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Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia
Print version ISSN 0102-695X
Rev. bras. farmacogn. vol.23 no.3 Curitiba May/June 2013 Epub May 14, 2013
Biologically active compounds from cyanobacteria extracts: in vivo and in vitro aspects
Luciana R. CarvalhoI; Adriana Costa-NevesII; Geanne A. A. ConservaI; Rafael L. BrunettiIII; Guilherme S. HentschkeI; Camila F. S. MaloneI; Luce M. B. TorresI; Célia L. Sant'AnnaI; Marisa RangelIII
IInstituto de Botânica, Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ficologia, SP, Brazil
IIInstituto Butantan, Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Brazil
IIIInstituto Butantan, Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Brazil
An investigation was directed towards the antiacetylcholinesterase activity of the acid aqueous and methanolic extracts of five cyanobacterial taxa, which encompasses an enzymatic inhibition essay and the evaluation of the physiological responses of mice to cyanobacterial extracts along with toxicological observations. The strains Calothrix sp. CCIBt 3320, Tolypothrix sp. CCIBt 3321, Phormidium cf. amoenum CCIBt 3412, Phormidium sp. CCIBt 3265, and Geitlerinema splendidum CCIBt 3223 were from the São Paulo Botanical Institute Cyanobacterial Culture Collection and all of them showed inhibitory effect on acetylcholinesterase activity (in vitro) and caused systemic effects similar to those described for anticholinesterase drugs (in vivo). With the exception of G. splendidum and Tolypothrix sp. strains, all extracts produced reversible antiacetylcolinesterase effects in mice. Complementary histopathological studies were carried out on tissues from animals administered with Phormidium sp. and P. cf. amoenum.
Keywords: acetylcholinesterase activity; Calothrix sp.; Geitlerinema splendidum; Phormidium cf. amoenum; Phormidium sp.; Tolypothrix sp.
Cyanobacteria are common members of microscopic populations of freshwater lakes and reservoirs worldwide. They are capable of forming blooms and producing potent toxins, which can present serious human and animal health problems (Van Apeldoorn et al., 2007, Pearson et al., 2010). Besides cyanotoxins, these organisms have the ability to synthesize considerable amounts of structurally distinct compounds that can be used as food and feed, fuel, dyes, sunscreen agents, as well as therapeutic drugs (Abed et al., 2009).
In scientific literature there is an appreciable amount of studies on the potential use of cyanobacterial compounds as medication, along with cyanotoxin poisoning cases in humans by ingesting contaminated water and food or by accidental administration during dialysis treatment. Some of these compounds are already being employed in anal fissures and common fistula treatment, as well as anti-HIV drugs (Botos & Swlodawer, 2003; Garrido et al., 2007), however, one of the most interesting set of activities displayed by cyanobacterial metabolites is their inhibitory action on certain enzymes (Grainger et al., 1989; Chen et al., 2007; Zelik et al., 2009). The cyanotoxins microcystins and anatoxin-a(S) have anti-phosphatase and anticholinesterase effects, respectively (Van Apeldoorn et al., 2007). However, there are other antienzymatic activities described for compounds synthesized by these organisms (Radau, 2000; Sisay et al., 2009; Matthew et al., 2010).
Compounds bearing antiacetylcholinesterase action play a very important role in the search for potential drug candidates against Alzheimer disease (AD); this neurodegenerative condition is associated with brain neurotransmitter deficits and its symptomatic treatment is the restoration of cholinergic function by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase (Francis et al., 1999; Trevisan et al., 2003).
Therefore, the effect of an antiacetylcholinesterase drug is a long-lasting and more effective stimulation of the cholinergic system, which results in responses from autonomic effector organs, autonomic ganglia, as well as skeletal muscles, and from cholinergic receptors in the Central Nervous System. According to its molecular structure, each antiacetylcholinesterase compound has its own chemical characteristics that determine its reactivity. As a consequence, the binding between the antiacetylcholinesterase compound and the enzyme shall be either a short, medium (reversible), or long-term (irreversible) association, being considered as potential therapeutic drugs only the ones which form reversible bonds (Nair et al., 2004).
There is an ongoing search for new bioactive compounds in cyanobacterial extracts from the São Paulo Institute of Botany Cyanobacterial Culture Collection strains, where some caused similar physiological responses in the mouse bioassays, which relate to responses demonstrated by antiacetylcholinesterase compounds. Such extracts were evaluated for AChE inhibition and short-term toxicity to mammals; a first step for further studies.
Materials and Methods
The organisms and extract preparation
Five different cyanobacterial strains were studied: Calothrix sp. CCIBt 3320, Tolypothrix sp. CCIBt 3321, and Phormidium cf. amoenum CCIBt 3412, isolated from soil samples in the Atlantic Rainforest, State Park of the Serra do Mar, SP (23º24' S and 45º11'06'' W); Phormidium sp. CCIBt 3265, isolated from an alkaline lake from the Pantanal, MS (18º57'42'' and 56º37'26''); and Geitlerinema splendidum CCIBt 3223, from Guarapiranga Reservoir waters, SP (23º43' S and 46º32') (Figure 1). The strains were cultured under the following conditions: ASM-1 medium, temperature 23±1 ºC, and continuous irradiance 40-50 Mmol/m-2 s-1 (Azevedo & Sant'Anna, 2003).
For each strain, the biomass obtained was freeze-dried, divided into two halves: one of them subjected to ultrasound-assisted extraction (5x, 30 s, 100 W) with 0.1 M aqueous acetic acid (AAE) and the other, with methanol 100% (ME). After centrifugation (1,750 x g, 50 min), the aqueous supernatants were lyophilized and the methanolic ones were dried via speed-vac centrifugation. The dried samples were stored in hermetically sealed vials, at -20 ºC, until analysis (Conserva et al., 2011).
In vitro assay: qualitative evaluation of acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity
This in vitro assay was accomplished following Rhee et al. (2001) TLC autographic protocol: aliquots of 100 µg of each dried extract were dissolved and spotted on a pre-coated plate (Silica gel 60 F254, 10x 10 cm, layer thickness 0.2 mm, E. Merck, Germany). The chromatogram was developed with mobile phase CHCl3: MeOH:H2O (64:36:8, v/v/v), dried and sprayed with the enzyme solution (6,66 U mL), thoroughly dried and incubated in a humid atmosphere, at 37 ºC, for 20 min. Subsequently, the plate was sprayed with a 0.25% 1-naphthylacetate in ethanol plus 0.25% aqueous Fast Blue B salt solution. The spots corresponding to potential acetylcholinesterase inhibitors were unambiguously identified as clear zones against a purple background. The Electric eel AChE type V (Product no C 2888, 1000 U) was purchased from Sigma as well all analytical grade reagents.
The retention factors (Rf) of the compounds that positively reacted against the enzyme were also calculated.
