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Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Vol. 4, by Edward Gibbon, [1788], at sacred-texts.com
When Justinian ascended the throne, the reformation of the Roman jurisprudence was an arduous but indispensable task. In the space of ten centuries, the infinite variety of laws and legal opinions had filled many thousand volumes, which no fortune could purchase and no capacity could digest. Books could not easily be found; and the judges, poor in the midst of riches, were reduced to the exercise of their illiterate discretion. The subjects of the Greek provinces were ignorant of the language that disposed of their lives and properties; and the barbarous dialect of the Latins was imperfectly studied in the academies of Berytus and Constantinople. As an Illyrian soldier, that idiom was familiar to the infancy of Justinian; his youth had been instructed by the lessons of jurisprudence, and his Imperial choice selected the most learned civilians of the East, to labor with their sovereign in the work of reformation. 71 The theory of professors was assisted by the practice of advocates, and the experience of magistrates; and the whole undertaking was animated by the spirit of Tribonian. 72 This extraordinary man, the object of so much praise and censure, was a native of Side in Pamphylia; and his genius, like that of Bacon, embraced, as his own, all the business and knowledge of the age. Tribonian composed, both in prose and verse, on a strange diversity of curious and abstruse subjects: 73 a double panegyric of Justinian and the life of the philosopher Theodotus; the nature of happiness and the duties of government; Homer's catalogue and the four-and-twenty sorts of metre; the astronomical canon of Ptolemy; the changes of the months; the houses of the planets; and the harmonic system of the world. To the literature of Greece he added the use of the Latin tonque; the Roman civilians were deposited in his library and in his mind; and he most assiduously cultivated those arts which opened the road of wealth and preferment. From the bar of the Praetorian praefects, he raised himself to the honors of quaestor, of consul, and of master of the offices: the council of Justinian listened to his eloquence and wisdom; and envy was mitigated by the gentleness and affability of his manners. The reproaches of impiety and avarice have stained the virtue or the reputation of Tribonian. In a bigoted and persecuting court, the principal minister was accused of a secret aversion to the Christian faith, and was supposed to entertain the sentiments of an Atheist and a Pagan, which have been imputed, inconsistently enough, to the last philosophers of Greece. His avarice was more clearly proved and more sensibly felt. If he were swayed by gifts in the administration of justice, the example of Bacon will again occur; nor can the merit of Tribonian atone for his baseness, if he degraded the sanctity of his profession; and if laws were every day enacted, modified, or repealed, for the base consideration of his private emolument. In the sedition of Constantinople, his removal was granted to the clamors, perhaps to the just indignation, of the people: but the quaestor was speedily restored, and, till the hour of his death, he possessed, above twenty years, the favor and confidence of the emperor. His passive and dutiful submission had been honored with the praise of Justinian himself, whose vanity was incapable of discerning how often that submission degenerated into the grossest adulation. Tribonian adored the virtues of his gracious of his gracious master; the earth was unworthy of such a prince; and he affected a pious fear, that Justinian, like Elijah or Romulus, would be snatched into the air, and translated alive to the mansions of celestial glory. 74
If Caesar had achieved the reformation of the Roman law, his creative genius, enlightened by reflection and study, would have given to the world a pure and original system of jurisprudence. Whatever flattery might suggest, the emperor of the East was afraid to establish his private judgment as the standard of equity: in the possession of legislative power, he borrowed the aid of time and opinion; and his laborious compilations are guarded by the sages and legislature of past times. Instead of a statue cast in a simple mould by the hand of an artist, the works of Justinian represent a tessellated pavement of antique and costly, but too often of incoherent, fragments. In the first year of his reign, he directed the faithful Tribonian, and nine learned associates, to revise the ordinances of his predecessors, as they were contained, since the time of Adrian, in the Gregorian Hermogenian, and Theodosian codes; to purge the errors and contradictions, to retrench whatever was obsolete or superfluous, and to select the wise and salutary laws best adapted to the practice of the tribunals and the use of his subjects. The work was accomplished in fourteen months; and the twelve books or tables, which the new decemvirs produced, might be designed to imitate the labors of their Roman predecessors. The new Code of Justinian was honored with his name, and confirmed by his royal signature: authentic transcripts were multiplied by the pens of notaries and scribes; they were transmitted to the magistrates of the European, the Asiatic, and afterwards the African provinces; and the law of the empire was proclaimed on solemn festivals at the doors of churches. A more arduous operation was still behind - to extract the spirit of jurisprudence from the decisions and conjectures, the questions and disputes, of the Roman civilians. Seventeen lawyers, with Tribonian at their head, were appointed by the emperor to exercise an absolute jurisdiction over the works of their predecessors. If they had obeyed his commands in ten years, Justinian would have been satisfied with their diligence; and the rapid composition of the Digest of Pandects, 75 in three years, will deserve praise or censure, according to the merit of the execution. From the library of Tribonian, they chose forty, the most eminent civilians of former times: 76 two thousand treatises were comprised in an abridgment of fifty books; and it has been carefully recorded, that three millions of lines or sentences, 77 were reduced, in this abstract, to the moderate number of one hundred and fifty thousand. The edition of this great work was delayed a month after that of the Institutes; and it seemed reasonable that the elements should precede the digest of the Roman law. As soon as the emperor had approved their labors, he ratified, by his legislative power, the speculations of these private citizens: their commentaries, on the twelve tables, the perpetual edict, the laws of the people, and the decrees of the senate, succeeded to the authority of the text; and the text was abandoned, as a useless, though venerable, relic of antiquity. The Code, the Pandects, and the Institutes, were declared to be the legitimate system of civil jurisprudence; they alone were admitted into the tribunals, and they alone were taught in the academies of Rome, Constantinople, and Berytus. Justinian addressed to the senate and provinces his eternal oracles; and his pride, under the mask of piety, ascribed the consummation of this great design to the support and inspiration of the Deity.
Since the emperor declined the fame and envy of original composition, we can only require, at his hands, method choice, and fidelity, the humble, though indispensable, virtues of a compiler. Among the various combinations of ideas, it is difficult to assign any reasonable preference; but as the order of Justinian is different in his three works, it is possible that all may be wrong; and it is certain that two cannot be right. In the selection of ancient laws, he seems to have viewed his predecessors without jealousy, and with equal regard: the series could not ascend above the reign of Adrian, and the narrow distinction of Paganism and Christianity, introduced by the superstition of Theodosius, had been abolished by the consent of mankind. But the jurisprudence of the Pandects is circumscribed within a period of a hundred years, from the perpetual edict to the death of Severus Alexander: the civilians who lived under the first Caesars are seldom permitted to speak, and only three names can be attributed to the age of the republic. The favorite of Justinian (it has been fiercely urged) was fearful of encountering the light of freedom and the gravity of Roman sages. Tribonian condemned to oblivion the genuine and native wisdom of Cato, the Scaevolas, and Sulpicius; while he invoked spirits more congenial to his own, the Syrians, Greeks, and Africans, who flocked to the Imperial court to study Latin as a foreign tongue, and jurisprudence as a lucrative profession. But the ministers of Justinian, 78 were instructed to labor, not for the curiosity of antiquarians, but for the immediate benefit of his subjects. It was their duty to select the useful and practical parts of the Roman law; and the writings of the old republicans, however curious on excellent, were no longer suited to the new system of manners, religion, and government. Perhaps, if the preceptors and friends of Cicero were still alive, our candor would acknowledge, that, except in purity of language, 79 their intrinsic merit was excelled by the school of Papinian and Ulpian. The science of the laws is the slow growth of time and experience, and the advantage both of method and materials, is naturally assumed by the most recent authors. The civilians of the reign of the Antonines had studied the works of their predecessors: their philosophic spirit had mitigated the rigor of antiquity, simplified the forms of proceeding, and emerged from the jealousy and prejudice of the rival sects. The choice of the authorities that compose the Pandects depended on the judgment of Tribonian: but the power of his sovereign could not absolve him from the sacred obligations of truth and fidelity. As the legislator of the empire, Justinian might repeal the acts of the Antonines, or condemn, as seditious, the free principles, which were maintained by the last of the Roman lawyers. 80 But the existence of past facts is placed beyond the reach of despotism; and the emperor was guilty of fraud and forgery, when he corrupted the integrity of their text, inscribed with their venerable names the words and ideas of his servile reign, 81 and suppressed, by the hand of power, the pure and authentic copies of their sentiments. The changes and interpolations of Tribonian and his colleagues are excused by the pretence of uniformity: but their cares have been insufficient, and the antinomies, or contradictions of the Code and Pandects, still exercise the patience and subtilty of modern civilians. 82
A rumor devoid of evidence has been propagated by the enemies of Justinian; that the jurisprudence of ancient Rome was reduced to ashes by the author of the Pandects, from the vain persuasion, that it was now either false or superfluous. Without usurping an office so invidious, the emperor might safely commit to ignorance and time the accomplishments of this destructive wish. Before the invention of printing and paper, the labor and the materials of writing could be purchased only by the rich; and it may reasonably be computed, that the price of books was a hundred fold their present value. 83 Copies were slowly multiplied and cautiously renewed: the hopes of profit tempted the sacrilegious scribes to erase the characters of antiquity, *_0052 and Sophocles or Tacitus were obliged to resign the parchment to missals, homilies, and the golden legend. 84 If such was the fate of the most beautiful compositions of genius, what stability could be expected for the dull and barren works of an obsolete science? The books of jurisprudence were interesting to few, and entertaining to none: their value was connected with present use, and they sunk forever as soon as that use was superseded by the innovations of fashion, superior merit, or public authority. In the age of peace and learning, between Cicero and the last of the Antonines, many losses had been already sustained, and some luminaries of the school, or forum, were known only to the curious by tradition and report. Three hundred and sixty years of disorder and decay accelerated the progress of oblivion; and it may fairly be presumed, that of the writings, which Justinian is accused of neglecting, many were no longer to be found in the libraries of the East. 85 The copies of Papinian, or Ulpian, which the reformer had proscribed, were deemed unworthy of future notice: the Twelve Tables and praetorian edicts insensibly vanished, and the monuments of ancient Rome were neglected or destroyed by the envy and ignorance of the Greeks. Even the Pandects themselves have escaped with difficulty and danger from the common shipwreck, and criticism has pronounced that all the editions and manuscripts of the West are derived from one original. 86 It was transcribed at Constantinople in the beginning of the seventh century, 87 was successively transported by the accidents of war and commerce to Amalphi, 88 Pisa, 89 and Florence, 90 and is now deposited as a sacred relic 91 in the ancient palace of the republic. 92
