text:
The advent and widespread development of endonasal endoscopic techniques have recently expanded the frontiers of skull base surgery. The reduced invasiveness, wider and adjustable visualization of the operative field, and lack of postoperative cosmetic defects are well-known advantages of the endonasal endoscopic approaches compared with traditional surgical exposures both in adults and in children. The need to avoid disruption of facial growth centers and permanent tooth roots represents a further special consideration in favor of these endoscopic techniques in children. The authors report on a case of solitary myofibroma involving the ethmoid, mesial orbits, and anterior skull base with intracranial intradural expansion in a 17-month-old girl. The occurrence of such proliferative disease along the skull base is exceedingly rare. The tumor was successfully excised via an endoscopy-assisted cranionasal approach in which a transcranial microsurgical exposure was combined with endonasal endoscopic access to ensure a radical resection and optimize skull base reconstruction. To the authors' knowledge, the patient in this case is the youngest reported patient in the literature who has undergone treatment with this surgical strategy. The outcome in this patient underscores the feasibility and safety of endoscopic endonasal surgery even in toddlers and early childhood.
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- Author or Editor: Ernesto Pasquini x
Ercole Galassi, Ernesto Pasquini, Giorgio Frank and Gianluca Marucci
Jamie J. Van Gompel, Giorgio Frank, Ernesto Pasquini, Matteo Zoli, Jason Hoover and Giuseppe Lanzino
Transnasal endoscopic (TNE) approaches have been proposed for the resection of anterior cranial base meningiomas. The purpose of this article was to evaluate the results of endoscopic resection of anterior cranial fossa meningiomas by reviewing available published data in addition to the authors' experience with 13 cases.
The literature was searched via OVID to identify all available disaggregate data pertaining to anterior fossa meningiomas treated primarily by TNE. In addition, the authors reviewed the records of a personal series of 13 patients who underwent TNE removal of parasellar meningiomas through a pure TNE approach.
Meta-analysis from studies included a total of 69 patients with adequate disaggregated data to summarize. Mean age (± SD) at surgery was 53.3 ± 13.0 years (range 27–80 years); 78% of the patients were women. Tumor size was skewed toward smaller lesions, with a mean volume of 24.4 ± 2.9 cm3. Intraoperative impressions were of gross-total resection in 76% of cases. The most common complication reported was CSF leakage, occurring in 32% of the cases (22 of 69). The rate of CSF leakage was not affected by size (p = 0.52), location of tumor (p = 0.9), or age (p = 0.56). There was 1 death overall. The mean duration of follow-up was 21 ± 18 months.
Transnasal endoscopic resection of anterior cranial base meningiomas is feasible in selected cases. Reported resection rates are adequate, although the follow-up in the reported series is too short (mean 21 months) to make definitive conclusions regarding the long-term effectiveness. Cerebrospinal fluid leakage is a common complication, although it appears not to be associated with additional morbidity except for the need for reoperation. Long-term results are necessary before considering TNE resection as a valid alternative, in selected cases, to the more established transcranial techniques.
Matteo Zoli, Marco Faustini-Fustini, Diego Mazzatenta, Gianluca Marucci, Eugenio De Carlo, Antonella Bacci, Ernesto Pasquini, Giuseppe Lanzino and Giorgio Frank
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) adenomas have been recognized as a more aggressive and invasive subtype of pituitary adenomas. An additional and clinically relevant peculiarity of these tumors is their ability to modify their clinical expression from a silent form to Cushing disease or vice versa. The aim of this study was to review a series of patients with pituitary adenomas and analyze the clinical implications of the transformation of clinical expression in 5 cases that showed this phenomenon.
The authors retrospectively reviewed a series of patients with pituitary adenoma and collected clinical, biohumoral, and neuroradiological data of those who presented with a transformation from silent ACTH adenomas to functioning tumors or vice versa. In all the cases, preoperative assessment consisted of brain MRI, ophthalmological examination, and complete baseline endocrinological investigation. In patients with clinical and/or biochemical findings suspicious for Cushing syndrome, a low-dose dexamethasone suppression test was performed to rule in or out this diagnosis. Endocrinological evaluations were repeated 1 month after surgery, 3 months after surgery, and every 6 months or annually thereafter. Ophthalmological evaluations and brain MRIs were repeated after 3 months and then every 6 or 12 months thereafter.
Five patients (2 men and 3 women) included in this series had corticotropic tumors that showed transformation from an endocrinologically silent form to manifest Cushing disease and vice versa. The mean age at presentation was 40 years (range 18–51 years). In 3 of these patients, a transformation from silent to functioning ACTH adenoma with manifest Cushing disease occurred. In 1 patient, the authors observed the transition from a functioning to a silent adenoma with spontaneous resolution of hypercortisolism. Another patient's silent adenoma "shifted" to a functioning adenoma and then regressed back to a silent form with spontaneous resolution of Cushing disease. This patient again developed hypercortisolism, which finally resolved spontaneously. In this series, the transformation occurred after a mean of 3.5 years (range 6 months to 7 years). The shift from an ACTH-silent to a functioning adenoma was observed in 9% of the ACTH-silent adenomas in this series (4 of 44 cases), and the spontaneous remission of Cushing disease to a silent corticotroph cell adenoma occurred in 1.5% of cases of this series (2 of 132 functioning ACTH adenomas). At follow-up (mean 107 months; range 60–177 months), cortisol levels were within normal limits in all 5 cases. However, 1 patient required Gamma Knife radiosurgery and eventually adrenalectomy for disease control to be achieved.
The ability of silent ACTH adenomas to transform their secretion pattern poses a challenge for neurosurgeons and endocrinologists. Because the transformation is often unexpected, the clinical and biochemical data can be underestimated. Furthermore, this bizarre and unpredictable postoperative tumor behavior can lead to misinterpretation of clinical and endocrinological outcomes. Even if these cases are very rare, they are not anecdotal in large series. Thus, ACTH adenomas require careful biohumoral and neuroradiological follow-up to detect possible transformations.
Matteo Zoli, Giacomo Sollini, Sofia Asioli, Clarissa Ann Elisabeth Gelmi, Angelo Gianluca Corradini, Ernesto Pasquini and Diego Mazzatenta
We present the case of a 47-year-old man with left exophthalmus. MRI showed a left intraorbital intraconal cavernous malformation, located in the superoesternal quadrant and medially displacing the optic nerve. An endoscopic transpalpebral approach was performed and total removal was achieved after dissection of the lesion from the optic nerve and other orbital structures. Pathology confirmed the diagnosis of cavernous malformation. The patient was discharged neurologically intact on the second postoperative day free of complications. Follow-up MRI demonstrated radical resection of the cavernoma and resolution of the exophthalmus with an excellent esthetic result.
The video can be found here: https://youtu.be/o1a1tneZ6qk.
Domenico Catapano, Chris A. Sloffer, Giorgio Frank, Ernesto Pasquini, Vincenzo A. D'Angelo and Giuseppe Lanzino
The authors compare the views afforded by the operating microscope and the endoscope in the direct endonasal extended transsphenoidal approach to the sellar, suprasellar, and parasellar regions.
Five formalin-fixed, silicone-injected adult cadaveric heads were studied. A direct endonasal transsphenoidal approach was performed via the right nostril, pushing aside the nasal septum. The approach was performed with the microscope first, then with the endoscope. For each step (sellar, suprasellar, and clival), the exposure afforded by direct microscopic view was measured and then compared with that obtained using the endoscope. The direct endonasal approach provides a slightly off-midline view. Although the microscope provides an adequate view of the mid-line structures and part of the contralateral parasellar areas, the addition of the endoscope allows for a more panoramic view and permits widening of the approach in all directions.
