text:
Members: Alan Greenberg, Alice Munyua, Athina Fragkouli, Becky Burr, Cheryl Langdon-Orr, Eberhard Lisse, Fiona Asonga, Jordan Carter, Jorge Villa, Julia Wolman, Leon Sanchez, Mathieu Weill, Olga Cavalli, Par Brumark, Robin Gross, Roelof Meijer, Samantha Eisner, Sebastien Bachollet, Steve DelBianco, Suzanne Radell, Thomas Rickert, Tijani Ben Jemaa (22)
Participants: Alain Bidron, Barrack Otieno, Bob Takacs, Carlos Rau Gutierrrez, David McAuley, Edward Morris, Finn Petersen, Jonathan Zuck, Jorge Cancio, Kavouss Arasteh, Keith Drazek, Martin Boyle, Matthew Shears, Mike Chartier, Olivier Muron, Pedro Ivo Silva, Peter Van Roste, Philip Corwin, Rafael Perez Galindo, Rudi Daniel, Vrikson Ivan Acosta, Yasuichi Kitamura (22)
Staff: Adam Peake, Alice Jansen, Bart Boswinkel, Berry Cobb, Brenda Brewer, Grace Abuhamad, Marika Konings, Theresa Swinehart
Apologies: David Maher, Avri Doria
**Please let Brenda know if your name has been left off the list (attendees or apologies).**
Transcript CCWG ACCT #15 03March.doc
Transcript CCWG ACCT #15 03March.pdf
The Adobe Connect recording is available here: https://icann.adobeconnect.com/p8pel04i50g/
The audio recording is available here: http://audio.icann.org/gnso/gnso-ccwg-acct-03mar15-en.mp3
Proposed Agenda
1. Welcome, roll-call & SoI
2. Activity reports
- Legal Subteam
3. Timeline
5. Next steps & Closing Remarks
CCWG - Call # 15 - 3 March 2015
This call is being recorded.
Chat sessions are being archived and follow the ICANN Expected Standards of Behavior: http://www.icann.org/en/news/in-focus/accountability/expected-standards
1. Welcome, roll-call & SOI
Becky Burr and Barrack Otieno call only
2. Activity reports
- followed the triggered and un-triggered format, and this demarkation broadly work On 2 calls and coordination with Jordan WP1, moved work on ICANN limited scope to WP2.
- Tasks between there 2 groups compared and allocated.
- Document transparency, all are part of WP1
- WP2 includes modifications, enhancements, review of exist triggered mechanisms.
- These include Ombudsman, reconsideration independent review and suggestions from the community related to these.
- Plus covers the compact with the community and statement of ICANN's mission and standards to carrot mission, as discussed in Singapore.
- Holding weekly meetings, planning sub-group calls, and possibly a meeting on Sunday afternoon in Istanbul to prepare for the week..
- WP2 will enhance existing mechanisms, ensure that the Board can be held to its bylaws, prevent mission creep etc.
- Question: When do we ask for reconsideration, what do we mean by redress, and need to agree on a definition of "community".
- Definitions will be in the final report, build on initial discussions in Frankfurt
- There are attempts to define "community" in the scoping document: communities are being discussed in respect at standing, and other with decisions making power.
- WP2 proposing 5 new sub-groups. Work of the groups will be on the WIKI, and referred to in transcripts and notes of WP2 calls
- Light-weight structures might be preferred.
- Weekly meetings. Discussions about, removal of directors and defining GAC consensus. Draft templates available for most, where not they are topics transferred to WP2 or in progress.
- Looking at mechanisms that make these powers work: issue of statutory members, members, supervisory board etc are the right way to make the powers work being discussed.
- Example: removal of directors (note yet discussed by the working group)
- Any number or all Directors might be removed.
- Assumption controlling is whatever is recommended in terms of CCWG
- A new mechanism
- The effect of a director being removed.
- Standard of the decision, objective standards are often not specified. Suggestion should follow same standards as the ICANN Board currently has to remove a Director.
- Do not expect resolution before F2F
- Contributes to all accountability dimensions, makes the Director more aware of all accountability mechanisms and contingencies.
- A director appointed by a particular community, should that electing entity be the only one able to remove the director? Or removal by others with the support or no objection by that SO/AC
- NomCom appointed directors, may require a modifies process
Action (co-chair): Can the advisors provide advice on international law and also corporate governance related to removal
- What infringement might trigger the process? That this is a measure of last resort
- With each power there will be different triggers. Suggest powers should be attached to existing mechanisms, or one shared new group.
- Initial proposal was to spill the entire board. Extreme and very difficult to trigger. Threat of use, presence enough Now making a simple concept complex, picking off single directors, objective standards of the
community rather than super-majority.
- WP1 will distinguish between pilling the board and powers if the individual SO/AC. Need to have graduated scale, or risk the only option is to escalate to the higher standard.
- Notion of the "big stick" for WS1 topics. Recall of whole board is that big stick. removal of individual directors left as WS2.
- GAC advice and how the bylaws require the Board to consider this advice.
- GAC set out its own operating principles., is able to lower or raise the threshold for advice.
- Suggestion of the current wording of GAC principles about consensus advice, that it is that consensus advice that triggers this reconciliation by the Board. If the GAC then changes its standard of advice,
how that advice is considered by the board is a matter for the community. Codifies the status quo in the ICANN bylaws.
Stress Test WP
- Stress test 1 and 2, combined.
- Note: intention to apply a test against a package of proposed accountability measures, so premature to apply, but is proving useful to apply to these drafts.
- 1 and 2: IANA root zone change authority/delegation authority fails to function. Need to engage with the CWG.
Action: to discuss on regular calls with the CWG co-chairs.
- Test 24. Mission creep, CEO expands or extends ICANN's mission, lacking community consensus
- Loss of confidence is ICANN and ability to perform technical functions.
- Loss of confidence is ICANN and ability to perform technical functions. If in strategic plan or budget then community non-binding comment, and CA AG has authority if an organization acts outside its mission. What powers doe the CA AG have?
- \Under a majority or supermajority, the community might block the budget. Mid-year, if the the community power to veto a Board decision. Or triggering an independent review, but to what standard. Collectively the proposed mechanisms seem adequate.
- Is the golden bylaw is addressed by WP2 in mission and standards
- Test 15. ICANN terminates its legal presence in a nation in response to litigation.
- community standing to veto a board decision could prevent the board on moving. AoC in the bylaws would mean ICANN is subject to legal action by another party. Seems adequate protection against the contingency
Legal Subteam
- Legal scoping document, working through a number of drafts. Expect to narrow the issues and questions down by the end of the week.
- Particularly aware of issues of interest to the ccTLD community
- External law firm, prep calls with a short list of firms, two more interviews this week
- Anti-trust issues will be considered in the scoping document.
- Jurisdiction: expect further discussion with Advisors
- Working towards f2f in Istanbul and readiness of the draft for public comment on April 6.
- What is the structure of the F2F Istanbul, so we can play the work of the subgroups.
Action: Co-chairs to prepare the next meeting, agenda to include the structure of the report and of the F2F meeting.
Action: Staff to provide a skeleton for the report..
Action Items
Action (co-chair) Can the advisors provide advice on international law and also corporate governance related to removal
Action to discuss on regular calls with the CWG co-chairs.
Action: Co-chairs to prepare the next meeting, agenda to include the structure of the report and of the F2F meeting.
Action: Staff to provide a skeleton for the report.
Documents Presented
WP1 Drafts - http://tinyurl.com/puvneyq
WP2 Drafts - http://tinyurl.com/p9yemfx
ST-WP Drafts - http://tinyurl.com/mye8o3e
Legal Subt Drafts - http://tinyurl.com/kajxlc4
Timeline - http://tinyurl.com/kd2u3b7
Chat Transcript
Alice Jansen 3: (3/3/2015 02:43) Welcome to CCWG call #15! Please note that chat sessions are being archived and follow the ICANN Expected Standards of Behavior: http://www.icann.org/en/news/in-focus/accountability/expected-standards
Alice Jansen 6: (05:55) Please mute your lines
Leon Sanchez (Co-Chair, ALAC): (05:57) Hello everyone
jorge villa (ASO): (05:58) Hi Leon, good morning
Leon Sanchez (Co-Chair, ALAC): (05:58) is there a rooster in the backiground?
Suzanne Radell: (05:58) Hello everyone
Leon Sanchez (Co-Chair, ALAC): (05:58) Hi Jorge!
Pär Brumark (GAC, Niue): (05:58) Hi everyone!
Yasuichi Kitamura (At-Large): (05:59) h
Yasuichi Kitamura (At-Large): (05:59) hi, all
Roelof Meijer (ccNSO): (05:59) Hi Everyone
Mathieu Weill, ccNSO, co-chair: (05:59) Hi everyone
Athina Fragkouli (ASO): (06:00) hello everyone
Carlos Rau Gutierrez: (06:00) Good morning
Edward Morris: (06:00) Good aftenoon all
jorge cancio: (06:00) hello everyone
Julia Wolman GAC Denmark: (06:01) Hello everyone
Thomas Rickert: (06:01) Hello all!
Martin Boyle, Nominet: (06:02) Hi all. sorry I'm late
Fiona Asonga (ASO): (06:02) Hallo All
Finn Petersen, GAC: (06:02) Hello everyone
Alice Munyua GAC: (06:02) Hello everyone
Eberhard Lisse [.NA ccTLD Manager]: (06:02) Hi, waiting for the operator ...
Adam Peake: (06:03) WP2: https://community.icann.org/display/acctcrosscomm/WP2+--+Review+and+Redress
Eberhard Lisse [.NA ccTLD Manager]: (06:03) am in
Eberhard Lisse [.NA ccTLD Manager]: (06:05) Can I also register my apology for having to leave the call after on hour, I'll be following the Adobe Connect, but have to consult.
arasteh: (06:06) Alice
arasteh: (06:06) pls also register me to leave after one hour
Alice Jansen: (06:08) Noted - thanks
Edward Morris: (06:08) DIDP is a triggered transparency mechanism. Think consideration should be given to transferring it to 2.
