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Authors: Sjaak Uitterdijk
By presenting the relevant, in relation to the climate problem, measured variables as exponential functions, truthfully representing the real values, surprising informative mutual relations show up. One of these relations led to the successful investigation of the possibility that the global temperature raise can not be caused by indirect heating, prescribed by the Green House model, but is caused by direct heating, prescribed by the here named Living Room model. It is of fundamental importance to realize that sun, wind and earth energy that is transformed to energy, intended to be consumed by mankind, also directly heats the atmosphere. The final outcome therefore is that aiming for reduced CO2 emissions will not result in any improvement of the climate. Only a drastically reduction of the consumed energy, of whichever kind, will help.
Comments: 33 Pages.
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Price Beat Guarantee*
Find a lower comparable hotel price online and we'll beat it by 10%. Find out more.
*Conditions Apply
Property Details
Property Location
With a stay at Hôtel Du Village Catalan in Banyuls-dels-Aspres, you'll be within a 15-minute drive of Palace of the Kings of Majorca and Vallespir. This hotel is 10.1 mi (16.3 km) from St. Jacques Church and 10.2 mi (16.4 km) from Le Castillet.Rooms
Make yourself at home in one of the 77 air-conditioned rooms featuring flat-screen televisions. Complimentary wireless Internet access keeps you connected, and cable programming is available for your entertainment. Private bathrooms with bathtubs or showers feature complimentary toiletries and hair dryers. Conveniences include phones and desks, and housekeeping is provided daily.Amenities
Take advantage of recreation opportunities such as an outdoor pool or take in the view from a terrace and a garden.Dining
Quench your thirst with your favorite drink at the bar/lounge. Buffet breakfasts are available daily from 7 AM to 10:30 AM for a fee.Business, Other Amenities
Free self parking is available onsite.Attractions
Distances are displayed to the nearest 0.1 mile and kilometer.
Vallespir - 5.5 km / 3.4 mi
Maternite Suisse - 13.1 km / 8.1 mi
La Vallee Des Tortues - 14.1 km / 8.8 mi
Elne Cathedral - 14.4 km / 9 mi
University of Perpignan - 14.6 km / 9.1 mi
Pont du Diable - 15 km / 9.3 mi
Palace of the Kings of Majorca - 15.1 km / 9.4 mi
Le Tropique du Papillon - 15.2 km / 9.5 mi
Caves Byrrh - 15.7 km / 9.8 mi
Republic Square - 15.9 km / 9.9 mi
Hyacinthe Rigaud Museum - 16 km / 10 mi
Palais de la Deputation - 16.1 km / 10 mi
Loge de Mer - 16.1 km / 10 mi
Theatre de l'Archipel - 16.2 km / 10.1 mi
Place de la Loge - 16.3 km / 10.1 mi
The nearest major airport is Perpignan (PGF-Perpignan - Rivesaltes Intl.) - 22.5 km / 14 mi
Property Policies
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on property policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card, debit card, or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
- Please note that cultural norms and guest policies may differ by country and by property. The policies listed are provided by the property.
If you are planning to arrive after 11 PM please contact the property in advance using the information on the booking confirmation.
Important Information
Please note, there is important information about this property to know before you arrive.
- Guests can arrange to bring pets by contacting the property directly, using the contact information on the booking confirmation (surcharges apply and can be found in the Fees section).
You'll be asked to pay the following charges at the property:
- A tax is imposed by the city: EUR 0.55 per person, per night. This tax does not apply to children under 18 years of age.
We have included all charges provided to us by the property. However, charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the room you book.
The following fees and deposits are charged by the property at time of service, check-in, or check-out.
- Fee for buffet breakfast: EUR 11.50 per person (approximately)
- Valet parking fee: EUR 23.00 per night
- Pet fee: EUR 13 per pet, per night
- Rollaway bed fee: EUR 15.0 per night
The above list may not be comprehensive. Fees and deposits may not include tax and are subject to change.
- -Free self parking
- -In-room accessibility
- -Roll-in shower
- -Free WiFi
- -24-hour front desk
- -Breakfast available (surcharge)
- -Outdoor pool
- -Bar/lounge
- -One meeting room
- -Terrace
- -Designated smoking areas
- -Garden
- -Valet parking (surcharge)
- -Wheelchair accessible parking

subset: commoncrawl


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BALTIMORE, Md.—M&T Realty Capital Corporation announced today that it has purchased certain assets of Carey, Kramer, Pettit, Panichelli & Associates, Inc. in Philadelphia and hired the staff to join the team of M&T Realty Capital Corporation.
Effective January 4, 2017, certain assets of Carey, Kramer, Pettit, Panichelli & Associates, Inc. were purchased by M&T Realty Capital Corporation, a wholly-owned subsidiary of M&T Bank. The business activities of Carey, Kramer, Pettit, Panichelli & Associates, Inc. will operate as a division of M&T Realty Capital Corporation as CKPP.
The commercial mortgage placement and servicing business of CKPP adds approximately $2.7 billion in loans to M&T Realty Capital Corporation's servicing portfolio, as well as significant annual life insurance company origination volumes.
"We are extremely pleased to announce this transaction. CKPP's life insurance origination platform and servicing philosophy will mesh well with M&T Realty Capital Corporation's full-service commercial mortgage banking model," said Tari Flannery, President of M&T Realty Capital Corporation.
"Joining M&T Realty Capital Corporation offers our existing lender relationships expanded market opportunities, and also broadens the options for our current customer base," said Donald K. Pettit, President of Carey, Kramer, Pettit, Panichelli & Associates, Inc. "We are excited about future growth potential for CKPP as we become a division of M&T Realty Capital Corporation."
About M&T Realty Capital Corporation
M&T Realty Capital Corporation (www.mandtrcc.com) is a full-service mortgage banking company that specializes in providing competitive financing nationwide for commercial real estate. As a wholly-owned subsidiary of M&T Bank, we have direct access to commercial/multifamily mortgage capital markets, and are a fully accredited Fannie Mae DUS® Multifamily and Seniors Housing lender, a Freddie Mac Multifamily Approved Seller/Servicer for Conventional Loans, and an approved FHA/HUD MAP and LEAN lender. In 2016, we originated more than $3.3 billion in loans, and currently service a portfolio in excess of $13.3 billion.
About M&T Bank
M&T is a financial holding company headquartered in Buffalo, New York. M&T's principal banking subsidiary, M&T Bank, operates banking offices in New York, Maryland, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Connecticut, Virginia, West Virginia and the District of Columbia. Trust-related services are provided by M&T's Wilmington Trust-affiliated companies and by M&T Bank.
© 2016 M&T Bank, Member FDIC. Equal Housing Lender. "DUS®" is a registered trademark of Fannie Mae. All loans and all terms referenced herein are subject to receipt of a complete application, credit approval, and other conditions.


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MEXICO – Mexico High School's Students Against Destructive Decisions (SADD) club celebrated National Red Ribbon Week by offering prevention advice on a variety of topics to their peers.
Red Ribbon Week Celebrated At Mexico High School
Throughout the week, SADD club members focused on awareness of distracted driving, drugs, bullying, alcohol and suicide.
Each week day, club members were in the high school's main foyer asking classmates and staff members to take a pledge connecting to the theme of the day.
For making the pledge, small goodies were given away and paper red ribbons with student and staff names on them were hung around the foyer.
Club members also had a little fun with students and staff as they asked them trivia questions on the prevention topics.
Club advisor Allison LaVerne said they are real issues students struggle with daily and the Mexico Academy and Central School District community stands ready to help any student work through those issues.