An adequate exposure of the sellar, suprasellar, and infrasellar/upper clival regions can be achieved via a simple, direct endonasal approach. From a direct endonasal route, there is a preferential visualization of the structures contralateral to the approach. The endoscope affords a more panoramic view that extends the area covered by the operating microscope.
Matteo Zoli, Diego Mazzatenta, Adelaide Valluzzi, Gianluca Marucci, Ph.D., Nicola Acciarri, Ernesto Pasquini and Giorgio Frank
In the last decade the indications for the endoscopic endonasal approach have been progressively expanded to include lesions that have not been traditionally considered amenable to resection through the transsphenoidal route. In this study, the authors analyze their experience with hypothalamic gliomas treated via the endoscopic endonasal approach.
Consecutive cases of hypothalamic gliomas treated since 2007 via an endoscopic endonasal approach were reviewed. Preoperative and postoperative neuroimaging as well as endocrinological, neurological, and visual symptoms were analyzed to assess the surgical outcome. Signs and symptoms of hypothalamic dysfunction including body mass index (BMI), memory, sleep-wake rhythm, and polyphagia were prospectively collected pre- and postoperatively to assess hypothalamic function. Quality of life was evaluated using the Katz scale.
In the initial phase the endoscopic endonasal approach was adopted in 3 cases with a palliative intent, to obtain a biopsy sample or for debulking of the mass followed by radio- or chemotherapy. In 2 later cases it was successfully adopted to achieve gross-total tumor resection. Complications consisted of 2 postoperative CSF leaks, which required an endoscopic endonasal reintervention. Visual deficit improved in 3 cases and normalized in the other 2. Four patients developed diabetes insipidus, and 3 an anterior panhypopituitarism. All patients had a moderate increase in BMI. No patients presented with any other signs of hypothalamic damage, and their quality of life at follow-up is normal.
Despite the limitations of a short follow-up and small sample, the authors' early experience with the endoscopic endonasal approach has revealed it to be a direct, straightforward, and safe approach to third ventricle astrocytomas. It allowed the authors to perform tumor resection with the same microsurgical technique: dissecting the tumor with 2 hands, performing a central debulking, and controlling the bleeding with bipolar coagulation. The main limitations were represented by some anatomical conditions, such as the position of the chiasm and the anterior communicating artery complex and, finally, by the challenge of watertight plastic repair. To definitively evaluate the role of this approach in hypothalamic gliomas, a comparison with transcranial series would be necessary, but due to the rarity of these cases such a study is still lacking. The authors observed that more aggressive surgery is associated with a worse endocrinological outcome; thus they consider it to be an open question (in particular in prepubertal patients) whether radical removal is an advisable goal for hypothalamic gliomas.
Matteo Zoli, Laura Milanese, Rocco Bonfatti, Marco Faustini-Fustini, Gianluca Marucci, Giovanni Tallini, Corrado Zenesini, Carmelo Sturiale, Giorgio Frank, Ernesto Pasquini and Diego Mazzatenta
In the past decade, the role of the endoscopic endonasal approach (EEA) has relevantly evolved for skull base tumors. In this study, the authors review their surgical experience with using an EEA in the treatment of clival chordomas, which are deep and infiltrative skull base lesions, and they highlight the advantages and limitations of this ventral approach.
All consecutive cases of chordoma treated with an EEA between 1998 and 2015 at a single institution are included in this study. Preoperative assessment consisted of neuroimaging (MRI and CT with angiography sequences) and endocrinological, neurological, and ophthalmological evaluations, which were repeated 3 months after surgery and annually thereafter. Postoperative adjuvant therapies were considered.
Sixty-five patients (male/female ratio 1:0.9) were included in this study. The median age was 48 years (range 9–80 years). Gross-total resection (GTR) was achieved in 47 cases (58.7%). On univariate analysis, primary procedures (p = 0.001), location in the superior or middle third of the clivus (p = 0.043), extradural location (p = 0.035), and histology of conventional chordomas (p = 0.013) were associated with a higher rate of GTR. The complication rate was 15.1%, and there were no perioperative deaths. Most complications did not result in permanent sequelae and included 2 CSF leaks (2.5%), 5 transient cranial nerve VI palsies (6.2%), and 2 internal carotid artery injuries (2.5%), which were treated with coil occlusion of the internal carotid artery without neurological deficits. Three patients (3.8%) presented with complications resulting in permanent neurological deficits due to a postoperative hematoma (1.2%) causing a hemiparesis, and 2 permanent ophthalmoplegias (2.5%). Seventeen patients (26.2%) have died of tumor progression over the course of follow-up (median 52 months, range 7–159 months). Based on Kaplan-Meier analysis, the survival rate was 77% at 5 years and 57% at 10 years. On multivariate analysis, the extent of tumor removal (p = 0.001) and the absence of previous treatments (p = 0.001) proved to be correlated with a longer survival rate.
The EEA was associated with a high rate of tumor removal and symptom control, with low morbidity and preservation of a good quality of life. These results allow for a satisfactory overall survival rate, particularly after GTR and for primary surgery. Considering these results, the authors believe that an EEA can be a helpful tool in chordoma surgery, achieving a good balance between as much tumor removal as possible and the preservation of an acceptable patient quality of life.
Luigi Maria Cavallo, Giorgio Frank, Paolo Cappabianca, Domenico Solari, Diego Mazzatenta, Alessandro Villa, Matteo Zoli, Alfonso Iodice D'Enza, Felice Esposito and Ernesto Pasquini
Despite their benign histological appearance, craniopharyngiomas can be considered a challenge for the neurosurgeon and a possible source of poor prognosis for the patient. With the widespread use of the endoscope in endonasal surgery, this route has been proposed over the past decade as an alternative technique for the removal of craniopharyngiomas.
The authors retrospectively analyzed data from a series of 103 patients who underwent the endoscopic endonasal approach at two institutions (Division of Neurosurgery of the Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy, and Division of Neurosurgery of the Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy), between January 1997 and December 2012, for the removal of infra- and/or supradiaphragmatic craniopharyngiomas. Twenty-nine patients (28.2%) had previously been surgically treated.
The authors achieved overall gross-total removal in 68.9% of the cases: 78.9% in purely infradiaphragmatic lesions and 66.3% in lesions involving the supradiaphragmatic space. Among lesions previously treated surgically, the gross-total removal rate was 62.1%. The overall improvement rate in visual disturbances was 74.7%, whereas worsening occurred in 2.5%. No new postoperative defect was noted. Worsening of the anterior pituitary function was reported in 46.2% of patients overall, and there were 38 new cases (48.1% of 79) of postoperative diabetes insipidus. The most common complication was postoperative CSF leakage; the overall rate was 14.6%, and it diminished to 4% in the last 25 procedures, thanks to improvement in reconstruction techniques. The mortality rate was 1.9%, with a mean follow-up duration of 48 months (range 3–246 months).
The endoscopic endonasal approach has become a valid surgical technique for the management of craniopharyngiomas. It provides an excellent corridor to infra- and supradiaphragmatic midline craniopharyngiomas, including the management of lesions extending into the third ventricle chamber. Even though indications for this approach are rigorously lesion based, the data in this study confirm its effectiveness in a large patient series.
