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06/10/2019 | News release | Distributed by Public on 06/10/2019 14:27
This report was commissioned by the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities' Full Employment Project. Views expressed within the report do not necessarily reflect the views of the Center.
Conventional economic wisdom holds that labor market slack and inflation rates have a persistent, negative relationship - as unemployment falls, both wage inflation and subsequently price inflation are expected to rise more quickly. Economists refer to the relationship between labor market slack and wage growth as the 'Wage Phillips Curve' and the relationship between slack and price growth as the 'Price Phillips Curve.' The Wage Phillips Curve illustrates that lower unemployment rates encourage firms to attract and compete for workers by persistently raising nominal wages, and the Price Phillips Curve shows how higher labor costs for firms during periods of low unemployment are passed onto consumers through increasingly higher prices for goods and services. Phillips Curve models can therefore be used to determine the lowest level of unemployment consistent with stable prices. This ideal unemployment rate is known as the natural rate of unemployment or the NAIRU (non-accelerating inflation rate of unemployment) and up until recently has been generally assumed to fall between 4 and 6 percent. Phillips Curve models are a staple of macroeconomics courses at universities across the world, and most importantly, serve as policy guideposts for monetary policy makers at central banks across the globe.
But if these well-known models accurately describe the relationship between inflation rates and labor market slack, why are the United States and other advanced economies experiencing such slow to modest wage growth as national unemployment rates keep dropping lower and lower? Our analysis of the U.K.'s economy finds that part of the explanation for weak wage growth is that there is more slack in the U.K. labor market than the unemployment rate suggests. This excess slack is better captured by underemployment rates, which can be measured in a variety of ways but broadly capture the number of workers placed in jobs below their qualifications. In addition, structural shifts in the U.K.'s economy have driven the NAIRU lower than it used to be, so lower levels of unemployment and underemployment are needed to produce meaningful wage growth.
Furthermore, our research on the significant psychological and emotional costs associated with unemployment and underemployment in the U.K. reaffirms the importance of pushing labor market slack to the lowest possible levels. When a variety of average well-being scores are broken down by labor force groups, the unemployed consistently have the lowest scores (aside from the sick or disabled) and underemployed workers have consistently lower scores than full-time or voluntary part-time workers. Additionally, rates of depression are growing more quickly for the underemployed than for any other groups of workers. Low unemployment rates across the U.K. mean little if many workers are facing the economic insecurity, lack of fulfillment, and subsequent depression and anxiety that accompany underemployment. A strong labor market that has truly reached full employment would not only ensure that as few workers as possible are unemployed, but also that as few workers as possible face underemployment.
Explanations for Slow-to-Modest Wage Growth: Underemployment and the Falling NAIRU[1]
Underemployment and Lack of Wage Growth
Policymakers at the Bank of England's Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) have been expecting wage growth to take off for years, but their forecasts consistently over-estimated wage growth from 2014 to mid-2019.[2] The MPC have repeatedly failed to accurately predict wage growth and the natural rate of unemployment because they primarily focus on unemployment, and largely ignore underemployment, when constructing their forecasts.
Underemployment can be defined and measured in a variety of ways. One metric of underemployment is the share of involuntary part-time workers in total employment, or the involuntary part-time rate (IPTR). In the United States, this population of workers is classified as 'part-time for economic reasons.' This measure only captures the number of part-time workers who want to work full-time. It carries no information on the exact number of additional hours these workers wish to work, nor if other groups of workers, including voluntary part-timers and full-timers, would prefer to increase their hours. To address the limitations of standard measures, we have developed (and use in much of our analyses) a more comprehensive measure of underemployment that accounts for the aggregate number of additional hours that workers would prefer to work.[3]
While unemployment has already returned to its pre-recession levels in the U.K., underemployment (as quantified by our hours-based index) remains higher than its pre-recession levels (see Figure 1) and has remained persistently higher than unemployment throughout the recovery (see Figure 2). It should be noted that during the pre-recession period, the number of workers who wanted more hours was less than the number who wanted more hours. This is unusual, given that underemployment historically has disappeared as labor markets tightened. Rates of underemployment that have remained persistently higher than unemployment rates since the Great Recession suggest that there have been significantly higher amounts of slack in the U.K.'s labor market than traditionally assumed.
Data on self-employment provides further evidence that underemployment is generating much more labor market slack in the U.K. than suggested by unemployment rates alone. As an economy moves toward full employment, opportunities should increasingly present themselves for underemployed workers who want more hours and overemployed workers who want fewer hours to overcome their hours constraints. One possibility for those who want more hours is to obtain a second job - a further possibility would be for employees to switch to self-employment, where they could choose their own hours. Therefore, if the economy was truly closing in on full employment, we would expect to see rising shares of workers that are either self-employed or working more than one job.
However, there is no evidence of any rise in multiple-job-holding in the U.K. over the last decade, and the share of self-employed workers has recently started to decline. In April 2008, there were 1.1 million workers with more than one job (representing 4.35 percent of total employment). This figure remains essentially unchanged over a decade later, as there were also 1.1 million workers with more than one job (at 4.07 percent of total employment) as of February 2019. Furthermore, while the self-employed share of total employment increased from 13.1 percent in April 2008 to 15.1 percent in September 2016, it remained unchanged through February 2019. If the U.K. was close to full employment, we would expect to see evidence from both self-employment and multiple-job-holding that the underemployed were starting to move their actual hours closer to their desired hours - but no such moves are apparent in the data. Clearly, underemployment is contributing substantially to labor market slack, and there is considerable evidence that such slack is dragging down wage growth.
Recent research supports the contention that underemployment has been significantly slowing down wage growth. For example, Hong et al. (2018) studied the relationship between labor market slack and wage growth in 29 advanced countries, and they found that 'involuntary part-time employment appears to have weakened wage growth even in economies where headline unemployment rates are now at or below their averages in the years leading up to the recession.'[4] These authors shared their data with us, and we find that a 1 percentage point increase in the involuntary part-time rate is associated with a 0.14 percentage point decline in nominal wage growth. This effect is greater than the effect of the unemployment rate on wages.
Further analysis of wage growth and underemployment within the U.K. demonstrates that it is vital for monetary policymakers to take underemployment into account when estimating wage equations. Using microdata from the U.K.'s Labor Force Survey for 2001 to 2017, we are unable to find any significant unemployment effects on wage growth, but we do find underemployment effects on both weekly and hourly nominal pay. Table 1 displays our regression results, with T-statistics in parentheses. We estimate this as a wage curve, with log hourly and weekly pay in period 't' as the dependent variables, and log unemployment, log underemployment (the number of additional hours the underemployed would like to work), and log wages on a four-quarter lag as independent variables. If the data followed a classic Phillips curve, the lagged wage variable would have a coefficient of one, but it does not.[5]
In Table 1, the first column under hourly pay and weekly pay shows results from regressing each pay measure on unemployment, lagged pay, and several control variables, and we find the unemployment rate's coefficient is statistically insignificant. The second column under each pay measure includes the underemployment measure in the regression. We find that the coefficient on underemployment is both negative and statistically significant and remains significant even when we drop the unemployment rate variable from the regression, as shown in the third and sixth columns. These results demonstrate that in recent decades, underemployment has had a stronger relationship with wage growth than unemployment, and that the Phillips curve in the U.K. must therefore be rewritten into the wage/underemployment space.