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The Lego Ninjago Movie Video Game – Xbox One Review
Why does the chicken cross the road? To get into another Lego game. It's Lego Ninjago
Here at Absolute Xbox there are plenty of reviewers who love everything about Lego, Krusty loves building Lego, Chadji loves watching Lego (movies), and well myself i love playing Lego. So when i had the opportunity to play the Lego Ninjago Movie game, that put me with the bragging rights to all things Lego, well f or now anyway. Although i am very, very jealous of Krusty's Lego Death Star!!
To tell you the truth i have never heard of the "Ninjago" series until playing this amazing little game and now my fists hungers for more. I wish to bring peace and prosperity to all. I didn't always feel this way about this game, at the very first load up screen, the title screen flickered and it looked like it was going to be a retro game out of the 90's but in the very first chapter i got to battle a Ninja Chicken, and fly a massive dragon that shoots missiles. Credit where credit is due, the developers Travellers Tales ( who have pretty much made every Lego Game in existence, and Crash Bandicoot) and the publishers Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment have once again pulled another great Lego game out the bag. They have very strategically set the release date to coincide with the actual Lego Ninjago, the game is due to be released on 6th October 2017.
So you may be asking why the strange title? Well have you ever noticed that in every Lego game there is a chicken, every single one. I have no idea why its just one of those things i have noticed, i tried googling why but to no prevail. Personally i just think it's there to cheer everyone up. But in this particular Lego game the chicken Is more prominent then ever, in fact (and this part i love) he is the first boss! But it aint no ordinary chicken he is a dojo master, an expert in art of Ninja and to be fair very surprisingly lethal.
A lot of you will be thinking, oh its the same old Lego game using the same old tricks, smash things, earn studs, collect bricks (maybe a quick look on YouTube to find those really hidden away bricks), defeat an over the top boss, game over. Rinse and repeat for 100% completion. I am not going to sit here and lie to you most of the above is true, the objectives are pretty much the same throughout any Lego game, but Lego Ninjago goes about it in a completely different way. Yes the main objective is to collect studs and bricks, and normally you possess both at the same time. For example in Lego Star Wars you had to collect so many studs per level to earn a gold brick, well in Ninjago that is not the case there is now an accumulative score and every time you reach a certain amount it gives you something. There are certain things you need to buy to progress so be prepared to see that score move up and down a lot.
Just like the chicken dojo master, there are several more dojos in free play where you have to test your skills to battle various enemies but the objective isn't to just beat them you have to collect studs as well, the more you get the better as there is a medal system in place. Earn gold and you get more playable characters, which i think is a really fun way of doing things. Also in free play mode you will see little stations across the maps that you can interact with and when you do it brings a whole new aspect to the Lego World. It is a four player battle mode, which is really exciting. In the battle arena there are three separate modes there is Samurai Showdown (basically capture the flag, more flags you get, more points u get), Mystic Bounty (pretty much the same but with ancient artefacts) and finally Ultimate Ultimate Weapon the longer you have it the more points you get. There are 3 arenas in which to battle however it is only against computer not online but still very fun and new!
After every mission you get ninjanuity rewards and you get to select bonuses to help you on your mission personally i went straight for the extra studs and for enemies to drop more studs which really helped in the dojo battles but you can pick from extra health and longer stun phases as well as extra damage to help along the way. There are 21 of these overall. Also to help on your quest instead of the usual red bricks you get to collect ancient scrolls which unlock secret powers!!! Just kidding these do pretty much the same as a red brick would do in any Lego game.
With all this fun to be had i haven't even got to story mode yet. The main plot is to beat an evil Lego villain called Garmadon who tries constantly to take over your little city and you and your fellow Ninjas have to try and stop him. (Spoiler alert one of them is his son). The second time you defeat him is my favourite one as you use the so called "ultimate weapon" to defeat him and it turns out to be a laser pen for a giant cat…. AMAZING!!!
With over 110 playable characters all with different and exciting combinations to master, plot twists and amazing one liners this little beauty will definitely keep you occupied for hours upon end, don't forget to smash and grab everything u can and just like every Lego game see a massive boost in your gamer score and have fun doing it.
Publisher: Travellers Tales
Developer: Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment
Price: £49.99
Game release 6th October 2017
Code supplied by ThinkJam


text:
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
|Appears in Collections:
|Literature and Languages Journal Articles
|Peer Review Status:
|New trends of Chinese political translation in the age of globalisation
|Li, Jingjing
Li, Saihong
|Contact Email:
|political translation
translation shifts
Chinese political discourse
target-oriented features
|Issue Date:
|Li J & Li S (2015) New trends of Chinese political translation in the age of globalisation, Perspectives: Studies in Translatology, 23 (3), pp. 424-439.
|This study takes issue with the prescriptive principles of faithfulness and equivalence prevailing in the circle of political translation in China. It argues that the predominant source-oriented view of translation impairs a profound understanding of the intricacies of political translation as an evolving and adaptive practice in the era of globalisation. Selecting English translations of political speeches delivered by Chinese State leaders, we haveidentified sometarget-oriented features.On the basis of a descriptive presentation of these texts, we study the 'translation shifts'(defined as marked semantic deviation) evidentin these translated texts; and examine changes in translation strategies over recent decades. The corpus consists of fifteen political speeches, and their English translations, delivered bythe Chinese leadershipin three successive periods (1970s-2010s). Through an extensive analysis of the 'translation shifts' between the source and target texts, four types of functions are identified. Each of these plays a role in communicating with the target communities, and can thus be ascribed to the target rather than to the source. Our statistical analysis of the data confirms that,as China isplaying an ever greater part in global affairs, so, toaccommodate the target audience, an increasing number of'translation shifts' are evident in the English translations.
|DOI Link:
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Well, that's it from me today. We'll be back on Monday with news, sport, weather and travel from across the county as it happens.
For now though, I'll leave you with five things we've learned on our journey through the day:
- An initiative to help the homeless, The Warm Rail, has been burnt down in Lincoln
- Three men have broken into a house in Wragby and stolen several firearms and cash
- Dog owners in Lincolnshire are being warned to keep an eye on their animals while walking on the beach
- It's the last day to have your say on the overnight streetlights switch-off in Lincolnshire
- And a care home in Lincoln gets weekly visits from young children
Have a good evening.


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The start of the Prep year can not only be daunting for children, but for their parents too. For parents, there are healthy lunchboxes to plan, car park drop-offs to coordinate, uniforms to organise and stationery orders to process. Many parents may worry: will their child make friends? Will they grasp the knack of reading? And even, will they stay awake for the entire school day? Teachers at Matthew Flinders Anglican College are encouraging parents to enjoy the start of the Prep year so their children can too.
Prep teachers at Matthew Flinders find that it is natural for some parents to be more nervous than their child as the first day of school approaches.
"Many parents are unaware that they carry unvoiced fears about their child's Prep year," Prep teacher Alison Wilson explains. "And what's more, parents may unwittingly project those fears onto their children. For example, if a parent is worried their child won't feel confident to make new friends in Prep, then that parent may not realise they are communicating their unsettled feelings to their child whenever Prep is mentioned. To combat this worry, we encourage parents to commit to feeling confident, calm and happy about the start of school. By doing so, they exude positive vibes when their children look to them for guidance."
Alison says at Flinders – where there are three Prep classes, each with a teacher and teacher-aide – parents are reminded that the Prep teachers 'have got this'.
"We want parents to feel completely confident in our ability to handle their child's big feelings," Alison says. "It's our job as teachers to make our new Preppies feel comfortable and to show them how to make new friends. We have a whole bag of tricks
to help create a sense of family and unity from day one. Prep is so much fun! Parents can trust that we will support their child
to manage all of their emotions, from exhilaration to excitement, and even a little nervousness. By morning tea on the first day, it is smiles galore and we love to see each of our students embracing the adventure of learning.
The primary focus of Term One in Prep at Flinders is building relationships, establishing values of kindness and respect, and developing core early literacy and numeracy skills. This conscientious approach ensures that each child is known and appreciated as a whole person who is very important to the Flinders family.
"We love Term One because it's a happy and warm time that we spend getting to know one another," Alison says. "We spend a large part of each day talking, singing, making, drawing and laughing about the things we love – our families, our pets, our bikes and scooters, our grandparents and cousins, our favourite books and songs, our trips to the beach and our holidays camping. We teach children about valuing difference and accepting people as they are. It's beautiful to see the strong class bonds that form as they get to know each other better each day."
Flinders Prep teacher Maree Ram observes that some parents' concerns stem from preconceived notions of what skills their child may need before commencing Prep. For example, many parents believe their child should be able to read before the first day of Prep.
"Parents can rest assured that their child does not need to be able to read before they start Prep; that's what school is for," Maree says. "However, the important skills children do require are practical things like managing their own shoes on and off. Also, can your child confidently use the toilet themselves? Can they open their own lunch box and eat enough food to feel full? These are the things parents can help their children master before they start school."
Another concern for parents is their child's exhaustion levels. Five days of schooling in a row each week is a big step-up for many children. Flinders has a transition phase where Prep students finish school early for the first three weeks of school so they may depart school calmly without the usual hustle and bustle of the end-of-school day.
Maree says, "We encourage parents to forget about after-school activities during the Prep year. The children are stimulated enough from their long days and simply need play time at home to recharge for the next day. We have so many activities here at school, from sport to music, art class and tending to veggie gardens, so our Preppies' co-curricular activities are well and truly explored as a natural part of the school day."
Flinders Prep teacher Andrew Garrett works alongside Alison and Maree, and says parents should enjoy the pick-ups and drop-offs of each school day.
"We want parents to remember that the act of dropping their child to their Prep door each morning and picking them up at the same spot each afternoon is a simple but important ritual that helps their child feel loved and safe," Andrew said. "However, it's also important to give children their independence. Parents should let their child carry their own bags, pack their own lunch boxes, and unpack their bags at the end of the day. All these activities that enable children to feel capable and organised are big confidence boosters."
Most of all, Flinders Prep teachers encourage new families to enjoy the Prep year. Head of Junior Primary Chris Curtain reminds parents, "Prep is a wonderful year! It is full of fun, friends, warmth and connections, as well as an incredible amount of learning. Children are encouraged to thrive and embrace every opportunity to be independent and to grow. You just wait – you will be amazed at the leaps and bounds they take in their learning and social skills over the year. We encourage families to enjoy this exciting time. It flies!"


