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Back to Journals » Journal of Healthcare Leadership » Volume 9
Lay health advisers: scoping the role and intervention landscape
Authors Carr SM, Lhussier M, Forster N
Received 10 February 2017
Accepted for publication 12 May 2017
Published 28 July 2017 Volume 2017:9 Pages 59—67
DOI https://doi.org/10.2147/JHL.S134464
Checked for plagiarism Yes
Review by Single-blind
Peer reviewer comments 2
Editor who approved publication: Professor Russell Taichman
Susan M Carr,1–3 Monique Lhussier,1,3 Natalie Forster1,3
1Public Health Research, Department of Social Work, Education, and Community Wellbeing, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; 2Department of Education and Training, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, VIC, Australia; 3Fuse, Centre for Translational Research in Public Health, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
Abstract: The use of lay health advisers has become an established approach within public health, in particular for impact on health inequalities and engaging socially excluded groups. Evidence on how differences in terms of the multiple role dimensions impact the outcomes of programs is limited. This creates ambiguity for decision makers on which roles should be implemented in different contexts for different needs. This paper applies realist logic to an inquiry to explore the mechanisms that may operate in lay-led intervention models and understand how, why, and in what respect these lead to particular outcomes. It draws on a project focusing on health-related lifestyle advisers and further insights gained from a subsequent related project about outreach with traveler communities. Analysis highlights multiple and potentially interacting aspects of lay health-adviser roles that may influence their success, including characteristics of lay health advisers, characteristics of target populations, purpose or intent of interventions, and how advice is given. A model is proposed from which to examine the contexts and mechanisms of lay health advisers that may impact outcomes, and is subsequently applied to two examples of reported lay health-adviser interventions. The combination of skills and characteristics of lay health advisers must be considered when planning which interventions might be appropriate when targeting specific needs or target populations. Focus only on the peer/layperson distinction may overlook other potentially important skills and mechanisms of action integral to lay health-adviser roles.
Keywords: realist logic, lay health advisers, inequalities, hard-to-reach populations, service design
Lay health advisers (LHAs) are seen as an intervention with significant potential to challenge stubborn health inequalities in the health- and community-service sectors.1–5 The value of such roles is assumed to lie in the qualitatively different relationships through which any intervention is delivered. Evaluations have provided evidence of impact,6,7 although pathways to impact require further articulation.8 This leaves leaders and managers with inadequate information on which to make decisions about the potential of LHAs in addressing health and social needs. The specific contribution of this paper is to draw on realist principles to interrogate such roles to explain more about how and why they might lead to favorable outcomes. We map out a range of features, such as employment status, focus of intervention, and LHA specification, and highlight potential consequences of selecting different configurations. We anticipate that such detail will benefit the development and evaluation of interventions to match roles better to specific needs and targeted outcomes, thereby maximizing attempts to reduce inequalities.
We draw principally on a project focusing on health-related lifestyle advisers and further insights gained from a subsequent related project about outreach with traveler communities.9,10 We are adopting an inclusive approach to role titles, reflecting the multiple roles and models emerging in practice operating in diverse populations and settings. Overarching criteria for inclusion are public health-focused activities delivered by a layperson or peer to a population who are considered hard to reach through standard service provision.
Acknowledgment that current service provision does not address all health needs has led to increasing attention on layperson-led approaches. This is also fueled by workforce issues, levels of service demand,11,12 and persisting health inequalities.11–13 One of the most dominant debates to date relates to exposing what distinguishes these types of roles from other, professionally led approaches.5 There is not a single accepted definition, but it is possible to identify three commonly accepted purposes of the role: access to communities or individuals, access of marginalized communities into health and social care systems, and alternative delivery mechanisms to professional providers.9 A core quality would thus seem to be ownership of some type of indigenous knowledge that could relate to behavior, community, or culture.14
Moving on from trying to define and distinguish the LHA role per se, there is also a need to put the microscope on differences and distinguishing characteristics among LHA roles. Treating these roles as having a single distinguishing denominator, the lay or peer characteristic, may be inadequate, and multifactorial descriptors may be more useful. It is well accepted that the design, delivery, and evaluation of public health interventions are complex, in that they are implemented in dynamic and shifting contexts and are often locally determined in order to respond to the needs of particular populations.15 Decision makers are often ". . . obliged to take action to tackle health inequalities, but with a totally inadequate evidence base to inform their decision making — leading them to invest in both evaluated and unevaluated interventions".16 In addition, the urgency to act to address health inequalities has often resulted in insufficient attention to the design and introduction of policies. Realist approaches, which offer information on four key questions – By whom is health advice given? To whom is health advice given? For what purpose is health advice given? How is health advice given? – assist decision makers to apply more "bespoke" strategies and funding and are thus welcomed in the fight to address inequalities effectively.
Materials and methods
The application of realist logic highlights the processes of layperson-led intervention models in order to understand how, why, and in what respect these lead to particular outcomes.17 This includes an explicit acknowledgment of the impact of the political, organizational, historical, social, and economic contexts within which interventions are developed and so to increase the potential to respond to local health-inequality challenges with greater levels of specificity.18
Layperson health advice has so far been conceptualized as various combinations of process resources, such as communication aids and training. Our analysis considers which of these resources are relevant and necessary to produce desired outcomes, how they interact with each other, and how they might be optimally implemented. Such considerations reveal information about context, mechanisms, and desired outcomes. Interaction developed between LHAs and their target group are at the core of the intervention. The interpersonal relationships that are created are assumed to be fundamental to achieving success, and thus feature highly in our considerations.
The detail of the scope and inclusion criteria of the primary data on which we have drawn is detailed in reports.9,10 In summary, a search of electronic databases was made (ASSIA [Applied Social Sciences Index and Abstracts], Embase, NHS EED, Medline, and PsycInfo), as well as searching journals and reference lists. Identified studies were scanned by two reviewers, their quality assessed, and then selected for inclusion in the reviews. Data were abstracted from each study, guided by an agreed protocol.
Drawing on realist methodology,17 we further developed our synthesis activity from these studies by posing four questions of the data:
- By whom is health advice given?
- To whom is health advice given?
- For what purpose is health advice given?
- How is health advice given?
The findings are summarized under these headings and tabulated to highlight the potential consequences for LHA interventions, highlighting some of the implicit tensions and conflicts. We were thus able to expose the continuum of role models and then to proffer and challenge some suggestions of mechanisms of action. From these questions, a model is proposed in the discussion and illustrated by two examples found in the literature.
By whom?
In Table 1, we identify two key facets of the LHA role: pragmatic employment features and person-specific features. In terms of pragmatics, we include level of qualification, time commitment, and remuneration issues. With respect to person specifics, we distinguish by "layness", shared experiences, or a shared community. We explore the consequences of these different dimensions for the roles, and highlight where ambiguity may exist and where further clarity may bring benefit.
Table 1 By whom: characteristics of LHAs
Abbreviation: LHAs, lay health advisers.
To whom?
Two key distinguishing features with respect to whom the LHA delivers a service may be made. That is whether the approach is population-wide or targeted at a specific group or community. When the LHA is providing a universal service across a population, the degree of homogeneity will influence how many of the characteristics detailed in Table 1 may be active. A review of the literature has allowed us to identify seven dimensions of targeting:
- people with shared belief, cultural background, ethnicity
- people living in a restricted geographical area
- people with a shared illness experience or disability
- people at a similar stage in life
- people engaging in risky behaviors
- people seeking to engage with services
- people living in specific/complex circumstances, eg, homeless people, prisoners, those living in refuges
It may be, of course, that an individual LHA may actually be drawing on multiple-dimension combinations and that this is often considered to be the "ideal" in terms of having the maximum level of "peerness". The complexity of attempting to identify the active mechanism in the LHA role is thus further exposed.
