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The present invention generally relates to internal combustion engines and, more particularly, to a NOx adsorber aftertreatment system for internal combustion engines.
As environmental concerns have led to increasingly strict regulation of engine emissions by governmental agencies, reduction of nitrogen-oxygen compounds (NOx) in exhaust emissions from internal combustion engines has become increasingly important. Current indications are that this trend will continue.
Future emission levels of diesel engines will have to be reduced in order to meet Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulated levels. In the past, the emission levels of US diesel engines have been regulated according to the EPA using the Federal Test Procedure (FTP) cycle, with a subset of more restrictive emission standards for California via the California Air Resources Board (CARB). For example, the Tier II emission standards, which are being considered for 2004, are 50% lower than the Tier I standards. Car and light truck emissions are measured over the FTP 75 test and expressed in gm/ml.
Regulatory agencies continue to propose and apply stricter emission standards. For example, proposed Ultra-Low Emissions Vehicle (ULEV) emission levels for light-duty vehicles up to model year 2004 are 0.2 gm/ml NOx and 0.08 gm/ml particulate matter (PM). Beginning with the 2004 model year, all light-duty Low Emission Vehicles (LEVs) and ULEVs in California would have to meet a 0.05 gm/ml NOx standard to be phased in over a three year period. In addition to the NOx standard, a full useful life PM standard of 0.01 gm/ml would also have to be met. The EPA has also proposed tighter regulations for off-road diesel engines, requiring them to emit 90% less particulate matter and nitrogen oxides, by 2014 than they do today.
Traditional methods of in-cylinder emission reduction techniques such as exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and injection rate shaping, by themselves will not be able to achieve these low emission levels required by the standard. Aftertreatment technologies will have to be used, and will have to be further developed in order to meet the future low emission requirements of the diesel engine.
Some promising aftertreatment technologies to meet future NOx emission standards include lean NOx catalysts, Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) catalysts, and Plasma Assisted Catalytic Reduction (PACR). Current lean NOx catalyst technologies will result in the reduction of engine out NOx emissions in the range of 10 to 30 percent for typical conditions. Although a promising technology, SCR catalyst systems require an additional reducing agent (aqueous urea) that must be stored in a separate tank, which opens issues of effective temperature range of storage (to eliminate freezing) as well as distribution systems that must be constructed for practical use of this technology. PACR is similar to lean NOx in terms of reduction efficiency but is more expensive due to the required plasma generator. These technologies, therefore, have limitations that may prevent their use in achieving the new emissions requirements.
Therefore, there is a need for an engine aftertreatment system that provides a source of heat and reductants to regenerate NOx absorbents and does not result in a significant fuel penalty. The present invention is directed toward meeting this need.
One aspect the invention provides a NOx adsorber aftertreatment system for internal combustion engines, which utilizes a dedicated fuel injector and a precat directly upstream of a NOx adsorber/reducer to regenerate the NOx adsorber. Engine exhaust enriched in fuel is channeled through a precat formed from a suitable NOx oxidizer such as 50 g/ft3 platinum on an alumina washcoat or a similar oxidation catalyst. The precat is positioned upstream of the NOx absorber. A dedicated fuel injector operatively linked to a fuel pump is used to inject fuel into the aftertreatment exhaust system upstream of the precat as needed to regenerate the NOx adsorber downstream from the precat. The precat catalyses the reaction of the injected hydrocarbon fuel and oxygen to produce exhaust gases enriched in reductants such as volatile hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide (CO), with a temperature in the range of, for example, 400 o 500° C. The reductants, and heat produced by the precat help to efficiently regenerate the NOx adsorber/reducer downstream of the precat.
Another aspect the invention provides an internal combustion engine exhaust gas aftertreatment system comprising a valve system having a valve input operatively coupled to the engine exhaust, a first valve system output, and a second valve system output. A fuel injector is provided with an input operatively coupled to a fuel pump and an injector output operatively coupled to the first valve system output. The fuel pump has an input operatively coupled to a fuel tank with an output operatively coupled to the fuel injector, and a precat having an input operatively coupled to the first valve output and a precat output. The precat is operatively coupled to a NOx adsorber such that the output of the precat is fed into the NOx adsorber. A controller, for example an engine controller, is operatively linked to the injector and fuel pump, such that the controller regulates the valve system, fuel injector, and fuel pump.
Another aspect the invention provides an internal engine exhaust gas aftertreatment system comprising a valve system having a valve input operatively coupled to an engine, a first valve output, a first precat having a precat input operatively coupled to the first valve output and a first precat output operatively coupled to a first NOx adsorber, a second precat having a second precat input operatively coupled to the second valve output and a second precat output operatively coupled to the input of a second NOx absorber, a first injector operatively coupled to a fuel pump and to the first valve system output, and a second injector having a second injector input operatively coupled to the pump outlet and a second injector output operatively coupled to the second precat input. A fuel tank, for example the engine fuel tank, is operatively linked to the fuel pump and supplies fuel to the injectors. A controller, for example an engine controller, is operatively linked to the valve system, first injector, second injector, and fuel pump, such that the controller actuates the valve system, fuel injector, and fuel pump.
In another aspect, the invention provides a method of treating engine exhaust comprising, providing an exhaust aftertreatment system comprising: a valve system having a valve input operatively coupled to the engine exhaust, a first valve output, and a second valve output. A precat is provided having a precat input operatively coupled to the first valve output and a precat output and a NOx adsorber having an adsorber input operatively coupled to precat output and an adsorber output. A fuel tank is operatively coupled to fuel pump having a fuel pump intake operatively coupled to said fuel tank and a fuel pump outlet operatively coupled to the injector. The controller is operatively linked to the valve system, injectors, fuel pump, and it may also be linked to sensors in the exhaust system. The controller makes adjustments to the valve system to alter flow of exhaust to the precat operatively coupled to the NOx adsorbers to be regenerated. The controller may also activate the fuel pump and fuel injectors to make rich the exhaust gas entering the precat. The controller may also inactivate the fuel pump, igniter and adjust the valve system to increase flow of exhaust to at least partially regenerated NOx adsorber.
Still another aspect the invention provides a method for treating engine exhaust comprising: providing an exhaust aftertreatment system comprising: a valve system having a valve input operatively coupled to the engine exhaust, a first valve output, and a second valve output.
A precat is provided having a precat input operatively coupled to the first valve output and a precat output, a NOx adsorber having an adsorber input operatively coupled to said precat output and an adsorber output. A fuel tank is operatively coupled to a fuel pump having a fuel pump intake operatively coupled to said fuel tank and a fuel pump outlet a controller operatively linked to valve system, injector, fuel pump, and first and second NOx adsorbers. The controller adjusts the valve system to alter the flow of exhaust to the precat operatively coupled to the NOx adsorber undergoing regeneration. The controller also activates the fuel pump providing fuel to the injector, feeding fuel into the exhaust stream of the precat upstream of the NOx adsorber being regenerated. The controller monitors input from the lambda sensor and inactivates the fuel pump and adjusts the valve system to increase flow of exhaust gas to the at least partially regenerated NOx adsorber.
In one aspect of the invention, the valve system used in the exhaust aftertreatment system may be either a proportional 3-way valve or a pair of 2-way valves. The valves may be of a kind that open and close by discrete amounts or valves that are continuously variable in their output.
In one aspect the invention, the aftertreatment systems includes a temperature and lambda sensor and/or a NOx sensor operatively coupled to the valve system output, and/or NOx adsorber output(s) that relays information to the system controller.
In another aspect of the invention, the aftertreatment system includes a catalytic soot filter with an input operatively coupled to the output of at least one NOx adsorber.
In still another aspect of the invention, the aftertreatment system includes an igniter operatively coupled to the input of the valve system and operatively linked to the controller. The igniter may be energized every time fuel is injected into the aftertreatment system or it may be energized only when exhaust gas temperature is deemed too low to ignite the fuel in the exhaust gas.
In one aspect of the invention, the aftertreatment system is operated under a closed control system. Under closed control operation information from sensor within the system is processed by the controller and based on the this information, and programmed standards for NOx adsorber performance, the controller determines when to activate and inactivate the components of the system designed to regenerate NOx adsorbers in the system.
In another aspect of the invention, the aftertreatment system is operated in an open control system. In an open control system the controller activates and inactives the NOx regeneration system based upon stored engine run parameters such as time, fuel usage, engine speed, and the like. Sensor input such as level of NOx supplied by optional NOx sensors is not necessary to the operation of an open control system.
FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram of a first preferred embodiment system of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a schematic block diagram of a second preferred embodiment system of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a schematic block diagram of a third preferred embodiment system.
FIG. 4 is graph of data illustrating the effect of a precat on catalyst operating temperature and the conversion of NOx to N2.
For the purposes of promoting an understanding of the principles of the invention, reference will now be made to the embodiment illustrated in the drawings and specific language will be used to describe the same. It will nevertheless be understood that no limitation of the scope of the invention is thereby intended, and alterations and modifications in the illustrated device, and further applications of the principles of the invention as illustrated therein are herein contemplated as would normally occur to one skilled in the art to which the invention relates.
NOx adsorber catalysts have the potential for great NOx emission reduction (60-90%) and the NOx adsorber is one of the most promising NOx reduction technologies. During lean-burn operation of the engine, the trap adsorbs nitrogen oxide in the form of stable nitrates. Commonly used NOx absorbers are comprised of, for example, precious metals such as platinum, rhodium, and at least one alkali metal, as for example potassium, sodium, lithium, and cesium; alkali-earth metals such as barium and calcium; and rare earth metals such as lanthanum and yttrium. NOx absorbers operate by sequestering nitrogen oxides under lean conditions and then releasing N2 under rich conditions.
NOx absorbers that may be used to practice the invention include for example, a precious metal catalyst such as platinum, and a NOx absorbent such as barium oxide and are thought to operate as follows. Under lean conditions (when the concentration of O2 in the exhaust gas is relatively high) oxygen is deposited on the surface of platinum in the form of O2− or O2− and reacts with NO in the exhaust by the reaction 2NO+O2→2NO2. NO2 is further oxidized on the surface of the platinum to form NO3 (nitric acid ions) and Nitric acid ions bind to the barium oxide component of the adsorber to form, for example, BaNO3.
Sulfur and sulfur containing molecules in the exhaust also react with precious metal catalysts such as platinum and sulfur oxides can also form complexes with absorbents such as barium oxide. Sulfur complexes formed between metal catalysts and NOx absorbents are generally more thermodynamically stable than similar complexes formed with NOx. Sulfurous compounds in the exhaust may poison precious metal catalysts; and they may not be as readily released from NOx absorbents as is NOx under various absorbent regeneration schemes.
Under rich (stoichiometric conditions), when the concentration of oxygen in the exhaust gas is relatively low the reaction to form nitric acid ions (NO3→NO2) is reversed and NOx in the form of NO2 is released from the absorbent. In the presence of precious metal catalyst such as platinum, NO2 may react with reductants such as CO and HC to form N2. Similarly, albeit often under harsher conditions, SOx may also react with reductants under rich conditions to form elemental sulfur.
In general the reduction of NOx and SOx compounds by hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide, and other reductants catalyzed by precious metals such as platinum, proceeds more efficiently as the temperature is increased. However, widely used NOx absorbers such as barium oxide (BaO) operate less efficiently at elevated temperatures, for example Ba(NO3)2 is more stable at 200° C. than at 500° C. Therefore, if exhaust temperatures are too high under lean conditions, the adsorber may fail to efficiently sequester NOx, and if the reaction temperatures are too low, even under rich conditions, the regeneration of the adsorber may be inefficient.
One approach to optimize both adsorber binding of nitrogen oxides and the regeneration of NOx absorbers to release essentially N2 has been to periodically introduce excess hydrocarbons into the engine in the form of excess engine fuel. The introduction of fuel into the engine produces rich exhaust gases, that provides a source of reductants such as HC and CO for the regeneration of the NOx absorber. However, as the exhaust gas is voluminous and only a relatively small amount of hydrocarbon present under rich conditions and elevated temperatures is necessary to regenerate the NOx absorbers, injecting fuel directly into the engine may result in a significant fuel penalty.
The method of periodically introducing excess hydrocarbon into an internal combustion engine in order to generate reductants for recycling or regeneration of NOx absorbers and catalytic soot filters is particularly problematic for light-duty engines. Light-duty engines typically have operating temperatures in the range of 150 to 250° C., which is lower than the optimal temperatures required for the regeneration of NOx absorbers and catalytic soot filters. As precats provide both a source of reductant and heat necessary for the regeneration of NOx adsorbers, catalytic soot filters, and the like irrespective of the operating temperature of the engine, precats are particularly useful when operatively positioned within the in the exhaust gas aftertreatment systems of light-duty internal combustion engines.
One embodiment of the invention is an exhaust aftertreatment system comprising a dedicated fuel supply, a precat, a NOx adsorber for sequestering NOx produced by internal combustion engines, and if necessary or desirous other components for the reduction of SOx, soot, and volatile hydrocarbons from internal combustion engine exhaust.
Referring now to FIG. 1, there is illustrated a schematic block diagram of a first preferred embodiment of the present invention. The system is designed to remove NOx compounds from the exhaust stream of an internal combustion engine 10, and to efficiently regenerate the NOx adsorber 70 used in the system. Engine exhaust produced by engine 10 exits the exhaust manifold of the engine and is passed through operatively positioned sulfur trap 40. Exhaust gas output from sulfur trap 40, passes by an optional operatively positioned NOx sensor (not shown); and injector 30 before it is input into exhaust control valve 20. The optional NOx sensor relays data about, for example, NOx, exhaust gas temperature, and the ratio of air to fuel (A/F) lambda in the exhaust gas to engine controller 80. In one embodiment of the invention, engine controller 80 is also operatively linked to a second NOx sensor 140, operatively positioned in the exhaust gas stream output of NOx adsorber 70.
Engine controller 80 is operatively linked to exhaust control valve 20, and opens valve 20 to regulate exhaust gas flow to precat 60 and NOx adsorber 70. In one embodiment of the invention control valve 20 shunts a portion of the exhaust gas past the section of the exhaust system comprising the NOx adsorber being regenerated. Fuel injector 30, located in the exhaust stream upstream of the precat 60, is operatively linked to engine controller 80 and connected to fuel tank 90 through pump 100. Valve 20 is operatively controlled by engine controller 80, and closed or opened to change the amount of exhaust gas that flows through the NOx adsorber 70. Engine controller 80 opens injector 30 and activates pump 100 to feed fuel from tank 90 into precat 60 to create rich (stoichiometric) conditions within the exhaust gas aftertreatment system. Engine controller 80 energizes igniter 10 operatively positioned within the exhaust gas aftertreatment system 30 and before the input to precat 60 to ignite fuel in the exhaust gas when the temperature of the exhaust gas is too low to ignite the fuel.
Fuel delivered by injector 30, is introduced along with exhaust gas into the input of precat 60 where it may further oxidize to produce heat, and an exhaust stream enriched in volatile hydrocarbon, NO2, CO, HC and H2O. Precat 60 is operatively positioned upstream from NOx adsorber 70 such that exhaust output from precat 60 is fed into the input of NOx adsorber 70. The combination of decreased exhaust gas flow, and direct injection of fuel into the exhaust stream serves to enrich the exhaust gas in hydrocarbon while incurring a reduced fuel penalty associated with enriching the exhaust with hydrocarbon. The exhaust stream from precat 60 flows into NOx adsorber 70 where the additional heat, volatile hydrocarbons, CO, H2O, and NO2 produced by the fuel injected into precat 60 increases the rate of NOx adsorber 70 regeneration. All exhaust is input into catalytic soot filer 50 before it is output from the system.
In one embodiment of the invention, SOx, trap 40 is operatively positioned upstream from precat 60 such that the output of the 40 is fed into the input of 60. Engine fuel and lubrication oil contain sulfur and therefore, sulfur-oxygen compounds (SOx) are formed during the combustion cycle and are present in the exhaust gas. Most commonly used precious metals, for example platinum, used as catalysts in exhaust gas aftertreatment systems form stable complexes with sulfur and sulfur-containing molecules that reduce the catalytic effectiveness of the metal. Additionally, many commonly used NOx adsorbents, such as barium oxide (BaO) absorb SOx and as BO—SOx complexes are thermodynamically more stable than BO—NOx complexes, SOxs are not as readily removed from most commonly used NOx adsorbents as are NOxs during NOx adsorber regeneration. Under normal engine exhaust operating temperatures, SOx reaching the NOx adsorber tends to accumulate in the NOx adsorber, reducing the ability of the adsorber to trap NOx. The optional sulfur trap 40 may, therefore, be used to trap SOx containing compounds before they reach components of the aftertreatment system that may react unfavorably with sulfur and sulfur-containing molecules.
