text: Mapping Ecological Systems in Southeastern Arizona Jim Malusa and Donald Falk School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona Larry Laing Environmental Consultant, Gold Canyon, Arizona Brooke Gebow The Nature Conservancy, Southeastern Arizona Preserves, Hereford, Arizona Abstract—Beginning in 2007 in and around the Huachuca Mountains, the Coronado National Forest and other partners have been mapping ecosystems at multiple scales. The approach has focused on identifying land type associations (LTA), which represent the sum of bedrock and superficial geology, topography, elevation, potential and existing vegetation, soil properties, and local climatic variables. This mapping effort has been extended into the FireScape program, in which multiple partners utilize ecological land type mapping as a framework for fire planning across the Sky Island bioregion. Land type association maps for the Catalina-Rincon mountains (available at www.azfirescape.org) are used for managing ecological units (e.g., mixed conifer on granitic soils) typically no smaller than a thousand acres, and often much larger. Land type associations compliment raster-based sources of information such as LANDFIRE. Not surprisingly, the success of the project depends on an accurate depiction of vegetative and physical setting reality, not just interpretations of remote imagery. LTAs provide an intuitive and informative method of characterizing complex landscapes for planning and ecosystem management. Introduction The notion of a landscape as a piece of land with a certain character has persisted for well over a thousand years (Calder 1981). That character might be of a lush river valley, a stony ridge, or a desert plain. These are natural units, with characteristic landforms supporting equally characteristic biota. For instance, in southeastern Arizona you might find creosotebush, little-leaf sumac, and viscid acacia dominating the alluvial fans at the toe of a limestone mountain. Landform, soils, geology, climate, hydrologic regime, and biota make what is recognized as an ecological system (Tansley 1935). Mapping of ecological systems, or ecosystems, began with Humbolt and Bonbland's 1807 "Essay on the Geography of Plants," and has proceeded in earnest ever since. There remains much to do, in part because ecosystems exist at myriad scales, from course systems covering millions of square miles (e.g., humid temperate) to fine (e.g., mixed conifer on Mount Lemmon metasediments). To advance a single standard for ecosystem mapping at multiple scales, the United States Forest Service has adopted the National Hierarchical Framework of Ecological Units (table 1; Cleland and others 1997). At course scales, the hierachy adopts Bailey's 1995 classification. In this paper we focus In: Gottfried, Gerald J.; Ffolliott, Peter F.; Gebow, Brooke S.; Eskew, Lane G.; Collins, Loa C., comps. 2013. Merging science and management in a rapidly changing world: Biodiversity and management of the Madrean Archipelago III; 2012 May 1-5; Tucson, AZ. Proceedings. RMRS-P-67. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. USDA Forest Service Proceedings RMRS-P-67. 2013 on the finer scales, particularly the landscape scale and its associated ecological unit, the land type association. Land type associations are typically no smaller than 1000 acres (404 ha), and are often much larger. They integrate landform and ecology into cohesive units that are intuitively apparent. For example, the typical structure of a rolling oak woodland on an alluvial fan—grass on the south aspects and trees on the north—is captured as a repeating pattern within a single land type association. However, when viewed with remotely sensed vegetation pixels, the pattern is fragmented by the assignment of at least eight different vegetation types (fig. 1). Mapping land type associations is standard practice in much of the United States. In the northern Great Lake states they are used for landscape–scale assessments and planning, targeting opportunities for critical wildlife habitat restoration, and for on-the-ground silvicultural management (Almendinger and others 2000). The entire State of Missouri has been mapped with land type associations (Nigh and Schroeder 2002). In Arizona, however, landscape mapping is a recent development. Spurred by large wildfires in 2002-2003 that burned across jurisdictional bounds, Arizona land managers recognized the need for multi-agency landscape-level treatments to reduce fuel loads and reintroduce fire as a natural process in those ecosystems where it played a historic role. These efforts included landscape level mapping that began with the Huachuca Mountains and environs (Laing and others 2005), and continues today with the multi-agency FireScape project encompassing millions of acres of southeastern Arizona (www. azfirescape.org). A-1 Malusa, Falk, Laing, and Gebow Mapping Ecological Systems in Southeastern Arizona Table 1—National hierarchy of ecological units (Cleland and others 1997). Ecological unit Domain Division Province Planning and analysis scale Global Continental Regional Section Subregion Subsection Land type association Landscape Land type Land Unit Land type phase Principal map unit design criteria Purpose, objectives, and general use Broad climatic zones or groups (e.g., dry, humid, tropical) Regional climatic types (Koppen 1931, Trewatha 1968) Vegetational affinities (e.g., prairie or forest) Patterns in dominant potential natural vegetation (PNV), macroclimate, geology Geomorphic province, geologic age, stratigraphy, lithology, regional climatic data, phases of soil orders, suborders, or great groups, PNV Geomorphic process, surficial geology, lithology, phases of soil orders, suborders, or great groups, subregional climatic data, PNV—formation or series Geomorphic process, geologic formation, surficial geology, elevation, phases of soil subgroups, families, or series, local climate, PNV Landform and topography (elevation, aspect, slope gradient, and position), phases of soil subgroups, families, or series, rock type, geomorphic process, PNV Broad applicability for modeling and sampling. Strategic planning and assessment. International planning. Strategic, multiforest, statewide, and multiagency analysis and assessment. Forest or area wide planning, and watershed analysis. Project and management area planning and analysis. Phases of soil subfamilies or series, landform and slope position, PNV Figure 1—Oak woodland near Sonoita, Arizona, at about 5,000 feet elevation. This landscape is mapped as a single land type association, the Oak Tree Canyon dissected fans. In contrast, the same area is 8 different vegetation types represented as 30 meter square pixels in the lower image (raster data from LANDFIRE). A-2 USDA Forest Service Proceedings RMRS-P-67. 