While the literature clearly describes distinct population groups, we would suggest that distinguishing categories of target groups is somewhat a red herring, in that the mechanism that is most likely to lead to the successful delivery of a message is likely to be influenced by the interplay between the individual LHA and the targeted group, rather than in their separate characteristics. This interplay needs to be mapped out in light of the overall purpose of the intervention.
Purpose or intent of LHA interventions
We suggest that purpose and intent may be discussed at two levels (Table 2). One level is the stated purpose, eg, to increase screening uptake or deliver specific lifestyle advice. A second superimposed aim or level is the purpose of the LHA as a specific intervention strategy or approach, eg, to access a hard-to-reach population, to provide expert patient input, or to increase social capital.
Table 2 Purpose and intent of LHA interventions
Abbreviation: LHA, lay health adviser.
How is advice given?
In order to attempt to expose the "how" of layperson health advice, we distinguished by focus (individual, interpersonal, and community levels of action) and process (information giving, nurturing, or supporting) (Table 3).
Table 3 Focus and process of LHA interventions
Abbreviation: LHA, lay health adviser.
A wide diversity of LHA roles exist, fashioned on single- or multiple-intervention models and theoretical frameworks. We have mapped the complexity and highlighted some of the implicit tensions and conflicts. Our findings suggest that a unilateral focus on the peer/layperson distinction may actually cloak some potentially important skills and mechanisms of action integral to LHA roles. This leads us to suggest that a useful development in the field of layperson-led interventions is to consider the combinations of skills and characteristics that make up LHA roles. This would provide a much better evaluation landscape by moving away from a very generic mind-set about LHAs, which can encourage neglect of some of the often-hidden multiple-role dimensions. It would assist in developing thinking about how the multiple elements of LHA roles may be packaged to respond most effectively to specific needs.
The theoretical underpinnings of LHAs may be categorized into three themes: individual behavior change, social learning or influence, and communication or learning approaches. Crucially, most of the studies included in the health-related lifestyle-adviser role review had a theoretical underpinning that exploited links and influences.9 The importance of such theories not only presents us with common-sense appeal but has also been confirmed in a review of outreach interventions in traveler communities.10
The four questions we posed can be mapped onto the context + mechanism = outcomes algorithm used in realist approaches.17 This algorithm is an "heuristic used to generate causative explanations pertaining to outcomes in the observed data."19 Interventions are theorized to work through altering the context in which they are implemented to generate underpinning mechanisms that lead to observable outcomes. Following this approach, "to whom" can inform understanding of the contexts within which interventions occur. "How" and "by whom" can help catalogue the resources deployed in LHA interventions, and a "what for" question can help expose intended outcomes. From there, a realist logic of analysis can be applied, which links these constructs in explanatory statements.
Therefore, we propose that applying realist analysis logic offers a useful approach to managing the breadth of data required to commission, develop, or evaluate LHA roles. This is not offered as a clean-cut formula to identify the most appropriate LHA role to meet a particular need. Rather, it should be emphasized that it requires prioritization decision making and trade-offs between intervention dimensions. It does, however, move some way to ensuring that all the potential mechanisms of action are recognized and so have potential opportunity for effectiveness.
The application of this logic is demonstrated by working through two exemplars of LHA interventions reported in the literature. This paper does not seek to scrutinize all possible permutations of the characteristics of LHA interventions and patterns suggesting favorable combinations of the different components. Rather, the exemplars are illustrative of how the framework may be applied, in order to consider more explicitly the necessary components when building and evaluating LHA interventions. Examples of reported interventions are drawn from the studies included in previous analyses, and were selected due to their contrasting positions along the continuums of intervention-delivery mode (low formality vs high formality), degree of targeting (one to one vs general population), and differences in the type of layperson/peer worker utilized (shared risk behaviors vs shared sex and ethnicity).20,21 Both focus on HIV prevention, one through safer practices in injecting drug users in the US, and the other through safer sexual behavior in a group of Roma men in Bulgaria. The geographical, cultural, and ethnic contexts are thus widely different, but both studies explicitly build on the strengths of social networks, enabling a detailed analysis of the explanatory potential of such a promising mechanism of action.
Exemplar 1: Evaluation of a volunteer AIDS outreach intervention – aids and behavior
This study was a qualitative evaluation of a network-oriented outreach program for HIV prevention delivered by African-American drug users in Baltimore, US, trained to promote HIV prevention in their neighborhoods.20 It reflects social and contextual factors influencing outreach encounters in this setting, in particular between older drug-using LHAs and adolescents.
By whom
LHA workers underwent intensive training consisting of ten sessions, each lasting 90 minutes, on sexual- and drug-risk reduction and a social identity component. Remuneration was provided for participation in the training, interviews, and for the time spent with ethnographers during partnered visits. LHAs delivered interventions opportunistically, and were not employed. LHAs were part of the networks within which they were promoting HIV prevention, and the majority had personal experience of using illegal drugs.
To whom
The target population shared cultural backgrounds and engagement in risky behaviors, and had similar socioeconomic status. However, these descriptors mask financial, sex, and age divisions within the community, which impacted how well LHAs were able to deliver messages and how well they were received.
For what purpose
The purpose of the intervention was to promote hygienic needle use among injection-drug users, in order to prevent HIV.
LHAs delivered interventions to individuals or small groups on an opportunistic and informal basis, in places and times appropriate to the outreach worker. The intervention focused on the provision of targeted information on HIV prevention and kits of preventive equipment. However, drawing on theories of social influence, social identity, and social diffusion, the study sought to capitalize on the sense of community identity among African-American drug users and increase participants' sense that they could positively influence the health and well-being of their family and social networks. A summary of the context–mechanism–outcome logic as applied to Dickson-Gómez et al is presented in Figure 1.20
Figure 1 Context–mechanism–outcome (C-M-O) logic model applied to Dickson-Gómez et al.20
Abbreviation: LHA, lay health adviser.
LHAs were selected on the basis that they were peers with both a shared community and risky behavior experience. However, while LHAs reported successful outreach encounters with those who were in a similar age-group, they found it more difficult to relate to adolescents. Older male injection-drug users were stigmatized as a result of their relative position of greater impoverishment, in contrast with non-drug-using adolescents who were trading drugs and had greater financial status. As a result, these older drug users lacked credibility, as their drug use was perceived as a sign of failure, and attempts to offer outreach were seen as challenging the hard-earned street-level respect of younger community members. Outreach workers who were mature women and who adopted the role of a surrogate mother were more accepted by adolescents. This highlights the fact that an assumption of cultural homogeneity based on ethnicity, geography, or engagement in risky behavior only is insufficient to lead to successful outcomes.
Prior understanding of the types of social bonds linking people within a target group is key in identifying promising levers for change through social influence. Indeed, older male current or former drug users proved successful conduits for message delivery in people from their own age-group, but not adolescents, who for the main part were not using, but rather selling drugs. Older women had some success with adolescents, because they were perceived as caring mother figures. Concomitant with sex and age, communication styles were an important factor, as directive and moralistic approaches alienated adolescents, but a more caring perspective was respected and listened to.
Exemplar 2: Prevention of HIV and sexually transmitted diseases in high-risk social networks of young Roma (Gypsy) men in Bulgaria – randomized controlled trial
This research was conducted in one of the largest Roma populations in Bulgaria.22 It included an initial ethnographic phase, designed to map out significant networks within the traveler community.
By whom
Observations were undertaken by people with whom the population were very familiar, so that social circles and the person at their social and affective core could be identified. The term "index" was applied to these people, and they were then the means of accessing and recruiting social networks. The research team was provided with a network list by each index. Using such criteria as trust and spending time together, researchers were then required to identify their least and most preferred individuals. Network leaders were then distinguished using a sociometric analysis. These leaders then received education and guidance on approaches to counseling and advising other members of the network on reducing HIV-risk behavior. Social networks included between three and nine men. Two-hour training sessions were initially provided for a period of 5 weeks and then reduced to every 2 weeks and then every 2 months. Indices were incentivized for taking part, but received no other formal payment.