Matteo Zoli, Giacomo Sollini, Laura Milanese, Emanuele La Corte, Arianna Rustici, Federica Guaraldi, Sofia Asioli, Luigi Cirillo, Ernesto Pasquini and Diego Mazzatenta
Surgical treatment of orbital lesions is challenging because complex approaches with a high risk of postoperative sequelae are required. Recently, minimally invasive endoscopic approaches through endonasal (EEA) and transpalpebral (ETP) routes have been proposed. The objective of this study was to assess outcomes of EEA and ETP in the authors' series of patients with orbital lesions.
Data from all patients who underwent operations for an orbital tumor through an endoscopic approach at the authors' institution from 2002 to 2018 were retrospectively collected. All patients underwent preoperative MRI and ophthalmological evaluation, which was repeated 3 months after surgery and then at regular follow-up intervals. A systematic review of the literature was also performed using Medline, Embase, and Web of Science databases.
The series includes 23 patients (14 males); the mean patient age was 48 ± 23.9 years. Most of the lesions were intraconal (n = 19, 83%). The more frequent histotype was cavernous hemangioma (n = 5, 22%). Exophthalmos was the most common symptom (21 of 23 patients). EEA was performed in 16 cases (70%) and ETP in 7 (30%). The aim of the surgery was achieved in 94% of the cases after an EEA (successful biopsy in 5 of 6 cases and radical resection in all 10 remaining patients), and in 86% after an ETP (successful biopsy in 2 cases and radical tumor resection in 4 of 5 cases). Complications consisted of 3 cases (13%) of transitory diplopia. One recurrence (4%) was observed at follow-up (mean 59 ± 55 months).
The EEA and ETP have demonstrated to be safe and effective for tumors located respectively in medial and lateral quadrants, permitting one to approach orbital lesions endoscopically at 360°. Innovative surgical tools, including intraoperative ultrasonography, may be useful to potentially reduce surgical morbidity. Larger series are needed to validate these preliminary suggestions.


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Philip Schuyler
From Academic Kids
Philip John Schuyler, (November 10 1733 – November 18 1804), was a general in the American Revolution and a United States Senator from New York. He is usually known as Philip Schuyler, while his son is usually known as Philip J. Schuyler.
Early life
Philip was born at Albany, New York on November 20, 1733 to a wealthy colonial family. Although his family came from humble origins they had gradually expanded their holdings and influence in the New World. His father, John Schuyler Jr. was the third generation of the family in America, when he married Cornelia Van Cortlandt, connecting them with another prominent family.
His father died when Philip was seven years old. After attending the public school at Albany he was educated by tutors at the Van Cortlandt family estate at New Rochelle. He joined the British forces in 1755 during the French and Indian War, raised a company, and was commissioned as its Captain by his cousin, Lt. Governor James Delancey. Later in that war he served as a quartermaster, purchasing supplies and organizing equipment.
In September of 1755 he married Catherine Van Rensselaer (1734-1803) at Albany. This cemented his relationship with another powerful New York family. Although the marriage was urgent (their first daughter Angelica was born in February, 1756), they were a devoted couple for the rest of their lives, and had eleven children.
In 1761-1762 Philip made a trip to England to settle accounts from his work as quartermaster. He also used this time to build a town house in Albany, and start his country estate at Saratoga (which is now Schuylerville). After the war he also expanded his estate at Saratoga, expanding his holdings to tens of thousands of acres, adding tenant farmers, a store, and mills for flour, flax, and lumber. His flax mill for the making of linen was the first one in America. He built several schooners on the Hudson, and named the first Saratoga.
Schuyler began his political career as a member of the New York Assembly in 1768, and served in that body until 1775. During this time his views came to be more opposed to the colonial government. He was particularly outspoken in matters of trade and currency. He was also made a Colonel in the militia for his support of governor Henry Moore.
Revolutionary War
Schuyler was elected to the Continental Congress in 1775, and served until he was appointed a Major General of the Continental Army in June. General Schuyler took command of the Northern Department, and planned the Invasion of Canada (1775). His poor health required him to place Richard Montgomery in command of the invasion.
As department commanding General, he was active in preparing a defense against the Saratoga Campaign in 1777. When General St. Clair surrendered Fort Ticonderoga in July, the congress replaced Schuyler with General Horatio Gates. When Schuyler demanded a court martial for his role, he was vindicated but resigned from the army in 1779. He then served in two more sessions of the Continental Congress in 1779 and 1780.
Later Career
He was a member of the New York State Senate, serving in 1780-1784 and 1786-1790. While a state senator he actively supported the adoption of the United States Constitution. He was elected to the first United States Senate, serving from 1789 to 1791. Losing his bid for reelection, he returned to the state senate from 1792 to 1797. In the elections of 1796 he was returned to the U.S. Senate and served from March 4, 1797 until he resigned with health problems on January 3, 1798.
His daughter Elizabeth married Alexander Hamilton, who was later Secretary of the Treasury. His son Philip Jeremiah Schuyler also had a political career and served in the United States House of Representatives. Philip's country home had been destroyed by Burgoyne's forces in September, 1777. Starting later that year he rebuilt on the same site, now located in southern Schuylerville, New York. The 1777 home is maintained by the National Park Service, and is open to the public.
Schuyler died at home in Albany on November 18, 1804 and is buried in the Albany Rural Cemetery at Menands, New York. Schuyler County, Illinois and Schuyler County, New York were named in his honor.
In 1833, construction of a fort began on the tip of the Throggs Neck peninsula in New York, to protect the western end of the Long Island Sound. The installation of armament was completed in 1856, and the fortification was named Fort Schuyler in his honor. Fort Schuyler now houses the Maritime Industry Museum and the State University of New York Maritime College.
- Revolutionary Enigma; A Re-Appraisal of General Philip Schuyler of New York by Martin H. Bush; 1969; (ISBN 080468080).
- Life of General Philip Schuyler, 1733-1804 by Bayard Tuckerman; 1903; (1969 reprint ISBN 0836950313).
- Proud Patriot: Philip Schuyler and the War of Independence, 1755-1783 by Don Gerlach; 1987; Syracuse University Press; (ISBN 0815623739).
External link
- U.S. Senate Biography (http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=S000154)
|Preceded by:
|U.S. Senator (Class 1) from New York
|Succeeded by:
Aaron Burr
|Preceded by:
Aaron Burr
|U.S. Senator (Class 1) from New York
|Succeeded by:
John S. Hobart

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Kinsman, Warren Twp. roads to close
WARREN — Road projects are set to begin this week in Kinsman and Warren Township.
In Kinsman, from 7 a.m. to 5 p.m., today until Friday, Delin Thomas Road between state Route 5 and Kinsman Nickerson Road will be closed for tree removal. The detour is west on Kinsman Nickerson Road, north on state Route 7 and east on state Route 5.
In Warren Township, today through Thursday, Lover's Lane from West Market Street to Randolph Street will be closed for a culvert replacement.


text:
i love watching my wife do this
I would love to watch my wife have that much FUN!!!!
Wow - MM got THICK! Loved this girl for years. Good to see she still has that slutty look on her face when her asshole is getting dicked.
Es la chica mas guapa y sexy de todo yuvutu ,Nunca vi nada igual ,te entran ganas de comertela.


text:
BAKER, MOLLY MARGORIE WOODFORD, 97, of Glen Allen, a communications specialist, widow of William "Bill" F.W. Baker.
BAKER, SAMUEL THOMAS "SAM" III, 67, of Mechanicsville, husband of Karen Baker.
BLAYLOCK, BEVERLY OAKES SOBRITO, 72, of Chesterfield.