Referring now to FIG. 2, there is illustrated a second preferred embodiment of the present invention. The second embodiment of the present invention is similar to the first embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1, and like reference designators refer to like components. In the second embodiment, the 2-way valve 20 and bypass pathway are replaced with a pair of 2-way valves 20 and 25. Valve 20 controls the flow of exhaust gases into precat 60, while valve 25 controls the flow of exhaust gases into precat 65. Each of the valves 20, 25 is coupled to the engine controller 80 for control thereby. The injectors 30, 35 may be located downstream (as shown) or upstream of the valves 20 and 25.
In one embodiment of the invention, a proportional control 3-way valve controls the flow of exhaust gas leaving sulfur trap 40 to each of two sets of precats 60, 65 and NOx absorbers 70, 75. As is known in the art, a proportional control 3-way valve may be used to divide the flow of a gas stream into two separate paths, wherein the percentage of the total gas flow being directed to either path is controllable. In the embodiment of FIGS. 1, 2 and 3 when practiced with a proportional control 3-way valve, the valve is coupled to the engine controller in order to control the relative proportions of exhaust gas flow routed to either output of the valve.
In one preferred embodiment of the invention, the exhaust gas aftertreatment system can be operated in full bypass mode. Exhaust gas aftertreatment systems that can be operated in full bypass mode may be comprised of at least two sets (legs) of precats and NOx absorbers. Referring still to FIG. 2, there is illustrated a schematic block diagram of one preferred embodiment of the present invention designed for operation in Full Bypass mode. In one leg of the system, precat 60 is operatively positioned upstream of NOx adsorber 70 such that the output of precat 60 is input into adsorber 70. While in a parallel leg, precat 65 is operatively positioned upstream of NOx adsorber 75 such that the output of precat 65 is input into adsorber 75. As required to maintain both NOx adsorbers 70 and 75 within their working limits for the adsorption of NOx, the flow of rich (stoichiometric) exhaust gas to each leg is adjusted.
Exhaust gas flow through valves 20 and 25 are adjusted to control the flow of exhaust flow to the NOx adsorber (either 70 or 75) undergoing regeneration. While, exhaust flow is reduced to the leg undergoing regeneration, the controller actuates pump 100 to provide fuel to the respective injector 30, 35, for introduction into the exhaust gas stream. The controller adjusts exhaust gas flow and fuel injection so as to produce a rich (stoichiometric) exhaust gas mixture which is fed into the input of the precat 60 or 65 located in the leg of the system undergoing NOx adsorber 70 or 75 regeneration. Fuel in the rich exhaust gas is partially oxidized in precat 60 or 65 and to produce heat, and reductants such as HC, CO, NO2, which are output from the precat and into the input of operatively positioned NOx adsorber 70 or 75. The combination of heat and reductants input into NOx adsorber 70 or 75 contributes to the efficient regeneration of NOx adsorber 70 or 75. When exhaust gas aftertreatment systems are operating in the full bypass mode, as one NOx adsorber (for example 75) is being regenerated, the other NOx adsorber (for example 70) is operating to adsorb NOx from engine 10 exhaust.
In most exhaust gas aftertreatment systems, the readiest source of hydrocarbons for use as reductants and as a means of producing heat for the regeneration of NOx adsorber is the engine's own fuel supply. For example, the hydrocarbon used to regenerate a NOx adsorber operating in conjunction with a diesel engine could be diesel fuel. In one embodiment of invention, fuel for NOx adsorber regeneration is drawn from fuel tank 90 by dedicated pump 100 and introduced into the aftertreatment exhaust by injector 30. Fuel pump 100 may be of any type suitable for the delivery of the fuel used, including for example a low cost diaphragm pump. Injector 30 can be of any type suitable for the injection of the type of fuel used and need not necessarily be designed for use in the face of high head pressures. Optional igniter 110 is present to ensure that any fuel in the exhaust aftertreatment is volatilized before it reaches the precat. The igniter is especially important under cold start conditions, and under any circumstances wherein the temperature of the exhaust gas is too low to ignite, or volatize, the fuel introduced into the exhaust aftertreatment system. It will also be understood that the precat will also catalyze the reaction of most hydrocarbons, including for example diesel fuel, and oxidizers in the exhaust stream thereby obviating, or at least reducing, the need for a dedicated igniter in the exhaust aftertreatment system.
Precats, suitable for the practice of this invention include, for example, 50 g/ft3 platinum on an aluminum wash-coat or other suitable oxidation catalyst. NOx adsorber/regenerators suitable for the practice of this invention include, for example, precious metals such as platinum, rhodium, and at least one alkali metal, as for example potassium, sodium, lithium, and cesium; alkali-earth metals such as barium and calcium; and rare earth metals such as lanthanum and yttrium. Soot filter 50 can be of the type with, or without, a catalytic component in place to oxidize soot accumulated under lean conditions and burned off to H2O and CO2 when the exhaust is rich (i.e. is stoichiometric in hydrocarbon content).
In one embodiment of the invention, engine controller 80, based on predetermined time settings, engine run parameters, measured levels of NOx or any combination of these criteria, regulates exhaust gas flow through the exhaust system and controls the injection of fuel into the exhaust stream.
The valves 20 and 25 may comprise either variable flow rate control valves or may comprise valves having a fixed number of flow rate settings. For example, if the aftertreatment system design dictates that the relative flow between NOx adsorbers 70, 75 will always be 20-80 during regeneration, then the valves 20, 25 may have discrete settings that will allow the engine controller 80 to switch them between reduced flow (20%) and max flow (80%) settings in order to achieve the desired flow reduction in one of the precats 60, 65. Optionally, the valves 20, 25 may have variably adjustable flow rates, such that the engine controller 80 can infinitely adjust the flow percentage through each valve 20, 25 in order to divide the exhaust flow between precat 60, 65 in any desired proportion.
The engine controller 80 receives data indicative of engine performance, and exhaust gas composition including but not limited to engine sensor data, such as engine position sensor data, speed sensor data, air mass flow sensor data, fuel rate data, etc., as is known in the art. The engine controller 80 may further provide data to the engine in order to control the operating state of the engine, and components of the aftertreatment system, as is well known in the art.
When used with an exhaust aftertreatment system designed for operation in full bypass mode the two outputs of the 3-way valve are coupled to the respective inputs of a pair of precats 60 and 65 operatively positioned upstream of a pair NOx adsorbers (catalytic converters) 70 and 75. Therefore, by providing control signals from the engine controller 80 to the proportional control 3-way valve, the percentage of the total exhaust flow from the engine 10 entering either the precat 60 or 65 may be precisely controlled. A fuel injector 30 is positioned to inject a measured quantity of fuel (hydrocarbon) into the exhaust gas flow entering the precat 60. Similarly, a second fuel injector 35 is positioned to inject a quantity of fuel into the exhaust gas flow entering precat 65. Both injectors 30, 35 are controlled by the engine controller 80 and are supplied with fuel from a pump 100 supplied by the vehicle fuel tank 90. Preferably, the fuel pump 100 is a low-cost diaphragm-type fuel pump. At least one igniter 110 is preferably provided to ignite the fuel being injected by the injectors 30, 35 under the control of the engine controller 80.
Because the exhaust flow is reduced in the adsorber leg being regenerated, the amount of reductant required to create a rich (stoichiometric) exhaust gas is reduced. The concentration of reductant required for reduction remains the same, but this amount is a small fraction of the total reductant during full exhaust flow. It will be appreciated that any flow ratios may be utilized during reduction and regeneration and during normal flow, even though exemplary flows are used herein for illustrative purposes. The optimum flow ratios for any given system will depend upon the particular system configuration.
As detailed hereinabove for a parallel dual adsorber system, the adsorber regeneration cycle switches back and forth between the two sides of the exhaust as necessary in order to keep the outlet exhaust stream purified of excessive emissions. It will be appreciated that since dual exhaust streams are utilized, the regeneration cycle of the NOx adsorber does not necessarily have to be short. During the entire time that one adsorber is being regenerated, the other adsorber is available for treating the majority of the exhaust gas stream. It should also be noted, that the temperature of the regeneration exhaust gas stream may be controlled by adjustment of the proportional control 3-way valve in conjunction with the igniter 110. By allowing slightly more exhaust gas to pass into the regeneration side of the exhaust, the temperature thereof may be raised.
