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Received: 17 Feb. 2016; Accepted: 10 July 2017; Published: 15 Nov. 2017
Copyright: © 2017. The Author(s). Licensee: AOSIS.
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Black rhinoceroses (Diceros bicornis) are endangered and the southern-central sub-species (Diceros bicornis minor) is considered critically endangered. We assessed the reproductive life-histories of black rhinoceroses in Hluhluwe–iMfolozi Park (HiP), KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, to determine whether this historically important donor sub-population was meeting regional reproductive targets. Detailed life-history information for known individuals (n = 79–120) was used to investigate reproductive parameters between 1998 and 2013. Mean age at sexual maturity was 12 years, which exceeded a target period of 7 years and 5 months. The mean inter-calving interval was 3 years and 8 months – 8 months longer than the recommended 3 years. The poor population performance of the HiP black rhinoceroses could be a result of poor habitat quality, poor animal condition, females losing their first calves, predation of calves or a negative social effect of annual live-harvesting of the population. However, we believe that the estimated ecological carrying capacity of black rhinoceroses at HiP (a figure used to ascertain whether the population can be harvested at all) may be incorrect, leading to the poor reproductive performance. We recommend that the accuracy of the ecological carrying capacity estimate be assessed as a matter of urgency and that a moratorium be placed on the live-harvesting of individuals until the estimate has been refined.
Conservation implications: Our results provide key data which can be used to refine black rhinoceros breeding targets in South Africa and the region more broadly.
Globally, the conservation status of the southern-central black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis minor) is critically endangered as a result of a population decrease of approximately 80% over the last three generations (International Union for Conservation of Nature [IUCN] 2012). This decrease has come about mainly because of poaching in the 1970's and 1980's, and the recent escalation in rhinoceros poaching (IUCN 2012). South Africa is the most important range state for this sub-species of black rhinoceros and, by the end of 2010, contained 1684 individuals (IUCN 2012). The KwaZulu-Natal province, in the eastern part of South Africa, was home to approximately 480 (29%) individuals of this sub-species in 2012 (IUCN 2012).
In 2011, the South African government produced a Biodiversity Management Plan (BMP) for the black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) in which two main goals were outlined. With relevance to the southern-central black rhinoceros (hereafter black rhino), these were (1) to achieve a meta-population growth rate of at least 5% per annum and (2) to increase the population to at least 2800 individuals by the end of 2020. These targets were to be achieved through sustainable meta-population growth by annual live-harvesting and translocating 5% of individuals from certain sub-populations to populate additional sites (Goodman 2013). The expansion programme was dependent on the intensive monitoring of all sub-populations, including assessments of annual population sizes, population growth rates, fertility rates and mortality rates (Goodman 2013).
In addition to the national BMP, there is a provincial strategy for the management of black rhino in KwaZulu-Natal (Conway & Goodman 2013). The provincial management document describes the overall strategy for the management and recovery of the black rhino populations on state, communal and private land in KwaZulu-Natal for the period from 2013 to 2018 (Conway & Goodman 2013). Strategic goals are to increase the number of black rhinos in the province to at least 740 individuals by the end of 2022, to achieve an average of 0.25 births per adult female per annum (between 2013 and 2022), and to achieve a growth rate of 5% per annum over any 3-year cycle (Conway & Goodman 2013). One of the actions required to achieve these goals is to live-harvest populations that are greater than 70% of the estimated ecological carrying capacity, at a minimum rate of 5% up to a maximum of 8% per annum over any 3-year cycle (Conway & Goodman 2013).
Hluhluwe–iMfolozi Park (HiP) is located in KwaZulu-Natal and contains one of the most important black rhino populations in southern Africa (Brooks & Adcock 1997; Emslie & Brooks 1999). In addition, it has historically served as a donor population for Black Rhino Range Expansion Programme (BRREP) of the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) (WWF 2012). The HiP black rhino population is believed to be above 70% of the estimated ecological carrying capacity and is therefore live-harvested for translocation at a rate of 5% per annum (Clinning et al. 2009). For these translocations to be sustainable, an annual population growth rate of at least 5% is required to ensure that black rhinos do not become locally extinct (Du Toit 2006; Hrabar & Du Toit 2005). However, there has only been one peer-reviewed assessment of the reproductive vital rates of the HiP black rhino population and the factors which could be affecting these rates (Hitchins & Anderson 1983), and this was prior to the establishment of the BRREP and the strategy to live harvest 5% of the population annually.
Population dynamics in herbivorous mammals are governed by the differences between births, deaths, emigration and immigration (Fowler 1981). Vital rates such as the age at sexual maturity (ASM), conception rate, gestation length and inter-calving interval (ICI) all influence fecundity, growth potential and turnover or generational time (Gaillard, Festa-Bianchet & Yoccoz 1998; Gaillard et al. 2000). The minimum age at first conception indicates the potential for the population to increase because the earlier the minimum ASM, the longer the lifetime productivity (Owen-Smith 1988). Thus, if females attain sexual maturity and start reproducing at an early age, the growth rate for the population could increase even if no other vital rates change. Longer ICIs reduce the number of calves born each year and therefore result in a reduction in the population growth rate. Significantly, long-lived animals (such as black rhinos) can also be heavily influenced by stochastic environmental events such as drought, flood, fire and disease (Fowler 1981; Gaillard et al. 1998, 2000; Greaver, Ferreira & Slotow 2013; Hrabar & Du Toit 2005).
Because the HiP black rhino population is an important population for both the KwaZulu-Natal province and the region more broadly, it is important that its vital rates are scrutinised in relation to national and provincial population growth targets. In this study, we assessed the reproductive parameters (i.e. ASM, ICI, fertility and fecundity rates) of the HiP black rhino population. We also suggest potential drivers of the measured reproductive parameters within the HiP black rhino population. We predicted that if the HiP black rhino population was above 70% of the estimated ecological carrying capacity, then the reproductive parameters of the population would not be negatively affected by annual live-harvesting.
The Hluhluwe and iMfolozi Game Reserves were founded in 1895; are located 280 km north of Durban, South Africa; and are the oldest formally proclaimed protected areas in Africa (Brooks 2000; Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife 2011). The two reserves were amalgamated in 1989 to form the HiP which is 895 km² in size (Figure 1) (Brooks 2000). The park is divided into five management sections, namely, Manzimbomvu, Nqumeni, Masinda, Mbhuzane and Makhamisa. The park covers a vast and diverse landscape, consisting mainly of steep wooded hills, grass-covered slopes and riverine woodland along the many rivers and streams in the north of the park (Brooks 2000) and more undulating; open to bush-encroached savanna woodland in the south. It is situated in the Savanna Biome, a tropical vegetation type that is characterised by woody plants and grasses (Cowling, Richardson & Pierce 1997). HiP is managed by Ezemvelo KwaZulu-Natal Wildlife (Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife 2011), which is a provincial nature conservation and tourism organisation responsible for the conservation of biodiversity and associated activities for the province of KwaZulu-Natal (Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife 2011).
Sightings data of individually recognisable animals have been collected at HiP from the early 1980's by field staff, scientists and students working within HiP (Clinning et al. 2009). For our assessment, we used individual black rhino sightings data from 1998 to 2013. Individual black rhinos were identified by unique patterns of notches cut into their ears during marking operations, usually whilst the calves were still with their mothers, and as part of routine black rhino management operations in the park.
Population estimates were a total of all recognisable animals; animals known by association; and known, clean animals (i.e. individual black rhinos that had not been ear-notched but were recognisable by other physical features, location or by association with notched animals) which had been sighted within the last three calendar years (Goodman 2013). The harvest rate (ht) was calculated using the following formula (Goodman 2013):
Where, ht = the harvest rate, Ht = the number of animals removed in year t and Nt-1 = the population estimate in the preceding year (Goodman 2013).
We used population age structure information for the black rhino population at HiP from 1998 to the end of 2013. We used the detailed population status reports (i.e. demographics and status), compiled on the 31st of December each year to extract the relevant data.
Age at sexual maturity was determined as the age at which a female gave birth to her first calf. The mean ASM for the HiP population was determined using a sub-sample of 120 individual female black rhinos which were in the population in 1998 or in subsequent years even though they may have given birth to their first calf prior to 1998. These females had the most complete life-history records (i.e. their birth dates and the birth dates of their first and subsequent calves were known). Females which gave birth to their first calf before the end of 2013 were included.
From the same sub-sample of 120 black rhino females, 79 had more than one calf prior to 31 December 2013 and these individuals were used to calculate ICIs. The mean ICI was calculated for each female with more than one calf, and ICIs for females from the same section (Masinda, Nqumeni etc.) were then combined to calculate the mean ICI for each section. The weighted mean ICI for the park was then calculated using the number of females from the five management sections, each of which had more than one calf prior to 31 December 2013.
Fertility rate (FERt), which is the number of calves born per year as a proportion of mature females (i.e. females aged ≥ 7 years) in the population at the beginning of each year, was calculated as follows (Goodman 2013):
Where, Birthst is the number of births in the year under review and Ad Ft-1 is the number of adult females (i.e. females aged ≥ 7 years) in the preceding year (Goodman 2013). The fertility rate at HiP was calculated between 1998 and the end of 2013.