BROOM, EDNA B., 97, of Mechanicsville.
CALLOW, JOHN GALE, 65, of Richmond, served in the Army.
CHAVIS, MABEL BROWN, 74, of Richmond, wife of Walter Chavis Sr.
CLEARY, FRANCINE GARBER, 70, of Chesterfield, a physics and biology teacher at Manchester Middle School and James River High School.
COFFEY, ALVIN DEAN JR., 79, of Chesterfield, served in the Navy, retired from Chesterfield County, widower of Barbara Webb Coffey and husband of Winnie Coffey.
CREIGHTON, STANLEY GEORGE "STAN," 67, of Henrico, a firefighter for the city of Richmond, widower of Mary Ellen Helton Creighton.
DAWES, FRANCIS PATRICK, 87, of Midlothian, served in the Air Force during the Korean War, husband of Shirley Dawes.
DEMPSEY, HOWARD DOUGLAS, 67, of Goochland, a retired engineer for RF&P Railroad.
DOOLEY, MARK CHRISTOPHER, 68, of Henrico, a gastroenterologist, husband of Linda Dooley.
DUNNINGTON, JUDITH STANLEY, 78, of Henrico, a physician.
ELLETT, MARY BROWN, 89, of Richmond, a clerk.
ERDT, DOROTHY LOWHASSER, 93, of Mechanicsville, a cafeteria worker at Lee-Davis High School, widow of Richard F. Erdt.
FORBUS, LOU ELLEN, 91, of Midlothian, a homemaker, widow of Thomas Reginald "Reg" Forbus.
FURR RIKER, JOYCE MCCLAIN, 75, of Hanover, a secretary with the Food and Drug Administration, the Department of Immigration and the Department of the Interior.
GASKINS, CURTIS, 58, of Chesterfield, a painting contractor, husband of Astrid Gaskins.
GRUBB, BETTY D., 98, of Henrico, a secretary and homemaker, widow of Taylor I. Grubb Sr.
GUY, JACQUELINE SIMONE, 91, of Henrico, originally of Paris, a French teacher.
HALL, CHARLES EDWARD, 82, of Richmond, a retired draftsman.
HALL, HELEN MCREE, 93, of Midlothian, worked in painting restoration, widow of Edwin Prince Hall.
HARDEN, PATRICIA MCKAY, 70, of Richmond, a former teacher at The Collegiate School, wife of Russell S. Harden.
HINERMAN, LOIS DORSEY, 93, of Highland Springs, widow of Jack Elvin Hinerman.
HOLLEY, DEBRA PATRICIA, of Richmond and Washington, D.C.
HOWSON, WALTER YEATTS "RED" JR., 77, of Midlothian, a commercial banker, husband of Barbara Carr Howson.
JONES, LILA O., 94, of Richmond, a machine operator.
KOENIG, EDWARD K., 96, of Richmond, served in the Army during World War II, retired owner of Barber Veterinary Supply, widower of Rosewell Howard Koenig.
LAMBERT, PETER BALDWIN, 92, of North Chesterfield, served in the Army during World War II, a retired hospital administrator, husband of Maryanne Lambert.
LAYTON, LUCILE H., 90, of Chesterfield, a retired educator.
MARSHALL, MARVIN LLOYD SR., 83, of Henrico, a retired DuPont engineer, husband of Cynthia Sprouse Marshall.
MCCRAY, BERNARD WINN, 85, of Richmond, served in the Army, a vice president of Tidewater Construction Co., widower of Louise Sackett and husband of Eve McCray.
NESTER, KATHERINE JONES, 91, of Powhatan, wife of Hugh Bishop Nester.
OLDFIELD, ROBERT WISE "BOB" SR., 62, of Henrico, an executive.
PARKER, VIOLET "BETTE" KILBY ESCUDIE-BROWNE, 98, of Chesterfield, served in the British Royal Air Force during World War II, a homemaker, widow of Roger L. Parker.
SKELTON, DWIGHT MADISON, 74, of Richmond, a retired salesman at Tastykake Baking Co., husband of Margaret Skelton.
SNOWA, JAMES DOUGLAS "J.D." JR., 38, of Richmond.
SPRATLEY, EVANGELINE "VANGE" PREAS, 92, of Chesterfield, a homemaker, widow of Edward M. "Ned" Spratley Sr.
STRATIOU, PETE V., 74, of Hanover, a real estate investor, husband of Mary C. Stratiou.
TURNER, ADRIAN G., 57, of Richmond.
TWEEDIE, RUTH SEAY, 99, of Richmond.
YATES, HELEN KAY, 104, of Hanover, a genealogy researcher.
ALEXANDRIA — EICHNER, RICHARD ADAMS "AD," 66, co-founder of Ritter & Eichner, a public finance law firm.
AMELIA — CHILDRESS, ROBIN CREED, 67, former owner of R.C. Childress Painting and Repair, husband of Gale Childress.
CARTERSVILLE — BERLIN, GLADYS BABER, 78, a farmer.
CHARLOTTESVILLE — ANNS, PHILIP, an A.H. Robins executive, widower of Arlene Eiserman Anns.
CHASE CITY — LIGGON, FIELDER CARTER, 85, a retired lift driver at Burlington Industries, widower of Virginia Oliver Liggon.
CREWE — FANSHAW, LAVERNE W., 73, a school bus driver, wife of Frank Fanshaw.
DUNNSVILLE — HAZARD, GAIL, 73, a retired Realtor and broker, wife of Michael J. "Hap" Hazard Sr.
KENBRIDGE — SLAUGHTER, PEGGY LOUISE, 84, a farmer.
KILMARNOCK — HENDERSON, CORNELIA M., 84, a retired banker, wife of Dean Henderson.
MOUNT JACKSON — KROL, RICHARD S., 75, served in the Army, a teacher and coach.
PRINCE GEORGE — FARRAR, ANDREW L., 82, husband of Mavis W. Farrar.
SCOTTSBURG — SNEAD, EDWARD DEWEY SR., 89, a retired farmer.
VIRGINIA BEACH — PACKETT, STEPHEN MULLIN JR., 35, served in the Army.
WILLIAMSBURG — NEWELL, DORIS BALD, 96, a homemaker, widow of J. David Newell Sr.
YORKTOWN — FENN, RAYMOND CAMP, 81, a theater director and program developer.
BIBB, MARTHA E. RILEY, 77, of Indian Harbour Beach, Fla., formerly of Richmond, a tax accountant and office manager at H&R Block, wife of John S. Bibb Jr.
CLEMENTS, VIRGINIA "GINA" FLETCHER, 56, of Severna Park, Md., formerly of Charlottesville, a teacher, wife of Barry Clements.


text:
Never Alone
March 12, 2014
I remember a day years ago, sitting in a restaurant with our church youth group. I watched and smiled as they talked and joked around. And as I sat there in the midst of this group, I felt totally alone.
I'd recently jumped in to church with gusto but my husband hadn't. He'd decided to go quite the opposite direction—atheism.
So there I sat in a room full of people who knew me, yet I felt this loneliness, a longing to be known and understood. And a longing to share my growing faith with my husband.
Times of loneliness seem to enter our lives at times for various reasons, but in a spiritual mismatch it can be even more challenging as we wait for God to work in our marriage and on our pre-believer's heart.
Something I found so comforting in years past is that this longing to be known is part of our faith DNA.
He has made everything beautiful in its time. He has also set eternity in the human heart; yet no one can fathom what God has done from beginning to end. — Ecclesiastes 3:11
God has a longing to be known. And just as we want to be known, He wants us to know Him. Thus our need to be known mirrors the Creators very heart for His children—us.