To whom
The Roma community are both marginalized and disadvantaged, and are the largest ethnic-minority population in Eastern Europe. They also experience significant deprivation living in settlements that are separate from the majority community.5 These people have a life expectancy 10–15 years shorter than the neighboring population. Vulnerability to HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases is an issue of increasing concern. This health need is unlikely to have been identified by the Roma population, given the taboo nature of their attitudes to sexual behaviour.23,24
For what purpose
The population are encouraged and facilitated to change their behavior through group leaders exploiting opportunities to exert social influence. A central tenet of this approach is the notion that Roma populations held significant distrust of outsiders: ". . . advice and recommendations coming from personally known network members . . . carry credibility and influence." Adjustments in social norms were identified as the reasons for the greater robustness of outcomes reported at 12 months when compared with those at 3 months. Behavior changes related by the social network were supported by a reduction in the incidence of gonorrhea. Control-group comparisons showed a significantly greater reduction in the prevalence of reported unprotected intercourse (P=0.01) and significantly increased knowledge of the risk of AIDS, positive attitudes to condoms, and strength of intentions to reduce risk behavior in the intervention group The group experiencing the highest levels of effectiveness were reportedly those at highest risk through casual partner relationships.
The intervention relied heavily on strong social ties and high levels of trust. However, the community was afforded the option of sharpening or determining the focus of the intervention. This might have provided an opportunity to ensure that the provision fitted well with perceived need. Leaders had an average of 6.8 opportunistic conversations with any given network members (corroborated by the members themselves). The leader was known and trusted by the group. Factors that may have made the intervention have relevance for them could have been their higher levels of risky behavior activity and pressure to conform to the evolving social norm. The chain of action responsible for the effectiveness of the intervention is conceivably group-level social influences facilitating engagement from individual risk takers and reported behavior changes. A summary of the context–mechanism–outcome logic as applied to Kelly et al22 is presented in Figure 2.
Figure 2 Context–mechanism–outcome (C-M-O) logic model applied to Kelly et al.22
Abbreviation: LHA, lay health adviser.
The provider and recipient populations for layperson health advice are complex. Realist logic analysis has highlighted the need to move away from largely unidimensional descriptors of either LHAs or their target groups to understand the premise of their relationship and how levers of change may be activated. Such degrees of specificity with respect to role and need allow the intent to be more clearly articulated, and consequently the underlying mechanism of actions that are likely to lead to effective intervention to be understood. Crucially, the dynamic nature of the relationship should be recognized, so that characteristics can be selected to provide tailored responses to a range of stubborn inequalities.
The model presented in this paper acknowledges the continuing challenge of defining a community from the outside, and thus highlights the necessity of considering both relationships with the target group and commonality of experiences. Affiliation with a host organization, employment, or remuneration all impact on the intervention and the extent to which a true alternative to standard-service approaches is facilitated.
Studies drawn on were funded by the NIHR Health Public Health Research Programme (project 10/3004/02) and NIHR Health Technology Assessment Programme (project 07/26/03). The views and opinions expressed therein are those of the authors, and do not necessarily reflect those of the Department of Health. Funding from the British Heart Foundation, Cancer Research UK, Economic and Social Research Council, Medical Research Council, and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) under the auspices of UKCRC is gratefully acknowledged.
At the time of conducting the studies, ML and NF were funded in part as members of Fuse (Centre for Translational Research in Public Health), a UK Clinical Research Collaboration (UKCRC) Public Health Research Centre of Excellence. The authors report no other conflicts of interest in this work.
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2018 Skoda Vision RS
A sporty path to the future for Skodaby Safet Satara, on
Unveiled at the Paris Motor Show, the Skoda Vision RS shows the path the Czech manufacturer is likely to take for the next generation of its cars. This is a hatchback, sized like a Volkswagen Golf, but sharpened up to the level of a hot-hatch. The Vision RS, a concept car, rolled under the Paris Motor Show lights with a 1.5-liter turbocharged gas engine producing 148 horsepower but assisted with an additional electric motor good for 100 horsepower. As a hybrid, the Vision RS demonstrates Volkswagen's uncanny ability to craft modern compact cars and transform them into hot hatchbacks - a type of a car the company is definitely versed in (just remember the Golf GTI, the Leon Cupra, the Audi S3, and the Octavia, among others).
2018 Skoda Vision RS
Horsepower @ RPM:241 (Est.)
Displacement:1.5 L
0-60 time:7.1 sec. (Est.)
Top Speed:130 mph (Est.)
car segment:
car fuel:
body style:
Although it's about the same size as a Golf, the Vision RS actually doesn't share Volkswagen's iconic MQB platform.
Instead, the car will likely ride on the MQB A0 platform. Shared with other Volkswagen city cars, the platform does allow for the use of a quite impressive tech. Just take a look at the new Audi A1. It is a masterpiece based around the same platform. Considering the upscale character of the Vision RS, which will probably transform into a Rapid, I believe Skoda will surprise us with plenty of high-end tech.
As far as the concept car goes, Skoda drizzled it with performance touches usually associated with performance compact cars. Not just by chance, mind you. The Vision RS represents a bold future plan that showcases what every new Skoda of the future will look like and what kind of a character they will have.
I am quite confident that the massive and dominating grille at the front will become one of Skoda's trademark design cues.
Designed for the Rapid, the grille fits the Octavia and the brand's SUVs as well. We only have to wait for the implementation. Yet, I find the front lights most intriguing. Yes, they are LED units, but that is not why I find them cool.
Their shape is far more defined and more conventional than on any Skoda to date. The brand has tried to "reinvent the wheel" with their lights a few times before. Now, the company is opting for a classic aggressive style to smartly complement the front with large intakes in the bumpers and pronounced creases on the bonnet. I must say, it looks good. The only thing I am really worried about is the width of a car. As it is based on the MQB A0 platform, it will inherit a lot of the structure of small cars. Even the Rapid isn't wide enough to be considered a proper hatchback.
It seems, however, that Skoda found a solution and made the Vision RS wider. And I don't mean only in the hips, but overall.
The Skoda Vision RS' dimensions are as follows: "4,356 millimeters long and 1,810 millimeters wide, with a height of just 1,431 millimeters and a wheelbase of 2,650 millimeters."
This is wider than the Golf, and I like that a lot.
After all, the Rapid is a car for developing markets - cheap, long, and narrow. If Skoda wants to do something cool with the Vision RS, it simply cannot be associated with these three words. At all.
The back of the car actually looks striking, modern, and quite sophisticated. With black surfaces, a nice 3D effect on the rear lights, large spoiler, and a prominent diffuser, the Vision RS feels quite composed and exciting. Add to this massive wheels, side skirts, and a massive beltline, and the Vision RS easily elevates the Skoda paradigm to a whole new level.
As this is a concept car, Skoda actually did not grant us a look at the inside. Nevertheless, sketches that were revealed to showcase some cool touches.
An obviously sporty, dynamic character dominates the cabin that is garnished with screens. Not unlike modern Audis, the Skoda Vision RS features a massive central display. Underneath and basically located at the start of the central tunnel under the dash, one can find another display. This one, I presume, is used for climate control and that sort of a thing. Then, there's one behind the steering wheel - a three-spoke, sporty unit with paddles, and a flat bottom. I quite like it, actually. If I am correct, this conceptual interior actually features four seats (two in the front and two in the back), with the central tunnel spanning through the whole car. It would be quite a cool layout for sure, but no one can actually expect it to appear in the production car. It is far from convenient. Yet, some of the design cues introduced here will most certainly appear on the production version of the new Rapid.
The seemingly bottomless Volkswagen Group parts bin gave birth to a rather curious propulsion setup for the new Skoda Vision RS.
The car uses a 1.5-liter, TSI engine good for 148 horsepower. It is a common engine used for many modern Volkswagen cars. What is not common is the additional 100 horsepower from an electric motor. We have heard about this 243 horsepower hybrid system before as Skoda actually developed it for the new Superb hybrid. However, I find it far cooler in this Vision RS.
As a plug-in hybrid, the batteries can actually be topped up at home. If you recharge them and set on driving only using electric power, you will be able to cover 40 miles. Not exactly plentiful, but definitely better than nothing. After that, the ICE can kick in. If you, however, don't find EV driving that alluring, go for the full boost right from the start. This spirited Skoda hot-hatch will surge to 62 mph in 7.1 seconds. Not bad at all.
