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Georges Basin is a reservoir located just 11.1 miles from Canyon Day, in Gila County, in the state of Arizona, United States, near Dehorn, AZ. Whether you're spinning, baitcasting or fly fishing your chances of getting a bite here are good. So grab your favorite fly fishing rod and reel, and head out to Georges Basin.
Join us as we discuss the Arizona Fishing License options, fishing rules and fishing regulations.
Please remember to check with the local Fish and Wildlife department to ensure the stream is open to the public. Now get out there and fish! Check out our Fishing Times chart to determine when the fish will be most active.
"just use worms and a light sinker be sure to hide the fish are really smart also be aware there are..." Deep Creek
"If you want to catch an easy limit of trout try casting or drifting spinners like Mepps, Z-Rays,..." Point of Pines Lake
"Pacheta Lake is way out there in terms of accessibility. That's good for anglers who own a 4-wheel..." Pacheta Lake
Tips, tactics, gear reviews for everything from bass and bluegills to stripers and bluefish - if it's fishing related, we cover it.
Get the latest outdoor news regularly.


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text: ===================== Product Identification ===================== Product ID:AMCO CLEAR TURBIDITY STANDARD MSDS Date:01/04/1998 FSC:6850 NIIN:01-399-0098 MSDS Number: CKJKS === Responsible Party === Company Name:APS ANALYTICAL STANDARDS INC Address:123 SAGINAW DR City:REDWOOD CITY State:CA ZIP:94063 Country:US Info Phone Num:650-366-2626 Emergency Phone Num:650-366-2626 Resp. Party Other MSDS Num.:A002-01 Preparer's Name:SAFETY MANAGER CAGE:0F0F0 === Contractor Identification === Company Name:APS ANALYTICAL STANDARDS INC Address:123 SAGINAW DR Box:City:REDWOOD CITY State:CA ZIP:94063 Country:US Phone:650-366-2626/ FAX: 650-365-6490 Contract Num:SP0450-00-M-WA08 CAGE:0F0F0 Company Name:TELECHEM INTERNATIONAL, INC Address:524 E WEDDELL DRIVE SUITE 3 Box:City:SUNNYVALE State:CA ZIP:94089-2115 Country:US Phone:916-941-3688 Contract Num:SP0450-00-M-D822 CAGE:1KH20 Company Name:TELECHEM INTERNATIONAL, INC Address:524 E WEDDELL DRIVE SUITE 3 Box:City:SUNNYVALE State:CA ZIP:94089-2115 Country:US Phone:916-941-3688 Contract Num:SP0450-01-M-DB13 CAGE:1KH20 ============= Composition/Information on Ingredients ============= Ingred Name:STYRENE DIVINYL BENZENE COPOLYMER BEAD < Wt:1. Other REC Limits:NONE RECOMMENDED Ingred Name:DEIONIZED WATER > Wt:99. Other REC Limits:NONE RECOMMENDED ===================== Hazards Identification ===================== Routes of Entry: Inhalation:NO Skin:NO Ingestion:YES Reports of Carcinogenicity:NTP:NO IARC:NO OSHA:NO Health Hazards Acute and Chronic:HEALTH HAZARDS: NONE. Explanation of Carcinogenicity:NOT LISTED. Medical Cond Aggravated by Exposure:NONE. ======================= First Aid Measures ======================= First Aid:EYES- FLUSH WITH WATER SEVERAL TIMES. SKIN: WASH HANDS / USE MOISTURIZER IF DRYNESS DEVELOPS. INHALATION: N/A. INGESTION: NOT HAZARDOUS. SEEK MEDICAL ASSISTANCE FOR FURTHER TREATMENT, OBSERVATION AND SUPPORT IF NECESSARY. ===================== Fire Fighting Measures ===================== Unusual Fire/Explosion Hazard:NONE. ================== Accidental Release Measures ================== Spill Release Procedures:USE ABSORBENT TOWELS. WASH RESIDUAL INTO DRAIN. ====================== Handling and Storage ====================== Handling and Storage Precautions:PREVENT FROM FREEZING AND FROM CONTAMINATION. ============= Exposure Controls/Personal Protection ============= Ventilation:REGULAR VENTILATION. Supplemental Safety and Health PRODUCT NAME: AMCO CLEAR TURBIDITY STANDARD. MSDS NUMBER: A002-01. CAS NUMBER: 9003-70-7 ================== Physical/Chemical Properties ================== HCC:N1 Boiling Pt:=100.C, 212.F Vapor Pres:760 MM HG Spec Gravity:1.0 (H2O=1) pH:6.7 Appearance and Odor:CLEAR TO OPAQUE LIQUID; NO ODOR. ================= Stability and Reactivity Data ================= Stability Indicator/Materials to Avoid:YES ORGANICS. Stability Condition to Avoid:NONE. Hazardous Decomposition Products:NONE. Conditions to Avoid Polymerization:WILL NOT OCCUR. ==================== Disposal Considerations ==================== Waste Disposal Methods:STANDARD NON-TOXIC DISPOSAL METHODS (TRASH, WASH INTO DRAIN). ======================= Other Information ======================= Disclaimer (provided with this information by the compiling agencies): This information is formulated for use by elements of the Department of Defense. The United States of America in no manner whatsoever, expressly or implied, warrants this information to be accurate and disclaims all liability for its use. Any person utilizing this document should seek competent professional advice to verify and assume responsibility for the suitability of this information to their particular situation.