Jordan Carter (.nz, member): (06:10) Apols for lateness
Keith Drazek: (06:11) Hi all
Olga Cavalli - GAC: (06:12) Hello everyone
Jordan Carter (.nz, member): (06:13) hi Keith, Olga. :)
Matthew Shears: (06:13) when is the next WP1 call?
Mathieu Weill, ccNSO, co-chair: (06:15) We have definition of review vs redress in our definitionn document. I suggest to refer to this as much as possible
Jordan Carter (.nz, member): (06:15) Matthew: same day/time this week
Athina Fragkouli (ASO): (06:15) Thank you for that, Mattheu, I was about to ask
Mathieu Weill, ccNSO, co-chair: (06:20) @Kavouss : apologies I did not capture the difference review / reconsideration. Understoof now
Adam Peake: (06:20) WP1 wiki: https://community.icann.org/display/acctcrosscomm/WP1+--+Community+Empowerment
Steve DelBianco [GNSO - CSG]: (06:22) Another item in WP1 is bringing the Affirmation Reviews into ICANN Bylaws. That is already drafted. But it does not fit into the Template so well.
Eberhard Lisse [.NA ccTLD Manager]: (06:24) Grace, can y ou make it so that each person can move the page without interfereing with the preseneter's control?
Alice Jansen: (06:24) hi Erberhard, you should have scroll control
Grace Abuhamad: (06:25) @Jordan -- no your won't be moving everyone's screen
Eberhard Lisse [.NA ccTLD Manager]: (06:25) Yes, I have but whenever I scroll it scrolls back (as if someone was doing that) :-)-O
Eberhard Lisse [.NA ccTLD Manager]: (06:26) ok, better now
Grace Abuhamad: (06:26) @Eberhard -- that's a bug with AC that I haven't quite figured out yet. Happens with me too occasionally
Eberhard Lisse [.NA ccTLD Manager]: (06:26) should I log out and back in?
Grace Abuhamad: (06:27) you can try that. but if it's better, you might be ok
Eberhard Lisse [.NA ccTLD Manager]: (06:27) I am lostening via the bridge anyway
Eberhard Lisse [.NA ccTLD Manager]: (06:27) listening
Grace Abuhamad: (06:27) sometimes, if you use the arrows instead of scroll, then you are better off
Alice Jansen: (06:27) You can also find this document here https://community.icann.org/download/attachments/52888421/Accountability%20Mechanism%20Template%20WP1%207A%20-%20Removing%20ICANN%20Directors.pdf?version=1&modificationDate=1425285656000&api=v2
Cheryl Langdon-Orr: (06:32) Indeed @Alan VERY good point re 'replacement" be appointing bodies esp NomCom
Matthew Shears: (06:32) I agree with Alan re standards and even those pointed to such as a the global public interest are undefined and very hards to measure
Jordan Carter (.nz, member): (06:32) So essentially we are saying that there are no standards in palce currently?
Matthew Shears: (06:33) good question
Jordan Carter (.nz, member): (06:34) If we have a different process for 'replacement' than for 'appintment' we might be creating new accountability problems, so let's think about that - Tijani's suggestion on the audio just now that appointing bodies appoint a member as well as a replacement prospect is one.
Samantha Eisner: (06:34) There is not a defined standard in the Bylaws for when a Board member could be removed; however we have codes of conduct and conflict of interest policies that help define situations when removal of director may be an appropriate considerations
Jordan Carter (.nz, member): (06:35) +1 Mathieu - yes, I think that's a great idea.
Jordan Carter (.nz, member): (06:35) Good feedback to incorporate (the idea that the standards WP2 is working on could be the basis)
Samantha Eisner: (06:35) The Bylaws solely require a 3/4 majority vote of the Board for removal of any individual director
Steve DelBianco [GNSO - CSG]: (06:35) @Sam -- but only the Board itself can remove a director based on those standards. The COmmuity has no standing to trigger removal of directors. Do I have that right?
Robin Gross [GNSO - NCSG]: (06:36) has the board ever removed another board member?
Jordan Carter (.nz, member): (06:36) That's the Status Quo, Steve. Yep.
Matthew Shears: (06:36) @ Samantha - are there performance measurements against which Board members are apprised?
Samantha Eisner: (06:36) Robin, I'm not aware of any removal that's ever happened
Samantha Eisner: (06:36) Steve, it's correct that the power only lies with teh board right now
Alan Greenberg (ALAC): (06:38) @Sam, correct. But the Board is not limited to those Standards. If the majority of the Board chooses to remove a Director due to lack of good oral hygiene (to use a unlikely real reason), and it follows the due process correctly, that is sufficient..
Keith Drazek: (06:39) +1 Jordan, simplicity is highly desirable.
Samantha Eisner: (06:39) Matthew, there are not currently any sort of performance metrics that hte Board members are required to meet. However, there are situations such as the code of conduct https://www.icann.org/resources/pages/code-of-conduct-2012-05-15-en?routing_type=path lay out teh statndards to which Board members are expected to meet
Alan Greenberg (ALAC): (06:39) I am pretty sure the removal process has never been used.
Matthew Shears: (06:39) thanks!
Jordan Carter (.nz, member): (06:40) Yep Thomas, that makes sense.
Jordan Carter (.nz, member): (06:41) Steve: do you think we should do three different templates - an SO/AC removing one director, collective removal of a number of directors, removing all directors?
Robin Gross [GNSO - NCSG]: (06:42) I think we need ability to recall single board members, but think groups should have their own standard for recall
Edward Morris: (06:42) Folks, as long as the Membership option is open understand that under CA law recall of individual Board members is statutorily required, not just recall of the entire Board.
Matthew Shears: (06:43) there needs to be the "spill the board" option and also the opportunity to recall an individual board member but not sure about "a number of directors"
Eberhard Lisse [.NA ccTLD Manager]: (06:43) Alan, one doe, however., wonder about the high turnover, especially of the female Board Members...
Cheryl Langdon-Orr: (06:43) Agree with @Alan on this matter
Steve DelBianco [GNSO - CSG]: (06:43) I like that idea, Alan. Separate Spill from individual recall
Edward Morris: (06:43) @ Matthew. Agree.
Robin Gross [GNSO - NCSG]: (06:43) that works for me
Matthew Shears: (06:43) + 1
Keith Drazek: (06:43) Agree with (1) Spill the board, (2) SO/AC recall for their directoes, and (3) a mechanism for NomCom appointee recall/removal.
Roelof Meijer (ccNSO): (06:44) I fully agree with Steve. Let's keep it as simple as possible as a process, but very difficuly to achieve: supermajority treshold to remove the entire board, no recall of individual members. Individual members that were performing well (there will always be) can be reappointed
Jonathan Zuck (IPC): (06:44) I was going to ask how difficult it would be for noncom given changes in membership, etc.
Robin Gross [GNSO - NCSG]: (06:44) Agree with Keith on the 3 options we need on this issue.
Matthew Shears: (06:44) + 1 Keith of issue of NomCom Board appointees
Cheryl Langdon-Orr: (06:44) I disagree with your last oart @Roelof I am one who thinks there needs to be (seperatly) some empowerment of 'appointing bodies'
Keith Drazek: (06:45) It might not be NomCom recall of NomCom appointees. It might be a community mechanism.
Matthew Shears: (06:45) yes
Robin Gross [GNSO - NCSG]: (06:45) yes community recall of nomcom appointees
Roelof Meijer (ccNSO): (06:45) I don't agree with Keith, no seperate process for nomcom appointees
jorge cancio: (06:45) A general thought: I wonder whether the different accountability mechanism descriptions/proposals will be presented with an assessment of their impact on the power structures within ICANN and the apropriate balance between parts of the community
Robin Gross [GNSO - NCSG]: (06:46) I don't think it makes sense to move individual recall to WS2
Cheryl Langdon-Orr: (06:46) That splitting into WS's #1 and 2 works for me @Thomas
Jordan Carter (.nz, member): (06:46) I don't mind which WS the individual spilling goes into
Jordan Carter (.nz, member): (06:46) but it is a good idea to split the two
Jordan Carter (.nz, member): (06:46) WP sorry, not WS
Jordan Carter (.nz, member): (06:46) I think these are all WS1
Robin Gross [GNSO - NCSG]: (06:47) thanks for the clarification, Jordan. WP2 is ok.
Matthew Shears: (06:47) agree - all WS1
Robin Gross [GNSO - NCSG]: (06:47) just not WS2
Jordan Carter (.nz, member): (06:48) The idea to test (and to ak the community?) is whether the community wants the power to remove (basically nonpeforming) invid directors. The fact the Board can do so isn't really relevant to asking people. After all the "impact" threshold is much higher for all the board than for one.
David McAuley: (06:48) I like Thomas's idea for putting individual revocations to WP2 – I think we will unearth some complexities that need to be ironed out – not least, how to track individual member votes/actions
Cheryl Langdon-Orr: (06:48) Indeed @David much more to be discussed on this/
Robin Gross [GNSO - NCSG]: (06:48) board having a power and community have a power are not the same thing at all.
Jordan Carter (.nz, member): (06:49) Happy to suspend this discussion here
Edward Morris: (06:49) +1 Robin
Jordan Carter (.nz, member): (06:49) good points here, I hope the staff notes capture :)
Keith Drazek: (06:49) Or WS1 commitment with details to be ironed out after. Agree the timing of SO/AC and NomCom recall will take time to implement.
Alice Jansen: (06:50) GAC consensus template can be found here https://community.icann.org/download/attachments/52888421/Accountability%20Mechanism%20Template%20WP1%204A%20-%20GAC%20consensus.pdf?version=1&modificationDate=1425289292000&api=v2
Steve DelBianco [GNSO - CSG]: (06:50) Agree, Keith. "Spill the Board" is all that needs to be in Work Stream 1
jorge cancio: (06:51) On the issue of GAC advice decisions: are we planning to review decision-making procedures of other SOs/ACs and their impact on public interest?
