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The United States federal government was the first national government to have no official state-endorsed religion. However, some states had established religions in some form until the 1830s.
Such applicants include spouses and children of temporary workers, multinationals managers and executives, artists and entertainers of extraordinary ability and religious workers. When it comes to.
Second Article Of Faith In Islam John L. Esposito. Although Islam is the youngest of the major world religions, with 1.2 billion followers, Islam is the second largest and fastest-growing religion in the world. What Constitutes Bad Faith The city of Missoula is resurrecting a 2015 "bad faith" claim against the global equity firm. I understand and agree that registration on or use of this site constitutes agreement to its user agree. In those states that do provide for a bad
What Constitutes Bad Faith The city of Missoula is resurrecting a 2015 "bad faith" claim against the global equity firm. I understand and agree that registration on or use of this site constitutes agreement to its user agree. In those states that do provide for a bad faith claim, the laws of the individual state will prescribe what constitutes bad faith on the part of the insurance company. House Bill No. 809. Signed into law: April 15, 2014. Effective
He added that the assistance was Ahmadis "merely doing what our religion has taught us," which is to "stand shoulder to shoulder" with others "in their time of need or distress." RELATED: US-bound Ahm.
They invoke, and at times, invent social, cultural and even religious similarities between. the last presidential elections in the United States. He knew his target audience- the ultra.
About Pew Research Center Pew Research Center is a nonpartisan fact tank that informs the public about the issues, attitudes and trends shaping the world. It conducts public opinion polling, demographic research, media content analysis and other empirical social science research.
For many religious people. prompted the United States to make science education a national priority. Meanwhile, beginning in the late 1960s, the U.S. Supreme Court issued a number of important deci.
"We have been threatened at gunpoint, we have been insulted, all number. "The United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, in solidarity with the bishops of Cuba and the Holy See, has long held th.
But one of the boldest statements has been by a prominent national-religious rabbi. Like a substantial number of US Jewish organizations, they aren't happy at all, and they have openly.
That brings the number of cases in the Portland. allow parents to opt out of the measles immunizations if they have a religious or philosophical objection.
The HUC-JIR website is supported, in part, by the Jim Joseph Foundation, the Jewish Foundation of Cincinnati, the Golden Family Foundation, and the Irma L.
Alternative summary listings of major world religions and numbers of adherents: Christian Science Monitor (1998): Top 10 Organized Religions in the World Encyclopedia Britannica's Adherents of All Religions by Six Continents. Tigerx.com's Top 10 Religions – A casual but insightful attempt divided along the lines of functional religious cultures rather than classical categorization
A higher number of lawmakers belong to the "don't know. Andre Carson André Carson Is the collusion theory dead? Religious affiliation in new Congress under-represents US population, poll finds Demo.
This, to the psalmist, is the beauty of the religion God has given him: It is trustworthy, it is beautiful, it is intrinsically holy. Today, amid reports of declining numbers of those who claim any re.
Studies dealing with the religion of U.S. women who had abortions: 1994-5: The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research: Researchers S.K. Henshaw & K. Kost used a different measurement of abortion data: the "abortion index." For a given group, an abortion index of 1.0 indicates that women in the group have an per-capita number of abortions equal to the U.S. average; a value of 2.0 indicates.
The first religious sisters Sal and Beth Di Leo invited to their new. month without worrying if they could afford the weeklong trip, she said. "This took us out of the ordinary way and gave us a li.
Religion in France : The French fight against "sectes" Religion is probably one the the major differences (if not the main one) between the USA and France. In the USA, a very religious country, it is normal and natural to express one's religious beliefs, when in France, it is considered a private domain and the French society rejects any form of community based on religion (communautarisme).
One God One Religion Jews believe that there is a single God who not only created the universe, but with whom every Jew can have an individual. Albert Einstein: God, Religion & Theology Explaining Einstein's understanding of God as the Universe / Reality. A knowledge of the existence of something we cannot penetrate, of the manifestations of the profoundest reason and the most radiant beauty – it is this knowledge and this emotion that constitute the truly religious attitude;
associate professor of religion specialising in Islam at the United States-based Rice University. While the term "shaheed" is used frequently in the sense of "witness" in the Quran.
SECTION 12: RELIGIOUS DISCRIMINATION OVERVIEW. This Section of the Compliance Manual focuses on religious discrimination under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Title VII). Title VII protects workers from employment discrimination based on their race, color, religion, sex, national origin, or protected activity.
Largest Religions in the United States Unlike some countries, the United States does not include a question about religion in its census, and has not done so for over fifty years. Religious adherent statistics in the U.S. are obtained from surveys and organizational reporting.
Fast Facts about American Religion offers quick information about US religious life based on the best social science research and focuses on clergy data, church and denominational growth and decline, megachurches, women in religion and other topics helpful to church leadership.
However, the United States is catching up. would authorize "people trying to tear down historical monuments" based on religious sensibilities. There are any number of ways the justices could ration.
The primary social research tool in Britain is the British Social Attitudes Survey, an annual mini-census.In 2009 'No religion' was stated by 50.7% of the UK population 1.Comprehensive professional research in 2006 by Tearfund found that two thirds (66% – 32.2 million people) in the UK have no connection with any religion or church 3, a figure which meshes perfectly with another poll in the.
Hymns Mp3 Songs Free Download Free Christian Worship Songs and Hymns in mp3 audio. Free Modern Worship Songs. Listen Online. Right click and save target as to download. Prayer -. Feb 25, 2016. The Hymnal songs provide a solid core of worship music for your home and the worshippers. With consultation from pastors, worship leaders, Sep 4, 2009. Your 50 favourite hymns mp3 download by Various Artists Everybody has a favourite hymn, chosen because the words touch a chord, or
The Socialists are out to blame Trump's Tax cuts to argue why taxes should be higher. At the beginning of 2018, Trump imposed a spectacular tax cut making the USA much more competitive than its European counterparts. Trump argued that the tax reduction would contribute to the recovery of the economy and finance itself through additional tax revenues as what took place with the Reagan tax cuts.
The RLS surveys more than 35,000 Americans from all 50 states about their religious affiliations, beliefs and practices, and social and political views.
Jun 13, 2018 · The Pew Research Center's Forum on Religion & Public Life seeks to promote a deeper understanding of issues at the intersection of religion and public affairs. The Pew Forum conducts surveys, demographic analyses and other social science research on important aspects of religion and public life in the U.S. and around the world.
Get the 2019 World Watch List from Open Doors! The most comprehensive, authoritative report of the top 50 countries where Christian persecution is most severe.
Create your own religious demography visualization by selecting a topic and area of the world.
Is Tim Mcgraw Still Married To Faith Hill Country music superstars Tim McGraw and Faith Hill are selling their sprawling farm in Franklin, Tennessee. The main residence is this beautifully updated log home built in 1850. His recommitment to his family won Faith's heart all over again. "Tim inspires me every day," she gushes. "I draw inspiration from watching him be a father and a husband." Still. that instead of ru. Faith Hill, 51, is mourning the loss of her father, Ted Perry.
Jan 03, 2019 · Many more U.S. Muslims identify with or lean toward the Democratic Party than the GOP (66% vs. 13%), but the share who are Republican has held steady over the last 10 years, including after the election of President Donald Trump.