In vivo assay: acute toxicity study (i.p.)
Toxicological assays were performed in triplicate on each crude extract by using mice of the same sex, which simultaneously allowed the achievement of reliable data and the use of a minimum number of animals (Rangel et al., 2012). The procedures were carried out according to the WHO guidelines (Harada et al., 1999) and a single dose of 1,000 mg dried cells/kg body weight was used, which enabled extracts to be ranked as low toxicity, if animal death was caused (Lawton et al., 1994). Ethical clearance was obtained from the Ethical Committee for Animal Research of Butantan Institute - Protocol No. 385/07.
Male Swiss mice (19-21 g, 50 days) were intraperitoneally (i.p.) treated with dried aqueous acetic acid or methanolic cyanobacterial extracts dissolved in Milli-Q water; the control animals received only the vehicle (Milli-Q water), according to WHO protocol. Any changes in the skin, fur, eyes and respiratory, autonomic and central nervous system, somamotor activity and behavior pattern were observed, and signs of tremors, convulsions, salivation, diarrhea and lethargy and coma were noted as well. The animals were observed for 8 days following administration because, after an extended observation time, notable findings on tissue lesions can be observed (Rangel et al., 2012). Surviving animals were euthanized with CO2, necropsy findings were recorded and tissue samples were taken.
Results and Discussion
Extract preparation and qualitative evaluation of AChE inhibitory activity
The freeze-dried cyanobacterial biomass and the dried extract weights are displayed in Table 1, along with the qualitative results of the antiacetylcholinesterase bioautographic assay (Figure 2) and the Rf (retention factors) of spots corresponding to antiacetylcholinesterase compounds.
All extracts were previously analyzed for the presence of microcystins (Conserva et al., 2011).
In vivo assays: acute toxicity study (i.p.)
In acute toxicity testing, among the treated animals, the ones that received the AAE G. splendidum CCIBt 3223 and only one administered with AAE Tolypothrix CCIBt 3321 died, while all the others showed mild and transient physiological effects, which can be associated with the intrinsic side effects induced by anti-AChE drugs (McGleenon et al., 1999; Xavier et al., 2007; 2008).
The physiological responses, time to death, and gross changes seen post-mortem are compiled in Chart 1.
Similar responses were observed in animals treated with extracts of all studied strains, which are also very similar to those observed in the mouse studies on anti-AChE drugs (McGleenon et al., 1999; Xavier, 2008) and such responses are related to muscarinic and nicotinic actions as well as on the central nervous system.
Among the muscarinic manifestations are dyspnea, abdominal cramps and diarrhea; among those resulting from overstimulation of the nicotinic receptors are muscle cramps, motor weakness, paralysis, tachycardia, and piloerection, and among those due to Central Nervous System are tremors, ataxia, and walking difficulty. The extent, the progression and the persistence of clinical observations depend on administration route, bioactive compound structure, and exposure magnitude (Andrade Filho & Romano, 2001). The compound structure defines the bond nature to the enzyme, which can be reversible, or irreversible, being the intermediate compound short, medium (reversible), or long acting (irreversible), respectively. The long acting intermediates are considered to be toxic (Nair et al., 2004).
The clinical signs complete regression ranged between two to three hours in three out of five groups of mice tested; that is, AAE G. splendidum CCIBt 3223 caused acute intoxication and only one animal that received AAE Tolypothrix sp. CCIBt 3321 died after four days from administration.
The results also showed that the AAE of the strain G. splendidum CCIBt 3223 possessed a lethal anti-AChE activity, most likely by the presence of long acting inhibitory substances to the enzyme (Nair et al., 2004), but there is insufficient information on the AE Tolypothrix sp. effects.
Anatoxin-a(S), anticholinesterase with potent lethal effect, is the only organophosphate produced by Cyanobacteria (Van Apeldoorn et al., 2007); meanwhile, great part of the compounds considered highly toxic are synthetic, such as carbamate Aldicarb (Cazenave et al., 2005) and of the organophosphate Parathion (Bardin et al., 1994).
Our results of the in vitro anti-AChE assay and clinical observations indicate that the methanolic and aqueous extracts of Calothrix sp. CCIBt 3320, Tolypothrix sp. CCIBt 3321, Phormidium sp. CCIBt 3265, Phormidium cf. amoenum CCIBt 3412, and G. splendidum CCIBt 3223 contain compounds which inhibit the enzyme acetylcholinesterase in a transient or reversible way.
Compounds which act as transient anticholinesterase drugs should be evaluated as potential therapeutic drugs because the current cholinesterase inhibitors prescribed for the treatment of AD are tacrine, donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine, and serine which present several adverse side-effects such as hepatotoxicity, gastrointestinal disturbance and depression (Yoon et al., 2008). Due to these limiting factors for their use, new anticholinesterase drugs will be well received.
Aside from allowing a detailed observation of the biological responses to active compounds, an important outcome of the mouse bioassay is to determine the nature and extense of the adverse effects to a single dose or an overdose of a toxic or a therapeutic compound (Xavier, 2008). In our studies, with the exception of the acetic acid extract from G. splendidum CCIBt 3223 and Tolypothrix sp. CCIBt 3321, all other extracts are not lethal and caused physiological responses associated with the pharmacological actions of antiacetylcholinesterase compounds.
Complementary histopathological studies were carried out on liver, kidney, and lung tissues of animals intoxicated with extracts of Phormidium sp CCIBt 3265 and P. cf. amoenum CCIBt 3412.
Previous studies have described and illustrated the microscopic lesions caused by CCIBt strain 3223 (Rangel et al., 2012). The mice lungs were severely affected, presenting hemorrhage focuses, edema, alveolar collapse, and hyperplasia, due to an increase in the number of immune system cells (macrophages). Disorganization of the hepatic parenchyma, necrosis, loss of vein endothelim, and presence of giant multinuclear cells and polymorphonuclear cells in the liver were observed. Finally, the kidneys of mice intoxicated with AAE CCIBt 3223 (G. splendidum) presented alterations in the convoluted tubules and necrotic areas (Rangel et al., 2012).
Histological sections from control animal are shown in Figure 3. The main alterations observed in the organs of animals tested with AAE CCIBt 3265 were: in the lungs, edema, hemorrhage, and alveolar collapse and in the liver, areas of necrosis and steatosis (Figure 4).
In the animals that received ME CCIBt 3265, necrosis, steatosis, damage in endothelial cells of central lobular veins, enlarged sinusoids, inflammatory infiltrate close to bile duct, and giant multinuclear cells were observed in the liver; in the lungs, hemorrhage and alveolar collapse; and in the kidneys, the interstitial space between tubules was greater than normal and there was increase in light of convoluted tubules (Figure 5).