It is the first care of a reformer to prevent any future reformation. To maintain the text of the Pandects, the Institutes, and the Code, the use of ciphers and abbreviations was rigorously proscribed; and as Justinian recollected, that the perpetual edict had been buried under the weight of commentators, he denounced the punishment of forgery against the rash civilians who should presume to interpret or pervert the will of their sovereign. The scholars of Accursius, of Bartolus, of Cujacius, should blush for their accumulated guilt, unless they dare to dispute his right of binding the authority of his successors, and the native freedom of the mind. But the emperor was unable to fix his own inconstancy; and, while he boasted of renewing the exchange of Diomede, of transmuting brass into gold, 93 discovered the necessity of purifying his gold from the mixture of baser alloy. Six years had not elapsed from the publication of the Code, before he condemned the imperfect attempt, by a new and more accurate edition of the same work; which he enriched with two hundred of his own laws, and fifty decisions of the darkest and most intricate points of jurisprudence. Every year, or, according to Procopius, each day, of his long reign, was marked by some legal innovation. Many of his acts were rescinded by himself; many were rejected by his successors; many have been obliterated by time; but the number of sixteen Edicts, and one hundred and sixty-eight Novels, 94 has been admitted into the authentic body of the civil jurisprudence. In the opinion of a philosopher superior to the prejudices of his profession, these incessant, and, for the most part, trifling alterations, can be only explained by the venal spirit of a prince, who sold without shame his judgments and his laws. 95 The charge of the secret historian is indeed explicit and vehement; but the sole instance, which he produces, may be ascribed to the devotion as well as to the avarice of Justinian. A wealthy bigot had bequeathed his inheritance to the church of Emesa; and its value was enhanced by the dexterity of an artist, who subscribed confessions of debt and promises of payment with the names of the richest Syrians. They pleaded the established prescription of thirty or forty years; but their defence was overruled by a retrospective edict, which extended the claims of the church to the term of a century; an edict so pregnant with injustice and disorder, that, after serving this occasional purpose, it was prudently abolished in the same reign. 96 If candor will acquit the emperor himself, and transfer the corruption to his wife and favorites, the suspicion of so foul a vice must still degrade the majesty of his laws; and the advocates of Justinian may acknowledge, that such levity, whatsoever be the motive, is unworthy of a legislator and a man.
Monarchs seldom condescend to become the preceptors of their subjects; and some praise is due to Justinian, by whose command an ample system was reduced to a short and elementary treatise. Among the various institutes of the Roman law, 97 those of Caius 98 were the most popular in the East and West; and their use may be considered as an evidence of their merit. They were selected by the Imperial delegates, Tribonian, Theophilus, and Dorotheus; and the freedom and purity of the Antonines was incrusted with the coarser materials of a degenerate age. The same volume which introduced the youth of Rome, Constantinople, and Berytus, to the gradual study of the Code and Pandects, is still precious to the historian, the philosopher, and the magistrate. The Institutes of Justinian are divided into four books: they proceed, with no contemptible method, from, I. Persons, to, II. Things, and from things, to, III. Actions; and the article IV., of Private Wrongs, is terminated by the principles of Criminal Law. *_0053
71 For the legal labors of Justinian, I have studied the Preface to the Institutes; the 1st, 2d, and 3d Prefaces to the Pandects; the 1st and 2d Preface to the Code; and the Code itself, (l. i. tit. xvii. de Veteri Jure enucleando.) After these original testimonies, I have consulted, among the moderns, Heineccius, (Hist. J. R. No. 383 - 404,) Terasson. (Hist. de la Jurisprudence Romaine, p. 295 - 356,) Gravina, (Opp. p. 93 - 100,) and Ludewig, in his Life of Justinian, (p.19 - 123, 318 - 321; for the Code and Novels, p. 209 - 261; for the Digest or Pandects, p. 262 - 317.)
72 For the character of Tribonian, see the testimonies of Procopius, (Persic. l. i. c. 23, 24. Anecdot. c. 13, 20,) and Suidas, (tom. iii. p. 501, edit. Kuster.) Ludewig (in Vit. Justinian, p. 175 - 209) works hard, very hard, to whitewash - the blackamoor.
73 I apply the two passages of Suidas to the same man; every circumstance so exactly tallies. Yet the lawyers appear ignorant; and Fabricius is inclined to separate the two characters, (Bibliot. Grae. tom. i. p. 341, ii. p. 518, iii. p. 418, xii. p. 346, 353, 474.
74 This story is related by Hesychius, (de Viris Illustribus,) Procopius, (Anecdot. c. 13,) and Suidas, (tom. iii. p. 501.) Such flattery is incredible!
- Nihil est quod credere de se Non possit, cum laudatur Diis aequa potestas. Fontenelle (tom. i. p. 32 - 39) has ridiculed the impudence of the modest Virgil. But the same Fontenelle places his king above the divine Augustus; and the sage Boileau has not blushed to say, "Le destin a ses yeux n'oseroit balancer" Yet neither Augustus nor Louis XIV. were fools.
75 General receivers was a common title of the Greek miscellanies, (Plin. Praefat. ad Hist. Natur.) The Digesta of Scaevola, Marcellinus, Celsus, were already familiar to the civilians: but Justinian was in the wrong when he used the two appellations as synonymous. Is the word Pandects Greek or Latin - masculine or feminine? The diligent Brenckman will not presume to decide these momentous controversies, (Hist. Pandect. Florentine. p. 200 - 304.) Note: The word was formerly in common use. See the preface is Aulus Gellius - W
76 Angelus Politianus (l. v. Epist. ult.) reckons thirty-seven (p. 192 - 200) civilians quoted in the Pandects - a learned, and for his times, an extraordinary list. The Greek index to the Pandects enumerates thirty-nine, and forty are produced by the indefatigable Fabricius, (Bibliot. Graec. tom. iii. p. 488 - 502.) Antoninus Augustus (de Nominibus Propriis Pandect. apud Ludewig, p. 283) is said to have added fifty-four names; but they must be vague or second-hand references.
77 The item of the ancient Mss. may be strictly defined as sentences or periods of a complete sense, which, on the breadth of the parchment rolls or volumes, composed as many lines of unequal length. The number in each book served as a check on the errors of the scribes, (Ludewig, p. 211 - 215; and his original author Suicer. Thesaur. Ecclesiast. tom. i. p 1021 - 1036).
78 An ingenious and learned oration of Schultingius (Jurisprudentia Ante-Justinianea, p. 883 - 907) justifies the choice of Tribonian, against the passionate charges of Francis Hottoman and his sectaries.
79 Strip away the crust of Tribonian, and allow for the use of technical words, and the Latin of the Pandects will be found not unworthy of the silver age. It has been vehemently attacked by Laurentius Valla, a fastidious grammarian of the xvth century, and by his apologist Floridus Sabinus. It has been defended by Alciat, and a name less advocate, (most probably James Capellus.) Their various treatises are collected by Duker, (Opuscula de Latinitate veterum Jurisconsultorum, Lugd. Bat. 1721, in 12mo.) Note: Gibbon is mistaken with regard to Valla, who, though he inveighs against the barbarous style of the civilians of his own day, lavishes the highest praise on the admirable purity of the language of the ancient writers on civil law. (M. Warnkonig quotes a long passage of Valla in justification of this observation.) Since his time, this truth has been recognized by men of the highest eminence, such as Erasmus, David Hume and Runkhenius. - W.
80 Nomina quidem veteribus servavimus, legum autem veritatem nostram fecimus. Itaque siquid erat in illis seditiosum, multa autem talia erant ibi reposita, hoc decisum est et definitum, et in perspicuum finem deducta est quaeque lex, (Cod. Justinian. l. i. tit. xvii. leg. 3, No 10.) A frank confession!
Note: Seditiosum, in the language of Justinian, means not seditious, but discounted. - W.
81 The number of these emblemata (a polite name for forgeries) is much reduced by Bynkershoek, (in the four last books of his Observations,) who poorly maintains the right of Justinian and the duty of Tribonian.
82 The antinomies, or opposite laws of the Code and Pandects, are sometimes the cause, and often the excuse, of the glorious uncertainty of the civil law, which so often affords what Montaigne calls "Questions pour l'Ami." See a fine passage of Franciscus Balduinus in Justinian, (l. ii. p. 259, &c., apud Ludewig, p. 305, 306.)
83 When Faust, or Faustus, sold at Paris his first printed Bibles as manuscripts, the price of a parchment copy was reduced from four or five hundred to sixty, fifty, and forty crowns. The public was at first pleased with the cheapness, and at length provoked by the discovery of the fraud, (Mattaire, Annal. Typograph. tom. i. p. 12; first edit.)
*_0052 Among the works which have been recovered, by the persevering and successful endeavors of M. Mai and his followers to trace the imperfectly erased characters of the ancient writers on these Palimpsests, Gibbon at this period of his labors would have hailed with delight the recovery of the Institutes of Gaius, and the fragments of the Theodosian Code, published by M Keyron of Turin. - M.
84 This execrable practice prevailed from the viiith, and more especially from the xiith, century, when it became almost universal (Montfaucon, in the Memoires de l'Academie, tom. vi. p. 606, &c. Bibliotheque Raisonnee de la Diplomatique, tom. i. p. 176.)
85 Pomponius (Pandect. l. i. tit. ii. leg. 2) observes, that of the three founders of the civil law, Mucius, Brutus, and Manilius, extant volumina, scripta Manilii monumenta; that of some old republican lawyers, haec versantur eorum scripta inter manus hominum. Eight of the Augustan sages were reduced to a compendium: of Cascellius, scripta non extant sed unus liber, &c.; of Trebatius, minus frequentatur; of Tubero, libri parum grati sunt. Many quotations in the Pandects are derived from books which Tribonian never saw; and in the long period from the viith to the xiiith century of Rome, the apparent reading of the moderns successively depends on the knowledge and veracity of their predecessors.
86 All, in several instances, repeat the errors of the scribe and the transpositions of some leaves in the Florentine Pandects. This fact, if it be true, is decisive. Yet the Pandects are quoted by Ivo of Chartres, (who died in 1117,) by Theobald, archbishop of Canterbury, and by Vacarius, our first professor, in the year 1140, (Selden ad Fletam, c. 7, tom. ii. p. 1080 - 1085.) Have our British Mss. of the Pandects been collated?
87 See the description of this original in Brenckman, (Hist. Pandect. Florent. l. i. c. 2, 3, p. 4 - 17, and l. ii.) Politian, an enthusiast, revered it as the authentic standard of Justinian himself, (p. 407, 408;) but this paradox is refuted by the abbreviations of the Florentine Ms. (l. ii. c. 3, p. 117 - 130.) It is composed of two quarto volumes, with large margins, on a thin parchment, and the Latin characters betray the band of a Greek scribe.
88 Brenckman, at the end of his history, has inserted two dissertations on the republic of Amalphi, and the Pisan war in the year 1135, &c.
89 The discovery of the Pandects at Amalphi (A. D 1137) is first noticed (in 1501) by Ludovicus Bologninus, (Brenckman, l. i. c. 11, p. 73, 74, l. iv. c. 2, p. 417 - 425,) on the faith of a Pisan chronicle, (p. 409, 410,) without a name or a date. The whole story, though unknown to the xiith century, embellished by ignorant ages, and suspected by rigid criticism, is not, however, destitute of much internal probability, (l. i. c. 4 - 8, p. 17 - 50.) The Liber Pandectarum of Pisa was undoubtedly consulted in the xivth century by the great Bartolus, (p. 406, 407. See l. i. c. 9, p. 50 - 62.) Note: Savigny (vol. iii. p. 83, 89) examines and rejects the whole story. See likewise Hallam vol. iii. p. 514. - M.
90 Pisa was taken by the Florentines in the year 1406; and in 1411 the Pandects were transported to the capital. These events are authentic and famous.
91 They were new bound in purple, deposited in a rich casket, and shown to curious travellers by the monks and magistrates bareheaded, and with lighted tapers, (Brenckman, l. i. c. 10, 11, 12, p. 62 - 93.)
92 After the collations of Politian, Bologninus, and Antoninus Augustinus, and the splendid edition of the Pandects by Taurellus, (in 1551,) Henry Brenckman, a Dutchman, undertook a pilgrimage to Florence, where he employed several years in the study of a single manuscript. His Historia Pandectarum Florentinorum, (Utrecht, 1722, in 4to.,) though a monument of industry, is a small portion of his original design.
93 Apud Homerum patrem omnis virtutis, (1st Praefat. ad Pandect.) A line of Milton or Tasso would surprise us in an act of parliament. Quae omnia obtinere sancimus in omne aevum. Of the first Code, he says, (2d Praefat.,) in aeternum valiturum. Man and forever!
94 Novellae is a classic adjective, but a barbarous substantive, (Ludewig, p. 245.) Justinian never collected them himself; the nine collations, the legal standard of modern tribunals, consist of ninety-eight Novels; but the number was increased by the diligence of Julian, Haloander, and Contius, (Ludewig, p. 249, 258 Aleman. Not in Anecdot. p. 98.)
95 Montesquieu, Considerations sur la Grandeur et la Decadence des Romains, c. 20, tom. iii. p. 501, in 4to. On this occasion he throws aside the gown and cap of a President a Mortier.
96 Procopius, Anecdot. c. 28. A similar privilege was granted to the church of Rome, (Novel. ix.) For the general repeal of these mischievous indulgences, see Novel. cxi. and Edict. v.
97 Lactantius, in his Institutes of Christianity, an elegant and specious work, proposes to imitate the title and method of the civilians. Quidam prudentes et arbitri aequitatis Institutiones Civilis Juris compositas ediderunt, (Institut. Divin. l. i. c. 1.) Such as Ulpian, Paul, Florentinus, Marcian.
98 The emperor Justinian calls him suum, though he died before the end of the second century. His Institutes are quoted by Servius, Boethius, Priscian, &c.; and the Epitome by Arrian is still extant. (See the Prolegomena and notes to the edition of Schulting, in the Jurisprudentia Ante-Justinianea, Lugd. Bat. 1717. Heineccius, Hist. J R No. 313. Ludewig, in Vit. Just. p. 199.)
*_0053 Gibbon, dividing the Institutes into four parts, considers the appendix of the criminal law in the last title as a fourth part. - W.