The number of women religious in the United States has declined from a peak of 181,421 in 1965 to 47,160 in 2016, National Religious Retirement Office statistics show. About 77 percent of women religi.
A delegation of senior members of Israel's Council for Higher Education will visit Jewish institutions in the United States this week to drum up interest in plans to boost the number of foreign. on.
Prayers Of The Faithful Holy Thursday Catholic included. Eucharistic Prayers 2 & 3 may also be used. The faithful are invited after Mass to adore the. •. Blessed Sacrament. After midnight this takes place. Here is meal blessing for Holy Thursday from Table Blessings: Mealtime Prayers Throughout the Year by Brother Victor. and mingles for the faithful the cup of the wine of life eternal. Let us all, t. ". the Holy Ghost over the bent World broods with warm breast and
NumbersUSA is an anti-immigration organization that seeks to reduce both legal and illegal immigration to the United States. It advocates for immigration reduction through.


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How To Style:
The Ruby
You loved her last year, making her the best-selling jean of the season, and J Brand's high-rise crop, the Ruby, is back in all new washes. Bring the look up to date with our summer exclusives in a smart navy, summer-ready hydrangea blue and bright white.
An unavoidable trend for spring and summer, white jeans can bring a breath of fresh air to your wardrobe, be it for smart or casual occasions. If you worry about how to style white jeans, a simple shirt and blazer combination always creates a chic aesthetic. In blanc, this version of Ruby is made from comfort stretch denim which will skim, not cling, to your leg.Jeans, J Brand Ruby in Blanc
With a high-rise and cropped, slim leg we think the Ruby is a universally flattering jean for any and body shape. This leg-lengthening jean comes in J Brand's soft luxe twill fabrication dyed a dark, clean Iris blue for a slightly dressier feel. You'll be wearing this jean all summer long with blouses for chic daytime wear.Jeans, J Brand Ruby in Iris
J Brand's Ruby jean was a big hit last year, featuring as our go-to cropped style and this season she's back in some need-to-know exclusives which you won't find anywhere else. For summer we love the bright hydrangea blue in luxe twill fabric for a pop of colour. Tuck button-down shirts and simple tee's into the high waistband to elongate the leg even further and show off the cropped 27" hem with heels.Jean, J Brand Ruby in Hydrangea

subset: commoncrawl


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Day 1 :
Keynote Forum
Edislav Leksic
Almac Group, UK
Keynote: Understanding the importance of diversity of particle size methods based on laser diffraction
Time : 09:30-10:15
Edislav Lekšić is the Team Leader of Physical Sciences at Almac Sciences. He has worked in the pharmaceutical industry for the past 12 years, with expertise in solid state chemistry related to API selection, crystal surface property, scale-up and production troubleshooting. He has been involved in preformulation work and development of systems such as solid dispersions and cocrystals. He has worked closely with patent law authorities contributing to aspects of IP. He has a strong GMP background and experience in XRPD and PSD method validation and transfers. He received a PhD in supramolecular chemistry from the University of Zagreb.
It is known that particle size can play a significant role on drug substance and product performance (e.g. solubility) and manufacturability (e.g. flowability). Due to low water solubility, in most cases particle-size distribution (PSD) methods intend to measure primary particles in the bulk as there is direct correlation of particle size and kinetics of solubility. For the release methods, the decision on what aspects of particles a given PSD method should measure is ideally based on the Quality Target Product Profile (QTPP) of the drug product. The measurement of agglomerates in the bulk is crucial for formulations where agglomerates remain intact due to their hardness. PSD methods are useful for processes monitoring such as micronization or drying, where secondary agglomeration might happen for controlling process modifications (process improvement) including scale-up processes. PSD methods are sometimes selected as tests involved in stability protocols with reference to the results observed for batches used in bioavailability or clinical studies for drug self-life determination. For more challenging active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) regarding bulk properties, a batch-to-batch comparison method might be suitable to distinguish between batches. The different types of PSD methods mentioned above can be applied during different project stages (R&D and GMP) and for different purposes. Such diversity of PSD methods, as well as the fact that there is no general PSD method listed in any pharmacopoeia, might confuse programme leaders and manufacturers. This lecture gives overview on basic principles of PSD methods based on laser diffraction and stress the challenges during method development and method transfers.
Keynote Forum
Lisa Elviri
University of Parma, Italy
Keynote: Liquid chromatography-electrospray-mass spectrometry lipid profile of human fibroblast cells exposed to 3D printed chitosan scaffolds developed for soft tissue regeneration
Time : 10:15-11:00
Lisa Elviri has completed her PhD at Parma University, IT in 2001. She is an Associate Professor of Analytical Chemistry at the Food and Drug Department of the University of Parma. She works mainly on sample preparation, liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry based techniques, 3D printing and biomaterial for regenerative medicine. She has over 90 publications that have been cited over 2300 times, and her publication H-index is 27. She is the Founder and President of M3datek Srl an innovative start-up dedicated to the 3D printing of biomaterial-based medical devices for regenerative medicine.
Tissue engineering is a promising field of regenerative medicine that relies on the developing synthetic or naturally-derived biological substitutes (scaffolds) capable to help injured tissues to heal properly. Polymeric materials are often selected as promising candidates for scaffolding thanks to their high surface-to-volume ratio, their structural similarity to the matrix and in function of their final biomedical purpose. Furthermore, 3D biomaterial manufacturing strategies show an extraordinary driving force for the development of innovative therapies in the tissue engineering field, based on the interaction of three main elements: a supporting material, growth factors, and cells. Interaction mechanisms are the entanglement of macromolecules, lipids and interdigitation of the ECM with the physical biomaterial 3D structure, for example, pores. Here, the lipid profile of human fibroblast cells growth on 3D printed chitosan (CH) scaffolds was explored in terms of qualitative and quantitative profile, as a function of the time. Lipids play multiple roles within cells, such as those in energy storage, autocrine and paracrine signaling, and autophagy. Scaffolds were made by a home-made 3D cryo-printing process from formulations at the 6% w/w of chitosan, gelled in 1.5 M potassium hydroxide. Human fibroblast were grown on the 3D scaffolds and the lipid extraction was carried out by evaluating the performance of three different exctration protocols: butanol/methnol (BUME), metyl-tert-buthyl ether (MTBE) and hexane/isopropanol (HI). Three different classes of lipids were analyzed: fatty acyls, phospholipids and sterol lipids by liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. The results will be presented and discussed as a function of the extraction protocol, the scaffold properties and the growing time.


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SALOMON Salomon Rhythm Snowboard Binding
The Rhythm binding returns with a laundry list of updates, new asymmetrical highback, new forward lean system, 3D Supreme Ankle Straps, a canted footbed, and Composite Ratchets for more comfort and precision. Rhythm comes stock with all the tech and comfort you need at the price you want.


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At Parkgate Auto Solutions we aim to bring you the widest choice of used cars in BALLYCLARE, COUNTY ANTRIM and at great prices. We have some fantastic deals on used MINI cars, which are always changing. Browse our used cars below and contact us for more information on any of our second hand cars.