The microscopic lesions provoked by AAE CCIBt 3412 were shown in the Figure 6: granulomatous foci, hemorrhage, and alveolar collapse were seen in the lungs, large amounts of inflammatory infiltration close or not to bile duct cells were seen in the liver, and enlarged convoluted tubules were seen in the kidneys.
In the only study concerning antiacetylcholinesterase effects on mice, the microscopic lesions observed were: in the lungs, hemorrhage, edema and congestion; in the liver, vacuolar degeneration and in the kidneys, hemorrhage, congestion and tubular degeneration (Xavier, 2008). Comparison between the findings on AAE and ME CCIBt 3265 microscopic lesions showed similarity with the results obtained by Xavier (2008). Other histological findings could be attributed to unknown substances in the extracts.
In conclusion, the present study identifies G. splendidum CCIBt 3223 as a producer of a toxin, which administered as a single dose of 1,000 mg dried cells/kg body weight, causes animal death within 2 h and indicates ME- Tolypothrix sp. CCIBt 3321 as a candidate for further studies for potential anticholinesterase drugs.
The authors thank the Instituto Nacional em Ciência e Tecnologia em Toxinas; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico; Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo.
Author's contributions
LRC designed the study, supervised the laboratory work, contributed to analysis of the data and drafted the paper and wrote the final manuscript; ACN contributed to histological studies and to critical reading of the manuscript; GAAC contributed in running the laboratory work and to chemical and biological studies; RLB contributed to toxicological analysis; GSH and CFSM contributed to cyanobacterial collection, identification and culture. LMBT contributed to biological analysis and to critical reading of the manuscript; CLS contributed to cyanobacterial identification and to critical reading of the manuscript and MR contributed to toxicological studies and to critical reading of the manuscript. All the authors have read the final manuscript and approve the submission.
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Luciana Retz de Carvalho
Instituto de Botânica, Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ficologia
Av. Dr. Miguel Stéfano, 3689, Água Funda
04301-902 São Paulo-SP, Brasil
Tel. 55 11 5067 6119 Fax: 55 11 5073 6378
Received 26 Nov 2012
Accepted 16 Apr 2013


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Sounds like you are geared well and ready to go. The Washington part of our forum lists all the premiere lakes in Washington and how to fish them. CheckSuperD Yesterday, 02:04 PM
Welcome fishingFox... Great to have you aboard and looking forward to reading your reports this year!SilverBullets Yesterday, 11:30 AM
We have a pair of Scotty 1106B downriggers, we have some Lamigllass Kokanee rods with Diawa linecounting reels. The boat has a Honda 50 and I added afishingFox Yesterday, 11:09 AM
Welcome aboard/ you have so great lakes to fsh in Washingtonmrmike Yesterday, 02:31 AM
Welcome Bill. I hope we can answer all your questions. There is more than one way to skin a cat or catch a Kokanee so your results may vary but we willSuperD 01-18-2020, 07:34 PM
Hey all. Just trying this forum thing for the first time. My wife and I bought a boat last year and are looking to learn all we can about kokanee fishing.fishingFox 01-18-2020, 06:19 PM
When I stack I have used shuttle hawks with good results. Saves having to retrieve lower set-up when stacker rod hooks up. With a longer way down on ourbob r 01-17-2020, 05:20 PM
And start saving for 2 more downriggers. Friends dont let friends stack.SuperD 01-17-2020, 12:38 AM


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Beetroots and their miraculous abilities that can repair skin damage
Beetroots are often regarded as all-rounders when it comes to body health. It is a miraculous root vegetable that prevents the body from various kinds of cardiovascular diseases while it also secures the health of essential body organs like your liver, intestines and lungs. What's more, beetroot contributes to the development of healthy, red blood corpuscles too. This is perhaps one of the reasons why people who eat beetroot regularly, have healthy, glowing skin. Let's find out beetroot juice benefits for skin and how it can repair skin damage.
It repairs acne and pimples-prone skin: Beetroot is loaded with skin enhancing nutrients. The root vegetable is especially great for people with oily, acne and pimple-prone skin. Since beetroots are loaded with anti-inflammatory properties, a single glass of beetroot juice a day can prevent the popping up of acne and pimples. If you do not like the taste of beetroots, you can simply apply 2 tablespoons of beetroot juice with 1 tablespoon of curd on the acne or even old acne scars, causing the scars to dry up.
It makes your skin glow: Excessive pollution is a reality of our times, which makes our skin age earlier than usual. Beetroot juice is regarded as the best juice for glowing skin because it can give you healthy, glowing skin thanks to the presence of iron, vitamins and minerals. Also, drinking beetroot juice every day, flushes out toxins from the body, thus making you and your skin healthy, in and out. As blood is purified by the intake of beetroots, you get rosy-pink, glowing skin.
It helps remove sun tan: Beetroot juice also helps repair damages caused to the skin due to excess sun exposure. It can help lighten the skin and get rid of sun tan marks. Using beetroot pulp on the face, arms and legs or simply drinking the juice regularly proves to be more beneficial than using any chemically induced cosmetic products to get flawless, glowing skin. Using a beetroot mask is like using a natural sunscreen as tans caused due to excessive exposure in the sun can be removed naturally.
It removes dark circles: Another by-product of the stressful times we live in is the accumulation of dark circles under our eyes. Dark circles can be caused due to work stress, insufficient sleep, and erratic sleep patterns and so on. While it is important to get a good night's sleep to reduce dark circles, you can also reap benefits of beetroot juice for skin. Applying beetroot juice regularly can reduce dark circles and makes your eye look less puffy. The soothing agents present in this root vegetable can offer a lot of relief to tired skin.
Additional benefits: Apart from these skin miracles, beetroot juice is regarded as the best juice for skin because it reduces blemishes and dark spots, moisturises dry skin, removes dark lines from the neck area, makes your lips naturally soft and rosy and also prevents premature aging and wrinkles.


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Performance, isn't that what you're looking for? We are all looking for performance, the best performance, the one that makes you achieve a significant and consistent level of results.
Humans always want to surpass themselves in all areas. We, our field, is sport, weight training, the need to have a beautiful, muscular body, to feel better about ourselves… and also to seduce new partners!
We all know how to do it. You have to play sports. Lift weights. A lot of weight. Weights that get heavier over time. Weights that cause pain in the arms, legs and body. At first, we start with the weight of our bodies, then we use objects, machines to get better results. This method works, as several colleagues will tell you, but it has one major flaw: it is long. Besides, we know many guys who are troubled and who don't understand why their pectoral muscles don't swell, why the biceps don't increase in volume….
It takes time. That is an implacable fact. It takes a long time.
Through research, we have found a method that works well. We tried it for ourselves and for some relatives. It is a food supplement. It is based on ingredients that are there to gain muscle mass, have more strength, more endurance, but also, more muscles.