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Haiti, in the West Indies, occupies the western third of the island of Hispaniola, which it shares with the Dominican Republic. About the size of Maryland, Haiti is two-thirds mountainous, with the rest of the country marked by great valleys, extensive plateaus, and small plains.
Republic with an elected government.
Explored by Columbus on Dec. 6, 1492, Haiti's native Arawaks fell victim to Spanish rule. In 1697, Haiti became the French colony of Saint-Dominique, which became a leading sugarcane producer dependent on slaves. In 1791, an insurrection erupted among the slave population of 480,000, resulting in a declaration of independence by Pierre-Dominique Toussaint l'Ouverture in 1801. Napoléon Bonaparte suppressed the independence movement, but it eventually triumphed in 1804 under Jean-Jacques Dessalines, who gave the new nation the Arawak name Haiti . It was the world's first independent black republic.
Read more of Haiti's History, Geography, Government, and Culture — Infoplease.com

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- The cost of shipping is €5.95 per order on items under €50. Free delivery will apply on all orders over €50 that are delivered by courier.
- The expected delivery time will depend on the stock levels. We will always ship out orders as soon as is practicable. We will use all reasonable endeavours to ensure these times are met, but cannot be held responsible for dispatched parcels delayed by third parties, for example due to poor weather conditions.
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Available to order: Products will be delivered within 7-10 working days.
Specialised item: can vary from 4 – 6 weeks.
Engineered Delivery: If you order a large item like a bed that will need to be delivered, installed and demonstrated this will incur an engineered delivery charge of €120. You will be informed of any additional costs at the time of ordering. Engineered delivery can also be purchased if you would like products like riser recliners or scooters delivered, assembled and demonstrated. We are happy to offer this service when needed.
- Where there are unexpected delays you will be contacted by a member of our customer service and will be advised of this situation.
- If you do not receive your order within 15 working days, please contact us by email or phone, details are on our home page.
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- It is our policy to operate a fair and transparent ordering process.
Beechfield Healthcare Ltd makes every effort to ensure products arrive in perfect condition. However in the unlikely event of a product arriving damaged, customers should contact Customer Services within a reasonable time of receipt and return the package within a reasonable time, for a replacement to be sent.
If you find your purchase is unsatisfactory, we are happy to exchange items or refund your credit/debit card, provided the goods are returned to us within 7 days of their receipt, in the original undamaged packaging and in a re-saleable condition. We regret, however, that we cannot, in this case, refund return postage costs.
For hygiene purposes we cannot accept returns on toileting, incontinence, showering or bedding products.
If you have not received your order within 28 working days from the despatch date, customers should contact Customers Services. If we are unable to locate the missing product a replacement will be sent.
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Please return items to:
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Spontaneous Parametric Downconversion
Quantum Optics and Spontaneous Parametric Downconversion
The goal of this project is to use a series table-top laser-based optics experiments to investigate various quantum mechanical phenomena. These include, but are not limited to: quantization of the electric field (proof of the existence of photons), single-photon interference, violation of Bell inequalities, and quantum information measurement effects.
Physics Background
Spontaneous parametric downconversion (SPDC) is a non-linear optical process that takes place with the assistance of specially-engineered optical crystals. These optical crystals are designed with specific index of refraction properties along given crystalline axis. When light of a specific frequency is incident upon the lattice, it will experience preferential absorption and re-emission as a result of this design. This will result in an overall "splitting" of one incident light beam into two; signal and idler beams, at some well-defined angle. The quanta of light will experience a downconversion but within this the momentum and energy of the beam is conserved in the signal and idler beams. The net effect of this can be seen by looking at the bulk beam properties.
In a project-specific example, consider a 405nm wavelength laser is incident upon a downconversion crystal. The net effect of the crystal refraction and re-emission results in two output beams of 810nm. The incident beam has been "downconverted" to two output beams of half-the energy and twice the wavelength. See figure 1 for an illustration, and the WikiPedia article for more detail [1].
[fig 1 SPDC diagram]
If we reduce the incident beam to a series of single photons, whose existence is a central postulate of quantum theory, the above description need only be slightly altered. A single photon incident on the crystalline lattice has a certain probability of being downconverted via the interaction with the lattice (roughly 1 in 10^12)[2]. When this conversion takes place, the single photon, with its inherent polarization properties, is converted into a pair of polarization entangled photons at half the energy and wavelength and the same polarization but orthogonal to the input beam polarization.
This follows the same characteristic downconversion as the Type I but with one very crucial difference. The difference being the orientation of the signal and idler beam polarization. In Type II downconversion the polarizations of the output beams are now orthogonal to one another with some overlap in their respective electric fields so that there is a possibility for photon interaction unlike that of Type I where there is no possibility for interaction after the downconversion crystal. The way one sets their experiment for Type I or Type II downconversion is the crystal lattice itself, the lattice will be cut in such a way that the axis with varying indices of refraction will favor one type over the other.
Experimental Setup
In our experiment we started with a 405nm blue diode pump laser, then we put the laser through an iris and then a linear polarizer to ensure horizontal polarization. Once through the polarizer the laser was then pushed through a half wave plate in order to change the polarization of the beam from horizontal to vertical polarization then the laser was reflected off of two mirrors such that the light wold be incident on the downconversion crystal. After the beam passed through the crystal the beam still propagated an so then a beam blocker was placed down the path of the beam. For the two output beams, the signal and idler beam, they traveled at an angle of 3 degrees off axis with respect to the input beam. These two beams would then travel down their respective legs and reach a detector that would record their photon counts as well as the coincidence between them.
As far as experimentation went we varied the angle of the legs so that we could verify that the maximum count occurred at 3 degrees. After that measurement we added some more components to the experiment. We then put the legs back to the maximum angle that we found, which will be discussed in results, and then we placed a 50/50 polarizing beam splitter along the idler beam in front of the B detector. We also placed another detector, B' the same distance for the crystal but at a 90 degree angle from detector B in such a way that matched the orientation of the polarizing beam splitter. From here we were able to explicitly show certain characteristics of light, which will also be discussed in results.