For now we see in a mirror dimly, but then face to face; now I know in part, but then I will know fully just as I also have been fully known. But now faith, hope, love, abide these three; but the greatest of these is love. — 1 Corinthians 13:12-13
Over the years that loneliness has diminished more and more in the light of Abba's great love. He's shown me that often times the thing I long for most is Him, to know Jesus as my best friend and to have that intimacy. I think my greatest challenge as been to truly believe Abba loves me that much AND to truly believe that NOTHING can separate me from His love (Romans 8:38-39), not even my mismatched marriage or my doubts.
God loves all His children vastly, deeply and completely no matter what kind of marriage or place we are in. And His heart is to know us because He longs for us to know Him.
Now no matter where I sit I know I'm not alone. We never stand (or sit) alone. Jesus is always there!
If you haven't had a chance to listen to our broadcasts this week on FamilyLife Today, hop over and be encouraged! Our hearts and prayers are always for you, my friends.
And if you want a little chuckle, check out my post "The Spiritual Disconnect" on our MismatchedandThriving.com site. It's a hilarious story of how I watched an episode of Big Bang Theory with my husband one evening and the discovery made that evening.
Love and hugs to you!
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Marching Around Jericho is a spiritual guide. As you read through the pages, powerful and transformative instruction and equipping takes place. We follow Jesus as he leads us around the walls, imparting kingdom truths with each passing, finally arriving at the gates of the walled-off city, our spouse's unbelieving heart. After the circles in prayer are complete, we arrive fully prepared to command the walls to crumble and be removed, making a way for our spouse to step from the rubble of lies and captivity, into faith and freedom!


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We publish six stories every weekday that bring you fresh insight into China.
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Signing a mobile contract in China? Get ready for a facial scan
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by Phoebe Zhang
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Designing A New Nation – Part 5 – The Military
This is the fifth installment in a series where I design, with your help, a small, hypothetical new nation called Ascendia, based on small government, personal liberty, and free markets. Please read parts one, two, three and four if you have not yet before reading this article so that you're up to speed. Today I will lay out how Ascendia will handle its military.
The Military
As I talked about in the last installment in this series, it would be illegal for the government of Ascendia to attack any other nation without a formal declaration of war from the Assembly, which with today's technology, would be quick to obtain if needed. A declaration of war would be given if any nation attacks any resource or citizen of Ascendia within Ascendia's borders. Any attacks by any foreign nations on Ascendian citizens traveling or living aboard, outside of the nation's borders, would be ignored. This is because individual citizens take their own safety into their own hands when they travel abroad, and no citizen can expect the government of their nation to go to war just because the citizen knowingly traveled to a dangerous part of the world, as I already described here.
However, Ascendia can and would use lethal military force to respond to attacks against or within its borders. Here are the military resources it would have available.
The first resource is that of bounties and assassination. If a nation ever threatened or attacked Ascendia, the Chief Executive of the Assembly would go on national TV, televised throughout the world and on the internet, and announce a one billion dollar bounty to be placed on the leader of the enemy nation, payable in any currency desired, tax free, to the first person who kills him. Moreover, this bounty would be paid to anyone, including the leader's own wife, relatives, or bodyguards.
Today, when leaders attack or threaten each other, they use their militaries to attack the other's military. But that's stupid. The individual leader is the problem, and that's the guy who needs to fear for his life.
By the way, since Ascendia would not be part of any supernational organization like the United Nations or NATO, it would not need to abide by any of these silly treaties making the assassination of foreign leaders illegal. Oh no, no, no. Assassinations are far more inexpensive in terms of money and loss of life than wars, and they're much more fair. Ascendia would be happy to use this weapon to defend itself against aggressors.
The second resource would be Ascendia's military. As a small nation, it would have a small army, a small air force, and a small navy. It would not have a separate marine corps (that would be part of the navy) nor a coast guard (that would be part of the navy). 100% of the military would consist of private contractors like Blackwater, since we know for a fact that these services cost far less than a government operated military. So government would pay for it and command it, but it would not actually soldier it. That would be done by professional mercenaries.
Next would be Ascendia's nuclear weapons. Yes, Ascendia would have nukes if it could get them. History as clearly shown that no one screws with nations that have nukes, and that having nukes makes your population safer. Thus, Ascendia would work very hard to acquire nuclear weapons, even if it was just a handful of short-range tactical warheads.
Next would be Ascendia's intelligence agency. Unlike the military, who would be commanded to stay within the borders of Ascendia at all times unless a declaration of war was declared, Ascendia's intelligence agency could and would indeed be deployed all over the world, in any trouble spots that may threaten Ascendia, to quietly gather intelligence, just like any other intelligence agency. The more the intelligence agency can do, the less the military needs to do, and that's a good thing.
This agency would be full of hardened badasses, and would be modeled on those agencies such as the FSB and the Mossad. It would have a scary name for marketing purposes, like the Lethal Intelligence Agency (L.I.A.) or even better, the Fearless Underground Cadre of Killers (F.U.C.K.). Agents of F.U.C.K. would be trained by the best in the world, and would (hopefully) be feared and/or respected by other nations.
Lastly would be the cyber warfare division, perhaps the most important part of the military. The government of Ascendia would hire all the weirdest, smartest, freakiest hackers in the world and put them to work. The US government would never hire hackers with purple mohawks and nose rings, but Ascendia would understand that these guys are often the most dangerous and effective hackers.
This would be the Hacker Battalion. If anyone screws with Ascendia, these guys would immediately go to work, shutting down the enemy nation's banks, websites, power grids, transportation hubs, and so on. Again, the more they can do, the less the military has to do, which is always a good thing.
Given all these resources, here's exactly what would happen if anyone was stupid enough to attack the friendly, noninterventalist nation of Ascendia:
1. A formal declaration of war would be made and announced to the world.
2. The Leader of the Assembly would immediately go on international TV and the internet and announce the one billion dollar bounty on the attacking leader's head, and perhaps other high-ranking individuals in the enemy government.
3. Troops, ships, and planes would be immediately deployed to the attacker's borders, if possible, but not actually attack yet (though of course they would respond to attacks with deadly force).
4. Agents of F.U.C.K. would flood the attacking country incognito, blowing up bridges, assassinating political and military leaders (but not civilians or low-end military), and sewing all kinds of chaos.
5. The Hacker Battalion would launch a full-scale cyber war against the attacker, shutting down airports, freezing bank assets, releasing sex tapes and photos of political and military leaders cheating on their wives, and all kinds of fun shit.
6. The government of Ascendia would announce to the world that they are willing to end the war at any time as soon as hostilities cease.
7. If none of this worked, the military would then attack the enemy nation, using lethal force while trying to keep civilian casualties as low as possible. No attacks on civilian targets would be allowed. None of this crap about bombing someone's house just because a cell phone signal from a known combatant would be present without knowing who else was in the house. None of this stuff about bombing combatants just because they're shooting guns in the air (it could be a fucking wedding). And so on.
8. At the end of the war, once peace was negotiated, 100% of all Ascendia troops would leave the attacking country and come back home, within the borders of Ascendia and international waters. There would never be any nation building, rebuilding, or reparations of any kind (if the ex-enemy wanted reparations or rebuilding, they shouldn't have attacked Ascendia in the first place), and such activities would be strictly forbidden by the Enforceable Constitution and the CEA.
