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Survival of broad-leaved dock (Rumex obtusifolius) plants exposed to grass (mainly Festuca rubra and Elymus repens) competition in unmanaged grassland in Central Europe was investigated. Individual plants (n = 244) were marked in a 35 × 28 m experimental plot divided into 20 quadrats. The mortality of the dock plants was recorded twice a year, and plant size (number of flowering stems) recorded for 8 years (2000–2007). Half of the plants died within 4 years and 4% survived to the end of the experiment. On average, winter mortality (October–April, 60%) was greater than summer mortality (May–September, 40%) but both varied between years. The plants decreased in size as they approached death. The survival of dock plants in particular quadrats was negatively correlated with the biomass of grass roots and rhizomes. Intensity of below-ground competition and possibly water deficiency contributed most to dock mortality.
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We thank Professor A.F.G. Dixon for important comments and correcting the English, and Mrs. L. Kreslova and H. Uhlirova for excellent technical assistance. The work was supported by grants GACR 521/07/0978, MZe 002700604 (to ZM and AH) and MSMT MSM0021622416 (to SP).
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Martinkova, Z., Honek, A., Pekar, S. et al. Survival of Rumex obtusifolius L. in an unmanaged grassland. Plant Ecol 205, 105 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-009-9601-8
- Broad-leaved dock
- Competition
- Mortality
- Longevity
- Life-history
- Water stress


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Fashion, while a form of expression and uniqueness, is extremely superficial. The industry is all about appearance, and the creatives who design collections are always competing against one another to see who comes out on top in terms of creativity, innovation, and indulgence. That's why, when looking for social media and branding inspiration, fashion accounts … Continue reading The Forefronts of Fashion Social Media
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Summer Internship Fashion
So, we have posted a blog directing our readers in the most fashionable way when it comes to dressing to impress for your summer internship interview. Although the first impression is most dreaded, some may wonder how to upkeep their professional and cool look all summer long. Philadelphia is no stranger to summer heat waves, … Continue reading Summer Internship Fashion
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With the temperature rising as we continue into the summer season, dressing for summer interviews gets a bit tricky. Summer is the season of bright colors, short-shorts, light tank tops and airy sundresses. Interviews call for dark hues, stiff blazers, long pants and stuffy button-down shirts. The best advice I have ever received in regards … Continue reading How To: Dress For A Summer Interview

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Electronic Arts and UEFA announced a new FIFA 19 esports competition called the eChampions League where the winner will receive a $100,000 prize. The tournament is an expansion upon the EA Sports FIFA 19 Global Series.
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