One advantage of the Full Bypass system is that since the exhaust flow is reduced in the leg undergoing NOx adsorber regeneration, only a fraction of the amount of hydrocarbon that would have been required to make the mixture rich during full flow is now required. The result is a substantial reduction in the fuel penalty incurred for regeneration of the NOx adsorber catalyst. Once a leg has been regenerated, the flow distribution between the parallel legs may be reversed, and the other catalyst leg regenerated while the newly regenerated leg receives the majority of the exhaust flow. Another advantage of the present invention is that since NOx is being stored in one leg while the other leg is being regenerated, the regeneration operation can be performed for a longer period of time, resulting in greater regeneration efficiency.
Referring now to FIG. 3, there is illustrated a schematic block diagram of one preferred embodiment of the present invention designed for operation in full flow mode. In this embodiment of the invention, the flow of exhaust gas through NOx adsorber 70 is not diverted during regeneration of the NOx absorber. Fuel is injected into precat 60, where it is at least partially oxidized to produce volatile hydrocarbons, CO, H2O, NO, NO2, and heat that is transferred downstream to the adsorber 70. Exhaust gas with a temperature of about 300 C as well as an exhaust stream enriched in NO2, HC and CO flows downstream into NOx adsorber 70. The combination of rich conditions which serves to release NOx from the absorbent, and elevated temperatures and HC, NO2 and CO react with NOx released from the absorbent in the presence of for example the precious metal platinum to produce N2 and to regenerate adsorber 70.
In one preferred embodiment of the invention, fuel is injected into the exhaust gas when the engine duty cycle is such that relatively little exhaust gas is being produced by the engine. This enables the exhaust to be enriched in fuel while incurring a relatively low fuel penalty as the volume of exhaust gas is relatively reduced.
One advantage of the Full Flow exhaust aftertreatment system is that hydrocarbon (for example diesel fuel) is injected into the exhaust stream only as needed to regenerate the NOx adsorber. Thus, the engine can be operated under lean conditions as dictated by other concerns such as fuel economy, and excess fuel to regenerate NOx adsorbers is used only as necessary for NOx adsorber regeneration.
In one embodiment of the invention, the exhaust aftertreatment system is provided with a carbon soot filter to trap diesel soot particulate matter by physical filtering. The catalytic soot filter also acts as an oxidation catalyst by the addition of precious metal catalysts which reduce the volatile organic fraction of the soot material by the catalyzed oxidation reaction (e.g. C+Oxidant→CO).
The exhaust gases exiting the carbon soot filter (CFS) 50 may then exit the vehicle. An optional NOx sensor 140 may be placed between the NOx adsorbers 70, 75 and CFS 50 in order to directly measure the level of NOx in the exhaust gas leaving NOx adsorbers 70 and 75. The output of the optional NOx sensor 140 is provided to the engine controller 80. The exhaust gases exiting the adsorbers 70 and 75 are combined together before being input into optional additional exhaust gas aftertreatment components such as a carbon soot filter 50. The combination of precats 60, 65 upstream of NOx absorbers 70, 75 make it unlikely that any of the fuel injected into the exhaust gas aftertreatment system to create rich conditions for catalyst and NOx adsorber regeneration will escape from the tailpipe of the system. In any event, a hydrocarbon oxidation catalyst (for example the use of a diesel oxidation catalyst) can be positioned downstream of the adsorbers 70, 75 to virtually eliminate hydrocarbon emission from the tailpipe. Such oxidation catalysts contain precious metals in them that reduce the activation energy of hydrocarbon combustion, such that the unburned hydrocarbon is oxidized to carbon dioxide and water.
Referring now to FIG. 4, a graph of the percent of NOx converted (reduced) to N2 measured as a function of temperature is illustrated. NOx conversion by the NOx reducer was measured with and without a precat upstream of the NOx reducer. The introduction of exhaust gas rich in hydrocarbon into the precat produces heat, volatile hydrocarbons, CO, H2O and NOx reacts on the precious metal catalyst of the NOx absorber, with, for example CO, to produce N2 and CO2. As can be seen in FIG. 4, NOx conversion efficiency improves dramatically when the precat is positioned upstream of the absorber.
While the invention was largely illustrated with a sulfur trap operatively positioned upstream of the exhaust gas fuel injectors and precats (FIG. 1) and a carbon soot filter operatively positioned downstream from the NOx absorbers (FIG. 1), it should be understood that the invention can be practiced with any combination, arrangement, or absence of, exhaust aftertreatment components, such as sulfur traps, carbon soot filters, and fuel oxidation catalysts and the like.
Therefore, the system illustrated and described herein is effective in addressing all legislatively-controlled emissions including NOx, SOx and hydrocarbons. NOx adsorbers are used for reduction of NOx levels and are more easily regenerated in this aftertreatment system than in prior art systems due to the presence of precats and a system for directly injecting hydrocarbons into the exhaust aftertreatment system. Operative positioning of precats, such that rich fuel mixtures are input into the precat and exhaust enriched in heat, and reductants are output from the precats into the NOx adsorber. The sulfur trap removes sulfur from the exhaust, making the operation of the adsorber more efficient and longer lasting. The catalytic soot filter traps particulate soot from the exhaust stream. Finally, an diesel oxidation catalyst cleans up any leftover hydrocarbons exiting the adsorbers, thereby allowing the exhaust emitted by the system of the present invention to meet or exceed the requirements of the various legislative bodies.
While the invention has been illustrated and described in detail in the drawings and foregoing description, the same is to be considered as illustrative and not restrictive in character, it being understood that only the preferred embodiment has been shown and described and that all changes and modifications that come within the spirit of the invention are desired to be protected. And while the invention was illustrated using specific examples, and premised on certain theoretical or idealized accounts of catalysis behavior, these illustrations and the accompanying discussion should by no means be interpreted as limiting the invention.


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It seems better to conclude that one flesh, in the Old Testament, implies a bond of kinship that speaks of the physical reunification of parts of the Image of God that are of the same kind. Is there really a living organism that the two sexual partners become? One body appears to be synonymous with one flesh. This does not entail, however, hook up website vancouver and end to honoring the parents.
God and harlots are incompatible. As Genesis functions as the prologue of a legal code, it is to be expected that the editor should have added such a moral note to this important event. It rebukes God, by saying that one sex can find in quantitative addition a solution to a qualitative problem. In light of this, the question arises, cbc dating site Did God see these alliances as permanent?
- The cohesiveness in the marriage union does not entail a permanent ontological bond i.
- In this first chapter, I will concentrate my effort on that verse, looking at each of its important words or phrases as they relate to the context.
- It continues to astonish me that people attempt to hold both to the real permanence of marriage and to the moral propriety of divorce.
- Rather, it is cause for arguing that there is no right of separating or sundering the couple.
Insofar as the debate continues, I suggest that the authors just quoted have been over zealous in their exegesis. To stress that the nature of marriage is covenantal rather than ontological does not lessen the impact of divine sanction for marriage. It is far beyond the text to suppose that, this admonition notwithstanding, some ongoing bond remains between them. The importance of this matter must not be overlooked.
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Marriage ought to be permanent, but, sadly, it may not be. Even when marriage has been understood to involve the union of two persons, the woman has often not been seen as a full partner, but only a second-class human being. Yet He did this without violating their vocabulary, grammar or even conceptual choices. Marriage not dating is one of the classic korean drama with romantic theme The Scripts are typically up through international set-up or themselves. Lirik hope and hope ost marriage not dating.
Even when they do imply position, these words always stress individual personhood. In the process, he feels his uniqueness even more poignantly. Sometimes the misuse of sexuality has brought rejection of the opposite sex. The soul, after all, is immortal. In interpreting an analogy, we must be careful not to go beyond what is intended.
We must remember that Genesis is quoted more than once by the New Testament writers. The two individuals lose their independence, but not their individuality. The question is not whether Christ is permanently bound to his Church, but whether husbands are permanently bound to their wives. We alone are in the image of God, and we alone have a task to do. The couple are dependent on each other, not independent.
It would not inhibit me from matriculating at some other institution not affiliated with them. He had to be told later what had happened to him when God formed the woman out of his side. Does Paul intend the reader to see in the quote a further expansion of the point about care of the wife? In either case, what is clear about the use of proskallao is that the intention and incumbent obligation to care for the wife are at issue.