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The Walters State Distinguished Alumni Award is the highest honor the college bestows on former students. The award is given to alumni who have demonstrated outstanding service in their profession and/or community and have brought honor and distinction to Walters State.
To become eligible for the Distinguished Alumni Award, nominees must have attended Walters State for at least 30 hours; contributed to their profession beyond normal expectations; received professional awards and recognition; contributed to the vision and values of Walters State; and displayed an enduring commitment to the betterment of mankind through volunteerism or professional service.
Nominate a Distinguished Alumni
View our distinguished alumni from the following years:


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(Phoenix, Ariz. - Oct. 26, 2009) Attorney General Terry Goddard, Pinal County Sheriff Paul Babeu and U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) Special Agent in Charge Elizabeth W. Kempshall today announced the takedown of a violent drug trafficking organization that is believed to have smuggled thousands of pounds of marijuana across the U.S. - Mexico border and into Pinal County over the past several years. This is believed to be the first such top-to-bottom take down of a cross-border drug trafficking organization operating out of Pinal County.
Twenty-one individuals have been indicted and numerous arrested on charges including possession and transportation of marijuana for sale, money laundering, conspiracy and illegally conducting an enterprise as a result of Operation "Los Tusa," which concluded in recent days with numerous arrests and seizures of marijuana, cash and weapons. Among those arrested was the alleged leader of the organization, Robert Hernandez, 38, of Arizona City.
"Coordinated law enforcement that attacks organized crime from the top down is the key to securing our border and keeping Arizona safe from smuggling violence," Goddard said. "I am committed to working with our law enforcement partners to fight back against the cartels and the violence they perpetrate in our communities."
Operation Los Tusa began in December of 2008 when a routine traffic stop by a Pinal County Sheriff's Deputy in the Maricopa/Stanfield area led to a search of the car and the seizure of $228,569 in cash.
Subsequent investigation by the Pinal County Narcotics Task Force and DEA revealed what investigators allege was an elaborate drug smuggling organization that brought marijuana across the U.S. - Mexico border, through the Tohono O'Odham Nation and into Pinal County.
Investigators believe the organization had been operating in Pinal County for at least three years, smuggling thousands of pounds of marijuana per year. They further alleged that the drugs were distributed from Pinal County stash houses to cities across the nation.
The organization allegedly smuggled the marijuana across the Arizona desert from the border to southern Pinal County using a network of vehicles and individual walkers who carried backpacks filled with 50 - 100 pounds of marijuana each. The walkers were allegedly met by drivers in southern Pinal County who transported the drugs to stash houses throughout the county for subsequent sale and distribution.
Several of the lead defendants were charged with use of minors to commit drug offenses, for allegedly recruiting Pinal County residents as young as high school students to meet the walkers and drive the marijuana to stash houses.
In addition, several lead defendants face charges of conspiracy to commit armed robbery relating to their alleged scheme to impersonate law enforcement officers in order to rob and possibly murder competing drug traffickers in the southern Arizona desert. Among the items seized in the takedown of the organization was a sedan that appears to have been altered to look like a police vehicle and contained a hat with "FBI" written on the front.
"Drugs and violence go hand in hand. This deadly combination must be met with combined law enforcement expertise at the local, state and federal levels," said DEA Special Agent in Charge Elizabeth W. Kempshall. "Today's operation is a major strike against a violent drug trafficking organization responsible for smuggling multi-hundred pound shipments of marijuana from Mexico into Southern Arizona. DEA shares with its law enforcement partners the goal of completely destroying this organization and any others like it that plague our streets and communities and putting them where they belong-behind bars."
Goddard, Babeu, and Kempshall all noted that the success in Operation Los Tusa was the result of the rapid and coordinated responses of the Pinal County Narcotics Task Force, Pinal County Sheriff's Office, DEA and the Arizona Attorney General's Office.
"Pinal County has always been a haven for drug and human smuggling. This historic take down of criminal traffickers should serve as a signal of what our citizens and criminals can expect to continue to take place," said Sheriff Paul Babeu. "This investigation was fully developed by local law enforcement and due to the size and scope of this criminal organization; we sought the assistance of the DEA and the Attorney General's Office. We are also appreciative of the assistance of the Mesa, Tempe and DPS SWAT teams who joined our PCSO multi-agency SWAT team during the execution of the high risk search warrants."
Babeu continued by stating, "I thank all our law enforcement partners for their amazing support and ask them to standby for further operations. Together, we made sure the good guys won a big victory against those who break our laws and corrupt our society with drugs. We shall continue to attack criminal operations and take not only their drugs - but their cash, their vehicles, their houses and send them to prison."
To date, Operation Los Tusa has resulted in the seizure of $418,640 in U.S. currency, nearly 4,000 pounds of marijuana, 21 vehicles and several assault rifles. It has also led to the identification and closure of multiple stash houses in Pinal County.
For more information contact:
- Lt. Tamatha Villar, Pinal County Sheriff's Office, 520.705.4245, email@example.com
- Ramona Sanchez, DEA, 602.664.5725, firstname.lastname@example.com
- Anne Hilby, Arizona Attorney General's Office 602.542.8019


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by Katie Parker, sports information graduate assistant
AMERICUS, Ga. – The No. 30 Georgia College & State University women's tennis team (8-7, 4-4 PBC) shut out Georgia Southwestern University (5-15, 0-11 PBC) 9-0 Friday.
In doubles action, the Bobcat French duo of Diane Danna (Paris) and Bertille Lion (Lyon, France) overpowered Leady Cuellar and Lauren Grogan 8-2, improving to 9-6. Freshmen Kayla Barksdale (Martinez, Ga.) and Michelle Lingner (Dunwoody, Ga.) blew away the Hurricane pair of Monica Osam and Mollie McGowan, continuing to duplicate Danna and Lion's record.
In the No. 3 position, GSW's Katie Adamson and Leigh Adams fell 8-3 to Adriana Acuna (Peachtree City, Ga.) and Linda Mosa (Stockholm, Sweden), giving the 'Cats a 3-0 lead going into singles play.
At first singles, Danna downed Cuellar in a two 6-3 sets, while Barksdale beat McGowan in 6-2 sets, improving to 10-3 and 8-5 in their respective positions. Lion blanked Grogan 6-0, 6-0, going 10-3 in the No. 3 singles spot. Lingner overwhelmed Osam in 6-1 sets, while Mosa and Acuna both shut out Adamson and Adams, respectively.
The Bobcats are back in action tomorrow, April 3 hosting No. 5 Columbus State University in a Peach Belt Conference (PBC) matchup starting at 2 p.m.
The GCSU Department of Athletics, winners of the 2008-09 PBC Commissioner's Cup, sponsors 10 varsity athletic programs at the NCAA Division II level. As a Division II program, GCSU prides itself on balancing the life of the student-athlete, evidenced by the Bobcats' multiple appearances in post-season competition as well as documented academic success and community-service involvement. Sign up at Twitter.com username GCSUSID for up-to-the-minute reports, and visit www.GCSUBobcats.com to nominate your favorite former Bobcats and Colonials to the GCSU Athletics Hall of Fame.