Crafted in an effort to start a sort of a revolution and send the whole Skoda brand upmarket, the Vision RS touches all the points the Europeans are eager to explore.
It is basically a nice-looking hot-hatch with a hybrid propulsion system that will not be as expensive as the Golf GTI or even the Seat Leon Cupra hot-hatch. Unveiled at the Paris Motor Show, the car also showcases the next generation of the Skoda compact hatchback called the Rapid. I am not sure if it will retain that name, but it all points that the Vision RS will actually morph into a Rapid successor. Now upscaled and filled with new tech.
Further Reading
Read our full speculative review on the 2019 Skoda Kodiaq RS.
The compact study, the ŠKODA VISION RS, demonstrates how ŠKODA envisages its sporty RS models in future. Entirely in keeping with ŠKODA's 117-year motorsport history, these RS models will be even more emotive and sporty, but also more sustainable thanks to the use of vegan materials and electrified drive systems. What's more: the ŠKODA VISION RS also offers a look ahead at a future ŠKODA model in the popular compact car segment.
The initials, which were used for the first time for the 180 RS and 200 RS rally cars in 1974, have adorned the sporty versions of various ŠKODA model ranges since 2000. These include the OCTAVIA RS, FABIA RS and the KODIAQ RS, which will be presented at this year's Paris Motor Show. The ŠKODA VISION RS shows how RS models from the Czech car manufacturer could look in future – in every detail, it blends great sportiness with sustainability and functionality in a compact car. Dynamic lines and highlights made of carbon fibre, a light and strong high-tech material from the world of motorsport, lift the RS DNA to an even sportier level.
The electrified drive system gives the ŠKODA VISION RS a high level of driving dynamics combined with efficiency. Its plug-in hybrid drive combines a 1.5-litre petrol engine delivering 110 kW (150 PS) with a 75-kW electric motor and has a total power output of 180 kW (245 PS). CO2 emissions of just 33 g/km highlight the sustainability of the drive system. The ŠKODA VISION RS can travel up to 70 km purely electrically and therefore without producing any emissions.
Besides all of the sportiness and emotiveness, the five-door concept study also impresses with functionality and a spacious interior, just like all ŠKODA models. At 4,356 mm long, it offers space for 4 passengers and has a boot capacity of 430 l. Innovative connectivity solutions and the Amazon Alexa ŠKODA Connect Skill also equip the ŠKODA VISION RS for the digital everyday life of the future.
With the VISION RS, ŠKODA is taking another stride into the future by presenting an electrified drivetrain in a car model bearing the RS initials. The concept study's plug-in hybrid drive with a power output of 180 kW (245 PS) enables a dynamic driving performance. A range of up to 70 km is possible with purely electric drive. The CO2 emissions of just 33 g/km emphasise the car's outstanding efficiency for an RS model.
The drive unit of the ŠKODA VISION RS is a combination of a petrol engine and electric motor. The 1.5‑litre TSI engine produces 110 kW (150 PS); the electric motor complements this with a power output of 75 kW (102 PS). The total power output is 180 kW (245 PS).
The plug-in hybrid drive for the ŠKODA VISION RS transfers its power through a six-speed DSG. The design study can accelerate from a standing start to 100 km/h in 7.1 seconds, and its top speed is 210 km/h. The ŠKODA VISION RS completes a short burst from 80 to 120 km/h in 8.9 seconds. In total, the compact sportster emits only 33 g of CO2 per km.
A purely electric range of up to 70 km
The energy for the electric motor is supplied by a lithium-ion battery with a total capacity of 13 kWh, of which 9.9 kWh can be used. Using a cable, the battery can be charged in 2.5 hours at a charging station at home or in a household power socket – which is particularly eco-friendly if the electricity is produced from renewable sources. Alternatively, the battery can also be charged while driving using energy recovery.
The driver can choose from three driving modes: Normal, EV or Sport. The Normal mode is used for the best combination of petrol drive and electric engine. The EV mode is used for purely electric drive. The Sport mode is used for a speedy ride, on a circuit for example, where maximum power is needed. If the driver chooses purely electric drive (EV mode), they can travel up to 70 km on a fully charged battery without producing any emissions.
The exterior of the ŠKODA VISION RS combines powerful and sporty elements, carbon-fibre components as well as exceptional aerodynamics with harmonious lines. This offers a preview of the design language of ŠKODA's future sporty models. The dynamic impression continues in the interior with a minimalist and precise design. With a large central display, sports seats, bold colourful touches as well as carbon-fibre and crystal-glass details, the design language of the ŠKODA VISION RS has evolved from that of the ŠKODA VISION X in every detail.
From every angle, the ŠKODA VISION RS demonstrates its unique character and a completely new form of RS DNA. The sculptural and extremely precisely shaped bonnet sports a ŠKODA logo made of illuminated crystal glass. The high-gloss black carbon-fibre slats of the radiator grille are also illuminated and display a distinctive shape that is new for the RS family. Carbon fibre is also used for the side air outlets, which improve the aerodynamics, as well as for the air inlet grille and front spoiler. The air inlet and spoiler mirror the shape of the radiator grille. In combination with the clean-cut, narrow daytime running lights, the headlights consisting of four glass stones appear as though they are focussing on the street and, together with the fog lights, they give the car a sporty character.
Bold wings and the ŠKODA-typical dynamic shoulder line form a distinctive side view. Frameless, tinted side windows make the ŠKODA VISION RS appear lower and more elongated. Recessed door handles ensure a flowing and clear body structure, and small Czech flags on the carbon-fibre side sills are a reference to Czechoslovakia's foundation 100 years ago.
The aerodynamically improved, carbon-fibre wing mirrors with crystal-glass indicators are inspired by motorsport. The lightweight, 20-inch alloy wheels, which have been optimised to reduce drag and have a central ŠKODA logo made of glass, also sport carbon-fibre detailing. At the rear, the diffuser – which lacks visible tail pipes for the exhaust system – and the roof spoiler with an integrated third brake light immediately catch the eye. Just like the rear air outlets, both are made of carbon fibre and improve the car's aerodynamics. The upper tail lights made of bohemian crystal glass resemble an 'L' laid on its side and together with the lower tail lights form a ŠKODA-typical 'C' at night. The rear of the car also bears illuminated ŠKODA lettering.
Crystal glass and light effects for the interior
With the VISION RS, ŠKODA is presenting a new interior design that has developed elements from the ŠKODA VISION X concept study shown at the 2018 Geneva Motor Show into a new design language. The generously elongated instrument panel continues the symmetrical contours of the ŠKODA radiator grille at its centre. In addition to a lot of carbon fibre, the interior is dominated by decorative trims made of crystal glass, which are uniquely illuminated and animated in interplay with the infotainment system's touchscreen display. The centre console in a space-frame design, which is made entirely of carbon fibre, as well as additional carbon-fibre elements emphasise just how close the RS models are to the world of motorsport. A minimalistic gearstick is integrated into the centre console and uses shift by wire to operate the DSG.
Special door pull straps are reminiscent of racing cars; elastic bands secure the contents of the storage compartments – a typical Simply Clever feature. The door trims partially consist of carbon-fibre inserts. The backrests of the contoured sport seats appear to float.
Digitalisation and connectivity are two important pillars of ŠKODA's 2025 Strategy. The ŠKODA VISION RS marks the next step towards the digital future, where drivers and vehicles will always be online and will be communicating with each other via the Internet. The Amazon Alexa Voice Service is now also incorporated into the world of ŠKODA Connect.
The instrument panel's large central monitor is a prominent element of the interior. It enables the operation of various vehicle functions, such as the choice of three driving modes, as well as the comprehensive range of infotainment and connectivity solutions. Just like in the ŠKODA VISION X, the high-resolution, colour touchscreen can be moved upwards at the push of a button to reveal a charging and docking station for a smartphone, which establishes a mobile Internet connection. This means the ŠKODA VISION RS is always online and enables access to the ŠKODA Connect mobile online services. These are divided into Infotainment Online, Care Connect and Emergency Call. Infotainment Online includes online traffic information. Care Connect services also include Proactive Service, which establishes connections to customer care or a garage when required. Emergency Call can be made manually; however, it will automatically call for assistance when the airbags or belt tensioners have been activated.
Integration of the Amazon Alexa Voice Service
Another step towards the digital future is the integration of the Amazon Alexa Voice Service into ŠKODA Connect. Using an Amazon Echo speaker or the Alexa app for smartphones, a ŠKODA driver can conveniently call up vehicle data at home or whilst travelling, by simply downloading the Alexa ŠKODA Connect Skill and connecting it to their ŠKODA Connect user account. Simply address Alexa and she will answer your question letting you know, for example, how much petrol is left in the tank, whether the car's windows and doors are closed or when the next service appointment is. Following a successful pilot phase in Germany and the United Kingdom, ŠKODA owners all over the world will soon be able to use the new service in English and German. These will now be followed by a third language – French; Spanish will be offered soon as well.