Suzanne Radell (GAC): (06:53) My understanding of this proposal is thatit has less to do wth how the GAC develops advice but what the Board would be required to do with less than consensus advice; would that be an accurate assessment?
Alan Greenberg (ALAC): (06:53) @Steve. Recall that our def'n of what is in WS1 are all the necessary powers to effect WS2 processes. I am not at all sure that removal of individual members would fall into that category.
Jordan Carter (.nz, member): (06:53) Suzanne: that's exactly right
Jordan Carter (.nz, member): (06:53) i has nothing to do with what GAC thinks
Jordan Carter (.nz, member): (06:53) or decides
Jordan Carter (.nz, member): (06:54) is only to do with how the ICANN Board has to respond
Alice Munyua GAC: (06:54) Thats how I understand it. More to do with how the boad addresses no consensus GAC advice
Jordan Carter (.nz, member): (06:55) This is basically about codifying the status quo, to deal with the risk or prospect of 'governmental takeover'
jorge cancio: (06:55) Well the effect of GAC advice is clearly affected, I feel.
Jordan Carter (.nz, member): (06:55) I don't mind ICANN having to give this special consideration, but I think the current threshold for that is sensible, and this would protect that current situation.
Robin Gross [GNSO - NCSG]: (06:55) this isn't that complicated. it is just about how the board treats advice to which no one has objected to. this is a very good proposal in my view.
Jonathan Zuck (IPC): (06:56) agree
Jordan Carter (.nz, member): (06:56) If you are using Chrome, Rafael, don't forget to let the browser let your comments through.
Alice Munyua GAC: (06:57) I suppose what the ICANN board would do when there is no GAC advice and instead chair conveys the full range of views
Jordan Carter (.nz, member): (06:57) Alice - in that situation they would do whatever they do today :-)
Grace Abuhamad: (06:57) @Rafa would you like a dial out?
Jordan Carter (.nz, member): (06:57) Everyone is on tenterhooks
Steve DelBianco [GNSO - CSG]: (06:58) We need this to address Stress Test #18 and the condition that NTIA would not accept a plan that allowed government capture of ICANN
Suzanne Radell (GAC): (06:58) There is an explicit requirement (agreed via ATRT1) for a consultation process when the Board determines it cannot accept or act on GAC advice
Alan Greenberg (ALAC): (06:59) For the record, I strongly support the concept described here . I just think we need to be very careful in how we approach it.
Rafael Pérez Galindo (GAC): (06:59) Sorry for the mike issue.
Rafael Pérez Galindo (GAC): (06:59) My point was: While understanding the need to avoid capture, no proposal should preempt the way in which a Committee makes decisions, which is what this idea would mean in practice by compelling the GAC to stick to the consensus rule if it wants the Board to duly take into account its advice. This proposal goes beyond the scope of this CCWG unless we engage in discussion of procedures in all relevant SOs/ACs, as well.At any rate, such a proposal would strongly affect the GAC role and should request explicit consent from the GAC prior to its inclusion in the report.
Jordan Carter (.nz, member): (07:00) It would affect the GAC's ability to change its effective level of influence, but it would have no impact at all on its current role at all, in any way.
Robin Gross [GNSO - NCSG]: (07:00) actually this proposal has nothing to do with how the GAC makes decisions. it just says that defernce goes to advice that hasn't been objected to.
jorge cancio: (07:01) @Robin: the effect on GAC decisions is evident in my view
Robin Gross [GNSO - NCSG]: (07:01) what is the effect?
Jordan Carter (.nz, member): (07:01) I would add that other SOs and ACs can't change their rules in this way that changes their influence - but this is a very valuable discussion.
Jordan Carter (.nz, member): (07:01) Thank you Rafael for sharing his perspective.
jorge cancio: (07:02) almost all SOs have special arrangements in relation to their influence on Board decisions on policy issues...
Jonathan Zuck (IPC): (07:02) and it only has to do with "special deference"
Jordan Carter (.nz, member): (07:02) jorge - the question is can they change this themselves
Robin Gross [GNSO - NCSG]: (07:02) different SO's have different roles - some are "advisory" and others make policy.
Jordan Carter (.nz, member): (07:02) SOs make policy, ACs advise, isn't it?
jorge cancio: (07:02) take the numbering or the protocol policy areas...
Alan Greenberg (ALAC): (07:03) @Thomas, problem is that currently there is no ICANN-wide uniform definition of consensus.
Olga Cavalli - GAC: (07:04) audio from Matthew is lo
Olga Cavalli - GAC: (07:04) low
Adam Peake: (07:05) WIKI for stress test working party: https://community.icann.org/display/acctcrosscomm/ST-WP+--+Stress+Test+Work+Party
Thomas Rickert: (07:05) @Alan, the ICANN understanding of consensus would be the definition in the bylaws :-)
Rafael Pérez Galindo (GAC): (07:07) Thank you Jordan, and many thanks to Rickert for reading out loud my message
Rafael Pérez Galindo (GAC): (07:08) This has to be thoroughly adn deeply thought before any decision is made.
Cheryl Langdon-Orr (ALAC- AP Region Member): (07:08) Indeed PLEAS remember what @Steve is saying now, this is a run thrugh exercis and leads us to a 'gap analysis' as the proposed Accountability Mechanisms are developed... we need to of course 'run' these ST's against all Mechanisms once further and fully developed...
Jordan Carter (.nz, member): (07:11) Rafael: Yep, it does. What it basically does, when you boil it all down, is say: "GAC can't change its level of influence in ICANN - up or down - without community consent allowing a bylaws change."
Jordan Carter (.nz, member): (07:12) We do need to think about that deeply, because it is part of adjusting to the post-NTIA-contract world.
Jordan Carter (.nz, member): (07:13) It might be the right or the wrong idea as part of this adjustment, but at least we are having the right conversation :-)
Jordan Carter (.nz, member): (07:14) Martin is muted.
Jordan Carter (.nz, member): (07:14) [I am told that restarting the Adobe room sometimes helps.]
Martin Boyle, Nominet: (07:14) I think I must have
Martin Boyle, Nominet: (07:15) I'm a slow typist, but I'll work on it
Martin Boyle, Nominet: (07:15) Carry on and I'll catch up!
Martin Boyle, Nominet: (07:15) I have a concern about the nature of the stress test
Martin Boyle, Nominet: (07:16) We still have not agreed about the need for authorisation. Against that, the existing and proposed accountability measures are ok
Mathieu Weill, ccNSO, co-chair: (07:17) @Martin, I think there is room to improve definition of stress test to avoid confusion
Martin Boyle, Nominet: (07:18) I would like to see the stress test re-defined into something more general about service level or performance or failure to follow agreed policy (or inventing new policy)
Cheryl Langdon-Orr (ALAC- AP Region Member): (07:18) @Mathieu, perhaps we can ake a little time in our F2F meeting to do exactly that with the full CCWG
Robin Gross [GNSO - NCSG]: (07:19) This is a question in our legal scoping document, Steve. I believe the answer we get back will be the Cal Attny General can do little (and practically will do little, since our Cal Attny Gen is also running for Senate).
Robin Gross [GNSO - NCSG]: (07:20) From draft legal scoping doc: 8. How could the California Attorney General (or other public official) intervene in ICANN's operation on behalf of community members? How typical is such an intervention by the California Attorney General in the operation of a nonprofit corporation, what are the grounds for such intervention, and what is a reasonable expectation for a successful remedy in this situation?
Finn Petersen, GAC: (07:20) Ja - det er meget klart - men Rafael vil øjensynlig have, at GAC for endnu større indflydelse på ICANN beslutninger, end hvad de eksisterende concensusregler indebærer
Robin Gross [GNSO - NCSG]: (07:21) Yes, Becky, I support that proposal that even community could not engage in scope creep.
Suzanne Radell (GAC): (07:21) Finn, could you re-type your comment in English please?
Rudi Daniel: (07:23) Thank you ..now leaving the meet.
Finn Petersen, GAC: (07:23) Suz - it should only have been send to Julia - sorry
Jordan Carter (.nz, member): (07:24) The perils of chat on the Internet, Finn. :)
Edward Morris: (07:25) Steve, Cheryl: Thank you so much for the hard wrk you guys are doing on this. In the future, could you try to get these out to use at least 24 hours before the general meeting? It would have been useful to have time to go over them and povide feedback before it went out to the group as a whole. Thank you.
Jordan Carter (.nz, member): (07:26) It's not WP1
Steve DelBianco [GNSO - CSG]: (07:26) Will try, Edward. Sorry about that
Samantha Eisner: (07:29) It's very hard to escape established jurisdictional reach of courts by simply leaving that jurisdiction by closing an office
Robin Gross [GNSO - NCSG]: (07:30) Agree with Samantha. ICANN is going to be subject to legal jurisdiction pretty much everywhere.
Leon Sanchez (Co-Chair, ALAC): (07:30) National Courts can always reach to Courts in other countries to ask for cooperation
Matthew Shears: (07:31) in listen only - but are looking at the other AoC articles to see if they can be brought into the bylaws beyond the reviews
Matthew Shears: (07:32) as Steve outlined
Jonathan Zuck (IPC): (07:32) speaking of legal jurisdiction, I imagine that ICANN is subject to antitrust enforcementaroud the world, no?
David McAuley: (07:33) Jurisdictional concepts are changing in the digital age, I think it is fair to say it is an unsettled area as to what "presence" is needed to maintain jurisdiction but is moving toward including digital impact
Robin Gross [GNSO - NCSG]: (07:34) thanks for the clarification, Phil, about which type of jurisdiction we are talking about here.
Keith Drazek: (07:35) Has someone captured the anti-trust question/issue? Is that now in a WP for attention, or with the legal question work group?