|Time Series Log Wage Equations, U.K. Panel Data
|Hourly Pay
|Weekly Pay
|Log Wage(t-1)
|0.0999 (3.43)
|0.0991 (3.41)
|0.0990 (3.41)
|0.0941 (3.19)
|0.0922 (3.14)
|0.0918 (3.13)
|Log Unemployment Rate(t-1)
|0.0092 (0.72)
|0.0140 (1.10)
|0.0089 (0.68)
|0.0140 (1.08)
|Log Underemployment (# Extra Hours Wanted)
|-.0417 (3.02)
|-0.0398 (2.91)
|-0.0446 (3.18)
|-0.0428 (3.07)
|Adjusted R2
The Falling NAIRU
It is clear that the unemployment rate fails to fully explain the level of slack prevailing in most OECD countries since the Great Recession, and that underemployment is an important component of slack that has contributed to sluggish wage growth. However, given that falling underemployment in both the U.K. and the U.S. throughout 2018 has not jumpstarted wage growth, it seems that underemployment alone cannot explain low levels of wage growth. A further possibility exists, namely that there has been a structural shift in the U.K. economy such that the natural rate of unemployment, or the NAIRU, has shifted downwards.
As Milton Friedman famously argued, the NAIRU is a flexible rate that can change over time depending upon various factors. Rather than being 'immutable or unchangeable,' the natural rate of unemployment can change depending on factors like the strength of union power, the size of the minimum wage, and information improvements in labor exchanges.[6] Former Chair of the U.S. Federal Reserve, Janet Yellen, also suggested that the natural rate has fallen during a speech in September 2017: 'some key assumptions underlying the baseline outlook could be wrong in ways that imply that inflation will remain low for longer than currently projected […] the long-run sustainable unemployment rate can drift over time because of demographic changes and other factors, some of which can be difficult to quantify in real time.'[7]
There are a number of reasons why the relationship between labor market slack and wage growth has weakened over time in the U.K. and in other advanced economies. One major factor is the steady erosion of worker bargaining power - private sector union membership in the U.K. has fallen from about 50% in 1979 to about 13% in 2016.[8] As worker bargaining power has diminished, the power of large employers has increased as revealed by the rise of 'monopsony' conditions in key sectors, meaning a level of firm concentration within industries that allows dominant employers to fend off market-driven wage pressures. Other long-term factors, including globalization, technological change biased against non-college educated workers, and the erosion of key labor standards and protections are also contributing to the weakened relationship between diminished slack and faster wage growth.
MPC Member Gertjan Vlieghe and others have argued against a flattening Phillips Curve in the U.K., and by extension against a lower NAIRU, by pointing to the solidly inverse relationship of monthly wage growth and unemployment from 2001 to 2018.[9] Figure 3 plots 3-month/3-month nominal growth in average weekly earnings and the monthly unemployment rates from 2001 to 2018, and the trendline for the data clearly slopes downwards. The slope of the best-fit line is over
-0.7, suggesting a strongly negative relationship between unemployment rates and wage inflation and therefore displaying a classic Phillips curve.
However, it is clear from Figure 3 that there are three areas in the data with trends that are markedly different from each other, and these areas have datapoints that are marked as circles, triangles, and squares. The area plotted as circles represents the pre-recession zone (March 2001 - March 2008), the area plotted with triangles represents the recession/ post-recession zone (April 2008 - December 2013), and the area plotted with squares represents the recovery zone (January 2014 - March 2018). To better understand how the relationship between unemployment and wage inflation changes over time, we calculate three best-fit wage Phillips Curve equations separately for the pre-recession, recession, and recovery zones (see Table 2). For simplicity, the recession months of April 2008 - May 2009 are excluded from the best-fit equations because of several significant outlier months. We find that the lines for the pre-recession zone and the post-recession zone are positively sloping rather than negatively sloping, meaning that higher unemployment rates were associated with higher wage inflation during those periods. The recovery zone looks more like a standard, negatively sloping Phillips curve such that lower unemployment rates are associated with higher wage inflation, but the slope of the line is lower than the slope of the overall trendline for the data.
|Best-Fit Equations for U.K. Unemployment and Wage Inflation, 2001-2018
|Time Period
|Best-Fit Equation
|Wage Change = 7.1204 - 0.7181*Unemployment Rate
|Pre-Recession Zone (April 2001-March 2008)
|Wage Change = 2.4479 + 0.3580*Unemployment Rate
|Post-Recession Zone (June 2009 - December 2013)
|Wage Change = -5.9831 + 0.9574*Unemployment Rate
|Recovery Zone (January 2014 - March 2018)
|Wage Change = 5.2993 - 0.6168*Unemployment Rate
The equation for the recovery zone's best-fit line has significantly more predictive power than the equation for the overall data's best-fit line when forecasting wage growth. For example, the recovery zone's best-fit line equation produces a much more accurate forecast of wage growth for April 2018 than the overall data's best-fit line. Wages grew 2.6% in April 2018 and plugging that month's unemployment rate into the recovery zone's best-fit equation produces a very close wage growth forecast of 2.7%, while the overall data's equation produces a higher and more inaccurate wage growth estimate of 4.1%. This shows how the relationship between wage inflation and unemployment has weakened over time and that when measured correctly, the Phillips curve in the U.K. has clearly flattened. If lower and lower unemployment rates are needed to put upward pressure on wages, the natural rate of unemployment must be falling over time and must currently be lower than traditional estimates assume.
Underemployment and the Falling NAIRU
The same trend holds when underemployment is used as a measure of labor market slack, instead of unemployment. When quarterly nominal wage growth and our hours-based underemployment index are plotted from 2001 to 2017, the best-fit line for the data has a strongly negative slope of roughly -0.5. However, when broken into pre-recession, post-recession, and recovery zones, the trend lines diverge substantially. Figures 4A-4C visualize the scatter plots and best-fit equations for each zone's wage growth and underemployment data. The pre-recession zone's best-fit line once again has a positive slope, the post-recession zone's best-fit line has a very slightly negative slope of
-0.026, and the recovery zone's best-fit line has a negative slope of -0.134 that is still much lower than the slope across the entire data. Even when underemployment is chosen as the measure of slack, the Phillips curve still appears to have flattened in recent years, demonstrating that the natural rate must have fallen as well.
With sluggish wage growth even at a time of low unemployment, it is clear that the unemployment rate should not be the sole measure of slack in the U.K.'s labor market. Our findings suggest that underemployment is even more important than unemployment in explaining the weakness of wage growth during the ongoing economic recovery. Furthermore, there is every reason to believe that the natural rate of unemployment has fallen sharply since the Great Recession, and that the unemployment rate could go even lower than previously assumed - perhaps even below 3 percent - before there is an equivalent increase in wage growth. This conclusion is borne out in the most recent data - even though the U.K.'s unemployment rate fell as low as 3.8% in February 2019, average weekly earnings growth was a weak 1.7% in the private sector. In our view, the NAIRU in the U.K. may well be nearer to 3 percent, and even below it, than around 5 percent which other commentators, including the MPC, seem to believe.
What About the United States?[10]
Our results for the United States tell a similar story as our results for the United Kingdom - in the U.S., the relationship between labor market slack and wage growth has weakened over time, and underemployment once again has a stronger relationship to wage growth than unemployment. Unfortunately, it is not possible to construct an hours-based measure of underemployment using U.S. data, so we calculate the PTER rate from the Bureau of Labor Statistics. This rate expresses the number of workers who are working 'part-time for economic reasons' (PTER) as a proportion of total employment. Just as we did with LFS data from the U.K., we estimate a series of wage curves with log hourly earnings as the dependent variable and log wages on a four-quarter lag, log unemployment, and log underemployment as independent variables. We estimate these wage curves for three separate time periods - 1979 through 2018, 1979 through 2007, and 2008 through 2017. Regression results are displayed in Table 3.
|Time Series Log Wage Equations, U.S. Panel Data
|Slack Variable: Unemployment
|Slack Variable: Underemployment
|Time Period
|2008 -2017
|Log Wt-1
|0.6612 (21.76)
|0.7185 (22.75)
|0.0439 (1.30)
|0.6479 (20.38)
|0.6999 (22.35)
|0.0474 (1.35)
|Log Unemployment Rate
|-0.0171 (4.51)
|-0.0211 (5.23)
|0.0068 (0.59)
|Log Underemployment Rate
|-0.0238 (6.91)
|-0.0212 (6.08)
|-0.0263 (3.23)