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Our office tends to get really dark. If you sit in a particularly shadowy corner, you need some extra lighting, unless you want to squint, which ruins your vision and gives you crow's feet, your mother told you for the millionth time. Crate and Barrel's red Task Lamp is a classic way to add a pop of colour and a much-needed splash of light to your space.
The $US50 piece architect's lamp is a timeless piece that you could hold onto for years to come. It's a style that's been around forever and won't be one of those things you look at in two years and wonder what you were thinking. Plus, it's inexpensive enough that it's an easy way to update your decor. [Refinery29]


text: Virtual DJ 8 Crack Plus Serial Full Version Free DownloadVirtual DJ 8 Crack Free Download Virtual DJ 8 Crack is the best audio and video mixing software that is loaded with the advanced features that is used by Club DJ and by the mobile studios. It is the improvement and upgrade in the Virtual DJ 7 and older editions. There is …Read More »


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MSD Ignition 3509 Pro-Crimp Dies Wire Crimping Tool
See Full List of Vehicle Applications »
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MSD Ignition - Pro-Crimp Dies Wire Crimping Tool P/N 3509 Features:
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Below is an abbreviated list of applications for the Pro-Crimp Dies Wire Crimping Tool.
Racers never stop experimenting as they search for every way to wring out more power or handling performance to to gain an edge over the competition. The team at MSD is no different as we strive to deliver the products you need to meet your performance goals. We continue to innovate and invent components and technology that deliver performance and reliability with products that are easy to use and install. Over the course of 40-plus years, MSD Performance has been driving the development of innovative components that helped shape the way our cars race and perform. From super speedways to road courses, land speed racing to top fuel dragsters, and of course your traditional hot rod, MSD has provided the components to fire nearly anything in motorsports. Early on, MSD focused squarely on ignition systems with revolutionary products like the multiple sparking CD ignition, timing and rev controls, billet aluminum distributors and the Pro-Mag, an incredible breakthrough in power and endurance. Today MSD is developing electronics for your entire powertrain. The Atomic EFI systems for the LS engine platform and throttle body are now complemented with a transmission controller. Our DynaForce Starters and Alternators ensure that your engine cranks over to fire up and the Alternators keep it charged. MSD is poised to deliver components that work and communicate together to provide performance and value.
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Héctor Camacho's current fight puts into context the true meaning of wins and losses. Hours after being shot, the former world champion boxer was declared brain-dead, Puerto Rico's El Nuevo Dia is reporting.
The fighter, who went by the nickname "Macho," was shot in the head and neck on Tuesday night in Bayamon, Puerto Rico, after gunmen fired on the car in which the fighter was a passenger. The driver of the vehicle died.
According to reports, Camacho, 50, was taken off life support. The bullets missed his brain, fractured two vertebrae.
"His recovery would be a miracle," a doctor told the paper. "Medically, there is nothing we can do."
After suffering cardiac arrest Wednesday, the reality of Camacho's situation seems grim. Hospital director Dr. Ernesto Torres has said his prognosis is "very poor."
Members of the Camacho family were expected to arrive on the island Wednesday morning.
Social media added to the confusion and misinformation surrounding this developing story. An entry about Camacho on crowdsourced encyclopedia Wikipedia was briefly updated with incorrect information on Tuesday and stated that Camacho had died.
There are conflicting reports on the developing story. Reportedly, the police have a suspect or person of interest in custody.
The latest developments mark another sad – and potentially final — chapter in the life of the talented fighter. Camacho went 79-6-3 with 38 knockouts in a career that spanned 30 years. He held featherweight, lightweight and light welterweight titles in both the WBO and WBC. His greatest success came during the 1980s and early '90s, although he mounted several comebacks as recently as 2010.
He faced some of the sports greatest fighters including Julio Cesar Chavez, Sugar Ray Leonard and Oscar De La Hoya.
In recent years, Camacho's struggles with drugs and alcohol, as well as domestic violence charges, landed the fighter in the news.
The shooting also reflects a serious issue that is largely under reported by U.S. media. Homicide is a major problem in Puerto Rico. The island territory's murder rate is five times higher than the U.S. average. Per capita, Puerto Rico has 26 murders for every 100,000 people — exceeding Mexico's much-covered homicide crisis.
Drug-related violence is estimated to account for 50 to 80 percent of the murders in Puerto Rico. In 2011, 1,136 people were murdered on the island with a population of 3.7 million. The violence has continued well into 2012. In just a single weekend in July, 19 people were murdered.
The motive in the Camacho shooting is not yet known. However, the car's driver, Alberto Yamil Mojica Moreno, is one more casualty of the Puerto Rico's homicide epidemic. The outcome for Camacho is still too early to tell.
Sports are often defined by statistics and record books, but no one wants to see Camacho become a statistic because of this tragedy.


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The first engine company to arrive on the scene of a working fire is charged with extinguishment. New Rochelle Fire Department policy is for a quick interior attack on the fire whenever possible. This includes making quick entry to the fire building to find and extinguish the source or seat of the fire. Throwing water at smoke from outside a window will not put out the fire. The old adage is "you have to put the wet stuff on the red stuff." Of course every fire is different, there is no such thing as a normal fire. Initial fire line placement, method and location of the entry point, and fire line size are just a few of the variables that must be considered on every scene.
The second engine company to arrive on the scene of a working fire is charged with water supply to the first engine and then backup for the first crew in the building. The "usual" procedure for the second engine company is to stop at a hydrant closest to the fire and lay a 5 inch diameter supply line on the way to the fire building. This size supply line should be large enough to supply the first truck with water to spare. Once the second engine is at the fire building part of the crew will complete the hook up of the supply line to the first engine. The third engine is assigned to fill in any gaps, often stretching a 2nd or back up attack hose.
The first ladder to arrive at the scene of a working fire will assist the first engine with gaining access to the building, "forcible entry." Once entry is made the crew will do a quick search of all areas which can be entered. They are looking for victims and for fire. They will advise the engine as to where they should stretch hose lines. As they search, they will ventilate the building as they go opening windows to remove the smoke. The second ladder is assigned to search above the fire, while the first ladder crew searches the fire floor. If the fire is on the top floor, the second ladder crew will go to the roof to ventilate it. After both ladder crews have completed a primary and a secondary search they are assigned to open up the walls, ceiling, and floors to look for fire which may be burning out of sight.
The ladder operators (drivers) are assigned to position the truck to be able to use and if needed raise the aerial ladder. It is critical and often very difficult to position properly as it must be close enough to the building to reach it and due to obstructions, like parked cars, trees, overhead power lines and in some cases other emergency vehicles. Once that is completed the drivers team up to perform outside ventilation and to set up portable ladders, and lighting. Outside ventilation usually includes breaking the windows in the fire room from the outside. This ventilation will remove some of the heat from the fire area allowing engine companies to get close enough to extinguish the seat of the fire.
The ladder companies carry equipment that will assist with ventilation, forcible entry, search and rescue, and overhaul. Ventilation is important because it allows the super-heated toxic gases to escape and also allows the firefighters inside to do their work safer and more efficiently. All ladder trucks carry chainsaws and circular saws. These saws are used to cut holes into roofs and walls. To be able to get into a building you need the right kind of tools therefore ladder companies carry many different types of tools. A couple examples are the hydraulic rabbit tool, which pulls a door away from the jam, and tools to snap even the strongest pad locks. For search and rescue the technology is now available to have hand held thermal-imaging cameras. These cameras allow firefighters to see through the smoke and see the victims. Our department has one on each of our companies. Overhaul is basically cleaning up. Removing all the debris that was destroyed in the fire and make sure all hot spots are extinguished.
A new examination in the title may be requested and held at any time during the life of an existing eligible list. It is the responsibility of the candidate on the existing list to keep abreast of the examination schedule and to apply for and participate in the new examination.
At the time of establishment of the new list, a decision is made on whether or not to allow the existing list (over one year of age) to continue or to replace it with the new list. When the "old" list is continued, the new list "supplements" the old list until a predetermined date. The old list is used first.
Promotional examinations are restricted to current employees of the participating appointing authority who meet the service requirement and minimum qualifications as cited on the announcement. It is possible for current employees to take an examination both open-competitively and promotionally, and appear on both lists if they pass the examination. Candidates on promotional lists are canvassed first.
In the event that these contact methods fail or if the emergency occurs after our normal hours of operation, please call the New Rochelle Police Department at (914) 654-2300.
Please read up on the West Nile Virus and the Catch Basin Larvicide Program.
After those roads are clear, secondary streets are cleared and streets with moderate traffic. Lastly, all other streets, including cul-de-sacs and dead-end streets, are plowed. After a major storm, it may take two to three days for plow crews to clear all the streets.
The only way to avoid extra shoveling is to wait until the Public Works crews have done their final clean-up on the street.
Yes. Furniture such as mattresses (sealed in plastic), box springs (sealed in plastic), couches, chairs and other household items may be placed curbside with your garbage on your garbage day. If you have a very large clean up please call the Refuse Collection Bureau ahead of time at (914) 235-4654.
There are a variety of reasons why trash is not picked up. -It wasn't placed out on time (7:00 am, 6:00 am in summer months) -It was not placed at the curb -Refuse was not containerized properly -Containers exceeded the weight limit of 75lb.s -Something in your trash was not allowed (building materials, oil, car parts, etc.) -Refuse was jammed in containers, not allowing it to fall free -It was not your pickup day (North End- Monday & Thursday, South End-Tuesday & Friday) -It wasn't collected during the regular day in a Holdiay Week
For more information call the Public Works Office at (914) 654-2131 Monday thru Friday, 8:30AM - 4:30PM
Sign up!
Gray collection bins have been installed at the entrances of the following locations: New Rochelle City Hall, 515 North Avenue; the New Rochelle Public Library, 1 Library Plaza; Super Stop & Shop, 2425 Palmer Avenue; and The A&P in the Quaker Ridge Shopping Center.


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These made the house smell heavenly. Did you go the "baby" route? Did you change it up? That was a lot of molasses!
31 thoughts on "Tuesday Chatter"
I thought I was making a ginger cake. It was molasses all the way. This will become compost I'm sorry to say!
I agree, it should be called molasses baby cakes.
Oh, I'm so glad it wasn't just me!
Oh it was me too..I did not like it at all..way to stout for my taste.
Stout is the perfect word! I agree!
I don't care for gingerbread very much…and, I was really busy this week…couldn't make it. I will find someone who likes it and will make it for them. Until then, this recipe will be on hold.
I am so glad to read all the comments as I am sitting here very red faced! I had everything mixed and ready to go. Had checked all my ingredients, except the molasses, which I was sure I had. And you guessed, no molasses! I will pick some up and continue baking! And a word to the wise, never assume!
Finally, I'm on time!
I made the cakes last night, but have not tasted them yet. As the cakes were finishing baking, there was some concern that spillage had occurred in the oven due to the overwhelming aroma of something burning. I suspect it was the overriding scent of the espresso powder.
In my haste I posted in the wrong place!
So glad I read your comments before I baked! I used 1 cup of molasses and 1/2 c. of coffee and 1/2 c. of maple syrup and I could still taste the molasses! I didn't have any espresso powder on hand so I added the cocoa instead. I think it's a very complex gingerbread with strong notes of coffee and cocoa.
Just a question..How many of the BWJ posts do you look at and leave comments? Do you just comment on the people who comment on your blog or do you wander around and look at different blogs ? Having 80 plus blogs is a ton to look at. But I do see some blogs with no comments or 1 to 2 and others with 24 plus.
I have wondered the same. I have the links sent to my email. That way I can look at them at leisure and don't have to scroll through the LYL and remember where I left off and delete as I go. I try to get to all of them and comment. There are some due to technical difficulties that I am not able to reply. And of course it depends on if I have finished before the next post!
I like the idea of having the links go to my email. How do I set that up? I feel bad for the bakers that get one or two comments. I wish there was a way to rotate blogs so we all get comments, but Im not smart enough to figure that out:)
Michelle, when you leave your link on the LYL post click the box "notify me of follow-up comments via email" before clicking on post comment.
Thank you!!