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Geological History of Camden and Rockport with Henry Berry – May 7
May 7th, 2019: 12:00 pm - 1:00 pm
The bedrock of the Camden-Rockland region is complex and fascinating. Berry's presentation will take the audience on a tour of nearby places rarely seen to show amazing things seldom noticed. Geologists have been making discoveries in the area for over 150 years, and new things are still being discovered. The story will take guests back in time, more than twice as old as the first dinosaur, to a place on the opposite side of an ocean that no longer exists. Attendees will learn about volcanic rocks, minerals that formed miles underground, molten things, broken things, distorted things, pretty things, and things that even geologists aren't quite able to identify. As beautiful as the islands, hills, and coastline of western Penobscot Bay can be, their story is not complete without including the details told by their bedrock.
Henry Berry is a Bedrock Geologist with the Maine Geological Survey. He has 23 years of experience with the Survey mapping Maine's complex geography, and holds graduate degrees from the University of Maine and University of Massachusetts.


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Does bump starting damage an electric starter motor, as sometimes the engine cuts out when I'm riding along because the engine is not yet warmed up to running temp.? As the bike is still rolling, I bounce on the seat and open the throttle to fire it up again. Would it be better just to press the starter button?
Wouldn't have thought so.
It's no different to using the kick start, which Alton suggest you do on a rebuilt motor. As long as the engine is not turned backwards then the sprag clutch isolates the starter from anything. Bump starting does put some shock loading on the transmission though so personally I would press the button.
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The Pulp Express
Over 8 Million Copies and Counting, Chetan Bhagat's Success Mirrors the Spirit of Young India
Chetan Bhagat's analytical skills helped him identify his target audience while his everyday English took care of the rest. A transformer indeed.
Krishan Kalra
The Layman's Writer
Chetan Bhagat has created a new generation of read-ers with his style of English that is both spoken and un-derstood well in India ("The Age of Bhagat", September 8). His books have been able to connect with Indian masses and people can now relate better with English writing. The readability fac-tor has only added to his popularity. A number of IIT and IIM passouts have left their high-paying jobs in multinational companies to take up writing as a full-time career. Bhagat de-serves credit for triggering a revolution in English writing in India.
Kanishka Pathak, via email
Bhagat's brilliance lies in heralding an era in which there is celebration of mediocrity, shorn of any negative connotation of the term. For long, read-ing was considered to be an exercise indulged in only by a restricted group of intellectuals. That no-tion has undergone a change. His books may not find readers among those who look for complex plots, deep insights and arcane language, yet they establish a resonance with readers who are over-whelming in their sheer numbers. Looking at his rising popularity, Bhagat is as much a publisher's de-light as he is the ordinary Indian's writer-hero.
Neeharika Sinha, Allahabad
Chetan Bhagat is certainly proving to be a writer of the masses. Intellectuals may not rate him very highly, but his choice of subjects find resonance with the commoners and dishing them out in a lan-guage easily understood by them is one of the things that makes him tremen-dously popular. He has been instrumental in trig-gering a revolution in the publishing industry. In an age when 'light reading' is what people look for, his stories, with their autobio-graphical streaks, could very well be the story of the boy/girl next door. He is a fantastic storyteller.
Vijai Pant, via email
Chetan Bhagat's novels sell because of marketing techniques and not for his writing. Non-serious novels and films are the order of the day and make huge money, but have an adverse effect upon the youths. Both are doing a disservice to the nation. Good literature gives an insight into the aspirations and frailties of human beings and their inclinations surpass-ing societal prescriptions. Since the Indian publish-ers are shrewd business-men, they have no appetite for good litera-ture but only for good money. They don't appre-ciate novels like Dr Zhivago, The Good Earth The Brave New World and other great books. Sales figures don't speak about the worth of a novel. After all, sleaze always sells more.
J.N. BHARTIYA, Hyderabad
End of an Era
Parvathy Kumar, via email
Judicial Reforms
The Centre's initiative to get rid of archaic and bizarre laws was long overdue ("Rule of Flaw", September 8). The Government must realise that, with time, even laws need to be reviewed and revised. The task, however, is daunting in the face of deeply entrenched bureaucratic and political red tape. It is imperative to decongest the system by curbing unnecessary litigation based on irrele-vant laws and conven-tions, thereby ensuring smooth and efficient func-tioning of the judiciary.
Meera Iyer, via email
There is an urgent need to change some of the absurd laws. Most laws in our country framed years ago have become irrelevant in the present circumstances and need to be reviewed immediately. There are a number of acts, rules and regulations which have not been updated for more than 50 years. It is a shame that the country is still clinging on to such bizarre laws. SHAILENDRA P., via email
Note from the editor-in-chief
The cover story,"The Incomplete Government", in the issue dated September 15, had listed sev-eral appointments the Narendra Modi Govern-ment is yet to make despite being in power for more than three months. Following some feed-back, INDIA TODAY would like to explain that the term 'headless' or the line 'without a head' used in the narrative meant that a permanent head had not been appointed to the concerned body. So, while on paper A.K. Dubey is CMD of Coal India, the fact is he is just holding additional charge for three months over and above his du-ties as Additional Secretary in the coal ministry.
Soon after INDIA TODAY published the report, Coal Minister Piyush Goyal said that the Government had initiated a process through the "search-cum-selection" route to overcome the delay caused by "frivolous complaints". Similarly, CMD Air India is on a holding operation until November 12 with his three-month extension order, dated August 11, containing the odd rider that "the process of selection of a new CMD may be completed in the meantime". This could not be fully explained in the representational chart published with the cover story. It needs to be also specified that no post can remain unat-tended in Government, and so, temporary arran-gements are always in place until the post is filled up, a process which is taking longer than expected. In the case of the Dedicated Freight Corridor Corporation, as the reports states, the Managing Director's post remains vacant even though Aadesh Sharma, Chief Administrative Officer (Construction) of the Bangalore-based South Western Railways, was selected for the job in June. The fact is he has not taken over because his clearances are pending. Also, the mention in the chart that there was no defence minister was a reference to the fact that the portfolio did not have a full-time incumbent.


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The Chinese social media space has been moving at a hectic pace in the last couple of years. WeChat has been gaining immense popularity in China and some other countries. WeChat mini-programs are on the rise and offer immense value for companies in the hospitality industry.
WeChat mini-programs are essentially sub-applications that exist within WeChat's primary interface. They provide advanced features such as ecommerce, task management, coupons, search, and booking services.
Previously, it was not possible to put hyperlinks into WeChat articles of Subscription accounts. WeChat was clearly trying to keep user activity contained inside the APP, but it obviously had its downsides. Mini-programs have created a way to solve this disjointed user experience that limited user conversion. Because brands can now link from WeChat articles directly to mini-program product or booking pages. So the mini-program effectively provides a new conversion channel. Hence conversion rates from Subscription accounts can now also be optimized and even tracked.
The hospitality industry in China is booming with increasing demand from the growing middle class, but this comes with the necessary problems. Obstacles such as hotel and venue saturation (especially in first and second tier cities), rising demands from consumers regarding quality and convenience, and rising training costs due to high turnover in staff.
For businesses operating in the hospitality industry technology is an important enabler to overcome these challenges. By digitalizing segments of their service offering, they're able to offer a better and more convenient service to guests alongside lower overheads. In turn, this helps hotels to stay competitive as they keep guests satisfied and returning for repeat business.