In the first column, we regress hourly earnings growth on unemployment and lagged earnings from 1980 to 2017, and we find a negative, statistically significant coefficient on unemployment, suggesting that lower levels of unemployment do translate into higher rates of wage growth. However, the regression results change dramatically when the same wage curve is specified for 1979-2007 and 2008-2017 separately (Columns 2 and 3 in Table 3, respectively). While the coefficient on unemployment remains negative and significant for the time period from 1979-2007, the unemployment coefficient is neither negative nor statistically significant from 2008-2017, which represents the onset of the Great Recession and the recovery. This suggests that in the past decade, structural economic changes in the United States have caused the relationship between labor market slack and wage growth to substantially decline, such that unemployment must be very low for an extended period of time in order to leverage robust wage growth.
Furthermore, columns 4 through 6 in Table 3 demonstrate that in the post-recession years since 2008, measures of underemployment replace the unemployment rate as the most significant measure of labor market slack. We find that for all time periods tested, including 2008-2017, the underemployment rate has a negative, statistically significant relationship with wage growth. This shows that since the recession, reductions in the underemployment rate have a much stronger effect on increasing wage growth than reductions in the unemployment rate. Thus, central bankers and macroeconomists in the United States should closely monitor the underemployment rate when evaluating whether the U.S. economy has reached full employment.
The Well-Being of the Underemployed and the Rise of Depression in the U.K.[11]
The weakened relationship between labor market slack and wage inflation provides a compelling case that monetary policymakers should feel comfortable pushing underemployment rates and unemployment rates lower than ever before. An additional, equally important reason that monetary policymakers should strive for the lowest levels of labor market slack possible is the strong relationship between unemployment rates, underemployment rates, and measures of well-being. Using Labor Force Survey (LFS) and Annual Population Survey (APS) data, we find that the underemployed and the unemployed have substantially lower levels of well-being than other groups of workers in the U.K., based on measures of happiness, life satisfaction, worthwhileness, anxiety, and depression.
Other research supports the conclusion that underemployed and unemployed people have lower levels of well-being. Heyes et al. (2017) analyzed the well-being of workers along 'enthusiasm-depression' and 'contentment-anxiety' axes, and they found 'workers who are underemployed experience lower well-being levels than those who are more adequately employed.'[12] Angrave and Charlwood (2015) found that both underemployment and over-employment lower well-being as quantified by job and life satisfaction.[13] Similar studies of other countries, like research conducted by Wilkins (2007) and Wooden, Warren, and Drago (2009) in Australia, reach the same conclusion - that underemployment lowers job and life satisfaction.[14]
For our own work, the APS contains four unique questions we use to assess well-being. These are:
Q. 'Next, I would like to ask you four questions about your feelings on aspects of your life. There are no right or wrong answers. For each of these questions I'd like you to give an answer on a scale of nought to 10, where nought is 'not at all' and 10 is 'completely'.'
1. 'Overall, how satisfied are you with your life nowadays?'
2. 'Overall, to what extent do you feel that the things you do in your life are worthwhile?'
3. 'Overall, how happy did you feel yesterday?'
4. 'On a scale where nought is 'not at all anxious' and 10 is 'completely anxious', overall, how anxious did you feel yesterday?'
We use microdata for January 2013-January 2017, and we find that the unemployed have consistently lower average scores across the measures of happiness, satisfaction, and worthwhileness and higher scores for anxiety than full-time and voluntarily part-time workers. The underemployed have higher levels of well-being than the unemployed, but substantially lower levels of well-being than full-time or voluntarily part-time employees. For instance, while full-time workers have an average score of 7.69 (out of 10) and voluntary part-time workers have an average score of 7.85 for the satisfaction measure, unemployed people have an average score of 6.67 and involuntary part-time workers have an average score of 7.18. The disparities are even more striking when our broader definition of underemployment is used, which includes all workers (both full- and part-time) who wish to increase the number of hours they work at the going wage rate. Employees working for at least 20 hours less than their ideal number of hours had an even lower satisfaction score of 6.99. Similar disparities exist across the other measures of well-being (See Table 4).
|Average Well-Being Scores by Labor Force Status, U.K. January 2013-January 2017
|Labor Force Status
|Happiness Score
|Satisfaction Score
|Worthwhile Score
|Anxiety Score
|Voluntary Part-Time
|Underemployed (Involuntary Part Time)
|Underemployed (Under 1-4 Hours)
|Underemployed (Under 5-9 Hours)
|Underemployed (Under 10-19 Hours)
|Underemployed (Under 20+ Hours)
Economic modeling also demonstrates the negative effects of underemployment and unemployment on well-being. OLS regression results under multiple specifications illustrate that both measures of underemployment - involuntary part-time status and the hours-based measure -are negatively associated with measures of happiness, satisfaction, and feeling life is worthwhile. They are also both positively associated with the measure of anxiety. With the exception of one, all coefficients are strongly statistically significant. Regression results are documented in the table below, and t-statistics are included in parentheses.
|Average Well-Being Scores by Labor Force Status, U.K. January 2013-January 2017
|Labor Force Status
|Happiness Score
|Satisfaction Score
|Worthwhile Score
|Anxiety Score
|Voluntary Part-Time
|Underemployed (Involuntary Part Time)
|Underemployed (Under 1-4 Hours)
|Underemployed (Under 5-9 Hours)
|Underemployed (Under 10-19 Hours)
|Underemployed (Under 20+ Hours)
Survey data on mental health diagnoses among workers also shows that unemployed and underemployed people are more likely to experience depression and anxiety than other members of the labor force. In the quarterly Labor Force Surveys since 1997, respondents have been asked to report their main health problem, if they have any. We examined data from January 2014 to March 2018, which has over 1.3 million observations on those aged sixteen and over. Overall, 63% say they have no health problems. The survey provides two options for respondents related to mental health - respondents can indicate that they have 'depression or bad nerves' or that they have 'mental illness, phobia, or panics.' On average, 2.3% of those in the labor force self- identify with the former and 0.5% identify with the latter. However, 9.7% of the unemployed report that they are depressed and 4.2% report that they have other mental illnesses. For all measures of underemployment, the underemployed were more likely to be depressed than full-time workers.
It also seems that the probability of being depressed has increased for all workers over time but has increased especially rapidly for underemployed workers. Since the onset of austerity by the U.K. Chancellor George Osborne in June 2010, the incidence of depression among all workers has increased from 1% in 2011 to 3.1% in 2018. Depression rates have grown even more among underemployed workers (defined as all workers who desire to work more hours at the going rate), rising from 1.4% in 2011 to 4.8% in 2018. This rise in depression matches the rise in the fear of unemployment captured by other U.K. statistics. Statistical analysis controlling for other factors demonstrates that underemployed people have considerably higher probabilities of being depressed than other workers.
These findings illustrate the consequences of a labor market with too much slack at a personal level, beyond the traditional macroeconomic consequences that are commonly studied. Unemployed and underemployed people are substantially more likely to experience anxiety and depression and to feel less happy, satisfied, and fulfilled by their lives. Our work complements the existing economic literature on full employment by illustrating the extent to which macroeconomic forces can strongly affect the personal lives of individual people.
Our work on the importance of underemployment as a measure of labor market slack and the falling natural rate of unemployment, as well as on the psychological toll of high underemployment and unemployment rates, make complementary, strong arguments for aggressive pursuit of full employment. The former encourages policymakers to account for the underemployed in the process of pursuing full employment and shows that labor markets can sustain lower levels of under/unemployment than traditionally assumed, while the latter details the personal, human costs of failing to advance a full employment agenda. Monetary policymakers should not be hesitant to allow unemployment to fall, as the relationship between labor market slack and inflation has substantially weakened over time such that lower levels of unemployment are needed to leverage wage growth for workers. Furthermore, the positive externalities of low under/unemployment rates extend even beyond financial matters, as gainfully employed workers are more likely to be happy and personally fulfilled members of society.