- In other words, is the union itself organic, or only like an organic union?
- Mike Mendel, I needed something to take the pain away, a wife who works in the home.
- This kinship then is used to explain why it is an abomination for a woman to return to her former husband after becoming married to someone else subsequent to a divorce Deut.
The Scripture would seek to hold each person responsible for his or her own doings. For our purposes, the point is clear. Sexual union is a blessed reuniting of the divorced Image.
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Or is it that the Scriptures use the language of organic union to evoke in our minds the profundity of the marriage relation? Now, it seemed, separation was the focus of marital analysis. Since there was then no sin, there was no need to discuss either immoral marriages or the breakup of marriage.
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My friend went on to marry twin in question and they had similar problems, on Tuesday nights episode. On the other hand, it is equally improper to overstate the strength of that union. They certainly did not become one individual with him.
It is the Pharisees who were confused. But of course this is simply to misunderstand the placement of the Genesis text. They become a team, lily dating tightly tied to each other but not necessarily permanently bound.
Download Single Mamamoo Marriage Not Dating OST Part.2 (MP3)
The picture is of marriage as the creation of a team of persons who are closely related to each other. It is used of loosening bands, as of a beast from its bonds. Thus, the union is a union in marriage and not of it per se. We want each and every member to be safe online with us, which means that if you have high volume or high converting traffic.
They asked about divorce, Jesus answered regarding separation. We turn again to the writers quoted earlier, free asian dating san diego first Paul E. It could then be said that the first had that characteristic though it was not specifically stated in the first member.

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Liam Bridcutt's future is uncertain at Nottingham Forest due to a lack of playing time this season, with Aitor Karanka stating his desire to trim the first-team squad because it is too bloated. The January transfer window will be open in a matter of weeks and players on the periphery may be the first to get the chop.
Bridcutt has made just one Championship appearance for the Reds this season which came all the way back in September. He's failed to even make the matchday squad for a league game ever since and has only been used in the EFL Cup, last featuring in October's 3-2 defeat to Burton Albion.
With Adlene Guedioura, Claudio Yacob, Jack Colback and Ben Watson for competition, Bridcutt stands little chance of getting minutes under Karanka. Even Matty Cash and Ben Osborne can operate in a makeshift central midfield role, so does it make sense for Forest to part company with the Scotland international?
Liam Bridcutt has made just one Championship appearance this season and hasn't made the league matchday squad for three months.
With the January transfer window approaching, what should Aitor Karanka do with the Nottingham Forest outcast? #NFFC
— Crippy Cooke (@CrippyCooke) December 5, 2018
The majority of polled supporters believe Bridcutt's time at the City Ground has come to an end, with only 6% suggesting that he should be kept until next summer. The midfielder's contract runs until 2020 but he may be put up for sale next month if there's no return on the cards this season.
Crippy Cooke's previous article
Nottingham Forest forward will return to the starting line-up in December – opinion


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Hitachi's 3.5", 1 Terabyte Deskstar hard drive is now on offer, wherein one can marvel at the $400 spinner's sheer size and wonder how on Earth you could ever back it all up. If you think you don't need it, you probably haven't discovered BitTorrent.
With five platters and a noisy 32db audio profile, it's not an insignificant committment power- and sound-wise, and that price tag divides to 40c a GB, hardly a bargain.
ExtremeTech took the huge HDD and benchmarked it, praising its performance relative to similar (if much smaller) drives from Seagate and Western Digital. Their verdict: 9 out of 10. To be honest, I have a hard time imagining there to be 10 individually-perceptible degrees of quality when it comes to a disk drive, but either way, that means it's a good'un.
Hitachi Deskstar 7K1000 Terabyte Hard Drive Review [ExtremeTech]


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The operating system you choose depends solely on the type of smartphone you have because the smart watch is paired with your smartphone. If you own an Android smartphone, your smart watch should have Android Wear or Tizen. If you own an iPhone, choose an Apple Watch. For example, the Samsung Gear S3 runs Tizen and is compatible with both the Android and iPhone.
If you want a smart watch that uses cellular data without using up the battery, consider upgrading to the Samsung Gear S3. A close cousin to the Gear Sport, the S3 has all the perks of an LTE smart device (downloading apps, texting, checking email) and, unlike the Apple Series 3, it won't quit after three hours. In fact, you could feasibly get 72 hours out of this LTE version of the Samsung Gear Sport.
The Apple Watch boasts cutting-edge smartwatch tech including mobile payments with Apple Pay, stand-alone GPS, full waterproofing up to 50 meters, and thousands of apps. The user interface is very simple and attractive. It's easy to use and it has advanced, easy-to-use fitness tracking features, thanks to a plethora of sensors and an excellent heart rate monitor.
For deeper integration with your Android phone, you can give Google's Wear OS platform a try with Fossil's $275 Q Control touchscreen smartwatch. It lacks GPS and support for NFC payments, which is why the Gear Sport is a better fitness-focused smartwatch for Android users, but Fossil's Google Assistant integration and stylish design make it a solid contender. However, smartwatches with Qualcomm's new Snapdragon Wear 3100 processor start shipping in October, so you may want to hold off until we put them to the test.


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Title: Squirm
Gifter: wetsammy
Giftee: blackbluerose
Pairing/Characters: Michael!Dean/Sam, Dean/Sam
Word count/Medium: 2,620
Rating: NC17
Warnings: noncon, possession, humiliation, blowjobs, post s14e09 The Spear
Summary: Michael decides that keeping Sam close will crush Dean even more.
A/N: Glad for the chance to pinch hit for you. One of your prompts mentioned MoC Dean/Demon Dean keeping Sam as a pet but after watching the mid-season finale, I couldn't resist putting a twist on that with Michael!Dean. Hope you like it!


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Libya: The Importance Of Women's Participation In Development
A workshop entitled "There is no development with the participation of women" was held in the city of Benghazi in Libya to promote women's empowerment.
A workshop entitled "There is no development with the participation of women" was held in the city of Benghazi in Libya to promote women's empowerment.
This women-only centre provides assistance so that local women in Jarablus, northern Syria, can be taught skills for future employment.
AWLA fellowships are designed to develop a cadre of scientists for leadership roles in agriculture. A total of 22 scientists from across the MENA region have just become the first AWLA fellows.
In northeastern Syria, young people aged 16-24 are learning new skills that they hope will allow them to establish their own businesses and improve their futures.
Arab League Secretary-General, Aboul Gheit, warned that ISIS and other extremist groups continue to target young people and radicalise them.
The U.S. investment company, the Guidry Group, welcomed the support that it received from both East and West Libyan governments for its billion dollar Susah port project.
The women's rights organisation, Taa Marbouta, held meetings in Raqqa to raise awareness of the roles women can take in the redevelopment and reconstruction in Syria while achieving emancipation and equality in the process.
Military and police forces have been conducting a major operation in northern and central Sinai since February 9 to purge the area from ISIS-affiliated militants.
During the National Conference for the Development of Health system, the Centre for Development of Health announced their plan to reform the health sector in Libya.
Iraq's Oil Minister Jabar al-Luaibi has ordered the state-run companies of the oil ministry to develop Mansuriyah gas field near the Iranian border. This comes after International Organisations failed to develop the field due to security concerns in Iraq.
On Wednesday 18th of July, Egypt and the United Nations signed a Declaration of Intent which gives Egypt support to rebuild Sinai. The UNDP representative present at the signing stressed the organisations support in developing Sinai.
Iraqi researcher: The irrigation systems in Iraq are outdated and damaged and need to be fixed for the country's agriculture industry to flourish. Many marshlands and cultivable lands have already been lost due to poor irrigation.
As the term of Japanese Ambassador to Iraq, Fumio Iwai, comes to an end, the ambassador that has won the hearts of millions of Iraqis discusses Japan and Iraq's continued diplomatic and economic relationship.
The spokesperson for the Iraqi Oil Ministry, Assem Jihad, said that Iraq will sign a contract with the Chinese company, Zhenhua Oil, in order to develop the southern section of the Eastern Baghdad oilfield.
Syria: Construction has begun in the Basateen el-Razi district in southwestern Damascus, under a government development plan. Experts warn though that construction efforts are not geared towards repair and recovery.
The Egyptian parliament has approved a draft law to reduce the costs of research and promote innovation. The bill, passed...


