstore, you must have a Neon account.Since we have not yet moved your NSS file to Neon, you'll need to create a new, temporary Neon account. It requires only your name, address, email, and phone, and you create your own login name and password. When you place an order, this information will automatically populate in the shopping cart.
Ready to go?Create your account now, and go shopping! ! But remember, this is only for the Bookstore; do NOT use Neon to create or renew your membership, or make a donation.
Want to know more?This is a full Neon account. You do everything via the What would you like to do? dropdown list. You can use all the functions, except view the Member Directory. That's because you are not an NSS member in Neon. Yet. Again, don't do that now; rather, go to Get Involved on the menu bar, and click on Join or Renew.
Do you want to order NSS books? As a member, you are entitled to a 10% discount, but member data has not yet been uploaded to the Neon system. So to enable your discount, simply send an email using this link to email@example.com with "Make Me a Member" as the subject. Be sure to tell us your name, NSS# and member type. We'll make you a temporary NSS member in Neon in the background and let you know as soon as it's ready. Do NOT use the Membership Status/Renewal link; that'll cost you money! This temporary account will go away when the Neon membership function is activated.
Feel free to look around Neon. Most of its functionality is available; it just doesn't yet have NSS membership data loaded. But you can flesh out your profile, change your password, add a shipping address, and even make a one-time or recurring donation. But don't change your membership type or renew; for now, that must be done via the old system, using the web forms.
What if I forget my password? Click on the Get Help link on the login page. If you forgot your login name or password, enter the email address associated with your account and we'll email you a link to recover that information. Watch for the full Neon implementation soon! We'll send you a message notifying you that your real NSS account information has been loaded. You'll receive a unique temporary login to access it, and can then change it to your own private login.
If you have questions or concerns, contact firstname.lastname@example.com.


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Significant reduction of
signs and symptoms
Week 2
More patients receiving REMICADE® 5 mg/kg demonstrated ACR20 response vs patients receiving placebo2
— 30% (29/98) vs 7% (7/100) (P<0.001)
Week 14 (primary endpoint)
Significantly more patients receiving REMICADE® 5 mg/kg achieved ACR20 response vs patients receiving placebo2
Week 54
59% of patients receiving REMICADE® 5 mg/kg (53/90) achieved ACR20 response2
61% of patients who crossed over from placebo to REMICADE® 5 mg/kg at either Week 16 or Week 24 (51/83) achieved ACR20 response2
IMPACT 2 (Induction and Maintenance Psoriatic Arthritis Clinical Trial 2): a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter, phase 3 study of REMICADE® in 200 patients with active PsA for at least 6 months who had an inadequate response to DMARDs or NSAIDs. Patients had active articular disease (≥5 swollen and tender joints each), psoriatic target skin lesion (≥2 cm in diameter), and either CRP ≥1.5 mg/dL or morning stiffness lasting ≥45 minutes. Stable methotrexate (MTX) doses of ≤25 mg/week at study entry and stable oral corticosteroid doses equivalent to ≤10 mg/day of prednisone were permitted. During the 24-week, double-blind phase, patients received either REMICADE® 5 mg/kg (n=100) or placebo (n=100) at Weeks 0, 2, 6, 14, and 22. At Week 16, placebo patients with <10% improvement in swollen and tender joint counts were switched to active treatment and received REMICADE® 5 mg/kg at Weeks 16, 18, 22, 30, 38, and 46. At Week 24, all patients receiving placebo crossed over to active treatment and received REMICADE® 5 mg/kg (n=91) at Weeks 24, 26, 30, 38, and 46. Primary endpoints included the proportion of patients with
ACR20 response at Week 14 and the change from baseline in total modified van der Heijde-Sharp
(vdH-S) score at Week 24. Improvement in Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) was evaluated in psoriatic arthritis patients with baseline body surface area (BSA) ≥3% (n=87, placebo; n=83, REMICADE®).
1. REMICADE® (infliximab) Prescribing Information. Janssen Biotech, Inc.
2. Data on file. Janssen Biotech, Inc.