Fecundity rate (FECt), which is the number of calves born in a year and still alive at the end of that year as a proportion of adult females (i.e. females ≥ 7 years old) in the population at the beginning of each year, was calculated as follows:
Where, surviving birthst is the number of calves that survived in the year under review and Ad Ft-1 is the number of adult females (i.e. females ≥ 7 years old) in the preceding year (Goodman 2013). The fecundity rate at HiP was calculated from 2010 to 2013 when the relevant information was available.
Mortality rate was calculated as the number of black rhinos that died per year divided by the number of animals alive at the beginning of that year (Sinclair, Fryxell & Caughley 2006). The mortality rates were calculated from 2009 to 2013, a period when all mortalities were investigated and accurately documented.
Binomial proportions tests were used to test for any difference in the overall sex ratio of the black rhino calves born on HiP between 1998 and 2013 using R (R Development Core Team 2014). Data are presented as means ± s.d. (unless stated otherwise), and the level of significance was set at 95% (i.e. P = 0.05).
Adult black rhinos (aged > 7 years) comprised the greatest proportion of the HiP population in all years, and there were more females than males (Figures 2 and 3). The proportion of adult males in the population has stayed relatively stable (Figure 2), whereas the proportion of adult females has declined since 1998 (Figure 3). Juvenile (birth to 1 year) black rhinos made up the lowest proportion of the overall HiP population in all years (Figures 2 and 3). The proportion of sub-adult individuals (> 1 year but < 7 years) fluctuated over time but remained relatively stable (± 30% of the population) for the males (Figure 2). By contrast, the proportion of female sub-adults increased steadily from ± 24% in 1998 to 33.3% in 2013 (Figure 3).
There were no significant differences in the sex ratios of the black rhino calves born at HiP between 1998 and 2013, except in 2002 when significantly more female than male calves were born (χ2 = 4; df = 1; P = 0.045). In all years except 2002, either only one calf of a particular sex was born or the ratio was 1:1. In 2002, the number of female calves born was double that of males. Between 1998 and 2003, the HiP black rhino population had significantly more adult females than males (Table 1). Between 2004 and 2013, adult sex ratios were close to parity but remained slightly female biased except for 2005 and 2010 where significantly more females were present (Table 1).
The median ASM for the entire black rhino population at HiP was 11 years (132 months). The range in ASM was 4–23 years (mean = 12 years/145 ± 11 months). Assuming a gestation length of 15 months (Goddard 1967), the mean age of first mating and conception was 130 ± 11 months (10 years). Median age of first mating and conception was 117 months (9 years and 9 months). The earliest mating (backdated from birth) recorded was of a female that was 2 years, 8 months (34 months) old and the oldest recorded mating was of a female aged 22 years, 5 months (269 months).
Of the 120 black rhino females for whom adequate records were available, 79 had more than one calf. This gave a subset of 190 ICIs (Figure 4). The weighted mean ICI was 3 years, 8 months (45 ± 6 months), and ICI ranged between 39 and 53 months across the five management sections of the park. The median ICI was 37 months – the shortest ICI was 1 year, 6 months (18 months) and the longest ICI was 9 years (108 months). When ICIs longer than 40 months were removed from the dataset (Hitchins & Anderson 1983), 109 individual ICIs remained, and the calculation of the overall ICI for the HiP became 2 years, 5 months (29 ± 6 months).
Using an ICI of 45 months, the births per year per female were 0.27 and when using an ICI of 29, births per year increased to 0.41 per female. The oldest female recorded to give birth at HiP between 1998 and 2013 was aged 31 years and the mean age at first parturition was 12.08 years (145 ± 11 months). Thus, if 31 years is assumed to be the age at which female black rhinos at HiP cease reproductive activity, the reproductive lifetime of the population is approximately 19 years. A female black rhino may therefore be expected to have between five and eight calves in her lifetime.
The fertility rate of black rhinos at HiP was lowest in 2006 and 2009 (0.17 for each year) and highest in 2000 (0.34). In the 16 years between 1998 and 2013, the fertility rate averaged 0.24 (Figure 5). The fecundity of the black rhino population at HiP was below 0.25 between 2010 and 2013. The lowest fecundity rate was 0.21 in 2010, whilst the highest rate was 0.24 in 2011 and 2013. The mean fecundity rate over the 4 years (2010–2013) was 0.23.
The mortality rate of black rhinos at HiP was relatively low. The highest mortality rate was recorded in 2010 and 2013, when 0.07% of the population died. The total number of dead rhinos in 2013 was 14, only one calf died this year compared to other years where calf mortalities made up almost half of all mortalities. The remaining 13 deaths were of older individuals. The causes of death included fighting, natural death and poaching.
In large, predator-free systems, the population growth of herbivorous mammals are most sensitive to adult survivorship (Gaillard et al. 1998, 2000). However, high temporal variation in juvenile survival typically drives variability in population growth rates (Gaillard et al. 1998, 2000) and is thus an important factor in determining fluctuations in the populations of large mammalian herbivores (Owen-Smith & Mason 2005). In expanding mammalian populations, the proportion of juveniles and sub-adult animals will be relatively higher and the mean age of the population will be low (Coulson et al. 2004; Owen-Smith 1988). Populations that are close to carrying capacity have a higher proportion of adult animals and a reduced juvenile survival and fecundity (Coulson et al. 2004). Stable populations are made up of about 60% – 70% reproductively mature adults, whilst increasing populations have 45% – 55% mature adults (Owen-Smith 1988). For example, an increasing black rhino population in the Great Fish River Nature Reserve (GFRNR), Eastern Cape, South Africa, comprised 20% juveniles, 36% sub-adults and 44% adults (Fike 2011). By contrast, the Thomson's gazelle (Eudorcas thomsonii) population in the Serengeti, Tanzania, was shown to be in rapid decline when the population was made up of 12% juveniles and 70% adults (Borner et al. 1987). Owen-Smith (1988) demonstrated that an east African black rhino population which consisted of about 60% adults were categorised as stable. Our study shows that the current black rhino population at HiP consists of 63.2% adults, 25.5% sub-adults and 11.3% juveniles, suggesting that the population is stable (Owen-Smith 1988). However, the aim is to have a black rhino population which is growing and reproducing at a high rate. In order for this to occur, the proportion of juveniles and sub-adult animals needs to be higher than it currently is and the population should consist of between 45% and 55% mature individuals (Coulson et al. 2004; Owen-Smith 1988). An increase in the proportion of sub-adult females could potentially result in an increase in the fertility rates as more females could breed each year.
Sex ratio is an essential factor influencing the growth rates and population dynamics of many large mammal populations (Okita-Ouma et al. 2009; Weladji & Laflamme-Mayer 2011). This is because it affects the reproductive potential of a population, which is the relative capacity of a species to reproduce under favourable conditions (Okita-Ouma et al. 2009; Weladji & Laflamme-Mayer 2011). A population with a female skew, under favourable conditions, is expected to demonstrate high growth rates (Okita-Ouma et al. 2009). The favourable conditions will allow females to reach the body mass required for reproduction sooner and ASM will then be attained earlier (Gaillard et al. 2000).
Rainfall and range conditions at the time of conception have been found to influence conception rates and sex ratios in black rhinos (Berkeley & Linklater 2010). More female black rhino offspring are born during years with below average rainfall and more males are conceived in the years with above average rainfall (Hrabar & Du Toit 2005; Weladji & Laflamme-Mayer 2011). The extrinsic modification hypothesis suggests that offspring sex can be influenced by the environmental conditions experienced by the mother (Weladji & Laflamme-Mayer 2011). More male calves are born to dams that are gaining body condition during conception, compared to more female calves when dams are losing body condition at conception (Cameron & Linklater 2007). An assessment and comparison of female body condition at the time of conception and calf sex was not possible during our study. However, research has shown that male foetuses are affected by poor maternal resources and weather experienced by the mother prior to conception and during mid to late gestation (Berkeley & Linklater 2010; Gaillard et al. 2000; Weladji & Laflamme-Mayer 2011). This is because females eating food with low nutrient levels have poor body condition and poor body condition in black rhinos affects the sex of the calf (Hrabar & Du Toit 2005). Owen-Smith (1988) found that the flexibility in the time of conception in black rhinos could also allow females to selectively abort embryos of the less advantageous sex (males) during unfavourable conditions (Owen-Smith 1988). Previous periods with male-biased sex ratios in HiP were associated with conception that occurred during wetter seasons (Berkeley & Linklater 2010).