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"Add us to your good eating habits!"
Station Verte is a fast food restaurant offering a healthy menu seven days a week. Located in the Rosemont-La Petite-Patrie borough, you will discover tasty soups and salads made with healthy ingredients. A selection of freshly squeezed juice, prepared with care in house, will fill your daily dose of freshness.
At a time when every action counts to improve our health and that of our family, eating well on a daily basis is now less complicated with la Station Verte.
Menu inspired by Chef Mélanie Marchand.
Mon: 11am-7pm
Tue: 11am-7pm
Wed: 11am-7pm
Thu: 11am-7pm
Fri: 11am-7pm
Sat: 11am-7pm
Sun: 11am-7pm
Salads, Healthy, Juice Bar/Smoothies/Shakes, Market, Vegan, Vegetarian, Poke Bowl, Gluten sensitive options
Tonki-soups, Salads & Fresh squeezed juice bar.
Delivery, Gluten sensitive options, Order Online, Take-Out Food, Wheelchair Accessible
❝ Loved the experience! Food was fresh and delicious. Creative salad dressings helps this place stand out from the rest. Service was great too! The decor is also so inviting! Best salad spot in the area hands down. Must try! ❞


text:
This is a community support forum where you can ask
questions and interact with other PremiumPress Customers.
Not sure if it is just a coincidence but since the crash my submission page has stopped working! I have nowhere to input sales items!
In fact, I am getting 404 all over the place!
Hi Lee
Our site wouldnt in anyway impact yours, 404 sounds like the page link is invalid and/or permalinks are incorrect.
Try adjusting your permalinks to default and checking your pages.
Hi Mark, I have this error message on the submit page (I have LOTS of categories in Country, State, City). Not sure what happened with the 404's as the pages seem to work now.
Fatal error: Allowed memory size of 134217728 bytes exhausted (tried to allocate 262144 bytes) in /home/www/southwalescarsales.co.uk/wp-includes/taxonomy.php on line 2868
Fixed it. Upped the memory limit in php.ini
good job


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Genegas S.A. De C.V.
- Type of Organization
- Private Sector
- Description of Services
Genegas S.A. De C.V. works with heating distribution projects, waste water recovery systems, waste incinerators, and electrical power plants. The company also designs and builds bio-digesters at pork and chicken farms.
- Sector(s) of Interest
- Agriculture
- Area(s) of Geographic Interest
- Partnership-wide; North America; Mexico
- Web Site
- http://genegas.design.officelive.com/default.aspx
- Contacts
Martínez Vega, José Arturo
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Phone: +(52) 662 236 6205
To add a new contact for your organization, or to update any of the information on this page, send an email to email@example.com. Please include the name of your organization as listed in the GMI Project Network database so we can be sure to update the correct information.


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Have you ever thought that your most used projects should be displayed on the Windows 7 Jump List?
If your answer is No, then this isn't the right place for you...
Windows 7 Jump List Support adds a custom category to the Windows 7 Jump List and displays the recent solutions on it.
Allows you to pin, unpin, or delete the items from the Jump List.
It also adds two tasks: 'Create Project' and 'Open Project'. Not a so powerful feature, but it's there.
I hope you enjoy it, as I do now.
Update: The source code has been released to the public under the MIT licence:
Version 1.1 released on 06-03-2011
- Fixes problem with solution filenames having spaces
Version 1.1.1 released on 06-30-2011
- Handles more events in order to save new solutions (handling OnAfterOpenSolution didn't work because the solution file does not exist yet).
- Added MIT licence note to source files.
Version 1.1.2 released on 07-15-2011
- Fixes a bug in packaging that was introduced with version 1.1.1
- Link description shows the filename (without extension), plus the folder path between curved brackets
Here is another screenshot of the windows 7 start menu


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Two U.S. Senators are calling for a federal investigation of Ford after a Free Press investigation last week revealed the automaker knowingly sold Fiesta and Focus models with defective transmissions.
According to the investigation, the cars, sold in 2010 and 2011, had a glitch in which they could randomly slip into neutral, causing them to lose acceleration or randomly bolt forward. The issue prompted more than 4,000 consumer complaints and caused accidents and at least 50 injuries.
The Free Press received the following joint statement from Massachusetts Sen. Ed Markey and Connecticut Sen. Richard Blumenthal, Democrats who oversee highway safety:
"This is a bombshell report on Ford's systematic efforts to hide transmission safety defects and mislead consumers to buy faulty cars. Ford knowingly put American families and children at risk — this indifference to safety is inexcusable."
"NHTSA must take the thousands of complaints it has received from scared consumers seriously and immediately open a defect investigation into the Ford Fiesta and Focus vehicles to identify how deep Ford's lies are buried."


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Hallelujah! The road to Lansing is open again. It was getting to be a long spring for area residents, who are used to commuting between Wisconsin and Lansing, Iowa by way of Highway 82.
The road, which runs along the Lansing dike, had been closed for a week. On Friday, May 3, the Wisconsin Department of Transportation officials decided to reopen the highway with a one-lane restriction over a 100-yard section that had raised concerns earlier.
WDOT officials had been concerned with the possibility of a washout due to high water conditions in the Mississippi River. They closed the highway on Friday, April 26.
The concerns were heightened when an inspection found small cracks in a section of pavement that had collapsed when material in the dike eroded under similar high water conditions in 2017. That washout claimed the life of a Lansing, Iowa resident whose vehicle fell into 20-feet of water, as a result of the pavement collapsing.
Earlier this week, tests were run to ascertain the safety of the roadway. On Monday and Tuesday, a WDOT crew bored holes into the pavement and the shoulder. On Wednesday and Thursday, an inclinometer was employed to measure whether there was movement in the soil below the pavement.
Additionally on Thursday, a sonar unit was used from a boat to capture images of the bank and the adjoining bridge. It was at that time, a crew installed stoplights at the section in question to facilitate closing the eastbound lane to traffic.
The eastbound lane faces a whirlpool on the south side of the causeway that formed during high water conditions. That whirlpool or eddy was responsible for the previous erosion of the bank. Officials feared it could happen again and erred on the side of caution by closing the highway last week.
Water in the Mississippi River appears to be down a few feet from last week, which is a hopeful sign. So, for now at least, Highway 82 between Highway 35 and Lansing, Iowa is open.With 82 closed, motorists were forced to travel 30 to 35 miles to bridges in LaCrosse or Prairie du Chien.


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Own a piece of history! Baileys Corner, a popular rural community hub set on 2.87 acre commercially zoned property is for sale. Offering several active income streams for light industrial, commercial, multifamily rentals and septic approval for 3 additional new two-bedroom units. All units are currently leased with 1 -5 year leases. Owners home included which can be used as a rental. Property includes two tax parcels.
|New Value: $1,299,000
This property search is part of the Prime Alliance Real Estate Services website. Listing information is courtesy of the WA-NWMLS and Prime Alliance Real Estate Services. Property information is based on available data that may include MLS information, county records, and other sources. Listings marked with this symbol: provided by Northwest Multiple Listing Service, 2020. All information provided is deemed reliable but is not guaranteed and should be independently verified. Properties subject to prior sale or rental Information has not been verified by agent and should be verified by buyer.