2013 Mapping Ecological Systems in Southeastern Arizona Malusa, Falk, Laing, and Gebow Methods The National Hierarchical Framework of Ecological Units (Cleland and others 1997) assigns the relative importance of mapping criteria at different spatial scales (table 1). Note that the mapping criteria for the smallest units have little in common with the largest unit. For example, although local landform is important in recognizing land type associations, it plays little or no role in distinguishing larger ecosystems, where regional climate is paramount (fig. 2). In general, climate, as modified by topography, is the dominant criterion at upper levels, while geomorphic process, soils, and potential natural communities are more important at lower levels. The comprehensive "Terrestrial Ecological Unit Inventory Technical Guide" is an in-depth compendium of mapping techniques (Winthers and others 2005). We mapped at three levels in southeastern Arizona: land type associations, land types, and ecological units. Land type associations are based primarily on bedrock and superficial geology, topography, elevation, potential and existing vegetation, soil properties, and local climatic variables (fig. 3). Land types are subdivisions of land type associations. Land types are based on more localized or finer scale topographic, geologic, soil, and plant species association properties than in land type associations (fig. 4). These units have land surface variations and other physical and biological properties that influence hydrologic function, moisture distribution and retention, which affect finer scale plant community composition and distribution. Land types range from having no or very few weakly developed drainage features, to being densely dissected by deeply incised washes and streams. Drainage characteristics (rocky, silty or sandy; confined or not; etc.) are strongly dictated by the land types within which they originate or through which they flow. Finally, for management and analysis purposes, we aggregated similar land type associations into ecological landscape units, or simply ecological units. As used in this project, ecological units are groupings of land type associations with broadly defined similarities in vegetation, topography, geologic and soil features. They provide a "big picture" view of the ecosystems. Ecological units are intended to provide a framework for the assessment of existing conditions and departures, desired conditions, and environmental implications. Figure 3—Three land type associations along Ash Creek, near the Rincon Mountains. The foreground is a broad floodplain with deep soils supporting mesquite, velvet ash, sycamore, and emory oak. The ridge on the right is largely composed of schist, and holds primarily ocotillo, mesquite, and beargrass. The ridge on the left is composed of granite and holds blue oak, hopbush, and manzanita. a b Figure 4—Two land types from the same land type association: (a) the dominant vegetation is acacia and prickly pear; (b) palo verde and cholla. Figure 2—An example of the relative importance of mapping unit criteria at different scales. For instance, at the level of Section, which typically encompasses thousands of square miles, regional climate is important, but landform is not. The importance of criteria are reversed at the level of land type association. USDA Forest Service Proceedings RMRS-P-67. 2013 A-3 Malusa, Falk, Laing, and Gebow Case Studies Greater Huachuca Area In southeastern Arizona, landscape scale mapping began with the Greater Huachuca Fire Management Group (the Coronado National Forest, the National Park Service, and Fort Huachuca (U.S. Army)) (Gebow and Lambert 2005). The group aimed to develop a management plan that would allow cross-juristicional treatments to return the region to something closer to its historical fire regime. The resulting map covered a half-million acres (Laing and others 2005). The first step was to collect the relevant layers of data: soils, geology, topography, elevation, climate, existing vegetation, and remote sensing imagery. The analysis of the data began with determining which landforms are distinctive at the landscape level. For instance, assorted mountain landforms with bedrock at or near the surface are distinguished from the deep valley fill deposits. Alluvial fans and terraces adjacent to the mountains were separated from the valley floor. Initial mapping of landforms was aided by imagery from Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and USDA National Agriculture Imagery Program (NAIP) (imagery available at http://aria.arizona.edu/). We also used a shaded relief map that was digitally manipulated to the angle and position of the sun. The landform patterns detected in the initial step usually coincide strongly with geologic materials and soil characteristics provided by National Resource Conservation Service (NRCS) soil surveys (available at http://soils.usda.gov/). Various biotic communities were determined through the use of the imagery, topography, existing vegetation maps (e.g., Southwest ReGAP, available at http://earth.gis. usu.edu/swgap/) and local experts. Associated fire regimes and condition classes were assessed by available literature (e.g., Kaib 1998). Precipitation and temperature data were compiled from the USFS General Ecosystem Survey. The last step was to validate the units on the ground and to make appropriate corrections. The final units, developed with feedback from the fire-planning group, represented 15 land areas that were relatively consistent in terms of geologic material, landform, and vegetation patterns. Land Type Associations of Southeastern Arizona The Huachuca Area map prompted the National Park Service, the U.S. Forest Service and U.S. Geological Survey to conduct additional mapping of 109 land type associations over nearly two million acres in southeastern Arizona (Cleland and others 2008). The study area, which included the Greater Huachua Area, is bounded to the south by the international border, to the west by the Santa Cruz River, to the east by the San Pedro River, and by Redington Pass to the north, between the Catalina and Rincon Mountains (fig. 5). The methodology was similar to that used to map the Greater Huachuca area, using GIS layers pertaining to geology, soils, elevation, slope, and existing vegetation. However, because of increased variation in local climate over the larger study area, we calculated potential evapotranspiration (PET) using the Thornthwaite (1948) equation (White and Host 2002). Using PRISM data (Daly and Taylor 2000) we also calculated mean monthly temperatures for the time period of 1961 through 1990. These data were included in the description of each land type association, along with physiography, soils, geology, vegetation, and fire history over the last 35 years, during which 1,307 fires burned a total of 243,039 acres. Land types were also deliniated and briefly described within the context of their respective land type associations. A-4 Mapping Ecological Systems in Southeastern Arizona Catalina–Rincon FireScape The Coronado National Forest, University of Arizona, and other partners sponsor the ongoing FireScape project (www.azfirescape. org). FireScape works to advance the science of fire management from a landscape and ecological perspective in southeastern Arizona. The most comprehensively mapped lands to date are 700,000 acres of the Catalina and Rincon Mountains outside Tucson, a study area that included the Little Rincons and the east slope down to the San Pedro River. Methods were similar to prior phases (above), with two exceptions: the addition of draft geology maps provided by the Arizona Geological Survey (Reynolds, 2007), and significantly more time in the field. We photographed all but one land type association, and took notes on the associated vegetation. The data on these 300 photo points and 200 species were uploaded onto the website, where they appear on dynamic maps of the mapping products (www.azfirescape.org). We mapped 120 land type associations in the Catalina and Rincon Mountains. We also subdivided land type associations into 327 land types, as well as aggregating land type associations into ecological units for planning and public education (fig. 6). At lower elevations (i.e., pediments, fans and valleys), the land types were based primarily on soil surveys and drainage features; at higher elevations (usually roadless and steep and lacking detailed soil surveys), the land types are recognized by surficial and bedrock geology, vegetation, and gross physiographic differences. For example, the east