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Phone system in French only. Since many English people use the service an English translation would be sensible! I had to guess what the messages meant.

subset: commoncrawl


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On Tuesday 24th September 2019, tenants within Central Pier received notification from Development Victoria that Central Pier will remain closed until at least January 6, 2020.
We are bitterly disappointed by this news and remain frustrated by the lack of support and transparency displayed by Development Victoria throughout this process.
The only information Development Victoria has provided us is to advise that an engineer's report will be available with further assessment of the pier's stability in mid-October.
Our staff and loyal customers, alongside us, are devastated by the news that one of Melbourne's most iconic waterfront destinations and event hubs are now unavailable for the busy Spring/Summer season however the safety of our patrons and staff is our number one priority.
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Continue to, steering and brakes are leagues in advance of what you are moving to jump on a standard-concern Subie, and the 2.0-liter gives enough power in an exclusive-feeling design that is very good nice and clean exciting to rev up and launch. And it will not beat you up, in spite of the (interestingly cozy) Recaros. Can you say the same task about the WRX STI, which is even sharper, but even harsher, on-road? Is dependent upon your intellectual era and your patience for the infrequent bone fragments-rattling lump. But the WRX controls to be a kinder, milder car that is nonetheless a great time to drive on twisting back roads; it does not truly feel like a watered-down version, or a sacrificed kind of, the car you basically want to get. It's diverse, not second-rate — an effectively-tempered (if considerably loud inside) expressway cruiser that also enjoys the roads significantly less traveled.
Luckily, there are a whole lot of excellent mountain roads involving Detroit and Virginia, and I required the time to discover a little sample. They're the form of roads exactly where you can't commit significant time glancing at the speedometer or the tachometer, which is just fine due to the fact you're not proceeding to be proceeding all that speedy and the toned-four/six-speed combination is easy-to-use adequate to make keeping on the power a breeze. Investigated one more way, this is perhaps a more pure presentation of the WRX concept. It's a hopped-up version of a comparatively walking civilian-level sedan, but there are no changes to toggle, no methods to mislead close to with. Just hop in and go, as mildly or vigorously as you would like. The WRX STI might be fine-tuned to meet up with the calls for of the time, but I do like the straightforwardness of this one, its a lot less competitive nephew.
Will you see that you are down half a liter of displacement (and 37 hp and 32 lb-ft) over the STI? Positive, if you are informed about the hotter car. The all-around practical experience is a lot less strong but almost certainly much easier to tolerate daytime to working day. Oh, but the competition — so how exactly does it examine? However we've accepted Subaru's current interior design and quality-advancement push, which includes noticed tough plastic materials substituted for better-feeling supplies, I'd nonetheless give the in-cabin edge to the competition. That's absolutely no reason to publish this effectively-performed driver off your collection, however.
Far more basically, the WRX is located in an appealing placement, mainly because it will get AWD just like the WRX STI. With the Ford Focus ST/RS and the Volkswagen Golf GTI/R, the junior car receives front-wheel drive and the more robust car is AWD. Then there's the Honda Civic lineup, which provides only FWD no matter if you're conversing Si or Type R. Level is, it's an excellent time to look for smooth, capable and comparatively cost-effective performance cars. They all have distinct character types and are led by diverse design and design concepts; you'll need a test drive to physique out which one is best suited for you.


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Use these safe repellents to deter dogs from running through the garden or digging in your favorite garden beds.
If you're not sure who's been nibbling at your garden, this all-purpose repellent is a good defense. The all-natural granules cause mild irritation to most mammal's nasal passages, and they'll quickly learn to stay away.
Stop deer from browsing your garden beds and borders with the pungent odor of citrus! Deer No No comes in convenient pouches to hang from the branches of trees and bushes. They work in any weather and protect your valuable plantings for at least a year.
This fence is an attractive option for keeping rabbits, dogs and other animal pests out of your flower or vegetable bed. Super-easy, tool-free installation; simply push the feet into the ground and insert the stakes into the loops on each grid section. Five panels create a total of 11-1/2' of fencing.
The natural way to protect young plants (or irresistibly ripened strawberries) from cats, dogs, rabbits and other inquisitive visitors. The open weave of the willow lets air flow through, unlike glass or plastic cloches that require tending to ensure proper ventilation. Jute handle for easy transport; anchor in place with Earth Staples, sold separately.
Surround gardens with this super-tough polyethylene fencing to protect plants from hungry rabbits and other animal pests. A welcome alternative to metal fencing, it's just as effective yet much easier to handle — and it won't corrode or rust. You'll find dozens of other uses for it, too, including tree guards, trellising, and leaf barriers for gutters. 1/2" mesh. 25' roll will enclose a 4' x 8' bed.
Soft polyethylene mesh and sturdy plastic poles provide a barrier around vulnerable plants. The 1/2" polyethylene mesh is lightweight and durable. The solid plastic fence poles have pointed ends so they're easy to push into the ground. Simply attach the mesh to the poles using the included easy-on, easy-off clips. Set includes 131 feet of 42" high fencing, 16 poles and 48 clips.
Instead of laying protective netting on top of plants, suspend it over them using these sturdy stakes. At 6' high, they're tall enough to protect large plants like blueberries. Use them in raised beds or in-ground gardens. The stakes come in three sections that fit together without tools. Secure the netting at the bottom with Earth Staples, sold separately. Netting sold separately.
These CritterGuard cedar fence panels are perfect for any 4' x 4' cedar raised garden bed. Installation is so easy: simply push the fence stakes into the soil between each corner post and you're done! Each panel is 45" long by 23-1/2" tall overall. Stakes push into the soil leaving approximately 16" of fence above the soil.
Enjoy gardening in a large raised garden while being reassured your growing harvest is well-protected from deer, bunnies and other animals. Generous in size and easy to access, this raised bed with included fence deters pesky critters. At 67 inches in total height, the mesh fencing will help your plants by acting as a trellis and an animal fence. Easy to assemble, with two size options.
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How to Do the Robot
Explore this Article Learning the Basics Trying Different Moves Article Summary Questions & Answers Related Articles
The wikiHow Video Team also followed the article's instructions and validated that they work. Learn more...
The robot is a fun, iconic dance style that's been around since the 1960s. It involves using slow, isolated body movements to appear like a dancing robot. Doing the robot can seem complicated if you've never done it before, but it's actually simple once you master the basics, like wobbling, pivoting, and body isolations. Once you've got those down, start trying out different moves, like dancing with robot arms and doing the wave.
Learning the Basics
1Use body isolations to make yourself look like a robot while you dance. Body isolations are dance movements where you move one part of your body separately from the rest. Using body isolations while you dance—like moving just your head or one of your arms at a time—will help you look more robotic.[1]
- For example, while you're dancing, you might move one of your arms to a new position, stop, and then move your other arm.
2Wobble your body after each move to mimic a moving machine. Robots wobble back and forth whenever they stop or shift into a new position. Replicate that wobbling by rocking your body side to side a few times after you do a move. Move about 1–2 inches (2.5–5.1 cm) in each direction.[2]
- For example, after moving your arm to a new position, wobble back and forth a few times for dramatic effect.
3Keep your feet planted on the floor as much as possible. Don't step to the beat like you would for other kinds of dancing, since it won't look very robotic. Instead, keep your feet on the ground, and focus on moving your arms, torso, and head while you dance.
Tip: Stay in the same spot while you're doing the robot. If you do need to move, take slow, robotic steps by lifting your leg so your knee is bent at an angle, pausing, and putting it back down.
4Pivot your feet if you want to change directions. That way, you can switch things up instead of facing the same direction while you dance. Just raise your toes slightly and pivot on your heels. Or, raise your heels and pivot on your toes instead. When you're finished pivoting, plant your feet on the floor again.[3]
- Pivoting instead of taking steps will help you look more like a robot. With practice, no one will be able to tell you're lifting your toes or heels to turn.
5Use slow, controlled motions like a robot. Think of how a machine moves. Every movement is steady and intentional. When you're doing the robot, avoid fast, frenetic movements since they won't look robotic. Instead, you want each move you do to be drawn out and deliberate.[4]
Trying Different Moves
1Give yourself robot arms by bending your arms at a 90-degree angle. Starting with your arms at your sides, raise one of your arms up so it's pointing straight out in front of you. Then, bend it so it's at a 90-degree angle. Repeat with your other arm so both of your arms are bent at a 90-degree angle in front of your chest. When you're finished, keep dancing with your arms bent, or straighten them back out one at a time.[5]
- By keeping your arms straight or at a 90-degree angle while you're dancing, they'll look like they're moving on hinges.
2Try ticking your arms and torso like they're being controlled by cogs. Ticking is where you move an isolated part of your body, pause, and then repeat so it looks like it's ticking. To tick your arms and torso, start by bending forward at your waist with your arms out in front of you so your waist and legs make a 150-degree angle. Then, lift your arms up about 2 inches (5.1 cm), and pause. Repeat 4-5 more times until your arms are over your head. Once your arms are all the way up, do the same thing with your torso, moving it up 2 inches (5.1 cm) at a time until you're standing up straight again.[6]
- Practice slowly at first. Then, as you get better, work on ticking at a faster pace.
3Do a ticking wave to incorporate some hip-hop dancing into your routine. Start with your arms out straight at your sides. Then, bend your wrists so your fingers are pointing at the floor, and pause. Next, bend your arms so your elbows go down, and pause again. Now, bend your wrists the other way so your fingers are pointing up this time, straighten your arms, and pause. Finally, tick your shoulders up and down several times, and repeat.[7]
- Ticking while you do the wave will make it look more robotic. You're just breaking down each part of the move—like bending your wrists, bending your arms, and moving your shoulders up and down—and pausing for a second after each part to create the ticking effect.
4Bend your knees to do the robot closer to the floor. Since you mostly stay in the same spot while you're doing the robot, bending down to a lower level is a great way to switch things up. Just bend both of your knees at the same time so they're at about a 125-degree angle, and keep them bent like that when you dance. Don't bend your knees too much or you might have a hard time balancing.[8]
- For a more dramatic effect, swing one of your arms back behind you and pretend to push an invisible pole into the back of your knee. At the same time, bend both of your knees. It will look like you're bending your knees with the pole.
- When you're ready to stand up again, straighten your legs using a slow, controlled motion.
5Pretend you're controlling your legs with your hands. First, bend down so your legs are at a 125-degree angle. Then, hold your hand about 1 foot (0.30 m) above one of your knees, and raise it up using a smooth, fluid motion. At the same time, lift your leg into the air so it looks like you're pulling your leg up by an invisible string with your hand.[9]
- It might take a few tries to find your balance since you'll be standing on one leg.
6Combine different moves together to come up with your own routine. Making your own dance routine is a great way to practice all of the skills you've been working on. Plus, you'll have a go-to routine if you ever go out dancing. Just choose your favorite moves, and then practice doing them in order until you have your routine memorized.
Did you know? The robot has been around since the 1960s, and it was originally danced to funk music. Today, it's usually associated with hip hop and techno music. However, you can do the robot to any kind of music you like![10]
Community Q&A
QuestionHow can I make it look really robotic?Community AnswerWatch the really great robot dancers. Observe their facial expressions, where they are looking, etc. The broken-up movements and looking slightly unnatural are key. Some robot dancers move more fluidly, others use more jerking motions, but I think the best ones are those that mix it up like Fik-Shun.
QuestionDo I tense my whole body if only my arms move?Buggylu25Top AnswererEngage your core to hold your trunk still as you move your arms. Remember that the arm movements should originate from the shoulders or elbows, so actively hold the muscles in place for more rigid movements.
QuestionHow can I contact robotic dancers?IncredibleGuinevereCommunity AnswerYou can always comment on YouTube videos, or comment/message people on any other video sharing site like Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, etc.
- ↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2J2jOTM8DJA&feature=youtu.be&t=62
- ↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2J2jOTM8DJA&feature=youtu.be&t=216
- ↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2J2jOTM8DJA&feature=youtu.be&t=208
- ↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b8UeUyhx14U&feature=youtu.be&t=76
- ↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AjgRmEmlaFs&feature=youtu.be&t=174
- ↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2J2jOTM8DJA
- ↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2J2jOTM8DJA&feature=youtu.be&t=120
- ↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WOUHdAdnCgo&feature=youtu.be&t=81
- ↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WOUHdAdnCgo&feature=youtu.be&t=109
- ↑ https://triviahappy.com/articles/dancing-machines-a-brief-history-of-the-robot-dance
Article SummaryX
To do the robot, start by practicing body isolations, which means you move one part of your body separately from the rest. Try it with your head or just one of your arms! When doing the robot, focus mostly on moving your arms, torso, and head while using slow, controlled motions. You want every movement to look steady and intentional, just like a robot's would be. Next, incorporate wobbles by rocking your body from side to side a few times to mimic machine movements. Be sure to keep your feet planted on the floor as much as possible while you dance! If you want to change directions, raise your toes slightly and pivot on your heels. For tips on learning more advanced robot moves, read on!
Article Info
Categories: Michael Jackson Dances
In other languages:
Español: bailar como robot, Português: Fazer a Dança do Robô, Italiano: Fare la Danza del Robot, Deutsch: Tanz den Robot, Français: faire le robot, Русский: делать танец робота