This is D-Bal MAX. Let's discover together, what we thought about it after a few months of use!
D-Bal MAX: what is it?
D-Bal MAX is a food that considerably improves all of a man's muscle performance.
Other "similar" products exist on the market. But they are not legal. We're talking about a steroid.
The manufacturer boasts a triple action, which we are curious to discover: "maximum muscle", "maximum strength", "maximum performance".
D-Bal MAX: what is it for?
The objective of this food supplement is to allow the development of muscle mass. It can, in some cases, be used to reduce the fat on the abdominals.
With such ingredients, there is no risk of side effects or addictive products, fortunately. It is there to promote the production of testosterone and allow the muscles to grow in size.
Dosage and advice on the use of D-Bal MAX
All you have to do is take a few capsules, preferably in the morning, before your meal.
In order to obtain good results and get closer to the body you are interested in, it is essential to take these capsules regularly, every day, at the same time. This will allow you to have benefits on your body after a few weeks.
The ingredients of D-Bal MAX
Their composition is essentially based on protein synthesis. According to the manufacturer of D-Bal MAX, it is not possible to obtain results without all these reinforced muscle fibers.
Protein synthesis has a very simple action: it allows all muscles to grow, both in length and width. It's the recipe for bigger muscles.
Pro BCAA Complex
It acts directly on the construction of muscle tissue. It is a set of amino acids that are there to promote muscle development and have the image you are looking for. For humans, it is this ingredient that will directly affect the strength of the muscle, its endurance, but also its resistance against fatigue (this French scientific analysis is there to support these words). It is unavoidable! It will help recovery after the effort, which is important to repeat physical efforts, afterwards, at a similar or even higher intensity. Pain between each session will be virtually absent. Many studies are available to measure the effects of BCAA (all in French).
A complicated name, to ultimately be called a plant steroid. Its role is to improve protein synthesis. It will be requisitioned by the body for nitrogen retention and muscle transformation. This triple effect is very powerful. It promotes recovery and makes it easier to recharge batteries from one session to another. Some (Russian) scientific studies attest to the greater power that Dianabol can have. It is an excellent product to face the effort and increase the difficulty from session to session.
Whey proteins
Whey is highly appreciated in the world of bodybuilding, particularly in the search for performance (several studies have been conducted by laboratories, including this one to analyze the results of this protein on physical and sporting efforts). It is there to effectively nourish all the muscles that work during intense effort.
Is D-Bal MAX effective for weight training?
It is very good for weight training. All the ingredients found inside are there to meet specific needs and nourish all the muscle tissue. It is an effective method to nourish them, healthily, and allow a good development of the muscle.
Men are fond of this type of product and I see it around me: when it comes to finding a solution to promote volume gain, everyone is listening!
Is D-Bal MAX effective for libido?
Some food supplements intended for weight training will significantly improve libido… but this is not the case with D-Bal MAX. We are a long way from that.
It is important not to confuse the gain of confidence thanks to a beautiful muscular and drawn body and the rise of libido. It is certain that with a beautiful morphology, it is easier to attract attention… and to feel confident.
Should I take it or not?
Unlike other identical solutions, we will not recommend this product to people who have sexual problems or everyday problems (work, loss of confidence, severe fatigue…).
It is really designed for athletes who are looking for performance to get results. It is intended for bodybuilders who want to create a specific body.
How should I take D-Bal MAX? How long does it work?
Just take these capsules with a glass of water, preferably in the morning.
The duration of effectiveness is relative to each individual. We draw your attention to the people who will say "it doesn't work". This product is not miraculous. Above all, it needs physical and sporting activity to complement these capsules.
Without regular practice, the results will not be displayed.
Depending on the body of each person, it is possible to obtain results after only two weeks. But others will have to wait a month, a month and a half before the first benefits of taking D-Bal MAX appear.
You have to accept to take the time, be regular and serious in your work and training.
The advantages of D-Bal MAX
We noted 3 advantages during our test of this product.
- Muscle gains: they can be fast, depending on the person, but they are present and that's the most important thing.
- Explosive force: it will be easier to repeat the efforts, at high intensity.
- Performance optimization: you no longer have this feeling of fatigue or fear before starting a sports session. We feel more powerful and our results prove it. Performance is much better and requires personal trust!
The disadvantages of D-Bal MAX
It is not available in traditional stores. It cannot be found only on the Internet. This is both a disadvantage and a quality. This will prevent counterfeits that are harmful to our health.
Where to buy D-Bal MAX?
It is only available on the official website. It is fully translated into French and the ordering process is relatively simple.
Delivery of D-Bal MAX products
All countries are concerned. The manufacturer delivers completely anywhere in the world.
Our review on D-Bal MAX
We have a more than positive opinion on this product.
On our side, there is no question of offering it to people who are looking for something to stimulate libido and testosterone growth. This is not its main function. It focuses on muscle development. It's completely different.
The men who compete in bodybuilding and/or weight training competitions have come at a good time. They want reliable and natural products to increase their physical capacities and redouble their efforts. This is an opportunity to move up to the next level and improve performance.
This nutritional supplement is intended for guys who are looking for performance, both physical in a competition and mental by admiring ever more, the efforts made and the results displayed on his body.
It is delivered in France, in a relatively short and fast time. Several promotions are available. You have to watch them to get an interesting package and make some savings.
Our various product tests to boost your testosterone:
Testo-Max review
Ultra Testo
D-Bal Max
TestRX opinion
Male Extra


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By John Short
Previous powers are falling. New states are rising. the space among East and West is narrowing. but the advancements within the center East and the jap Bloc, the expanding disparity among the wealthy and bad international locations, and the intensification of monetary festival among former political allies, pose new threats and tensions for a brand new global. "An creation to Political Geography" is completely revised and up-to-date, exploring political and geographic swap in the similar available framework. John brief emphasizes the necessity for a fluid method of the examine of the foreign order, the state country, in addition to social routine. He highlights the fashion in the direction of globalization, not easy the conventional integration of the world-systems strategy. a brand new part at the political geography of participation seems on the thought of the worldwide village, with its matters for international justice and environmentalism. the writer examines new centres of strength, offering a historical past for dialogue of present developments and destiny advancements. He then makes a speciality of the country nation, fairly the person family and attracts on unique case stories to debate social events.
Read or Download An Introduction to Political Geography PDF
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Extra resources for An Introduction to Political Geography
Example text
1986) Multinationals and World Trade. Allen & Unwin, London. Crow, B. and Thomas, A. (1983) Third World Atlas. Open University Press, Milton Keynes. Dickens, P. (1986) Global Shift. Harper and Row, London. George, S. (1988) A Fate Worse Than Debt. Penguin, Harmondsworth. Harris, N. (1987) The End of The Third World. Pelican, London. Hayter, T. (1983) The Creation of World Poverty. Pluto Press, London. Kidron, M. and Segal, R. (1984) The New State of The World Atlas. Pan, London. Knox, P. and Agnew, J.