As I've explained numerous times in previous articles on this topic, most of this stuff is completely moot, since it would be very, very, very unlikely for any nation to attack Ascendia. Do you see lots of nations attacking friendly, small government, noninterventionalist nations like Switzerland or Hong Kong? No. And that's the entire point. It would be extraordinarily unlikely that anyone would militarily attack (or even threaten) Ascendia at any time during its lifespan. A military is a necessary evil, but it would likely spend 100% of it's time running drills and never actually fighting in a war… which is exactly what you want from your military.
Next installment coming soon.
31 Comments on "Designing A New Nation – Part 5 – The Military"
What you should talk about now is your vision about how do you see ascendia becoming an economic superpower. How would companies will be formed there? You know stuff like that.
One more thing: Education.
Public schools and colleges? Will they be there?
Do you see lots of nations attacking friendly, small government, noninterventionalist nations like Switzerland or Hong Kong? No.
Why lots? It only takes one. Moldova, Georgia and Ukraine were all very much noninterventionalist, yet all that mattered was Russia's imperial ambitions.
Next would be Ascendia's nuclear weapons. Yes, Ascendia would have nukes if it could get them. History as clearly shown that no one screws with nations that have nukes, and that having nukes makes your population safer.
And that's why every country in the world should have nuclear weapons. It would result in instant world peace!
The biggest barrier to world peace is all this garbage "nuclear disarmament" talk from the tree hugging UN faggots, as well as attempts to stop non-nuclear countries from going nuclear! The opposite should occur.
We need to encourage more countries to go nuclear and even give them some of ours. We also need to tell the UN to go fuck itself.
Think of it as an international 2nd Amendment!
Do you agree?
If the people of Ascendia had the the right to keep and bear arms, do you think they would ever organize a march to have them taken away from them?
Moldova, Georgia and Ukraine
Uh, yeah, and the fact those countries are former states of an expansionist, bloodthirsty empire that never wanted them seceded had nothing to do with it, right?
If you're seriously using former Soviet satellites to prove your point, then I think mine's been proven.
Another thing to consider which supports your argument is that Ukraine indeed did have nuclear before. They gave them away in exchange of a promise by Russia and a few other countries that they would never violate their borders. That has gone so well, that it just proves the point that everyone should have nukes.
This would be the Hacker Battalion. If anyone screws with Ascendia, these guys would immediately go to work, shutting down the enemy nation's banks, websites, power grids, transportation hubs, and so on. Again, the more they can do, the less the military has to do, which is always a good thing.
How would you prevent the Hackers from either giving information to enemy nations or hacking into other nations, Companies or civilians when not at war (or the threat).
100% of the military would consist of private contractors like Blackwater, since we know for a fact that these services cost far less than a government operated military. So government would pay for it and command it, but it would not actually soldier it. That would be done by professional mercenaries.
I see some problems with this. One a private company with government money is not private (since their profits come from the government just think the private jail systems). How are you going to handle the private companies cost vs what they mightneed, ie if they say they need more money for new systems? Are you going to hire private companies from other countries and or corporations?
Will there be a chance that the private company could work for the government leader over Ascendia civilians. Ie a president taking dictatorial powers over the voters using the soldiers that are not loyal to the nation but to the company or who pays the bills.
I say this from the history of Rome. When the soldiers where from the draft of civilians that had to go out to fight in times of war. The soldiers were loyal to Rome and not the generals and wanted to end the war sooner to get back to their farms and family, Rome was a republic. As soon as they started getting professional armies where they were paid and supply by the generals they become loyal to the general. They become a much better fighting force but at the cost of the republic, this starts with Marian reforms and soon led to Sulla who took control of the state killed his opponents in the name of restoring the republic. Yeah most people talk about Julius Caesar turning Rome into an empire but they forget it started with 'Sulla unconstitutionally marched his armies into Rome' https://infogalactic.com/info/Sulla .
If you're seriously using former Soviet satellites to prove your point, then I think mine's been proven.
No, the point I would like to disprove is "friendly nation = no war". Wars are thankfully rare nowadays, only Russia is arrogant enough to openly attack other countries. With such a low occurrence rate of war, "nobody is attacking Singapore" is about as informative as "no elephants in sight, see how powerful my elephant repelling field is!".
I don't even think the correlation between "is aggressive towards other nations" and "is likely to be counter-attacked by said nations" is all that strong. What matters is whether people of said other nations perceive the first nation to be the aggressor and are goaded into action, which propaganda easily makes independent of what the first nation actually does.
No, the point I would like to disprove is "friendly nation = no war". Wars are thankfully rare nowadays
Completely untrue, instead wars look very different nowadays. What we have these days is instead of direct attach by a conventional army countries and groups do other things such as sending waves of immigrants with instructions of what they are supposed to do in the host country, election / media intereference/manipulation, etc… of course many of these things are not done by governments but by other organisations or even private companies. What will be necessary in the future is to be ready to not only respond to such actions as acts of war but also to be prepared to effectively fight multinational organisations and private (public) companies. You also think of putting a price on the head of a CEO of a company or members of NGOs etc.
The US government would never hire hackers with purple mohawks and nose rings, but Ascendia would understand that these guys are often the most dangerous and effective hackers.
Didn't I say this on a previous article? Compensate former black hats and make them into white hats? I STILL think this group should be able to get into social networks and shut down any attempts at collectivism or at least fine people for it.
Was there already an article on what Ascendia's process of law enforcement would be? I may have missed it.
You're being silly. A nation that never attacks or interferes with other nations is significantly less at risk of foreign attack than a nation that regularly attacks/interferes with other nations, all other factors remaining equal… yes or no?
At first I also thought this point was silly, then I gave it more thought and suddenly it wasn't all that silly. I was unable to recall any situations where a nation that had previously interfered with other nation(s) got military retaliation it had to defend itself from (not counting direct attacks on bordering states, of course these can swing back and forth). How many such occurrences can you name in the recent times (say 1991–present)?
I like the series so far but on this instalment it sounds like you have been watching way too many James Bond movies. "We will just take down their leader!" Yeah, right. Do you really think it is that simple? It took the US billions of dollars and many years to kill Bin Laden, and that is just the leader of some terrorist organization hiding in mountain caves. The president of an enemy state would be far more difficult to kill. A small nation like yours would never be able to pull it off.
You wouldn't like the enemy playing by those rules either. There is a reason all those "silly treaties" exist. Put bounties on the leaders of other nations and it won't be long before they starting putting bounties on your head as well. At some point you will be paranoid about one of your own security guys killing you because some foreign leader put a 1 billion bounty on you.
Hackers can't really do as much as people imagine. The hardest task they can manage is getting some celebrity nudes and uploading them on 4chan.
You should call your spy agency Fearless Underground Cadre of Killers United. Other words: F.U.C.K.U. That way the enemy knows it's personal. ?
It took the US billions of dollars and many years to kill Bin Laden
Well, that's exactly the reason putting a bounty is a good idea.
Put bounties on the leaders of other nations and it won't be long before they starting putting bounties on your head as well.
1) The entire bounty thing is in response to an attack on Ascendia only. So they have already made some hostile act and shown their true colors.
2) In theory at least, killing the leader of Ascendia changes nothing because all the other officials share the same ideals.
Hackers can't really do as much as people imagine.
Just imagine being the only country in the world aware of Meltdown/Spectre.
The real problem however is that in many cases assassinating the leader will do nothing because the bad guys have some kind of ideals, too. Whom can France assassinate so Bataclan never happens again?
I seem to recall an issue with the twin towers in New York in 2001, as just one example.