One of the hottest new platforms to digitalize the experience for guests in China is WeChat mini-programs. Using this platform businesses can offer a range of useful options suitable for the hospitality industry. Features include venue selection, pricing/rates-check page, image libraries, payment options, maps, search nearby venues, loyalty program registration, bookings, games, and much more.
Getting started
Even though setting up a WeChat mini-program takes up a fraction of the resources and time needed for developing a fully-fledged native app (outside the WeChat ecosystem), the process is more involved than simply setting up a WeChat Official account from a design and development standpoint. It's therefore vital that you do your research and select the right features to generate a higher conversion rate and ensure a slick user experience.
For most foreign brands, this is one part of the Chinese digital marketing line-up you should resist attempting on your own. Experience is key to launching an effective mini-program, and at MediaWorkz, we can help lead you through this complex and exciting path to development. Contact us to find out more.
If you have not considered using Baidu, or even heard of Baidu, you are missing out on a pot of gold.
Over the past few years, WeChat has grown tremendously to boast more than 1 billion users.


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Gold Star License Check
The Federal REAL ID Act of 2005 requires that a gold star be placed on the Utah driver license and identification cards.
For the latest information on Utah's plan for being compliant, watch this video, click for a printable document, or an FAQ.
The U.S. Transportation Services Administration (TSA) has put together a resourceful site to help inform the public, click here.
CHECK YOUR STATUS – This app allows you to check the status of your mailed driver license or identification card.


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Acerca de Ab Soul
SoCal rapper and longtime Kendrick Lamar collaborator Ab-Soul is captivating fans of leftfield hip hop with his unique flow, heavy beats, and haunting samples. His mesmerizing sound plays out perfectly at his live shows, where he treats fans to cerebral cuts like "Pineal Gland" and "Closure" with a lyrical precision that lets his witty wordplay really shine. An energetic performer with big talent to match his outsized swag, Ab-Soul never fails to impress with his showmanship and lyrical acrobatics on tour.
Hailing from Carson, CA, Ab-Soul, a.k.a. Herbert Anthony Stevens IV, was exposed to music from an early age in his family's record store. He wrote his first rap verse at age 12 and continued to hone his skills in online chat rooms dedicated to keystyling -- the text-based equivalent of freestyle rapping. He began performing in the mid-'00s, and in 2007 he signed to Top Dawg Entertainment, an indie label that included budding rappers Jay Rock and Kendrick Lamar on its roster. After releasing two popular mixtapes, Ab-Soul made his album debut in 2011 with Longterm Mentality, a moderate success that landed at No. 73 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. His 2012 sophomore album Control System was a bigger success, receiving praise from critics and peaking at No. 9 on the Top Rap Albums chart. His rise continued in 2014 with his third album These Days..., which featured appearances from Schoolboy Q and Rick Ross and landed at No. 2 on both the R&B and rap charts. A first-rate wordsmith with razor-sharp delivery skills, Ab-Soul continues to floor fans on tour.


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Most people assume the components of a financial plan include their brokerage, retirement and bank accounts, but a financial plan is much more than that. A financial plan takes into account your assets, your liabilities and any other circumstances that will impact your wealth. A financial plan focuses on your goals – both short and long-term – and what you need to achieve them. At Boston Private, we provide a comprehensive analysis and develop a plan customized for your individual situation.Read Post
Structuring your investment portfolio in terms of achieving your financial goals will help you to tune out the noise of market fluctuations. View risk as the probability of permanent loss between now and the date of the goal that your money is working towards. There will be volatility in your investments, but understanding that those fluctuations are not going to derail your future provides a less stressful investing experience.Read Post


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Contact Samantha via email at [email protected]
OAKLAND — When Harpreet and Manraj Judge — brothers and co-owners of the Beer Baron — first pulled up to the corner of College Avenue and Chabot Road ...On April 17, 2018 / By Samantha Benedict
SAN FRANCISCO — With a bigger venue and full liquor license, owners and certified Somalias Sarah Trubnick and Carolyn Johnson have expanded their small wine bar into a ...On October 14, 2015 / By Samantha Benedict
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Learning to brew doesn't have to be tedious, long or fraught with hurdles. Walk into one of Jason Beck's Brew It Yourself classes at Workshop in San Francisco's North of ...On February 16, 2015 / By Samantha Benedict
Sierra Nevada took to Torpedo Room in Berkeley last Wednesday to feature their newly released beers. With the year-round Nooner Pilsner and the spring seasonal Beer Camp Hoppy Lager on ...On February 4, 2015 / By Samantha Benedict
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Diagnosis of the status of the anuran collection at La Salle Museum, Bogotá, Colombia
Diagnóstico del estado de la colección de anuros del Museo de La Salle, Bogotá, Colombia
Julieth S. Cárdenas
Universidad de La Salle
Bogotá, Colombia
Diana A. Delgadillo
Universidad de los Andes
Bogotá, colombia.
Recibido: 10 de noviembre de 2018
Aceptado: 29 de julio de 2019
The anuran collection of the Museo de La Salle is one of the oldest in Colombia, with 2059 specimens collected since 1917. Its age represents a challenge for a thorough quantification of its status, considering that it may not necessarily fit current quality standards. Therefore, we implemented a methodology to evaluate the status of the collection in terms of health, data completeness, taxonomic representativeness, taxonomic identification and geographical coverage. The collection harbors 13 families, with Craugastoridae as the best represented, with 44 species and 517 specimens. The department with the largest number of specimens was Cundinamarca, with 363 records of 52 species. Most specimens are in optimal condition of conservation and preservation. The results of this research enabled the solution of problems in the collection and it could be useful for other collections.
Keywords. Biological collections. Curatorship. Health index. Taxonomic representativeness.
La colección de anuros del Museo de La Salle es una de las más antiguas de Colombia, con 2059 especímenes recolectados desde 1917. Esa antigüedad representa un reto para cuantificar el estado de la colección de manera integral, considerando que no cumplirá necesariamente con los estándares actuales de calidad. Debido a esto, se implementó una metodología para evaluar el estado de la colección a partir de su salud, la completitud de datos, la representatividad taxonómica, la identificación taxonómica y la representatividad geográfica. Registramos 13 familias, siendo Craugastoridae la más abundante, con 44 especies y 517 especímenes. El departamento con el mayor número de especímenes es Cundinamarca, con 363 registros y 52 especies. Encontramos que la mayoría de los individuos presentan condiciones óptimas de conservación y preservación. Los resultados de esta investigación permitieron solucionar problemas de la colección, y se espera que, a partir de la metodología utilizada, el ejercicio sea de utilidad para otras colecciones.
Palabras clave. Colecciones biológicas. Curaduría. Representatividad taxonómica. Índice de salud.
Biological collections are representations and historical archives of a region's or a country's natural heritage (Ramírez & Bernal, 2006). Collections are composed of specimens and biological material such as tissues, feathers and fingerprints, among others, that are preserved, catalogued, organized (numerically, alphanumerically, phylogenetically or according to the size of the storage unit) and taxonomically determined (Lozano, 2009; SINCHI, http://www.sinchi.org.co/coleccionesbiologicas/index). Collections harbor a great diversity of specimens and information that can be used for research, exhibition or teaching (Simmons & Muñoz-Saba, 2005; Corredores, 2009). One of the purposes of a collection is to spread knowledge, popularize research and serve as a reference for studies in taxonomy, systematics, ecology, biogeography and conservation (Ramírez & Bernal, 2006; Corredores, 2009).