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MichaelJMCarlson needed a new logo design and created a contest on 99designs.
A winner was selected from 32 designs submitted by 9 freelance designers.
Madison Area Community Land Trust
MACLT is a 20 year old affordable housing non-profit located in Madison, WI. Our goal is to create permanently affordable housing for generations of homebuyers.
The Land Trust sells the home but rents the land to income-qualified homebuyers. MACLT homebuyers are insulated from the principal and interest payments they would otherwise be liable for, and they earn property tax advantages. Over the course of a 30-year mortgage, MACLT homeowners will save over $100,000 on their household payments.
Our organization strongly commits to innovation, sustainable, energy-efficient, durable, accessible housing. We currently boast 67 homes in the trust, and we're looking to expand opportunities for permanently affordable homeownership wherever we can.
In exchange for the 'good deal' they receive by owning a Land Trust home, MACLT homeowners agree to pay a monthly small land rent, and they agree to sell the home for no more than 25% of what they bought it for. This resale mechanic ensures the permanent affordability of the homes in the Trust.
MACLT has suffered through a difficult history. I'm the one-year-new director; I love this program and the people it serves; and I want to give it a fresh look and image that carries it through the next stage of its life.
MACLT homebuyers all earn 80% or less than the prevalent ''County Median" income, as adjusted for household size. They are attracted to the affordability of our homes, and they are willing to trade the speculative commodity value they'd find in the open market, for homes that will remain affordable for generations to come. We pride ourselves on the innovation of our construction practice, and we build with generations of home-owners in mind -- this commitment to long-range thinking yields green, energy-efficient, durable homes that appeal to conscientious homebuyers in the progressive Dane County housing market.
We're looking to expand the Land Trust model, into a Housing Trust model, for which we would be searching for institutional investors willing to catalyze the program.
We're always looking for volunteers interested in helping to further the cause of permanent affordability.
The logo needs to express our long-term commitment to our community of homeowners, even as it celebrates our commitment to the environment and generationally-sound building practice.
The logo will be used on letterhead, business cards, etc., and should be flexible and adaptable for different formats.
As the agency's director, I have a personal commitment to creating lasting works of beauty in the houses I build -- I'm not sure how to convey that through a logo, but the notion of beauty as its own goal and as a step towards economic justice motivates damn near everything I do.
All our current marketing materials are bland, outdated, and inconsistent. Truthfully, we've never had a real logo before, and it'd be great if the logo you design has an complementary font style in mind.
Our name -- Madison Area Community Land Trust -- is too wordy, and is difficult to compress aesthetically into letterhead, business cards, etc. Something that captures the essence of our program without all those damn syllables would be great.
I'd need something that I can use both for our website and Facebook page, as well as a logo that will print well for letterhead.
I'd like to convey an element of radicalism, too: Community Land Trusts are the antidote to Wall St., so far as real estate speculation is concerned. I want folks to understand that these are properties owned IN the community, BY the community.
Find out how a design contest works or learn more about our logo design services.


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The innovative three-week IP Practicum intersession (from late May through early June) provides students a realistic opportunity to explore the role of intellectual property law in clients focusing on technology, entertainment, and sports. Student "summer associates" receive assignments from experienced faculty partners, who supervise and review their work, work with legal writing coaches, and attend regular Continuing Legal Education-style (CLE) classes on all aspects of IP law and practice.
This program is open to all law students who have completed one year of law school, as well as law school graduates seeking experiential intellectual property practice training.
Work product students can expect to generate include some or all of the following:
- Legal Research Memorandums
- Formal Search Reports
- Infringement Complaints
- Office Action Responses
- Opinion Letters to Clients
- Motions for Summary Judgment
- Licensing Agreements
- Trademark Applications
- Trademark Search Analysis and Clearance Memorandums
- Responses to Notice of Opposition
- Madrid Protocol Applications
- Cease and Desist Letters
Student summer associates learn the best sources for trademark research, how to conduct conference calls with clients and opposing counsel, how to create portfolios, how to work with supervisors and peers, and how to manage time given multiple assignments. In addition to attending the CLE lectures and orientation, each student is required to complete an average of 36 "billable" hours of client work each week, tracked through time sheets to be filled out and turned in on a weekly basis. Events include roundtable discussions, meetings with partners, and hearings on motions for summary judgment, and an afternoon in the courtroom and chambers of a judge with the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of California.
A student who recently completed the IP Practicum, Michelle Ribaudo, commented that the course "provides an invaluable experience to law students who strive to focus their legal career on intellectual property. The skills and experience I gained while participating in the IP Practicum have been transferrable to my current law firm position and have ultimately allowed me to excel as a law clerk."
The TJSL IP Practicum provides opportunities to learn the valuable tools necessary for a successful practice start. Space is limited, but all students who have completed their first year of study are welcome to enroll.
Read the news story covering the success of the IP Practicum Program.


text:
Top chef Mafiz Ali is delighted to announce that Wednesday 6 February is the date of this year's Burns Supper at Ayr Spice, the restaurant in the Old Church, Minishant.
Jim Shields (pictured above), who only stepped down from his year as president of the World Burns Federation in September 2012, will lead the cast, propose the toast to "The Immortal Memory" and sing a group of the Bard's songs, accompanying himself on the guitar.
Like his "Trusty freen" Jim Shields with whom he will share master-of-ceremonies duties, Bob Henderson is an Ayr man who "emigrated" to "Auld Reekie" decades ago. Bob will address the haggis and recite Burns' epic poem, "Tam o' Shanter".
Ian Lyell, a well-known stalwart of Mauchline Burns Club and retired teacher at Kyle Academy, will propose the toast "Tae the Lassies".
Once again, this will be a Burns Supper with a twist. Haggis, neeps and tatties is a foregone conclusion, but the Bangladeshi food, for which Ayr Spice is now very well-known, will also be on offer.
Learning from the first Burns Supper at Ayr Spice last year, changes have been made to allow this year's event to be fitted into a 7pm - 10pm time-scale.
Judging by the names taking part, it looks as if this will be an evening not to be missed!
Tickets price £24.95 including a complimentary glass of whiskey, are available from Ayr Spice Restaurant. Tel: 01292 441 413.
Ayr Spice Indian Restaurant
Ayr Spice Indian Cuisine can be found in the fine old red sandstone Memorial church at the entrance to the picturesque village of Minishant, 5 miles south of Ayr on the A77. The church was erected by the thread magnate Sir Peter Coats of nearby Auchendrane, in loving memory of his wife Glorianna, who died in 1877.
Indian food can be simple or elaborate, humble or opulent, within a culinary tradition that is centuries old. The unique gift of Indian cuisine is its inspired use of exotic spices and the finest fresh ingredients. Proprietor Mafiz Ali and his team at Ayr Spice are determined to bring you the best of that tradition, and look forward to welcoming you.
Ayr Spice Restaurant is open 7 days a week from 12 noon until 10pm including Bank Holidays, Christmas and New Year. Takeaway and home delivery are also available.
Mafiz Ali
Ayr Spice Indian Restaurant
The Old Minishant Memorial Church
22 Ayr Road
Tel: 01292 441 413
Ayr Spice Indian Restaurant is a member of the Elite Ayrshire Business Circle.


text:
Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment
Revision as of 21:06, 6 January 2017 by 18.104.22.168 (Talk)
Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment is a world-wide distributor and developer of video games. In 2009 it entered into a partnership with the Saul Zaentz Company and New Line Cinema (itself a subsidiary of Warner Bros.) to make video games based on both the The Lord of the Rings books and films and The Hobbit book and film.
The Lord of the Rings video games
After the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2009, Martin Tremblay, President of Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment, said:
The Lord of the Rings franchise is world renowned for its captivating adventures, and we are creating new experiences in the game space designed to appeal to a wide array of consumer tastes from core to casual. The Lord of the Rings: Aragorn's Quest is the first of many different types of games we will be developing with the film and literary rights. It is also the first game allowing kids and their families to interact in their favorite locations and stories from The Lord of the Rings with accessible gameplay.[1]
- 2010: The Lord of the Rings: Aragorn's Quest
- 2010: The Lord of the Rings: Middle-earth Defense
- 2011: The Lord of the Rings: War in the North
- 2012: Guardians of Middle-earth
- 2012: Lego The Lord of the Rings
- 2012: The Hobbit: Kingdoms of Middle-earth
- 2012: The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey - A Journey through Middle-earth
- 2013: The Hobbit: Armies of The Third Age
- 2013: The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug - Orc Attack
- 2014: Lego The Hobbit
- 2014: Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor
- 2014: The Lord of the Rings: Legends of Middle-earth
- 2014: The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies - Fight For Middle-earth
External Links
- ↑ IGN, "Warner Bros. Announces Lord of the Rings Game Franchise Partnership", 28 May 2009 (accessed 27 September 2010)