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Weeks after paying $795 cash at the Montgomery County office downtown to keep his Dayton home's water on, Diego Cuazitl received a notice threatening shutoff on Feb. 2. His payment was voided, county records show, and his money wasn't deposited.
This was one finding of an internal investigation obtained by the I-Team of more than $5,000 in water bill payments and solid waste tipping fees — all in cash — that a county employee allegedly collected but didn't deposit into county coffers, leading to at least eight people receiving water shutoff notices weeks after paying their bill.
"The actions of this employee created significant inconvenience for these folks," said county Administrator Joe Tuss. "It is something I'm upset about, and it makes me angry."
County customer service specialist Rozalin Smith resigned Feb. 4, after being on paid leave since Jan. 15 pending the investigation. She worked for the county since 1987 and made $41,898 in salary in 2014, according to county records.
Smith could not be reached via phone or a reporter visiting her Trotwood home Tuesday.
Hundreds of pages of investigative records, obtained by the I-Team using Ohio public records laws, show that the investigation revealed two separate allegations involving Smith.
First, on Jan. 7, a state auditor conducting a routine audit asked about a discrepancy between cash received and cash deposited from a scale house at the county solid waste facility. An investigation was launched immediately that found six instances in 2014 where cash received at scale houses wasn't deposited.
All of the deposits, totaling $3,172, were handled by Smith, part of whose job was to accept the money and double-check the amount before passing it along to the county auditor to deposit.
A day after Smith was placed on leave, customers started calling and showing up at the county office asking why they received delinquent notices after paying their home utility bill. This includes Cuazitl, who showed the cashier a receipt showing he paid $800 cash on Dec. 31 and received $4.34 in change.
'I got kind of mad'
"They told me they'll take care of the problem," said Cuazitl, who said he has 10 people living in his home, including two children ages 2 and 11 months, so he needs water.
County officials investigated and found 22 cash payments that were received, then voided, by Smith in January. Nine of these accounts were delinquent, despite records showing the customer had paid cash to settle them, for a total of $1,946. Other payments were voided and later re-posted.
Cornel Burch of Dayton called the county after getting a notice threatening shutoff on Feb. 2. He had a receipt showing he paid his $139.58 water bill on Jan. 5.
"I figure I'm old school. If I pay in person, I shouldn't have any problems," he said. So when he got the shutoff notice, "I got kind of mad then and I said, 'I've paid you guys, I'm not going to pay you twice.'"
County officials told him they were looking into the problem, but didn't tell him what happened.
County officials say the cash discrepancy totaling $5,118 is still being investigated by the state auditor, whose findings will be handed over to law enforcement and the county prosecutor.
Tuss said he believes they have identified all of the water customers impacted, and no one's water was turned off. He said the county is looking at ways to tighten cash controls and will implement whatever recommendations come from the state auditor.
"I really believe that we'll have systems in place that will assure the county's customers that these sorts of things won't happen in the future," Tuss said.
Officials say Smith is the only county employee under investigation or suspended in relation to the discrepancy.
Previous disciplinary issue
Smith's personnel file includes a demotion in 2006 after an internal investigation concluded she knowingly took 29.5 hours of sick and vacation leave without recording the time off in the county's payroll system.
At that time she worked at the Sunrise Center for the county Department of Job and Family Services. She was docked the amount of vacation and sick leave she took and had her pay cut 56 cents an hour.
Smith was transferred to Montgomery County Environmental Services in 2011, according to county records. As a cashier at the water department office downtown, she accepted thousands of dollars in utility payments a week.
Marshall Lillard's water would have been shut off Tuesday if he hadn't gotten back from a trip to Florida this month to find the delinquent notice in the mail.
Lillard said he specifically remembers paying his bill before he left for the trip in mid-January and recalls he was the only customer there and the cashier appeared to be there by herself.
"She took the money. She gave me a receipt. I knew I paid the bill," he said. "I got the notice when I got back from out of town."
Lillard went back in and another cashier told him they'd take care of it. But he wishes they would've told him what happened.
"Wouldn't you want to know what's going on when you pay your money out for a water bill and get a disconnect notice?" said Lillard, who recently retired from Children's Medical Center.
Thank you for reading the Dayton Daily News and for supporting local journalism. Subscribers: log in for access to your daily ePaper and premium newsletters.
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Next Steps
Want to get more involved here at Mount Carmel? Here are just a few steps you can take to help you on your journey.
New Members Class
If you are new to our church or have attended for a while, and you want to find out more about who we are, our history and how you can get connected then our New Members Class is for you! We'll answer all your questions on classes, parking, volunteer opportunities and more.
Our Next New Members Class will Be held September 8, 2017 at 10 am. You can register by clicking on the button below.
Discipleship Class
Discipleship Class helps us in our personal journey to grow in faith, mature our character in Christ and operate in our gifts. There is a fit for you no matter where you may find yourself in your faith journey.
Our next Discipleship class will begin September


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Since CMOS sensors are required to match every of a photosensitive diode amplifier, and amplifier are analog circuits, so that each amplifier is troublesome to get consistent results, so with only one amp on the sting of the CCD sensor chip compared, CMOS sensor lots of noise will increase and affect the image quality.
Piper Computer
CMOS (Complementary Metallic-Oxide Semiconductor, Complementary Steel Oxide Semiconductor) and CCD as the identical as in the digital camera can file mild modifications semiconductors. CMOS manufacturing know-how and basic laptop chips no difference, mainly utilizing each silicon and germanium semiconductors made of elements to make it coexist with the CMOS on N (with a – e) and P (with a + e)-class semiconductors, these two complementary effects could be generated by the current file and interpreted chip image.
Computer Repair Atlanta
Jim Guerard, Adobe vp and common manager of skilled video, lately posted a video highlighting a number of the adjustments in the industry. Focusing on its business, Guerard famous a 22 {ee6b1a93906fd289cb05598221b3b4d9150971fe39b54fc4e6218050ebf1bda4} year over yr development in Adobe pro video gross sales; 45 {ee6b1a93906fd289cb05598221b3b4d9150971fe39b54fc4e6218050ebf1bda4} growth on Mac; progress from less than 1 million seats in 2006 to 2.3 million in 2010; wholesale pill pc and a 30 {ee6b1a93906fd289cb05598221b3b4d9150971fe39b54fc4e6218050ebf1bda4} improve in unit gross sales from CS4 to CS5.
Vanderbilt Computer Science
As the image of the high-tech, apple's iPads are really great gift for any tech favor man on the vacations. You can obtain music, motion pictures and games from transportable computer to your iPad. There are some different capacities options for selecting. The price is totally different and that is determined by the 3G packages and memory disk you select.
Walmart Desktop Computers All In One
At present, china is usually into low-grade equipment production, however, soon high-end gear manufacturing may take the centre stage. The general notion is that the high end manufacturing is taken care by the US based multinationals and a conscious effort is being made to encourage chinese language companies to venture out in this phase.
Computer Guy Meme
In response to the Aurora Sentinel, Lomorin Sar, 31, was at the store round midnight on Tuesday for the release of the eagerly awaited recreation, having pre-ordered it online that afternoon. On listening to that the shop had run out of stock of the video game, Sar grew to become agitated.
Steady research and inventions have led to the makeover of phone from dial pads to the touch display screen key pads. Sar's protection:- Meanwhile Sar admitted to having made the bomb comment within the heat of the second however denied that he threatened to kill anybody. That is about it for a very powerful upcoming trends on this planet of internet marketing. I hope this text helps create a clearer picture of the challenges and alternatives that lie forward. Cheers!
Writer Bio
24 year-old Quality Assurance Manager Carter from Campbell River, likes to spend some time croquet, . and cross-stitch. Previous year very recently completed a journey Greater Accra.