To contribute to these studies, biological collections must have updated and complete basic data for each specimen, such as scientific name, location, geographical coordinates, collector information, and dates, in addition to including field notes and ecological and morphological information obtained at the time of capture. However, old specimens often lack this information (Forero, 2012; Instituto Humboldt, 2014). Additionally, biological collections often have gaps in geographic information (nonexistent coordinates, department, municipality and unspecific localities), possibly due to the lack of equipment that has become more popular in recent decades as geographic positioning systems (GPS) (Lozano, 2009). These conditions limit the use of information and prevent ancient specimens from being optimally used in biogeography studies (Escalante et al., 2000; Fernández et al., 2004).
Because the quality of old collections cannot be evaluated with the same standards imposed to recent specimens, appropriate methodologies must be used to identify aspects needing corrective actions. The collection health index is one of the methodologies most frequently used to evaluate collections (Paradell & Defea, 2017). It determines, among other aspects, the status of each specimen thereby defining the collection's general state (Simmons & Muñoz-Saba, 2005). However, it could be useful to separately consider the various aspects that account for the state of a collection, in order to determine the specific areas needing attention.
In addition to the collection health index, other parameters are used to evaluate collections, taking into account specimen data quality. Data completeness indicates how complete the information associated with the collection data matrix is. The representativeness analysis determines the representation of a taxon in the collection (at the level of genus, family or subfamily). The taxonomic identification index gives information on the level of identification of the collection. Similarly, it is possible to generate a geographical representativeness index, showing the representation of a taxon in a geographical area, either at the level of departments, municipalities or ecoregions (Corredores, 2009). All these methods have been widely used (Camacho & Burneo, 2009; Vallejo & Acosta, 2005), even for older collections that do not have available information, yet do not necessarily have poor quality.
Because of its old age, the anuran collection of Museo de La Salle, in Bogotá, Colombia, has difficulties to meet the standards currently used to evaluate biological collections. Therefore, this collection is a good candidate for implementing assessment methods that consider the above-mentioned aspects. In this study, we included some aspects of the collection health index proposed by McGinley (1993) and adopted by Simmons & Muñoz-Saba (2005), together with indicators of geographic and taxonomic data completeness, in order to determine the status of the anuran collection of the Museo de La Salle, and implement a more flexible collection evaluation methodology.
Materials and methods
Collection health index. We reviewed and evaluated 2059 anuran specimens from the amphibian collection of the Museo de La Salle. Initially we took each of the containers in which the specimens were deposited, and, using its label, confirmed the taxonomic identity through the website Amphibian Species of the World, of the American Museum of Natural History (http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/).
To calculate the collection health index, we adjusted the protocol proposed by McGinley (1993) and adopted by Simmons & Muñoz-Saba (2005). Specifically, the age of each specimen in the collection, its physical state, the quality of the information on the label, and the taxonomic identification were considered. Additionally, the possibilities of expansion, and the arrangement of the specimens in the collection were assessed. These criteria were evaluated separately in order to obtain a more detailed diagnosis of the collection's state, and thus perform a curation process aimed at those categories that require it, unlike the method proposed by McGinley (1993) Simmons & Muñoz-Saba (2005). Considering this, the health index was divided into four categories:
Category 1 (SS): State of the specimen. This category takes into account the absence or presence of the specimen and its parts. In addition, it evaluates whether the available material allows for taxonomic determination or not; in the same way, the absence or presence of pests and the state of hydration (hydrated/dehydrated) is considered. Unlike other proposals, a value can be assigned specifically for the state of the specimen, considering the conservation conditions that specimens require for their maintenance. The criteria to evaluate this category are found in Table 1.
Table 1. Levels of curatorship for the category State of the specimen for the anuran collection of the Museo de La Salle, Bogotá, Colombia.
Category 2 (SD): Specimen data. This category assesses the presence or absence of a description, locality data (department and municipality), georeferenced localities (that have additional information (DW), such as collection date and/or collector). In this category, the age of the specimens was taken into account, in order not to discriminate specimens collected before 2000 that do not meet the currently proposed standards. The criteria for evaluating this category are found in Table 2.
Table 2. Levels of curatorship for the category "Specimen data" in the anuran collection of Museo de La Salle, Bogotá, Colombia.
Category 3 (RCTIO): Registration, cataloging, taxonomic identification and organization. This category evaluates if the specimen has some type of taxonomic determination (family, genus or species) and if it is cataloged. The criteria for evaluating this category are found in Table 3.
Table 3. Levels of curatorship for the category Registration, cataloging, taxonomic identification and organization of specimens for the anuran collection of Museo de La Salle, Bogotá, Colombia.
Category 4 (FA): Physical aspects of the collection. This category evaluates the location of the specimens, conditions and materials of storage units, and access to specimens. This category considers also problems of humidity or radiation. The criteria for evaluating this category are found in Table 4.
Table 4. Levels of curatorship for the category Physical aspects of the collection, for the collection of anurans Museo de La Salle, Bogotá, Colombia.
The first three categories were applied for each individual specimen, whereas the fourth category was applied to the whole collection, resulting in a single value for the entire collection. In order to define the state of the collection in each of the first three categories (SS, SD, RCTIO), a value was generated by category for each specimen and the three values were averaged to obtain the index for the entire collection. At the end, for the whole collection we obtained three different indexes that account for the different aspects considered by category. In each category, the index has a level of curation that goes from 0 to 10 (10 being the optimal state). The collection health index (CHI) values are ranked as high, medium or low level, based on the following criteria: 0-3.9, low; 4-6.9, medium; and 7-10, high (Cárdenas & Delgadillo, 2017).
For example, for category 1 (State of the specimen), the formulas is
where CHI(SS)=Health index of the collection with respect to the state of the specimen, SS=Values of each individual obtained by the Category 1: State of the specimen, and TS=Total of specimens in the collection.
To calculate the general collection health index [CHI(G)], the values of each category were added, and the resulting value was divided into 40, which is the maximum value that could be obtained by adding the four categories. To transform it into a percentage the value was multiplied by 100:
The Completeness of collection data was determined from the formula proposed by Vallejo & Acosta (2005) and Instituto Humboldt (2007), evaluating if each specimen had the minimum data required, according to the 87 fields stated in the Darwin Core 3.0 standard, published by SiB Colombia. For the Museo de La Salle, 39 fields are mandatory and the remaining 48 are recommended. Of the 39 mandatory fields, 12 are geographic (continent, country, country code, department, municipality, town center, locality, original location, original coordinate, original latitude and longitude and original coordinate system), 11 are taxonomic (scientific name, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, taxon category, original category of the taxon and authorship of the scientific name), and 8 are associated with the collection event, DW (registration number, identified by, number of individuals, date of the event, year, month, date and original date of the event).