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Music Lawyer Job Description
Music industry lawyers specialize in legal issues pertaining to the music industry. They may be involved in reviewing contracts, negotiation, intellectual property protection and preparing investment packages.
Music Lawyer Job Duties
- Review and negotiate contracts on behalf of a client
- Ensure contract reflects actual deal that client has agreed to
- May alter contract prior to approval to meet client's needs
- Represent the client in lawsuits
- May be involved in acquiring the rights to a song
- Handle location releases for video shoots or performances


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Our body is our king so we need to take proper care of it. A healthy lifestyle is a great impact for good health. Healthy lifestyles do not mean to take healthy food or exercise. There are many things to do for leading a healthy life such as eating healthy, physical activities, maintain a healthy weight, positive attitude, and managing stress. Always remember that a healthy lifestyle makes you feel better and keep healthy.
In this article, we will discuss healthy tips for men, women and baby. All health tips of the day are natural and easy to use at home.
Health tips for a healthy lifestyle
Healthy lifestyle tips keep us in a better position for managing anxiety. Here we take 10 tips for living healthier and these are effective health tips for men and women both.
1. Maintain a routine:
Set a routine by specifying the times for meals, office works, housework, reading, outing, and bedtime. This helps us to complete work in time and remind us to take time for ourselves. Our daily schedule and bedtime effect on our mental well-being and energy level. Routine helps to predict or plan of the day and make safe, secure and set the stage to better manage your anxiety.
2. Eat a healthy and variety of foods:
Eating healthy food regularly is very important for living a healthy life. Healthy eating means the variety of foods which provide the perfect amount of nutrients to maintain your health. The fundamental of healthy eating is the balance of protein, fat, carbohydrates, fiber, vitamins, calcium, and minerals. Some vegetables, fruits and grain are the part of a healthy diet.
3. Exercise regularly:
Exercise is any kind of activity which makes your muscles strong and burn calories. Regular exercise plays an important role to burn fat and prevent obesity. Being active or doing physical exercise not only good for physically but also great for mental health. Physical activities increase blood flow and stimulate various brain activity that may make you happier, more relax and less anxious. Good quality sleep is very important for our health, this reduces our stress and improves our mood. Lack of regular primary physical activities can cause chronic problems. Physical exercise improves our immune system, lower blood pressure, Prevents osteoporosis, helps to lower blood sugar and cholesterol.
4. Swap saturated with unsaturated fats:
Healthy fats are very important for our daily diet. Fat helps us feel full and ensure healthy communication and diet. But too much fat is very harmful to our health. There are two types of fat such as saturated and unsaturated fats. Saturated fat raises cholesterol levels in the blood, increasing the risk of heart disease and stroke.
This fat is high-fat types like butter, cream, extra sugar, beef, and so on and affects negatively to our health. Recently research proved that swapping out saturated fats with unsaturated fats has a positive impact on heart health.
Unsaturated fat means low fat which we can found in foods such as avocado, nuts, olive oils, and vegetable oils such as canola. This improves our heart, burn weight, reduce the risk of high blood cholesterol and have other benefits.
5. Eat lots of fruits:
Fresh fruits are a rich source of vitamins and minerals. Regular eating fruit habit reduces the risk of heart disease. Fruits are a great source of nutrients, including potassium, fiber, vitamin C and folic acid. Most fruits naturally contain low fat, sodium, and calories and do not have any cholesterol. Maintain a healthy diet with fruits reduces the risk of heart disease, stroke, keep fit, even some different kind of fruits may protect you from cancer.
6. Drink plenty of water:
Our body made up around 60% of water and our blood is 90% of water. Water is very important for our health, it helps to improve body functions, remove waste, and carry nutrients and oxygen around our body and also helps to lose weight.
We should consume at least 1.5 liters of water per day. If we do not stay hydrated it may affect our physical activities. Dehydration affects body temperature control, skin disorder, reduced motivation, increased fatigue and make exercise feel much more difficult, both physically and mentally.
But optimal hydration prevents this from happening, and may even reduce the stress that occurs during high-intensity exercise.
7. Eats lots of vegetables:
Vegetables are full of vitamins, minerals, potassium, folic acid and fiber. Dietary fiber is very important for health, it helps to reduce the risk of heart disease.
Folic acid helps to build healthy red blood cells, this is a great health tips for women who may become pregnant. Fresh vegetables are vital for health, may reduce the risk for stroke, cancer, heart diseases and type-2 diabetes, and maintenance of your body.
8. Meditation:
Meditation is one kind of training of your mind to focus your thought. It helps to calm your mind, reduce stress, mood and outlook, self-discipline, healthy sleep patterns. There have different types of style and each has different benefits. You can do this anywhere, but fresh air is great for meditation.
9. Reduce taking salt and sugar:
Too much salt and sugar are harmful to health, it helps to increase the risk of heart disease, blood pressure and cholesterol. Kidney helps to carry out wastage, build red blood cells and balance water level but consume excess salt may cause high blood pressure and this can be harmful to your kidneys.
Excess sugar is the main reason for weight gaining, blood sugar problems, increased the risk of heart disease and bad for our teeth. Sugar and salt are equally bad for our health.
10. Maintain a healthy weight:
Maintain a healthy weight is a very important part of good health. A healthy weight keeps us away from different illness likes to lower the risk of heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and high blood pressure. Right weight depends on height, age and gender. Taking excess calorie, protein, fat, carbohydrate, or alcohol is the main reason for getting fat.
For a healthy body, practice regular physical activities and maintaining a healthy diet is very important.
Final words
Health tips mean taking care of yours including physically, mentally, emotionally, and spiritual well-being. A healthy lifestyle helps us to improve our health and well-being. There are many different health tips are available that you can do for a healthy lifestyle.
In this article Absolute, we take some important points as health tips of the day and these are perfect health tips for men and women both.