Vrikson: (07:35) I agree with Samantha and Robin. It only takes political-juridical will from a mail court of a country for courts in other countries try to emulate what was decided and make ICANN accountable
Jordan Carter (.nz, member): (07:35) Is Fadi on our email list? :)
Robin Gross [GNSO - NCSG]: (07:36) Keith, current draft of anti-trust question to legal council: 10. What antitrust legal issues are possible to arise in this context and how can those issues be most effectively addressed given the CCWG's stated goals and concerns?
Keith Drazek: (07:36) Excellent, thanks Robin.
David McAuley: (07:36) I'm not sure anti-trust issues are squarely captured
Steve DelBianco [GNSO - CSG]: (07:36) at this point we've applied half of the 25 stress tests. Shold be able to finish them by the time we meet inIstanbul
Robin Gross [GNSO - NCSG]: (07:36) Here's the link for the draft doc: https://docs.google.com/document/d/132V7P8nmyalhoso7zcevjW3_ox1laXn5JIEH3dDAF3A/edit?usp=sharing
Robin Gross [GNSO - NCSG]: (07:37) for legal scoping
David McAuley: (07:37) Thanks Robin, my error
Adam Peake: (07:37) And legal sub-group wiki: https://community.icann.org/display/acctcrosscomm/Legal+SubTeam
Robin Gross [GNSO - NCSG]: (07:37) well, improvements to the wording are welcome
Cheryl Langdon-Orr (ALAC- AP Region Member): (07:38) Thank you @ Mathieu
Jonathan Zuck (IPC): (07:38) That's my point David, China is using antitrust enforcement very creatively these days with protectionist ends. Why not use antitrust as a form of capture?
David McAuley: (07:39) Fair question Jonathan
Mathieu Weill, ccNSO, co-chair: (07:40) @Jonathan : good idea, would also apply to FTC trying to capture I guess
Keith Drazek: (07:41) I have to drop in 5 minutes. Apologies.
Jordan Carter (.nz, member): (07:41) The list of questions is long - it is going to be hard to answer
David McAuley: (07:41) Thanks Leon and Robin
Robin Gross [GNSO - NCSG]: (07:41) Jordan, suggestions for what to pare out would be welcome.
Robin Gross [GNSO - NCSG]: (07:42) Thanks, David.
Steve DelBianco [GNSO - CSG]: (07:42) are these questions used to SELECT a law firm, or are these questions that we will want answered AFTER we selct the firm?
Robin Gross [GNSO - NCSG]: (07:42) after the selection in my view, Steve
Robin Gross [GNSO - NCSG]: (07:42) but before also, I guess.
Steve DelBianco [GNSO - CSG]: (07:42) Does the subteam agree with you on that, Robin?
David McAuley: (07:43) Fair point Thomas
Robin Gross [GNSO - NCSG]: (07:43) we haven't discussed it, Steve. but the more I think about it, I don't know why it couldn't be before. It is on a public wiki now
Robin Gross [GNSO - NCSG]: (07:44) The three goals are what we want to achieve. 1. Recalling board members. 2. community empowerment. 3. Limit scope of activity.
Jordan Carter (.nz, member): (07:46) Aren't we using the same firm as the CWG?
Roelof Meijer (ccNSO): (07:46) In the "proposals under construction" paragraph, three mechanisms that we identified seem to be missing: existing SO/AC structure, permananet CCWG, supervisory board/two tier board construction
Jordan Carter (.nz, member): (07:46) aren't we piggybacking on their work?
Matthew Shears: (07:47) I thought so
Jordan Carter (.nz, member): (07:47) I hate to raise this too: is there any possibility of a conflict for the law firm in advising both the CCWG and the CWG? I don't think there is but the question must be asked?
David McAuley: (07:49) Greg Shatan has been active in the selection process, too bad he is not here. But I think his questions to qualify firms have only generally used these questions pretty much as Leon described
Jordan Carter (.nz, member): (07:49) Great to know this question has been being asked. Thanks Samantha.
Steve DelBianco [GNSO - CSG]: (07:50) I'm glad to see question 8 on California Attorney General, too.
Jordan Carter (.nz, member): (07:54) If you were able to make this doc downloadable for poeple as a PDF that might be helpful since it's so small it is hard to read on a small screen
Jordan Carter (.nz, member): (07:55) This a helpful chart I think, Berry, better than what I started by far in pulling everything together in one place.
Alice Jansen: (07:56) The document can be found here https://community.icann.org/download/attachments/50823981/WP1-WP2-WPST-Status_v0.1.pdf?version=1&modificationDate=1425390946445&api=v2
Matthew Shears: (07:59) Jordan - should we anticipate a F2F of WP1 on Sunday of the week in Istanbul?
Jordan Carter (.nz, member): (07:59) Matthew - I've suggested as such in an email today
Robin Gross [GNSO - NCSG]: (07:59) I don't think this timeline is realistic. We won't even get our legal advice back for several weeks. We need to make decisions based on that advice.
Jordan Carter (.nz, member): (07:59) I've asked ICANN staff if they can find us a room.
Cheryl Langdon-Orr (ALAC- AP Region Member): (08:01) Good plan @Jordan
Steve DelBianco [GNSO - CSG]: (08:01) @Jordan -- if you plan a WP meeting on Suday, please let us know ASAP so we can make travel plans
Cheryl Langdon-Orr (ALAC- AP Region Member): (08:02) I am nt arrivning until late Sunday so yes need to know ASAP to shift travel if needs be
Robin Gross [GNSO - NCSG]: (08:02) has anyone heard from the travel dept about making flight arrangements? I haven't received anything yet.
Grace Abuhamad: (08:02) @robin -- I'll check in today. I know others have been contacted
Roelof Meijer (ccNSO): (08:03) I won't be able to join a F2F WP1 on Sunday, will arrive in Istanbul late iSunday night
Robin Gross [GNSO - NCSG]: (08:03) I think we need a more realistic timeline.
Cheryl Langdon-Orr (ALAC- AP Region Member): (08:03) @ Berry see https://community.icann.org/display/acctcrosscomm/ST-WP+--+Stress+Test+Work+Party for the current list of WPST Members/ volunteers
Edward Morris: (08:04) +1 Robin.
Pär Brumark (GAC, Niue): (08:04) Thx!
Jordan Carter (.nz, member): (08:04) bye all
Thomas Rickert: (08:04) Thanks all and bye!
Alice Munyua GAC: (08:04) Thank you
Robin Gross [GNSO - NCSG]: (08:04) Thanks, bye!


text:
2010 Ford F150 Super Duty Trucks
Summary: New F-150 SVT Raptor, bigger changes coming for 2011 though.
2010 Ford F150
What's new for 2010? Well, the F-150 Raptor edition is new! Other updates for the 2010 F150 include an upgraded brake system, electric cooling fans, and MyKey. There's talks of a diesel F150 but Ford is not saying much about that yet.
Ford has also confirmed that we will see an EcoBoost engine
in the
2010 2011 F150 which will be available for order in the second half of 2010. Details are forthcoming but we expect
it to be the 3.5L or 3.7L V6 engine used in other Ford products. For those of
you not familiar with EcoBoost, that is a Ford engine with a turbocharger and
uses direct fuel injection. It gives you the power of a V8 engine but with V6 fuel economy.
- 2010 Ford F-150 Overview
- 2010 Ford F150 Specs
- 2010 Ford F-150 Product Sheet (PDF)
- 2010 Ford F-150 Paint Colors
Extra details on what's new for the 2010 F-150:
- an upgraded braking system which consists of larger front rotors (350mm now instead of 330mm diameter), bigger calipers and mounting bolts, a modified power brake booster which has internal changes for pedal feel tuning, a new master cylinder with a piston/bore size increase from 1-1/16" to 1-3/16", a modified brake control module, a vacuum sensor (was used on 6.2L, now also on 4.6L and 5.4L equipped trucks), and higher mu rear caliper linings
- new electric cooling fans for all engines, replacing engine-driven fans for improved efficiency
- the Max Trailer Tow Package is available now on XLT models with 17" tires
- new MyKey feature: My Key allows owners to program a key to: Limit vehicle speed, Activate speed alert chimes, and Limit maximum audio volume; promotes safe driving habits for whoever may be driving the vehicle
- power sliding rear window with privacy tint now has defrost feature; standard on Lariat and higher series; optional on XLT & FX4
- last but not least, the new F150 RAPTOR edition
2010 Ford Ranger
The 2010 Ford Ranger continues to serve customers well. The Ranger has a long reputation of being fun to drive, with multiple usefulness. It is one of Ford trucks that has a excellent reputation for of being dependable and rugged. The biggest news for 2010 is that roll stability control (RSC) and side seat air bags are now standard equipment.
What's new on the 2010 Ford Ranger?
- Roll Stability Control® (RSC) and Side Seat Airbags are new and standard equipment on all series
- Air conditioning now standard equipment on XL trim level
- Rear Jump Seat - Standard Rear Jump Seats on 2-Door Super Cab and 4 – Door Super Cab
- Bucket Seats - Standard Cloth Sport bucket seats on SPORT (non-Fleet)
- Steering Wheel - Standard black urethane tilt steering wheel on SPORT·Standard black leather tilt steering wheel on XLT
- Steel Chrome Wheel - XLT 15"x7" Steel Chrome Wheel
Ford has not announced anything yet regarding the 2011 or 2012 Ranger. Rumor has it is that the Ranger will be reincarnated as a unibody truck (think: Honda Ridgeline) and will be called the F-100.
- 2010 Ford Ranger Overview
- 2010 Ford Ranger Specifications
- 2010 Ford Ranger Product Sheet (PDF)
- 2009 Ford Ranger

subset: commoncrawl


text:
We start on this moderately-easy, 4.34-mile loop hike in the popular Redwood Regional Park, high in the Oakland hills. As with the other hikes in this series, we're going to be on East Bay Skyline National Trail (also the Bay Area Ridge Trail) part of the time, and on alternate trails the rest so that we can see more of the park and also avoid the need for two cars.