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Hamilton Book and Movie Club begins spring season April 26
HAMILTON -- The Colgate Bookstore and Hamilton Theater announce the Spring 2012 season of the Hamilton Book & Movie Club, beginning on Thursday, April 26 at 5:30 p.m. The theme of the season is "Upstate New York."
The selected books/movies for the spring 2012 (April-June) season are as follows:
On Thursday, April 26 - "Nobody's Fool," novel by Richard Russo; 1994 film starring Paul Newman and Bruce Willis. Sully has been doing the wrong thing triumphantly for 50 years. Divorced from his own wife and carrying on with another man's, saddled with a bum knee and friends who make enemies redundant, Sully now has a new problem to cope with: a long-estranged son in danger of following in his father's footsteps.
The Book & Movie Club offers two subscription plans. Full members will receive their own copy of all three books for the season, free admission to the screening of all three films, and dinner during the three after movie discussions, for a one-time fee of $51/season. Basic members receive free admission to the film screenings, and dinner during the after-movie discussion, for a one-time fee of $27/season.
For more information about these options or to join the club call the bookstore at 228-7480 or visit:


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Wednesday, December 28, 2016
Boko Haram Terrorist Arrested in Abuja, Says Many of His Colleagues Are Around
According to a statement issued by AMAC Marshal Spokesman, Kingsley Madaki, Usman, was apprehended at exactly 4:30 pm at Utako market shortly after he arrived the premises.
Madaki disclosed that the suspect was apprehended "with a Qur'an and a chaplet on his neck while trying to lobby people in the market."
The statement said he "confessed that there are many of his colleagues in the city."
The agency, therefore, appealed to residents of AMAC and the FCT to be vigilant and report any suspicious movement to AMAC Marshal personnel and other security agencies.
Posted by Leye Omole at 2:39 PM
Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)


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About Us
We are DFW'S premier Photobooth company!
MIGHTY Photo Booths strives to produce a fully customized experience for every event. Our clients have their choice of backdrop, design, props and even scrapbook color. Our designers will work with you to create unique graphics on your photo strips based on your personal style. At your event, we treat every guest like a VIP and ensure that they receive their prints just moments after the photo is captured.
Our goal at MPB is to deliver the "WOW factor" by producing top-quality prints at a meet-your-budget price. We will go above and beyond to meet your needs and promise the utmost professionalism for the before, during, and after responsibilities of your function.


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Five Most Affordable Automatic Hatchbacks in India
Our cities are choked with traffic and there are no two ways about this fact. As our cities expand and income levels rise, people are increasingly looking to switch to personal vehicles for transport. Sadly, our physical road infrastructure has not been able to keep pace with the transition meaning that daily traffic snarls are now a regular part of our routine. These jams are especially hurtful for our left legs as they constantly have to remain on the clutch.
Automatic cars, then, seem to be the way out of the pain. Now, ingenious little AMTs are bringing automatic vehicles in the reach of more people, simply because of the lower cost than a conventional CVT or auto-box. Here is our guide to the most affordable automatic city slickers in the country.
Tata Nano XMA AMT (INR 3.01 Lakh)
To me, the Nano represents one of the most fascinating pieces of brilliant engineering to have ever come out of the country. Originally, it was built with a near-impossible price-tag in mind and yet managed to offer almost everything that one expects from a budget vehicle. The smart packaging meant that despite its small form, it could fit four full-sized adults in good comfort and the AC could chill the cabin in no time. It has a cutesy form as well which should have easily appealed to the market. Sadly, the car did not find the commercial success it deserved due to failed-marketing and a poor public perception.
The new Nano is powered by an upgraded version of its 624cc twin-pot motor that puts out 38 PS and 51 Nm of torque. The engine does suffer a bit when the air-conditioning has been switched on but it still manages to perform decently for city run-abouts. The major grouse however, is the lack of sheer refinement – a typical problem of unbalanced two-cylinder motors. The AMT returns an ARAI claimed mileage of 21.9 km/l.
Our Review: Tata Nano GenX AMT Review : Small Size, Big Savvy
Kwid RXL Easy-R AMT (INR 3.83 Lakh)
Cashing in on Indian's love for everything SUV, the Kwid was Renault's attempt at cracking the entry-level segment and it found resounding success. Featuring a jacked-up stance with an upright face and exaggerated haunches, the Kwid looks every bit like the baby brother of the Duster. The interiors too, are smart and the AMT variant gets a unique rotary dial on the dash to select the gear, freeing up more space in the cabin.
The AMT version is powered by the 1.0 Litre engine that puts out 67 BHP and 91 Nm of turning moment. The engine is mated to a 5-speed automatic which we felt was tuned rather well for a balance of city and highway driving. We were able to get real-time figures of 16-17 km/l during our test which translate into really low running costs.
Our Review: Renault Kwid Easy-R AMT Review : Thrifty Automation
Maruti Suzuki Alto K10 VXi AGS (INR 4.05 Lakh)
The Alto has been one of the best-selling cars in the country for years now. It offers a sorted, practical cabin with an inoffensive (if uninspiring) shell that makes it palatable to budget buyers. This, paired with the reliability and promise of easy serviceability that comes with the Maruti badge makes it a no-brainer for anyone looking to buy their first car.
The Alto is powered by the proven all-Aluminium 1.0 Litre K10B engine that pushes out 68 BHP and 90 Nm to the front wheels. In the Auto Gear Shift avatar, it comes mated to an AMT box giving it a claimed mileage of 24.7 km/l.
Maruti Suzuki Celerio LXi AGS (INR 4.48 Lakh)
The Celerio has a more interesting shell than its Alto cousin. Even though it is not revolutionary in any sense, the styling is much more mature and grown up than its cheaper cousin. The interiors also feature a fresh dual-tone look that seems much more up-market than the Alto.
The Celerio carries the same engine and transmission combination as the Alto K10 and offers similar real life performance and economy figures.
Our Review: Maruti Suzuki Celerio AMT Review, Images, Price and Specs: Geared Well!
Maruti Suzuki WagonR VXi AMT (INR 4.83 Lakh)
The WagonR receives a typical tall-boy stance and thus, form follows function on this one. There is a small hood up front, large windows and slab shaped sides that mean that it is distinctly uninspiring to look at, especially given the long time since this design has been around now. Interiors have a neat water-fall design that is very practical.
No prizes for guessing the powertrain that pins the WagonR AMT. Yes, it receives the same power-plant as the Alto K10 and the Celerio, which are priced lower on this list.
Tiago AMT is missing.
If possible do a comparison test of AMT cars.


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Dear partners in prayer,
This is a public prayer mail for March 17, and I am sending this out instead of our usual monthly newsletter, as it is a bit of both.
Happy St. Patrick's Day.
The mission trips over the past few months have been excellent, and this trip has been totally awesome. Ordination processes are bearing fruit. The Lord is blessing what we are doing, and I praise God for those who have been coming alongside to help. Every day is a new adventure. Every day is a walk of faith, and we are making a difference.
This week's selective overview:
A summary of my current Belizean mission trip highlights as of the time of this writing:
Made two transforming presentations at the diocesan clergy retreat relating to the second and third temptations of Jesus and our antidotes to the same temptations (Matthew 4).
Made helpful comments during the teaching at the diocesan Anglican elementary school principals' retreat. Bishop Philip and the participants appreciated the comments. Poignant. On target.
Mingled at a holiday party I was invited to, after just getting off the plane (by then, it was about 18 hours since I had first left home to begin my trip), and got to know several new people, two of whom said that they "had to meet me". In separate conversations, they launched into deep theological and philosophical topics and pastoral issues of importance to them, and wanted me to share with them. We had a great time. This was important for each person. And, at this point, because of what we were discussing, I simply assumed they knew who I was, but then, in the separate conversations, each person asked me, "so what do YOU do?"....
At a televised conference about the emotional health of fractured families, the Holy Spirit nudged me to ask a question that produced very helpful immediate concrete suggestions for people in those situations, among the viewing and listening audience. It was an awesome and electric moment. The panelists came alive, focused, enthused, and the program moved.
Led a parish Bible study on knowing Christ and reaching out with him, including on-target applications for a parish in the midst of clergy transition. The clergy and lay people found this really helpful.
Made a transforming presentation on "leaders as stewards", at the diocesan Stewardship Commission commissioning, connecting our stewardship of money in the family, with stewardship of money in the parish, and with stewardship at the diocesan level. It really touched people's lives, and the wind of the Holy Spirit really moved people. They felt liberated to serve the Lord and make a difference. The Bishop added me to the Stewardship Commission....
Created the Diocese of Belize Web site, found HERE, and by doing so, solved a major communications problem that had been plaguing the diocese for about two months or so. Bishop Philip has asked me to become more continually involved in the diocesan Web site development....
Made unscheduled hospital visitations with Bishop Philip; it is always a blessing to touch people's lives and pray for them; there was an appreciable difference in several patients when I prayed and/or counseled them. It can be overwhelming, but it is an important ministry.
Helped a small business owner plan a potentially important next step for the growth of that business, a step which could help the person provide more jobs for people and benefit the economy in Belize. My being there for that encounter was called an answer to prayer by the business owner; I was the right person at the right time. It all started when Bishop Philip and I simply planned to enter the establishment briefly and then move on. And while waiting there, I simply asked a question of the owner.... Praise God. May the venture turn out well.
Several people have sought me for advice or just to be a person who would listen, at all levels of the diocese.
Enjoyed the fellowship of quite a few folks in Belize, some of which I had never met before or only in passing. And for those who I have been continuing to have relationships with, as I keep coming back with each successive trip, we go deeper into each other's lives. It is like a spiritual wind that blows through.
Is this trip making a difference? Absolutely. Thank you, everyone, for making it possible.
Prayer requests:
1) For the balance of my trip to Belize this week, and for longer range plans. Your prayers and support are very important for making such a difference.
2) Pray that our parish and presentation visitation schedule in the U.S. be the Holy Spirit's schedule.
3) Pray that the Holy Spirit would guide and supply the needs of: faculty, family, finances, plans, programs, diocesan plans, and parish visits.
In Christ,
Shaw+, and on behalf of Julie+
I pray for you, everyday.