In uMkhuze Game Reserve, which is ± 30 km north of HiP, a male-biased sex ratio was related to lower rainfall during pregnancy and a relatively high population size (Weladji & Laflamme-Mayer 2011). An increase in population size could bring about increased competition for food resources and it would be advantageous to produce male calves that could potentially disperse away from their natal ranges (Weladji & Laflamme-Mayer 2011). However, having more males in a fenced system could also be counter-productive because with limited space, male-male conflict (and hence mortality) is increased. The sex ratio for the black rhino population at the GFRNR in the Eastern Cape, South Africa, was 1.3 females per male (Fike 2011). This could be indicative of the lower than average rainfall experienced at GFRNR, Eastern Cape, South Africa, which resulted in more female calves being born (Hrabar & Du Toit 2005). In HiP, the overall sex ratio was close to parity but the adult and sub-adult sex ratio was slightly female biased (1.2:1). A slightly female biased sex ratio for adults under favourable conditions should result in high growth rates and thus as increase in the population going forward (Okita-Ouma et al. 2009). Park managers are unable to manipulate the sex ratio of calves, but they could potentially manipulate the adult and sub-adult sex ratio through the removal of males.
The ASM in mammals differs between populations and even within the same species (Bronson 1989). The genetic makeup of each individual accounts for the differences in the ASM for females in the same population (Bronson 1989). Environmental factors such as food availability, ambient temperature and, to a lesser extent, humidity can influence reproductive development (Bronson 1989). These factors also influence ASM by influencing the rate of growth for each individual female (Bronson 1989). Evidence shows that underweight females and those on nutrient-poor diets may fail to ovulate (Hrabar & Du Toit 2005). In addition, low rainfall reduces the quality and quantity of the food supply, negatively affecting the body condition of black rhino females (Hrabar & Du Toit 2005).
A threshold mass must be attained by mammals before they can attain sexual maturity and thus reproduce (Gaillard et al. 2000). Black rhino populations in poor habitats may attain sexual maturity and thus reproduce much later than black rhino populations in better habitats (Gaillard et al. 2000). This is because poor nutrition in black rhino can lead to a delay in attaining the body weight required for reproduction (Patton, Campbell & Parfet 2008).
At the GFRNR in the Eastern Cape, South Africa, the ASM ranged from 4 years, 10 months to 9 years and 3 months, with the mean ASM being 6 years and 8 months (Fike 2011). The ASM of the black rhino population in Ithala Game Reserve, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, was 6 years and 6 months (Greaver et al. 2013). A study similar to the current one yielded an ASM of between 5 years, 10 months and 6 years, 5 months (Hitchins & Anderson 1983). Our data show that the ASM of black rhinos at HiP ranged between 4 and 23 years. The mean ASM was 12 years. The ASM for the current HiP population exceeds the 7 years and 5 months quoted in du Toit (2006) for poor performing populations and is almost double that of the 1983 HiP estimate, and the GFRNR population. A number of potential reasons for this high ASM include, poor habitat (Gaillard et al. 2000), poor nutrition (Patton et al. 2008), changes in predator effects on juvenile black rhinos (Plotz & Linklater 2009) and potentially negative social effects from annual removals. The black rhino females in the current HiP population could be conceiving much earlier but losing their calves before they are born due to poor body condition (Garnier, Holt & Watson 2002; Patton et al. 2008). Removals may affect the social structure of populations. Such imbalance in the social structure may result in shifts in home ranges. Productivity may then be affected as individuals would expend more energy creating new home ranges rather than investing in reproductive activities (Patton et al. 2008). However, it is important to recognise that the calculation of ASM in our study is based on the determination of the first known calf of a female. Thus, it is possible that some calves may have died prior to them being recorded, and may therefore have been missed during monitoring, potentially inflating the ASM.
The variation in the length of black rhino ICIs depends on the age of the female and the quality of food within her home range (Du Toit 2006). Under favourable conditions, black rhino females can produce successive calves every 2–3 years (Du Toit 2006). During unfavourable conditions, the length of the ICI can be in excess of 3 years, 6 months (Du Toit 2006). ICIs are not restricted to yearly time increments because reproduction in black rhinos is asynchronous (Hrabar & Du Toit 2005). Significantly, female megaherbivores can lengthen their ICI as an ecological response to food restrictions which occur when populations are close to carrying capacity (Owen-Smith 1988). Female black rhinos that are 28 years or older take longer to regain body condition after weaning calves and tend to have longer intervals between calves (Du Toit 2006).
The ICIs for other South African black rhino populations range between 19 months and 7 years, 5 months (Fike 2011; Hall-Martin & Penzhorn 1977; Hitchins & Anderson 1983; Hrabar & Du Toit 2005). In our study, the shortest ICI was 1 year, 6 months and the longest ICI was 8 years, 11 months. The mean ICI was 3 years, 9 months and this falls into the category of poor to very poor fecundity (Du Toit 2006). This poor fecundity could be due to unfavourable conditions in the park (Owen-Smith 1988). However, similar to the calculation of the ASM, any calves that were born but died before they were recorded could have inflated our estimates of ICI. Nevertheless, Freeman et al. (2014) suggested that black rhino ICIs can be extended in the presence of predators and where intra-specific competition is apparently high. Because of the annual live-harvesting of the HiP population, intra-specific competition is unlikely to be the major driver of ICI extension. By contrast, predation of rhino calves may be an important factor increasing ICIs at HiP (see below and Gaillard et al. 2000).
Reproduction in black rhinos in the wild may cease between 30 and 35 years (Garnier, Bruford & Goosens 2001; Schenkel & Schenkel-Hulliger 1969) or at the age of 40 (Owen-Smith 1988). With a mean ICI of 3 years, 8 months, the births per year for black rhino females at HiP were 0.3. This rate was less than the births per year of 0.4 found at GFRNR, Eastern Cape, South Africa, (Fike 2011) as a result of much longer ICIs at HiP or perhaps predation of calves, which were not detected through monitoring.
Inter-calving interval and the gestation period determine the number of females that give birth each year (Owen-Smith 1988). ICI is affected by both density dependent and independent factors, and these factors also influence fertility rates (Hrabar & Du Toit 2005). At high densities, the ICI increases and this causes a decline in the number of females that give birth each year (Hrabar & Du Toit 2005). Under favourable conditions, ICI is at a minimum and this causes fertility rates to increase (Fike 2011; Hrabar & Du Toit 2005). In the GFRNR, Eastern Cape, South Africa, the fertility rate was between 33% and 41% (Fike 2011). Pilanesberg National Park, North West, South Africa, had fertility rates of between 16% and 45% (Hrabar & Du Toit 2005). At HiP, the highest fertility rates were reached in 2000 when 34% of adult females gave birth. The lowest fertility rates were observed in 2006 and 2009 when only 17% of adult females gave birth. The mean fertility rate for the current population was 24% which is just less than the 25% fertility rate target (Goodman 2013).
Black rhino calf mortality rates within the first year after birth in South Africa and Namibia range between 8% and 14% (Du Toit 2006). Sub-adult mortalities are between 2% and 4%, less than 2% in young and prime adults and 4% in much older adults (Du Toit 2006). Males have higher mortality rates than females because the main cause of death in males are wounds from fighting, whereas most females die of old age (Du Toit 2006). Mortality at HiP was relatively low and deaths were mostly of calves. The highest mortality in the 4 years between 2009 and 2012 was 7% in 2010. Most calf mortalities occur within the first month of birth and are linked to maternal care in cases where predation on calves is not high (Gaillard et al. 2000). Maternal age, size and reproductive experience also have a strong influence on calf survival (Gaillard et al. 2000). Where predators are present, predation can account for about 50% of calf deaths. Maternal experience can lower calf vulnerability to predation (Gaillard et al. 2000). However, malnutrition is the main cause of early mortality and may cause females to abandon their young. Malnutrition also increases the juvenile's susceptibility to other sources of mortality such as disease because of a weak immune system (Gaillard et al. 2000). Calf mortalities made up most of the mortalities at HiP between 2009 and 2012. However, in 2013, most of the mortalities involved sub-adults and adults. It is possible that the better monitoring methods employed from 2009 onwards increased the chances of detecting calf births and mortalities than in previous years. It could also be a result of predation on the calves by lions (Panthera leo) and hyaenas (Crocuta crocuta), or malnutrition.
The black rhino population at HiP is an important donor population for the BRREP. This means that this population must perform well both genetically and demographically in order to continue contributing to the BRREP. The Rhino Management Group (RMG) targets set for black rhino sub-populations in the southern African region include a minimum of 5% growth rate per year and 25% fecundity (Goodman 2013). The current black rhino population at HiP did not quite attain the 25% fecundity target. However, the difference between the fecundity rate of the HiP population and the RMG target is small. Therefore, it can tentatively be concluded that the current HiP black rhino population is just meeting the minimum performance levels according to RMG standards. However, the delayed ASM and longer ICIs are a concern and need to be addressed to ensure the population reproduces at a higher rate.