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Main content
Current time:0:00Total duration:11:35
Egg, sperm, and fertilization
Video transcript
- [Voiceover] Organisms that reproduce sexually have got to get their genes together somehow. To do this, they package their genetic material into specialized cells called sex cells. This is the sperm cell. It's the sex cell of the male. The sole purpose of the sperm, the entire reason for its existence, is to transfer the male's genetic material into the female sex cell or the egg. So the sperm cell is packed with features that allow it to fulfill its job. It's basically a little torpedo. You can see, just like a torpedo, it has a pointed head which allows it to travel in the forward direction. At the back end it has the tail, and the tail is just a flagellum, and as the flagellum spins it acts like a little propeller. And then it has a middle section. Now within that middle section, wrapped around the base of the flagellar tail, are all of these little organelles called mitochondria. You can see I'm drawing these mitochondria wrapped around the flagellar base here. And mitochondria are organelles that are responsible for giving energy to a cell. And the sperm cell has a whole bunch packed right into the base of the flagellum here. Probably 75 to 100, and they're quite large mitochondria. In fact, these mitochondria are often fused together to create big organelles. And the reason is because in order to propel the sperm torpedo towards the egg, it needs a lot of energy. And that all comes from these mitochondria. Now the payload of the torpedo is here in the head, and that's the genetic material, our DNA within the nucleus. I'll draw it kind of all coiled back here. And here's the nuclear envelope here. And just like any regular torpedo, the sperm torpedo has a warhead right in the front. And that warhead is a little collection of enzymes called the acrosome. And the acrosome is gonna be important later on for fertilization. But that's pretty much it. There's a tail at the back to provide propulsion, some mitochondria in the middle section to give energy to the tail, a head which contains the nuclear material, and the acrosome. This is a pretty bare bones cell. It's designed to move fast and to get to the egg. There are no bells and whistles here. Now that's in contrast to the egg cell. Now the first thing you'll notice is that the egg cell is round, unlike the torpedo shape of the sperm cell. This is not a cell that's made for active mobility. The second thing is that the egg cell is huge compared to the sperm cell. It's so big, in fact, that it's almost visible. In fact, sometimes it is visible to the human eye. Now compared to the sperm cell, which I'll draw in here, the egg cell is about 10,000 times more massive. And similar to the sperm cell, the egg cell has its share of genetic material ready to combine during fertilization. You can see it here within the nucleus. And so you may have noticed this thick outer coating on the egg cell here, that's a very important structure called the zona pellucida. And the zona pellucida is a thick layer of glycoproteins that sit on the outside of the egg. And glycoproteins are basically a protein, I'll draw a protein here in green, with a whole bunch of branching sugar chains that are coming off of them. And so what this looks like is basically a little tree or a long branching thing that's growing out of the edge of the egg cell. And there's a whole bunch of them, and they form this very thick kind of protective layer that the sperm has to get through. And the edge of the egg cell is the actual plasma membrane. And once the sperm can deliver its genetic material beyond that, fertilization has occurred. Now there's a whole bunch of other structures within the egg cytoplasm as well. And remember this thing is huge. And I'm gonna draw in a few here in green. Now what I'm drawing in are actually more mitochondria. Now remember the egg cell had 75 to 100 big mitochondria right at the base of the flagellum to provide energy to drive locomotion. Well, the egg cell has mitochondria too. It's got a lot of other different organelles as well. But the egg cell is so large, it's got somewhere between 100 and 200 thousand mitochondria present. So keep those mitochondria in mind, we'll talk about them a little bit later in the next section. So now that you've met the two major players here, the sperm and the egg, or the male and female sex cells respectively, we can talk about what happens when they meet. And that process is called fertilization. So we'll go ahead and label our egg down here. And we'll put a quick label on this as well. This is the zona pellucida that we talked about earlier. So we'll draw the sperm here coming in to meet the egg. We'll draw its tail. We'll draw its middle section here. And we'll draw its torpedo-like head here. Get rid of all this zona pellucida glycoprotein in the middle here. Now here are the mitochondria in the middle section here, and we have the genetic material payload of our sperm torpedo here in the back, and our acrosome here in the front. Now the first thing that happens during fertilization is that the sperm comes into contact with the zona pellucida. And the zona pellucida actually binds to the outside of the sperm, and that's called sperm binding. And it's step number one. Now what happens when the sperm gets bound to the zona pellucida is that that sets up a reaction called the acrosomal reaction. So step number two is called the acrosome reaction. And that little warhead tip of the sperm torpedo gets released, and so we have all of the acrosomal enzymes that were sitting in the head that just kind of leak out into that zona pellucida. And as those enzymes leak out, they actually start to digest away the zona pellucida. Here you can see I'm kind of eating away here at those glycoprotein, and that allows the sperm head to dive in deeper towards our plasma membrane. Now as the sperm gets closer to the plasma membrane of the egg, and it comes in contact right here, it starts up a process of binding. The two touch and they come together. And as they start together, it causes another reaction, and that third reaction is called cortical reaction. And what I haven't drawn here is another structure in the egg, and those structures are right underneath the plasma membrane, and they just sit there waiting. And they wait and their entire job is to wait for a sperm to bind. And as soon as a single sperm binds, they get ejected out into that zone pellucida as well. Just like the acrosomal enzymes, these enzymes that are contained within the cortical granules also start eating away at the zona pellucida. These enzymes eat away, and they dissolve and chew up these glycoproteins, but specifically they chew up the glycoprotein that allows sperm to bind. So at this point we have a single sperm that's bound, set off the cortical reaction, and these cortical granules are released that chew up all the other places that more sperm can bind. So as our other sperm torpedoes are coming in, they're just bouncing off. They hit the glycoproteins, but the one that they need to bind to isn't there because it's all been chewed up and degraded by these cortical granules. So that's actually called a block to polyspermy. Now that's a very important concept. Polyspermy is a term that just means multiple sperm. And what we don't want is for more than one sperm to inject its nuclear material, its DNA into this egg. What you'd end up with is an egg with a single contribution from mom and then one or two or three or 100 contributions or genetic material from dad. And that would never work, you'd end up with all sorts of problems as the egg started to divide. Occasionally, that does happen, and it can result in a zygote that fails. But for the most part, as these cortical granules dissolve away all the sperm binding glycoproteins of the zona pellucida, other sperm just can't get in and they bounce off as they arrive. So now we have a sperm that's made its way all the way to the plasma membrane of our egg cell. It's started to bind to the plasma membrane, the acrosome is gone, I'll erase that here. It's done its job. The cortical granules have been released, and they're preventing other sperm from getting in. And we start to actually fuse our plasma membranes of our sperm cell and our egg cell. And that allows for this entire structure to come in. All of the genetic material here within the, all of the genetic material within the nucleus of the sperm cell can start to come out and get released here into the egg. And once we have fusion of genetic material, that is fertilization. So just to recap, we'll go back to look at our close-up of our sperm. We can see that it's a very mobile structure evolved basically to get genetic material from the male to the female egg cell. It's got a tail that propulses it, it's got mitochondria that feed it energy, it's got a head with a payload of nuclear material and an acrosome warhead on the tip. The egg cell is a giant cell by comparison. It's got a specialized layer of glycoproteins on the outside that have a bunch of specialized features and then a bunch of cytoplasm, including mitochondria. And then the process of egg meeting sperm itself is called fertilization. Sperm binds to the zona pellucida, the glycoproteins, you have an acrosomal reaction, and then a cortical reaction prevents more than one sperm getting in. And then material, the genetic material of the sperm is transferred. Now you'll notice here that I drew the genetic material from the nucleus coming in. Now some of you may be wondering, "Well don't mitochondria have genetic material as well?" Well, that's true. Mitochondria do have mitochondrial DNA. And potentially, some of these mitochondria can get sucked in during that genetic transfer process as well. But remember, our egg cell had 100 to 200 thousand mitochondrial copies, and our sperm cell only had 75 to 100. Now there's a little bit of debate, but in the end the male contributes essentially no mitochondria to the zygote that's formed after the egg and sperm fuse. Now, it could be that some of those mitochondria actually do make their way in and then are degraded. We're not really sure. But given just the numbers, statistically with one to two hundred thousand versus only 75 to 100, nearly all of the genetic material from the mitochondria is gonna be from the mother anyway.


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Set of 2: Poppy Red Double Strand Anklet
Wear this stylish double strand anklet to dress up any simple outfit. This one is crafted out of gold-polished, dholki-shaped beads on a red thread and comes with a drawstring lock design.