Street parking near the trailhead at Pinehurst, Skyline Blvd, and the top of Shepherd Canyon Road is easy. Start on the trail on the southeast corner of the intersection on a narrow dirt trail. You'll soon pass behind some colorfully-painted contemporary homes – one a Kelly green, the other a bright red. On your left, you'll pass Chabot Space and Science Center.
At approximately .25 miles, you'll come to a "T" intersection at East Ridge Trail. Turn right onto East Ridge for approximately .18 miles. You'll near Redwood Regional's Skyline Gate entrance and continue onto the West Ridge Trail. Both this trail and the East Ridge trail are very popular with dog-walkers and others, but the crowd thins as you move away from the parking area and trailhead.
Follow the wide West Ridge Trail, passing a couple of smaller trails branching off, until you reach the sign, on your left, indicating Redwood Bowl and Redwood Peak. If you want to reach the "bowl," where you can enjoy a snack at one of the picnic tables, use the restrooms (flush toilets) and refill your water bottles, this makes a nice stop. To make the gradual descent to Redwood Bowl, follow the trail a short distance to another split. Ignore the Redwood Peak trail; we're not climbing it today. Continue the gradual descent to Redwood Bowl.
It is possible to reach our next trail, Madrone from Redwood Bowl, but if you have stayed on West Ridge Trail, you'll continue downhill until you reach Madrone Trail on your left. This is a lovely narrow trail and one of the more gradual descents into Redwood canyon. You'll enjoy the shaded grove and not having bicycles interrupting your stroll.
Continue downhill. Turn left onto French Trail for .12 mile, then left on Star, and right on Tres Sendas. You are going to be crossing the narrow Redwood Creek at the bottom of the canyon. Turn left to pick up the Stream Trail for your ascent. While it may be disappointing that the creek is not alongside the trail, keep in mind that it's better for the health of the native Rainbow Trout. Trail erosion can destroy their habitat.
Even without the creek alongside you, you'll still enjoy being on this shaded path most of the way out of the canyon. There's another opportunity for lunch or snack and a break at Girl's Camp (a small clearing with table, drinking water, and restroom).
Continue uphill until you reach Skyline Gate staging area, walk through the parking lot until you reach the street (Skyline). Turn right and you should reach your car within a five-minute walk.
If you have been walking the East Bay Skyline Trail in the segments as described in parts 1-6, you've completed almost 19 miles of the trail and you have covered more than twice that amount in total miles because of the nature of the loops. Congratulations!
In the next installment, we'll complete our exploration of Redwood Regional Park.
- Trail map, click here. http://www.ebparks.org/files/Redwood_map_north_8-10-11.pdf
- Park Hours: 5 a.m. to 10 p.m. unless otherwise posted.
- Bicycles are allowed on West Ridge Trail and the upper portion of Stream.
- Dogs are allowed throughout our hike, but must be on leash in protected areas (includes Stream Trail).
- Free parking/no entrance fees at this entrance


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Having problems with your 2002 Volvo S80 ?
2002 S80 In the messege space when i tried to reset my service light a got a code of 045 and 025 what do they mean
Answers :
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Tips for a great answer:- Provide details, support with references or personal experience .
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Many people have not seen the desert southwest of the United States. Properly called the Sonoran Desert, panoramic vistas and well adapted flora and fauna populate and thrive in the area. Hi...
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I loved creating this compilation of all of my cacti & succulents.
Turns out, I have quite a few!!
Visit my Amazon store and shop away this Holiday!
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DAVID Nicholson began his Washington Post review of a new biography this way:
"Howard Stern? Howard Stern? Who would have thunk that the life story of the King of the Shock Jocks (and now the self proclaimed King of All Media) would leap to the top of the charts, selling more copies more quickly than any other book Simon and Schuster has published. It's testimony to one of the wonders of America that people with marginal talent can, and do, get rich in this land of opportunity. Or perhaps it's just another reminder of P. T. Barnum's famous dictum about how no one ever goes broke underestimating the intelligence of the American public."
In fact, Dave, that famous dictum was not P. T. Barnum's. It first appeared on the page opposite this one on Sept. 18, 1926, in a column headlined "As H.L.M. Sees It." H.L.M. was, of course, The Evening Sun's own Henry Louis Mencken. Under the subhead, "Notes on the Present State and Condition of the Newspaper Tabloids," Mencken stated his famous maxim thusly:
"No one in this world, so far as I know -- and I have searched the records for years, and employed agents to help me -- has ever lost money by underestimating the intelligence of the great masses of the plain people. Nor has anyone ever lost public office thereby. The mistake that is made always runs the other way. Because the plain people are able to speak and understand, and even, in many cases, to read and write, it is assumed that they have ideas in their heads, and an appetite for more. This assumption is folly. They dislike ideas, for ideas make them uncomfortable. Tabloids, seeking to force such things upon them, will inevitably alarm them and lose their trade. The journalism of the future -- that is, mob journalism -- will move in the direction that I have indicated."
P. T. Barnum's famous maxim, Dave, was, "There is a sucker born every minute."


text: Newsroom News Stories 2020 News 2019 News 2018 News 2017 News 2016 News 2015 News 2014 News 2013 News 2012 News Search the News Archive People Middlebury in the News Campus Notes In Memoriam Suggest a Story Find an Expert For Faculty and Staff Communications Office Subscribe to Middlebury News More NewsArtsAthleticsMiddlebury InstituteMiddlebury Magazine Site Editor Log On Newsroom Home » Newsroom » News Stories » 2019 News Search the Newsroom This is great! Any possibility of adding in humanure? I am researching this possibility and would love to know who to talk to. It would begin with using composting toilets (instead of flushing into fresh water) and then getting those buckets to be transported the 7 miles to combine with the food waste and cow manure. by Sarah Nahar (not verified) reply Your name E-mail The content of this field is kept private and will not be shown publicly. Comment * Leave this field blank


text:
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text:
To follow my journey and read my 'middle aged marathon musings' why not follow my blog?
A massive thank you for visiting my Just Giving page and supporting CLIC Sargent to help so many children with cancer and their families. Facing the unimaginable news that a child has cancer is something I hope most of us will never have to face and both the emotional and financial impact of that news can never be underestimated.
A few years ago, aged 15, my beautiful niece Isabella, was diagnosed with cancer just months before her GCSEs. The news was devastating to me as an Auntie so I cannot imagine how her parents felt. She bravely battled chemo, kept her spirits up and CLIC Sargent nurses were there for her when at her most poorly. She went to her prom in the middle of chemo and danced with her friends (just briefly)
...And the best bit, Isabella beat it, she's at college, celebrated her 18th with a big party, just been on her first girls holiday to Tenerife (God help Tenerife !!) and has celebrated her 2 year 'Chemoversary'
Thanks CLIC Sargent, you deserve all the funds you can get.
I just wish 26.2 miles was as easy as chucking an ice buket over my head !


text:
Don Marietta
I design, illustrate, consult, and teach. I also shoot poets, punks, and metalheads.
Job Graphic Artist / freelance
Lives In Munjoy Hill
Raised in Florida, I've been in New England for almost 3 decades, but only in Portland for a few years. I've exhibited work in many media, most recently photography. Professionally, I've been a news artist, cartographer, print designer, and photo retoucher. Currently, I run a one-person shop, but have supervised as many as 24 co-workers.
Other Portlanders
Kristin Sutton
I am the general manager of Avnt Dance and Event Center... home of G-Tric Dance Crew and Portland's annual Zombie Flash Mob.


text:
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The number of treatments you will need can vary with skin type and condition. One session is an ideal 'pick me up' for the skin, a course of treatment is recommended for long term results. We offer this treatment as a stand alone treatment or as part of a tailored package after other treatments


text:
Looks like Chris Rock is going the way of fellow funnyman Jordan Peele and taking his comedic talents to the horror genre. The comedian has just inked a deal with Lionsgate to reboot the Saw franchise with an expected release date of October 23, 2020.
Deadline reports that Chris approached the studio with a fully-baked idea for a new Saw film with Jigsaw and Piranha 3D writers Pete Goldfinger and Josh Stolberg to turn it into the screenplay. Apparently Rock is a Saw stan.
"I've been a fan of Saw since the first film in 2004," he was quoted as saying. "I am excited by the opportunity to take this to a really intense and twisted new place."
Sounds… terrifying? According to the long-time producers of the franchise, Rock is bringing his own fresh perspective and brand of humour to the new film "in the way Eddie Murphy put a completely fresh perspective on buddy-cop films with 48 Hours."
A new take on buddy-films is one thing, but if this latest comedian-turned-horror-film-creator is anything like the last one (looking at you, Jordan), we're in for the psychological thriller of our lives. Stock up on sleep now.
The Saw franchise consists of a total of eight movies spanning 15 years. The series originally ended with 2010's Saw: The Final Chapter but was rebooted in 2017 with Jigsaw.


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Nearby we found Apple Court Gardens near Everton (Lymington area). This is a small but perfectly formed garden with a rudimentary tea shop thing attached.
It is at the start of the season so it's more about shape than colour (he said, talking like a gardenist)
But even so I found stuff to snap.
Now my photo gear is a pair of Pen F bodies and a tight selection of lenses.
That range from the 8mm toy fisheye up to the 100-300mm Panasonic Tele.
Most of these are with the 12-40 pro lens.


text:
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Commetns alltopshopings.cf :
Handles super, sorry one was defective
Thank You
Excellent product. match the description
They are so cool!!! Many thanks to the seller!!! Blue ink had to be ordered separately)
Great set! All whole, i advise the seller!!!
Handles are good, write gently, light, gel. Bought on a coupon for 30 rubles.
One of the pencils was broken but the rest is fine and they work perfect.
Did not come
Red funny pens, write well
Cool pens
Excellent handles)
Ordered on march 7 received on april 19 in the square in moscow. Good point handles packed well. Nothing was damaged during transportation. They write a cardboard. Thanks to the seller for the goods!
Good pens, write very thinly. Thanks to the seller.
The seller is honest decent. He sent everything. Handles are excellent. Shop definitely recommend.