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Keep the kids busy on your next family road trip with this free printable...
Scroll down to download and print your free activity sheet!
Make sure you download one for each child, supply a pencil or crayon and mark an X over every item you see along your way.
Click here to download:
If you liked this post, you'll probably also enjoy:
Light Bath Activity
This post contains affiliate links because we love this bath light and Amazon. Learn more about this here.
We love us some light play activities at home and at our early childhood center!
We have been having light baths ever since our eldest was a teeny babe. Someone had given her a small sphere shape bath light from Avon, and we have of course added glow sticks to baths.
I once saw a #fail post when this became a trending pin on Pinterest thanks to the gorgeous photos from Growing a Jeweled Rose. Someone didn't read her instructions, cut open some glow sticks and poured the content's into their kids' bath. Glow sticks contain a GLASS TUBE with a separate liquid, which is why that cracking sound happens when you snap it - the two liquids combine to activate. You DO NOT want that inside your child's bath water!!
So when we had an freezing rain storm causing all school boards to shut down for the day yesterday, having a fun bath activity was added to our day's list of fun things to do. The kids chose the bath light, lavender bath bomb, and mermaid dolls for some magical play.
My daughter was missing her original bath light she received from a friend who ordered it from an Avon catalog YEARS ago. It finally died... but Santa came to the rescue when he left one under the tree this past Christmas. (He knows his stuff doesn't he? Wink, wink.)
If you like bath time and sensory play posts, you may like:
Mud Play: A Little Dirt Never Hurt!
Our Favorite Beach Supplies
The Top 5 Supplies For Your Blender
Disclaimer: This post contains Amazon Affiliate links to some of my favorite products. You can read more about this here.
We have been brand loyal to another blender for the past 12 years: receiving one as a wedding gift, and then replacing it 7 years later with the nutritional edition. When that broke a while ago, we waited until we found a good deal on any brand. We had seen and heard good things about Ninjas, so when I saw the discount on the model I wanted, I asked Santa for one right away. (Important to note here: no one is paying me to say all this about Ninjas, I am truly in love with ours.) Here it is in all it's glory:
The whole family loves blending, but I ESPECIALLY love the health benefits and how easy it is to get more veggies and vitamins into our systems. ALWAYS on my mind: more ways to spend time with the family, and it's so fun to get us all in the kitchen to make new concoctions.
I wanted to share all my favorite supplies with you, all things I use to accompany our smoothies and such.
1. Reusable Straws
2. Bottle Brushes
3. Popsicle Molds
I am very loyal to Tupperware for all our food container needs - they literally last FOR.EV.ER. My childhood friend's mom had some of these growing up, and I just had to get the newer version for my own kids. I love how they are individual containers so a tray won't make my freezer dirty, and that they catch drips in the mold that turns into the handle. And again, I can toss them into the dishwasher - top rack. (I think it's apparent that I love quick clean ups.)
4. Reusable Squeeze Pouches
5. Healthy Ingredients
What are your favorite things to do with your smoothies? Got more tips to share? Lett me know in the comments!
So you liked this stuff? You'll probably like these posts too:
The following post contains affiliate links for some of our favorite things. You can find out more about that here.
If your kids are anything like ours they love making forts: Pillows, couch cushions, blankets... anything they can get their hands on. I love to watch their creativity as they find materials, and methods of making it all stay put so they can crawl inside. So this product has been on my daughter's wish list for a while now.
I had read many reviews and heard from friends and fellow educators that the Crazy Fort rods bend easily, so I was interested to see how well the Discovery version would hold up as the inside is reinforced, as you can see in the photo below:
I don't know what I was expecting the pieces to be made of, but it definitely wasn't this: the connectors are made from a hard foam like plastic that is sort of malleable to an extent. (Please correct me if you know the actual name of this material in the comments below!)
I was having a bit of difficulty inserting the rods into the connectors sometimes, but once I got them into place, they stuck and it didn't come apart.
I wonder if it will be easier as we use it more and more as the connectors are malleable...
I grabbed some old Queen sized sheets to cover the structure, which I would recommend to make sure you cover the whole thing. We used a fitted sheet around the roundest part the igloo structure we created and that made it even easier to keep it in place.
Once built, our 3 year old loved bringing his toys in and out, but also putting them on the sheet to make it collapse on his sister as she relaxed with a pillow and blanket inside.
The result: we love when we find family activity products that can get all ages involved, so this one definitely fits the bill!
Do you have a favorite structure / building set? Let me know what else we can try out by leaving us a comment,
If you loved this post, you'll also enjoy...
Indoor Play Places: Are They Worth it?
If your family lives in Canada like mine, you know how it can get in the winter time: you feel cooped up inside, and if you do go out, your eyelashes start to freeze. Plus there is only so much energy your toddler can get out in his puffy snowsuit... You start to miss those days at the park when the kids would just run and climb for hours.
Like the playground, indoor play places have lots of benefits for a child's development: gross motor of course, but self-confidence, autonomy, social and cognitive skills as well. As an early childhood educator, and in the past a family activities animator at a resort, play places have always been one of my favorite field trips for my groups.
But... these places come with concern for some parents, which is why I wanted to share some pros and cons I've collected from experience and word of mouth, so that you can decide for yourself if going to one is right for your family.
The number one subject that comes up when I speak to other parents about play places is cleanliness. If I had a nickel for the number of times that a parents has said that they wouldn't take their kids to a play place because they are worried about germs and cleanliness... I have to admit, this isn't an unfounded concern. Since I work in an early childhood center, with my kids attending since they were a year old, and I figured they are going to get cold and flu germs at any public venue - especially the airborne ones. Before eating or drinking anything while at an indoor play place, it's hand washing time right away for us.
Most indoor play place companies have a regular scheduled day where they are closed to clean the facilities completely, including ball pits and tunnels. You can find this schedule on the company's website, but if not, don't be afraid to inquire via phone or email. If you really are worried about this, plan to go right after a cleaning day.
Are you a parent of a little toddler just starting to move around more? Some play places have a smaller zone sectioned off with smaller equipment meant for their youngest clients, so you don't have to worry about older kids running around and rough housing.
Once, while we were on a little road trip, we stopped at a play place to blow off some steam. We happened to just swing by so I had not done my usual research of reading reviews or looking at pictures online. As I was going through one of the tunnels with my daughter, I noticed a screw pointing out of a piece of plastic of the tunnel. I notified the person working behind the counter, and then we high tailed it out of there. The point of my story is to do your research of where you visit like I should have: in addition to making sure there is a cleaning schedule (see above), inquire how often the equipment is inspected. If you walk in, and the equipment or facilities aren't up to your standards, ask to speak to a manager and tell them what you think needs work, ask for your money back and leave.
Tip: Indoor climbing play places do not allow shoes inside, and socks are mandatory. I always pick out a pair for my kids that have the little rubber treads on the sole so they don't slip on the hard surfaces of the tunnels, mats and flooring.
I'm sure I am not the only parent that gets overwhelmed with the size of the play place and where you're kids happen to be. We only frequent locations that have a scanning system. Our favorite has bracelets with bar codes for each family member. To leave the premises, the children bracelets have to match those of the adult. Once scanned, they will buzz you through the gate.
Tip: These locations can be huge. As my kids got a bit older and were able to go off and play on their own, I usually spend my time walking around structures and observing my children - remembering what color shirt they were wearing so I can spot them faster as they move at the speed of light through the tunnels and slides.
We have been to many of birthday parties at indoor play places (see below for more about that), so we know just how crowded these places can get on the weekend!
When we had year admission passes at our local place, I always planned to arrive when it opened, what ever day of the week it was. Often we had the place to ourselves for a good hour or so. If it started to become to overwhelming, we would leave.
Tip: If you are planning on going on a week day, call the location ahead of time and inquire if there are any schools or daycares attending that day, and plan accordingly.
Most locations (especially here in the Montreal area) charge for parents as well as children, but usually at a smaller price. This may seem unfair to some who plan to watch their children from the sidelines as they play, and the more parent supervision, the less need there is for them to pay employees to do it. However, I've witnessed lots of families using the games with their children, and even climbing on the structures.
There are ways to save depending on the company. Look for deals on their websites as some have special days where parents or grandparents have free admission, or cheaper admissions for all on ped days and holidays. I have also seen some great prices on yearly passes, that work out to paying off after your third visit; which means you attend for free the rest of the year
When you end up paying for the entire family, I recommend making it a day trip. Which brings me to my next point...
All play places are different in the food area. A lot have restaurants and do not allow food brought in, while we have been to a couple that have a peanut free picnic zone.
A lot of the restaurants can be focused on kid friendly junk food, so it's not the healthiest option. But if you consider the amount of exercise your family is getting, you might not mind it as a treat.
I always preferred the ones that have a picnic area - I'd pack mostly healthy food, and then buy a big bag of chips from the counter to go with our sandwiches for a treat that was more cost effective.
Birthday Parties
A glance at an indoor play place price list for parties can come at a shock for some, especially for those with their first born, just starting to plan those "friends" parties as children get older. It'll all come down to personal preference on the amount of money, time and effort you want to put towards a birthday party. There are options that include everything from meals, snacks, the cake, a private room... even favors or loot bags! If you want all of that taken care of for you, it may be worth it to you to pay that little bit extra.
Out of the 10 kids birthday parties I have thrown, my favorite by far was the one I threw at our favorite play place for my daughter when she was three. It was easy to plan and came out to just about the same price compared to if I had planned entertainment and decorations at home. The best part was that the kids were entertained the entire time; and I didn't have to worry about my own house (and anxiety level) as they ran around and screamed and climbed. Since we just showed up, set up a treat table, and then left, we came home to a clean house, and had time for a nice long nap!
Did I leave anything out? Do you have some advice or experience to share about frequenting play places? Let me know in the comments below!
If you liked this article, you may also enjoy these:
Melissa is a mom, wife, and early childhood educator who blogs about her journey looking for new experiences for family time.
July 2019
Blog Roll
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Wikipedia article:
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...the decay of trade and industry was not a cause of Rome's fall. There was a decline in agriculture and land was withdrawn from cultivation, in some cases on a very large scale, sometimes as a direct result of barbarian invasions. However, the chief cause of the agricultural decline was high taxation on the marginal land, driving it out of cultivation. Jones is surely right in saying that taxation was spurred by the huge military budget and was thus 'indirectly' the result of the barbarian invasion.
Edward GibbonEdward Gibbon famously placed the blame on a loss of civic virtue among the Roman citizens. They gradually entrusted the role of defending the Empire to barbarian mercenaries who eventually turned on them. Gibbon considered that Christianity had contributed to this, making the populace less interested in the worldly here-and-now and more willing to wait for the rewards of heaven. "The decline of Rome was the natural and inevitable effect of immoderate greatness. Prosperity ripened the principle of decay; the causes of destruction multiplied with the extent of conquest; and as soon as time or accident had removed the artificial supports, the stupendous fabric yielded to the pressure of its own weight," he wrote. "In discussing Barbarism and Christianity I have actually been discussing the Fall of Rome."
Henri PirenneIn the second half of the 19th century some historians focused on continuing events in the Roman world and the post-Roman Germanic kingdoms. Fustel de Coulanges in Histoire des institutions politiques de l'ancienne France (1875–1889) argued that the barbarians simply contributed to a running process in their role of transforming Roman institutions.
Henri Pirenne continued this idea in "Pirenne Thesis", published in the 1920s, which remains influential to this day. It holds that the Empire continued, in some form, up until the time of the Muslim conquests in the 7th century, which disrupted Mediterranean trade routes, leading to a decline in the European economy. This theory stipulates the rise of the Frankish realm in Europe as a continuation of the Roman Empire, and thus legitimizes the crowning of Charlemagne as the first Holy Roman Emperor as a continuation of the Imperial Roman state.
Pirenne's view on the continuity of the Roman Empire before and after the Germanic invasion was supported by recent historians such as François Masai, Karl-Ferdinand Werner and Peter Brown.
However, some critics maintain the "Pirenne Thesis" erred in claiming the Carolingian realm as a Roman state, and mainly dealt with the Islamic conquests and their effect on the Byzantine or Eastern Empire.
Other modern critics stipulate that while Pirenne is correct in his assertion of the continuation of the Empire beyond the sack of Rome, the Arab conquests in the 7th century may not have disrupted Mediterranean trade routes to the degree that Pirenne suggests. Michael McCormick in particular notes that more recent sources, such as unearthed collective biographies, notate new trade routes through correspondences in communication. Moreover, records such as book-keepings and coins suggest the movement of Islamic currency into the Carolingian Empire. McCormick concludes that if money is coming in, some form of trade is going out – including slaves, timber, weapons, honey, amber, and furs.
J. B. BuryJohn Bagnell Bury's History of the Later Roman Empire gives a multi-factored theory for the Fall of the Western Empire. He presents the classic "Christianity vs. pagan" theory, and dismisses it, citing the relative success of the Eastern Empire, which was far more Christian.
He then examines Gibbon's "theory of moral decay," and without insulting Gibbon, finds that to be too simplistic, though a partial answer. He essentially presents what he called the "modern" theory, which he implicitly endorses, a combination of factors, primarily, (quoting directly from Bury):… The Empire had come to depend on the enrollment of barbarians, in large numbers, in the army, and … it was necessary to render the service attractive to them by the prospect of power and wealth. This was, of course, a consequence of the decline in military spirit, and of depopulation, in the old civilised Mediterranean countries. The Germans in high command had been useful, but the dangers involved in the policy had been shown in the cases of Merobaudes and Arbogastes. Yet this policy need not have led to the dismemberment of the Empire, and but for that series of chances its western provinces would not have been converted, as and when they were, into German kingdoms. It may be said that a German penetration of western Europe must ultimately have come about. But even if that were certain, it might have happened in another way, at a later time, more gradually, and with less violence. The point of the present contention is that Rome's loss of her provinces in the fifth century was not an "inevitable effect of any of those features which have been rightly or wrongly described as causes or consequences of her general 'decline.'" The central fact that Rome could not dispense with the help of barbarians for her wars (gentium barbararum auxilio indigemus) may be held to be the cause of her calamities, but it was a weakness which might have continued to be far short of fatal but for the sequence of contingencies pointed out above.In short, Bury held that a number of contingencies arose simultaneously: economic decline, Germanic expansion, depopulation of Italy, dependency on Germanic foederati for the military, the disastrous (though Bury believed unknowing) treason of Stilicho, loss of martial vigor, Aetius' murder, the lack of any leader to replace Aetius — a series of misfortunes which proved catastrophic in combination.
Bury noted that Gibbon's "Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire" was amazing in its research and detail. Bury's main differences from Gibbon lay in his interpretation of fact, rather than any dispute of fact. He made clear that he felt that Gibbon's conclusions as to the "moral decay" were viable — but not complete. Bury's judgement was that:The gradual collapse of the Roman power …was the consequence of a series of contingent events. No general causes can be assigned that made it inevitable.It is his theory that the decline and ultimate fall of Rome was not pre-ordained, but was brought on by contingent events, each of them separately endurable, but together and in conjunction ultimately destructive.
Radovan RichtaOn the other hand, some historians have argued that the collapse of Rome was outside the Romans' control. Radovan Richta holds that technology drives history. Thus, the invention of the horseshoe in Germania in the 200s would alter the military equation of pax romana.
Lucien Musset and the clash of civilizationsIn the spirit of "Pirenne thesis", a school of thought pictured a clash of civilizations between the Roman and the Germanic world, a process taking place roughly between 3rd and 8th century.
The French historian Lucien Musset, studying the Barbarian invasions, argues the civilization of Medieval Europe emerged from a synthesis between the Graeco-Roman world and the Germanic civilizations penetrating the Roman Empire. The Roman Empire did not fall, did not decline, it just transformed but so did the Germanic populations which invaded it. To support this conclusion, beside the narrative of the events, he offers linguistic overviews of toponymy and anthroponymy, analyzes archaeological records, studies the urban and rural society, the institutions, the religion, the art, the technology.
Arnold J. Toynbee and James BurkeIn contrast with the declining empire theories, historians such as Arnold J. Toynbee and James Burke argue that the Roman Empire itself was a rotten system from its inception, and that the entire Imperial era was one of steady decay of institutions founded in Republican times. In their view, the Empire could never have lasted longer than it did without radical reforms that no Emperor could implement. The Romans had no budgetary system and thus wasted whatever resources they had available. The economy of the Empire was basically a Raubwirtschaft or plunder economy based on looting existing resources rather than producing anything new. The Empire relied on booty from conquered territories (this source of revenue ending, of course, with the end of Roman territorial expansion) or on a pattern of tax collection that drove small-scale farmers into destitution (and onto a dole that required even more exactions upon those who could not escape taxation), or into dependency upon a landed élite exempt from taxation. With the cessation of tribute from conquered territories, the full cost of their military machine had to be borne by the citizenry.
An economy based upon slave labor precluded a middle class with purchasing power. The Roman Empire produced few exportable goods. Material innovation, whether through entrepreneurialism or technological advancement, all but ended long before the final dissolution of the Empire. Meanwhile the costs of military defense and the pomp of Emperors continued. Financial needs continued to increase, but the means of meeting them steadily eroded. In the end due to economic failure, even the armor of soldiers deteriorated and the weaponry of soldiers became so obsolete to the extent that the enemies of the Empire had better armor and weapons as well as larger forces. The decrepit social order offered so little to its subjects that many saw the barbarian invasion as liberation from onerous obligations to the ruling class. By the late fifth century the barbarian conqueror Odoacer had no use for the formality of an Empire upon deposing Romulus Augustus and chose neither to assume the title of Emperor himself nor to select a puppet, although legally he kept the lands as a commander of the Eastern Empire and maintained the Roman institutions such as the consulship. The formal end of the Roman Empire corresponds with the time in which the Empire and the title Emperor no longer had value.
Michael Rostovtzeff, Ludwig von Mises, and Bruce BartlettHistorian Michael Rostovtzeff and economist Ludwig von Mises both argued that unsound economic policies played a key role in the impoverishment and decay of the Roman Empire. According to them, by the 2nd century A.D., the Roman Empire had developed a complex market economy in which trade was relatively free. Tariffs were low and laws controlling the prices of foodstuffs and other commodities had little impact because they did not fix the prices significantly below their market levels. After the 3rd century, however, debasement of the currency (i.e., the minting of coins with diminishing content of gold, silver, and bronze) led to inflation. The price control laws then resulted in prices that were significantly below their free-market equilibrium levels.
According to Rostovtzeff and Mises, artificially low prices led to the scarcity of foodstuffs, particularly in cities, whose inhabitants depended on trade in order to obtain them. Despite laws passed to prevent migration from the cities to the countryside, urban areas gradually became depopulated and many Roman citizens abandoned their specialized trades in order to practice subsistence agriculture. This, coupled with increasingly oppressive and arbitrary taxation, led to a severe net decrease in trade, technical innovation, and the overall wealth of the empire.
Bruce Bartlett traces the beginning of debasement to the reign of Nero. By the third century the monetary economy had collapsed. Bartlett sees the end result as a form of state socialism. Monetary taxation was replaced with direct requisitioning, for example taking food and cattle from farmers. Individuals were forced to work at their given place of employment and remain in the same occupation. Farmers became tied to the land, as were their children, and similar demands were made on all other workers, producers, and artisans as well. Workers were organized into guilds and businesses into corporations called collegia. Both became de facto organs of the state, controlling and directing their members to work and produce for the state. In the countryside people attached themselves to the estates of the wealthy in order to gain some protection from state officials and tax collectors. These estates, the beginning of feudalism, operated as much as possible as closed systems, providing for all their own needs and not engaging in trade at all.
However, this fails to take into question why the Eastern Half, subject to the same government interference, did not fall in the 5th century.
William H. McNeillWilliam H. McNeill (b.1917), a world historian, noted in chapter three of his book Plagues and Peoples (1976) that the Roman Empire suffered the severe and protracted Antonine Plague starting around 165 A.D. For about twenty years, waves of one or more diseases, possibly the first epidemics of smallpox and/or measles, swept through the Empire, ultimately killing about half the population. Similar epidemics also occurred in the third century. McNeill argues that the severe fall in population left the state apparatus and army too large for the population to support, leading to further economic and social decline that eventually killed the Western Empire. The Eastern half survived due to its larger population, which even after the plagues was sufficient for an effective state apparatus.
This theory can also be extended to the time after the fall of the Western Empire and to other parts of the world. Similar epidemics caused by new diseases may have weakened the Chinese Han empire and contributed to its collapse. This was followed by the long and chaotic episode known as the Six Dynasties period. Later, the Plague of Justinian may have been the first instance of bubonic plague. It, and subsequent recurrences, may have been so devastating that they helped the Arab conquest of most of the Eastern Empire and the whole of the Sassanid Empire. Archaeological evidence is showing that Europe continued to have a steady downward trend in population starting as early as the 2nd century and continuing through the 7th century. The European recovery may have started only when the population, through natural selection, had gained some resistance to the new diseases. See also Medieval demography.
Peter HeatherPeter Heather, in his The Fall of the Roman Empire (2005), maintains the Roman imperial system with its sometimes violent imperial transitions and problematic communications notwithstanding, was in fairly good shape during the first, second, and part of the third centuries A.D. According to Heather, the first real indication of trouble was the emergence in Iran of the Sassanid Persian empire (226–651). Heather says:The Sassanids were sufficiently powerful and internally cohesive to push back Roman legions from the Euphrates and from much of Armenia and southeast Turkey. Much as modern readers tend to think of the "Huns" as the nemesis of the Roman Empire, for the entire period under discussion it was the Persians who held the attention and concern of Rome and Constantinople. Indeed, 20–25% of the military might of the Roman Army was addressing the Persian threat from the late third century onward … and upwards of 40% of the troops under the Eastern Emperors.Heather goes on to state — and he is confirmed by Gibbon and Bury — that it took the Roman Empire about half a century to cope with the Sassanid threat, which it did by stripping the western provincial towns and cities of their regional taxation income. The resulting expansion of military forces in the Middle East was finally successful in stabilizing the frontiers with the Sassanids, but the reduction of real income in the provinces of the Empire led to two trends which, Heather says, had a negative long term impact. Firstly, the incentive for local officials to spend their time and money in the development of local infrastructure disappeared. Public buildings from the 4th century onward tended to be much more modest and funded from central budgets, as the regional taxes had dried up. Secondly, Heather says "the landowning provincial literati now shifted their attention to where the money was … away from provincial and local politics to the imperial bureaucracies." Having set the scene of an Empire stretched militarily by the Sassanid threat, Heather then suggests, using archaeological evidence, that the Germanic tribes on the Empire's northern border had altered in nature since the 1st century. Contact with the Empire had increased their material wealth, and that in turn had led to disparities of wealth sufficient to create a ruling class capable of maintaining control over far larger groupings than had previously been possible. Essentially they had become significantly more formidable foes.
Heather then posits what amounts to a domino theory — namely that pressure on peoples very far away from the Empire could result in sufficient pressure on peoples on the Empire's borders to make them contemplate the risk of full scale immigration to the empire. Thus he links the Gothic invasion of 376 directly to Hunnic movements around the Black Sea in the decade before. In the same way he sees the invasions across the Rhine in 406 as a direct consequence of further Hunnic incursions in Germania; as such he sees the Huns as deeply significant in the fall of the Western Empire long before they themselves became a military threat to the Empire.
An empire at maximum stretch due to the Sassanids, then, encountered, due to the Hunnic expansion, unprecedented immigration in 376 and 406 by barbarian groupings who had become significantly more politically and militarily capable than in previous eras. Essentially he argues that the external pressures of 376–470 could have brought the Western Empire down at any point in its history.
He disputes Gibbon's contention that Christianity and moral decay led to the decline. He also rejects the political infighting of the Empire as a reason, considering it was a systemic recurring factor throughout the Empire's history which, while it might have contributed to an inability to respond to the circumstances of the 5th century, it consequently cannot be blamed for them. Instead he places its origin squarely on outside military factors, starting with the Great Sassanids. Like Bury, he does not believe the fall was inevitable, but rather a series of events which came together to shatter the Empire. He differs from Bury, however, in placing the onset of those events far earlier in the Empire's timeline, with the Sassanid rise.
Joseph TainterIn his 1988 book "The Collapse of Complex Societies" Tainter presents the view that for given technological levels there are implicit declining returns to complexity, in which systems deplete their resource base beyond levels that are ultimately sustainable. Tainter argues that societies become more complex as they try to solve problems. Social complexity can include differentiated social and economic roles, reliance on symbolic and abstract communication, and the existence of a class of information producers and analysts who are not involved in primary resource production. Such complexity requires a substantial "energy" subsidy (meaning resources, or other forms of wealth). When a society confronts a "problem," such as a shortage of or difficulty in gaining access to energy, it tends to create new layers of bureaucracy, infrastructure, or social class to address the challenge.
For example, as Roman agricultural output slowly declined and population increased, per-capita energy availability dropped. The Romans solved this problem in the short term by conquering their neighbours to appropriate their energy surpluses (metals, grain, slaves, etc). However, this solution merely exacerbated the issue over the long term; as the Empire grew, the cost of maintaining communications, garrisons, civil government, etc. increased. Eventually, this cost grew so great that any new challenges such as invasions and crop failures could not be solved by the acquisition of more territory. At that point, the empire fragmented into smaller units.
We often assume that the collapse of the Roman Empire was a catastrophe for everyone involved. Tainter points out that it can be seen as a very rational preference of individuals at the time, many of whom were actually better off (all but the elite, presumably.) Archeological evidence from human bones indicates that average nutrition actually improved after the collapse in many parts of the former Roman Empire. Average individuals may have benefited because they no longer had to invest in the burdensome complexity of empire.
In Tainter's view, while invasions, crop failures, disease or environmental degradation may be the apparent causes of societal collapse, the ultimate cause is diminishing returns on investments in social complexity.
Bryan Ward-PerkinsBryan Ward-Perkins's The Fall of Rome and the End of Civilization (2005) takes a traditional view tempered by modern discoveries, arguing that the empire's demise was brought about through a vicious circle of political instability, foreign invasion, and reduced tax revenue. Essentially, invasions caused long-term damage to the provincial tax base, which lessened the Empire's medium- to long-term ability to pay and equip the legions, with predictable results. Likewise, constant invasions encouraged provincial rebellion as self-help, further depleting Imperial resources. Contrary to the trend among some historians of the "there was no fall" school, who view the fall of Rome as not necessarily a "bad thing" for the people involved, Ward-Perkins argues that in many parts of the former Empire the archaeological record indicates that the collapse was truly a disaster.
Ward-Perkins' theory, much like Bury's, and Heather's, identifies a series of cyclic events that came together to cause a definite decline and fall.
Adrian GoldsworthyIn The Complete Roman Army (2003) Adrian Goldsworthy, a British military historian, sees the causes of the collapse of the Roman Empire not in any 'decadence' in the make-up of the Roman legions, but in a combination of endless civil wars between factions of the Roman Army fighting for control of the Empire. This inevitably weakened the army and the society upon which it depended, making it less able to defend itself against the growing of numbers of Rome's enemies. The army still remained a superior fighting instrument than its opponents, both civilized and barbarian; this is shown in the victories over Germanic tribes at the Battle of Strasbourg (357) and in its ability to hold the line against the Sassanid Persians throughout the 4th century. But, says Goldsworthy, "Weakening central authority, social and economic problems and, most of all, the continuing grind of civil wars eroded the political capacity to maintain the army at this level."
Environmental degradationAnother theory is that gradual environmental degradation caused population and economic decline. Deforestation and excessive grazing led to erosion of meadows and cropland. Increased irrigation caused salinization. These human activities resulted in fertile land becoming nonproductive and eventually increased desertification in some regions. Many animal species become extinct. This theory was explored by Jared M. Diamond in Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed. Also, high taxes and heavy slavery are another reason for decline as they forced small farmers out of business and into the cities, which became overpopulated. Roman cities were only designed to hold a certain amount of people, and once they passed that, disease, water shortage and food shortage became common.
Mining OutputOutput from the silver mine at Rio Tinto peaked in 79, corresponding to the beginning of the era of coin debasement and inflation and over-taxation. The Roman Emperor debased the coinage because Roman mines had peaked and output was declining. The thesis is that mines of all commodities were being depleted, including gold, silver, iron and so forth. This led to the decline of Roman technological and economic sophistication.
Late AntiquityHistorians of Late Antiquity, a field pioneered by Peter Brown, have turned away from the idea that the Roman Empire fell refocusing on Pirenne's thesis. They see a transformation occurring over centuries, with the roots of Medieval culture contained in Roman culture and focus on the continuities between the classical and Medieval worlds. Thus, it was a gradual process with no clear break. Brown argues in his book that,
Factors we would regard as natural in a 'crisis' - malaise caused by urbanization, public disasters, the intrusion of alien religious ideas, and a consequent heightening of religious hopes and fears--may not have bulked as large in the minds of the men of the late second and third centuries as we suppose...The towns of the Mediterranean were small towns.For all their isolation from the way of life of the villagers, they were fragile excresences in a spreading countryside."
Role of lead poisoningThe ancient Romans, who had few sweeteners besides honey, would boil must in lead pots to produce a reduced sugar syrup called defrutum, concentrated again into sapa. This syrup was used to sweeten wine and food. This boiling of acidic must within lead vessels yields a sweet syrup containing Pb2 or lead acetate. Lead was also leached from the glazes on amphora and from pewter drinking vessels.
The main culinary use of defrutum was to sweeten wine, but it was also added to fruit and meat dishes as a sweetening and souring agent and even given to food animals such as suckling pig and duck to improve the taste of their flesh. Defrutum was mixed with garum to make the popular condiment oenogarum and as such was one of Rome's most popular condiments. Quince and melon were preserved in defrutum and honey through the winter, and some Roman women used defrutum or sapa as a cosmetic. Defrutum was often used as a food preservative in provisions for Roman troops.
The following table shows estimated consumption of lead by various classes within the Roman Empire:
Population Source Lead level in source Daily intake Absorption factor Lead absorbed Aristocrats Air 0.05 µg/m3 20 m3 0.4 0.4 µg/day Water 50 (50-200) µg/l 1.0 liter 0.1 5 (5-20) µg/day Wines 300 (200-1500) 2.0 liters 0.3 180 (120-900) µg/day Foods 0.2 (0.1-2.0) µg/g 3 kg 0.1 60 (30-600) µg/day Other/Misc. 5.0 µg/day Total 250 (160-1250) µg/day Plebians Less food, same wine consumption. 35 (35-320) µg/day Slaves Still less food, more water, 0.75 liters wine 15 (15-77) µg/day
Lead is not removed quickly from the body. It tends to form lead phosphate complexes within bone. This is detectable in preserved bone. Chemical analysis of preserved skeletons found in Herculaneum by Dr. Sara C. Bisel from the University of Minnesota indicated they contained lead in concentrations of 84 parts per million (ppm). Compared to skeletons found in a Greek cave, which had lead concentrations of 3ppm and compared to modern Americans and Britons, which have concentrations between 20-50ppm, this is considered high.
There is still great controversy regarding the role and importance of lead poisoning in contributing to the fall of the Roman Empire. Some historians still cite other factors as being more significant than lead poisoning.
HistoriographyHistoriographically, the primary issue historians have looked at when analyzing any theory is the continued existence of the Eastern Empire or Byzantine Empire, which lasted almost a thousand years after the fall of the West. For example, Gibbon implicates Christianity in the fall of the Western Empire, yet the eastern half of the Empire, which was even more Christian than the west in geographic extent, fervor, penetration and sheer numbers continued on for a thousand years afterwards (although Gibbon did not consider the Eastern Empire to be much of a success). As another example, environmental or weather changes affected the east as much as the west, yet the east did not "fall."
Theories will sometimes reflect the particular concerns that historians might have on cultural, political, or economic trends in their own times. Gibbon's criticism of Christianity reflects the values of the Enlightenment; his ideas on the decline in martial vigor could have been interpreted by some as a warning to the growing British Empire. In the 19th century socialist and anti-socialist theorists tended to blame decadence and other political problems. More recently, environment concerns have become popular, with deforestation and soil erosion proposed as major factors, and destabilizing population decreases due to epidemics such as early cases of bubonic plague and malaria also cited. Global climate changes of 535-536 caused by the possible eruption of Krakatoa in 535, as mentioned by David Keys and others, is another example. Ideas about transformation with no distinct fall mirror the rise of the postmodern tradition, which rejects periodization concepts (see metanarrative). What is not new are attempts to diagnose Rome's particular problems, with Satire X, written by Juvenal in the early 2nd century at the height of Roman power, criticizing the peoples' obsession with "bread and circuses" and rulers seeking only to gratify these obsessions.
One of the primary reasons for the sheer number of theories is the notable lack of surviving evidence from the 4th and 5th centuries. For example there are so few records of an economic nature it is difficult to arrive at even a generalization of the economic conditions. Thus, historians must quickly depart from available evidence and comment based on how things ought to have worked, or based on evidence from previous and later periods, on inductive reasoning. As in any field where available evidence is sparse, the historian's ability to imagine the 4th and 5th centuries will play as important a part in shaping our understanding as the available evidence, and thus be open for endless interpretation.
The end of the Western Roman Empire traditionally has been seen by historians to mark the end of the Ancient Era and beginning of the Middle Ages. More recent schools of history, such as Late Antiquity, offer a more nuanced view from the traditional historical narrative.
See also
- Bronze Age collapse
- G.E.M. de Ste. Croix
- Global Empire
- Last of the Romans
- Legacy of the Roman Empire
- Plague of Justinian
- Rise of Christianity during the Fall of Rome
- Roman decadence
- Roman-Persian Wars
- Societal collapse
- The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
- Western Roman Empire
- Bowersock, "The Vanishing Paradigm of the Fall of Rome" Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 49.8 (May 1996:29-43) p. 31.
- Alexander Demandt: 210 Theories, from Crooked Timber weblog entry August 25 2003. Retrieved June 2005.
- Alexander Demandt: 210 Theories, Source: A. Demandt, Der Fall Roms (1984) 695. See also: Karl Galinsky in Classical and Modern Interactions (1992) 53-73.
- Arnaldo Momigliano, echoing the trope of the sound a tree falling in the forest, titled an article in 1973, "La caduta senza rumore di un impero nel 476 d.C." ("The noiseless fall of an empire in 476 AD").
- Arther Ferrill, The Fall of the Roman Empire: The Military Explanation (New York: Thames and Hudson Ltd., 1986),
- Bury, J.B. History of the Later Roman Empire • Vol. I Chap. IX
- See, for instance, "How Excessive Government Killed Ancient Rome", by Bruce Bartlett, and "The Rise and Decline of Civilization", by Ludwig von Mises
- "How Excessive Government Killed Ancient Rome", by Bruce Bartlett
- Albion's Seedlings: Heather - The Fall of the Roman Empire
- Tainter, Joseph (1988) "The Collapse of Complex Societies" (Princeton Uni Press)
- The Complete Roman Army (2003) p. 214 Adrian Goldsworthy
- Lunds universitet
- Browne, Malcolm W. Ice Cap Shows Ancient Mines Polluted the Globe, The New York Times, December 9, 1997. Accessed May 23, 2008.
- Peter Brown, "The Making of Late Antiquity" (Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1978), 2-3
- Fordham.edu
- Alexander Demandt (1984). Der Fall Roms: Die Auflösung des römischen Reiches im Urteil der Nachwelt. ISBN 3-406-09598-4
- Edward Gibbon, "General Observations on the Fall of the Roman Empire in the West", from the Internet Medieval Sourcebook. Brief excerpts of Gibbon's theories.
- William Carroll Bark (1958). Origins of the Medieval World. ISBN 0-8047-0514-3
Further reading
- Peter Heather, The Fall of the Roman Empire, 2005, ISBN 0-19-515954-3, offers a narrative of the final years, in the tradition of Gibson or Bury, plus incorporates latest archaeological evidence and other recent findings.
- Donald Kagan, The End of the Roman Empire: Decline or Transformation?, ISBN 0-669-21520-1 (3rd edition 1992) – a survey of theories.
- Arther Ferrill The Fall of the Roman Empire: The Military Explanation" 0500274959 (1998) supports Vegetius' theory.
- "The Fall of Rome – an author dialogue", Oxford professors Bryan Ward-Perkins and Heather discuss The Fall of Rome: And the End of Civilization and The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History of Rome and the Barbarians.
- Adrian Goldsworthy The Complete Roman Army, Thames & Hudson (2003); Chapter V 'The Army of Late Antiquity' p. 200-215.
- Fall of Rome – Decline of the Roman Empire – Lists many possible causes with references
- The Ancient Suicide of the West – A libertarian theory about the decline and fall of Rome.
- Lucien Musset, Les Invasions : Les vagues germaniques, Presses Universitaires de France, Paris, 1965 (3rd ed. 1994, ISBN 2130467156)
- Waiting for the Barbarians a poem by Cavafy
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Which wind turbines are the best?
The ones built with the best and most appropriate technology, of course.
The blades from giant wind turbines are made of composite materials because they must be extremely light and strong to do their job.
Those blades are now turning into an "unexpected" problem, which may only increase in the next years: they just don't break. When operators try to crush and compact sections of the blades, they risk breaking the compacting equipment instead. Eventually, some landfills "just decide they can't accept such blades".
An expert commented that maybe (just maybe) "we as a society" did not properly considered, years ago, what would happen to the blades as older turbines are repowered. What happened, instead, was exactly the same thing that has happened with practically every new technology until now:
- There wasn't a recycling plan in place since the start
- When they started to adopt huge wind turbines, companies just trusted technology: "[we] believed a blade recycling option would emerge. Thus far, it hasn't"
That option may be… to go back to the future
There are proposals to How to Make Wind Power Sustainable Again, and it to make blades, at least partially, with laminated wood. Computer assisted manufacturing makes it easy to cut even large pieces of wood in complex shapes.
Yes, wind turbines with wooden blades would not be as efficient as those using composite materials.
But those stories from the landfills show that maybe the "total cost of ownership" calculation were not done properly, back in the day. Time to make them again, taking into account all the factors mentioned in that "wooden wind turbines" piece.
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Uber Technologies (UBER - Free Report) closed at $35.01 in the latest trading session, marking a +0.49% move from the prior day. This move outpaced the S&P 500's daily gain of 0.19%. Meanwhile, the Dow gained 0.31%, and the Nasdaq, a tech-heavy index, added 0.08%.
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You can find more information on all of these metrics, and much more, on Zacks.com.