Subsequent history, however, has shown that overseas investment can increase while home consumption is increasing. Both writers also place too great an emphasis on the formal empires. The twentieth-century period of decolonization has demonstrated that explicit political domination of the periphery by the core is not a necessary condition for the survival of capitalism. The analysis and predictions of Lenin and Hobson have, by and large, been overtaken by subsequent events. For contemporary analysis, however, they have left as legacy a number of important topics and key questions.
In the USA, Bowman's (1922) book New World: Problems in Political Geography sketched out the implications of the 1919 peace settlement, as well as implicitly outlining an increased world role for the USA. Geo-politics reached its zenith (or maybe its nadir) in Germany, where Hausofer expanded Mackinder's work around the frame of German national interest. It was Hausofer who coined the term lebensraum to justify German expansion into Eastern Europe. The study of geo-politics has yet to recover from this experience; the damage to Eastern Europe was more serious.


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Imagine. Your marketing budget is blown. Your hot leads are cold. And, your occupancy just took a nosedive. What do you do? Stay calm. You've got
Posting Easter Photos on Social Media? Read This First.
Posting Easter Photos on Social Media? Did you confirm consent first? Easter Sunday is always a blast at senior living communities. Common areas and
Reputation Matters: Responding to Reviews
What do reviews reveal about your community's reputation? Once upon a time, senior living's luxury amenities and spacious floor plans were enough to


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Structural Unemployment - unemployment that results from a mismatch between workers' skills and the skills required for available jobs. The floor, as shown in the figure titled "Price Floor," is represented by a horizontal line. Growth in the employment cost index averaged under 0.
Some tenants end up living in unkempt conditions and are afraid to report the landlord because they may find themselves homeless if the landlord quits renting the apartment.
The law of supply and demand is a theory that describes how supply of a good and the demand for it interact. Supply is represented in microeconomics by a number of mathematical formulas.
Such an auction mechanism can, in fact, be invoked to provide a rigorous basis for the analysis. Workers who voluntarily quit their jobs or who are fired for cause do not qualify.
The latter situation in Southeast Asia and Latin America was publicized in the s, but it existed with companies in West Africa in the middle of the twentieth century. Real Wage - the nominal wage e. As output fluctuates around the full-employment level of output during a business cycle, the unemployment rate fluctuates around the natural rate.
On the other side of the issue, low-wage employers such as restaurants finance the Employment Policies Institute, which has released numerous studies opposing the minimum wage. The demand for labour will be negatively sloped in all types of production for two reasons.
With the reduction in rates in the twenties, higher-income taxpayers reduced their sheltering of income and the number of returns and share of income taxes paid by higher-income taxpayers rose". An amendment to the Statute of Labourers in effectively fixed wages to the price of food.
The rate of unemployment that prevails when the economy is at its full-employment level of output is called the natural rate of unemployment.
It will show how far we can get using traditional demand and supply analysis with homogeneous labour but imperfect information, making no further assumption of labour-market imperfections. During recessions the demand for products and services declines, workers are laid off, and cyclical unemployment increases.
Firms reduce employment but don't lower real wage rates. One reason that nurses earn more than hotel clerks is that they tend to be better educated and therefore more productive.
Alternatively, they could spend more time increasing their skills in university, which would make them more suitable for higher-paying jobs, as well as provide numerous other benefits.
Many of us would love to become professional athletes, entertainers, or supermodels, but lack the necessary talents or attributes to do so.
An inclusive union organizes all available workers and then engages in collective bargaining for higher wages. Minimum wages are in force but they are quite low and would displace only the most unskilled workers from employment.
For example, the monthly government reports on regional unemployment rates can help workers identify the areas of the country where labor is most needed and make job search more efficient.
Similarly, in the world of stock investing, the law of supply and demand can help to explain a stock's price at any given time. The supply-side history of economics since the early s hinges on the following key turning points: Foreign Competition The effect of inexpensive labor from abroad has depressed U.
With more real income an individual may now be willing to work less and consume more leisure. The aggregate demand for labour will be negatively related to the real wage rate for the same reason that the demand curve for labour in any industry is negatively slopedat lower wages firms will substitute the less expensive labour for capital and their costs will be lower so they can produce and sell more output.
Minimum wage behaves as a classical price floor on labor. For example, an increase in immigration to a country can grow the labor supply and potentially depress wages, particularly if newly arrived workers are willing to accept lower pay.
Credit card issuers in those states cannot charge interest rates above the ceiling. Unemployment is a situation where people who are willing to work at or below prevailing wage rates cannot find employment.Introduction to Labor Markets We have already studied how the market functions when buyers and sellers are dealing with goods and services: firms supply goods and services in response to the equilibrium price, and households buy these goods and services in response to the equilibrium price.
Labor Supply and Demand The wages and salaries that U.S. workers earn vary from occupation to occupation, across geographic regions, and according to workers' levels of education, training, experience, and skill. The Bureau of Labor Statistics is the principal fact-finding agency for the Federal Government in the broad field of labor economics and statistics.
On Thursday, US Secretary of Energy Rick Perry flubbed one of the most fundamental lessons of modern economics. "Here's a little economics lesson: supply and demand. You put the supply out there. Combating Child Labor Ilab First Button URL. Monday, June 11, Ending Child Labor.
The U.S. Department of Labor's Bureau of International Labor Affairs is working across the Administration and with stakeholders to advance efforts to end child labor. The origins of a company's products used to be pretty murky. Beyond the supply chain function, virtually no one cared.
Of course, all that's changed.Download


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Black Forest book slide
A superb, hand carved sliding book rack from the Black Forest region of Switzerland, circa 1900. It has a rich chocolate patina and beautiful detailed carvings of leaves and acorns.
The hinges hold solidly upright and the sliding mechanism is smooth.
It is in wonderful antique condition, with no notable nicks.
DetailsLength (closed): 15" (38 cm)
Length (extended): 22" (56 cm)
Width: 6.5" (16.5 cm)
Height: 6.25" (15.5 cm)


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Jo Walton
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Foreigner: Arc 4: Book 3
C. J. Cherryh
In the wake of civil war, Bren Cameron, the brilliant human diplomat allied with Tabini-aiji, dynamic atevi leader of the Western Association, has left the capital and sought temporary refuge at his country estate, Najida. But Najida has proven to be the opposite of a safe haven. For though the rebel usurper has been killed by Tabini's forces, and the capital has been purged of his factions, insurgents still persist in other districts, and their center of power, the Marid, lies perilously close to Bren's western coastal estate.