The number of complete or empty mandatory fields was counted and multiplied by 100. Since not all the specimens comply with the Darwin Core standard the formula was applied separately for specimens collected before the year 2000 and those collected after 2000. For collection (DW), taxonomic (T) and geographic (G) events, the formulas followed the form
where Dc=Data completeness,
Representativeness and taxonomic identification. To determine the taxonomic representativeness of the records, we used the formula proposed by Vallejo & Acosta (2005) and Instituto Humboldt (2007):
where TRi=Taxonomic representativeness, SCi=Number of taxon species in the collection, and SCe=Number of species recorded in Colombia (http://www.batrachia.com).
The analysis of taxonomic identification was made by means of the formula proposed by the Instituto Humboldt (2007), which relates the count of records that have not been identified to species with the total of records cataloged in the collection:
where TIa=Taxonomic identification, TIid=Number of species identified in the collection, and
BRt=Total number of biological records in the collection.
Geographic representativeness. The identification of geographic representativeness was determined by means of the formula proposed by Vallejo & Acosta (2005) and Instituto Humboldt (2007), which relates the number of Colombian departments registered in the collection, with the total number of departments and multiplying it by a hundred:
where RGih=Geographic representativeness, GAih=Number of geographic areas represented in the collection, and GAh=Number of total geographic areas for Colombia.
State of the specimen. We obtained a value of 9.13, which indicates that most individuals have all their parts, do not have fungi, or any type of deterioration (Figure 1A).
Specimen data. We obtained a value of 7.58, which indicates that the majority collection specimens have the fields established according to the Darwin Core standard and the criteria adopted by the Museo de La Salle. The collection has some locality data that have a relatively detailed description of the sampled area for the specimens collected before 2000. However, of these old specimens, 2088 do not comply with the field referring to geographic coordinates and 38 specimens have all the fields established in the Darwin Core standard in terms of geographical fields (Figure 1B).
Registration, cataloging, taxonomic identification and organization of the specimens. We obtained a value of 6.70, which indicates that the collection is mostly determined up to species, is cataloged and organized which allows the easy location of the specimens (Figure 1C).
Physical aspects of the collection. We found that 1998 specimens have a value of 5, with accessible storage units, but the collection does not present enough room for collection growth (Figure 1D).
The general collection health index revealed a curatorial level of 71.06 %, with the largest number of records (1633) being in level 7 (Figure 2).
Figure 1. Health index of the anuran collection of the Museo de La Salle, Bogotá, Colombia. A. State of the specimen. B. Specimen data. C. Taxonomic determination. D. Physical aspects of the collection.
Figure 2. General health index of the anuran collection of the Museo de La Salle, Bogotá, Colombia.
Completeness of collection data. The indicator of data completeness showed that 3.22 % of the required fields for the specimens collected before the year 2000 are empty, which correspond to 1 % of the collection event (DW). Mandatory fields were missing in 879 specimens. From these data, 1.33 % correspond to taxonomic information: 1473 specimens do not have the corresponding fields, whereas 6.36 % of the specimens do not comply the Darwin Core standard (Figure 3). For the specimens collected after 2000, 2.06 % of the fields are empty, 1.96 % of the fields of the collection event (DW) are incomplete, 0.87 % corresponding to the taxonomic level, that is, 960 specimens do not comply with the standard, and 3.23 % of the geographical fields do not have the required fields (Figure 4).
Figure 3. Data completeness of the anuran collection of the Museo de La Salle, Bogotá, Colombia, for specimens collected before 2000. A. Fields of the collection event. B. Taxonomic fields. C. Geographic fields.
Figure 4. Data completeness of the anuran collection of the Museo de La Salle, Bogotá, Colombia, for specimens collected after 2000. A. Fields of the collection event. B. Taxonomic fields. C. Geographic fields.
Representativeness and taxonomic identification. The collection of anurans has a high representation of families (13 out of families), with Craugastoridae and Hylidae as the most representative families, with 44 species each. The family Pipidae (two species) has a low representation in the collection and the family Eleutherodactylidae is not represented. Among the most abundant subfamilies, Ceuthomantinae has 38 species, followed by Leptodactylinae, with 16 species. The least represented subfamilies are Holoadeninae and Hyalinobatrachinae, with one species each. The genus with the highest number of records and species is Pristimantis, with 489 records and 38 species, followed by Dendropsophus, with 184 records and 13 species. The genera with less species are Minyobates and Sphaenorhychus, with three records and one species each. The collection is determined up to species in 92.27 %, which corresponds to 1886 specimens. There are 60 specimens determined up to genus and 186 are not determined.
Geographical representation. At the department level, the collection has a high geographical representation, showing specimens from 31 of the 32 departments (96.87 %). The department with the highest number of records and species is Cundinamarca, with 363 records and 52 species, followed by Santander, with 260 records and 33 species. The departments with the least number of records are Vaupés, Bolívar and the Archipelago de San Andrés Providencia y Santa Catalina, with one species each (Figure 5).
Figure 5. Geographical representativeness of the species by department in the collection of anurans of the Museo de La Salle, Bogotá.
The main difference of our study with indexes traditionally used is that indexes were also generated by subcategories (besides a global collection health index), thus allowing for the definition of particular areas in which actions are required for the improvement of the collection (specimen state, specimen data, taxonomic determination or physical aspects of the collection). In addition, adjustments were made within the categories, to evaluate the specimens that were collected before 2005, as is the case of the presence or absence of geographic coordinates, since not all specimens have such information.
In general terms, the anuran collection of the Museo de La Salle is in good condition in comparison with those recorded for other Colombian collections. For example, the amphibian collection at the Museo de Historia Natural de la Universidad de Caldas indicates that it needs to be improved, since it had incomplete curatorship and digitization (Serna-Botero & Ramírez- Castaño, 2017) its important to clarify that this data is the result of another methodology, which means that a direct comparison cannot be made between the two studies. At the Instituto Humboldt, 4701 specimens of the amphibian collection (52.39 %) are in level 5, showing that the collection needs re-labeling, taxonomic updating and organization (Rueda, 2005). The herpetological collection of the Pontificia Universidad Javeriana had a health index of 1.46 %, which indicates that it needs improvement; the low value is due to the lack of information records for specimens, and geographic information in field notebooks, in addition to an inadequate organization of the collection (Corredores, 2009).
In 2009, the Museo de La Salle evaluated the health index of its anuran collection (strictly following the methods proposed by Simmons & Muñoz-Saba (2005). In that study, the general health index obtained was 1.21 % (Contreras, 2009), evidencing a low level of curatorship, the lack of cataloging, the need to improve storage conditions, verification and updating of taxonomic determinations, standardization of localities and georeferencing, as well as reviewing if the specimens were reported in scientific publications.
The current health index of the La Salle collection shows that its curatorship has improved. In 2009 the collection was arranged taxonomically, and today it is completely based on a catalog number system and numerically arranged. In the new method proposed here, specific aspects of the specimens were considered and not only general aspects that could cause a conflict when deciding the assignment of a curatorial level (Appendix 1). When analyzing each category separately, it is possible to see that not all categories are at the same level, which allows proposing management strategies and determining improvements for each category.
A method similar to the one proposed in this paper was proposed by the Museo de Zoología de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador (QCAZ). The authors describe by subcategories the criteria to evaluate the status of the specimens (Camacho & Burneo, 2009), obtaining a value roughly similar to that of Museo de La Salle (79 %).