face of the Rincons between 4000 and 6000 ft (1524 to 1851 m) is home to Madrean oaks and pinyon pine, two species of similar size but different response to fires (oaks resprout, pines don't). Hiking the mountain revealed a clear distinction in substrate preference between the two species, with pinyon dominating habitat with exposed bedrock, and the oaks preferring colluvium (landslides). The distinction was readily apparent to the eye, but less so from the current generation of remotely sensed pixel vegetation maps, such as LANDFIRE and ReGap landcover (cited above), which rendered the landscape as 30 meter pixels. Conclusions Have the ecosystems maps been useful? Yes. The map of the Greater Huachuca area, for instance, provided the 15 mapping units used as "project areas" in a successful three-agency, whole-landscape Environmental Assessment (EA) for fire treatments (EA available at http://www.azfirescape.org/content/huachuca-firescape-projectdocuments/). The Huachuca units similarly served as the basis for a Biological Opinion that addressed effects of fire treatments on 10 Federally listed species. Likewise, the ecological units map of the Catalina and Rincons is being used to guide the identification of treatments, and the analysis of the effects of those treatments to meet enviromental compliance requirements. For example, the LANDFIRE fuels layer can be combined with the ecological units layer to examine fire behavior at the landscape scale. However, comparing LANDFIRE pixels (raster data) and ecological unit polygons (vector data) can be a problem; the mapping units often don't match up. The ecological unit called "desert-oak transition on granitics," for example, has no straighforward equivilant in the LANDFIRE vegetation lexicon. Consequently, as the FireScape project has moved on to the Chirichaus, Dragoon, and Dos Cabezas mountains in the southeastern Arizona, we have adopted names already in use by LANDFIRE (FireScape maps available at http:// www.azfirescape.org/chiricahua-dragoons-dos-cabezas/). With this adjustment, ecological system maps and remotely sensed pixels can not only be used in tandem, but also to check on their USDA Forest Service Proceedings RMRS-P-67. 2013 Mapping Ecological Systems in Southeastern Arizona Malusa, Falk, Laing, and Gebow Figure 5—Land type associations of southeastern Arizona, with digital elevation model. The international border is the southern boundary (from Cleland and others 2008). USDA Forest Service Proceedings RMRS-P-67. 2013 A-5 Malusa, Falk, Laing, and Gebow Mapping Ecological Systems in Southeastern Arizona Figure 6—Ecological units of approximately 700,000 acres of the Catalina and Rincon Mountains, Arizona. Polygon boundaries within ecounits show the smaller land types and land type associations. A-6 USDA Forest Service Proceedings RMRS-P-67. 2013 Mapping Ecological Systems in Southeastern Arizona accuracy. When two maps disagree, it is time to get into the field and take a closer look. Acknowledgments Thanks to Dave Cleland for his brains and charm; to Jim Jordan for his kindness; to Rick Watson, George Robertson, and Dave Diamond for humor and vision in the field; and to reviewers George Ferguson and Shirley Papuga for making this better than it was. References Almendinger, J.C.; Hanson, D.S.; Jordan, J.K. 2000. Land type associations of the Lake States. St. Paul, MN: State of Minnesota, Department of Natural Resources. Bailey, R.G. 1995. Description of the ecoregions of the United States. 2d ed., rev.. Misc. Publ. No. 1391 (rev.). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 108 p. Brown. D. E., Lowe, C.H., and Pase, C.P. 1979. A digitized classification system for the biotic communities of North America, with community (series) and association examples for the Southwest. Journal of the Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science. 14 (supplement 1): 1-16. Calder, W. 1981. Beyond the view: Our changing landscapes. Melbourne: Inkata Press. Cleland, D.T.; Avers, P.E.; McNab, W.H.; Jensen, M.E.; Bailey, R.G., King, T.; Russell, W.E. 1997. National hierarchical framework of ecological units. In: Boyce, M. S.; Haney, A., ed. 1997. Ecosystem management applications for sustainable forest and wildlife resources. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press: 181-200. Cleland, D.T.; L. Laing,; Watson, R.L.; Malusa, J.; Jordan, J.K.; Diamond, D.D,; and G. Robertson. 2008. Land type associations of southeast Arizona. 361 p. Online: http://www.azfirescape.org/home/related_activities/. Daly, C. and Taylor, G.. 2000. United States average monthly or annual mean temperature, 1961-90. Oregon State University, Spatial Climate Analysis Service (SCAS/OSU); Corvallis, OR: Climate Source, Inc. Malusa, Falk, Laing, and Gebow Kaib, J. 1998. Fire history in riparian canyon pine-oak forests and the intervening desert grasslands of the Southwest borderlands: A dendroecological, historical, and cultural inquiry. Tucson, AZ: The University of Arizona. 234 p. Thesis. LANDFIRE 1.1.0 Existing vegetation type layer. U.S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey. Online: http://landfire.cr.usgs.gov/viewer/ [Accessed May 11, 2012]. McNab, W.H.; Cleland, D.T.; Freeouf, J.A.; Keys, J.E., Jr.; Nowacki, G.J.; Carpenter, C.A., comps. 2005. Description of ecological subregions: sections of the conterminous United States [CD-ROM]. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 80 p. Nigh, T.A.; Schroeder, W.A. 2002. Atlas of Missouri ecoregions. Jefferson City, MO: Missouri Department of Conservation. 212 p. Reynolds, S. 2007. Digital geologic map of Arizona. Phoenix, AZ: Arizona Geologic Survey. Online: http://www.azgs.az.gov/. [Accessed May 11, 2012]. Tansley, A. G. 1935. The use and abuse of vegetational concepts and terms. Ecology. 16(3): 284-307. Thornthwaite, C. W. 1948. An approach toward a rational classification of climate. Geographic Review. 38:55-94. USGS National Gap Analysis Program. 2004. Provisional digital land cover map for the southwestern United States. Version 1.0. Logan, UT: Utah State University, College of Natural Resources, RS/GIS Laboratory. Online: http://earth.gis.usu.edu/swgap/. [Accessed May 11, 2012]. White, M. A. and G. E. Host. 2002. An assessment of potential evapotranspiration for the northern Lake States. Online: http://www.nrri.umn.edu/gla/ pet.htm. [Accessed on Sep. 21, 2006]. Winthers, E.; Fallon, D.; Haglund, J.; DeMeo, T.; Nowacki, G.; Tart, D.; Ferwerda, M.; Robertson, G.; Gallegos, A.; Rorick, A.1; Cleland, D. T.; Robbie, W. 2005. Terrestrial ecological unit inventory technical guide. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Ecosystem Management Coordination Staff. 245 p. The content of this paper reflects the views of the authors, who are responsible for the facts and accuracy of the information presented herein. NOTE: This paper was originally part of "Tools for Management" session and belatedly added as an addendum, so page numbers are not sequential within these proceedings. USDA Forest Service Proceedings RMRS-P-67. 2013 A-7


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You may recall a news story, which was widely reported in August, about a lawsuit brought by a woman who was the victim of a kidnapping and sexual assault involving suspect Everett Simpson. Read more
MIDDLEBURY | A Texas man, who was accused of posing as a medical a doctor as a way to "medically inspect" a Middlebury College student, was convicted of a federal charge of possessing child pornography in Burlington last week. Read more

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PARENTS aren't happy about these extremely graphic sex education videos which are being shown on national television in Norway.