Dimension: L: 5.5 inch,
Weight: 49 gm
Color: Red
Material: German Silver and thread
Closure: Knotting
Finish: Gold polish
Inspiration: Wax Bead collection


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12-13 information memorandum sample
information memorandum sample
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Under 6's 60m sprint Judd Wyartte Pene Epping LAC Metro LAC MPSM LAC
These four kids started their 1st ever relays in under 7s as a team for whittlesea city little athletics and 4 years later and these 4 little "Heroes" were reun
A kid's love of running sparks a fever for racing on the playground. Subscribe!: http://www.youtube.com/user/RecessStories more info: http://www.RecessStories.c
#Athletics #sprint #trackandfield
Fast 5 and 6 year old running good Indoor times at the Maryland National track meet. 5 year old runs 1:25:52 #SPORTZCLIPZ #TRACKandFIELD #BESTCLIPZ #TRACKAMP
Start list: APJ PEDIGE YODHA Sri Lanka Richard WHITEHEAD Great Britain Regas SR WOODS United States of America Ntando MAHLANGU South Africa Leon SCHAEFER
Zeus and Swish surprise some kids at the soon-to-be open LegoLand in Philadelphia. ▶ SUBSCRIBE for Globetrotter Action all year round: http://bit.ly/hrlmglo
Gold: Zheng Tao (China) Silver: Jia Hongguang (China) Bronze: Sebastian Iwanov (Germany) Start list: Iaroslav Semenenko (Ukraine) Matthew Haanappel (Australia)
Byron finishes 4th! (2.24.87)
Part 2 :Faster than Light: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F-jwrpXPBp0 Part 3: Slower than Snail: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rIvRzvIE9Xc Race: Bugatti Ve
These are two of the TOP 6U track phenoms in the nation competing in the 100m race. After a bad start from the LANE 1 that caused TORO to move into lane 3 he wa
100 m final mujeres campeonato del mundo de atletismo 2015 Pekin
Kids Running Marathon Competition Learn to Exercise Children Song
Primoz Kosmus shows herculean strength to throw his way to gold in the men's hammer at the Beijing 2008 Summer Olympic Games. http://www.olympic.org/athletics-
The first grade lady falcons take to the track for the first time and pull out a narrow victory in a well run race.
Gold: Leo Pekka TAHTI, Finland Silver: Yang LIU, China Bronze: Kenny van WEEGHEL, Netherlands Start list: Curtis THOM, Canada Tomoki IKOMA, Japan Yang LIU, Chi
The greatest footballer in recent time VS the fastest man alive. which one do you prefer? #TeamCR7 or #TeamBolt? Enjoy! A huge thanks to LucixM3ncull0 for the c
Zodiacs Track Foundation Inc. competed in the NYRR Athletic Club 4X200m Relay at the 105th Millrose Games


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Home is where the heart is. This sentiment is such a good reminder to enjoy the space around us with the colors and textures we love, the crafts that inspire us to get our hands busy whether it's quilting baby blankets for loves ones, hangings plants to keep our space alive, or gluing things together just for the fun of it with our children and grand-children.
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Automated sanitary napkin dispenser installed at railway station in Pune
"Everyday, thousands of women visit Pune railway station to catch trains. There are also hundreds of women staffers working with various departments and agencies at the station." said Milind Deouskar.
PUNE: The Pune railway division authority has installed an automatic sanitary napkin dispenser at the ladies waiting room at platform number one of Pune railway junction. The machine will deliver a napkin after inserting Rs 5 coin, at any time of the day.
The idea of installing the machine was given by Divisional Railway Manager Milind Deouskar. The machine was inaugurated by Seema Deouskar, President, Women's Social Service Committee (WSSC), Pune division, on Saturday.
Hemant Sonawane, Senior Divisional Mechanical Engineer and Krishnath Patil, Senior Divisional Commercial Manager, were also present. Apart from the dispenser, an incinerator, which will destroy the soiled napkins in an eco-friendly way, has also been installed.
The dispenser was installed free of charge by a city-based manufacturer of sanitary napkin vending machines.
"Everyday, thousands of women visit Pune railway station to catch trains. There are also hundreds of women staffers working with various departments and agencies at the station. The installation of the dispenser, which is providing sanitary napkins at an economical rate, will also increase the awareness about its usage and health benefits among those belonging to weaker sections," said Milind Deouskar.
"If we get a good response and if this experiment succeeds, we will consider installing them at stations like Kolhapur, Miraj and those in Pune suburbs, such as Shivajinagar, Akurdi, Chinchwad, Talegaon, Pimpri and Dehu Road," said Deouskar.
The facility has been provided by Sumeet Facilities Management Services under its Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) activity. The firm will also look after maintenance and refilling of the machine.
Railway stations in Bhopal and Agra already have installed such dispensers and incinerators. Earlier this week, Union Railway Minister Piyush Goyal had announced plans to install sanitary napkin dispensing machines at all stations and make sure that the pads are made available at affordable prices, to ease travel woes of women passengers.


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Ow close were the events at Thermopylae Pass as depicted in the movie 300 to what actually happened?
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Update your knowledge of contemporary occupational lung disease at our one day conference. Hear from experts in their field, covering themes relevant to current occupational health practice, addressing diverse topics such as "new" occupational respiratory diseases, threats to respiratory health in the workplace and controversies in current management of the lungs at work.
A range of speakers will present. As well as external speakers, the day will also include talks from the Faculty: Professor Paul Cullinan, Dr Sara De Matteis, Dr Johanna Feary, Dr Carl Reynolds and Dr Joanna Szram – covering a wide range of topics.


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While wandering through the Natural History Museum in London, producers/mixers Jon Sutton and Barry Jamieson were immediately fascinated by a Darwin exhibit. It was 1987 and the dance scene was exploding all over the country. For two childhood friends from Manchester, music was calling. Sutton and Jamieson saw the new wave as a spiritual happening, therefore the formed Evolution. They spent the next two years sequencing keyboard rhythms and structuring an ambient sound; in 1989, Evolution founded their own label, Positive Vinyl. They were the fortunate ones to release the debut single from Sasha, "Came Out of Nowhere" and it pushed them to the forefront of the European dance movement.
The nineties were successful and momentous for Evolution. They had a brief deal with Deconstruction and received airtime on MTV Europe. The Everybody Dance EP appeared in 1993.
Look Up to the Light was issued two years later. Corporate ethics annoyed the pair, so in 1996, Evolution established Fluid Recordings. It would become one of the decade's biggest promoters of dance music, not to mention a stable label home.
Sutton and Jamieson oversaw the direction of artists like Jimmy Van M., Christian West, Ritmo, Mana and Andy Ling while also making room for themselves as world class DJs.
Their remixes for John Digweed, Boy George, BT, Mark Bell and Lost Tribe catapulted Evolution's star power into the mainstream. Their live club shows were fabulous, very animated and energetic. It wasn't until the new millennium that Evolution got serious about releasing their own music again. In 2000, Sutton and Jamieson set the foundation for their experimental, infectious dance collection. Two years later, Evolution emerged with Unnatural Selection on Nettwerk. Aside from the Evolution tag, Sutton and Jamieson also record under the monikers Bluefish, Escape, JB and Arrakis. ~ MacKenzie Wilson
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Angular helped us build ossum to provide the easiest and most motivating user experience combined with all the powerful features Agile teams and developers need.
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There are so many good tools out there today to help us build our projects. However, getting all those tools to work together can be a bit of a pain. Using ossum has made my life so much easier!
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You may have heard of L-Tyrosine that was first discovered in 1846. The word has its roots in the Greek word for cheese- 'tyros'. At some point, you may have come across its numerous other names such as Tirosina, Acetyl-L-Tyrosine, 2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl) Propionic Acid, N-Acetyl-L-Tyrosine, N-Acetyl-L-Tyrosine. But most of us do not know what it actually is other than the fact that it is some form of a chemical compound. So let us see what L-Tyrosine is all about and why we should all know about it.
L-Tyrosine is, of course, a chemical compound, with the chemical formula C9H11NO3 and IUPAC ID- Tyrosine. It is one of the twenty-two amino acids produced by our body. This nonessential amino acid, on the other, hand is produced by another amino acid known as phenylalanine. For a protein to be formed in our body, L-Tyrosine is extremely essential as it serves as the key ingredient. It is also used in the production of noradrenaline and dopamine in the body. It is also a form of fat burner and nootropic. Whenever we are under stress, lacking sleep or simply sick, our body is not able to properly make some amino acids including L-Tyrosine.