subset: commoncrawl


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|Place of Origin:
|Brand Name:
|Model Number:
|Minimum Order Quantity:
|To be negotiated
|Packaging Details:
|None Wooden Cartons
|Delivery Time:
|15-20days after PO
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We have to say sorry for buyers who wonders more optional of alloy exercise bike wheels ,because we only have this one item of wheels made by alloy . but we are able to make it customerized for you anytime.
This is alloy material wheels for exercise bikes, the sizes 400mm is the biggest dimmeter of wheels in the experience of our production for all tried and developped alloy samples in the past ,it was not good no matter smaller or bigger.
The reason above is that 400mm size is already the smallest size for most of the exercise bike designs ,and in oppsite side , size more than 400mm is too expensive for any design of machines , as you can think ,there are few parts for a exercise bike to be assembled for whole bikes , it is finished up with a seat ,wheel ,small body and also just with a handle design , so it is not worth to accept higher investment of wheels for machines , or steel material by plating wheel will be a choice because of this .
But never compare steel with alloy material , steel material has rusty risks if you didn't control the plating well and also the weather and envoirment will be also another reason of rusty that you are not able to handle once happened . but alloy never has this issue so that more and more gym equipment parts have been accepted in designs . so try to use alloy parts once you have not a tight cost consideration.
Contact Person: Liu
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7ATC connects live, virtual and simulated training during our exercises.
The 7th Army Training Command is centrally located among the highest concentration of U.S. allies and partners in the world. By routinely training together at 7th ATC, U.S. and multinational forces build trust, develop interoperability and set the conditions for creating the strong coalitions that will guarantee peace and security in the region.
Interested in participating in an exercise at 7ATC?
Contact your Ministry of Defense (MOD) Training Manager (TM).
MOD TM contacts the U.S. Office of Defense Cooperation (ODC) in your country.
Approximately 5,630 participants from 15 nations will take part in exercise Allied Spirit X at the 7th Army Training Command's Hohenfels Training Area in southeastern Germany, Mar. 30–Apr. 17, 2019.
More than 5,000 service members from 21 nations will participate in exercise Combined Resolve XII at U.S. Army Europe's Grafenwöhr and Hohenfels training areas, Aug. 1-27 2019.
Exercise Rapid Trident 2019 will take place Sept. 13-28, 2019, at the International Peacekeeping Security Centre near Yavoriv, Ukraine.
The exercise features approximately 5,400 participants from the U.S. and 15 other ally and partner nations: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bosnia, Bulgaria, Croatia, Georgia, Italy, Kosovo, Lithuania, Macedonia, Moldova, Poland, Romania, Turkey, and Ukraine.


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Who We Are
Why Trafalgar 360 is the Right Partner for YouExcellence. This one simple word is our guiding principle at Trafalgar 360. When you partner with us, you will see excellence in everything we do.
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To get access to over 10000+ Franchise Business Opportunities.
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NATURAL ICECREAM the word itself is mouthwatering and refreshing. Ice Cream has now become very commonly used by people of different age groups and is manufactured by different brands to reach the mass.
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At this point we are mostly looking at partnerships to increase the reach and has joined hands with franchises to help spread the brand to more locations in the country. The brand is looking for an access to the food courts in the country that will have a shop - in - format to sell our icecreams.
Taking a franchised kiosk offers a lot of benefits. In a low start up cost, franchise gets a branded outlet with all facilities of a retail outlet.
This model is recommended for Food Courts/ Malls/ Bakeries/ Entertainment Centres and similar places that people frequently visit. Features include attractively designed kiosks and benefits of high walk ins.
Operations Commenced On 2016
Franchise Commenced On 2019
Investment INR 10lac - 20lac
Franchise/Brand Fee INR 300000
Delhi, Haryana, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh
Anticipated percentage return on investment 25 %
Likely pay back period of capital for a Unit Franchise 1-2 Years
Other investment requirements No
Type of property required for this franchise opportunity Commercial
Floor area requirement 100 - 300 Sq.ft
Preferred location of unit franchise outlet Punjab/Delhi/NCR/Rajasthan
Detailed operating manuals for franchisees Yes
Franchisee training location At Franchise Premises
Is field assistance available for franchisee ? Yes
Expert guidance from Head Office to franchisee in opening the franchise Yes
Current IT systems will be included in the franchise Yes
Do you have a standard franchise agreement? Yes
How long is the franchise term for? 5-No of years Years
Is the term renewable? Yes
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Riot Games struggled with providing new AWS accounts and API access that met its security requirements, so it built an account provisioning service to ensure that all accounts are created consistently with the required security controls. Riot also built a credential service where developers can grab temporary API keys with one command. This works wherever the developers work, and the credentials automatically expire each day. Riot now provisions new accounts with security guardrails within an hour, and the number of permanent AWS API keys is reduced by 70 percent. Learn how to build similar services using AWS Organizations, AWS Step Functions, AWS Lambda, Amazon CloudFront, and Amazon API Gateway.


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The Association of Professional Engineers Australia (APEA), through Engineering A Better Future, are campaigning to establish a registration scheme throughout Australia.
Registration is mandatory for practising doctors, lawyers, accountants and architects. Electricians, plumbers and other trades are registered, but not the engineers who often design and oversee the projects they work on!
Currently, Queensland, through the RPEQ system, are the only state in the nation that requires engineers to be registered to perform engineering services.
What is RPEQ?
Registered Professional Engineer of Queensland (RPEQ) is the formal recognition of the qualification and competency of an engineer. It is a requirement of the Queensland Government, under the Professional Engineers (PE) Act that professional engineering services including building and design of buildings, plants, machinery and products are carried out or directly supervised by a RPEQ.
The PE Act applies to any professional engineering services carried out interstate or oversees that is destined for Queensland. This means you're required to be a RPEQ if you will be carrying out a professional engineering service (i.e. planning, design or implementing) in Queensland whether you are an interstate or overseas engineer. As per the PE Act, if you do not hold RPEQ, you are required to be supervised by a RPEQ.
Why RPEQ?
Taken from the BPEQ, the objectives of the PE Act (by extension RPEQ scheme) are to:
- protect the public by ensuring professional engineering services are provided by a registered professional engineer in a professional and competent way;
- maintain public confidence in the standard of services provided by registered professional engineers; and
- uphold the standards of practice of registered professional engineers.
Who administers RPEQ?
The Board of Professional Engineers Queensland (BPEQ) regulates engineering in Queensland by administering the PE Act and managing RPEQ. The Board is empowered to maintain the integrity of the PE Act by investigating and taking disciplinary action against engineers in breach of the Act or engineers who demonstrate unsatisfactory conduct or service.
Professionals Australia, parent body of APEA, have been approved to manage assessment schemes on behalf of BPEQ. The Registered Professional Engineer of Professionals Australia (RPEng) was established to give degree-qualified engineers a more affordable, and more practical alternative to other accreditation programs out there.
BPEQ states:
"Organisations set their own criteria to determine an engineer's suitability for registration and the costs of assessment and minimum periods of work experience will vary between the different organisations. Once an engineer completes the assessment process, they can apply to BPEQ for registration by submitting a registration application, a letter of assessment from the assessing organisation and completing a fitness to practice declaration. If BPEQ considers an engineer to be fit to practice, they will be registered as a RPEQ."
Please note: Migration Skills Assessment does not meet the assessment criteria for RPEQ registration.