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Economic Sociology -
one of the most vibrant fields of sociology
economic sociology_the european website aims to contribute substantially to one of the most vibrant fields of today's sociology: economic sociology.
economic sociology_the european electronic newsletter provides relevant and updated information for scholars interested in economic sociology, with an emphasis on developments in Europe. The newsletter's contributions are driven by the idea of free access to information and open communication. We therefore encourage contributions, suggestions and input from the community. Please contact us.
The newsletter is published three times a year as a PDF and an HTML document. The PDF can be downloaded free of charge. Back issues are available on the website.
The website is maintained by researchers and staff of the Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies in Cologne.
economic sociology
_the european electronic newsletter
Current Issue
The Brave New World of Big Data
Vol 21, No 1 | November 2019


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Owning a Flying Scot has many advantages, one being an opportunity to join the Flying Scot Sailing Association (FSSA).
The FSSA is one of the strongest one-design class associations in the world. Our strict adherence to the one design concept means that the Flying Scot built this year will remain compatible and competitive for years to come with newer as well as older boats. Owners of Flying Scots are assured that their boats will last for years, and its re-sale value will remain excellent. Also, the FSSA helps promote the Flying Scot which maintains the boats popularity and value.
Belonging to FSSA, you will receive our official publication, Scots n' Water, six times a year.
You will also receive our official handbook, as well as a roster of all members of the FSSA.
Belonging to FSSA makes you eligible to compete in district, regional, and national regattas.
The FSSA also offers members a discounted price for the newest revision of "Highlights of Scots n Water." This book is chock full of valuable information about the Flying Scot, its history, its riggings, its sailing, and its safety.
As a member of the FSSA, we encourage you to join a Flying Scot fleet. This is the best way to get involved with other Scot sailors, to have the best sailing experiences, and simply to have fun in sailing.
We look forward toward receiving your FSSA membership application. Use the On-line Shopping Cart below, or mail a check, it's your choice.
MAIL-IN OPTION: If you prefer to mail your application, please click here to download a copy of the Membership Application that you can mail to FSSA with your Check for the appropriate Dues.
|Active Member
Must be one of the following:
|Associate Member
Must be one of the following:
An Associate Member shall not vote or hold office
|Club Member
|Individual belonging to a Club/Association which owns registered Flying Scots®.
|Club Registration Only
This category is ONLY for recognized Clubs/Associations to register their owned F/S
|Family Membership
|Must be a combination of one Active Member and unlimited Associate Members who are all members of the Active Member's immediate family (husband or wife, or sons, daughters, or wards of the family under the age of 23 [if out of school] or 24 [if still in school]) and are all residing at the same address. The Active Member is the only member to get FSSA mailings (including Scots n' Water) with this membership classification. The other Family Members do not need to pay additional dues.
|Flying Scot Foundation DONATION
Your donations to the Flying Scot Foundation helps assure the future of Flying Scot sailing by supporting charitable and educational programs designed to make us all better sailors and to recruit new members into the class. 100% of your donation to the Foundation is tax deductible.
|Junior Member
|is a person under the age of 19 who is a non-owner of a Flying Scot®. To be eligible to helm in the Junior North American Championship, that individual must not have reached his/her 19th birthday prior to the beginning of the event, and must not have competed on the collegiate level.
|Life Member
is an individual who pays a one-time fee to become a lifetime member, and has the same privileges as an Active Member.
|Sustaining Member
is a non-owner who joins the FSSA because of any interest in the Class. A Sustaining Member shall not vote, hold office or represent a Fleet.


text:
Drawdowns - ENEMY SPOTTED!
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Cam Gigandet Gossip
Cam Gigandet gossip, latest news, photos, and video.
Better than the books
Have heard from several sane, non fangirl, non fanmom (who are even worse, really) in the business attendees at last night's Twilight premiere and it's unanimous: Robert Pattinson and Kristen Stewart in the film, the chemistry, their vibe, it's electrifying, and in their estimation and these are not my words: "It's the new Notebook. Full Story
Edward… Oscar???
The woman needs a stone cold slap to the face. Stephenie Meyer of course. The creator of the maddening Twilight series sat down with Entertainment Weekly for a brand new interview less than 2 weeks away from the film's release to discuss the books, the movies, and Edward. Article is full of her usual "deep talk" about how the characters "find" her and reveal themselves to her. Full Story