'Newton' is a science show aimed for eight to 12-year-olds and it's hosted by a doctor called Line Jansrud but mums and dads aren't happy with her teaching technique.
Line covers a whole range of topics, including French kissing, hickies, the science behind orgasms and she narrates over a simulated masturbation demonstration.
A lot of her videos include props to help visualise what she's talking about, such as a tomato, a vacuum and sometimes even real life models.
But some parents haven't been impressed with Line's teaching, one woman wrote on Facebook "My not happy or comfortable with this as a parent doesn't effect the science.
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"I confess I know nothing about sociology and this idea makes me very uncomfortable, but if educating my child at an earlier age is going to produce what I determine as positive/negative life outcomes then I should probably put my reality on hold and consider theirs."
Someone else felt the graphic visuals were too much, with a commenter saying: "This has just put me off sex for the rest of my life."
And someone else commented: "This is teaching an 8 year old how to lick someone out and that's apparently alright is it f****** hell im done.
"I have 3 children and frankly if my 8 year old is even thinking about anything other thank Barbies and how "doing it" is a naughty word, then shit I'm doing something wrong."
However, the show has had some positive feedback, one person said: "We could do with shows like this over here to be honest.
"Where do a majority of kids learn the ins and outs of sex these days? Porn. So what do they learn?
"That women are objects, gang bangs are the norm and you can shove what ever you like up your bum even if you end up with an anal prolapse."


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A team of Israeli researchers has studied the benefits of an aquatic lens. Rich in protein it would be a great asset to regulate its consumption of carbohydrates.
Published in the journal Diabete Cares, the study shows that the Mankai water lens can keep blood glucose levels at low levels. Researchers from the Ben-Gurion University of the Negev (Be'er-Sheva, Israel) who initiated this work performed an experiment on 20 patients with abdominal overweight.
The volunteers were invited to consume milkshake drinks for two weeks as dinner. Both preparations contained the same carbohydrate, protein, fat and calorie content.
At the end of the experiment, participants who consumed the Mankai milkshake had later glucose peaks and faster glucose evacuation than those who drank the yoghurt milk shake. The measurements described in this study were made from glucose sensors.
An asset for health and the environment
An earlier study published in the Journal of Nutrition has demonstrated that a Mediterranean diet including the Mankai lens increases iron and folic acid levels despite small amounts of red meat.
Rich in polyphenols, dietary fiber, minerals (including iron and zinc), vitamin A, vitamin B and vitamin B12, the Mankai lentil is grown in Israel as well as in Southeast Asia. It can also be grown all year round in hydroponics.
In addition to its nutritional value, it represents a considerable advantage from an environmental point of view since its cultivation requires much less water than other legumes or plants rich in proteins such as soy or spinach.


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Our current regulatory environment, cumbersome internal organizational systems, interdependent politics (internal and external to our business) and the like, create such seemingly insurmountable barriers. So much so that we feel we don't have the time and will to fight such a battle. Our systems should be designed to aid such efficiency and effectiveness in bringing value-added tools/technologies/methodologies to market faster, no debilitate them. If you were to do an RCA on "Why it took 15 years for the US to accept Australia's proven cure for peptic ulcers?", what kind of latent root causes would you suspect to find? Same for bringing proven drugs to market? Robert J. Latino, CEO Reliability Center, Inc. 1.800.457.0645 blatino at reliability.com www.reliability.com From: robert bell [mailto:rmsbell at ESEDONA.NET] Sent: Wednesday, November 12, 2014 12:24 AM To: IMPROVEDX at LIST.IMPROVEDIAGNOSIS.ORG Subject: [IMPROVEDX] Increasing the Speed of Medical Patient Safety Advances in the USA Increasing the Speed of Medical Safety Advances in the USA Medical advances are sometimes quick and sometimes painfully slow. There is an estimate now that 440,000 patients are dying of error (including diagnostic) every year in the USA with more being injured. This figure if true has risen from the IOM estimate 15 years ago of an upper limit of 99,000 deaths. And presumably with the Affordable Care Act and more people coming into the system there will be even more deaths occurring. About 167 years ago Ignaz Semmelweis suggested we wash our hands before seeing patients - it has been said that only 2/3rds of physicians do this today when going from patient to patient in hospitals. The importance of Helicobacter pylori in peptic ulcers and its treatment with antibiotics discovered by Nobel Prize winners Barry Marshall and Robin Warren of Australia took some 15 years to be fully accepted in the US. Also, the length of time it takes to get a new pharmaceutical drug on the market (about 10 - 15 years). Are such times acceptable when patients are dying? Here on this list we talk about ways to handle a particular problem. Some will be excellent and life saving advances, but whether they are introduced into hospitals will depend on the enthusiasm of a few and the culture in the hospital in question. And then with normal good idea spread one could expect that idea to take 20 - 30 years to be adopted in all 5,723 hospitals in the US. So if we want to prevent more deaths we need to introduce ideas that are effective far, far more quickly. How to do this well is the challenge? The quickest way would seem to be through legislation, but in our gridlocked Washington DC environment, is this possible? It would seem that numbers are more powerful and that greater co-operation and coalition formation between the Medical Safety Societies would be worth exploring further to see if such an approach would move things along much faster. It also seems that all or most communications to the list should more often focus on solutions and how to achieve widespread use of something that works. This so