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Without phones or internet, Kashmiri media send out news on USBs ferried by airline passengers. A top editor has petitioned India's Supreme Court, saying the blackout violates freedom of the press.
The Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir has gone without phone or Internet connections for more than a month now. The Indian government cut services in August after it revoked the state's autonomy. It didn't want protesters to organize. The lockdown has also been hard on journalists, but some are finding creative workarounds. NPR's Lauren Frayer reports from Mumbai.
LAUREN FRAYER, BYLINE: Bilal is a freelance journalist who's been flying in and out of Kashmir for weeks. He's now packing his bag for another reporting trip back to Srinagar, Kashmir's biggest city.
BILAL: I have a pretty basic power bank, an audio recorder, my hard drives, cables, my notepads.
FRAYER: He also packs his cell phone, but it's useless in Kashmir.
BILAL: We use it to check the time. We use it as a contact book – anything except for making a call.
FRAYER: Landlines in Kashmir have been restored. Most cell phone service and Internet remains blocked, though, except for at a government press center with five computers for hundreds of journalists. Internet there is very slow, so journalists are finding other ways to get the news out. They ask airline passengers to carry USB sticks out. In Bilal's case, he flies out himself just to file a story. We're not broadcasting Bilal's full name because he's worried authorities might try to stop him from reporting.
ANURADHA BHASIN: They feel very intimidated. They're working under a lot of pressure.
FRAYER: Anuradha Bhasin is executive editor of the Kashmir Times, which has not been able to print its Srinagar edition since August 5. Curfews mean her workers can't reach the printing presses, which typically operate at night. Bhasin filed a petition to India's Supreme Court, arguing that the lockdown violates freedom of the press. The court has delayed a hearing until October. The Indian government has also blocked foreign journalists, including NPR, from traveling to Kashmir. So, Bhasin says…
BHASIN: What is appearing in the press worldwide is maybe a very small glimpse.
FRAYER: A very small glimpse of the protests, clashes and thousands of arrests being reported by Kashmiri journalists – some of them say they, too, have been detained and beaten up by police, who also forced them to erase footage from their devices.
ALIYA IFTIKHAR: Given that this is the world's largest democracy, that's extremely concerning.
FRAYER: Aliya Iftikhar with the Committee to Protect Journalists is worried about press freedom across India.
IFTIKHAR: We have seen attacks against journalists, a lot of legal cases filed against journalists. These are all forms of harassment and intimidation.
FRAYER: One person who felt that recently is journalist Gowhar Geelani, author of a new book about conflict in Kashmir. He was on his way to a training course in Germany 10 days ago when authorities stopped him at Delhi's airport.
GOWHAR GEELANI: So there at the immigration counter, what happened was, after looking at my passport and other documents related to my training program, the immigration officer looked at his screen and gave a smile and said, you have to wait.
FRAYER: Geelani's flight ended up leaving without him. He got a hotel room near the airport, hoping to get on a flight the next day, but immigration officers ultimately told him he is blocked from traveling because of the political situation in Kashmir. The government has not responded to requests for comment about his case.
Like Geelani, many Kashmiri journalists hoped for a quick resolution to this crisis, but five weeks on, it remains difficult for them to do their jobs, and they increasingly worry about retaliation.
Lauren Frayer, NPR News, Mumbai.
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Source:: https://www.npr.org/2019/09/09/759157602/kashmiri-journalists-find-creative-workarounds-to-media-blackout?utm_medium=RSS&utm_campaign=world