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Price: $185.00
Quantity: 1 available
Book Condition: New
The aim of the Encyclopaedia, sponsored by the American Institute of Indian Studies, is to survey and organise by style, with technical descriptions, the vast body of monuments constructed between c. AD 400 and 18th centuries in India to serve India`s symbolic and religious needs. Each volume is divided into Parts delineating different regions, stylistic evolutions or periods. Each part has two different sections (books) devoted to text and illustrations. Printed Pages: 467 with 977 b/w photographs.
Title: Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture: Vol. II Part 2 (2 books) North India: Period of Early Maturity, C. A.D. 700-900
Categories: Encyclopaedias, India, Architecture,
Edition: First Edition
Publisher: New Delhi, India, American Institute of Indian Studies: 1991
Binding: Hard Cover
Book Condition: New
Jacket Condition: New
Size: 23 Cms x 29 Cms
Item: 1.00 Item
Seller ID: 018847
Keywords: Indian Temple Architecture


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McCracken County Lone Oak Middle School
Policy Area: Policy number 07.10
Discipline and Classroom Management Dress Code
According to the McCracken County Student Code of Conduct:
1. See through mesh clothing, tank tops, and tube tops are not permitted and proper underclothing must be worn but not visible.
2. Under normal circumstances, no hats, caps, or other head coverings are to be worn in school.
3. Students are to wear footwear at all times, and footwear will be appropriate for the activity.
4. Blouses and shirts must meet skirts, slacks or pants. The midriff must not show.
5. Clothing and accessories (jewelry, belt buckles, necklaces, etc.) with obscene, crude or rude pictures, or sayings pertaining to drugs, alcohol, tobacco, extreme violence, sex or gangs are not permitted.
6. Attire or piercings deemed inappropriate by the principal or his/her designee is not permitted.
7. Court assigned electronic monitoring devices are to be covered by long pants at all times.
8. Additional dress code requirements may be determined by your school's council.
Additional dress code requirements:
• Pants/Jeans/Shorts must be worn at natural waist.
• Dresses/Shorts/Skorts/Skirts must be fingertip length.
• Leggings/Yoga pants/or tight sweat pants must be worn with thumb length top or dress.
• No holes in the pants above fingertip length.
• No sleeveless tops
The principal and/or the assistant will make final decisions concerning student compliance to the dress code.


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With all of the preparations you'll want to make before the arrival of your little one, time just seems to fly by in a whirlwind of thoughts, feelings, and lists of "things to do before the baby arrives."
Add the task of maintaining both work and home routines, and the impending life changes once the baby comes, things can begin to seem a bit overwhelming. It may be the perfect time for you to reset and recharge with a relaxing babymoon vacation.
Get Into a Good Space Before the Baby
Plenty of moms- and dads-to-be are opting for some alone time away from obligations to connect, dream, and clear their minds before the big arrival of their little bundle of joy. The babymoon is an idea that's increasing in popularity as couples find that it's the perfect way to spend the last of their time alone together. But how do you plan a safe, comfortable babymoon? Here are some things to consider.
Consider a drive-to destination.
You won't need to worry about airline policies for expectant mothers, and you can make as many pit stops as you need along the way.
Opt for a stay in a resort villa.
These villas offer kitchen and living room spaces in addition to generous bedrooms, so you'll have plenty of room for relaxation. Stock the kitchen with your favorite snacks and you won't have to venture far for a quick bite.
Look for vacation specials to popular destinations.
Because these destinations are popular, there will be plenty of medical facilities, giving you peace of mind should you need care.
Plan your activities. Or not.
While adventurous couples you may want to get in a few attractions, set aside time for quiet relaxation or feel free to enjoy a completely unscheduled retreat.
Be sure to take plenty of photos.
Some couples choose a professional photo shoot, but with a little planning, you can create your own perfect shots.
A babymoon is your time to bond and concentrate on making sure you're refreshed and ready for your little one's arrival. Take long walks on the beach or relax by the pool. No matter how you choose to babymoon, take advantage of the time away and, for a little while, exchange your "must do" list for a "love to do" list.
Disney Couples Retreat
A perfect place to take a babymoon? Walt Disney World.® This couple's package is just the thing. Four nights, Disney tickets and a stay at The Fountains, our fabulous Orlando resort. Give it a try.
Pin this on Pinterest!


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By John Lee. Facebook has taken action to remove what it described as "coordinated inauthentic behavior in UAE, Egypt and Saudi Arabia". Nathaniel Gleicher, the company's Head of Cybersecurity Policy, said in a statement: "We removed 259 Facebook accounts, 102 Facebook Pages, five Facebook Groups, four Facebook Events and 17 Instagram accounts for engaging in […]
Tag Archives | Facebook
Tags: Facebook, fake news, featured, social media
Libya Startups Exhibition
By editor2 on December 15, 2015 in Industry & Trade
A Libya Startups Expo is to be held at the Radisson Blu hotel in Tripoli, on the Wednesday 16th of December. According to the organisers' Facebook page, the aim of the event it to "create a suitable environment for effective entrepreneurship, and support micro-entrepreneurs to display their projects, and create an atmosphere of cooperation between […]
Tags: Facebook, Libya Startup Exhibition, Radisson Blu, SMEs, startups, Tripoli
US Ambassador 'Trolled' off Twitter
The American Ambassador to Libya, Deborah Jones (pictured), has announced that she is leaving Twitter. Her decision follows the reaction to her tweet yesterday: "Terrible news today from #Tarhouna where 8 innocent displaced #Tawergha killed in air strikes. This violence serves no one's interests." This was met with a stream of criticism and abuse, leading […]
Tags: Facebook, Twitter, United States


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PHILADELPHIA, PA, May 17, 2017 (Press Release) -Philadelphia based converting equipment company, Paco Winders, delivered two high speed AR core cutting machines to OX Paper Tube and Core's Hanover, PA facility. OX Paper Tube continues to expand its product offering by increasing capacity for strict tolerance tape, label and other converting paper cores. The Paco equipment will enhance OX's ability to service short and long run tube and core customers throughout its vertically integrated tube and core facilities.Read more
HANOVER, PA, Jan. 5, 2015 (Press Release) -OX Industries has selected Siemens USA to supply their latest technology AC sectional drive system to be implemented at OX's Constantine, Michigan paper mill. The Siemens project is part of a $2 million capital improvement initiative that includes automation and press section upgrades.Read more
HANOVER, PA-OX Industries has purchased a high speed paper tube winding line with the latest technology multi-knife cutting system. The state-of-the-art equipment will be used for the OX converting expansion at its plant in Charleston, IL. Eberle SA, based in Reichstett, France, will supply the complete production line equipped with a Victoria Evolution multi-knife cutting system.
"Eberle SA has been a strategic partner with OX for many years and we are excited to include them in our Charleston facility expansion," Said Kevin Hayward, President of OX Industries.Read more
Ox Paperboard LLC, formerly Halltown Paperboard, has agreed to pay the penalty, make additional system upgrades and pay $50,000 to fund an environmental project within the Shenandoah River watershed as part of a proposed agreement, according to the West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection and court documents.Read more