text:
11 August 2011 at 4.27pm | Comment on this article
Rules of the game:
brenbaritone if the object of your affections turns you down, you must kill her. Sorry dems the rules
potterwigham hiding behind a sofa or in a cupboard is compulsory in comic opera.
potterwigham titular females wind up dead!
TightsAndTiaras never whistle!
Random_Opera In fact, just assume that whoever you talk to is someone else in disguise
MarkStamps Love *always* hurts
MarkStamps Repeat everything important 4 times
Lovely looks:
minvera69 Implausibly long hair is always a good look
Belle_Vespa there is no such thing as too much make up :)
fiddlewifey - if you are young and beautiful, you haven't got long to live...
erikannotations Always cross-dress.
Georgedoesmusic Dressing up is a really, really bad idea.
fiddlewifey - Don't trust anyone with a beard
Nasty coughs:
KayGardiner That cough could be more than a cold. Get it looked at.
HatstandOpera Sopranos please note: Cough Act 1 = Coffin Act 3
gem5ie contracting tuberculosis in no way affects your ability to sing
kerennicol While charming, a muff is not an effective cure for TB
Wise advice:
_Polyhymnia Getting mixed up in the affairs of gods will come to a bad end
HenryScarlett Avoid falling for your brother's lover. It'll only end in tears
MusicMagazine Czech? Female? Thinking of getting married? Do check out the mother-in-law first…
kealycopy If you've got a jealous girlfriend, don't paint pictures of other women.
toastedtofu Don't disobey your parents, it will only end in tears/death/tragedy
kealycopy Careful, if you take a lover it usually turns out to be your husband or wife in disguise!
SiLondon Never plan a fake execution " <especially not in partnership with a bent cop.
nfmusic Giants read the small print.
kealycopy Locking up your daughter never ends well.
NLebrecht never buy snake oil from a lyric tenor
NLebrecht keep household staff out of your marital difficulties
oliverjmc Trapped? Suffocating? You should sing for a little bit.
fionalovesopera If your husband is falsely imprisoned, dressing up as a man is definitely the only way to save him.
OldSussexStud Girls, avoid the bloke in the castle
nfmusic That boy on the beach is just not into you.
JJAndrewes Study your family tree carefully before thinking of hooking up with any attractive strangers...
3rdunkel A tree can be a handy place to leave a sword.
alexrossmusic Double-check carefully before throwing your enemy's baby onto the fire.
stu_melling Never invite a statue to dinner.
Divas and daggers:
Calorine1 The man you just stabbed was probably your brother..you always find this out too late
jon_shaw If you get stabbed you will always have at least 5 minutes to sing an aria before you die
ed_nights @RoyalOperaHouse Magic IS real; love always hurts; and it's not over until the diva's had her death aria
MarkStamps Don't leave a dagger on your table before laughing at the heroine
Cross dressing (and mezzos):
HatstandOpera Never count on getting the man if you're a mezzo, unless you're Spanish, and even then he'll turn nasty eventually
fraser_riddell If a woman's wearing trousers she's really a boy (except in Fidelio)
SteveChaff100 If you are morally outraged by cross-dressing, avoid anything written before the 19th century.
Mandospizza Women make better men.
And finally:
sohothedog Actually, that clown IS trying to kill you.


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text: classic parts How can I tell which classic model I have? Check the serial number - it usually looks something like: GK 0312/0123B/12345. The first four digits after the two letters represent the month and the year. classic v1 (only in red): serial numbers 0208 - 0510classic v2: serial numbers 0610 - currentclassic twin: serial numbers 0208 - 0909 classic v1 parts classic v2 parts classic twin