that posts are more action oriented. Further, I would suggest that contributors copy others to help move things along. Ideas can be like seeds in the desert waiting for the right conditions to germinate. Perhaps even establish a good idea website by category. I do not know what the whole solution is in this complicated field but it seems that we need to be experimenting more, communicating more, and doing more, if we want to significantly impact the death and injury toll. I would also propose that a National Symposium be held to discuss, How to Increase the Speed of Medical Patient Safety Advances. Would welcome comments. Robert M. Bell, M.D. ________________________________ Address messages to: IMPROVEDX at LIST.IMPROVEDIAGNOSIS.ORG<mailto:IMPROVEDX at LIST.IMPROVEDIAGNOSIS.ORG> To unsubscribe from IMPROVEDX: click the following link: http://list.improvediagnosis.org/scripts/wa-IMPDIAG.exe?SUBED1=IMPROVEDX&A=1 or send email to: IMPROVEDX-SIGNOFF-REQUEST at LIST.IMPROVEDIAGNOSIS.ORG<mailto:IMPROVEDX-SIGNOFF-REQUEST at LIST.IMPROVEDIAGNOSIS.ORG> Visit the searchable archives or adjust your subscription at: http://list.improvediagnosis.org/scripts/wa-IMPDIAG.exe?INDEX Moderator: Lorri Zipperer Lorri at ZPM1.com<mailto:Lorri at ZPM1.com>, Communication co-chair, Society for Improving Diagnosis in Medicine To learn more about SIDM visit: http://www.improvediagnosis.org/ HTML Version:
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Vehicle Summary
- Condition: Used
- Certified: Yes
- Body Style: Pickup
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- Mileage: 47,732
- Engine: V6 Cylinder Engine
- Transmission:
- Drivetrain: Four Wheel Drive
- Exterior Color: Magnetic Black
- Interior Color: Black
- City MPG:
- Highway MPG:
Vehicle Highlights
Vehicle Details
The Nissan Frontier has solid virtues holding its own against the new Tacoma. The sheetmetal looks fresh with a 4.0-liter V6 making 261 horsepower and 281 pound-feet of torque. The rear-wheel-drive four-cylinder is fine for someone who owns a pickup because they sometimes need to carry big things. The six-cylinder rates an EPA-estimated rates of 15/21 mpg. The 2015 Frontier earned top marks from the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) in its crash tests, for moderate overlap front-impact, side-impact, and roof strength.
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•The website has no contact information. A legitimate business has a way for you to reach them. Look for an "About" page that offers information on the company or CEO, along with a phone number, address, or contact email. (Try calling the number to see if anyone answers.) A website with only a contact form and no other way to get in touch with an actual human is suspicious.
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This list is great, thanks! I wanted to point out, though, that it looks like at least some of the transcription jobs are listed as paying per audio hour which would work out to a lot less per hour of work. One hour of audio can take 3 to 4 hours for an experienced transcriber to complete, so $24/audio hour=$6-8/hour. Just something for people to be aware of. Earn Per Day Typing What You Hear (For Beginners)
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26. Services – You can offer a paid service, such as life coaching, blog coaching, goal setting or financial planning. Just be sure to investigate all the legal implications and make sure you're not claiming to be a professional if you're not one. With a service like this, you're basically using your blog to sell yourself. You'll need to convince people that you're worth buying and then be able to back up your claims once they purchase your service.
As you start regularly putting out content, you'll hopefully start to build a bit of an audience. But to start seeing real money from YouTube you need to market your videos elsewhere. Share your channel on Twitter and Facebook. Distribute videos anywhere else you can think of. Also, interact with comments and build a community around the videos you're making so people will share it with their friends. [HINDI] How to Sell Your Photos Online & Earn Money
The job: Would you like the freedom to work remotely while helping others succeed? Those are the perks of working as a bookkeeper, says Ben Robinson, a certified public accountant and business owner who teaches others to become virtual bookkeepers through his online course, Bookkeeper Business Launch. We asked him for advice for making this career track work for you. You can read the full interview here. EARN money WITH PROOF FROM ONE APP | LATEST TRICKS


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Thanks for your interest in Alibaba Gold!
I'm currently working on a detailed video to get you the latest information on this…
But in the meantime…
Checkout the best ClickFunnels offers, benefits, and features below.
In this day and also age, the method your company operates online can make or break you.
Just how do most services currently have a visibility online?
Internet sites.
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ClickFunnels is the most convenient way to earn high converting sales as well as advertising funnels.
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Below is my in-depth ClickFunnels Review, including favored attributes, rates, pros/cons, and contrasts versus rivals.
Alibaba Gold: Yet First, What Exactly Is a Sales Channel?
Sales funnels (likewise called advertising funnels) are multi-step projects that are created to relocate prospective leads with your sales procedure, and transform them right into customers.
Picture a real-life funnel. On top, you pour fluid in, which limits towards one fixed destination.
In sales, a comparable event occurs. On top, visitors get to your website, but not all that go into make it from the other end as customers.
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By damaging down the client's journey into smaller steps, you could be much more specific regarding just how and when you offer an offer to your target market.
The thorough action in a funnel could look something such as this:
- Unqualified lead comes to landing page
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ClickFunnels also has a graphic that describes this in a simple way:.
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The company makes the bold insurance claim of giving you whatever you have to market, sell, and supply your items online – and also they most definitely provide.