Now, Bren, along with Ilisidi, Tabini's powerful grandmother, and Cajeiri, Tabini's young son and heir, is trapped inside Najida, which has been transformed into an armed fortress and is surrounded by enemies.
But ancient, wily Ilisidi is not inclined to be passive, and in a brazen and shockingly dangerous maneuver, she sends Bren and his bodyguards into enemy territory. He is to travel to the palace of the leader of the Marid, a young lord named Machigi, in a district virtually at war with the Western Association. Bren's mission is to attempt to negotiate with Machigi - an atevi lord who has never actually seen a human - and somehow persuade him to cease his hostile actions against the West.
Though Bren does gain admittance to Machigi's home, and even an audience with the young lord, Ilisidi has not given him any explicit directions about this negotiation, and Bren is unsure what he is sanctioned to offer. He knows that Machigi is a young autocrat who rules a fractious, faction-ridden clan, and that his continued hospitality is not guaranteed.
Bren's genius for negotiation and his extensive knowledge of atevi politics, history, and economics enable him to make a daring trade offer to Machigi - one that seems to interest the young warlord. But Machigi is understandably suspicious of Ilisidi's motives, and to Bren's utter shock, evokes an ancient law.
Bren wears the white ribbon that for the last two centuries has identified the single official human-atevi negotiator. But before humans landed, this white ribbon represented a specialized negotiator between atevi adversaries - a mediator who agreed to represent both sides with equal loyalty. These ancient mediators frequently ended up dead.
Can Bren stay alive, and not alienate Ilisidi or Tabini, while also representing the interests of their enemy?
The Forever War
Forever War: Book 1
Joe Haldeman
Private William Mandella is a hero in spite of himself -- a reluctant conscript drafted into an elite military unit, and propelled through space and time to fight in a distant thousand-year conflict. He never wanted to go to war, but the leaders on Earth have drawn a line in the interstellar sand -- despite the fact that their fierce alien enemy is unknowable, unconquerable, and very far away. So Mandella will perform his duties without rancor and even rise up through the military's ranks... if he survives. But the true test of his mettle will come when he returns to Earth. Because of the time dilation caused by space travel the loyal soldier is aging months, while his home planet is aging centuries -- and the difference will prove the saying: you never can go home....
Old Man's War
Old Man's War: Book 1
John Scalzi
John Perry did two things on his 75th birthday. First he visited his wife's grave. Then he joined the army.The good news is that humanity finally made it into interstellar space. The bad news is that planets fit to live on are scarce-and aliens willing to fight for them are common. The universe, it turns out, is a hostile place. So: we fight. To defend Earth (a target for our new enemies, should we let them get close enough) and to stake our own claim to planetary real estate. Far from Earth, the war has gone on for decades: brutal, bloody, unyielding.Earth itself is a backwater. The bulk of humanity's resources are in the hands of the Colonial Defense Force, which shields the home planet from too much knowledge of the situation. What's known to everybody is that when you reach retirement age, you can join the CDF. They don't want young people
they want people who carry the knowledge and skills of decades of living. You'll be taken off Earth and never allowed to return. You'll serve your time at the front. And if you survive, you'll be given a generous homestead stake of your own, on one of our hard-won colony planets.John Perry is taking that deal. He has only the vaguest idea what to expect. Because the actual fight, light-years from home, is far, far harder than he can imagine-and what he will become is far stranger.
The Faded Sun: Kesrith
Allliance-Union: The Faded Sun Trilogy: Book 1
This is the story of three people: Sten Duncan, a soldier of humanity; Niun, last warrior of the mri, humanity's enemies; and Melein, priestess-queen of the final fallen mri stronghold. It is the story of two mighty species fighting for a galaxy, humanity driving out from Earth, and the enigmatic regul struggling to hold their stars with mri mercenaries. It is a story of diplomacy and warfare, of conspiracy and betrayal, and of three flesh-and-blood people who found themselves thrown together in a life-and-death alliance.
The Faded Sun: Shon'jir
Allliance-Union: The Faded Sun Trilogy: Book 2
Sten Duncan had saved the lives of the last warrior and the last priestess-queen of mankind's enemies, the mri. He had come to understand their ways and to value their code of honor. When they planned their escape and he was ordered to trap them, Sten fled into space with them instead. Far across the cosmos was their forgotten homeworld. He could help them find it--and maybe there find the secret that had eluded the military masters of Terra.
The Lost Fleet: Book 5
Jack Campbell
After successfully freeing Alliance POWs, "Black Jack" Geary discovers that the Syndics plan to ambush the fleet with their powerful reserve flotilla in an attempt to annihilate it once and for all. And as Geary has the fleet jump from one star system to the next, hoping to avoid the inevitable confrontation, saboteurs contribute to the chaos.
The Lost Fleet: Book 4
"Black Jack" Geary has ordered his fleet back to the Lakota Star System where the Syndics nearly destroyed them, a desperate gamble that may give them a fighting chance of survival—or tear them apart.
Neal Asher
In the far future, the Heliothane Dominion is triumphant in the solar system, after a bitter war with their Umbrathane progenitors. But some of the Umbrathane have escaped into the distant past, where they can position themselves to wreak havoc across time and undo their defeat. The most fanatical of them is the superhuman Cowl, more monstrous than any of the creatures outside his prehistoric redoubt.
Cowl sends his terrifying hyperdimensional pet, the torbeast, hunting through all the timelines for human specimens. It sheds its scales -- each one an organic time machine -- where its master orders. Anyone who picks one up is dragged back to the dawn of time, where Cowl awaits. Then the beast can feed, growing ever larger . . .
In our own near-future, Tack is one of U-gov's programmable killers. When a scale latches onto him, his doom seems inevitable, but the Heliothane have other ideas: they can use Tack against Cowl. Tack is no stranger to violence, but the Heliothane, hardened in their struggle for humanity's very existence, have much to teach him. He will need it all for his encounter with Cowl.
Once one of Tack's targets, Polly escaped with her life when a torbeast scale snatched her. Now, like Tack, she must learn fast as she is dragged back to Day Zero. To cheat death again, she will have to help him save the human race.
With Cowl, Neal Asher, acclaimed author of Gridlinked and The Skinner, has created his most powerful novel yet.
The Lost Fleet: Book 3
The Lost Fleet continues its perilous journey home.
Badly damaged and low on supplies, the Alliance Fleet is raiding Syndic mines for raw materials-and Captain "Black Jack" Geary hopes they can continue to remain one step ahead of their enemies. But the Syndics are the least of Geary's worries when he learns of the existence of aliens with the power to annihilate the human race.
The Lost Fleet: Book 2
Captain John "Black Jack" Geary tries a desperate gamble to lead the Alliance Fleet home-through enemy-occupied space-only to lose half the Fleet to an unexpected mutiny.