text:
- 1 Bed
- 1 Full
- 459 +/- Sqft
Property TypeResidential – Condo
SubdivisionYACHT CLUB CONDO
Listing Date11/11/19
Year Built1965
Property Description
Don't miss this lakeside opportunity! Relax on the outdoor patio with a 200-foot walk to the water's edge. A wonderful and ideally located condo close to all that Summit County has to offer. Super nice updated unit that sleeps 4. Exterior remodel will be finished in December. It's inexpensive to maintain and has very low utilities. Why sit in I-70 traffic!
Presented By
- Bus Route
- In Town
- Lake View
- Lake
- Mountains
- On Bus Line
- Ground Floor Unit
- Cable Tv
- City Water
- District Sewer
- Electricity
- Trash Pickup
- Baseboard
- Common
Financial Information
About Dillon
Come experience the magic of the Colorado high country and fall in love with the town of Dillon. Perfectly situated on the scenic shores of the Lake Dillon Reservoir with recreation, entertainment, relaxation, and pure fun all at your doorstep. Dillon is a great getaway close to Breckenridge, Keystone, Arapahoe Basin, Copper Mountain, Vail, Beaver Creek and Denver. Aside from being an excellent, central location for embracing Summit County's winter activities, Dillon bustles with summer events for all ages, from the Thursday Nature Nights series and Friday morning Farmers Markets to the popular weekend concerts at Lake Dillon Amphitheatre. Spend an afternoon at the Dillon Marina where rental boats, guided sailing tours or sailing lessons are available, or visit the School House Museum and historical park where relics from the mining days come to life. World-class lodging, dining and shopping are within minutes.
Area Market Data
2 Beds 3 Baths
We get asked this question a lot. Below is a tool that gives you the ability to see what the market is like in your community. Find out what homes like your own are selling for right in your back yard. Simply enter in your address, choose the proximity of the search and find out market data for other homes that are selling near you.
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Until then, enjoy the tools!
The data relating to the real estate for sale on this website comes in part from the Internet Data Exchange program of the Vail Multi-List Service, Inc.
Copyright © 2020 Vail Multi List, Inc. (VMLS). The information displayed herein was derived from sources believed to be accurate, but has not been verified by VMLS. Buyers are cautioned to verify all information to their own satisfaction. This information is exclusively for viewers' personal, non- commercial use. Any republication or reproduction of the information herein without the express permission of the VMLS is strictly prohibited.
Listing courtesy of Re/Max Properties/ 69


text:
ex: K75S Berlina R100GS/PD , K100RS , R75/5 , R60/2
The screeching should be gone for good as the culprit was the fan motor---but not the bearings going out at all---the fan motor was fine after I pulled it out.
It WAS, however, the fan propeller "helicoptering" into the back of the radiator causing all the blasted screeching and chirping plaguing me for the last many months!
I fixed it with a small patch of Fast Steel epoxy putty to protect the radiator core from further damage should the propeller center nib try to head into the radiator again.
I posted pix over in my "helicoptering" thread ajacent to this one.
Ironically, it has been way too cold here to even think about going for any sort of test ride but I am already convinced that this problem is solved. It is supposed to warm up into the 60-65 degree range the rest of this week so maybe I will get to take Berlina out for a spin soon, though.
Thanks to all who responded in my time of need!
ex: K75S Berlina R100GS/PD , K100RS , R75/5 , R60/2


text:
WASHINGTON (AP) - The Senate has overwhelmingly approved a bill that would make big changes in the military justice system to deal with sexual assault.
The vote was 97-0 on Monday. The measure would scrap the nearly century-old practice of using a "good soldier defense" to raise doubts that a crime has been committed.
The bipartisan bill was written by three female senators - Democrat Claire McCaskill of Missouri and Republicans Kelly Ayotte of New Hampshire and Deb Fischer of Nebraska.
It would impose a half-dozen changes as Congress tries to combat the pervasive problem of rape and sexual offenses that Pentagon leaders have likened to a cancer within the ranks.
The House could act on the bill as a stand-alone measure or incorporate it into a larger defense bill in the spring.