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The U.S. flag flutters on a military vehicle in Manbej countryside,Syria May 12, 2018. (Xinhua/REUTERS)
WASHINGTON, Dec. 19 (Xinhua) -- The Trump administration announced on Wednesday that it has started returning U.S. troops home from Syria after claiming a victory in the fight against the Islamic State (IS) without revealing any detailed timetable.
"We have started returning United States troops home as we transition to the next phase of this campaign," said White House Spokesperson Sarah Sanders in a statement, claiming that America has "defeated the territorial caliphate."
Pentagon later echoed the White House claim, saying that the U.S. military has already begun the process of bringing the U.S. forces back while emphasizing the continuity of the campaign.
"The Coalition has liberated ISIS (the IS)-held territory, but the campaign against ISIS is not over," the Pentagon spokeswoman Dana White said in a tweet.
All U.S. State Department personnel are being evacuated from Syria within 24 hours, reported Reuters after the White House announcement, citing an anonymous administration official.
The official also revealed that the time-frame for the troops withdrawal from the war-torn Arab country is expected to be between 60 and 100 days, according to the report.
However, a senior Trump administration official, during a background briefing held on Wednesday afternoon, did not directly answer reporters' questions on how the administration intends to withdraw the troops or whether there will a deadline for that.
Sanders' statement came about one hour after U.S. President Donald Trump hinted in a tweet about imminent U.S. troop withdrawal from Syria.
"We have defeated ISIS in Syria, my only reason for being there during the Trump Presidency," Trump tweeted on Wednesday morning.
Earlier on the day, U.S. media cited anonymous officials as saying that the United States is planning a "rapid" and "full" withdrawal of troops from Syria.
Currently, there are more than 2,000 U.S. soldiers deployed in Syria.
Trump has long voiced his desire to bring the U.S. troops back home when possible, while senior administration officials including Defense Secretary James Mattis have advocated for a longer-term military deployment in Syria to secure a victory against the IS.
Meanwhile, the Trump administration's claim about victory against the IS has been questioned.
"I strongly disagree. It has morphed into other forms of extremism and the threat is very much alive," tweeted British Defense Minister Tobias Ellwood, following Trump's claim on the social media.
Senior Republican Senator Lindsey Graham warned "devastating consequences" for U.S. troops quitting Syria.
"An American withdrawal at this time would be a big win for ISIS, Iran, Bashar al Assad of Syria, and Russia," the lawmaker from the state of South Carolina said in a statement on Wednesday.
The senator also noted that the withdrawal will "put the Kurds and all those who came to America's aid in destroying ISIS at tremendous risk."
The U.S. has been backing the Kurdish-led Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) for a long time in the battles against the IS, managing to make important achievement in defeating IS in its de facto capital of Raqqa in northern Syria in 2017.
However, Turkey has for long been outright about its enmity to the Kurdish forces.


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Using the MATLAB 'symmetric' flag to compute the IFFT of a complex-valued, length-N (with N even), transfer function, the imaginary part of the complex value at the index ((N/2)+1) corresponding to the Nyquist frequency appears to be ignored. Why is this done instead of taking the magnitude of the complex value at the Nyquist frequency? How important are the values at the Nyquist frequency and DC for audio applications?
If you have an exactly conjugate-symmetric frequency domain vector, the values at DC and at Nyquist must be real-valued. The 'symmetric' flag of Matlab's
ifft command makes sure that the result of the inverse FFT is real-valued, implying that the values at DC and Nyquist must also be real-valued.
Let $X[k]$ be the length $N$ DFT of a real-valued sequence $x[n]$:
$$X[k]=\sum_{n=0}^{N-1}x[k]e^{-j2\pi nk/N}\tag{1}$$
The value at DC is
which is clearly real-valued if $x[k]$ is real-valued. Similarly, assuming that $N$ is even, the value at Nyquist is
$$X[N/2]=\sum_{n=0}^{N-1}x[k]e^{-j\pi n}=\sum_{n=0}^{N-1}x[k](-1)^n\tag{3}$$
which is also real-valued for real-valued $x[n]$.
Conjugate symmetry means
which for $k=N/2$ (i.e., at Nyquist) gives
Of course, $(5)$ just shows in another way that the bin at Nyquist is real-valued for real-valued $x[k]$.
$\begingroup$ To be more specific, I am computing the frequency-domain spectrum up to the Nyquist frequency numerically based on an analytical formula (in particular, one that is based on the frequency-domain solution to scattering of an incident wave off a rigid sphere). The value at DC happens to be real, but that at the Nyquist frequency for the sampling rate I choose happens to be complex-valued. I want the corresponding IR to be real. If I use the symmetric flag in MATLAB to get the IR, it drops the imaginary part. Why is that done instead of keeping the magnitude? $\endgroup$ – Rahul Jul 29 '19 at 16:16
2$\begingroup$ @Rahul: Because it is assumed that the value at Nyquist must be real (for real time-domain data), so any imaginary part must be a numerical error, that's why it's dropped. $\endgroup$ – Matt L. Jul 29 '19 at 16:17
1$\begingroup$ Computing the magnitude would mean to take the erroneous imaginary part into account. $\endgroup$ – Matt L. Jul 29 '19 at 16:18
$\begingroup$ I follow you. But in my case, the complex value at the Nyquist freq. is exactly correct (since it is computed from an analytical expression). The problem is that the frequency-domain solution I use to compute the spectrum should, in theory, correspond to a continuous-time signal (i.e., there is no Nyquist frequency). For practical use, I set a sampling rate and this defines a Nyquist frequency at which I must force the spectrum value to be real. Do I always have to drop the imaginary part to do so (as MATLAB assumes) or can I set it to be the magnitude? $\endgroup$ – Rahul Jul 29 '19 at 16:32
1$\begingroup$ @Rahul: If it is the magnitude that must be approximated, then you can indeed redefine the value at Nyquist by its magnitude. This is different from the usual case where you have inaccurate values due to numerical errors. $\endgroup$ – Matt L. Jul 29 '19 at 17:26


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TUNE Laini Colman - Dreams Come
- Stream
Laini's debut single from her self-titled album, exploring the world of dark, cinematic pop. 'Dreams Come' is full of variations and elements of surprise. It is dark, brooding and crunchy and builds powerfully with some wonderful middle eastern rhythms and instrumental melodies . Then, throw into the mix some African Djembe drums and, well…….. you'll hear.