Also L-Tyrosine is stimulatory in nature and may as well interact, theoretically, that is, with other stimulatory supplements and pharmaceuticals.
L-Tyrosine can also be found in many food products like wheat, oats, nuts, bananas, cheese, lima beans, chicken and dairy products like eggs, meat and fish.
Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a disorder that is genetically inherited. The bodies of people who suffer from this order are unable to process phenylalanine as a result of which their bodies cannot synthesize L-Tyrosine. Thus, these people have to take L-Tyrosine as a protein supplement so that the body does not suffer from the lack of this amino acid.
However, the utility of this protein builder does not end here. The following are a list of ailments and disorders for which L-Tyrosine is being tried as a possible cure:
However, this is how it fares so far when taken for the given problems:
It may negatively interact with some other stimulants, drugs or supplements which are stimulatory in nature as well, especially so with drugs which affect the production of norepinephrine and dopamine.
It is also known to increase the blood pressure of people taking Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs) which are antidepressants.
There are no studies which focus on the affects of L-Tyrosine on the health of mother and baby during pregnancy and breast-feeding. Thus, it is better not to take its doses to be on the safe side of the equation.
For more information about tyrosine or before taking the decision of having Tyrosine supplements it is always better to consult a physician who will be able to be a better guide and would have a better understanding of individual problems.


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Since 2017 I have dedicated my career in art to my public art and writing project I Am More.
I Am More began as a local portrait series to start a conversation in public spaces about all the ways we are more than our mental challenges. The pastel and colored pencil portraits of Cape Ann residents, along with an essay written by each subject, have been viewed in public spaces including Gloucester City Hall, Addison Gilbert Hospital, The Open Door Food Pantry, Action Inc, Lahey Health Behavioral Services Danvers Treatment Center, Gloucester Stage Company and more.
The new portrait series, I Am More: Massachusetts will include 20 new portraits of individuals from around the state, and will be displayed in the North Shore, Boston, Worcester, Lawrence and Amherst. The portrait subjects of all ages have written essays about how they are more than their mental illness, physical disability, health diagnosis or life situation.
Each exhibit will include opportunities for local organizations including non-profits, schools and local government to provide resources and engage the individuals they serve by using the portraits as a way to start a conversation about subjects that are so often taboo like mental illness and addiction.
The Opening Exhibit of I Am More: Massachusetts is Saturday October 19 from 4-6 pm at Worcester PopUp.


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Thrive Themes – Find Out More concerning This Conversion-Focused Solution for WordPress Landing Page for Christmas
When it pertains to on-line organisations, people without technological abilities in creating a web site would certainly resort to making use of web page or site builder software or remedies. There are plenty of services found online and also among which is Thrive Themes. Some may think that this isn't the typical web page home builder like ClickFunnels and LeadPages just among others. However, as I attempt this service, I can claim that it has its very own collection of advantages and disadvantages and also can actually supply its cases. Landing Page for Christmas
What Can Thrive Themes Offer? Landing Page for Christmas
The software program develops plugins as well as motifs that are conversion-focused for WordPress. Its aim is to offer a total toolbox that consists of everything required to develop an organisation' on-line presence. From developing a website to beginning the conversion of site visitors to consumers as well as subscribers, the device can do these points for you.
You can buy the plugins and also styles separately, yet you can access every one of these by simply signing up with Thrive Membership. I would certainly like to help you get to know more about what the tool has to provide and also allow's begin with what it has to provide.
Presently, there are 8 plugins that you can use completely to get the most effective out of the software application. Check out how every plugin can be utilized in your WordPress site.
- Thrive Leads
This plugin is indicated to develop as well as create any kind of opt-in type that you like, run split examinations, and also other things in developing your service' newsletter.
- Thrive Architect
You can develop different drag as well as decrease formats with include buttons as well as sophisticated aspects in producing contents. It also allows you to incorporate various other aspects in the aesthetic editor. In addition, you can also take advantage of greater than 150 design templates for touchdown page that can be used up for sale web page, opt-in pages, webinar registration pages and a great deal much more.
- Thrive Headline Optimizer
This allows you to test various headlines as well as select one that is executing the most effective.
- Thrive Clever Widgets
You get to pick the different components that will certainly be shown on your widget locations based on pages, tags, messages, classifications and various other targeting guidelines.
- Thrive Ovation
This allows you present as well as accumulate testimonies originating from the sales page, landing web pages, along with other pages.
- Thrive Ultimatum
You can run complicated campaigns and also countdown timers for campaigns.
- Thrive Comments
This plugin concentrates on remarks that are conversion-focused and is made for increasing the involvement degree on the site.
- Thrive Quiz Builder
Make your site more enjoyable by running viral styled tests to obtain even more social traffic as well as at some point make your email checklist grow.
These plugins all work in providing you the benefit of making the entire internet site job conveniently for you as well as your clients.
The themes in Thrive Themes use clearness, rate, as well as readability. Though the style or aesthetic allure of the themes isn't actually impressive, I think the creators focused way too much on the conversion components. You can choose from motifs produced blogging and also there are additionally those indicated for marketing services and products. Some themes are wonderful for companies while others appropriate for people.
Some of the basic attributes in their motifs are:
- Landing Page Templates Landing Page for Christmas
This page gets rid of sidebars, web links for header navigation, footer widgets, along with whatever else that might distract the visitors.
- Focus Areas
These stress deals that are closely appropriate to site visitors for you to produce even more clicks and also potentially extra sales.
- Easy Page Generator
You can make example sales pages, legal web pages, opt-in pages, and a whole lot extra with a couple of clicks.
- Integrated Plugins
Such plugins include related blog posts, switches for social sharing, font manager, maximized photo galleries, as well as much more.
These standards allow you to make best use of the interface of your site as well as make it less complicated to take care of on your component.
Set up and manage settings for your account with the central control panel inside your WordPress site. The dashboard includes:
- Thrive Features
General setups that are applicable to all items under the software are consisted of in these features. These consist of:
- Custom fonts
- API connections
- General setups
- Retina icons
- Alert manager
Every one of these contribute to the convenience of handling the entire website to your liking.
- Set up Products
You can fill the top half of your control panel with even more products from Thrive Themes that you can set up. Every item you set up comes with a drop-down menu that redirects you to the member's area to obtain more assistance from the Knowledge Base as well as Support Forum.
Get all the accessibility you require to run your web site with ease as you register and sign up with the subscription.
Is Thrive Themes worth Choosing over Popular Choices like ClickFunnels? Landing Page for Christmas
For some, they might ask, why would you still pick an additional device if ClickFunnels is already functioning well for your organisation? Well, I 'd such as to understand all the possible alternatives that could aid my organisation grow online and also offer you even more details on making use of a fascinating tool like Thrive Themes.
So, between Thrive Themes and ClickFunnels, the last makes a better choice for those that have a tendency to using webinars that needs the site visitor to acquire afterwards as well as track it. There's a link that a site visitor can click as well as details concerning the deal will be tracked inside the sales channel. With Thrive, it helps those running webinars absolutely free and are providing target market education, brand understanding, and also web content advertising. It is also produced those with a solitary product sale or offer.
With ClickFunnels, you get all the take advantage of its automated webinar channel while Thrive gives a link that'll reroute users to one more URL. ClickFunnels provides the capacity to collect repayment inside the funnel and also lets you gain access to extra thorough conversion tracking. However, Thrive will redirect the individual to a 3rd event system for the payment process to happen.
My Final Verdict
Grow has its own benefits and also is finest for those that aren't actually focused on an extra complicated site to take care of. Whether it is for a blog site of growing an e-mail checklist, this choice is a wonderful alternative than ClickFunnels.
Nonetheless, for those looking forward to obtaining the very best out of a top-down sales funnel system, ClickFunnels is the very best tool for you. It offers you the ease of handling all the feasible funnels you can develop and also despite exactly how complicated the funnels end up being, the software program still makes it easier to handle.
Unlike Thrive Themes, you will no more need to count on 3rd celebration applications or software application options as whatever is managed by ClickFunnels. Nonetheless, if you already have 3rd party programs set up and seem like using it to your benefit. You can be a component of Thrive's subscription to obtain the most out of your organisation' website with these programs.