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#AceNewsReport – Aug.15: "According to an announcement by the owner of the tanker, the destination of Grace 1 will be Mediterranean ports," the deputy head of Iran's Ports and Maritime Organisation, Jalil Eslami, was quoted as saying by the semi-official Mehr news agency. He did not name the owner: Britain's Mediterranean territory Gibraltar has decided to free the tanker, but did not immediately indicate when or if the ship would set sail after the United States launched a new, last-minute legal bid to hold it. [nL8N25B23G]
A view of the Grace 1 supertanker is seen backdropped by Gibraltar's Rock, as it stands at anchor in the British territory of Gibraltar, Aug. 15, 2019.
Gibraltar media is reporting that the government has decided to release the Grace 1 Iranian supertanker after receiving formal written assurances from the government in Tehran that it would not discharge its cargo in Syria: "On that basis, Gibraltar's Chief Minister Fabian Picardo has decided to lift the detention order and allow the ship to sail," the the Gibraltar Chronicle said on Twitter on August 15.
The reported move came despite a last-minute attempt by the United States to seize the vessel at the heart of a standoff between Tehran and London: "The U.S. Department of Justice has applied to seize the Grace 1 on a number of allegations which are now being considered," the Gibraltar government said in a statement on August 15, adding that the matter will be reviewed by the British overseas territory's Supreme Court at 4 p.m. local time (1400 GMT/UTC)……………The U.S. application came "just hours before the Gibraltar government was poised to release" the Iranian supertanker that has been detained since early July………………….."…the Government of #Gibraltar has now received formal written assurances from the Iranian government that the ship will not discharge its cargo in #Syria," the newspaper reported……………However, it added that "It is not clear at this stage when the ship will sail from #Gibraltar, or whether the U.S. will formally apply to the court to detain it before that happens."…………………The U.S. Justice Department didn't comment on the matter, while Britain's Foreign Office said the "investigations conducted around the Grace 1 are a matter for the government of Gibraltar."
The current detention order on the Grace 1 is set to expire on the evening of August 17: On July 4, authorities in Gibraltar seized the vessel with the help of British Royal Marines. The Grace 1 was carrying 2.1 million barrels of Iranian oil and authorities alleged that it was in violation of European Union sanctions on Syria.
Iran says the tanker was in international waters and was not headed to Syria: In response to the Iranian ship's seizure, Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps (IRGC) on July 19 captured the British-flagged oil tanker Stena Impero close to the strategic Strait of Hormuz, which connects the Persian Gulf with the Gulf of Oman: Tehran said the vessel was "violating international maritime rules," while the British authorities called the seizure "state piracy."……………..On August 13, the deputy head of Iran's port authority, Jalil Eslami, said that Britain was thinking of freeing the Grace 1 following an exchange of documents………"We hope the release will take place soon," Eslami said in comments reported by state news agency IRNA.
…………………….A spokesman for the Gibraltar government had earlier said it was seeking to "deescalate issues arising since the lawful detention of Grace 1."
Earlier, Britain said it was joining the U.S.-initiated task force to escort ships through and around the region, though some other European powers, most notably Germany, have rejected the idea, fearing the United States will use the force as part of its "maximum pressure" campaign against Iran: The captain and three officers from the Grace 1 have already been released from arrest: The legal team for the captain, chief officer, and a third crew member of the Grace 1 told the BBC that formal police proceedings against them had ended.
#AceNewsDesk reports ……………..VOA America: BBC News – Iranian Oil Tanker Allowed to Leave Gibraltar Published: August 15, 2019 at 06:26PM: Reuters: Reporting by Dubai newsroom; Editing by Toby Chopra
Editor says #AceNewsDesk reports & #Brittius says are provided by Sterling Publishing & Media News and all our posts, links can be found at here Live Feeds https://acenewsroom.wordpress.com/ Ace News Services Posts https://t.me/AceSocialNews_Bot and thanks for following as always appreciate every like, reblog or retweet and free help and guidance tips on your PC software or need help & guidance from our experts AcePCHelp.WordPress.Com or you can follow our breaking news posts on AceBreakingNews.WordPress.Com or become a member on Telegram https://t.me/acebreakingnews all private chat messaging on here https://t.me/sharingandcaring


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Jess, you have put the heart of every mom into words. Terms of Use. Capture the sentimental power of this milestone by taking photos of their shoes. Your heart is pure and soft. I raised 3 children, went through a divorce when the oldest was 12 and the youngest was 6. Seeing a parent cry can be scary for them but that experience provides a learning opportunity and therapy for you, too.
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This article is sponsored by Rack Room Shoes. Pampers is launching new 'smart diapers' that will tell you when the baby needs to be changed. This site does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. While I sure can't say we always go home rested from these trips, we definitely go home rejuvenated. Like Franklin, she also cites the repetition of things as one of her biggest happiness killers—but with a twist. If classrooms are where the magic happens, teachers are the magicians. Subscribe for inspiration, empowering articles and expert tips to rock your best momlife. Creating a scrapbook with memories and pictures can be a powerful way to process loss together in an experiential way. I was young when I was married 16 and young when I had my children. Please keep helping me to see you and to know you. By Debra Eckerling Published August 19, Want to create some unique backyard fun for your family? By getting away from the distractions of home and focusing on each other and now our children , we're reminded of what really matters.
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- Somehow they tune out all the stress of traveling, and they remember only the fun.
- Parents often misunderstand this as them being done with the grieving process or not really understanding what's happening.
What WERE we thinking? At first, they cry and refuse to put their feet down because the wet sand feels so different. We often travel to see extended family. My kids and their cousins spend hours working on elaborate plays, dance routines, and craft projects. They know where the Atlantic Ocean is because they jumped into the chilly Atlantic waters while visiting relatives in New England. They know the difference between a nickel and a dime because they counted out their change to pay for their souvenir bracelets at the zoo. Their learning comes alive through hands-on experiences and adventures. Traveling also teaches them that people in different cities and countries may look, sound, or do things differently, but that diversity is part of what makes the world such a beautiful place. Traveling before kids was stress-free; I would throw some clothes in a carry-on bag and head out the door without any snacks, lovies, or sippy cups. While walking down Main Street at Disney World with my kids, I remembered the magic I felt when my parents took me there. The monotony of day-to-day parenting can be exhausting. I travel to escape it as well as the daily grind of laundry, dishes, and the endless to-do list. Somehow they tune out all the stress of traveling, and they remember only the fun. It was worth the packing, the laundry, the sleepless nights, the late-night grocery store runs, the long car rides, the unpacking, etc.
Join over 16, moms in the No Guilt Mom tribe and get access to a treasure trove of parenting resources. I get that because With my kids often feel the exact same way. How much should I play with my child? Times I crave alone time and silence to read a book or do an activity just for me. But then, the guilt starts rolling in. Kid before we go any further… first, you need a way to cope. That means that after tirelessly working or playing with their kids all day, at 9PM they start Tasty blacks website bills, cleaning the kitchen or doing laundry.
With my kids. How much should I play with my child? Not as much as you think…
My son won't remember seeing the ocean for the first time. He won't remember ny initial moment of shock when he felt the cool water kdis his toes and he won't remember how quickly that surprise With my kids way to joy when he realized how fun it was to kick his little legs as we held him above the waves. But "whether he'll remember this" isn't the point. Woth me, the bigger questions are: How will this time re-center us on our mission as a family? What will the experience teach my children? And in what positive ways will the experience live on in our hearts, if not in our memories? Like so Guy wearing ring on right hand else with parenting, iWth helps me realize that traveling with children is so worth it—even if it's not exactly easy. I think it's best said in the phrase, "You don't take vacations with kids, you take trips. Packing and planning can seem to consume just as much time as the getaway itself. Good sleep schedules and healthy routines often go out the window.
I do it because the sound of their laughter when playing with their cousins is infectious.
By Liz Krieger Feb 26, Photo: istock photo. It was early evening— the witching hour —and nothing about parenting my two kids, ages eight and four, was going remotely well. But parenting? I braced for possible judgment. But instead?
There are certain moments of parenthood that stay with us forever.
You are here
Jul 09, · Looking for fun activities and games for your kids? We've got you covered with a huge range of kids games and activities to do at home with your children. MSN Kids is the best place to get fresh content daily for Kids! Trusted news, delivered daily to your inbox Subscribe to the MSN Today newsletter. No thanks Sign Up. msn refresh page. YouTube Kids was created to give kids a more contained environment that makes it simpler and more fun for them to explore on their own, and easier for parents and caregivers to guide their journey as they discover new and exciting interests along the way.
I Let My Kids Meal Plan Our Week


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Dalian Huarui Heavy Industry supplied equipment for the $3.3 billion Hassyan coal-fired power station in Dubai.
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From Thailand to Kenya, trains run on tracks from steel mills in China's northeast, a rust-belt region that is trying to capitalize on a multibillion-dollar national initiative to build ports, railways and other projects abroad.In Pakistan, the company has delivered 8,000 tons of track for the $1.6 billion Orange Line of the Lahore Metro.Most Belt and Road projects are financed by Chinese bank loans and built by Chinese contractors using technology, steel and other materials from China.Liaoning's exports to Belt and Road countries rose 20.3 percent in the first quarter of 2019 from a year earlier, according to the provincial Commerce Department.Still, Belt and Road faces hurdles that might trip up hopes for boosting Chinese exports.It reported 2018 exports of 5.8 billion renminbi ($840 million), or about 5.5 percent of its total revenue, down by 10 percent from 2017 .The total population of Liaoning and the two other provinces in China's northeast -- Jilin and Heilongjiang -- declined by 380,000 people last year as migrants left for other regions in search of work.