The figure of 3.22 % of fields empty for the specimens collected before 2000 reflects the fact that the collection has old specimens which do not fulfill the Darwin Core standard. This emphasizes the need of a special analysis for specimens older than 10 years. Even if they do not meet modern standards, those specimens are of vital importance, because they can be used for genetic studies involving species and populations already extinct (Burrell et al., 2015). These collections also offer the opportunity to do future research in taxonomy and evolutionary history of species located in remote areas, using modern techniques (Besnard et al., 2016).
In the specimens with records, the figure of 2.06 % of specimens obtained after the year 2000, which do not comply with the Darwin Core standard is low compared to that found by Corredores (2009), in which a value of 92.7 % empty mandatory fields was obtained. On the other hand, in the collection of Museo de Historia Natural de la Universidad de Caldas, 50 % of the fields corresponding to microhabitat and description were empty (Serna-Botero & Ramírez- Castaño, 2017). Additionally, the collection of Museo Javeriano (MUJ) presented a percentage of 76.6 % with critical fields, due to the methods used to enter the information into the databases (Vallejo & Acosta, 2005). These fields prevent the information contained in the databases from being used efficiently, thus limiting their scope (Villarreal et al., 2006; Trujillo et al., 2014).
The collection of the Museo de La Salle has 8.82 % of specimens without information in geographical fields, limiting the utility of the collection. However, many of these specimens have the description of locality, allowing for a future georeferencing process (Besnard et al., 2016). The results of this research show the enormous possibility of using the collection of anurans at the Museo de La Salle in different studies.
The anuran collection has 1607 specimens that comply with all the obligatory taxonomic fields. Their information can strengthen the national biodiversity inventory (MADS, 2013). The lack of geographic data, specifically in terms of georeferences for Museo de La Salle and the data obtained for the Museo de Historia Natural de La Universidad de Caldas, in which of the information was complete (data collector, locations, georeferencing, among others). That collection, unlike the one of the Museo de La Salle, has morphometric information. However, in both institutions the microhabitat information, field descriptions and additional observations are not present in the database or in the specimen (Serna-Botero & Ramírez-Castaño, 2017). However, those specimens and their information may be useful data sources about the country's biodiversity (Donato et al., 2015www.sibcolombia.net).
Because of its high geographical representativeness (96.87 %) the anuran collection of Museo de La Salle plays an important role as an information repository for the country (Besnard et al., 2016). In addition, this information allows for the identification of sites where species can potentially be found and areas with high specific richness (Flores-Maldonado et al., 2015).
The indices used in this study may generate a diagnosis in which all the necessary aspects for the conservation of biological collections are considered, and thus monitoring, maintenance and improvement strategies may be developed. In this way, the role of collections as sources of information for different types of research about taxonomy, biological diversity, geographic distribution or genetics, among others, may be enhanced.
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Camacho, A. & Burneo, S. (2009). Assessment of the mammal collection at the Museo de Zoología of the Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador – QCAZ. Museology, 12, 1-11.
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MADS-Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible. (2013). Por el cual se reglamentan las colecciones biológicas. Numeral 11 of article 189 of the Political Constitution and article 2 numeral 11 and 12 of Decree Law 3570 of 2011. 8 pp.
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Rueda, L. (2005). Índice de salud de la colección herpetológica del Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt. Universidad del Magdalena. 22 pp.
Serna-Botero, V. & Ramírez- Castaño, R. (2017). Curaduría y potencial de investigación de la colección herpetológica del museo de historia natural de la universidad de caldas, Manizales, Colombia. Boletín científico Centro de Museos, Museo de Historia Natural, 21, 138-153.
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Vallejo, M. & Acosta, A. (2005). Aplicación de indicadores de conocimiento sobre biodiversidad para el diagnóstico y comparación de colecciones biológicas. NOVA, 3(4), 1-116.
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Appendix 1. Results of the Health Index (CHI) from the anuran collection of the Museo La Salle, Bogotá, Colombia, developed in 2009 with the proposal put forward by Simmons & Muñoz-Saba (2005), compared with those obtained in the present study.
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We describe the development of nonsusceptibility to daptomycin and vancomycin during treatment for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteremia associated with infective endocarditis and probable septic thrombophlebitis in a uremic patient. MRSA bacteremia persisted during glycopeptide and subsequent daptomycin treatment but cleared after 5 days' treatment with linezolid and fusidic acid.
We describe the first reported case in Taiwan of a patient with the loss of daptomycin susceptibility after a prolonged glycopeptide treatment. The primary infections in this patient were left-side infective endocarditis and probable septic thrombophlebitis.
A 66-year-old man was admitted due to fever and extending redness around the double-lumen catheter insertion site over the right inguinal area for 2 days. The patient had hepatitis C virus-related liver cirrhosis (Child-Plugh class C), which was complicated by a previous episode of spontaneous peritonitis, and end-stage renal disease caused by type 1 membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. He received regular hemodialysis via a right-femur double-lumen catheter. An arteriovenous fistula with a vascular graft was constructed over the left forearm 10 days prior to his admission.
At admission, his body temperature was 38.2°C, his pulse rate was 117/min, and his blood pressure was 155/81 mm Hg. Redness and tenderness over the right inguinal area and swelling of the left arm were noted. Laboratory investigation showed a normal white blood cell count of 9,740 cells/mm3, with 90.8% segmentation. A vascular duplex ultrasound performed on admission revealed no fluid accumulation around the arteriovenous fistula graft. Two sets of blood culture performed on admission revealed methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and vancomycin (1 g every 3 days, intravenously) was given starting on hospital day 3. Fever subsided thereafter. The trough level obtained after the patient was administered 25 mg of vancomycin/kg of body weight, followed by two other doses, was 13.34 μg/ml. Vancomycin was switched to teicoplanin (300 mg every 3 days, intravenously) on hospital day 12 due to a suspected drug rash. The vascular graft was removed on hospital day 26 due to suspicion of infection. Culture of blood obtained on hospital days 22, 24, 40, and 43 still revealed MRSA, although the patient remained afebrile throughout this period (Fig. 1). Transthoracic echocardiography was performed on hospital day 44 to search for the source of persistent bacteremia, and it revealed a 1.4-cm by 1.3-cm oscillating mass over the anterior mitral valve leaflet (Fig. 2).
Due to poor wound healing after vascular graft removal and the development of left-extremity swelling, chest computed tomography was performed on hospital day 44, and it revealed thrombosis with mild perivascular edema over the left brachiocephalic vein (Fig. 2). Septic phlebitis was suspected. Daptomycin (6 mg/kg every other day) was given on hospital day 47 due to suspicion of glycopeptide treatment failure after the patient suffered a new spiking fever and persistent bacteremia. However, his fever continued to fluctuate, and a follow-up blood culture on hospital day 58, 14 days after daptomycin was started, remained positive for MRSA. The vancomycin MIC of the isolate from day 50 was 4 μg/ml, and the daptomycin MIC was 4 μg/ml as determined by the broth microdilution method, with the calcium concentration adjusted to 50 μg/ml according to the guidelines of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) (2). Linezolid (600 mg every 12 h, intravenously) was started on hospital day 61. Follow-up blood culture was sterile after 8 days of linezolid treatment. Fusidic acid (500 mg every 8 h, orally) was added on hospital day 69 and was discontinued on day 79 due to the deterioration of hepatic function. Follow-up blood cultures on hospital days 75, 83, and 85 revealed no vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (VISA). However, the patient died of an episode of septic shock with multiorgan failure caused by Candida albicans on hospital day 83.