A conventional funnel will make use of an opt-in page (to gather e-mail addresses), an e-mail vehicle -responder (to send out e-mails to your clients), plus an added sales page with some material and an order kind, possibly followed by additional content, a subscription website, etc
. Previously, you would certainly have to utilize various systems and tools to achieve every one of these jobs such as:
- Produce an internet site
- Discover Hosting
- Discover an autoresponder service
- Discover membership website software
- Find split-testing software application … etc
Yet ClickFunnels cares for whatever with their system. You not just save a lots of money by not having to acquire different products/services, however you additionally stay clear of the technical mess of having to set whatever up, and also can concentrate on exactly what's really crucial – expanding your business.
ClickFunnels uses a Cost-free 14-Day Test, so you reach discover the device and also actually see if it's appropriate for your company.
Preferred Functions
* Rapidly Develop Pages Utilizing Design Templates and Elements *.
Before getting also far, it is essential to recognize that a channel is a collection of web pages created in a calculated order, with the goal of transforming as several leads into clients. And also a web page is simply a collection of different elements made to obtain somebody to take a certain activity.
ClickFunnels supplies even more compared to 50 various elements to help you construct the perfect page. The editor is very simple to utilize as well as all you need to do is drag and also drop different aspects on to the page, and also upgrade the message as well as appearance to fit your requirements – no coding skills required!
ClickFunnels likewise makes your life less complicated by supplying you with a lots of complimentary design templates.
Actually, ClickFunnels offers over 37 kinds of web pages for you to blend as well as match with. These are damaged down right into the following 10 categories:
- Presell Pages: Study Page, Article Page, Presell Page, Clickpop Page
- Optin Pages: Squeeze Web Page, Reverse Capture Web Page, Lead Magnet, Discount Coupon
- Thank You Pages: Thanks Page, Offer Wall, Bridge Web Page, Share Page
- Sales Pages: Video Sales Page, Business Letter Web Page, Item Launch Page
- OTO Pages: Upsell Page, Downsell Page
- Order Forms: 2 Step Order Page, Traditional Order Web Page, Video Sales Letter Order Page, Sales Letter Order Web Page, Item Introduce Order Web Page
- Webinar Pages: Webinar Registration Page, Webinar Verification Page, Webinar Program Area, Webinar Replay Area
- Membership Pages: Accessibility Page, Member's Location
- Associate Pages: Accessibility Page, Affiliate Area
- Various Other Pages: Application Page, Ask Page, Store Front, Home Page, Hero Web Page, Hangout Web Page, Live Trial Web Page
The pre-built templates are totally adjustable, and also are what most users use.
You have the ability to pick a template, modify or change the aspects with your personal, and also your new web page is ready to go.
You can also link any kind of funnel you develop with your own e-mail advertising service (if you do not use the one included in ClickFunnels), and also use the ClickFunnels integrated in payment system.
This is additionally a good time to mention that ClickFunnels gives extremely helpful as well as easy to understand training videos when you initially subscribe. I extremely advise experiencing those since they swiftly enable you to use the tool at its full capacity, and you'll have much more enjoyable messing around. Alibaba Gold
* Create One-Click Subscription Sites *.
Among the very best features with ClickFunnels is the ability to conveniently produce membership websites as well as deliver material to your target market in one location.
Your subscription site will come full with enrollment pages, membership gain access to web pages, and web content pages which you could quickly lock or leak feed to your clients according to acquisitions they made in your channel.
ClickFunnels subscription websites permit you to send emails, easily manage your e-mails, and build a community all while removing the anxiety that's related to various other options such as Kajabi, or WordPress systems.
It's truly useful to not need to purchase a different software program or plugin to create subscription websites.
* Email Assimilation & Actionetics *.
With every funnel comes e-mail checklist structure opportunities.
ClickFunnels sustains e-mail assimilation with every one of the major e-mail automation platforms such as:
- Active Campaign
- Aweber
- Constant Contact
- ConvertKit
- Drip
- Get Response
- Hubspot
- InfusionSoft
- Mad Mimi
- MailChimp
- Market Hero
- Ontraport
- Salesforce
- Sendlane
- And others
Nonetheless, ClickFunnels also has their own powerful automation tool called Actionetics.
Although you can develop, timetable, as well as provide emails as with other email advertising platform, Actionetics is so much a lot more.
I like Actionetics because it not just replaces your email advertising but messenger advertising as well as SMS advertising softwares as well. This takes automation to a whole new degree and helps you interact the ideal message to your clients, exactly when they need it. A video clip overview of Actionetics will certainly be offered additionally below.
* Billing and also Repayment Assimilation *.
An impressive attribute within ClickFunnels is the ability to collect all of the invoicing information from your customers exactly on your sales page. Marketing is made a lot less complicated when consumers do not need to leave your website.
ClickFunnels incorporates with significant settlement entrances such as PayPal, Stripe, and also InfusionSoft, among others.
ClickFunnels Pricing.
While you could begin with the Free 14-Day Trial, there are 3 different pricing alternatives with ClickFunnels:
- $ 97/month.
- $ 297/month.
- $ 997 mass discount rate plan (suggested).
I'll go into detail for each of these plans listed below.
1. ClickFunnels Requirement Strategy – $97/month.
The conventional strategy includes all the features you would certainly need within ClickFunnels, but with constraints on the variety of funnels (20) and also pages (100) you could have in your account, along with the number of visitors (20K) could watch your web pages monthly.
You likewise do not obtain innovative performance such as ClickFunnels very own e-mail advertising as well as associate monitoring tools.
2. ClickFunnels Etison Collection – $297/month.
This plan includes all the bells as well as whistles of the typical plan, without any restrictions. It also features 2 additional items produced by ClickFunnels called Actionetics (e-mail advertising and marketing) as well as Backpack (affiliate monitoring platform).
In Actionetics – you could handle all your get in touches with that subscribe to your checklist, send out e-mail broadcasts, as well as create a host of other automations. Alibaba Gold
The difference between the two strategies truly is the constraints, as well as Actionetics/Backpack. If you are a fundamental user and also do not expect to make use of greater than 20 funnels in your account – the Requirement Plan should be enough.
Nonetheless, if you intend to have an affiliate program or want to maintain your email advertising and marketing within ClickFunnels and also not use a 3rd party software application, the Etison Suite is for you.