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Ikegami Tsushinki has delivered to TV Asahi a content production system plus an automatic news programme distribution solution for the AbemaNews channel operated by the AbemaTV internet television service. The project centred on the integration of multiple broadcasting products into a core system including redundancy for operational security. Matched closely to the needs of the news net-work's production and distribution requirements, it delivers real-time video for easy viewing.
A freely accessible internet television service, AbemaTV is co-financed by TV Asahi and Cyber Agent. Viewers can watch using a personal computer, tablet or internet-connected television receiver via the abema.tv internet portal. AbemaTV can also be viewed on smartphones by downloading the AbemaTV app. AbemaTV currently operates about 25 channels which collectively cover a wide range of genres including news and animation. AbemaTV programmes are streamed in accordance with a playout schedule published for each channel. Viewers have the option of registering as Abema video subscribers which gives on-demand access to programmes on a flexibly timed catchup basis.
In March 2016 Ikegami Tsushinki delivered three HC-HD300 camera systems and a CSS-400 compact switcher to the Ex Keyakazaka live distribution studio where the AbemaNews pro-grammes are produced. The studio was opened as planned just one month later, in April 2016.
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|1x (4ch x In/Out) ( Avid )
|x 16TB: Real capacity 22TB ( Avid )
|Media Composer
|Non-linear editing system (Avid)