text:
Queryable.Sum<TSource> Method (IQueryable<TSource>, Expression<Func<TSource, Double>>)
Microsoft Silverlight will reach end of support after October 2021. Learn more.
Computes the sum of the sequence of Double values that is obtained by invoking a projection function on each element of the input sequence.
Namespace: System.Linq
Assembly: System.Core (in System.Core.dll)
<ExtensionAttribute> _
Public Shared Function Sum(Of TSource) ( _
source As IQueryable(Of TSource), _
selector As Expression(Of Func(Of TSource, Double)) _
) As Double
public static double Sum<TSource>(
this IQueryable<TSource> source,
Expression<Func<TSource, double>> selector
Type Parameters
- TSource
The type of the elements of source.
- source
Type: System.Linq.IQueryable<TSource>
A sequence of values of type TSource.
- selector
Type: System.Linq.Expressions.Expression<Func<TSource, Double>>
A projection function to apply to each element.
Return Value
Type: System.Double
The sum of the projected values.
Usage Note
In Visual Basic and C#, you can call this method as an instance method on any object of type IQueryable<TSource>. When you use instance method syntax to call this method, omit the first parameter.
source or selector is nulla null reference (Nothing in Visual Basic).
This method has at least one parameter of type Expression<TDelegate> whose type argument is one of the Func<T, TResult> types. For these parameters, you can pass in a lambda expression and it will be compiled to an Expression<TDelegate>.
The Sum<TSource>(IQueryable<TSource>, Expression<Func<TSource, Double>>) method generates a MethodCallExpression that represents calling Sum<TSource>(IQueryable<TSource>, Expression<Func<TSource, Double>>) itself as a constructed generic method. It then passes the MethodCallExpression to the Execute<TResult>(Expression) method of the IQueryProvider represented by the Provider property of the source parameter.
The query behavior that occurs as a result of executing an expression tree that represents calling Sum<TSource>(IQueryable<TSource>, Expression<Func<TSource, Double>>) depends on the implementation of the type of he source parameter. The expected behavior is that it invokes selector on each element of source and returns the sum of the resulting values.
The following code example demonstrates how to use Sum<TSource>(IQueryable<TSource>, Expression<Func<TSource, Double>>) to sum the projected values of a sequence.
This code example uses an overload of this overloaded method that is different from the specific overload that this topic describes. To extend the example to this topic, change the body of the selector function.
Structure Package
Public Company As String
Public Weight As Double
End Structure
Shared Sub SumEx3()
Dim packages As New List(Of Package)(New Package() { _
New Package With {.Company = "Coho Vineyard", .Weight = 25.2}, _
New Package With {.Company = "Lucerne Publishing", .Weight = 18.7}, _
New Package With {.Company = "Wingtip Toys", .Weight = 6.0}, _
New Package With {.Company = "Adventure Works", .Weight = 33.8}})
' Calculate the sum of all package weights.
Dim totalWeight As Double = packages.AsQueryable().Sum(Function(pkg) pkg.Weight)
outputBlock.Text &= "The total weight of the packages is: " & totalWeight & vbCrLf
End Sub
'This code produces the following output:
'The total weight of the packages is: 83.7
class Package
public string Company { get; set; }
public double Weight { get; set; }
public static void SumEx3()
List<Package> packages =
new List<Package>
{ new Package { Company = "Coho Vineyard", Weight = 25.2 },
new Package { Company = "Lucerne Publishing", Weight = 18.7 },
new Package { Company = "Wingtip Toys", Weight = 6.0 },
new Package { Company = "Adventure Works", Weight = 33.8 } };
// Calculate the sum of all package weights.
double totalWeight = packages.AsQueryable().Sum(pkg => pkg.Weight);
outputBlock.Text += String.Format("The total weight of the packages is: {0}", totalWeight) + "\n";
This code produces the following output:
The total weight of the packages is: 83.7
Version Information
Supported in: 5, 4, 3
Silverlight for Windows Phone
Supported in: Windows Phone OS 7.1
For a list of the operating systems and browsers that are supported by Silverlight, see Supported Operating Systems and Browsers.
See Also


text:
Forget Bill Clinton. Barack Obama who? Minnesota Vikings punter Chris Kluwe just wrote a "speech" about free speech and equal rights that everyone's talking about and no one will ever forget. And, um, he frickin' nailed it. He wrote to a politician, but in it, he's talking to the folks. In the language of the people, including dozens of delicious (and necessary) crude lines straight out of the college-educated locker room, he lets a Maryland politician have it.
Here's the background. Baltimore Ravens linebacker Brendon Ayanbadejo recently spoke out in favor of a Maryland ballot initiative that would legalize gay marriage. Then Maryland state delegate Emmett C. Burns Jr. wrote a letter to Ravens owner Steve Bisciotti, urging him to "inhibit such expressions from your employee." Well, Mr. Kluwe just didn't think that was right. So he commenced in ripping Burns a new one.
Chris Kluwe's response to Burns starts out like this:
I find it inconceivable that you are an elected official of Maryland's state government. Your vitriolic hatred and bigotry make me ashamed and disgusted to think that you are in any way responsible for shaping policy at any level.
Damn, right? Kluwe makes some solid arguments throughout and he is a MASTER at breaking it down. You can read Chris Kuwe's full letter over at Deadspin but let's take at look at the juiciest, grittiest zingers.
More from The Stir: Kailyn Lowry's Opinion on Gay Rights Gives Us Even More Reason to Love Her
1. By using your position as an elected official (when referring to your constituents so as to implicitly threaten the Ravens organization) to state that the Ravens should "inhibit such expressions from your employees," more specifically Brendon Ayanbadejo, not only are you clearly violating the First Amendment, you also come across as a narcissistic fromunda stain.
2. It baffles me that a man such as yourself, a man who relies on that same First Amendment to pursue your own religious studies without fear of persecution from the state, could somehow justify stifling another person's right to speech.
3. I can't even begin to fathom the cognitive dissonance that must be coursing through your rapidly addled mind right now; the mental gymnastics your brain has to tortuously contort itself through to make such a preposterous statement are surely worthy of an Olympic gold medal (the Russian judge gives you a 10 for "beautiful oppressionism").
4. How does gay marriage, in any way shape or form, affect your life? If gay marriage becomes legal, are you worried that all of a sudden you'll start thinking about penis? "Oh shit. Gay marriage just passed. Gotta get me some of that hot dong action!"
5. I can assure you that gay people getting married will have zero effect on your life. They won't come into your house and steal your children. They won't magically turn you into a lustful cockmonster. They won't even overthrow the government in an orgy of hedonistic debauchery because all of a sudden they have the same legal rights as the other 90 percent of our population ...
6. In closing, I would like to say that I hope this letter, in some small way, causes you to reflect upon the magnitude of the colossal foot in mouth clusterfuck you so brazenly unleashed on a man whose only crime was speaking out for something he believed in.
And wait until you see his closing postscript.
Man, if there are more football players out there who can construct an argument so colorfully, I say get 'em off the field and up to the mic.
After reading Kluwe's letter, do you think football players should speak out like this more? Or less?
Image via Getty


text:
Bruno Wu's Seven Stars Entertainment is forming a joint venture with US producer Avi Arad (The Amazing Spider-Man, Iron Man) and his company Arad Productions, to develop superhero franchise properties.
The joint venture will develop live action features, animated TV series and digital content inspired by Chinese history and mythology. The first project, Rise Of The Terracotta Warriors, is based on an original story idea by Arad and inspired by the history and mythology behind the Chinese sculptures discovered in Xian, which were created to protect China's first emperor in his afterlife.
"Avi is a copious producer of fantasy, superheroes and sci-fi as well as one of the world's top toy designers," said Wu. "I think it's important to provide the next generation with role models and Avi is the ideal partner to bring this Chinese myth to life in a multi-media environment, including a major Chinese-US co-production tent-pole movie."
Arad added: "Bruno and I share an affinity for Chinese history and culture and his knowledge will help guide me through this fascinating world of Chinese mythology. We are excited to introduce a new set of superheroes and other wonders of the world in a contemporary way to the Chinese youth and audiences around the world."
Wu and Arad will serve as producers on the projects, with Alexandra Bland from Arad Productions as executive producer. The deal was negotiated by Seven Stars Entertainment CEO Fred Milstein.
Arad founded Arad Productions in 2006 after departing Marvel where he served as the chairman and CEO of Marvel Studios and CCO of Marvel Entertainment.


text:
At one time or another, most everyone has engaged in pareidolia -- even if we had no idea that there was a word for it. In essence, pareidolia is the psychological phenomenon that allows humans to find significance or recognizable symbols in random scenes and stimuli. The constellations soaring in the heavens; the Virgin Mary "seen" in a water stain; a face on the surface of Mars -- these and countless other examples testify to the human desire (perhaps the need?) to impose familiarity and order on an irrational universe.
Take the picture above. A viewer could be forgiven for, at first glance, mistaking it for a portrait of that ancient character himself, Old Man Winter -- even if, in this case, the Old Man has chosen to reveal himself in the form of a sad-looking, snow-blanketed trailer wheel, rather than the mighty, weather-controlling, neo-pagan titan of myth.
The picture was made by an amateur photographer in Kentucky named John Winter (that's right -- his name was Winter) in 1953. It appeared on LIFE's Miscellany page -- a popular, long-running feature that debuted in 1952 and continued in the magazine for decades.