The poor population performance of the HiP black rhinos could be a result of poor habitat quality, poor animal condition, females losing their first calves, predation of calves or a negative social effect of annual live-harvesting of the population. Annual rhino removals may be disrupting the social structure of the population, but we do not have any direct evidence to support this contention. It is unlikely that a lack of good-quality habitat is the main cause of the poor observed reproductive rates since reducing overall rhino densities through removals should theoretically reduce competition for food, resulting in improved reproductive rates. However, if the HiP black rhino population has (as our data point towards) already exceeded the estimated ecological carrying capacity, then habitat quality for black rhinos may, in fact, be declining in HiP as suggested by Reid et al. (2007). We agree that the ecological carrying capacity estimate itself is likely incorrect (Reid et al. 2007). If this estimate is incorrect, then it would likely explain the poor reproductive performance of the population. We therefore recommend that the accuracy of the ecological carrying capacity estimate be assessed as a matter of urgency to prevent the continued poor performance by the HiP black rhino population and that a moratorium be placed on the live-harvesting of individuals until the estimate has been refined.
We thank Geoff Clinning (Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife) for all his work in constructing the black rhino database for HiP, error-checking of historical data and for his assistance in providing data and comments. Heleen Druce assisted with the capture and error-checking of historical black rhino data. Bom Ndwandwe, numerous Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife field and scientific staff and students assisted with the field data collection over the years. We would like to thank the National Research Foundation and the Oppenheimer Memorial Trust for funding.
The authors declare that they have no financial or personal relationships that may have inappropriately influenced them in writing this article.
Z.N.N. was the project leader. Z.N.N., D.M.P. and D.J.D. were responsible for the project design. Z.N.N. collected some of the field data and analysed these data with the assistance of D.M.P. and D.J.D. All authors were involved in the writing of the article and the interpretation of the results.
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Conway, A.J. & Goodman, P.S., 2013, Strategy for the management of black rhinocerous (Diceros bicornis minor) in KwaZulu-Natal, Report, Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife, Pietermaritzburg.
Coulson, T., Guiness, F., Pemberton, J. & Clutton-Brock, T.H., 2004, 'The demographic consequences of releasing a population of red deer from culling', Ecology 85, 411–422. https://doi.org/10.1890/03-0009
Cowling, R.M., Richardson, D.M. & Pierce, S.M., 1997, Vegetation of southern Africa, Cambridge University Press, Cape Town.
Du Toit, R., 2006, Guidelines for implementing SADC Rhino conservation strategies, Report, SADC Regional Programme for Rhino Conservation, Pretoria.
Emslie, R.H. & Brooks, M., 1999, African Rhino: Status survey and conservation action plan, IUCN/SSC African Rhino Specialist Group, Gland.
Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife, 2011, Integrated management plan: Hluhluwe–iMfolozi Park, South Africa, Report, Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife, Pietermaritzburg.
Fike, B., 2011, 'The demography and population dynamics of a re-introduced black rhinoceros population on the Great Fish River Reserve, Eastern Cape Province', MSc thesis, Department of Zoology & Entomology, Rhodes University.
Fowler, C.W., 1981, 'Density dependence as related to life history strategy', Ecolological Society of America 62, 602–610. https://doi.org/10.2307/1937727
Freeman, E.W., Meyer, J.M., Bird, J., Adendorff, J., Schulte, B.A. & Santymire, R.M., 2014, 'Impacts of environmental pressures on the reproductive physiology of subpopulations of black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis bicornis) in Addo Elephant National Park, South Africa', Conservation Physiology 2, cot034.
Gaillard, J.-M., Festa-Bianchet, M. & Yoccoz, N.G., 1998, 'Population dynamics of large herbivores: Variable recruitment with constant adult survival', Trends in Ecology and Evolution 13, 58–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-5347(97)01237-8
Gaillard, J.-M., Festa-Bianchet, M., Yoccoz, N.G., Loison, A. & Toigo, C., 2000, 'Temporal variation in fitness components and dynamics of large herbivores', Annual Review of Ecology Systematics 31, 367–393. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.31.1.367
Garnier, J.N., Bruford, M.W. & Goosens, B., 2001, 'Mating systems and reproductive skew in the black rhino', Molecular Ecology 10, 2031–2041. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0962-1083.2001.01338.x
Garnier, J.N., Holt, W.V. & Watson, P.F., 2002, 'Non-onvasive assessment of oestrus cycles and evaluation of reproductive seasonality in the female wild black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis minor)', Reproduction 123, 877–889. https://doi.org/10.1530/rep.0.1230877
Goddard, J., 1967, 'Home range, behaviour and recruitment rates of two black rhinoceros populations', East African Wildlife Journal 5, 133–150. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2028.1967.tb00768.x
Goodman, P.S., 2013, Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife Monitoring Plan: Black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis minor), Unpublished report, Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa.
Greaver, C., Ferreira, S. & Slotow, R., 2013, 'Density-dependent regulation of the critically endangered black rhinoceros population in Ithala Game Reserve, South Africa', Austral Ecology 39, 1–11.
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Hitchins, P.M. & Anderson, J.L., 1983, 'Reproduction, population characteristics and management of the black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis minor in the Hluhluwe/Corridor/Umfolozi Game Reserve Complex', South African Journal of Wildlife Research 13, 78–85.
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Okita-Ouma, B., Amin, R., Van Langevelde, F. & Leader-Willians, N., 2009, 'Density dependence and population dynamics of black rhinos (Diceros bicornis michaeli) in Kenya's rhino sanctuaries', African Journal of Ecology 3, 791–799. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2028.2009.01179.x
Owen-Smith, R.N., 1988, Megaherbivores: The influence of very large body size on ecology, Cambridge University Press, Cape Town.
Owen-Smith, R.N. & Mason, D.R., 2005, 'Comparative changes in adult vs. juvenile survival affecting population trends of African ungulates', Journal of Animal Ecology 74, 762–773. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2656.2005.00973.x
Patton, F., Campbell, P. & Parfet, E., 2008, 'Biological management of the high density black rhino population in Solio Game Reserve, central Kenya', Pachyderm 44, 72–79.
Plotz, R.D. & Linklater, W.L., 2009, 'Black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) calf succumbs after lion predation attempt: Implications for conservation management', African Zoology 44, 283–287. https://doi.org/10.3377/004.044.0216
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Reid, C., Slotow, R., Howison, O. & Balfour, D., 2007, 'Habitat changes reduce the carrying capacity of Hluhluwe–Umfolozi Park, South Africa, for critically endangered black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis', Oryx 41, 247–254. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605307001780
Schenkel, R. & Schenkel-Hulliger, L., 1969, Ecology and behaviour of the black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis L.): A field study, Paul Parey, Hamburg.
Sinclair, A.R.E., Fryxell, J.M. & Caughley, G., 2006, Wildlife ecology, conservation and management, Blackwell, Oxford.
Weladji, R.B. & Laflamme-Mayer, K., 2011, 'Influence of environmental conditions on sex allocation in the black rhinoceros population of Mkhuze Game Reserve, South Africa', African Journal of Ecology 49, 471–480. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2028.2011.01280.x
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She is currently a Trust Administrator with the Country Club Trust Company, N.A. in Kansas City, Missouri. In her role as a Trust Administrator, she oversees the day-to-day administration and operation of various trusts, estates, charitable entities, individual retirement accounts (IRAs), and investment management accounts.
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Tag: Sacramento Business
Unicheck Releases Advanced Cheating Detection to Uncover Digital Trickery
SACRAMENTO, Calif., Oct. 9, 2019 (SEND2PRESS NEWSWIRE) -- Unicheck, a versatile plagiarism and cheating prevention solution that helps educators worldwide create well-educated students, announced the launch of their advanced digital cheating detection, which spots intricate, tech-enabled cheating endeavors.
Sacramento Photographer One of Only 3% Certified in the Nation
EL DORADO HILLS, Calif., Sept. 16, 2019 (SEND2PRESS NEWSWIRE) -- Glynns Thomas of Glynns Thomas Portraits LLC in El Dorado Hills, California has earned the Certified Professional Photographer (CPP) designation from Professional Photographers of America (PPA).
Top California Volleyball Association Hits Technology Partnership with TeamSnap
BOULDER, Colo. and SACRAMENTO, Calif., Aug. 23, 2019 (SEND2PRESS NEWSWIRE) -- Northern California Volleyball Association (NCVA) and TeamSnap, the household name in integrated sports management, announced today they have reached a new partnership making TeamSnap the exclusive club and team management solution for one of the country's largest volleyball associations.
Due to the Gilroy Tragedy, the Historic Meeting with Calif. Gov. Newsom and 100-year-old WWII Vet Sidney Walton Occurred at the...
SACRAMENTO, Calif., July 30, 2019 (SEND2PRESS NEWSWIRE) -- Sidney Walton, age 100, one of America's oldest WWII veterans and just back from on-stage in Normandy, met with Gov. Gavin Newsom July 29, 4:30 to 5 p.m. in the Governor's office. The meeting was arranged by state Senator Brian Jones from San Diego County. (VIDEO)
Happy Neighborhood Project (HNP) Launches Get Happy Greater Sacramento
SACRAMENTO, Calif., July 29, 2019 (SEND2PRESS NEWSWIRE) -- Happy Neighborhood Project is launching its first ever #GetHappy Greater Sacramento Campaign starting August 1 and ending October 31, 2019. The #GetHappy Campaign is designed to raise the level of happiness in the community.