For 31 rubles managed to take a set of 4 pieces. Lovely, write thinly. The child liked.
Pens are beautiful, they write tonenko, the ink is black.
In a set of 4 pcs. In the photo, what i got)))) (child part selected) write very well, subtly. Ink black gel.
Cute cats) gel black pens. One truth does not write .. ((
Excellent handles. All pussies with different faces. Black gel paste with a thin rod. All write well
Cool pens
Pretty! They write subtly black. Thank you seller
Very cute, write well
Cool pens
Ordered march 5, received april 30. On the way 2 months. Without tracking. Packed in a postal package with a pup. Plastic handles-cats. Very cute. They write in black. The seller is sociable and attentive. I recommend the store and the goods to buy.
I order 2 times, super
Great. I recommend
The goods are received, everything is fine, corresponds to the description. Excellent seller, i recommend to everyone.
Very cool pens. Fast shipping. Cute design, excellent quality. They write very thin and neat. Black gel. Shop recommend. Thank you very much!
Good pens. Beautiful. Lovely. The bottom opens, there is a black rod. The tip is thin, thinner than in the store. You can carefully draw something.
One came broken but overall beautiful
Ordered 8.04 received 19.04 on the coupon came out 32r. Came quickly enough, without marriage, write perfectly. Thank you. I recommend the seller and the goods.
Super!!! Cool handles
So neither came
What mimimtsh pens. I also took with the coupon. I only got it yesterday. Everyone writes well. Mutants did not get us))
Beautifully look and super slightly write. Recommend
The pens are so cute. I ordered for children, even i wanted to write them) black gel, very subtly write. Let's see how long it takes.
Thanks for the order he came on time everything is well packed and all the pens write
Cute pens.
The pens are cute, but, as it seemed to me, there are very little ink in the rods. They write well. The child is delighted.
Cute handles with a thin rod. Came for one month. They write well. I ordered 4 pieces for 32 rubles, which is very small for such beautiful pens. Thanks to the seller.
Thank you
Awesome pens, such cute seals. The rod is thin, they write perfectly, black color. The seller sent the goods on the coupon, for which he thank you very much.
Almost 3 months went, the seller repeatedly extended the protection period at my request, the handles liked, thank you!
Shipping more than 3 months (
Unfortunately, the package did not reach me.
All black, write perfectly. came for 10 to the end of the protection
It's okay, thank you.
Excellent pens, write well, the design is interesting, took 4 pcs for 30r, as in the photo of the seller
Such cute long, write thinly. Delivery is long in msk. The rod is thick gel, easy to change, the pattern is similar to easily erasable.
Pens are cool, the son is very happy. they write black gel ink, very thin. i adore such.
Unrealistically cute pens with seals
Came 4 pens, write well.
Never came...
Good pens. Acquired with a coupon. Thank you
Time to confirm the order expired, opened a dispute, but today finally received the handles. Delivery is unobtrusive, very long.
Super-pens. Great design. Made neatly. In the form of funny kittens. On the cover of the legs and a small tail. Milota... Write tonenko, the rod is black. Beautiful pens. I recommend.
Good handles
The handles are very beautiful. I'm delighted!
Very nice. Ordered 10.03.2019. Received 02.05.2019.
The order did not come. Thank You post Russian
Thank you, i liked the pens.
Cute pens, all different
Ordered 05.03, received 13.04. Not long gone... Handles are cool, i'm delighted! Thank you to the seller for sending, well done!!! Very cute, write very thin, in short-i recommend both the seller and the store. Order.
The seller sent the goods by coupon) black helium paste
❤Gel pens with kysami. Cool, write thinly, in the hand to hold nice.
Just beautiful. They write everything.
Very cute, the ink is thin black. all match
Handles did not come, lost, money returned
Walked a month and a half, the pens are cool, it's a pity that the ink is only black
Cute, rod long
Cool, liked
Excellent pens, write well, look great. I recommend the seller and the product.
They write well. Simpotichnye.
I did not receive the pens, the money was returned through a dispute, but i know that the pens can come as the seller is responsible.
Cute pens. The picture is slightly smeared on one. But in general beauty
Ordered 2.03 put in a box 18.04 handles very much.
I ordered 08.03, i received 16.04 in a paper yellow bag of pupyrka. Took with a coupon for 32,06 rubles. Handles all write black helium paste (rods can be changed, the handle is disassembled). Themselves are practical strong, the faces are cute. It's a shame that one pen has a marriage-the face of a cat is chipped and crooked.
Cool pens! Mimishny!!! paste black, gel, very thin. Plastic durable. The design is interesting, everything is thought out to the smallest detail.
Received after the defense. Handles are cute, without marriage. Thank you!!!
For 4 months the goods never came, the seller returned the money
The goods did not come. the money was returned
The pens are cool. Write very thinly how i love
The parcel did not come. I don't know. maybe she'll be lucky.
Many thanks to the seller for the goods, good quality handles. I advise both the seller and the goods.
It was 81 days
There were pens for a long time, but they are very cute. cost expectations. the daughter is delighted.
Recommend beautiful pens
Good helium pens! Ink color black!
Very cute pens! Write thinly
It has been 90 days since the payment. Item not received.
Nice. One the rozlał but umyje and włoze new cartridge. Super! thx recommend
Good quality
The pens are wonderful. Delivery was untraceable
Write well, like design, ordered 2 sets of shares
Excellent handles, i'll take more.
Write well
Helpful seller. Good products.
Seller molodecs)
It's okay.
Delighted with purchase. Many thanks.
Great pens! Children adore them)) paste black, gel
Good pens. They write helium black paste very thin. Took a lot of 4 pens with a coupon for 31 rubles. Really liked.
I order pens such not for the first time. I like it very much!
The order went for a long time, once had to extend the order, but the handles are cool. the child is happy.
Funny, thin handles-i'll order more!)
Very cool pens!! Milota! Black helium rod. Delivery to vrn about 1 month. Bought with coupon, the seller is honest, the goods sent
Everything is fine, thank you! :)
I bought 4 pens for 33.26 (i do not remember my coupon) the parcel went about two months. Came the parcel with the 5th handles, all write thinly, the color of the ink is black. Thank you to the seller.
Wow! Super! Excellent product of the highest quality for the best price. I am satisfied and recommend. Very fast delivery.
They write. The quality of plastic is so. On the white handle there are some brown unruly spots. Delivery 40 days to moscow.
Very cute but a pen arrived broken.
Sorry only black all
All the pens are written. The seller is very concerned, great for making children happy
Thank you well excellent seller buy advise!
Excellent handles. The seller is reliable and responsible. Thank you very much!
Quality, gel rod
Good pens, children liked. Write a ton-ton. Untwist, you can replace the rod.
Handles are very cool. I bought a set of 4 pens. The colors are gentle, pastel. They write subtly. In the hand hold well. Seals are cute, all have different mosses. Delivery of a month and a half.
I liked very much the handles, the rod is thin, gel, paste is replaced. Writing is convenient.
All as in the description. Write thin, gel, color black.
Thank you, i received the pens, good. One handle turned out to be defective, but the seller was good for money for this handle returned.
Funny pens. Gel, write gently
Come without tracking. Set of 4 pieces. Color as in the photo. Paste black, helium. Thank you
Such cute and cool pens, very thin and neat write. the design is excellent, nice to take in hands, there is the possibility of changing paste. the seller is cool!
Good, cute pens. My daughter really liked. They write well. Black ink.
Super seller-without whining all sent at a discount. 4 handles reached for 2 months.
Just lovely! With the coupon of the seller came a penny!!! And sent the whole set without deception! Daughters are happy like elephants! Thank you to the seller, i recommend the seller unequivocally!!!
Handles are cool and beautiful and write perfectly. The child is happy. Thank you!
Super!!!! write subtly, beautiful. a couple were stained with ink, but everything was lost. Came all four, really liked. I want to order more.
Very cute super pens. Everything perfectly write the rod thin as i like.
Shipping 1,5 months! These pens are the daughter's dream! Quality is excellent! Reusable-you can change the paste! I recommend to buy! Thank you very much!
Handles super, thanks to the seller
Absolutely as described, thanks!
Cute pens, children really liked
Thin, black ink, soft pressing
Pens cutie! came a month before the khabarovsk territory. i recommend! thinner than gel pens, i'm delighted!
Good handles, comfortable and thinly write, withers black
Very long delivery-more than two months, but nothing was damaged, all the pens write.
Delivery is fast, corresponds to the description. Cute pens, quality. All write, thin black gel paste
Handles are amazing, thanks to the seller
Pens super!!! They write tonenko, gel. Walked for a long time, 2 months, the track was not tracked. To buy definitely recommend. Seller 5 stars and prosperity!!!
Cool pens, children love them! Paste black gel. Ordered another set. The seller is honest, i recommend!
Cute pens. Packed in a bag with a pup. Ordered on a coupon for 32,06 rubles., 08,03 came 10,04
I really liked the pens. Beautiful design, cute seals. They write black, thin. I will definitely order more. Thank you))
The goods did not come, the money was returned on dispute.
Handles are good, they write black perfectly. But they came stuffed in something yellow. Therefore, all the impression is spoiled.
Damn, they are so cool!!! It is impossible not to fall in love with them! We need to order more blue pasta...
Excellent quality! I recommend!
Handles awesome!
Very cute, cool writing pens. Take it!
Pens write thinly, well. Handles are comfortable to hold, the coloring is beautiful, the muzzle of cats with a different expression. I recommend
Sorry and did not come
Got whole, write well, ink black
Thank you. I got everything.
Handles are good, write gently, light, gel. Bought on a coupon for 30 rubles.
Excellent helium pens with black rod. Very cute cats. Picture fully match
Handles-oooochen cool! Take!
Set pts good ordered for 34 rubles but money returned
Excellent handles. Thank you seller
Delivery to moscow more than 2 months. I took a set with a coupon for $0.47. For 4 pieces it's for free.
Cute pens, gel black paste, replaceable. They write perfectly.