You could constantly start on the lower strategy as well as upgrade if needed.
3. Funnel Hacks System – $997
For any individual that's significant regarding their organisation, the ClickFunnels Funnel Hacks System is the offer of the century.
The $997 Funnel Hacks System has robust training programs bundled with 6-month accessibility to the ClickFunnels Etison Suite.
This is an unbelievable bargain given that outside of this program, 6-months of Etison Suite alone would certainly cost you $1782.
Not only are you saving $785 but you're obtaining a lots of trainings and overviews of help you obtain one of the most from ClickFunnels!
ClickFunnels Benefits And Drawbacks
- Creating funnels is extremely straightforward, simple, and fast
- All-in-one platform with everything your organisation should win
- Split testing and conversion tracking consisted of
- Email assimilation with all the significant e-mail autoresponder systems
- Payment handling abilities within ClickFunnels
- ClickFunnels is constantly adapting and also upgrading to the moments
- There is always support readily available (whether online or otherwise).
- Unbelievably energetic Facebook Team Community.
- Free 14-Day Test – allows you to try it run the risk of free.
- As awesome as ClickFunnels is, it definitely is not a low-cost option and requires a continual subscription to utilize
- Support isn't really always the fastest and also could draw from 1 minute to 24 hours depending upon the issue.
ClickFunnels vs. Every person Else.
Lots of people ask just how ClickFunnels compares with other landing web page builders such as Leadpages, Unbounce, as well as Infusionsoft.
Generally it's not actually a reasonable contrast due to the fact that each of these tools excels is one location or the other.
The graph above offers a detailed analysis – however I'll highlight several of the major contrasts listed below.
ClickFunnels vs Leadpages
Before ClickFunnels, Leadpages was the huge canine.
Leadpages is merely a lead capture software – nothing even more. You can create landing pages, lead boxes, accumulate leads … that's practically it. Furthermore, the Leadpages templates are additionally limited on personalization.
ClickFunnels is much more flexible – it's much easier to make use of as well as does so far more compared to create lead capture pages.
Basically, Leadpages is really simply a touchdown web page builder, while ClickFunnels is concentrated around building extremely integrated funnels.
ClickFunnels vs Infusionsoft
Infusionsoft is not a touchdown web page or sales page contractor. It has several of that functionality developed it, yet that's not exactly what it's understood for.
At it's core, Infusionsoft is a CRM platform – one that enables you to manage your whole client data source. ClickFunnels has this capacity with Actionetics, however it's not virtually as progressed as Infusionsoft.
Infusionsoft is likewise incredibly pricey and also pressures every brand-new customer to pay $2000 for a necessary kickstart training package just to discover how to utilize the intricate system (which is notoriously difficult to make use of).
ClickFunnels Affiliate Program
There are 2 major courses people go down as ClickFunnels customers.
Those that choose to use the device for their service – in hopes of eventually accomplish both Comma Club (over $1M in income).
And those that are interested in making easy earnings as a ClickFunnels Associate and winning the Desire Cars and truck Competition (where they pay $500/$1000 to your desire vehicle if you get to 100/200 active monthly signups, respectively).
With a monstrous 40% month-to-month recurring compensation, ClickFunnels easily has one of the greatest affiliate programs of any platform around.
That's right – you get paid a continuous 40% compensation on every associate signup you make with the ClickFunnels Associate Program. Yet, just what does that truly relate to?
The fundamental plan is a $97/month investment and the Etison Suite strategy is a $297/month financial investment. consequently you make $38.80 per standard plan as well as $118.80 per Etison Collection plan … each and every month!
Generally, every 100 signups will certainly generate $4000/month in associate compensations (basically depending upon the number of Etison Plan customers remain in there).
Go here to get more information about becoming a ClickFunnels Associate.
The Bottom Line
ClickFunnels is pass on the best platform if you are seeking to easily construct high transforming sales funnels.
Because it was developed from the ground up to be the very best sales funnel building contractor, it defeats all the competitors in that regard.
Externally, it might not be the most inexpensive item available – but if you utilize it to its full capacity, your service will certainly come to be extra rewarding and also you will conserve loan from not having to make use of other tools. Alibaba Gold
If you have actually reviewed this far right into my ClickFunnels Evaluation, I suggest you see on your own with a Free 14-Day Trial below.


text:
05.01.2018 | Original Paper | Ausgabe 2/2018
Flow through autohydrolysis of spruce wood chips and lignin carbohydrate complex formation
- Zeitschrift:
- Cellulose > Ausgabe 2/2018
Wichtige Hinweise
Electronic supplementary material
The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-017-1643-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Autohydrolysis technology is widely used for extracting lignocellulose from wood chips. In this study, the flow through autohydrolysis of spruce wood chips was studied fundamentally. In addition to rising temperature to 185 °C and prolonging time of hydrolysis to 75 min, a flow rate of 2 L/min led to significant lignocellulose removal from wood chips. However, the lower temperature of 170 °C, 15 min and flow rate of 6 L/min led to lignocellulose with larger molecular weight in the hydrolysis liquor. Gel permeation chromatography analysis confirmed the existence of lignin–carbohydrate complexes (LCC) in the hydrolysis liquors. The compositions of lignin, hemicelluloses and LCC in hydrolysis liquors were related to autohydrolysis conditions. Nineteen percent of lignin moieties were in LCC form in the hydrolysis liquor produced under the conditions of liquid/solid (L/S) ratio of 10 (wt/wt), 180 °C and 15 min. Furthermore, the hydrolysis liquor produced under the conditions of L/S ratio of 5/1, 190 °C and 15 min contained 89% of lignin in LCC forms. Moreover, the efficiencies of membrane dialysis, acidification and ethanol extraction in extracting lignocellulose were different for different hydrolysis liquors implying that the properties of hydrolysis liquors (and thus the hydrolysis conditions) would significantly affect the performance of downstream processes for isolating lignocellulose from hydrolysis liquors.


text:
New Conditionals
Material written by karajorma : http://homepage.ntlworld.com/karajorma/FAQ/fredopen.html#conditionals
What are the new conditionals?