Historic Meeting with Calif. Gov. Newsom and 100-year-old WWII Vet Sidney Walton
SACRAMENTO, Calif., July 26, 2019 (SEND2PRESS NEWSWIRE) -- Sidney Walton, age 100, one of America's oldest WWII veterans and just back from on-stage in Normandy, has announced that he will be driving from San Diego to Sacramento to meet with Gov. Gavin Newsom July 30, 11:30 a.m. to 12 p.m. in the Governor's private conference room.
Mary Grandy of EPIC Receives 2019 Joe Quigley Memorial Award
SACRAMENTO and SAN FRANCISCO, Calif., June 10, 2019 (SEND2PRESS NEWSWIRE) -- EPIC Insurance Brokers and Consultants, a retail property, casualty insurance brokerage and employee benefits consultant, announced today that EPIC Sacramento-based Vice President of Property & Casualty, Mary Grandy, was the 2019 recipient of the Joe Quigley Memorial Award, conferred annually by the Construction Financial Management Association (CFMA).
New Toy Library and Family Meetup Designed to Inspire Minds and Build Community
SACRAMENTO, Calif., March 13, 2019 (SEND2PRESS NEWSWIRE) -- Funbee Toys is a one-of-a-kind toy library in the greater Sacramento area that also serves as a meetup for families with babies to preschoolers.
EPIC to Sponsor Generations Family Business Conference in Sacramento
SAN FRANCISCO and SACRAMENTO, Calif., Jan. 28, 2019 (SEND2PRESS NEWSWIRE) -- EPIC Insurance Brokers and Consultants, a retail property, casualty insurance brokerage and employee benefits consultant, announced today it will sponsor the Generations Family Business Conference on Feb. 11-12 at the Sacramento Convention Center in Sacramento, Calif.
Stuttering Comedian and Author to Headline Punch Line Sacramento
SACRAMENTO, Calif., Dec. 20, 2018 (SEND2PRESS NEWSWIRE) -- Stuttering stand-up comic Nina G will have the top spot at the Invisible Disabilities Comedy Show at the Sacramento Punch Line on Sunday, January 27 2019! Author of the forthcoming book "Stutterer Interrupted: The Comedian Who Almost Didn't Happen," Nina's comedy is funny, revealing, unapologetic, and always a window to her experience as a person who stutters. Through humor, Nina G is challenging now people think of stuttering.
More than 500 Expected to Attend 17th Annual Sacramento Event: Women in Law Enforcement Community Awards
SACRAMENTO, Calif., Nov. 14, 2018 (SEND2PRESS NEWSWIRE) -- MEDIA ADVISORY -- More than 500 people are expected to attend the 17th annual award luncheon Saturday, November 17, 2018, to recognize winners of the "Women in Law Enforcement" Business and Community Awards presented by the Sacramento Chapter of the National Coalition of 100 Black Women.
Kevin Harnetiaux Joins EPIC Insurance Brokers in Sacramento CA
SAN FRANCISCO and SACRAMENTO, Calif., Oct. 16, 2018 (SEND2PRESS NEWSWIRE) -- EPIC Insurance Brokers and Consultants, a retail property, casualty insurance brokerage and employee benefits consultant, announced today that insurance industry veteran Kevin Harnetiaux has joined the firm as Senior Vice president and Chief Operating Officer of EPIC's Sacramento Region, including Sacramento, Calif., Gold River, Calif., and Reno, Nev.
Imagine John Lennon at 78, Helping to End Hunger, One License Plate at a Time
SACRAMENTO, Calif., Oct. 9, 2018 (SEND2PRESS NEWSWIRE) -- Today would have marked the 78th birthday of John Lennon, and his legacy is still helping to "Imagine there's no hunger," in California, Florida and throughout the U.S. Yoko Ono Lennon has kindly authorized the use of the iconic self-portrait image to help the California Association of Food Banks and Feeding Florida in their ongoing fight to end hunger.
The Punjabi American Heritage Society announces the passing of resolution ACR 267 to declare month of November as Sikh Appreciation and...
SACRAMENTO, Calif., Aug. 24, 2018 (SEND2PRESS NEWSWIRE)-- California Assembly members gave a standing ovation and warm welcome to Sikh American guests at the California State Assembly (August 21, 2018), says The Punjabi American Heritage Society. The Assembly unanimously passed resolution ACR 267 declaring the month of November as Sikh Appreciation and Awareness Month.
Business Development and Relationship Management Specialist Julia Moore Joins EPIC in Sacramento CA
SACRAMENTO, Calif., July 12, 2018 (SEND2PRESS NEWSWIRE) -- EPIC Insurance Brokers and Consultants announced today that new business sales and relationship management professional Julia Moore has joined the firm's operations in Sacramento as Vice President, New Business Development.
EPIC's Philip Westphal to Present on Safe Patient Handling at the 2018 California Rural Health Conference
SACRAMENTO, Calif., June 20, 2018 (SEND2PRESS NEWSWIRE) -- EPIC Insurance Brokers and Consultants, a retail property, casualty insurance brokerage and employee benefits consultant, announced today that EPIC Healthcare Practice Risk Advisor/Broker Philip Westphal will be presenting a one-hour lecture on "Safe Patient Handling on a Budget - Optimizing your Safe Patient Handling and Mobility (SPHM) Program Without Breaking the Bank" at the California Rural Health Conference in Folsom.
Carl Gibson to head WMH's new Sacramento Office
SAN JOSE, Calif., June 5, 2018 (SEND2PRESS NEWSWIRE) -- Please join us in welcoming Carl Gibson III to WMH Corporation. Carl will be serving as one of the key transportation leaders in expanding WMH throughout California. His responsibilities will include managing the new Sacramento office, broadening our client base, and mentoring junior staff in their professional development.
Smart Cities Prevail Launches Multi-State Campaign On Prevailing Wage Laws
SACRAMENTO, Calif., May 23, 2018 (SEND2PRESS NEWSWIRE) -- Smart Cities Prevail today released a series of new TV advertisements on prevailing wage laws, part of a multi-state public information campaign launching in California and New Mexico. "Rebuilding America" highlights the important role that prevailing wage laws play in promoting local hiring and higher quality workmanship on schools, roads and other public projects.
First small cells come to life in Sacramento
SACRAMENTO, Calif., March, 26, 2018 (SEND2PRESS NEWSWIRE) -- XG Communities LLC and the City of Sacramento announced that multiple carriers have received permit approvals to build small cells in downtown Sacramento. Mobilitie began construction immediately and already has sites on air. Sacramento's model invites carriers and connectivity providers to enhance wireless coverage and capacity for the citizens of Sacramento by leveraging city-owned assets.
California Launches John Lennon 'Imagine' License Plate Program to Help End Hunger in California, One Plate at a Time
SACRAMENTO, Calif., Jan. 25, 2018 (SEND2PRESS NEWSWIRE) -- The California DMV (Department of Motor Vehicles) has commenced the pre-sale to put the iconic self-portrait image of John Lennon on California license plates which will help fund the state's food banks. The special license plate features the famous John Lennon self-portrait image and the slogan, "IMAGINE no hunger." Proceeds from sales will be administered by the California Department of Social Services (CDSS) and distributed to the California Association of Food Banks (CAFB) to be utilized throughout the state of California for food bank programs.
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Bush's first veto could be politically risky
US President George W. Bush used his first veto to underscore his politically risky stand against federal funding for the embryonic stem cell research that most Americans support.
Some political strategists say Bush's high-profile stance on such an intensely emotional issue could hurt his Republican Party's congressional candidates in November in heartland places such as Missouri.
"This bill would support the taking of innocent human life in the hope of finding medical benefits for others," Bush said after rejecting calls that he change his policy. "It crosses a moral boundary that our decent society needs to respect."
The veto puts some Republicans in the uncomfortable position of having to choose between the wishes of their conservative backers who consider embryonic stem cells to be early human life and those in greater numbers who want to use the cells for research that could one day save lives.
"I think history will look very unkindly on this veto," said House Representative Chris Shays, a moderate Connecticut Republican who helped pass the legislation. "I believe the president is very sincere in vetoing this bill, but I think that he's been captured by his own ideology and taking his ideology to an extreme."
"I think it will hurt" the party in November, said Representative Joe Pitts, a Republican from Pennsylvania, who supported the veto. But he said Bush and Republicans who were allied with him were acting on moral principle and not politics. "I'm willing to roll the dice on that."
In vetoing the bill Bush made good on a promise he made in 2001 to limit federally funded embryonic research to the stem cell lines that had been created by the time.
Republicans working to maintain majorities in Congress say stem cells will not be the biggest issue on voters' minds in November and that the economy, war and terrorism will be more important. However, Democrats warned that voters would not forget Bush's veto.
"Everyone knows someone who needs this bill," said Senator Chuck Schumer of New York, the chairman of the Democratic senatorial committee. "We don't have to do much work on this bill. It'll speak for itself."
Bush in 'serious trouble'
There could be a silver lining for Republicans. The president's opposition to embryonic stem cell research is a popular move among his most conservative supporters the same bloc that has been angry over Bush's immigration policies.