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Found this on DUBDaily, a chrome Ferrari called the Krink X. I dunno if Krunk is a modification company or something. What do ya'll think?
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Found this on DUBDaily, a chrome Ferrari called the Krink X. I dunno if Krunk is a modification company or something. What do ya'll think?
i was thinking lol did they hit the wrong key while trying to spell krunk? but lo and behold u did it for me :p
Plate is photoshopped. The pic I have of that car (same exact pic) has Saudi plates on it.
yes, there appears to be a sheik with an obsession for chromed or silver cars… You see what our money dose to them… Stop their addiction by stopping ours!
i believe there is a company called mtm out of germany that does this. They did a chromed out Audi A8 L a few years back that was all the rage on the audi forums. Back when I was the proud owner of my S6.
Needlessly expensive and impractical, therefore I love it. I wonder if it blinds people in the Saudi midday sun and I wonder how much weight it added. Does an engine get hot enough to discolor the hood? I bet that would look cool if it is.
I do believe that it isn't actually chrome, but rather highly polished aluminium.
The car is made out of the stuff, so they stripped back the paint and polished it out.
At least according to jalopnik.
That would make more sense. I was wondering why someone w/ a Ferrari would add that much weight to it. I've never seem aluminum polished quite that brightly. Hubby has polished aluminum parts on his 650 Triumph (oil case covers, side covers, rocker boxes etc…) and it doesn't look like that.
Wait a minute…what are Ferrari bodies made from? Is it fiberglass? What exactly did this sheik do to that car?
Yeah, Alum would be too heavy for a ferrari body, besides aluminum corrodes instantly, therefore losing its luster.
yes Nyoki, that would blind the living shit out of people on a sunny day. ever seen a chrome bicycle helmet in the afternoon sun? you wanna run those fuckers over..