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All known restrained, romantic, and refined French manicure. But now replaced by the new Spanish. And what we know about Spain? It is a passion, hot men and charming women, explosion of colors and fiery temper. Spanish manicure completely corresponds to its name, is characterized by bright and saturated colors. All the secrets of this extraordinary technology will open the site Beauty-Hands.ru.
View of the Spanish manicure
Perhaps, you are already familiar with this option Neil design. Most likely, you even played on their ноготках, but did not know the exact name. Let us further consider the two major Spanish engineering design of nails.
- The easiest and most common is a two – tone manicure. As the name implies, it uses two main tones, each of which covers half of the nail. There are also some nuances. For example, if you divide the nail vertically, you can visually extend it. Kosaya line also increases the length and makes the form nail more refined and elegant. But the Spanish manicure with horizontal separation slightly shortened the nail plate. We recommend this option for owners of real or artificial long nails.
- Much effective looks pattern in a strip. The strip can be very thin or clear and uniform in size. In this case, can be used unlimited number of colors. But we recommend staying on three or four, to your manicure not dazzled the eyes. Surprisingly, but the Spaniards often use shades that barely fit together. Such a bold move allows to achieve extraordinary and fresh result.
Preparatory stage:
- Remove the varnish, which were covered with nails.
With the help of scissors and nail files give nails in good shape. Spanish manicure harmonizes perfectly with rectangular and almond shape.
- Grinding nail file, remove the irregularities on the surface. This type of manicure is perfect for owners of thin and slightly cracked nails. Layers and color transitions visually thicken the plate and make the surface smooth.
- Here's another little secret. Before applying colored varnish coat nail base. However, choose not familiar transparent basis, and buy milk or beige paint. Such a simple stroke allows you to achieve even more richness and depth of color.
- Next, you should choose the colors that you will use in your drawing. As we said above, their compatibility each other, you can not focus attention. The main criterion is the maximum brightness of the color.
Two-tone Spanish manicure
After preliminary preparation described above, colored lacquer cover half of the nail. If you confidently work with nail accessories, you can paint over the second half of varnish in a contrasting color with the brush.
If you are beginners wait for the drying of varnish caused first. Next, attach a special pattern or cut self-adhesive tape (can be normal tape), to draw a clear boundary between two halves. You can now safely fill in the nail is the second colored lacquer.
This manicure will be an excellent base for further painting. However, try not to overlap the resulting picture. Appropriate will look small patterns on the border of two halves, or at the tip of the claw. Also the joint of two colors can be further draw acrylic paint or cover sequins.
Spanish manicure with stripes
Beginners lovers nail art, we recommend limiting the three or four stripes of different colors, but with the same width. They can cover the nail, both vertically and horizontally. The techniques of their execution is the same as when the bi-manicure. If you are using stencils, then wait for the drying of each layer of lacquer before applying the next. Unusual looks, basing on each ноготке use a different direction strips. Drawing, made in one color, but in different techniques revitalize your manicure and прикует to it numerous views.
Spanish manicure with thin strips looks elegant and sophisticated. To run it, you may need to thin brush for painting. Replace them by cliches. First cover the nail base color, and after drying it colored lacquer. Using adhesive strips mark the boundaries of the future strips. Fill in the space formed varnish contrast hue. In this case, it is also appropriate to use multiple colors.
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Rebecca Vevea & Crystal Yednak:
Union relations
The current teachers' contract is set to expire at the end of the next school year, and with education reform bills in Springfield pressuring teachers to make concessions, the negotiations may become heated. "He's going to have to, in a very short period of time, figure out what he's going to keep and what needs to be cut back, and at the same time get off on the right foot with the teachers union," said Robin Steans, executive director of Advance Illinois.
Budget deficit
With federal stimulus funding drying up, more than $350 million in late payments from the state, and a scheduled raise for teachers, CPS is staring at an $820 million deficit. But Brizard may have help.