Richard A. Viguerie, a conservative direct-mail fundraiser, said Bush is in "serious trouble" with his base. "If he were not to veto this legislation, you could see the administration come unravelled very quickly," Viguerie said. "It would really wreak havoc with his ability to govern with the conservative base there."
The hope among Republican strategists is that the stem cell veto will reinvigorate conservatives to get to the polls in the midterm, when turnout is traditionally lower.
The Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee plans to fund ads on the issue in the fall as Democrats work to take control of the House of Representatives with the November elections. Leading targets could be Republicans who are running in suburban districts, such as Peter Roskam near Chicago and Mike Fitzpatrick of the Philadelphia area.
Strategists on both sides say the debate could have the biggest impact on the Senate race in Missouri, where a measure protecting embryonic stem cell research is expected to be on the ballot.
Democrats chose their candidate in Missouri, State Auditor Claire McCaskill, to deliver last weekend's national radio address touting the potential lifesaving cures of the research. Incumbent Republican Senator Jim Talent struggled over his position for months before announcing in May that he would oppose the ballot measure.
Talent's position put him on the side of anti-abortion and religious groups but against the state's biggest business and medical groups, which have lined up behind the initiative. The state's Republican governor supports it, as does former Senator John Danforth, an Episcopal priest who lost a brother to Lou Gehrig's disease and has taped ads touting the measure.
"I think a lot of people are going to vote on this issue," Danforth said.
Source: China Daily
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Gavel to Gavel: A Testament to LeadershipName: Gavel to Gavel: A Testament to LeadershipDate: June 20, 2019Time: 6:00 PM - 8:00 PM EDTRegistration: Online registration has been closed. Please contact the Chamber office at 912-729-5840.Event Description:Please join us as we celebrate our year at the Chamber. The evening is sure to be full of laughter and great food. We will honor our board members whose terms have concluded and welcome the newest members to the Chamber's Board of Directors. We will also be celebrating the graduation of the Leadership Camden 2019 class!
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SAN DIEGO — Despite a magnificent eight-inning start from German Marquez, the Rockies lost 3-2 in 13 innings to the San Diego Padres Thursday night at Petco Park.
This one's gonna hurt, and leave a mark. Whether it has a lasting impact on the Rockies' playoff chances remains to be seen.
San Diego, last in the National League West and already prepping for next season, won the game on Franmil Reyes' solo home run off right-handed reliever Bryan Shaw, who has yet to evolve into the steady bullpen force the Rockies projected him to be. Reyes crushed Shaw's two-out, 1-1, 82 mph slider to center field for the first walk-off hit of his career.
"I wanted the ball anywhere but the middle spot where I threw it," said Shaw, who owns a 6.25 ERA and has given up a career-high nine home runs after signing a three-year, $27 million free-agent contract. "If the pitch is away, it's fine. If it's in, it's fine.
"It was probably a bad pitch selection, but it was a worse executed pitch, than it was (bad) pitch selection. If I throw it in the dirt, the selection is fine."
Shaw said he shook off catcher Chris Iannetta to get to the breaking ball.
To say the least, it was a frustrating evening for Colorado's offense, which managed just three hits in 46-at-bats and went 0-for-8 with runners in scoring position. The top four hitters in the Rockies' lineup — Charlie Blackmon, DJ LeMahieu, Nolan Arenado and Trevor Story — were a combined 0-for-21.
"It was just a bad night, that's what you chalk it up to," said manager Bud Black, who also praised both pitching staffs. "If you look at the entire game, from their starter to our starter — who was outstanding — it was good pitching. It came down to one hanging breaking ball and a guy with power who hit a homer."
There's no truth to the rumor that an all-points bulletin has been issued for the Rockies' missing offense. What is known, however, is that the Rockies' bats were silenced again, continuing a season-long theme of inconsistent offense. Colorado is hitting .253, which would rank as the lowest team average in franchise history, and is 20 points lower than the Rockies' .273 average last season.
Arizona, meanwhile, beat the Dodgers 3-1 in Los Angeles Thursday night to extend its lead in the NL West to 1 ½ games over Colorado and two games over the Dodgers.
Colorado had a chance in the 10th inning, with Blackmon on second after a stolen base. But after Jose Castillo intentionally walked Arenado, Castillo whiffed Story to end the threat.
Colorado's Adam Ottavino looked to be in big trouble in the ninth, but he escaped by getting Hunter Renfroe to ground into a broken-bat double play, sending the game into extra innings.
Marquez was sensational, striking out a career-high 13 and allowing two runs on two hits and one walk. He lowered his road ERA to 2.83 and has not lost a road game since June 14 at Philadelphia.
"My fastball command was much better and much more consistent, and I used my off-speed pitches effectively. That was the key to the strikeouts," said Marquez, who notched his seventh consecutive quality start, the longest streak by a Rockies starter since Jhoulys Chacin did it in 2013. Over those seven starts, Marquez has a 2.17 ERA, with 61 strikeouts vs. 10 walks.
Marquez became just the fifth pitcher in franchise history to strike out 13 or more in a game, joining Jon Gray (16 in 2016), Ubaldo Jimenez (13 in 2010), Shawn Chacon (13 in 2001) and Darryl Kile (14 in 1998).
Seven Padres pitchers combined to put Colorado's offense in a deep sleep. Lefty starter Eric Lauer confounded the Rockies for five innings, allowing no hits and one unearned run. He was lifted early because he's coming off the disabled list after missing 25 games with a left forearm strain.
Arenado, a possible National League MVP candidate, is mired in a mini-slump. After going 0-for-9 in two games at Anaheim, Arenado went 0-for-5 Thursday night and failed to hit the ball with any authority.
The Padres scratched out two runs in the second off Marquez. Renfroe hit a one-out single up the middle, catching the Rockies in a shift. Then Austin Hedges lashed a ball to center, where Blackmon took a bad angle, turning a single into a run-scoring triple. Hedges scored on Freddy Galvis' sacrifice fly to center.
Colorado sliced the lead to 2-1 in fourth, without the benefit of a hit. Lauer plunked Story and walked Matt Holliday, and Story scored when third baseman Wil Myers made an error on Ian Desmond's infield squibber.
Desmond's speed up the line to prevent a double play tied up the game, 2-2, in the sixth. Story drew a walk off reliever Trey Wingenter and Holliday rapped a single to right — Colorado's first hit of the game — moving Story to third. Story scored when Desmond grounded into a possible double play, but turned on the jets to beat the throw to first by a half-step.


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Oniru Throne: Abisogun Ruling House Members Fight Dirty Over Succession!
Barely 40 days after the demise of the late Oniru of Iru-land in Lagos Island, Oba Abiodun Idowu Oniru, internal fight has erupted between the families jostling for the throne.
One of the ruling houses of Iru-land, the Abisogun ruling house of Iru-land is presently in discord and a tussle has broken out for the throne of Iru-land with several candidates showing interest and claiming entitlement to the throne.
Findings revealed that some elements within the Ruling House have started laying claim to the Oniru's throne as the rightful individual to become the next King while throwing dirt on the others.
Some of the individuals/clan at the forefront jostling to become the next traditional ruler of Iru are, Wasiu Ogunbambi, Jamiu Adelakun, Saliu Abisogun, Hakeem Ajasa, Fagbayi Clan and Giwa Otto Clan.
Our sources revealed that if the government does not find a solution to the sudden and early kingship tussle, there may be a breakdown of law and order.
Under the late Oba Oniru's reign, he was a pillar that brought economic prosperity and peace to his domain.
Iru land, the host of the highbrow Oniru and Victoria Island, became a mega location with investments and buildings worth hundreds of billions of naira in recent times.
It would be recalled that the late Oba Oniru also succeeded his father in 1995, following a compromise and a legal battle by other ruling houses.
He was born on 6 September 1937, the 12th of the 15 children of the long-reigning Oba Yesufu Oniru, who died at the age 120 in 1984.
The departed Oba attended St David's Primary School and Araromi Baptist School on Lagos Island and then went to Eko Boys High School for his secondary education.
In 1965, he left Nigeria to study civil engineering at the British Institute of Engineering Technology in Slough. He returned to Nigeria in 1968, to join his father run the family business.


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Read more A decade later, the most fruitful Church Planting Movement in history had recorded more than two million baptisms, thousand new church starts and countless lives transformed into disciples of Jesus Christ. Since then T4T has become a global movement, spreading into every corner of our world. Today, for the first time ever, Ying and Grace Kai have written their own account of Training for Trainers, revealing the inside story and hidden wisdom that has made T4T so powerful and effective.
Great job to Scott for standing up to the tyrannical left Also great job with the "interview" expressing your views I respect Candace for speaking the truth in public This is the first Candace show I've watched, but I didn't see a lot of questions being asked of Scott It was more of Candace doing a monologue and Scott squeezing his views in while she took a breath. Every time she puts the crab in the cheese im like so amazed I get serious Ana De Armas vibes from her Can Portugal have a shoutout plsss???? Wasup baby!!!!