All the pens are written and very sweet
Thank you very much. They are cool)
Everything came
Everything is fine. You can take it.
Delivery 2 months. Very cute kittens. The rod is thin, writes in black.
Handles correspond to the description. Shipping is very long, more than 2 months. Thank you!
Good handles, though enough of them for a short time.
Delivery to voronezh. obl. 77 days. The track was tracked only in china. bought with the seller's coupon for 32 rubles. Excellent handles. Thank you)
Sorry. but the parcel did not receive
Thank you. Very good pens. I ordered for 32r for the action. It was almost two months. The child liked.
Handles are excellent!
Good handles
Send to another address
T ovar didn't come back the money.
Very cool and cute pens) write thinly. Beautiful and bright. Recommend)
Seriously you will not regret if you buy. They're gel. Very cool write. Children immediately liked. Immediately began to write notes. I will order others from this seller
I recommend!
Corresponds to the description, delivery to moscow, a little more than a month. Put it in the mailbox. I recommend the seller!
Thank you, excellent pens!
Received goods like, corresponds to the description and photos of the seller. The seller sent the goods quickly. The parcel was not tracked, the delivery took 1 month. The handles were packed in a package with additional protection, which eliminated damage to the goods during transportation. Includes 4 cute kitty pens, with different expression of the muzzle. The print of the picture of the muzzle is made clearly. Handles are collapsible, if desired, you can replace the rod. Gel rods, thin (line thickness 0,5mm), black, write well. No foreign smell. I recommend the product. Thanks to the seller.
So cool.
Pens are lovely, i love them very much. Already ordered such for my daughter. I really liked the design. These ordered for myself. All whole, write black gel ink. I ordered with a coupon for 32 rubles. In general, super.
Pens came, write, thank you)
Very cool pens. Beautiful, write well. I'm very happy!
They are beautiful!
And did not come, but returned the money
I ordered 02.03, i received 24.04 in a paper yellow bag of pupyrka. I order these pens for the second time, as i liked my children. They write tonenko, they are black gel... paste then you can change. Recommend!!!
Excellent handles with thin black rod, mimic
They write subtly. Lovely. Walked a little more eternity
Very cute pens. Came pretty fast.
Super. Very cool. They write black. Subtly
Delivery is very long. Pens write well.
Thank you. cool pens.
Funny pens. I order not the first time
The goods did not come. Money returned
Handles came all 4 as stated. My daughter immediately took everything to herself. I thought there would be blue paste and it's all black
The order did not come, the money was returned.
Excellent quality
Thank you very much, the product corresponds to the picture and description-the ink is black, they write a ton.
Cool pens. thanks to the seller.
All write, good pens
1 set not received. And the second in another order received. I do not reduce the assessment
The goods did not come, the money on the dispute was returned
Delivery is 1.5 months. Tracking china. I made several orders, everything came. All pens perfectly write.
The parcel went to moscow a little less than 2 months. The handles are nash, all write perfectly (thin black gel), the rod can be changed. The case is true made so: cheap crooked plastic (for example, badly twisted when replacing the rod), fuzzy or sifted printing of the picture (below the photo of the cat-mutant). But i took with a good coupon, perhaps in this regard i got a mutated pussy)
Not in time
One handle from the set came dried and without a cap. The rest in good condition write subtly.
Very beautiful handles! But went oooochen long ..
Did not receive the goods
Cute pens, the rod is black! Very good quality)))
No, the cap of the pink pen, the pink does not write-the ink dried
Cute pens. Black gel ink. Not collapsible = (
Came to 2 pounds on discount.
Thank you. great product
Children like it. It came in a month.
The pens are wonderful! Thank you)
Very good!
They are very sweet. They write in black
Very cute pens, black, thin
Handles are very cute. Write thinly
The goods unfortunately did not come
Received goods like, corresponds to the description and photo, sent the goods quickly. bought with a coupon. The parcel was not tracked. The handles are packed in a package with additional protection, which eliminated damage to the goods. Handles are collapsible, later can replace the rod. Rods of black color, write well, there is no smell. I recommend the product and the seller.
Delivery month and week. Cool. black gel, write a ton. Gel is a lot.
Cute pens. You can give one as a small present. Children liked it. In general i recommend.
One pen came with marriage
Pretty pens
Good pens. Bought for forty-nine cents four pieces. Seller rating apparently this action raised. Went sooo long. At the post of russia on my bezel fundamentally lie for two months.
Handles are steep, went on average a month, not long, compared to other parcels. Came 4 pieces, colors as in the picture, all write, gel, thin. Took with a coupon, very satisfied! Thank you seller
Excellent set, i recommend.
Excellent pens. write thinly black. took under a coupon for 30 kopecks 4 pieces
Beautiful pens! Write a ton of black gel ink) we really liked it)
Very good handles. Funny faces. Gel rods, write very thinly
Excellent quality! Black gel pens. It came in 1,5 months in the urals, the track was not tracked. I will order more!
Everything is fine. Heads in cats are whole surprisingly
Everything corresponds to the description. Writes clearly, without tears, neatly. Good pens. On small gifts will go.
Did not come, money returned
Handles are cool, children liked. it's a pity that the paste is black.
Glue pens. The seller and the product recommend.
Excellent product! Very good quality relating to the price! Too long delivery in 57 days but finally we are happy to have it! Everything as described! Thank you so much I recommend the seller truly for everyone! Good luck in your business in the future!
Cute cieńkopisy. Well them spell. Are really cieniutkie, but well lie in hand. Recommend. Shipment a little more than two months. Appearance wynagradza so long waiting.
Just as ordered. Very fast shipping.
Handles chic))), i recommend the seller and the goods, straight mi mi mi
Cute pens) write well, paste changes. Came after the period of protection.
Money returned. nothing came
Excellent handles. Gel, black. 4 pieces
I fell in love with these mythical pens)) and most importantly in them you can change the paste. The seller is honest. They write good. I took for a gift but i understand that i will not give them to anyone)))
Beautiful, the rod is as thin as i love.
parcel not delivered
Handles super, black paste, can be changed
Very cute "kotoruchki"))) the seller is honest, i recommend!!
Pink pen came damaged
Ordered on march 7, and on april 13 the parcel was at the post office in ulyanovsk. Four handles. the handles are pretty, very nice coloring, the paste can be replaced. packed perfectly, nothing damaged. the parcel was not tracked. very satisfied with the purchase and seller.
Very cute pens, the child is delighted. Thank you.
The pens are cool, but one of them did not write
Super, Super daughter happy thank you very much and best regards warmly
Good! With coupon 33 rubles!
Pens cool
The seller did not send anything! In dispute, i returned only 30% of the cost! The seller is stealing money!
Same as the picture. Black helium, comfortable
Such cool pens
Super thank you very much seller
Excellent quality! I recommend!
The product arrived in perfect condition, before time and well wrapped, thank you.
Handles are cool, all 4 are different. The picture is erased if the rub is strong. Write gently.
Excellent gel pens. Write well and the design of the case is interesting. Only when you open the handle, you want a cap on the top of the handle to put on, and there is no such possibility. I'm afraid they can get lost!
The product corresponds to the description. Came to tashkent in 41 days. Quality is good.
Pens are beautiful, ink is thin. Comfortable in the hand. Class
Good pens.
Handles are excellent, in the hand to hold comfortably, a set of 4 cost me 32 rubles with a coupon.
One handle came without a cap and the rod poured into the handle.
Cute pens.
Very thin capillary black rods. Children really liked.
Good original multi-colored pens, paste thin black helium.
Thank you
Good handles, fine tip.
Handles are excellent, children stole immediately, there is no photo) the rod is black, they write smoothly and thinly
Everything's fine. Handles are cute.
They are cute) i recommend.
Delivery month and nine days. Handles are beautiful, as in the picture. All black, gel. The plastic is strong. They do. I recommend
I bought it with a coupon. the seller and i recommend the product. it's a pity that i ordered a little. i will order more
Good handles, black
Cool pens. The rod is very thin.
Thank you!
Thank you very much seller!!! very good!!!
they are really nice but blue ones has 2 different tones of blue it is not perfect but still works. Thank you..
Pens as from the picture, all very well write
Handles are excellent. Delivery 21 days. The daughter is very happy.
They are incredibly cute!!! Just babysitters. Excellent handles. Black gel is very thin ink.
Handles i order not for the first time, black gel, very satisfied
They write well.
Handles funny, write well
Come whole, write black.
Excellent handles, came all four
Lovely pens, really liked
Cool! Absolutely satisfied with these handles. Pretty, write properly. Delivery is not long. Seller thanks)
Will go
Cool pens! Black rod, you can change, though the muzzles are kosovo, but here you will not do anything!)
Cool pens, thanks to the seller huge!
Pens are cool, creative;) gel pens, black rod, write thinly. Thank you very much to the seller for such a product. Recommend store and product!
Cool pens. Fast shipping
Shipping about two months. track is not tracked. The packaging is excellent, everything is intact. Quality is excellent, recommend and seller!
Very long shipping. Good pens, write a subtle black color
30 rubles/4 pcs. black color. Great.
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text:
Reese's New Christmas "Mystery Shapes" Are Impossible to Figure Out
These shapes are truly a mystery...
Reese's just revealed its Christmas candies this year, and they're "Mystery Shapes."
They have three shapes, and one of them is clearly supposed to look like a stocking, but the others are just lumpy, indecipherable chocolate blobs.
I think one may be a snowman.
Any guesses on what they are?


text:
Windows Xp7 for nokia 6303i classic, with the icons of windows 7 combined number of windows XP graphic display, then this theme I named Xp7. good luck.
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text:
From: Czech Republic
Individual account
Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom
10/06/2018 - 20/09/2018
Hi everybody!
My name is Nela and I'm 22 years old. I live in the Czech Republic, quite a small country which is situated in the Middle Europe with the capital Prague.