By no account was the perpetrator of that a nation. Taliban was at worst a state sponsor of terrorism.
Again, when has Hong Kong been attacked? How many wars as Switzerland ever engaged in? And so on.
There are many countries not being attacked. Choose any random state outside Africa and Middle East, be it Mongolia, Jamaica or whatever, and more likely than not, there hasn't been a war there for quite a while, thank [insert deity here] for that. And if you do look closely at Africa and Middle East, you'll see that who kills whom isn't based on what they did, but rather what group they belong to (ethnicity, religion etc.).
Absence of war only very weakly supports the "this country does things right" hypothesis.
You're on a real "disagree just to disagree" thing lately.
And apparently by my next message my mood shifted to "agree just to agree" : )
Read what Anon said; he made most of my points for me.
How do you prevent coups if the military consists 100% of contractors. What if the enemy nation place a bounty on this country first?
I seem to recall an issue with the twin towers in New York in 2001, as just one example.
I can't resist…You don't honestly believe that another "nation" did that do you?
Well, that's exactly the reason putting a bounty is a good idea.
My point is that those who want to earn the bounty will face the same difficulties the US army faced, WITHOUT the massive resources and backing of the US government. So it will be even harder.
In theory at least, killing the leader of Ascendia changes nothing because all the other officials share the same ideals.
The exact same thing can be said about the enemy nation. Lets say somehow you manage to kill their president. Ok, now the vicepresident takes over and he wants to continue the war. Now you have to kill the second guy in charge, etc.
Remember, if you're attacking my system, you're defending the current one
Pointing out the flaws in your system is not the same as defending the current system. Not at all.
Taking every attack within the borders as a declaration of war would seem to create a few conflicting issues for this plan. Take the recent assassination of the former Russian spy and his daughter within UK borders. Imagine this happening in Ascendian territory, and for the sake of argument let's say these Russians have successfully become Ascendian nationals. Do you declare war on Russia and immediately put a bounty on Putin's head? What happens if Russia accepts Ascendia's demand to "end hostilities", but keeps murdering civilians within Ascendia's borders? What level of proof is required to hold a foreign nation accountable for these kind of extra-judicial killings and what kind of retribution would need to be exacted before the war is ended? Seems like Ascendia may spend a lot of time at war with larger and more powerful nations if it reacts violently against every infringement within its borders.
My point is that those who want to earn the bounty will face the same difficulties the US army faced, WITHOUT the massive resources and backing of the US government. So it will be even harder.
The idea is to appeal to bodyguards, spouses etc. And once this works, the next leader considering attacking Ascendia would understand that this will immediately become personal, and that he will have to hide from everyone.
So this could maybe work as deterrence, but maybe not against every threat. Religious fanatics seem to be less afraid of that, for instance.
Another thing to consider is that most current wars seem to follow the pattern of "fuel existing tension and ride it to seize power or use it as a bargaining chip". Any country would do well to address such tension before anyone attempts to exploit it, but Ascendia, with its natural income disparity among the population, would be particularly susceptible to tension between groups, "us vs them" mentality, the rich being seen as oppressors etc.
Without being part of the international banking system, Ascendia's offer of a billion squares of monopoly money would be worthless. We have a world currency – it's just not obvious.
History has shown again and again that nations that rely on mercenary troops quickly fall. The is the Achilles' Heel of libertarianism – a nation cannot defend itself without a little blind patriotism, without citizen soldiers. At least some troops need to be willing to die for their country.
These government officials that command the mercenaries: do they have military rank? If so, you have a standing military. If not, they are public servants. Clerks. Where do you draw them from? Where do they learn tactics? Do you have a military college?
How does your mercenary military maintain readiness? Do they work as security guards, patrolling shopping malls? Are they out and about, doing wet work in Syria?
Your security-guard mercs commanded by career public servants (who they don't respect) will be up against a cohesive army of trained troops with a carefully-cultivated habit of obeying orders, many of whom are ready to die for the glory of their country.
The only problem I have with this idea of an entirely private military is that if a richer nation was to be aggressive, what's to stop that nation from buying off the mercenaries? This is especially a problem if Ascendia is constitutionally limited in the total amount they can pay those mercenaries.
While I think there is a good case to be made for paying mercenaries to do most of the dirty work, It seems like it would be essential to at least have some contingent of citizen soldiers, both to direct the private contractors and to serve as a redundancy in case of aggression by a significantly richer country. They wouldn't have to be drafted but could be recruited, much as the US does today.
How would the wife/children/bodyguard of the leader of the country who was bountied would be able to prove that he was the one who killed the leader? how will he be safe if he anoounces it right there?
and do u really tihnk the agencies like black water are trust worthy for a small , new country?


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TUESDAY, May 21, 2019 (HealthDay News) -- With childhood obesity rates high, many studies have investigated lifestyle factors that can make a difference -- which ones increase the risk and which ones reduce it.
Beyond diet, a lack of sleep has been linked to weight gain both in adults and children, so it's important that kids get enough shuteye, even with their -- and your -- busy schedules.
Since a child's wake-up time is usually determined by when school or day care starts and can't be easily altered, an earlier bedtime is needed to ensure kids get the sleep they need, according to research published in The Journal of Pediatrics.
After following nearly 1,000 kids from birth to age 15, researchers found that attention to sleep needs to start in the preschool years. For instance, 4-year-olds who went to sleep before 8 p.m. cut their obesity risk in half compared to those who went to sleep after 9 p.m. This simple lifestyle modification can make a lifelong health difference.
Understandably, this is easier said than done when one or both parents work late, which can delay dinner and evening activities. So parents might need to make compromises or adjustments at least on weeknights when there's less opportunity for family time.
Given the link between sleep and a healthy weight, plus its many other benefits for kids' well-being, setting that 8 p.m. bedtime could be well worth the tradeoffs to make it happen.
Kids' Daily Sleep Needs
Infant to 12 months: 12 to 16 hours, including naps
Ages 1 to 2: 11 to 14 hours, including naps
Ages 3 to 5: 10 to 13 hours, including naps
Ages 6 to 12: 9 to 12 hours
Ages 13 to 18: 8 to 10 hours
More information
The U.S. Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion has more on the importance of sleep for all ages.


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By: Levy, Paul
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Rivtow was just a three-boat log-towing operation when Lucille Johnstone came aboard as an unskilled girl Friday in the late 1940s. By the 1980s, Rivtow had taken over its biggest rival to become one of the giants of the marine transportation industry with connections worldwide, and Lucille was the driving force behind its success. As the company grew she worked her way from receptionist to secretary to dispatcher to administrator to CEO and finally, to president. A remarkable feat for a woman in those times, and made even more remarkable in that her unlikely success took place in the male-dom... View more info


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import "github.com/zalando/skipper/logging"
Package logging implements application log instrumentation and Apache combined access log.
The application log uses the logrus package:
To send messages to the application log, import this package and use its methods. Example:
import log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus" func doSomething() { log.Errorf("nothing to do") }
During startup initialization, it is possible to redirect the log output from the default /dev/stderr to another file, and to set a common prefix for each log entry. Setting the prefix may be a good idea when the access log is enabled and its output is the same as the one of the application log, to make it easier to split the output for diagnostics.
The access log prints HTTP access information in the Apache combined access log format. To output entries, use the logging.Access method. Note that by default, skipper uses the loggingHandler to wrap the central proxy handler, and automatically provides access logging.
During initialization, it is possible to redirect the access log output from the default /dev/stderr to another file, or completely disable the access log.