Maybe it's bad timing or just bad luck. But there's a growing list of cancelled 3DS games. That's not good.
Click "Go to Site" to see the original site, or click "Cancel" to close this dialog and go back to Sex. Bloodrayne Cosplay. Bloodrayne Game.
Video games were originally seen as a medium that was used exclusively by children. It took a lot longer for sexual content to be censored in games, simply because the technology didn't exist to show it for a long time. It's easier to show bursts of blood and viscera than it is to accurately portray a naked form on something like the Super Nintendo or Sega Genesis.


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All sneakers are showing in US Men's Size, all true to size. For certain styles such as Yeezy350, go half size up or contact us if you need help.
Express shipping (DHL / EMS) takes about 8-12 days on average to most countries; Standard shipping (epacket) takes about 10-15 days. Tracking number will be given in around 3 days after item is shipped. Customer is responsible for duties and pick up package in some cases. If package is ceased, we will refund 50% of the cost (excluding shipping fee) and give you a big discount on your next purchase. See FAQ page for full shipping / exchange / return details.
YEEZY 750 BLACK in SG1. One of our top quality product and sold out since last year. Everything you see on this pair is from original product including the zipper, slays anything out there on the street!


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STATE TIMES NEWSDODA: A pall of gloom descended on Mangoota village in Doda district as all the 16 people who were killed in Tuesday's road accident were its inhabitants. An SUV, carrying 17 passengers, skidded off the road and fell into a 700-metre gorge near Marmat, leaving only one survivor whose condition is also stated to be critical. A police official said all the 16 victims belonged to Mangoota village of Marmat, 10 kms from here, and included five women. Senior Superintendent of Police, Doda, Mumtaz Ahmad said one more person was rescued from the accident site near Marmat area of the hilly district in a critical condition and admitted to hospital for treatment. Twelve people were killed on the spot after the accident and four more succumbed to injuries while undergoing treatment, the SSP said. Officials said the SUV was headed for Gowa village of Marmat from Kleeni when its driver lost control while negotiating a blind curve and the vehicle fell into the 700-metre-deep gorge around 3.25 pm. The condition of the only survivor, who was initially treated at a local hospital and later shifted to the Government Medical College Hospital Jammu, is critical, they said. Divisional Commissioner, Jammu has expressed grief and shock over loss of lives in Doda road mishap. The Divisional Commissioner said that the accident is heart-wrenching. "We mourn all those who lost their lives and express deep condolences to the bereaved families" he said. He prayed for fast recovery of the survivor. The administration has ordered an inquiry to ascertain the reasons for the tragic mishap, according to an official spokesperson. As the news of the accident and subsequent deaths reached the village, the wailing relatives rushed to the local police station to collect the bodies, an official said. He said the dead included two young couples and their children — Mohammad Irshad, his wife Jabeena and their two minor sons Naseer Ahmed and Tanveer Ahmed, and Firdous Ahmed, his wife Rabia and their baby. Tanveera Begum and her two toddlers also died in the accident, while leaving her husband Tamoor Ahmad critically injured, the official said, adding that he was referred to the Government Medical College Hospital in Jammu after initial treatment at the district hospital. The other victims were identified as driver Naseer Ahmad, Tabrez, Sameer, Fiaz Ahmed, Ameena and Shaheena, the official added. Congress has expressed shock and grief over the loss of lives in the accident. In a condolence message issued here, Leader of Opposition in Rajya Sabha Ghulam Nabi Azad, AICC General Secretary, Ambika Soni and JKPCC President G.A Mir have expressed great shock over loss of lives in the accident and conveyed heartfelt condolences to the bereaved families. They prayed for peace to the departed souls. "They urged the authorities to sanction adequate ex gratia relief to the families of deceased and the injured immediately," said Chief Spokesperson JKPCC Ravinder Sharma. Provincial President National Conference Devender Singh Rana expressed grief and shock over the deaths. "My heart goes to all those who have lost their near and dear ones in this tragic mishap", Rana said in a statement, wishing early recovery to all those who were injured in the accident. He also sought immediate release of ex-gratia to the next kith and kins of the deceased and free specialized medical treatment for all those injured in the mishap. Rana expressed solidarity with the bereaved families and prayed for peace to the departed souls.
Naseeruddin Shah, Manisha Koirala and more to star in Netflix film 'Freedom'
Varun Dhawan's 'Mr Lele' to release on January 1, 2021
Awareness on heartcare should be priority in rural areas: Dr Sushil
Wrong to boycott Deepika or her film: Sanjay Raut
HC directs makers of 'Chhapaak' to give credit to acid attack survivor's lawyer
© 2017 State Times Daily Newspaper


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Meaning : Moon or White, Moon Or White,
Origin : Hebrew,
If you have information about this name, share it in the comments area below!
Numerology information Levana:
- Name Number: 1. Meaning: Individual, Masculine, Logic, Self, Active, Leadership, Initiative, Assertive
Additional information Levana:
- Latin Meaning: The name Levana is a Latin baby name. In Latin the meaning of the name Levana is: Raise up. Levana was the Roman mythological goddess and protectress of newborns.
Definition funny of Levana:
- Levana is beautiful but claims she is fat
Expression information Levana:
- People with this name tend to initiate events, to be leaders rather than followers, with powerful personalities. They tend to be focused on specific goals, experience a wealth of creative new ideas, and have the ability to implement these ideas with efficiency and determination. They tend to be courageous and sometimes aggressive. As unique, creative individuals, they tend to resent authority, and are sometimes stubborn, proud, and impatient.
Soul information Levana:
- People with this name have a deep inner need for quiet, and a desire to understand and analyze the world they live in, and to learn the deeper truths.
Songs about Levana:
- Gorecki (feat. Levana Wolf) [Radio Edit] by Pegasus from the Album Gorecki (feat. Levana Wolf)
- Au dodo Levana by Starmyname from the Album Levana en chansons
- Bat Kanaf Ha'levana by Gabriel Hason from the Album Tovel Ve'shoheach
- Bébé Levana dans le ventre de maman by Starmyname from the Album Levana en chansons
- C'est bientôt la récré Levana by Starmyname from the Album Levana en chansons
- Chez papi mamie de Levana by Starmyname from the Album Levana en chansons
- Danse avec moi Levana by Starmyname from the Album Levana en chansons
- Eir Levana by Shlomo Artzi from the Album Everybody Sings Naomi Shemer
- Gorecki (3AM Mix) [feat. Levana Wolf] by Pegasus from the Album Shakedown 3 (Deluxe Version)
- Gorecki (Accapella) [feat. Levana Wolf] by Freemasons from the Album Shakedown 3 (The Acapella Album)
Books about Levana:
- Fairest: The Lunar Chronicles: Levana's Story - Jan 27, 2015 by Marissa Meyer
- The Whole Foods Kosher Kitchen: Glorious Meals Pure and Simple - Jun 22, 2011 by Lévana Kirschenbaum and Lisa R. Young
- Levana Cooks Dairy-Free: Natural and Delicious Recipes for your Favorite "Forbidden" Foods (Orvis Guides) - Jun 1, 2012 by Lévana Kirschenbaum
- Levana's Table: Kosher Cooking for Everyone - Oct 1, 2002 by Levana Kirschenbaum
- The Whole Foods Kosher Kitchen - Mar 27, 2012 by Levana Kirschenbaum
- Levana's Table : Kosher Cooking for Everyone - Oct 1, 2002 by Levana Kirschenbaum
- Levana Cooks Dairy-Free!: Natural and Delicious Recipes for Your Favorite "Forbidden" Foods - Nov 17, 2007 by Levana Kirschenbaum
- Levana Cooks Dairy-Free: Natural and Delicious Recipes for Your Favorite "Forbidden" Foods - Oct 26, 2014 by Levana Kirschenbaum
- Levana's Whole Foods Kitchen: Glorious Meals Pure & Simple (Kosher) - Oct 26, 2014 by Lévana Kirschenbaum
- Winter (The Lunar Chronicles) - Nov 10, 2015 by Marissa Meyer
Movies about Levana:
- Midnight Broadcaster -Badranit Behatzot- Israeli Hebrew Film Cast: Levana Finkelstein, Manny Peer, Tiki Dayan,...2012
Wiki information Levana:
- Levana
- Deity
Levana is an ancient Roman goddess involved in rituals pertaining to childbirth. Augustine says that dea Levana is invoked when the child is lifted de terra, from the earth or ground. Her function may be paralleled by the Greek Artemis Orthia, if...
- Kiddush levana
Kiddush Levanah is a Jewish ritual, performed outside at night shortly after Rosh Chodesh, in which a series of prayers are recited to bless the new moon.
- Levana Finkelstein
- Film actor, Person, Topic
Levana Finkelstein is an actress.
- Levana
- Written Work, Book
- Levana Layendecker
- Person
- Levana Hakim
- Casting Director, Topic, Person, Film casting director
Levana Hakim is a casting director.