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The history of the evolution of hydrology as a multi-disciplinary subject, dealing with the occurrence, circulation and distribution of the waters of the Earth, has been presented by Biswas (1970). Man's need for water to sustain life and grow food crops was well appreciated throughout the world wherever early civilization developed. Detailed knowledge of the water management practices of the Sumarians and Egyptians in the Middle East, of the Chinese along the banks of the Hwang-Ho and of the Aztecs in South America continues to grow as archaeologists uncover and interpret the artefacts of such centres of cultural development. It was the Greek philosophers who were the first serious students of hydrology, and thereafter, scholars continued to advance the understanding of the separate phases of water in the natural environment. However, it was not until the seventeenth century that the work of the Frenchman, Perrault, provided convincing evidence of the form of the hydrological cycle which is currently accepted: measurements of rainfall and river flow in the catchment of the upper Seine published in 1694 (Dooge, 1959) proved that quantities of rainfall were sufficient to sustain river flow.
Hydrology as an academic subject became established within institutions of higher education in the 1940s. Valuable research contributions to the subject had been reported earlier but the expansion in the more widespread applications of hydrology resulted in at least five textbooks being published in that decade in the United States.
Over the last 50 years, advances in sensor technology coupled with the development of numerical models representing hydrological processes have led to a reappraisal of the content and definition of hydrology. Today's scientific hydrologists and engineering hydrologists now appreciate the need to combine accurate field measurement with appropriate numerical models. Equally, there is an awareness of the controlling influence of hydrometeorology on the water pathways that comprise the hydrological cycle at catchment and global scales.
The driving force of the natural circulation of water is derived from the radiant energy received from the Sun. The bulk of the Earth's water is stored on the surface in the oceans (Table 1.1) and hence it is logical to consider the hydrological cycle as beginning with the direct effect of the Sun's radiation on this largest reservoir. Heating of the sea surface causes evaporation, the transfer of water from the liquid to the gaseous
Table 1.1 One estimate of global water distribution
Volume (1000 km3)
Per cent of
Per cent of
total water
fresh water
Oceans, seas and bays
1 338 000
Ice caps, glaciers and permanent snow
23 400
(10 530)
(12 870)
Soil moisture
Ground ice and permafrost
Swamp water
Biological water
Source: Gleick, P. H. (1996) Water resources. In Encyclopedia of Climate and Weather, ed. by S. H. Schneider, Oxford University Press, New York, vol. 2, pp. 817-823.
Source: Gleick, P. H. (1996) Water resources. In Encyclopedia of Climate and Weather, ed. by S. H. Schneider, Oxford University Press, New York, vol. 2, pp. 817-823.
state, to form part of the atmosphere. It remains mainly unseen in atmospheric storage for an average of 10 days. Through a combination of circumstances, the water vapour changes back to the liquid state again through the process of condensation to form clouds and, with favourable atmospheric conditions, precipitation (rain, snow, etc.) is produced either to return directly to the ocean storage or to embark on a more devious route to the oceans via the land surface. Snow may accumulate in polar regions or on high mountains and consolidate into ice, in which state water may be stored naturally for very long periods. In more temperate lands, rainfall may be intercepted by vegetation from which some of the intercepted water may return at once to the air by wet-canopy evaporation. A significant proportion of the rainfall that reaches the land surface will return to the atmosphere by transpiration via plants, while the remainder travels over or beneath the land surface towards rivers by mechanisms described as runoff1 generation pathways.
In the later nineteenth and early twentieth century, it began to be recognised that different parts of a catchment area might produce different amounts of river flow. Again this was perhaps expressed first in France in the work of Imbeaux in a study of the Durance basin published in 1892. He tried to take account of the role of river flow generation at different distances from a catchment outlet in controlling the shape of the hydrograph, and of elevation in controlling the patterns of snowmelt during the melt season. The idea of delay in runoff reaching the catchment outlet can be represented in terms of a time-area histogram. It was later developed into the first storm event rainfall to river flow model to be widely used around the world that we now know as the unit hydrograph (see Section 12.5).
Use of the unit hydrograph for practical applications, however, requires that we try to estimate the proportion of storm rainfall that contributes to the storm hydrograph for a particular event (i.e. that river flow which appears soon after rainfall). It has long been known that not all the rainfall falling in an event contributes to the storm hydrograph. Some contributes to a much slower subsurface pathway or is lost back to the atmosphere by evapo-transpiration. Thus application of the unit hydrograph concepts required a rather arbitrary separation of the hydrograph into so-called stormflow and baseflow. This led to a rather easy assumption that the storm runoff in a river was made up of rainfall from the particular rain-event or snowmelt water.
In fact we now know that the situation is somewhat more complicated than that easy assumption because analyses of environmental tracers since the 1970s have shown that, in many environments, not all the storm hydrograph is made up of rainfall that fell in that storm (see Section 11.3). Some of the hydrograph comes from water that was already stored in the catchment prior to the rainfall event. That water is displaced from storage into the stream channels during the event as a result of rainfall infiltrating into the subsurface. This is really one of the most important conceptual advances in scientific hydrology since it has very important implications for understanding hillslope hydrology, water quality variations and ecological impacts of storm events.
The history of river flow generation concepts often starts with the ideas of Robert Elmer Horton, probably the most influential American hydrologist of the twentieth century. In a paper published in 1933 (and reproduced in Beven, 2006) Horton first expressed a concept of hillslope hydrology based on the idea that the storm hydrograph is made up of rainfall in excess of the infiltration capacity of the soil. This is the concept of infiltration excess (or Hortonian) overland flow. This idea leads to a nice simple interpretation of catchment response. If we know the volume of rainfall in an event, and we know the volume of stormflow (here meaning that river flow proportion above the hydrograph separation line; Fig. 12.5, Section 12.3) recorded at a river gauging site, then the difference must be what was infiltrated (on average) into the soil. This allows the infiltration capacity of the soil to be back-calculated (subject to some simple assumptions of how it might vary over time). This information can then be used in a simple runoff model to predict what might happen under different conditions. Combining this prediction of how much runoff will be generated by a given rainfall, and the unit hydrograph to predict the timing of the runoff is a technique that is still used to the present day (it still underlies some aspects of the UK Flood Estimation Handbook, for example, see Chapter 16).
The problem is, of course, that it is wrong. Some catchments in arid areas under high rainfall intensities, or the extreme case of impermeable surfaces in urban areas, might work like this, though even then it is unlikely that infiltration excess overland flow will occur everywhere, and overland flow generated on one part of a slope might later infiltrate further downslope. It is even unlikely that Horton saw this type of infiltration-excess overland flow in his own experimental catchment in New York State (Beven, 2004). However, as we have already noted, in very many catchments, much of the storm hydrograph is made up of displaced pre-event storage. Thus, other concepts of river flow generation are needed.
The first real reconsideration of the Hortonian concept was by Roger P. Betson in 1964. Betson worked for the Tennessee Valley Authority in the United States and realised that in the forested catchments of the Appalachians, there was no way that infiltration excess overland flow could occur everywhere, except perhaps in the most extreme rainfall events. He therefore suggested that overland flow would be generated on only part of the hillslopes and that since infiltration rates of soils tend to be lower when the soil is wetter (Section 5.1.1) and, as a result of downslope flows between events, soils will tend to be wetter in the lower parts of hillslopes, then the runoff generation would be most likely at the bottom of hillslopes close to the stream channels. He inferred from the analyses of storm runoff volumes that the proportion of the catchment generating overland flow could be quite small (as low as 2-4 per cent) in some catchments.
At about the same time, John Hewlett, working at the Coweeta catchments in North Carolina, suggested that the infiltration capacities of the soils in that area were so large that it was extremely unlikely that any runoff would be seen over the surface of the soil. Yet storm hydrographs were still recorded. He suggested that the storm runoff therefore must be generated by subsurface flows and by rainfall directly on to the stream channel and immediate riverside area. He also suggested that the water contributing to the river was not necessarily the rainfall, invoking a concept of so-called 'translatory flow' to explain the displacement of stored water by the infiltration of the rainwater. In fact, a previous Director of the Coweeta Laboratory, Charles Hursh, had expressed much the same idea in the 1930s, and had coined the term subsurface stormflow for this type of river flow generation mechanism. The concept of translatory flow had also already been mentioned in the 1930s but these concepts had been dominated by the Hortonian paradigm in the later engineering literature.
There are some circumstances, however, when overland flow can be generated on soils with high infiltration capacities. This is when the soil becomes saturated by a combination of downslope flow within a hillslope and rain falling on saturated areas. In fact, downslope flows can maintain the lower parts of hillslopes at, or close to, saturation for long periods of time in some circumstances, so that only small amounts of rainwater might be required before overland flow is generated. This will particularly be the case in relatively shallow soils overlying an impermeable base, and where there are convergent flow lines into the hillslope hollows. This was first demonstrated by the work of Tom Dunne in the Sleepers River catchments in Vermont in the late 1960s. He showed how saturated areas in the catchment could persist for long periods of time, how they varied seasonally, being most extensive at the end of the snowmelt season in Vermont, and how they were largely controlled by the patterns of downslope flow on the hillslopes. This type of overland flow became known as saturation overland flow that was generated on a variable contributing area in the catchment. In some cases the resulting overland flow will also have a component of return flow, which subsurface water forced back on to the surface through a seepage face; and one of the earliest studies of environmental tracers in storm runoff, by Mike Sklash and Bob Farvolden (1979), provided evidence to reinforce this concept. In an area of river flow generation in one of their study catchments, they showed that tracer concentrations were sometimes indicative of a rainfall source and at other times indicative of a subsurface, pre-event storage source.
Work elsewhere has revealed further complications. Darrell Weyman (1970) working in the East Twin catchment in the Mendips, UK, showed that saturated contributing areas could arise without the soil being completely saturated but where saturation built up above a soil horizon of lower permeability. He also showed that subsurface contributions to the stream channel could be hugely variable in space and might be associated with zones of higher soil permeability within a very heterogeneous soil. Bunting (1961) had earlier called such preferential pathways percolines and he treated them as a subsurface extension of the dendritic (tree-like) channel network. Recent modelling work has shown how, in heterogeneous soils, subsurface flow might be simulated as being channelled into channel network-like structures (e.g. Weiler and McDonnell, 2004), while tracer work has shown that, in some catchments, fast responding subsurface pipes produce storm runoff that may be made up predominantly of pre-event stored water rather than rainwater (Sklash et al., 1996).