A special key in the StateBag (accessLog.AccessLogAdditionalDataKey) is exposed so filters can add more data to the access log files. When using the feature, any data contained in a map[string]interface{} in the StateBag's key will be passed to the logger. This is specially useful when more request/response information is needed when logging.
To set a custom file output for the application log or the access log is currently not recommended in production environment, because neither the proper handling of system errors, or a log rolling mechanism is implemented at the current stage.
access.go doc.go log.go logger.go loggingwriter.go
Initializes logging.
func LogAccess(entry *AccessEntry, additional map[string]interface{})
Logs an access event in Apache combined log format (with a minor customization with the duration). Additional allows to provide extra data that may be also logged, depending on the specific log format.
type AccessEntry struct { // The client request. Request *http.Request // The status code of the response. StatusCode int // The size of the response in bytes. ResponseSize int64 // The time spent processing request. Duration time.Duration // The time that the request was received. RequestTime time.Time }
Access log entry.
type DefaultLog struct{}
DefaultLog provides a default implementation of the Logger interface.
func (dl *DefaultLog) Debug(a ...interface{})
func (dl *DefaultLog) Debugf(f string, a ...interface{})
func (dl *DefaultLog) Error(a ...interface{})
func (dl *DefaultLog) Errorf(f string, a ...interface{})
func (dl *DefaultLog) Info(a ...interface{})
func (dl *DefaultLog) Infof(f string, a ...interface{})
func (dl *DefaultLog) Warn(a ...interface{})
func (dl *DefaultLog) Warnf(f string, a ...interface{})
type Logger interface { // Log with level ERROR Error(...interface{}) // Log formatted messages with level ERROR Errorf(string, ...interface{}) // Log with level WARN Warn(...interface{}) // Log formatted messages with level WARN Warnf(string, ...interface{}) // Log with level INFO Info(...interface{}) // Log formatted messages with level INFO Infof(string, ...interface{}) // Log with level DEBUG Debug(...interface{}) // Log formatted messages with level DEBUG Debugf(string, ...interface{}) }
Logger instances provide custom logging.
type LoggingWriter struct {
// contains filtered or unexported fields
func NewLoggingWriter(writer http.ResponseWriter) *LoggingWriter
func (lw *LoggingWriter) Flush()
func (lw *LoggingWriter) GetBytes() int64
func (lw *LoggingWriter) GetCode() int
func (lw *LoggingWriter) Header() http.Header
func (lw *LoggingWriter) Hijack() (net.Conn, *bufio.ReadWriter, error)
func (lw *LoggingWriter) Write(data []byte) (count int, err error)
func (lw *LoggingWriter) WriteHeader(code int)
type Options struct { // Prefix for application log entries. Primarily used to be // able to select between access log and application log // entries. ApplicationLogPrefix string // Output for the application log entries, when nil, // os.Stderr is used. ApplicationLogOutput io.Writer // Output for the access log entries, when nil, os.Stderr is // used. AccessLogOutput io.Writer // When set, log in JSON format is used AccessLogJSONEnabled bool // AccessLogStripQuery, when set, causes the query strings stripped // from the request URI in the access logs. AccessLogStripQuery bool }
Init options for logging.
Package logging imports 11 packages (graph) and is imported by 19 packages. Updated 2020-01-20. Refresh now. Tools for package owners.


text:
Tilly-sur-Seulles tourism and travel guide
Visit Tilly-sur-Seulles: highlights and tourist informationTo Visit Attractions
Tilly-sur-Seulles is situated in the Calvados department and Normandy region, in the north of France at 19 kilometres from Caen, the department capital (general information: Tilly-sur-Seulles is 220 kilometres from Paris).
Popular places to visit nearby include Bayeux at 13 km and Creully at 14 km. For more places to visit and local tourist attractions see the map and listings below.
Tilly-sur-Seulles, France: places to visit and attractions
Some of the places that we have visited and reviewed and can recommend when you are sightseeing close to Tilly-sur-Seulles in Normandy.
Note that all distances below are 'direct' and real driving distances will be greater!
... or see ALL recommended places to visit in Calvados
Map of places to visit near Tilly-sur-Seulles
Markets in and near Tilly-sur-Seulles
Market days in Tilly-sur-Seulles: weekly market: Sunday;
- Tilly-sur-Seulles: market Sunday (0km)
- Villers-Bocage: market Wednesday (11km)
- Bayeux: market Wednesday & Saturday (13km)
- Aunay-sur-Odon: market Saturday (17km)
- Le Molay-Littry: market Thursday (19km)
- Caen: market Wednesday & Tuesday & Thursday & Sunday & Friday (20km)
- Courseulles-sur-Mer: market Tuesday & Friday (21km)
- Mondeville: market Thursday (22km)
- Douvres-la-Delivrande: market Thursday (22km)
- Herouville-Saint-Clair: market Wednesday (23km)
More information about Tilly-sur-Seulles, Normandy
Tourist attractions near Tilly-sur-Seulles, France
Some places with official tourist classifications and other places of interest to visit nearby that should provide inspiration if you are visiting Tilly-sur-Seulles.
Most beautiful villages in France
(see also beautiful French villages)
- Beuvron (42km)
Churches and religious monuments
- Prieuré (Saint-Gabriel-Brecy) (10km)
- Eglise de Saint Pierre (Rucqueville) (10km)
- Prieuré de Saint Gabriel Brécy (Saint-Gabriel-Brecy) (12km)
- Cathédrale Notre Dame (Bayeux) (12km)
- Abbaye de Caen (Caen) (19km)
- Abbaye de Cerisy-la-Forêt (Cerisy-la-Foret) (22km)
Remarkable gardens
- Jardins du château de Brécy (12km)
- Plantbessin (13km)
- Jardins du château de Vendeuvre (45km)
Protected historical centre (fr: secteur sauvegardé)
(see also historical French towns)
- Bayeux (13km)
Sites of natural beauty
- Jardin des plantes de Caen (19km)
- Prairie (Caen) (19km)
- Forêt de Cerisy (19km)
- Pegasus Bridge (27km)
- Rochers des Parcs (32km)
- Roches de Ham (35km)
- Baie des Veys (43km)
- Forêt de Saint-Sever (50km)
Villages d'etape
(recommended place to break a long journey)
- Villers-Bocage (11km)
- Torigni-sur-Vire (30km)
- Villedieu-les-Poeles (58km)
Villages in bloom 4* (fr: ville fleurie)
- Domjean (36km)
- Cabourg (39km)
Zoo and/or wildlife park
- Parc zoologique de Jurques (21km)
Geography and distances
Distance to Tilly-sur-Seulles
from Caen (prefecture): 19 km
from Paris: 220 km
from Calais: 265 km
from Nice: 857 km
from Bordeaux: 482 km
from Strasbourg: 616 km
Getting here
Tilly-sur-Seulles is in the north of France. Most visitors arrive by car typically by ferry into Cherbourg or Caen on the Normandy coast For driving distances to Tilly-sur-Seulles from anywhere in France see driving distances and route planner.
We have 19 other places listed as being close (less than kilometres from ): Audrieu, Brouay, Buceels, Chouain, Conde-sur-Seulles, Cristot, Ducy-Sainte-Marguerite, Ellon, Fontenay-le-Pesnel, Hottot-les-Bagues, Juaye-Mondaye, Juvigny-sur-Seulles, Le Mesnil-Patry, Lingevres, Longraye, Loucelles, Saint-Vaast-sur-Seulles, Tessel and Vendes.
This page in French: Visiter Tilly-sur-Seulles


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