- Levana
- Levanase
Levanase is an enzyme with system name-beta-D-fructan fructanohydrolase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction Random hydrolysis of-beta-D-fructofuranosidic linkages in-beta-D-fructans containing more than 3 fructose units
- Levana I
- Canonical Version, Musical Recording
- Levana Waiche
- Singer, Musical Artist, Person


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After the launch of the phones iPhone XS and iPhone XS Max comes in the role now on the phone iPhone XR which version is the cheapest of the year, as you know the launch date of the iPhone XR prices in the Arab states.
The launch date of the iPhone XR
Will start providing iPhone XR for pre-order on Friday, 19 October, to begin its release on the market the following Friday the 26th of October in 50 countries around the world, including several Arab countries are:
- The kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- United Arab Emirates
- Qatar
- Bahrain
- Kuwait
- Oman
These states represent the first batch of line asking the phone, the rest of the Arab states will be up by phone later during the month of November. It will be available in iPhone XR the beginning of the material have telecom companies and agents Apple accredited in addition to stores phones famous. (Also read: specifications and features full phone iPhone XR)
Prices phone iPhone XR
The price of the iPhone XR in Saudi Arabia and the UAE
- Capacity 64 GB: 3,179 SAR / AED.
The price of the iPhone XR in the rest of the Arab states
Will be launched iPhone XR in the rest of the Arab states in local currency equivalent to the world price of the phone just like Saudi Arabia and the UAE, the starting price of the iPhone XR of$ 749 for the same capacity of 64 GB, while the price of the version with 128 GB to$ 799, and the version with 256-Faisal price to$ 899, so much cheaper than phones iPhone XS and XS Max.
Multiple colors..
It is worth mentioning that the iPhone XR made of aluminum and covered with glass, and is available in many brilliant colors: white, black, blue, yellow, copper, red.
If you are a developer and publish your apps via the news app to reach for a large segment of Arab users to reason across the following mail: email@example.com will your app soon in the list of news apps if level befitting the user.
Do you want more apps and news?
Apps and news apps for Apple, Android and not available on our pages via social networks, follow us on our various Facebook and Twitter, Google Plus , and Youtube , and Instagram , The Telegram


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STM32: Gettting Started - Programming Resources
Some resources to help you getting started with STM32 programming.
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Sign & Send
Personalize a handwritten Hallmark card
One of Your Best Days Birthday Card
Hallmark Signature
Regular price $8.99
Card Details
Send birthday wishes to your favorite thrill seeker with this handsome wooden greeting. With laser-cut outlines and a white screen-printed mountain design, this birthday card encourages them to seek adventure each day.
- Birthday greeting card features a laser-cut wooden front cover with screen-printed mountain design.
- Includes one card and one lined envelope with a Gold Crown seal.
- May require extra postage. Padded envelope recommended for mailing.
- Card size: 5" W x 7.19" H
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This gorgeous 127 Hectare (314 acres) farm is made up of rolling hills with the secondary forest as well as beautiful rivers that run through the property. Very easy to develop any type of project from a Resort Hotel, residential homes and/or high-end condo villas. Not that this would be the ideal plan for this property, but there is enough land here to accommodate a full 18 hole championship golf course.
The farm has 35 segregations completed and ready to sell with a well permitted for drilling. The main 3.7 KM road and bridges have been completed. The property sale will include a drilled well and electric run down to the primary internal road (electric is already in place to the entrance of the farm). The farm is ready to start selling parcels immediately!
The farm sits behind the Terraba Grande River with over 400 species of birds that migrate throughout the area. Brightly colored Scarlet Macaws are just one of the birds in the area. Amazing white water coastal ocean views extend north over the Grande Terraba River and south to Corcovado National Park and Drakes Bay for a full 180-degree view. The abundant animal wildlife throughout the property makes it attractive to any client buying in Costa Rica.
Located close to Ciudad Cortes, and the coastal highway that runs past the wild jungles in the Osa Peninsula and all the way down to the Panama border. This farm is a must-see for any home builder or resort developer looking to build in Southern Costa Rica.


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Figure Skating Tryouts to Start
- By Unknown
- Dec. 11 1997 00:00
The national title and a place on the Olympic team will be up for grabs when the Russian figure skating championship starts Thursday at Sokolniki Ice Palace.
The importance of the competition, which is also an Olympic qualifier, will guarantee a tight battle as the country's top skaters battle to represent Russia in Nagano.
One exception was made for world and Olympic ice dancing champions Oksana Grishchyuk and Yevgeny Platov. The couple, who live and train near the University of Delaware in the United States, have won every competition since 1994 and are guaranteed a spot on Russia's Olympic team.
Olympic gold medalist Alexei Urmanov was not so lucky. The St. Petersburg native, who has missed most of the year with a groin injury, will compete for the first time this season and is expected to face a tough challenge from several of his countrymen, including Russian men's champion Ilya Kulik.
In the womens competition, reigning European champion Irina Slutskaya is a heavy favorite to walk away with yet another title, while in the pairs competition there are four and maybe more couples competing for the gold.


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TN Needs Green Jobs Now
NASHVILLE, Tenn. - Tennessee's recent success in recruiting large, green, job-producing industries, such as Wacker Chemie AG in Bradley County and Hemlock Semiconductor in Clarksville, will create thousands of new jobs. Now is the time, however, says Tennessee Alliance for Progress coordinator Nell Levin, to pressure state lawmakers to pass a bill helping small businesses create more green-collar jobs, particularly in urban and rural areas now suffering high unemployment.
"We do feel like the potential is there for a lot more green jobs, especially if we really make a commitment to transform to an energy-efficient economy."
Levin says Europe and Asia are expanding their clean-energy economies much faster than is the U.S., and now is not the time to fall behind the global competition.
"If we wait five, ten, 15 years, we are really going to be in big trouble in the country, for a number of reasons."
The Tennessee Alliance for Progress helped start the Green-Collar Jobs Task Force of Nashville/Davidson County in 2008 because of a belief that creation of green jobs will create an inclusive, sustainable and healthy economy. A bill filed in December of 2009, The Tennessee Green Jobs Act, will soon be considered by the state legislature.
The bill can be read online at taptn.org


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Oakland, CA, January 8, 2015…Dozens of leftover Christmas trees have turned into special treats for Oakland Zoo animals. Right after the holiday season wrapped up, zoo staff received a call from a local tree lot hoping to donate a truckload of trees. Zookeepers were eager to accept the extras as they use the saplings in a variety of ways.
The small pine trees turn into sticky snacks for animals such as the giraffes, zebras, camels, and goats to enjoy. For baboons and otters, zookeepers place goodies among the tree branches for the animals to find. It's a game of smell and seek that many creatures seem to relish. "The Christmas trees provide our zoo animals with a unique seasonal enrichment," said Colleen Kinzley, Director of Animal Care at Oakland Zoo. "Animals in the wild encounter different plants and flowers at different times of the year; the Christmas trees and other items allow use to replicate that seasonal variety. Some of the hoof stock animals enjoy browsing on the trees, while other animals may use them as toys or furniture."
These trees are a form of enrichment zookeepers strive to give all animals at Oakland Zoo. Squirrel monkeys enjoy swinging and hanging around in the noble firs, and they treat the firs like new furniture in their exhibit. During this time of year, tree donations provide a seasonal delight for the animals to explore, experience, and smell in their exhibits. Guests may see the animals enjoying the seasonal tree treats daily from 10:00am – 4:00pm.
Oakland Zoo would like to thank Crystal River Christmas Trees in Alameda for donating their leftover trees to the Zoo animals.
Animal enrichment items (special play toys, unique scents, or food treats) are a valuable asset to all zoos. Not only do they provide the exercise that all animals need, but they also help to keep the animals active, engaged, and foraging in natural behaviors. While visiting Oakland Zoo, guests may see firsthand how the animals interact with various enrichment items. Oakland Zoo does accept animal enrichment donations. For a complete list of items people can donate, go to: http://www.oaklandzoo.org/Donate_Goods.php
The Bay Area's award-winning Oakland Zoo is home to more than 660 native and exotic animals. The Zoo offers many educational programs and kid's activities perfect for science field trips, family day trips and exciting birthday parties. Nestled in the Oakland Hills, in 500-acre Knowland Park, the Zoo is located at 9777 Golf Links Road, off Highway 580. The East Bay Zoological Society (Oakland Zoo) is a nonprofit 501(c)3 organization supported in part by members, contributions, the City of Oakland and the East Bay Regional Parks. For more information please visit our website at www.oaklandzoo.org.


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Pretoria's #1 Banting Food Market at the Pretoria National Botanical Garden EVERY FIRST SATURDAY OF THE MONTH.
Join us at the Pretoria National Botanical Garden for the highest quality low carb, healthy fat foods. Live music will entertain you while you have your bullet proof coffee and sugar free waffle with ice cream. Bring your picnic blanket and enjoy free entertainment and a hot breakfast! Or creamy cheesecake or real Indian cuisine together with the laid-back atmosphere.
Free entry. Sorry, no dogs allowed.