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Frequently Asked Questions
How do I sign up for pet sitting, dog walking or other services?
You can call our office at (808) 419-6488 and we will be happy to discuss your pet care needs. You may also complete the information form on the "contact us" tab above and will review and respond to your inquiry within 1 business day. We will then set up a complimentary meeting between you and one of our professional pet sitters, dog walkers or trainers. This meeting will help familiarize the sitter with your pets and home, and give you an opportunity to go over the pet(s) routine and special dietary and exercise needs.
Are you licensed, insured and bonded?
Yes. Big Waggle is licensed with the State of Hawaii, and certified with PSI (Pet Sitters International. Big Waggle holds current insurance certificates and bonding with Business Insurers of the Carolinas. Our owner is a certified Pet Dog Trainer & Certified Behaviourist.
What is the introduction (aka Meet and Greet) about?
At the Meet & Greet we get to know you, your pet(s) and your home. We will ask many questions and make meticulous notes on all the particulars of caring for your pet(s) and your home. We present you with a folder which includes some testimonials clients have given us, a service contract, a general price list, copies of our certificates of insurance and bonding, and our Pet First Aid & CPR certificate as well as other important information regarding our company and services.
Does the pet sitter I meet personally care for my pets?
Absolutely! You will always meet the Pet Sitter/House Sitter who will care for your pets and/or your home. Your pet sitter will offer an introduction to understand your pet sitting needs and to learn all that it takes to keep your pet and home happy as well as safe. Also, we DO NOT bring anyone inside your home other than the contracted pet sitter.
What is the best way to communicate with Big Waggle?
We hold regular office hours from 8am-6pm Monday-Saturday. Our office closes on Sunday so that we can dedicate our time to our furry ones. During these times, we will do our best to answer your call, but we may at times be attending to other clients so we ask that you leave a voice message and we will return your call upon our return to the office. We are also really good with email so feel free to email us anytime at email@example.com. We will reply promptly or call if necessary. Upon contracting our services, you will also be provided with your sitters cell phone number for emergency and texting purposes.
What will be done during the visit(s)?
During dog sitting visits, we will walk, feed, play, replenish and clean water bowls and also bring in the mail and newspaper and water house plants according to your requests. Also, to give your home a lived-in look, we can alter lights and blinds. During cat sitting visits, we clean the litter box, feed, play and clean and replenish water bowls. If your pet is being medicated, we can also administer most medication. Please refer to our "Services" tab above for further information on all services and what each visit includes.
What are your times for pet sitting visits and dog walking?
Our morning visits are generally between 6:30-9 am, and evening visits are between 5-7:30 pm. If your pets need a later or earlier visit, please contact us to discuss possible arrangements based on our schedule.
How is my payment handled?
During the Meet & Greet, you will be give an Estimate for the service period. For the initial service, we request 50% of the estimated cost be paid at the start of service and the balance to be paid in full at the completion of contracted service. We will provide you with an updated, final Invoice at the end of the service period. Payment in full is due immediatley, and will incure a $25 late fee and 5% per month if paid after 48 hours. After your initial service is completed, payment can be made at the end of each subsequent service upon presentation of final Invoice. Each customer is different, and therefore some cases may require other payment arrangements which we are willing to discuss and modify. We accept cash and check. Payment by credit card upon request (an additional fee of 4% may apply). State Sales Tax is included in your quoted price, gratuities are appreciated and accepted. We do charge a $30 service fee for returned checks in addition to the original invoice.
What is your policy for last minute requests? Cancellations? Holidays?
Generally, we request 4 days notice for a day visit, 2 weeks for overnight visits. We are pretty flexible and try our best to accommodate our customers, although we cannot guarantee availability. Regarding cancellations, we request 48 hours notice. There is a cancellation fee, equal to one service, that will be charged if less than 48 hours notice is given. We do provide service on all Holidays, however there is an additional Holiday Service Charge of $10 per day for the following holidays: New Years Eve, New Years Day, Memorial Day, July 4th, Labor Day, Thanksgiving Day, Day after Thanksgiving, Christmas Eve and Christmas Day.
What areas do you service?
Big Waggle covers the Island of Maui, including but not limited to: Wailuku, Kihei, Kahului, Pukalani, Kula, Makawao, Paia, Haiku, Makena, and Lahaina. We do not offer services in the area of Hana at this time.
What can I expect after an overnight service or pet sitting service?
During your vacation, we will provide you with text or email updates that include pictures of your fur-kids. Upon your arrival home after an overnight service has ended or after a day of pet sitting has ended, you can expect to find your home as clean as when you left and your pet happy and relaxed (albeit a bit excited to see you)! Big Waggle also provides a Pet Care Report or text message updates that details for your our activities and goings-on during our visit(s). We also ask that you call, email or text us upon your return so that we know you arrived safely and we know your pets are cared for. If we do not hear from you upon your planned & noted return date/time, we will do a health/safety check at your property.
What services do you offer?
Big Waggle offers various services including (but not limited to) the following:
Full Service Pet Grooming Spa - Downtown Wailuku
Daytime pet sitting
Daily dog walking
Pet Chauffeur
Overnight pet sitting
Overnight house sitting
Medication administration (certified Vet Tech)
Pet training
Pet adoption assistance
Paperwork assistance for those moving to Maui
Don't see what your looking for listed? Give us a call, we can create a custom package to fit your needs!


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BioFIT, Marseille, France
BioFIT is a meeting point in Europe for tech transfer and for sourcing early-stage innovations stemming from public research institutions, academic spin-offs and emerging biotech companies.
Together with big pharma, biotech and diagnostic companies, BioFIT operates as a platform to build partnerships for all public and private actors. BioFIT is also the European marketplace for pre-seed, seed and Series A investment in Life Sciences.
Invest in Skåne's life science specialist will be there to connect and build relationships with pharma companies and investors interested in potential business opportunities in Skåne and Medicon Valley.
Read more at www.biofit-event.com
Ulrika Mårtensson
+46 721 99 81 12


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You Can Work or Play With Your RAM 1500
The RAM 1500 is an all-purpose pickup truck that is just as able to haul a horse trailer over the Rockies as it is to haul the kids to the grocery store. With many trim levels from which to choose, you won't lack for choices in body styles, features, and power in the RAM 1500. Choose from three cab styles: the regular, the quad, and the crew cab. Three box lengths - the 5-foot-7-inch, the 6-foot-4-inch, and the 8-foot - give even more flexibility in customizing your RAM 1500.
What's New for the 2020 RAM 1500?
Since the RAM 1500 was recently fully redesigned in 2019, the 2020 model only features a few new additions for the model year. However, this doesn't mean you should count the 2020 RAM 1500 out. On the contrary, this truck still continues to give you seven trims: Tradesman, HFE, Big Horn, Rebel, Laramie, Longhorn, and Limited. You have the choice of two engines as well as the new 3.0-liter EcoDiesel V6. New for 2020, this diesel engine delivers 260 hp and 480 lb-ft of torque.
When it comes to features, you'll find plenty. In terms of technology, you receive USB ports, an auxiliary audio jack, a touchscreen, Bluetooth®*, a navigation system, smartphone integration, and others. In addition to this, you'll find countless safety features which includes blind-spot monitoring with rear cross-traffic alert, automatic wipers, automatic high beams, LED fog lights, hill descent control, a rearview camera, lane departure warning, forward collision warning, and many more. For comfort, you'll love the power-adjustable seats, heated seats, heated steering wheel, leather upholstery, leather-wrapped steering wheel, and the spacious cabin.
How the RAM 1500 Has Evolved
Dodge Brothers first began pickup production in 1917. However, it wasn't until 1981 that the RAM name was first used. A RAM's head hood ornament was first used in 1933 but was discontinued in the '50s. Dodge's coding for its 2- and 4-wheel drives and weight ratings were designated as "D" for 2-wheel drives and "W" for 4-wheel drives. The numbers, 150, 250, and 350, were half-ton, three-quarter ton, and 1 ton, respectively. The 4x4s were known as Power RAMs.
The 1981 RAMs were built of lighter-weight sheet metal that was more rust-resistant. Through the '80s, the truck received little changes to both the interior and exterior, as well as the powertrain. Electronic fuel injection was introduced in 1988 and new engines in 1989. The Cummins Turbodiesel debuted about this time.
The second generation of RAMs lasted from 1994-2001. Designations were changed to 1500, 2500, and 3500, and the Laramie SLT was added. The RAM underwent still more changes and upgrades during the third-generation years of 2002-2008. Engine power was beefed up, and interior comfort was upgraded. The fourth and current generation continues to improve and upgrade the RAM trucks.
Work or Play in the RAM 1500 in Paris, TX
Come in to James Hodge Dodge in Paris, Texas, and let our professional team show you the great selection of RAM 1500 trucks today. We are happy to help you find competitive financing rates to find you a loan that suites your budget. Our technicians in the service department are also ready to help you maintain your vehicle! Let us show you an amazing customer experience today!


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After this year's cooperation, LV BET and Zagłębie have decided to extend the sponsorship agreement until the end of the 2022/2023 season.
As a result of the extended scope of mutual benefits, LV BET became the Main Sponsor of the club from Sosnowiec. From this season, the brand's logo will be on the front of the team's match shirts. The game includes the LV BET logo exposition during meetings held at the People's Stadium in Sosnowiec, on LED bands and static carriers. The scope of common communication will be increased, taking into account on-line activities and social media.
We are very pleased with our cooperation so far, so we stay with Zagłębie for longer. Certainly, the signed agreement will translate into numerous benefits for both our company, the club and for fans from the area of Zagłębie Dąbrowskie. We wish also the team from Sosnowiec a quick return to the highest competition class
– said Rafał Wójtowicz, the president of LV BET Zakłady Bukmacherskie.
We are very happy with the next contract signed with LV Bet and the fact that the sponsor has not turned away from us in a very difficult moment, which is undoubtedly the exclusion from Ekstraklasa. I believe that the contract will bring satisfaction to both parties. I do not conceal that it will be bigger as we will play better football. Thank you very much and we will do everything to quickly change the betting rates for Zagłębie to very … low
– added Marcin Jaroszewski, president of Zagłębie Sosnowiec.
LV BET, as an international bookmaker, regularly engages in sponsorship on the markets on which it operates. In Poland, LV BET is the main sponsor of Wisła Kraków and Arka Gdynia as well as the official bookmaker of Wisła Płock and Stal Mielec.
LV BET is also the Main Sponsor of Victoria London, and from the 2019/20 season also the official partner of the Vanarama National League in England.