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Quote from: tickstock on October 26, 2017, 00:34Your prices are too low.Yes, probably, I just up all of them to 79... I just want try, I think when I get some sells I will increase more... Thanks for your opinon
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SUMTER COUNTY, Georgia – A photo of a massive alligator may remind you that dinosaurs are living among us.
It's a picture of a 700 pound alligator found in Sumter County, Georgia.
"He was 13 feet, four inches long, 57 inches in circumference to the chest and we estimate his weight between 700 and 750 pounds," Brent Howze told WALB.
Howze is a wildlife biologist for the Georgia Department of Natural Resources (DNR).
DNR believes the gator was 50 years old.
The gator was believed to be dying, so he was euthanized.
31.998160 -84.227880


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My Board Won't switch off
If your board is not turning off, please read the following:
- Is it possible that the board has become wet inside? If so it is likely that this is causing the problem.
It is possible that if you let the board dry out fully, it will continue to work normally. This will because the damp has created a short circuit internally and once dry the short circuit is no longer there. If this works, please ensure that the board is not ridden in wet conditions or through mud / standing water etc.
However, if the board has become wet inside, this can often cause damage to the circuits. If it is very wet, the damage can be extensive. If this is the case, the board will need to be returned to us for repair. Water damage is not covered by the warranty. Please see our returning your board section for more information about this process.
- If it is not possible that the board has become wet, there are two possibilities. First you could try the standard re-set procedure as detailed below:
- Have the board switched off on a flat, level surface and keep both sides of the board level through the process (important).
- Press and hold the on button for around 5-10 seconds until there is a beep and the main lights start flashing, they should then start to flash in a different pattern or remain constant.
- Keep the board level and switched on for a further 10 seconds.
- Switch off and back on again & the board will start up normally. The reset is complete.
Once you have done this please test the board again carefully to see if this has resolved the problem.
If this does not work, it usually means that the main circuit board is defective and the board will need to be returned to us. We can fix this very quickly and get your board back to you within a few days.
In the unlikely event that your board is brand new and unused and is not switching off from fist use after checking the above points, we will arrange a free return and repair or send out a new board once the original has arrived back with us and been checked by our service team. Please raise a support request here and we will respond as soon as possible.


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Ombre Table Runner in Gold
Item: 100457-001
Ombré is a textured weave featuring a unique rotation of Chilewich's signature bi-color yarns to create a subtle ombré effect in the warp. The yarns share one common hue, which helps to create a gradual shift in color. Suitable for indoor and outdoor use. Made in USA. Phthalate free.


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I just finished uploading this House for sale, 541 Scott Street, Kincardine, Ontario
Available for lease as of July 1st! Clean and newly painted 3+1 bedroom home in a quiet neighbourhood close to downtown and walking trails. Fully fenced backyard with deck and storage shed. Basement offers laundry, large rec room and small bedroom. Out of courtesy to current tenant, the only option for viewing is during open house on Tuesday May 28th 5-7pm only. No exceptions will be made. Rental application and credit check are a requirement. Minimum one year lease. Applications to be reviewed by Thursday, May 31st, as landlord will be out of the country until then. One of the Owners is a registered Real Estate Broker. Utilities, lawn maintenance and snow removal are the responsibility of the tenant. (id:2469)


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Mini Pecan Pie Bites – mini desserts are always more fun! Pecan Pie made into bite sized pieces, perfect for just that little something.
The holidays are pretty much here! Thanksgiving is next week and then we are in full on cookie baking season. Are you ready? I started my Christmas shopping already, so I am a little bit ahead there. But ready? Nope, not even close! I can't believe it is here already!
One thing I am ready with is food. I am always prepared for food. I may not have all the food and groceries in my house, but coming up with the menu and planning what to make is my favorite part. I do write this food blog, so that shouldn't come as a huge surprise to you. Figuring out what to make and baking for a cookie exchange? Bring it on!
Recently I posted Pecan Pie Egg Rolls as a fun twist to pecan pie for Thanksgiving. Well, it seems that I couldn't stop with just one. I never had pecan pie when I was growing up, so apparently I am trying to make up for it this year. These mini pecan pie bites are perfect for after your big Thanksgiving meal. I am always all about dessert, but after I stuff myself full of turkey, I kind of just want a bite of something sweet.
Or if there are multiple pies and desserts around the table, I am going to want to try them all. And mini desserts are the perfect way to be able to enjoy just a little bit of everything. Because it is the holidays, and no one should have to miss out on anything! Making these Pumpkin Pie Cupcakes into mini cupcakes would be the perfect pair for your holiday table!
I used the frozen phyllo cups that you can buy at the store for the crust. But you could use pie crust, and cut little circles to bake in a mini muffin tin. I wanted something that would be crispy and super easy. Even puff pastry would be delicious with these mini pecan pie bites.
Every pie should be topped with whipped cream, and these little mini pies are no exception. Just add a little dollop right before serving, and you have the perfect sweet treat to cap off your holiday meal. Or your Tuesday night, no judgement here!
Mini Pecan Pie Bites
Mini Pecan Pie Bites - mini desserts are always more fun! Pecan Pie made into bite sized pieces, perfect for just that little something.
- 36 Pyllo Cups
Pie Filling
- 1 cup corn syrup
- 2/3 cup brown sugar
- 3 whole large eggs
- 4 Tbls butter
- ¼ tsp salt
- 2 cups chopped pecans
- 1 1/2 tsp vanilla extract
- Bake phyllo cups according to the package directions.
- In a heavy bottom stock pot, heat corn syrup, brown sugar, eggs, butter, and salt over medium heat. Bring to a boil. Reduce heat and stir in the pecans. Cook over a low boil for 8-10 minutes, until it is starting to thicken. Add vanilla extract, stirring until fully incorporated.
- Scoop about 1 Tbls of pecan pie filling into each phyllo cup.
- Let cool and top with whipped cream to serve.
Nutrition Information
Serving Size1
Amount Per ServingCalories 99 Total Fat 6g Saturated Fat 1g Trans Fat 0g Unsaturated Fat 4g Cholesterol 19mg Sodium 39mg Carbohydrates 11g Net Carbohydrates 0g Fiber 1g Sugar 11g Sugar Alcohols 0g Protein 1g
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Protein Bites
Lamb & Apples
Suitable for adult dogs over 1 year of age of all sizes and breedsAvailable in 170 g
Grain free, all natural treats. The perfect complement to the CORE dry and wet foods. Protein Bites Lamb flavoured with apples is a natural soft treat power packed with tasty protein, healthy antioxidants and linseed for to promote a healthy, shiny coat. Perfect for training or just as a healthy guilt-free snack. Protein Bites come in an ideal size and fun flower shape.
Lamb Meal 17%, Dried Ground Potatoes, Tapioca Flour, Glycerine, Lamb 10%, Chicken Fat, Cane Molasses, Pea Fiber, Dried Apples 0.5% (*3% from Fresh Apples), Full-Fat Linseed, Chickpeas, Salt, Cinnamon Powder.
Guaranteed Analysis
Protein 15%
Fat Content 14%
Crude Fibres 3%
Crude Ash 7.5%
Feeding guide
Feeding Guidelines: Wellness CORE Protein Bites are intended for intermittent or supplemental feeding only.
Calorie Content: This product contains 3 kcal/piece ME (metabolizable energy) on an as fed basis.
Product Claims – NO LIST
Naturally hypo-allergenic. No grains, wheat, wheat-gluten, corn, soya, dairy, eggs, beef, artificial colours, flavours or preservatives.