I study at University of Southern Bohemi and I study there English language and literature and French language and literature. I am really passionate about languages in general and I love discovering and getting to know new cultures which are so closely connected to languages which are spoken by this cultures. Because without knowing the culture of the nation, it's harder to understand their language and fully enjoy its beauty.
I also love travelling. That is one of my greatest hobbies. After overcoming feeling of fear of the unknown during my first travels I soon fell in love with exploring new places and it became my great passion.
I am an outdoor person and I enjoy doing a lot of sports. I love horse riding, dancing, jogging, in-line skating or just going for a walk. I really love animals, especially dogs and horses. My lifelong dream is to buy a husky in the future. It has been about five years since I fell in love with this amazing animal and its strong and funny personality. You are never really bored with them.
I also love food and especially tasting new things and generally experience something new, something I've never done (or eaten) before.
I am energic, easy-going and open-minded person. I'm friendly and used to being with children and animals. I used to regularly work on a summer camps where I took care of children. I'm sportive, friendly and responsible. I'm not lazy person and I'm used to working.
I am a nature-lover and during my travels I had a chance to encounter many amazing people with a great attitude towards nature surrounding us and I had the opportunity to look and learn from them. I changed during those travels and I will definitely change during the ones to come because seeing the world opens our minds and makes us better and more considerate poeple than we were before we started our journey.
Unfortunately I don't have a driving license but I hope it won't be a big problem. I'm non-smoker.
I'm looking forward to meeting new people, make new friends, see new places and have fun :)
Babysitting / child care
General Maintenance
Help in the house
Animal care
Language practice
I love working with animals and I have some experience with it too. I used to spend a few summers on a horse camp in Krkonoše mountains.
I am used to working with children too. I worked as a camp leader during the summers.
I can speak French and English (and of course Czech) so I would be able to teach languages as well.
Czech, English, French
Driver's licence
Special dietary requirements


text:
February 2017
Signalment (JPC 140798): 11-year-old Jack Russell terrier.
HISTORY: This dog had a 3-week history of severe behavioral changes. CSF analysis showed elevated WBC count. There were no gross lesions.
HISTOPATHOLOGIC DESCRIPTION: Cerebrum with lateral ventricle: Multifocally expanding the meninges and Virchow-Robin space, primarily within the white and, to a lesser extent, grey matter are numerous perivascular cuffs composed of many macrophages (occasionally epithelioid), lymphocytes, and fewer plasma cells which form concentric layers around vessels. There are few mitotic figures and individualized necrotic cells within this population. Inflammatory cells infiltrate the adjacent spongiotic neuropil, and are admixed with increased numbers of reactive astrocytes with large vesiculate nuclei and fewer microglial cells with rod-shaped nuclei (microgliosis). Diffusely, endothelial cells are hypertrophied (reactive) and vessel walls are often transmigrated by previously described inflammatory cells.
MORPHOLOGIC DIAGNOSIS: Cerebrum: Meningoencephalitis, perivascular and coalescing, lymphohistiocytic, multifocal, moderate, with spongiosis, Jack Russell terrier, canine.
CONDITION: Granulomatous meningoencephalitis / meningoencephalomyelitis (GME)
SYNONYMS: Inflammatory reticulosis, granulomatous reticulosis
· Granulomatous meningoencephalitis (GME) is a relatively common, progressive, invariably fatal, neurologic disease of unknown origin that produces multifocal, often coalescing perivascular cuffs of mononuclear cells or of granulomatous inflammation, predominantly within the white matter
· Historically referred to as inflammatory or granulomatous reticulosis a subtype of reticulosis
· Proliferation of differing concentrations of blood-derived macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells occasionally admixed with neutrophils and/or multinucleated giant cells
· Occurs most commonly small toy breed dogs (poodles, terrier breeds), 1-6 years of with a higher prevalence in females
· GME is further classified into three morphologic forms:
o Focal GME: Single space-occupying mass composed of multiple coalescing perivascular cuffs found most commonly in the brainstem
o Disseminated GME: Multifocal CNS lesions predominantly within the cerebrum, caudal brainstem, cerebellum and cervical spinal cord
o Ocular GME: Optic neuritis with visual impairment with lesions primarily within the retina or post retinal portion of the optic nerve
· Unknown
· Inflammatory lesions consist primarily of CD3+ T lymphocytes and activated macrophages with MHC II expression suggesting T-cell-mediated delayed-type hypersensitivity with organ specific autoimmune disease
· Histomorphological similarities to viral encephalitis (rabies, distemper), but no conclusive link to these or other viral diseases has been proven
· Signs vary with location and severity of lesion
· Mature dog with progressive neurologic dysfunction often suggestive of a multifocal lesion
· CSF evaluation often reveals marked elevated protein (mostly globulin) and marked leukocytosis, predominantly lymphocytes and plasma cells
· CBC, CHEM and UA are usually WNL since the disease is not usually multisystemic
· Ocular signs if optic neuritis, including blindness and abnormal pupillary light reflexes
· Variable, often no gross lesions
· If lesions coalesce there may be a grossly evident, gray-white mass, that is granular to gelatinous, with irregular, well defined margins
· Lesions predominate in the white matter of the cerebellomedullary region
Optic nerves may be enlarged
· Patchy in distribution, ranging from very few foci to dissemination
· Mixed perivascular/meningeal accumulations selectively in white matter of well differentiated lymphocytes, macrophages and plasma cells, +/- epitheloid macrophages, +/- giant cells, +/- low numbers of neutrophils
· Perivascular aggregates expand in concentric pattern and displace surrounding parenchyma
· Whorled perivascular pattern; may evolve into granulomas that mimic space occupying masses and compresses adjacent parenchyma
· Prominence of reticulin fibers
· Astrogliosis predominately in the white matter
· Nonsuppurative inflammatory infiltrates and granuloma formation within the optic nerve, retina or choroid
· CSF analysis: Protein level and cellular composition
· Immunohistochemistry: CD3, 43, 45R (T-cells); IgG, IgM (B cells); lysozyme and DH82 (macrophages)
· CD163-positive macrophages/microglia accumulation
· Expression of IFN-γ and IL-17 from T-cells and macrophages are marked in NME and GME
Clinical, gross and microscopic:
· Canine distemper encephalitis: Mononuclear perivascular cuffing; predilection for white matter; viral antigen in tissue with IHC
Fungal or protozoal encephalitis: Perivascular and parenchymal changes; identification of organisms in tissue
Microscopic (GME diagnosis is supported by the exclusion of neoplastic, infectious and inflammatory diseases):
· Lymphoma: Previously classified as neoplastic reticulosis
o A monomorphic population of cells that generally do not infiltrate the surrounding white matter parenchyma
· Central malignant histiocytosis: Previously classified as neoplastic reticulosis
o Lesions are focal to multifocal and most often in the cerebrum
o Similar to GME with whirling of neoplastic cell around blood vessels; however, meninges are diffusely involved and neoplastic nodules may form in the parenchyma, away from blood vessels
o Typically less differentiated with high mitosis and variable numbers of lymphocytes and macrophages that may mimic an inflammatory lesion
· Necrotizing meningoencephalitis of Pug and other small breeds
o "Pug dog encephalitis" also commonly reported in Maltese, Pekingese, Shih Tzu and Chihuahua
o Predominately within the cerebral cortex gray matter often bilateral but asymmetric
o Similar inflammatory component to GME but more extensive necrosis with fewer histiocytes
· Necrotizing leukoencephalitis of Yorkshire terriers
o Similar histopathologic lesions but more necrotic and affects brainstem and cerebrum
· GME–like lesions that are unrelated to infectious agents are rare in other animal species but have been described occasionally in horses, rats and cats
- Adamo PF, Adams, WM, Steinberg, H. Granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis in dogs. Compend Contin Educ Vet. 2007;29(11):678-690.
2. Cantile C, Youssef S. Nervous system. In: Maxie MG, ed. Jubb, Kennedy and Palmer's Pathology of Domestic Animals. Vol 1. 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Ltd; 2016:393-394
- Kipar A, Baumgartner W. Immunohistochemical characterization of inflammatory cells in brains of dogs with granulomatous meningoencephalitis. Vet Pathol. 1998;35:43-52.
- Klang A, Leschnik M, Schmidt P, Pakozdy A.Bilateral hippocampal malformation and concurrent granulomatous meningoencephalitis in a dog with refractory epilepsy. J Comp Pathol. 2013 Dec 6. [Epub ahead of print]
- Koestner A, Bilzer T, Fatzer R, Schulman FY, Summers BA, Van Winkle TJ. Histological Classification of Tumors of the Nervous System of Domestic Animals. Vol V. 2nd series, Washington, DC: Armed Forces Institute of Pathology; 1999;31.
- Munana KR, Luttgen PJ. Prognostic factors for dogs with granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis: 42 cases (1982-1996). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1998;212:1902-1906.Park ES, Uchida K, Nakayama H. Comprehensive immunohistochemical studies on canine necrotizing meningoencephalitis (NME), necrotizing leukoencephalitis (NLE), and granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis (GME). Vet Pathol. 2012;49(4):682-692
- Park ES, Uchida K, Nakayama H. Th1-, Th2-, and Th17-related cytokine and chemokine receptor mRNA and protein expression in the brain tissues, T-cells, and macrophages of dogs with necrotizing and granulomatous meningoencephalitis. Vet Pathol, 2013;50(6):1127-1134.
- Summers BA, Cummings JF, de Lahunta A. Inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system. In: Veterinary Neuropathology. St. Louis, MO: Mosby Year Book; 1995:110-113.
- Suzuki M, Uchida K, Morozumi M, et al. A comparative pathological study on canine necrotizing meningoencephalitis and granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis. J Vet Med Sci. 2003;65(11):1233-1239.
- Suzuki M, Uchida K, Morozumi M, et al. A comparative pathological study on granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis and central malignant histiocytosis in dogs. J Vet Med Sci. 2003;65(12):1319-1324.
- Zachary JF. Nervous system. In: Zachary JF, ed. Pathologic Basis of Veterinary Disease. 6th ed. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier; 2016:894.