Ball Lightning
Cixin Liu
When Chen's parents are incinerated before his eyes by a blast of ball lightning, he devotes his life to cracking the secret of this mysterious natural phenomenon. His search takes him to stormy mountaintops, an experimental military weapons lab, and an old Soviet science station.
The more he learns, the more he comes to realize that ball lightning is just the tip of an entirely new frontier in particle physics. Although Chen's quest provides a purpose for his lonely life, his reasons for chasing his elusive quarry come into conflict with soldiers and scientists who have motives of their own: a beautiful army major with an obsession with dangerous weaponry, and a physicist who has no place for ethical considerations in his single-minded pursuit of knowledge.
The Trials
The Red: Book 2
Linda Nagata
In the wake of nuclear terrorism, a squad of elite soldiers must combat artificial intelligence and seek justice in this military political thriller, a sequel to The Red: First Light.
Lieutenant James Shelley and his squad of US Army soldiers were on a quest for justice when they carried out the unauthorized mission known as First Light. They returned home to America to face a court-martial, determined to expose the corruption in the chain of command that compelled their actions. But in a country still reeling from the nuclear terrorism of Coma Day, the courtroom is just one battlefield of many.
A new cycle of violence ignites when rumors of the elusive, rogue AI known as the Red go public - and Shelley is, once again, pulled into the fray. Challenged by his enemies, driven by ideals, Shelley feels compelled to act. But are the harrowing choices he makes really his own, or are they made for him, by the Red? And with millions of lives at stake in a game of nuclear cat-and-mouse, does the answer even matter?
Going Dark
The Red: Book 3
In the third book in The Red Trilogy, former Army Lt. James Shelley becomes a black ops sniper working for the Red--a suspected rogue artificial intelligence that is ripped from today's headlines.
James Shelley has left his lover, Delphi, and his companion-in-arms, Jayne Vasquez, with a fortune acquired from a fallen oligarch. They believe him to be dead, and he doesn't try to set the record straight. His long-running question has been answered: There are other soldiers like him who have served the purposes of the Red--and he has accepted his place among them. As a soldier of the Red he pursues covert missions designed to nudge history away from existential threats--but that doesn't mean the world is growing more orderly. It's only in the froth of a "managed chaos" that human potential can grow and thrive. Shelley's missions eventually take him into orbit--and into conflict with those he loves--Delphi and Jaynie--who are determined to escape the influence of the Red.
Prador Moon
Polity: Book 1
Neal Asher takes on first contact, Polity style.
This original novel recounts the first contact between the aggressive Prador aliens, and the Polity Collective as it is forced to retool its society to a war footing. The overwhelming brute force of the Prador dreadnaughts causes several worlds and space stations to be overrun. Prador Moon follows the initial Polity defeats, to the first draws, and culminates in what might be the first Polity victory, told from the point of view of two unlikely heroes.
The Nano Flower
Greg Mandel Trilogy: Book 3
Peter F. Hamilton
Peter F. Hamilton is one the rising stars of science fiction in the nineties. His epic space adventure, The Reality Dysfunction, was a major international bestseller, while his near future thrillers, Mindstar Rising and A Quantum Murder, introduced an intriguing new hero in the character of Greg Mandel, a freelance operative whose telepathic abilities give him a crucial edge in the high tech world of the twenty-first century. Now Mandel returns in a spectacular new adventure that blows open the possibilities of the next century.
Julia Evans: billionairess, owner of Event Horizon, for fifteen years undisputed power behind the world's economic renaissance. And in trouble. With her computer-genius husband missing and rival companies suddenly claiming to have acquired a technology impossibly superior to anything on Earth, Julia has no time to notice an anonymously delivered flower. But this flower has genes millions of years in advance of terrestrial DNA.
Is it a cryptic alien message or a poignant farewell from her husband? Only Greg Mandel can discover its origin, but he is not alone in his desperate search. A vicious mercenary killer, a jade merchant, and a high-priced courtesan all have a part to play. It was never going to be easy, but as Greg and Julia discover, simply being first in the race isn't nearly good enough as the Nano Flower starts to bloom....
Downbelow Station
Allliance-Union: Company Wars: Book 3
Pell's Station, orbiting the alien world simply called Downbelow, had always managed to remain neutral in the ever escalating conflict between "The Company," whose fleets from Earth had colonized space, and its increasingly independent and rebellious colony worlds. But Pell's location--on the outer edge of Earth's defensive perimeter-- makes her the focal point in the titanic battle of colony worlds fighting for independence...
Code of Conduct
Jani Kilian: Book 1
Kristine Smith
Captain Jani Killian had been Evan Van Reuter's lover eighteen years ago, when a Commonwealth diplomatic corps, sent to establish peaceful relations with the alien idomeni, took sides in a civil war. Jani was presumed killed in the ensuing bloodbath, and Evan went on to become the Commonwealth's Interior Minister. But Jani survived as well more or less. Doctors gave her a new face and patched her broken body together with illegally obtained idomeni genetic materials. They healed her of everything but her memory of the desperate actions she had taken -- sure to result in summary execution should Commonwealth authorities discover her existence.
Which makes it unwise to refuse Evan's request for help in solving the mystery of his wife's death. There is no shortage of suspects, and the trail draws Jani back into the trauma of Rauta Shiraa and secrets long buried there, secrets someone has killed to protect. If she isn't careful, she'll wind up the next victim -- assuming her own body doesn't kill her first. For after eighteen years, her rebuilt body is failing. Jani is dying. Or is she being reborn?
Fortune's Pawn
Paradox: Book 1
Rachel Bach
Devi Morris isn't your average mercenary. She has plans. Big ones. And a ton of ambition. It's a combination that's going to get her killed one day - but not just yet.
That is, until she just gets a job on a tiny trade ship with a nasty reputation for surprises. The Glorious Fool isn't misnamed: it likes to get into trouble, so much so that one year of security work under its captain is equal to five years everywhere else. With odds like that, Devi knows she's found the perfect way to get the jump on the next part of her Plan. But the Fool doesn't give up its secrets without a fight, and one year on this ship might be more than even Devi can handle.
Heaven's Queen
Paradox: Book 3
From the moment she took a job on Captain Caldswell's doomed ship, Devi Morris' life has been one disaster after another: government conspiracies, two alien races out for her blood, an incurable virus that's eating her alive.
Now, with the captain missing and everyone -- even her own government -- determined to hunt her down, things are going from bad to impossible. The sensible plan would be to hide and wait for things to blow over, but Devi's never been one to shy from a fight, and she's getting mighty sick of running.
It's time to put this crisis on her terms and do what she knows is right. But with all human life hanging on her actions, the price of taking a stand might be more than she can pay.
Earth Afire
Ender's Universe: First Formic War: Book 2
Orson Scott CardAaron Johnston
One hundred years before Ender's Game, the aliens arrived on Earth with fire and death. This is the story of the First Formic War.