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Persons who choose to follow Christ through celibacy do this out of devotion to the calling of Christ. These can also give away all their possessions and even become monastics.
Celibacy means: refraining from sexual intercourse or lust of the flesh with others, and marriage. Recall Jesus saying: even him that looks upon commits fornication in his heart, so no touching or getting horny on others either. MAT 5: 28. A Christian celibate enjoys no sexual experiences through pictures or other mediums: the only sex is self-relief – and that the monks attempt to suppress with medications. Today the use of female contraceptives as well as ancient botanical substances are used.
But celibacy does make you holy and neither is it the definition of 'Holy'.
And, remember, if our baptism has been successful, we are re-born of incorruptible seed and simply cannot sin again.
The Devil, Bishop Gavin Dunbar and his Curse on the Scot/English Borders.


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Bedroom Design Unicorn Fresh Black Bedroom Sets — Rabbssteak House
No matter how small the place is, how difficult is to have around the residence or to discover a place for something new around there is always a remedy to everything. Only browse around you and honestly you will observe at least 2-3 worthless things keeping round the apartment. Distinct everything around you and hold points simple. An easy living is simpler to take pleasure from, so is just a easy home.


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Your reading list before the year ends
Here is a list of 10 books to add to your bookshelf before the year endsbrunch Updated: Oct 21, 2018 00:02 IST
Wondering about what books to read? Here's some expert help at hand. Here are a few suggestions to help you add a few good books to your reading list.
1. Story of a land
Peace Has Come by Parismita Singh
Parismita Singh has stunned us with her graphic novels before and leaves us speechless with this collection of searing yet profoundly moving short stories based in upper Assam or the area also known as Bodoland, a borderland many of us know little about.
2. A tale of power
We That Are Young by Preti Taneja
An adaptation of Shakespeare's King Lear set aptly amidst a power-hungry family living in a farmhouse in Gurugram, this is an ambitious undertaking for the writer as much as the reader at a whopping 496 pages. Taneja pulls it off with the kind of ease you can only find astonishing in a debut.
3. Of twists and layers
The Book of Chocolate Saints by Jeet Thayil
Thayil's mesmerising second novel is the 'Indian' novel every avid reader must have to hold and read, over and over again. Because with every page, the layers unfurl and offer another jewel. An artist of gigantic talent and advanced years finds himself restless enough to return to his complicated beginnings, even as his story is told by a narrator who can only be Thayil himself.
4. The perfect narrative
First Hand 2: Graphic Narratives from India on Exclusion edited by Vidyun Sabhaney
The second volume in the First Hand series of graphic anthologies, these comic narratives bring to you accounts of unpardonable exclusion rife in our country. The stories are as powerful as is the form of each narrative compelling.
5. Power of history
Republic of Caste by Anand Teltumbde
If you have wondered about the history of the exclusion and disempowerment of Dalits, then this is the book you must read. Commanding and unrelenting, Teltumbde also shows a way forward out of the morass of inequalities we are steeped in.
6. Fable special
Strongmen: Trump-Modi-Erdogan-Duterte edited by Vijay Parshad
Four brilliant artists, Eve Ensler, Danish Husain, Burhan Sonmez and Ninotchka Rosca confront four 'strong men', Trump, Modi, Erdogan and Duterte in a small book of fables. Unputdownable!
7. T he young adult winner
When She Went Away by Andaleeb Wajid
This one's for all the young adults out there who love to read. Maria, 16, wakes up one morning to find her mother missing. As Maria and her younger brother Saud's life goes topsy turvy, the book takes you through a delightful and at times poignant coming of age story.
8. Of kids and emotions
Love and Rage: The Inner Worlds of Children by Nupur Paiva Dhingra
An experienced child psychotherapist draws on her consulting room narratives to take you through what children's inner worlds look like. A must read not just for parents and those who work with children but for every adult who wants to address the emotional baggage of her childhood.
9. The tale of a game
Right Arm Over by Moti Nandy, translated by Arunava Sinha
Cricket lovers, ever wanted to read a delightful fiction based around your favourite sport? Well, here you are, in a lovely translation by the prolific Arunava Sinha, the great Moti Nandy's heartwarming tale of two best friends who are also promising cricketers.
10. A life well lived
Indira by Devapriya Roy and Priya Kuriyan
If Indira Gandhi's life intrigued and perplexed you and you wanted to understand it from another angle, this is the book for you. Brought to life via Kuriyan's powerful images, the book tells the story of an awkward young child who found herself on a path that she could only conquer with authoritarianism.
Arpita Das is the founder of Yoda Press, an independent publishing house which has produced award-winning titles on sexuality, dissent, cities, and new perspectives on history
From HT Brunch, October 21, 2018
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Connect with us on facebook.com/hindustantimesbrunch


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Jubilation: You Are One with the Creator
Jubilation: You Are One with the Creator All There Is, Was, and Ever Shall Be and Jesus through Elliott Eli Jackson
It is a privilege to bring any message from Source to this magazine for dissemination to the masses. This month is special to me on a personal level. All words of wisdom and light uplift the human spirit; however, this one is from the spirit that resided in Jesus.
What I Have Done, You Will Do on a Far Greater Scale
Yes, to be sure, the message that I always gave continues to be given by lightworkers all over your Earth. The heavens, as you understand the term, are in celebration and jubilation. The day of December 21, 2012, did in fact signify something. It signified a growth in numbers of those who are beginning to come to remembrance. They are remembering my words of truth spoken so long ago.
My message was and continues to be that what I have done, you will do on a far greater scale. And you have done things that I, during my time, could only dream of. For I knew, because of the wonderful spirit that resides in you, great things would be accomplished. I knew that many of you would come to a place of acceptance of your sacred selves and the importance of your relationships with your others. I knew that many would begin to stand up against oppressions and injustices. I knew that many would come to understand the connection between themselves and the animal kingdom. I knew that many would become healers and seekers of light.
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ISLAMABAD: Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf chairman Imran Khan has approached the Supreme Court to dismiss Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz (PML-N)'s plea for his disqualification.
A three-judge bench of the top court, headed by Chief Justice Mian Saqib Nisar, will on Wednesday (today) resume the hearing of PML-N leader Hanif Abbasi's petition seeking the disqualification of Imran Khan and Jahangir Tareen as members of the National Assembly on the basis of concealment of their sources of income.
The PTI chief, through his counsel Naeem Bukhari, has filed a reply over the miscellaneous application, filed by PML-N leader for impleading the federal government and Election Commission of Pakistan (ECP) as party in the main case.
The PTI chief, referring to paragraph 18 of Abbasi's petition, has objected that the petitioner has not made his sisters—Uzma Khan and Aleema Khan—parties, adding that they are necessary parties in this case.
With one voice, PTI, PPP ask Nawaz to resign
"There is no averment in the entire petition with respect to the federation, which is now sought to be belatedly impleaded", says the reply.
Imran has also told the SC that the ECP has already rejected reference against him through its March 16 decision.
He also stated that petitioner Hanif Abbasi is not bona fide as he filed the petition to counter Imran's petition seeking the PM's disqualification.
Imran stated that the petitioner is an accused in the "infamous ephedrine scam" and was defeated by him in the last general election, adding that the petition is merely a misplaced filing to establish loyalty to the current prime minister, whose status on his seat has yet to be determined by a JIT in the first instance, and then the Supreme Court.
Meanwhile, PTI's legal team – Anwar Mansoor Khan and Chaudhry Faisal Hussain – will file a reply today (Wednesday). The PTI will also inform the SC that matters relating to foreign funding are already sub judice before the ECP and that the commission should be allowed to adjudicate on it.