MICs of all 11 isolates were determined simultaneously (i) by the broth microdilution method with Mueller-Hinton broth (BBL, Becton Dickinson, Sparks, MD) and an initial inoculum of 5 × 105 CFU/ml according to the CLSI guidelines and (ii) by the Etest (AB Biodisk, Solna, Sweden) according to the manufacturer's instructions (2). When daptomycin MICs were tested, the medium was Mueller-Hinton broth containing physiological levels of calcium (50 μg/ml), as recommended previously (6). S. aureus ATCC 29213 was used as a quality control strain in each run. S. aureus Mu3 and Mu50 strains were used in comparison with our VISA isolates. MICs were read after the incubation of microtiter plates and Mueller-Hinton agar plates in the Etest for 24 h at 37°C. The MICs for S. aureus ATCC 29213 were within CLSI control ranges (2).
All of the 11 MRSA isolates were susceptible to tigecycline (MIC, 0.25 μg/ml), fusidic acid (MIC, 0.12 μg/ml), and linezolid (MIC, 1 μg/ml) and resistant to rifampin (MIC, >32 μg/ml) by the broth microdilution method (Table 1). Ceftobiprole MICs for the 11 isolates were either 2 or 4 μg/ml. The Etest MICs of daptomycin (from 1 to 4 μg/ml) and tigecycline (from 0.094 to 0.25 μg/ml) for the 11 isolates were the same as those generated by the broth microdilution method except for those of vancomycin, which were twofold higher (from 1.5 to 8 μg/ml) (Table 1). Pulsotypes of the 11 isolates from the patient generated by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis after the digestion of chromosomal DNA with XbaI were indistinguishable, suggesting that they belonged to a single clone (19). The means and standard deviations of cell wall thickness as determined by transmission electron microscopy and calculated from 30 cells for three isolates with MICs of both vancomycin and daptomycin of 1 μg/ml, 2 μg/ml, and 4 μg/ml were 22.85 ± 5.13, 25.50 ± 5.58, and 31.68 ± 10.71 nm, respectively (3). The cell wall thicknesses of the isolates were significantly increased with vancomycin and daptomycin MICs of 4 μg/ml as determined by Student's t test (P was 0.0001 in a comparison of results for isolates with MICs of 1 μg/ml and 4 μg/ml, respectively, and P was 0.0069 in a comparison of results for isolates with MICs of 2 μg/ml and 4 μg/ml, respectively) (3).
Daptomycin is a cyclic lipopeptide antibiotic with rapid bactericidal activity against various gram-positive bacteria, including multidrug-resistant strains such as vancomycin-resistant enterococci, MRSA, VISA, and penicillin-resistant streptococci (7). Reduced susceptibility to daptomycin was considered rare due to its unique bactericidal activity, which occurs via calcium-dependent alternation of cytoplasmic membrane potential (7). In Taiwan, the first two clinically significant isolates of VISA were reported in 2004, although no obvious dissemination of these clones has been noted since (19).
The MRSA isolates from this patient showed a gradual elevation of vancomycin MICs during glycopeptide treatment, from 1 μg/ml, initially, to 2 μg/ml and finally 4 μg/ml soon after daptomycin treatment (Fig. 1; Table 1). We did not perform blood sampling before daptomycin use. Thus, it is not known whether the VISA isolates emerged after prolonged glycopeptide treatment or were selected soon after daptomycin exposure. The S. aureus isolates also showed increased MICs of ceftobiprole, another cell wall-inhibiting agent. From the data reported by Bogdanovich et al., two out of the five VISA isolates tested for ceftobiprole revealed higher ceftobiprole MICs; both VISA isolates showed a ceftobiprole MIC of 2 μg/ml (1). Although rarely reported, the ceftobiprole MIC might become elevated in some VISA strains. Further studies are needed to clarify this issue.
Reduced susceptibility to daptomycin by VISA has been correlated with vancomycin resistance and may be related to the increased thickness of the cell wall of S. aureus (4, 15). Electron microscopy results for our isolates also showed that increased cell wall thickness was correlated to decreased MICs of vancomycin and daptomycin, indicating susceptibility. Recently, a reduction in muramic acid O acetylation in the cell walls of non-daptomycin-susceptible VISA isolates has been demonstrated to be another possible mechanism of drug resistance (10).
Although rare, the emergence of a lack of daptomycin susceptibility during the treatment of high-grade MRSA bacteremia has been reported (8, 9, 11-13, 17) (Table 2). The prolonged use of daptomycin for deep-tissue infection or endovascular infection seems to be common in these cases (Table 1). It has been demonstrated that the accumulation of mutations over time is correlated with reduced drug susceptibility in laboratory-derived non-daptomycin-susceptible S. aureus cultured in sublethal concentrations of daptomycin (5). Daptomycin may not reach an adequate concentration in deep infected tissue or endovascular vegetations and may thus provide an environment which could promote the development of nonsusceptible S. aureus, especially when prolonged treatment is needed in these patients (18).
It has been reported that heterogeneous daptomycin susceptibility in S. aureus may be induced after vancomycin usage even without daptomycin exposure (16). Sequential point mutations in S. aureus that occur during vancomycin treatment may lead to decreased susceptibility to daptomycin despite a lack of exposure to this agent (14). The increase of the daptomycin MICs in our case might be induced by both the prolonged usage of glycopeptides and the subsequent daptomycin exposure that selected the nonsusceptible isolates from the heterogeneous daptomycin-susceptible isolates.
In conclusion, daptomycin susceptibilities should be determined especially when this agent is being used as a salvage therapy for MRSA and/or VISA bacteremia with a difficult-to-eradicate focus.
- Received 17 September 2007.
- Returned for modification 25 October 2007.
- Accepted 3 January 2008.
↵▿ Published ahead of print on 16 January 2008.
- American Society for Microbiology


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نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی
1 مدیر پژوهش موسسه کار و تامین اجتماعی
2 دانشیار گروه علوم تربیتی دانشگاه ارومیه
چکیده تصویری
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسندگان [English]
The purpose of this descriptive-survey study is to design an optimal model for deploying interactive virtual interactive tutorials in Tehran University based on strategic analysis. To achieve this goal, a five-step research method after identifying beneficiary groups using the dimensions and components The virtual intelligent interactive training in Tehran University was identified from the viewpoint of the stakeholders, and after analyzing their views, a selection of experts from virtual education experts and policy makers of higher education was monitored and confirmed, according to which the optimal model was designed and group of experts was validated.
The results of this research show that the possibility of deploying interactive virtual interactive tutorials in Tehran University in terms of high technology infrastructure in terms of human resources infrastructure is moderate and in terms of cultural and social infrastructure is lower than average is. Based on these results, optimal deployment model was designed based on five dimensions and 32 components.
کلیدواژهها [English]
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