It is perhaps worth finishing this brief summary of river flow generation pathways by saying that the different major concepts shown in Fig. 1.1 are not mutually exclusive. They might all occur in different events in the same catchment, or in the same event in different parts of a catchment, depending on the rainfall intensities; prior wetness of the catchment (antecedent conditions); topography of the hillslopes; type, structure and heterogeneity of the soil, regolith and rock; existence of percolines; channel
density; and other factors. An excellent review of where and when different types of runoff production might occur is given by Tom Dunne (1978) and Wilfred Brutseart (2005).
There is an underlying research question about how, over long periods of time, these different factors might be linked to the long-term development of the catchment soils, topography and vegetation cover, and how, in recent times, people might have affected the nature of the river flow generation processes through land management practices and urbanisation. Such questions are not yet fully resolved, and it is perhaps unlikely that they will ever be properly resolved given the complexities of short-term and long-term changes to which catchments have been subjected in different environments.
Fortunately, this is not a barrier to hydrological analysis and prediction. In many cases we are only interested in predicting river flow, and do not need to worry too much about the water pathways. This is one reason why unit hydrograph concepts have survived so long: if we can match river flow volumes and timings using these simple concepts, then we may be able to make some useful predictions even if the details of the pathways are incorrect. There are situations, however, particularly in understanding water quality variations, where it may be critical to appreciate the different surface and subsurface pathways. In such cases, an appreciation for the different mechanisms of river flow generation described above will be important. We will return to this in the discussion of predictive rainfall-runoff models in Chapter 12. First, we need to give an overview of how hydrometeorology regulates these river flow generation pathways and the pathways of evapo-transpiration (Chapter 10).
1.3 Hydrometeorological control of hydrological pathways
The science of meteorology has long been recognised as a separate discipline, though students of the subject usually come to it from a rigorous training in physics or mathematics. The study of hydrometeorology may be seen as a branch of hydrology linking the fundamental knowledge of the meteorologist with the needs of the hydrologist. In this text, hydrometeorology is taken to be the study of precipitation and evaporation, the two fundamental phases in the hydrological cycle, which involve processes in the atmosphere, and at the Earth's surface/atmosphere interface.
The hydrologist will usually be able to call upon the services of a professional meteorologist for weather forecasts and for special studies, e.g. the magnitude of extreme rainfalls. However, a general understanding of precipitation and evaporation is essential if the hydrologist is to appreciate the complexities of the atmosphere and the difficulties that the meteorologist often has in providing answers to questions of quantities and timing. A description of the properties of the atmosphere and of the main features of solar radiation will provide the bases for considering the physics of evaporation and the formation of precipitation.
The atmosphere forms a distinctive protective layer about 100 km thick around the Earth. Although both air pressure and density decrease rapidly and continuously with
increasing altitude, the temperature varies in an irregular but characteristic way. The layers of the atmosphere, 'spheres', are defined by this temperature profile. After a general decrease in temperature through the troposphere (Fig. 1.2), the rise in temperature from heights of 20-50 km is caused by a layer of ozone, which absorbs short-wave solar radiation, releasing some of the energy as heat.
To the hydrologist, the troposphere is the most important layer because it contains 75 per cent of the weight of the atmosphere and virtually all its moisture. The meteorologist, however, is becoming increasingly interested in the stratosphere and mesosphere, since it is in these outer regions that some of the disturbances affecting the troposphere and the Earth's surface have their origins.
The height of the tropopause, the boundary zone between the troposphere and the stratosphere, is at about 11 km, but this is an average figure, which ranges from about 8 km at the Poles to about 16 km at the Equator. Seasonal variations also are caused by changes in pressure and air temperature in the atmosphere. In general, when surface temperatures are high and there is a high sea-level pressure, then there is a tendency for the tropopause to be at a high level. On average, the temperature from ground level to the tropopause falls steadily with increasing altitude at the rate of 6.5° Ckm-1. This is known as the lapse rate. Some of the more hydrologically pertinent characteristics of the atmosphere as a whole are now defined in more precise terms.
The meteorologist's definition of atmospheric pressure is 'the weight of a column of air of unit area of cross-section from the level of measurement to the top of the atmosphere'. More specifically, pressure may be considered to be the downward force on a unit horizontal area resulting from the action of gravity (g) on the mass (m) of air vertically above.
At sea level, the average atmospheric pressure (p) is 100 kPa (1 bar or 100 000 N m-2). A pressure of 100 kPa is equivalent to 760 mm of mercury; the average reading on a standard mercury barometer. Measurements of atmospheric pressure are usually given in millibars (mb). It is common meteorological practice to refer to heights in the atmosphere by their average pressure in millibars, e.g. the top of the stratosphere (the stratopause) is at the 1 mb level. The air density (p) may be obtained from the expression p = p/RT, where R is the specific gas constant for dry air (0.29 kJ kg-1 K-1) and TK is the air temperature. At sea level, the average T = 288 K and thus p = 1.2 kg m- 3 (or 1.2 x 10-3 gcm-3) on average at sea level. Air density falls off rapidly with height. Unenclosed air, a compressible fluid, can expand freely, and as pressure and density decrease with height indefinitely, the limit of the atmosphere becomes indeterminate. Within the troposphere however, the lower pressure limit is about 100 mb. At sea level, pressure variations range from about 940 to 1050 mb; the average sea level pressure around the British Isles is 1013 mb. Pressure records form the basis of the meteorologist's synoptic charts with the patterns formed by the isobars (lines of equal pressure) defining areas of high and low pressure (anticyclones and depressions, respectively). Interpretation of the charts plotted from observations made at successive specified times enables the changes in weather systems to be identified and to be forecast ahead. In addition to the sea level measurements, upper air data are plotted and analysed for different levels in the atmosphere.
Dry air has a very consistent chemical composition throughout the atmosphere up to the mesopause at 80 km. The proportions of the major constituents are as shown in Table 1.2. The last category contains small proportions of other inert gases and, of particular importance, the stratospheric layer of ozone which filters the Sun's radiation. Small quantities of hydrocarbons, ammonia and nitrates may also exist temporarily in the atmosphere. Man-made gaseous and particulate pollutants are found particularly in areas of heavy industry, and can have considerable effects on local
Table 1.2 Major constituents of air
Percentage (by mass)
Nitrogen 75.51
Oxygen 23.15
Argon 1.28
weather conditions. Traces of radioactive isotopes from nuclear fission also contaminate the atmosphere. Although there is no evidence that isotopes have a significant effect on weather, their presence has been found useful in tracing the movement of water through the hydrological cycle.
The amount of water vapour in the atmosphere (Table 1.3) is directly related to the temperature and thus, although lighter than air, water vapour is restricted to the lower layers of the troposphere because temperature decreases with altitude. The distribution of water vapour also varies over the Earth's surface according to temperature, and is lowest at the Poles and highest in equatorial regions. The water vapour content or humidity of air is usually measured as a vapour pressure, and the units used are millibars (mb).
Several well-recognised physical properties concerned with water in the atmosphere are defined to assist understanding of the complex changes that occur in the meteorological phases of the hydrological cycle.
(a) Saturation. Air is said to be saturated when it contains the maximum amount of water vapour it can hold at its prevailing temperature. The relationship between saturation vapour pressure (e) and air temperature is shown in Fig. 1.3. At typical temperatures near the ground, e ranges from 5 to 50 mb. At any temperature T = T , saturation occurs at corresponding vapour pressure e = e .
Table 1.3 Average water vapour values for latitudes with temperate climates (volume %)
Height (km) Water vapour
Temperature (°C)
Fig. 1.3 Saturation pressure and air temperature, where ea — ed is the saturation deficit and Td is the dew point temperature.
Temperature (°C)
Fig. 1.3 Saturation pressure and air temperature, where ea — ed is the saturation deficit and Td is the dew point temperature.
Meteorologists acknowledge that saturated air may take up even more water vapour and become supersaturated if it is in contact with liquid water in a sufficiently finely divided state (e.g. very small water droplets in clouds). At sub-zero temperatures, there are two saturation vapour pressure curves, one with respect to water (ew) and one with respect to ice (e,; Fig. 1.3, inset). In the zone between the curves, the air is unsaturated with respect to water but supersaturated with respect to ice. This is a common condition in the atmosphere as will be seen later.
(b) Dew point is the temperature, Td, at which a mass of unsaturated air becomes saturated when cooled, with the pressure remaining constant. In Fig. 1.3, if the air at temperature Ta is cooled to Td, the corresponding saturation vapour pressure, ed, represents the amount of water vapour in the air.
(c) Saturation deficit is the difference between the saturation vapour pressure at air temperature, Ta, and the actual vapour pressure represented by the saturation vapour pressure at Td, the dew point. The saturation deficit, ea — ed, represents the further amount of water vapour that the air can hold at the temperature, Ta, before becoming saturated.
(d) Relative humidity is the relative measure of the amount of moisture in the air to the amount needed to saturate the air at the same temperature, i.e. ed/ea, represented as a percentage. Thus, if Ta = 30° C and Td = 20° C, relative humidity is ej 23 mb
(e) Absolute humidity (pw) is generally expressed as the mass of water vapour per unit volume of air at a given temperature and is equivalent to the water vapour density. Thus, if a volume V m3 of air contains mwv g of water vapour,
Mass of water vapour (g) mwv ^ w Volume of air (m3) V
(f) Specific humidity (SH) relates the mass of water vapour (mwv g) to the mass of moist air (in kg) in a given volume; this is the same as relating the absolute humidity (gm_3) to the density of the same volume of unsaturated air (p kgm_3):
(mwv + md)(kg) p where md is the mass (kg) of the dry air.
(g) Precipitable water is the total amount of water vapour in a column of air expressed as the depth of liquid water in millimetres over the base area of the column. Assessing this amount is a specialised task for the meteorologist. The precipitable water gives an estimate of maximum possible rainfall, though has the unreal assumption of total condensation and neglects the effect of advection.
In a column of unit cross-sectional area, a small thickness, dz, of moist air contains a mass of water given by:
Thus, in a column of air from heights z1 to z2, corresponding to pressures p1 and p2: the total mass of water mw is
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Spring Open House a Success Despite Weather On the morning of April 13, 2019, volunteers gathered under cloudy skies and a light drizzle to set up the Spring Open House. The weather forecast was for clearing skies by late morning. Yeah, like you want to take thatRead more →
With the predicted heavy rain ☔ later this week, we believe our parking area will not be useable. Even if the rain stops by Saturday, guests are likely to get stuck in the mud as they did several years ago. There is no rain date. Hope toRead more →