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Star Wars - Episode 7 Gets a PG-13 Rating
December 17th, 2015 is a date that most Star Wars films will have marked in their calendars. On this day, the biggest science fiction saga of cinema history is revived with Star Wars Episode VII - The Force Awakens. The hype is huge and there's almost no avoiding it. Some of the few people who already got to see it where the board members of the MPAA. In their current ratings bulletin, they announced the classification they gave the film: PG-13.
It's not that big a surprise but it's still an interesting footnote if you consider the whole saga. Episode 7 is only the second film of the whole franchise that received this rating and follows Episode 3 - Revenge of the Sith, which - as of right now - is the darkest and most violent entry of the series. All other installments have the PG rating.
Release: Nov 30, 2015 - Author: Blade41 - Translator: Mike Lowrey
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Aug 22, 2019 John Rambo: UHD With Extended & Theatrical Cut
Aug 22, 2019 Super Mario Bros. - Is a Director's Cut Possible?


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Your wedding day is about you and your partner celebrating your love with your closest family and friends. When you look back on your wedding photos you both deserve to remember all the special moments you had throughout the day. That is why I spend equal time photographing both my brides and grooms for every wedding I photograph.
I'm Amber Kirchner, a Phoenix, Arizona based wedding photographer for couples who want fun and authentic wedding photography.
I believe in marrying your best friend, laughing until you cry, and capturing the genuine moments of your wedding day. I am there to be a partner in the planning process, get pumped about the personal touches of your day, and help you feel relaxed and natural in front of the camera.
I was a tattooed bride planning a Harry Potter inspired wedding while a celebrity wedding planner was literally covering bride's tattoos on national TV. I quickly realized my biggest struggle in finding a wedding photographer I trusted was that I did not see myself (nor my husband) in any of the photographs on their websites.
That is when I decided I would be a catalyst for change in the wedding industry. I would be a wedding photographer that accepted and celebrated everyone for who they are.
I set out to create a wedding photography business that broke the mold of the traditional wedding photographer. A business that took pride in two things: diversity and equality.
Today, I am honored to photograph rad couples who celebrate not only their love for each other, but their unique personalities and cultures with their weddings.
We met when we were teenagers and I have officially known Josh for more than half of my life! We are truly best friends and love exploring the mountains together, mandatory lazy days, and laughing until we cry.
We toasted with butter beer, had custom wands for our bridal party, and ate Bertie Botts Every Flavor Beans. Our honeymoon was spend drinking Butterbeer at the Wizarding World.
I am always down for a hike whether that is for backpacking trip or an engagement session. When I am not in the mountains, I can often be found barefoot in my backyard.
These two keep our daily lives interesting, that's for sure! When I am not photographing amazing couples, I an usually cuddling with our two herding dogs (Stormy and Fawkes) or sharing my ice cream with our cat (Bella).
We take an annual trip to Disneyland every year. Usually around December (as you can see by my Christmas sweater). And, yes, I have officially met Mary Poppins and Bert. Eat your heart out.


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The most important way to stop the plague of smoking would be to stop the influx of new smokers, that is, mainly teenagers. When youngsters try their first cigarette, for reasons such as trying to fit in or peer pressure, most of them are not aware of the possible risk they are exposed to. Among young people, the short-term health consequences of smoking include respiratory and non-respiratory effects, addiction to nicotine, and the associated risk of other drug use. Long-term health consequences of youth smoking is reinforced by the fact that most young people who smoke regularly continue to smoke throughout adulthood.
Tobacco smoking among young people has become a burden to the country, and experts say the number of youngsters smoking is going up.
According to Rwanda Biomedical Centre (RBC), people start smoking at a young age and so that is where focus should be put when it comes to tackling and preventing the issue.
A 2013 World Health Organization (WHO) survey indicated that the overall 12.8 per cent of survey respondents declared themselves as current smokers, defined as those individuals who smoked in the past 30 days before the survey day.
A woman uses a nictonine patch.
It stated further that current smoking rate varies by background characteristics. Current smokers are recruited among adults aged 35 and above with a proportion ranging from 15.7 to 35 per cent, current smoking increases with age and men smoked more compared to women (19.2 vs. 7.1 per cent).
The Ministry of Health (MoH) is mostly focusing on minors.
According to Jean Bosco Gasherebuka, health promotion officer at WHO office for Rwanda; survey in schools in many countries sponsored by WHO is done every five years, which is known as global youth survey, targeting youth from 11 to 15 years of age.
He says it's believed that this is the age at which most of them are influenced to start smoking.
A survey of tobacco in secondary schools carried out in 2004 jointly by the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Education, with the support of WHO, indicated that 24 per cent of students in secondary school were smokers.
The consumption of tobacco constitutes an avoidable cause of mortality in the world. Figures provided by WHO show that there are four million deaths related to nicotine each year.
Whereas, WHO maintains that this toll is likely to increase to approximately 10 million deaths by 2030 if targeted actions are not carried out. In Africa, at least 850,000 people die annually because of nicotinism.
The consequences, he says, include respiratory diseases, oral infection, chronic ailments and cancer.
He says many deaths resulting from different cancers are related to smoking.
Gasherebuka notes that another consequence is that tobacco smoking for a long period of time makes one vulnerable to cancers that could affect any part of the body.
The Government of Rwanda has also initiated different campaigns targeting the youth and teenagers in a bid to prevent smoking among them.
Gasherebuka says teenagers are not allowed to buy cigarettes, and selling to them is prohibited by the Government of Rwanda and WHO, especially those under 18.
The youth are also encouraged to work on behavioural change, like joining clubs initiated to fight tobacco use.
Dr Edison Rwagasore, senior officer-diabetes, chronic diseases and other metabolic diseases at RBC, says there is awareness in schools at different levels to make sure young adults are aware of the consequences of smoking.
For those who already started smoking, Rwagasore says there are measures in place to help them quit, including medication.
Strategies also include not selling single sticks of cigarettes, rather, packets, making it expensive for many. They also discourage shop owners from selling cigarettes to people below the age of 18, and advising them to set up shops far away from schools.
Rwagasore says they are also developing strategic plans to curb the vice, which include multi-disciplinary approaches in tackling tobacco use since one institution alone can't handle the problem unaided.
The partners, he says, include Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Health and Ministry of Youth, among others.
Rwagasore says they have also pushed to have signs in as many places as possible, like hotels, bars and other recreational areas, to make sure they are visible to everyone.
The Government is also pushing for more non-smoking areas, people should not smoke anywhere.
"One has to move about 50 metres away from people if they want to smoke, instead of having certain areas for smokers," he says.
Measures are also being put in place to have bigger signs of the effects of tobacco smoking on the packets.
Dr Dynamo Ndacyayisenga, the in-charge of management of alcohol and drug use disorders at RBC, says the major issue of smoking is that it contains nicotine, in that when one starts smoking, it becomes hard to stop.
When it comes to the mental health effects of tobacco, he says they mainly talk of addiction because nicotine in tobacco works with the central nervous system and through this, there are some neurons that are fixated to nicotine, leading to addiction.
Among the several patients admitted in hospitals, Ndacyayisenga says many are in for tobacco addiction.
Ndacyayisenga says there are psychotherapy sessions given to such patients.
He says there is also chewing gum known as 'nicotine gum' which significantly helps with withdrawal symptoms, or even eliminates them, but only if one uses them as prescribed.
He explains that this gum helps most as fast relief from irritability, mood swings, difficulty concentrating, and the urge to smoke, among other inconveniences that occur due to smoking cessation.
Rwagasore says this nicotine replacement helps victims to progressively reduce frequency of smoking and eventually, quit completely.
Although it takes time for one to quit smoking, he says it's worth starting immediately, especially for those who have just started. The treatment, when started, he says, helps reduce the risk of developing deadly diseases.
More action
Gasherebuka says the country is fighting hard to curb non communicable diseases (NCD); risk factors being tobacco use, alcohol consumption, poor diet and lack of physical activity.
He notes that there are many deaths that result from tobacco, making it a challenge when it comes to fighting the vice.
He advises parents who smoke not to do it around their children or in the house to prevent second-hand smoking.
When it comes to smoking or drug abuse among the youth, although there are many factors to consider, parents should take most of the blame. Creating time for minors is important, listen to their grievances and find a way forward.
Ezekiel Bizimana, youth activist
I think in schools, teachers should encourage each and every student to join clubs and help fight such vices. Alternatively, sensitising them on the consequences is also important.
Josyline Murekezi, parent
Young people should also help fight bad vices by identifying and seeking help for their colleagues or peers whom they think or suspect are engaging in unhealthy lifestyles.
Juliana Umutoni, university student
There is need to educate parents and even teachers on how to detect early signs of a young person who may be engaging in unhealthy habits. This can help prevent further complications that come with smoking and other bad conduct.
Pascal Habimana, teacher
firstname.lastname@example.com Lydia_AtienoM


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Michael A. Gómez
Chair and Professor of Hispanic Studies
Affiliated Faculty in Philosophy
Phone: 843.953.7125
E-mail: email@example.com
Boston University, Boston, MA
Ph.D. in Hispanic Literature and Language
Boston University, Boston, MA
M.A. in Hispanic Literature and Language
College of the Holy Cross, Worcester, MA
B.A. in Spanish
Research Interests
- Science and literature
- Philosophy and literature
- Spanish Science Fiction
- Spanish Modernism
- 19th and early 20th Spanish literature