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Computerworld is undertaking a series of investigations into the most widely-used programming languages. Previously we have spoken to Alfred v. Aho of AWK fame, Chet Ramey about his experience maintaining Bash, and S. Tucker Taft on the Ada 1995 and 2005 revisions.
In this article we chat to Microsoft about its server-side script engine ASP and web application framework ASP.NET, used to build dynamic Web sites, applications and Web services.
Why was ASP created and what problem/s was it trying to solve?
Active Server Pages (ASP) was initially created to address the challenge of building dynamic Web sites and Web-based business solutions. It was first released with IIS 3.0 (Internet Information Server) in 1996.
Creating and updating static Web sites was a very time consuming task that was prone to human error. In order to avoid mistakes, every page would require careful attention during changes. Furthermore, the potential use of Web sites was very limited using HTML exclusively. There needed to be an efficient way to change content quickly, in real time. ASP enabled the easy integration of databases as well as more advanced business and application logic that the Web is known for today.
Explain the early development of ASP.NET. Who was involved, and what difficult decisions had to be made?
Scott Guthrie is one of the original creators of Microsoft's ASP.NET and, today, is the Corporate Vice President of the Microsoft Developer Division. The early development of ASP.NET focused on developer productivity and enabling powerful, Web-based solutions. The key goal was to help make it easier for traditional developers who had never done Web development before to be successful in embracing this new development paradigm.
ASP.NET was a breakthrough technology that fundamentally changed the way developers approached and delivered Web sites - bringing it more in line with traditional software development.
Building a brand new Web application framework was a difficult decision to make, especially since many customers had already adopted ASP. We felt it was the best approach, since it provided customers with one robust and consistent development platform to build software solutions. A Web developer could now reuse his existing skill set to build desktop or mobile applications.
When we released ASP.NET, we did not want to force customers to upgrade. As a result, we ensured that ASP would work in each subsequent release of IIS. Today, we still continue to support the ASP runtime, which was included as part of IIS7 in Windows Server 2008.
What is the difference between ASP and ASP.NET and why would developers choose one over the other?
ASP and ASP.NET are both server-side technologies and the similarities basically stop there. If a developer is interested in writing less code, we would recommend ASP.NET. There are a myriad of other reasons too, including:
I would encourage a developer to visit ASP.net to find out more. A key thing to consider is that ASP.NET is the focus for Microsoft and we are not making any new investments in ASP. I'd highly encourage anyone to use ASP.NET over ASP.


text:
Security flaws in Intel, AMD, ARM chips
Discuss various technical topics not related to Mozilla.
14 posts • Page 1 of 1
http://www.smh.com.au/technology/innova ... y28zsr6qiq
https://www.theregister.co.uk/2018/01/0 ... sign_flaw/
http://www.abc.net.au/news/science/2018 ... at/9303280
wonder what Microsoft tend to do about it,
http://www.osnews.com/story/30146/Intel ... esign_flaw
http://www.osnews.com/story/30145/Intel ... s_redesign
https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com. ... -side.html
https://www.windowscentral.com/all-mode ... e-exploits
Fix for:
- Mozilla Firefox - 57.0.4
- Mozilla Firefox Mobile - 57.0.4
- Windows 7 Service Pack 1 - KB4056897 (Security-only update) or KB4056894 (Monthly Rollup) [with botnet aka diagnostics, telemetry and data gathering included]
- Windows 8.1 - KB4056898 (Security-only update)
- Windows 10 Version 1709 - KB4056892
- Windows 10 Version 1703 - KB4056891
- Windows 10 version 1607 - KB4056890
- Windows 10 Version 1511 - KB4056888
- Windows 10 LTSB - KB4056893
- Windows Server 2016 - KB4056890
- Windows Server 2012 R2 - KB4056898 (Security-only update)
- Windows Server 2012 - KB4056899 (Security-only update) or KB4056896 (Monthly Rollup)
- Windows Server 2008 R2 Service Pack 1 - KB4056897 (Security-only update) or KB4056894 (Monthly Rollup) [with botnet aka diagnostics, telemetry and data gathering included]
+ look for updated drivers and firmware
Chromium and Chrome aren't patched yet
there is something you can turn on to secure Chrome. let me look again an i shall reply here but i believe it'll be on by default in 64 anyway
its called
Strict Site isolation look for that an enable it
https://www.neowin.net/news/google-chro ... -the-month
I know, as it's in hyperlink I posted
What's more, it's not enabled by default and it's only temporary measure, not full and complete mitigation.
Point is that Google won't be releasing ASAP patched version of Chrome 63.
Google will wait for next release cycle, so till Chrome 64, which will be released on 2018-01-23.
So looks like the security is not Google priority.
AMD CPUs are safe against the current version of Meltdown, which focuses primarily on Intel's architecture.
Depending on how the final patched for the Intel CPU kernel bug vulnerability are implemented the AMD CPU's may still suffer a performance hit as collateral damage. It was requested for Linux kernel to make an exception for AMD cpu's since they are not vulnerable to current meltdown.
Linux creator Linus Torvalds has harsh words for Intel over chip design https://www.neowin.net/news/linux-creat ... hip-design
Bruce Schneier comments on Spectre and Meltdown
http://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2 ... mel_1.html
More . . . melting
Cashless society sacrifices independence, privacy and lastly liberty, encouraged by ignorance and villainy.
Thanks for the links but no thanks.
I'll wait 'n' see what they say & recommend for my WIN7 (Cat "B", Security Only updates), at...
> https://www.askwoody.com/
Ancient Amateur Astronomer
Win-7-HP/Intel® DualCore-2.0GHz/500G HDD/4 Gig Ram/550Watt PSU/350WattUPS/Firefox-20.0-62.0-70.0/T-bird-184.108.40.206/SnagIt-v10.0.1/MWP-7.12.
(Always choose the "Custom" Install.)
There's a current update in Linux for the Intel-microcodes.
Make sure you have appropriate microcode support packages from the repos or you won't know when there are changes.
Cashless society sacrifices independence, privacy and lastly liberty, encouraged by ignorance and villainy.
For which distress?
Linux Mint 17.x, 18.x,; Ubuntu 14.x and Ubuntu 16.x so far thats all I have on this system.
Maybe more - There's also this for chuckles . . . oops!
Cashless society sacrifices independence, privacy and lastly liberty, encouraged by ignorance and villainy.
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text:
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FEATURES -Capture hundreds of fully animated monsters! -Explore 6 different worlds in 60+hrs of adventure! -Train and customize your monsters at the ranch! -Fight through 6 leagues to become Champion! -140 optional online missions to test your skills! -Master devastating combinations from among tons of different monster abilities!
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Ver. 1.4.4 -Added new monsters and skills -Adjusted certain monsters and skills to improve game balance -Made some UI improvements -Made some minor bug and text fixes
What's In The MOD: Unlimited Team Cost Unlimited Capture Chances Can Capture Un-capturable Monsters Unlimited Fruits
Mod: 1.) boosted HP, lower enemy HP massive dmg, enemy no dmg 2.) boosted dmg 3.) unlimited capture chances 4.) capture the uncapturable (see note below) 5.) always successful capture (see note below) 6.) one-click max stats/training (see note below) 7.) unlimited fruits — it's back! 8.) minor improvements: increase max monsters pool, skip force-use of TP even when full, etc 9.) always can train your monsters
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Mod V1:
Mod V2:


text:
Scientist sees the light on solar energy
One day in the summer of 1980, Heinz Frei was working on his postdoctoral project at UC Berkeley, when his mentor walked up to his desk in Hildebrand Hall.
George Pimentel, the late scientist whose name now adorns the chemistry lab, had just returned from a Department of Energy solar research conference. He said he was surprised that one presentation after another had focused on ultraviolet light, which represents just a tiny fraction of the energy in sunlight.
Infrared, which makes up far more of the energy reaching the Earth, had hardly earned a mention. The real potential to exploit sunlight lay in this "long" end of the light wavelength spectrum, Pimentel told Frei, yet no one seemed to be exploring the possibility.
Would he like to set up a research group at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory to try?
Frei had been considering moving back to his native Switzerland. Instead, he said yes on the spot.
Without knowing it at the time, the decision would represent his first step on a long path to the development of artificial leaves, a potentially game-changing technology that can wring liquid fuels from sunlight, water and carbon dioxide.
For most of his childhood, Frei had expected to take over his parent's office supply business. But during a high school science class in his hometown of Lucerne, near Zurich, he found himself captivated by molecules.
"The fun of gaining knowledge and understanding phenomena around us, that really fired me up," he said.
Frei decided to go into chemistry rather than retail, eventually earning a doctorate at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology. He went on to win a fellowship that allowed him to pursue the postdoc work at Berkeley.
He was specifically drawn by the chemistry department's sophisticated lasers and spectrometers, which allowed him to conduct highly controlled experiments using infrared light to induce chemical reactions.
Following his conversation with Pimentel, he began research at the Calvin Lab at Lawrence Berkeley that would help lay critical foundations for artificial photosynthesis. Notably, it allowed scientists to take advantage of a wider slice of the light spectrum to trigger chemical reactions.
The words "global warming" were rarely uttered in the early 1980s. But even then, Frei suspected that filling the atmosphere with carbon dioxide was creating a growing problem for society that his research could help to address.
"I felt that we needed to ultimately make everyday chemicals and fuels from sunlight," he said. "I believed that in the long run, at some point, renewable energy would become a real issue. It took a while."
James Temple is a San Francisco Chronicle staff writer. E-mail: email@example.com