Victor Delgado beat the alien ship to Earth, but just barely. Not soon enough to convince skeptical governments that there was a threat. They didn't believe that until space stations and ships and colonies went up in sudden flame.
And when that happened, only Mazer Rackham and the Mobile Operations Police could move fast enough to meet the threat.
James L. Cambias
In the early 2020s, two young, genius computer hackers, Elizabeth Santiago and David Schwartz, meet at MIT, where Schwartz is sneaking into classes, and have a brief affair. David is amoral and out for himself, and soon disappears. Elizabeth dreams of technology and space travel and takes a military job after graduating.
Nearly ten years later, David is setting himself to become a billionaire by working in the shadows under a multiplicity of names for international thieves, and Elizabeth works in intelligence preventing international space piracy. With robotic mining in space becoming a lucrative part of Earth's economy, shipments from space are dropped down the gravity well into the oceans.
David and Elizabeth fight for dominance of the computer systems controlling ore drop placement in international waters. If David can nudge a shipment 500 miles off its target, his employers can get there first and claim it legally in the open sea. Each one intuits that the other is their real competition but can't prove it. And when Elizabeth loses a major shipment, she leaves government employ to work for a private space company to find a better way to protect shipments. But international piracy has very high stakes and some very evil players. And both Elizabeth and David end up in a world of trouble.
Earth Awakens
Ender's Universe: First Formic War: Book 3
The story of The First Formic War continues in Earth Awakens.
Nearly 100 years before the events of Orson Scott Card's bestselling novel Ender's Game, humans were just beginning to step off Earth and out into the Solar System. A thin web of ships in both asteroid belts; a few stations; a corporate settlement on Luna. No one had seen any sign of other space-faring races; everyone expected that First Contact, if it came, would happen in the future, in the empty reaches between the stars. Then a young navigator on a distant mining ship saw something moving too fast, heading directly for our sun.
When the alien ship screamed through the solar system, it disrupted communications between the far-flung human mining ships and supply stations, and between them and Earth. So Earth and Luna were unaware that they had been invaded until the ship pulled into Earth orbit, and began landing terra-forming crews in China. Politics and pride slowed the response on Earth, and on Luna, corporate power struggles seemed more urgent than distant deaths. But there are a few men and women who see that if Earth doesn't wake up and pull together, the planet could be lost.
Midshipman's Hope
Seafort Saga: Book 1
David Feintuch
A hideous accident kills the senior officer of UNS Hibernia, leaving a terrified young officer with the daunting taskof saving 300 colonists and crew aboard a damaged ship, on a 17-month gauntlet to reach Hope Nation. With no chance of rescue, Nicholas Seafort must overcome despair and exhaution, malfunctions and mutiny, in the name of duty.
Xeelee: Destiny's Children: Book 1
Stephen Baxter
George Poole isn't sure whether his life has reached a turning point or a dead end. At forty-five, he is divorced and childless, with a career that is going nowhere fast. Then, when his father dies suddenly, George stumbles onto a family secret: a sister he never knew existed. A twin named Rosa, raised in Rome by an enigmatic cult. Hoping to find the answers to the missing pieces of his life, George sets out for the ancient city.
Once in Rome, he learns from Rosa the enthralling story of their distant ancestor, Regina, an iron-willed genius determined to preserve her family as the empire disintegrates around her. It was Regina who founded the cult, which has mysteriously survived and prospered below the streets of Rome for almost two millennia. The Order, says Rosa, is her real family and, even if he doesn't realize it yet, it is George's family, too. When she takes him into the vast underground city that is the Order's secret home, he feels a strong sense of belonging, yet there is something oddly disturbing about the women he meets. They are all so young and so very much alike.
Stephen Baxter possesses one of the most brilliant minds in modern science fiction. His vivid storytelling skills have earned him comparison to the giants of the past: Clarke, Asimov, Stapledon. Like his great predecessors, Baxter thinks on a cosmic scale, spinning cutting-edge scientific speculation into pure, page-turning gold. Now Baxter is back with a breathtaking adventure that begins during the catastrophic collapse of Roman Britain and stretches forward into an unimaginably distant, war-torn future, where the fate of humanity lies waiting at the center of the galaxy....
The Red: First Light
The Red: Book 1
There Needs To Be A War Going On Somewhere.
Lieutenant James Shelley commands a high-tech squad of soldiers in a rural district within the African Sahel. They hunt insurgents each night on a harrowing patrol, guided by three simple goals: protect civilians, kill the enemy, and stay alive - because in a for-profit war manufactured by the defense industry there can be no cause worth dying for. To keep his soldiers safe, Shelley uses every high-tech asset available to him - but his best weapon is a flawless sense of imminent danger... as if God is with him, whispering warnings in his ear.
The Day After Tomorrow
Robert A. Heinlein
When the United States is destroyed by invading PanAsians, the only hope for the country's survival rests with six men and a newly-developed nuclear weapon.
Space Cadet
Heinlein Juveniles: Book 2
This is the seminal novel of a young man's education as a member of an elite, paternalistic non-military organization of leaders dedicated to preserving human civilization, the Solar Patrol, a provocative parallel to Heinlein's famous later novel, Starship Troopers (which is about the military).
Only the best and brightest--the strongest and the most courageous--ever manage to become Space Cadets, at the Space Academy. They are in training to be come part of the elite guard of the solar system, accepting missions others fear, taking risks no others dare, and upholding the peace of the solar system for the benefit of all.
But before Matt Dodson can earn his rightful place in the ranks, his mettle is to be tested in the most severe and extraordinary ways--ways that change him forever, from the midwestern American boy into a man of the Solar Patrol.
Raising Caine
Tales of the 22nd Century: Book 3
Charles E. Gannon
Caine Riordan, reluctant diplomatic and military intelligence operative, has just finished playing his part repulsing the Arat Kur's and Hkh'Rkh's joint invasion of Earth.
But scant hours after the attackers surrender, the mysterious but potentially helpful Slaasriithi appeal to Caine to shepherd a diplomatic mission on a visit to their very alien worlds. The possible prize: a crucial alliance in a universe where the fledgling Consolidated Terran Republic has very few friends.
But Caine and his legation aren't the only ones journeying into the unknown reaches of Slaasriithi space. A group of renegade K'tor are following them, hoping to destroy humanity's hopes for a quick alliance. And that means finding and killing Caine Riordan.
Assuming that the bizarre and dangerous Slaasriithi lifeforms don't do it first.
Fantastic Voyage
Fantastic Voyage: Book 1
Isaac Asimov
Four men and a woman are reduced to a microscopic fraction of their original size, sent in a miniaturized atomic sub through a dying man's carotid artery to destroy a blood clot in his brain. If they fail, the entire world will be doomed.
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