text:
I vividly remember the first time I tasted coffee. I was about 10 or 11 I think, and my family was waiting at an airport for someone to leave or take off. All the adults were drinking coffee, and I wanted to be as sophisticated and grown up as they were with their cups of coffee. So my parents told me I could have a cup - I'm sure they thought I would take one sip and refuse to drink anymore.
It was probably one of the worst things I'd tasted in my young life. Except for lima beans. And beets.
But I drank that whole cup of burned, bitter airport coffee, shuddering with each sip, as the adults watched, amused at my determination to finish something that I clearly couldn't stand.
Since then, I've learned to appreciate the dark bitterness of coffee, usually black although occasionally with a little cream, and rarely a morning goes by that I don't have a cup or two. I don't often buy gourmet coffee drinks at coffee shops because it makes me cringe a little to spend $5 on a single latte, but I am feeling tempted by the White Chocolate Mocha that Starbucks serves this time of year...
My mom is the real coffee drinker of the family and she takes her coffee very seriously. She's constantly in search of a coffee maker that will make a more perfect cup of coffee. My parents came over for lunch on Saturday - for my mom's birthday. We made hamburgers with ground beef and lamb, topped with pepper jack cheese and caramelized onions. Homemade potato chips. A simple salad of mixed greens, tomatoes, blue cheese and oil and vinegar.
And of course, there was birthday cake. I've been on somewhat of a cake-making kick lately, and have one more decadent one planned for Christmas dessert. For my mom's birthday, I knew I wanted to incorporate coffee into it in some way. So I decided to make a vanilla-bean cake topped with a rich coffee buttercream.
Let me tell you - if you like coffee, then you'll LOVE this coffee buttercream. And it was such a beautiful latte color, looking and tasting exactly like Breyer's coffee ice cream. I could have eaten that frosting with a spoon.
The cake itself was delicious, too - moist and a little dense and speckled throughout with vanilla beans. There was a little leftover cake scraps after I leveled the tops, so I mixed that up with a spoonful of frosting, rolled them into balls, then dipped those in bittersweet chocolate and crushed almonds for cake truffles.
After lunch and dessert, we walked off at least a few of the calories with a trip to IKEA and World Market, and I think my mom had a great time! Although she might not be so happy with me that I've given away the fact that she is not, in fact, still 45...
Vanilla Bean Cappuccino Cake
printable recipe
- 6 egg whites, room temperature
- 3 cups, plus 2 tablespoons, all-purpose flour
- 1 1/4 teaspoons baking powder
- 3/4 teaspoon baking soda
- 3/4 teaspoon salt
- 3/4 cup (1 1/2 sticks) unsalted butter, room temperature
- 2 1/3 cups granulated sugar
- 1 tablespoon vanilla bean paste
- 2 1/4 cups buttermilk, room temperature
- 2 tablespoons espresso powder
- 3 tablespoons milk
- 1 1/2 cups (3 sticks) unsalted butter, room temperature
- 3 cups powdered sugar
- 1 1/2 teaspoons vanilla
Separate the eggs, reserving the yolks for another use. Set the whites aside to come to room temperature. In a bowl combine the flour, baking powder, baking soda and salt, and set aside.
Preheat the oven to 350 F. Line the bottoms of 3 8-inch round cake pans with parchment paper (since I don't have 3 pans, I divided the batter between 2 pans with higher sides, but had to bake the cakes for longer). Spray the parchment paper with non-stick spray, but don't spray the sides of the pans.
In the bowl of your electric mixer, combine the butter, sugar and vanilla bean paste - using the paddle attachment, beat on medium speed until fluffy and well combined, about 5 minutes. Add all of the egg whites at once and beat for 3 minutes. Reduce the speed to low and gradually add the flour mixture, alternating with the buttermilk, just until combined. Divide the batter between the prepared pans.
Bake for 30-35 minutes until the center of the cake is done. Cool the cakes in the pans on wire racks for 20 minutes. Run a sharp knife around the edges then turn out onto racks, peel off the parchment paper, cover with a clean kitchen towel and cool completely before frosting.
Make the frosting:
Dissolve the espresso powder in the milk. In the bowl of your electric mixer combine the milk, butter, powdered sugar on low Increase speed to medium high and whip for 4-5 minutes until very light and fluffy.
Frost the cooled cake with the coffee buttercream. If desired, garnish the top with a few sliced almonds and chocolate-covered espresso beans.


text:
Making change happen - the case of the IOTA job ad
Since reading Rajib's passionate mails, and Rohit's (iamhere) email about the WBCS officers' training on FOSS, I thought of sharing the recent case of the IOTA job advertisement.
The background : IOTA is planning to recruit on contractual basis 2 multimedia developer and 1 project consultant for CBT development. The CBTs are intended for schools across the state.
The case that was : Until 18th Feb, 2010, the advertisement asked for people with work experience on *entirely* proprietary software - Adobe Flash, AfterEffects, Illustrator, Photoshop, Premier, 3D Studio Max. You can see a copy of that ad here below:
The Change : On 19th February evening, a meeting was convened at IT Department under the chairman-ship of the MIC IT, Prof Debesh Das. Clear guidelines were laid out. The minister re-iterated that IOTA can not do such as thing while it has the mandate to take the message of FOSS across the state. A committee sat down on the 20th Feb, afternoon at IOTA office, went through the use-case scenarios around the CBTs to be developed and identified the potential software stack to be used in the changed scenario. The updated advertisement, which is entirely pro-FOSS can be seen here
or on the IOTA website. The change was made on 20th evening itself.
The Message : A case where things got "right"-ed in a govt dept, although in Harry Truman style, the "buck" finally stopped right at the "top".


text:
BROOMFIELD, CO - February 21, 2013
Webroot, a leader in delivering Internet security as a service, today released the results of a third party test that establishes Webroot® SecureAnywhere™ Business – Endpoint Protection as the absolute performance leader in terms of overall impact of antimalware software on devices using Windows® 7 operating system. Webroot's performance benchmarks against other leading endpoint solutions show that its real-time, cloud-based protection offers extremely effective security against both known and unknown malware with minimal performance impacts on the endpoint device or the user's productivity.
Webroot earned top ratings in the test conducted by PassMark Software, an independent software testing lab, in a major review of performance benchmark testing for eight of the latest endpoint protection software products. The products were rated according to 13 core performance metrics using the Windows 7 Ultimate 64-bit operating system. Webroot SecureAnywhere Business – Endpoint Protection received the highest overall scores in their respective categories. Specifically, PassMark Software found that Webroot SecureAnywhere – Endpoint Protection installed faster, scanned faster, booted faster, used less memory and required less disk space then every major competitor. The complete report is available at www.webroot.com/shared/pdf/Passmark_Endpoint_2013.pdf.
"PassMark was commissioned to conduct independent performance testing on Webroot SecureAnywhere Business – Endpoint Protection and seven leading competitor products across 13 selected performance metrics. Having attained an overall score of 97 out of a maximum of 104, Webroot ranked the highest, with the next competitor being 30 points behind," commented David Wren, Managing Director, PassMark.
Top report findings:
- Webroot SecureAnywhere installed in just 16 seconds on average and the quickest competitor took 99 seconds, while the slowest took a dismal 1,183 seconds to install.
- Webroot SecureAnywhere completed a scheduled scan in an average of 23 seconds compared to the competition that averaged 635 seconds.
- Webroot SecureAnywhere scanned six times faster than the quickest scheduled scan time set by a competitor, and 92 times faster than slowest scheduled scan time set by another competitor.
- Webroot SecureAnywhere uses only 15.3 percent of CPU resources when scanning a mixed set of media, system and Microsoft® Office files of over 5GB, compared to other vendor products that use on average 27.9 percent of CPU resources.
- Webroot SecureAnywhere uses 0.4MB of RAM memory when the system is idle compared to the competitors' average of 73.3MB, and up to 94% more memory.
"Unlike traditional security solutions, Webroot SecureAnywhere installs in seconds, scans in less than two minutes and never requires security updates or signature database downloads that consume network bandwidth and leave users exposed," said David Duncan, chief marketing officer at Webroot. "Only with Webroot's cloud-based security intelligence can you get the immediate protection against zero day threats that our customers are seeing today, and the new research by PassMark speaks for itself. Once again, Webroot has completely outshined the competition with our lightning-quick and game-changing performance."


text:
Posted by Smokey Stover on March 02, 2008 at 17:18:
In Reply to: Bing Botta Boom posted by ESC on March 02, 2008 at 15:51:
: : Where did the term/phrase... Bing Botta Boom originate ?
: Didn't it start out as a drum roll/flourish following the punchline of a joke?
I haven't heard that version, although I can translate it. The usual version is bada bing, bada boom, or just bada bing. In the days of burlesque there were two principal ingredients to the show. One was the girls, in earlier days renowned for the fan dance (Sally Rand) or bubble dancers, and in later days for more coarseness and less subtlety--but not necessarily less skill.
The other ingredient was comedy. Between girlie performances were the comic interludes with a good joke-teller and his straight man, or more often, one of the girls acting as his straight. Essential to both the girlie show and the comic sketch was the band, a small ensemble of three to six pieces, always including a drummer with a drum set. At the punchline of a joke or a sketch the drummer would strike the rim of the drum (in a "rimshot") usually twice (once with each stick), followed by a stroke of the cymbal. The drumset included a cymbal suspended above the side drum or snare drum, a little to one side, which could easily be struck by the drummer's stick, or operated by a foot-pedal, thus bada bing, two strokes on the rim and one on the cymbal. If the drummer chose to do bada boom, the boom was the bass drum, operated by a foot-pedal. He could easily execute bing botta boom by a cymbal stroke, a double rimshot, and a stroke on the bass drum.
The burlesque show has long since been replaced by strip clubs and home entertainment. But the rimshot has remained as a sort of symbolic enforcer of punchlines wherever there's a comedian and a band. Watch Jay Leno and the Tonight SHow, for instance. He likes his one-liners punctuated by rimshots.
If you watch The Sopranos you are probably aware of a restaurant they go to that is called "Bada Bing." The episodes in that restaurant, or at least the exteriors, are filmed at a real New Jersey restaurant, which has added to its outdoor sign another one, "Bada Bing." The restaurant is not actually a strip club, since such things are illegal in bluenose New Jersey.