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Webkinz Panda
Webkinz are small plush toys, each with a unique code which once activated opens up the door to the online Webkinz World!
What's black and white and fuzzy all over? Why, it's this perfect panda, that's what! Pandas are known for their laid-back attitude and gentle nature. Pandas enjoy a well-designed room with lots of comfy places to sit - and a well-stocked fridge of Bamboo Canelloni!
Size: 8 Inches.
What will his virtual persona like? Try the following :-
- Special Item: Ming Vase Panda Fridge
- Special Food: Bamboo Canelloni
So what is Webkinz World?
The unique code found on the plush toys can be used on the Official Webkinz Website where you can register ownership of the particular character purchased, this is through what is called the adoption centre.
What's so good about that?
Even though the plush toys may look the same, each code even with the same species means that the character adopted may have a totally different personality in Webkinz world - so there in theory you could have a whole flock of differently behaving sheep in your area on the website.
As with other "previous collectables" The Webkinz collection has regular retirees so that collectors still get the thrill of the hunt and the desire to get as many of the collection as possible.


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Product Details
Let your valentine get their licks in with the valentine candy everyone knows and loves. But these Valentine Tootsie Roll Pops® come with a fun twist! Each pop surrounds a cherry-flavored Tootsie Roll® center and includes fun Valentine's Day messages on every wrapper for a delightfully sweet way to celebrate your sweetie. Each 11/4" cherry-flavored pop comes on a 31/2" stick. (34 pcs. per unit) Total weight, 1 lb. 3 oz.
Item Number:
Product Specs
- Unit of Measure: 34 Piece(s)
- Brand: Tootsie Roll
- Dietary Needs: Gluten Free, Kosher, Nut Free


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Project Description
Erie Labor Attorney
An Erie labor attorney works with employees, employers, and unions in and around the "Flagship City," providing legal assistance for disputes, negotiations, and bargains. Consequently, the Department of Labor outlines laws with labor unions in mind.
Call an Erie labor lawyer at 814-806-1200 with your questions because he or she will not only answer but provide next steps for your situation.
Why Hire An Erie Labor Attorney?
Hire an Erie labor attorney because he or she is an expert on the law, negotiation, and case preparation. Your lawyer affirms your circumstances and implements the law where needed for your situation. Since most situations including labor unions, employers, and employees can become heated, an attorney stands in the void between these groups, working to create a favorable outcome.
Stay cool in negotiation.
An Erie labor lawyer maintains control throughout the negotiation, taking steps to ensure a favorable outcome. While the dispute heats up, your lawyer stays cool. Objectively, an Erie labor attorney keeps an eye on the prize.
Advice from a legal expert.
An Erie labor attorney knows the law. Consequently, your lawyer offers you the most relevant information and advice for your situation. No longer will you need to sift through tons of web articles to understand what's going on because your lawyer will keep you informed. Furthermore, an Erie labor lawyer backs up your situation with legal experience and a professional network.
Interact with your employer.
An Erie labor lawyer helps you know what not to say to your boss once the dispute comes to light. Moreover, your lawyer deals with the sticky parts of communication and negotiation. The legal process is tricky because all sides has something to lose. Therefore, hire an attorney who will fight for your rights and handle the process with professionalism.
Employer: Consult A Lawyer
While over a hundred federal laws monitor businesses and industries, the state and local law joins in with more detailed and location-specific requirements. Basically, the law obligates employers to comply to so many standards. The reason an employer should consult a lawyer is so the business is absolutely complying with the law.
When you consult an Erie labor attorney, you cut out the guesswork of whether or not your business is in compliance with every eligible law. Since your lawyer knows the labor law, he or she outlines and strategizes how to ensure your company stays legal. Consequently, if your business deals with any of the below situations, your lawyer can offer advice for how to legally deal with the situation.
- Strike talk
- Union worker being fired
- Lawsuit threat
- unlawful overtime
- discrimination
- wrongful termination
- mistreatment
- harmful work conditions
Employee: Consult A Lawyer
An Erie labor attorney recognizes how the law interprets your situation because every employment problem is different. Moreover, your lawyer understands how past legislative decisions may work on your behalf. However, most importantly, your Erie labor attorney is available to you for questions about the legal process, next steps, and your situation under the law.
A labor lawyer can help you in any of the following circumstances or more.
- Wrongful termination
- Retaliation complaint
- Planning to file a lawsuit
- Negotiating strike terms
Hire KM&A
While you may not interact with labor unions frequently, if you do industrial work, you likely will encounter labor unions. With over thirty labor unions in Erie, staying ahead of future legal problems is always a wise move. At KM&A, we fight for you because we believe in protecting your rights under the labor laws.
If you suspect violation of your rights due to a particular workplace circumstance, speak to an Erie labor lawyer because a lawyer illuminates the situation under the scope of the law.
Talk to an Erie labor attorney: 814-806-1200 or firstname.lastname@example.com.
Kraemer, Manes & Associates LLC "KM&A" is a law firm serving all of Pennsylvania with our principal offices in Pittsburgh and Philadelphia. Call KM&A in western Pennsylvania at 412-626-5626 or in eastern Pennsylvania at 215-618-9185. KM&A can be reached by email at email@example.com.
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In all the places I've travelled to, I'd say the biggest hazard I've encountered is being a pedestrian. Seriously. I've been to nearly 30 countries on this planet and have rarely felt threatened or unsafe, until it comes to crossing the street.
In Vietnam, crossing the street is such a hazard there are hundreds of youtube videos documenting the hazard and giving advice on how to cross the street. When I first went to Vietnam, I was given strict instructions on street crossing.
- only cross at a crosswalk.
- Don't wait for traffic to stop: it won't.
- Maintain a constant rate of speed
- Don't look left or right
- And for god's sake, if there's a bus or truck coming, jump out of the way.
I'm not making this up, and yes, it's that bad (if not worse). The cars and (mostly) motorcycles are judging the rate of speed that you're crossing. If you speed up, slow down or god forbid stop, you WILL be hit. It's an absolutely nerve wracking experience to have cars and motorbikes whizzing past you with mere centimeters to spare. The first time I did it, I stood on the curb for a good 5 minutes contemplating if I REALLY needed to cross a road. I swear it would have been less scary to jump out of a plane. But I did it. And after a few tries, it became a game and I just wanted to cross the street continuously.
Another bad spot is Bolivia. Walking in Bolivia at all requires a certain skill. IF there's a sidewalk, it's sure to be cracked, buckled or have potholes that could easily swallow up small animals. Walking at all in Bolivia requires constant attention and you don't dare look up after a month in Bolivia, I couldn't tell you what any of the sights look like, but I could draw you a map of the sidewalks. After all of that, you'd think that crossing the street would be nothing in comparison, but it is. Though not as bad as Vietnam, crossing the street does involve playing a game of chicken with oncoming traffic. And in true South American fashion, once you avoid a near miss, they'll honk and cat whistle at you because you're a female.
Now, Bolivia and Vietnam, you'd sort of expect to have a less than perfect pedestrian experience since those are examples of less developed countries. The big surprise is that in my beloved Switaly, being a pedestrian is no piece of cake.
The situation is odd on a number of levels. Lugano has a population of roughly 50,000 people, so you wouldn't think traffic is an issue. But it is. In the past year, I've just learned to take a deep breath that I don't have to go anywhere that fast. Secondly, Lugano has (without a word of a lie) a designated crosswalk every 200 meters (if not every 100 meters) so there are no shortages of crosswalks which would imply that drivers "should" be used to them. And lastly, Switaly can't use the excuse that it's not developed. The streets are relatively wide, clean and the crosswalks well lit.
Now there could be a game that the drivers play called "Scare the shit out of the foreigner" or "aim for the foreigner" that I'm not aware of, but failing that, I've never had so many near misses in my life.
I will regularly cross at a crosswalk (which in itself kills me because I was born in Montreal- the capital of J walking and people will regularly zip around the corner and come within inches of bowling me over. Now, I don't want to perpetuate any rumors that Italians are bad drivers, but I am seriously blown away with the amount of times I've had near misses. If I don't get hit by a car while living in Switaly, I will consider it a success. I suppose each town has it's own characteristics, and in Switaly, it's a tough place to be pedestrian!
|Sidewalks in Bolivia
road crossing in Vietnam
|You would never expect that crossing a street here would be a danger!


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Make your look elegant and classy by adding flamboyance to it. These astonishing earrings features round design with excellent beautification of navy blue, orange and light blue enamel work and divine pearl beads make it classy. Adorn these danglers to your delicate earlobes and add a traditional touch to your persona. This piece of jewelry comes with the Voylla assurance of quality and durability. Caring for your fashion jewelry: We, at Voylla, take care of every piece of jewelry so that you don't spend hours caring for them. But do remember, fashion jewelry lasts longer when kept dry and free of chemicals. Follow this simple rule: Your jewelry should be the last thing you put on and the first thing you take off.
30-Day Warranty
Every piece of jewelry sold at Voylla.com is covered under our 30-Day Replacement Guarantee. Notify us about problems, fitting issues, damages or defects within 30 days from the date of delivery, and we will either refund your money or send a replacement product to you. T&C Apply
Voylla is India's leading & India's largest fashion jewellery brand, with 250+ stores across the country.


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Nothing like starting all over again learning how to program. There are so many great free tutorials. Thanks Ray! And it is so cool that
Month: September 2013
Force rest on Apple Magic Trackpad
Super frustrating, but if you get your Trackpad in a wierd setting, it won't pair. The trick is to hold the On button the *entire*
Default load of software for Mac OS X
You can do this automatically with Linux, but with Mac OS X, you still need to do graphical installs it looks like (or until I
iOS 7 secures your device
But you have to make sure to start Find My iPhone or it doesn't work. iOS 7: Activation Lock secures your device in case of
Micro Four Thirds Test
Got a trip coming up and it seems like a good chance to test the Olympus OM-D MD-5 (before the MD-1 comes out 🙂 The
SDXC for cameras
Wow, the prices have really comes down, in looking at Amazon, you can get an SDXC 64GB UHS-1 R40 (is that a mouthful, basically means
Action Cams
Been shopping a bunch for this (and despite the fact that my computer has crashed twice now while taking notes), here are the conclusions from
It's Raining…Jackets
Well now that it is really pouring, time to see what the right jackets are: Mountain Hardware Ghost Whisperer. You have to see this rain
Mac XBMC crash, Synology disk recovery, DroboPro disk recovery
Yikes, amazing how computers can just kind of fail when they are not tended to. Here are my problems: The Synology DS-1812+ lost a 3TB
Real Bluetooth Signal strength on a Mac
If your Bluetooth device connections seem flakey, or if your Apple wireless keyboard or Magic Mouse isn't as responsive as you think it should be,


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New Coming, with New Design ! The Classic 21" set a new standard for craftsmanship and innovation, our Classic 21" features a thick-walled, heat-resistant shell that locks in smoke and moisture at any temperature.
Designed with thick-wall, 2.5cm, heat-resistant ceramic that keep meats moist and a felt gasket that seal in smoke and flavor, the large 23" is a work of expert craftsmanship. Big and it's the most versatile kamado and can easily accommodate for a big family.
This is TOPQ new design --- Smoker Series Kamado 21 Inch . There are also have 20", 23", 25" Kamado with chip-feeder in stocked.
We all have that one friend who never satisfied with only one steak on their plate. We understand the struggle. X-large 25" make sure you don't leave your guests waiting more, because it simply serves up so much more.With 25" cooking surface all you need to worry about is you have enough meat....
Copyright © 2015-2020 Fuzhou Top Quality Ceramic Technology Co. Ltd.All Rights Reserved. Powered by dyyseo.com


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Shawn Mendes and Camila Cabello teased fans as they almost kissed during their highly-anticipated performance of Senorita at the MTV Video Music Awards on Monday night.
The pair first sparked rumours of a romance when the steamy video for their hit collaboration was released - speculation that was furthered when Camila announced she'd split from boyfriend Matthew Hussey.
In the weeks following, Shawn and Camila have been enjoying several PDA sessions on their outings together, with many fans hoping their VMAs performance would serve as an official confirmation of their relationship.
However, while the pair oozed chemistry during the rendition of their hit track, they avoided locking lips - despite raising fans' expectations when they almost kissed as they embraced at the end of the performance.
Joe Jonas and Sophie Turner were among the fans desperate to see Shawn and Camila smooch, as they were seen almost chanting in the crowd before the Game of Thrones star threw her hands up in frustration as the performance ended without a snog.
"#VMAs are over, but we're still waiting for that kiss tho (sic)," Joe wrote on Instagram alongside a clip of his and Sophie's hilarious antics in the crowd.
© Cover Media


text: Warning: Creating default object from empty value in /nfs/c06/h06/mnt/92087/domains/oldsite.magictorch.com/html/wp-content/themes/gallerypro/admin/functions.php on line 122 Digital Illustration Digital Illustration RSS Feed About Contact Folio Blog About Contact Monthly Archives: April 2013 Megadeth Black Hole Feeding Frenzy The future of Alpha Centauri Euro 6 HIM Blue Water Easter Extravaganza Latest Tweets and if that wasn't enough here's an animated version for the iPad edition! http://t.co/V3SLAOBpiE - posted on 01/05/2013 15:51:42Some Black Hole action for this months Focus cover: https://t.co/2c4xIh1oJj - posted on 01/05/2013 15:50:30Photoshop has just told me that it's won't be saving my file as it's exceeded the 2gig limit. An achievement of sorts...... - posted on 09/04/2013 10:57:38Tags 3D 3D Typography AOR Apple apps cars cloud computing clouds computer concept construction explosion globe glossy guitar god hair metal heavy metal infographics iPad iPhone landscape Mac metal money photo-montage Pink Floyd retouching retro robot sci-fi science Space technology traffic truck typography vectors web building web site web trafficRepresented by Pickled Ink in the UK Margarethe Hubauer in Germany © Copyright 2012 - Magictorch | Digital Illustration


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Japanese Man Arrested for Selling Modded PS3 Console
Tadaaki Abe says he needed the money.
Tadaaki Abe says he needed the money.
Sony didn't reveal Vita figures.
They might as well be offering Big Chungus.
Pucker up.
$600 is definitely a horrifying price.
'Twas good while it lasted.
Need to replace that dying console?
Up to 10 million people may be eligible for repayment.
Shopping for PlayStation gamers this holiday season? Looking for stuff to add to your own wish list? Take a look at PSLS' official Holiday Gift Guide!
244/1283 titles for all current-gen consoles & handhelds combined.
Syberia is dated, and it's meant for a specific slice of gamer.
A colorful platform that won't challenge veteran gamers.
Good ol' Sackboy is bringing in some new friends in his first PS4 outing
PlayStation Vita surprised us.
Coincides with the launch of Personal 4 Arena Ultimax.
Sony is the preferred brand in Germany.
Didn't we just have an update?
Looks like ghosts of the past are back to influence Sony's Japanese marketing division.
Did the PS3 lose a lot of weight, or just get a new hair cut?


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Ready to provide security to Gota if he requests: PM
Prime Minister Ranil Wickremesinghe said the government would provide police security to former Defense Secretary Gotabhaya Rajapaksa if he requested.
He told parliament that if Mr. Rajapaksa thinks that his life was at risk, he could request for security.
"As I know, we may have to provide him security due to the rift in the joint opposition. Do not try to gain political advantages from this incident," he said.
Mr. Wickremesinghe said he was surprised that opposition members who were silent when the common candidate's security was removed during the presidential election, were now bothering about the President's security.
He said both he and the President had ordered an investigation into the incident.
"CID will inform us on actions to be taken after the investigations. There is an investigation going on and we cannot reveal all the details right now," he said