In the retail version of FRED2, all events began with the plain old boring when SEXP. You can do a lot with when. In fact until mid-2004 that was all you had. However, there are some times when when just isn't enough. FS2_Open has added several new conditionals that fill in some of the gaps.
Every-Time is a version of when which continuously repeats itself for the entire duration of the mission. Unlike when, an event using every-time can't ever become true or false. It is always incomplete regardless of however many times it has executed. Every-Time can basically be thought of as being the similar to a repeating event using when with a delay of 0. Due to the fact that events using Every-Time are never marked as true or false, it can be used to solve problems with SEXPs like key-reset in repeating events. On the other hand, you should never chain an event to one with every-time or use the event-true/event-false SEXPs with it as due to the fact it is always incomplete those events will never trigger.
When-Argument / Every-Time-Argument
Probably the two most confusing of the new SEXPs for most people, these two SEXPs are also amongst the most powerful. Both SEXPs allow you to do things that previously would have required a lot of tiresome fiddling with variables. In addition, they also allow you to do things in one event that previously could have required hundreds.
The event works quite simply. When the mission is running, FS2 looks at the list of ships this event applies to. Wherever it sees the word argument, it sticks in the name of the wing at the top of the list. If the condition is true (i.e Alpha 1 is less than 2000m of Cancer wing) then the event triggers and whatever you've replaced do-nothing with will happen. If not FS2 goes back this time substituting the second name on the list wherever it sees argument. FS2 continues down the list until it reaches the end or finds something that triggers the event.
It's worth noting that there is no requirement for the argument to be a ship or wing name. It can be anything, subsystem name, message name, event name, whatever you want.


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text:
Flavonoid Profile of the Genista tridentata L., a Species Used Traditionally to Treat Inflammatory Processes
LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
Department of Medical Sciences and Institute of Biomedicine—iBiMED, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Academic Editor: Francesco Cacciola
Molecules 2020, 25(4), 812; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25040812 (registering DOI)
Received: 22 January 2020 / Revised: 8 February 2020 / Accepted: 11 February 2020 / Published: 13 February 2020
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Phenolic and Polyphenolic Compounds)
Ethnopharmacological surveys on Portuguese flora reveal that Genista tridentata L. is a shrub used in traditional medicine for the treatment of various inflammation-related health problems, although scientific support of its benefits is still necessary. In order to establish the anti-inflammatory potential of G. tridentata and support its traditional use, ethanolic extracts of three sections of the plant (root, stem, and leaves) were subjected to in vitro evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulates macrophages as an inflammation model. Simultaneously, we also aimed to establish the extracts' flavonoids profile. The ethanolic extracts, obtained by Soxhlet extraction, profile of the three sections confirmed their richness in flavonoids, being three prenylated flavonoids isolated and characterized in the root, including a new natural compound, the 3-methoxymundulin. The extracts from the three plant sections showed strong antioxidant activity at the cellular level and significantly inhibit the LPS-triggered NO production by downregulating Nos2 gene transcription and consequently iNOS expression. Additionally, root and stem extracts also decreased the LPS-induced transcription of the pro-inflammatory genes Il1b, Il6, and Ptgs2. Thus, the results support the anti-inflammatory properties attributed to G. tridentate preparations. Relevantly, the roots of the shrub, plant part not used, is an unexplored source of compounds with pharmacological and nutraceutical value. View Full-Text
Keywords: Genista tridentata; UHPLC-DAD-ESI/MSn profile; flavonoids; lupinifolin; mundulin; 3-methoxymundulin; anti-inflammatory activity►▼ Show Figures
Graphical abstract
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited
- Supplementary File 1:
PDF-Document (PDF, 843 KB)
MDPI and ACS Style
Simões, M.A.M.; Pinto, D.C.G.A.; Neves, B.M.R.; Silva, A.M.S. Flavonoid Profile of the Genista tridentata L., a Species Used Traditionally to Treat Inflammatory Processes. Molecules 2020, 25, 812.
AMA StyleShow more citation formats Show less citations formats
Simões MAM, Pinto DCGA, Neves BMR, Silva AMS. Flavonoid Profile of the Genista tridentata L., a Species Used Traditionally to Treat Inflammatory Processes. Molecules. 2020; 25(4):812.Chicago/Turabian Style
Simões, Mark A.M.; Pinto, Diana C.G.A.; Neves, Bruno M.R.; Silva, Artur M.S. 2020. "Flavonoid Profile of the Genista tridentata L., a Species Used Traditionally to Treat Inflammatory Processes." Molecules 25, no. 4: 812.
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text:
- Stock #12191165
- Year2020
- ManufacturerK-Z RV
- MakeVenture RV
- ModelStratus
- FloorplanUltra-Lite SR281VBH
- TypeTravel Trailer
- ConditionNew
- Length32' 0"
- Price$42,571.00
2020 Venture RV Stratus Ultra-Lite SR281VBH - For Sale in Gambrills, MD.
- InteriorCOCO
- Sleeps9
- Water Capacity (Fresh)40
- Water Capacity (Black)32
- Water Capacity (Grey)64
- Slideouts1
- Tow/Hitch Weight670
Venture Stratus Ultra-Lite travel trailer SR281VBH highlights:
- Walk-In pantry
- Double Bunk Beds
- Outdoor kitchen
- Rear Corner Bath
This travel trailer can give you the complete home away from home experience. With room for nine to ten people, pack up the kids and their friends and prepare for fun. This unit features a pass-through storage, a trunk door for the swimming gear, plus a walk-in pantry with coat hooks for dry goods or rain jackets. Enjoy the front private bedroom that includes a TV mount for your convenience. Lounge on the sofa or enjoy a family meal around the u-dinette. The kids will argue over who gets the top bunk on the double bunk beds and the rear corner bath will provide extra privacy. The chef of the family will love grilling with the outdoor kitchen that can be used like a campfire cafe for hamburgers and all the toppings. Give this travel trailer a chance, and you won't be sorry you did!
In each Venture Stratus Ultra-Lite travel trailer you will find an 8 cu.ft. refrigerator, and a pantry with half of the units featuring walk-in pantries that you are sure to love. With a true residential queen bed, back lit booth dinettes, and Store-Mor nightstands with 110 outlet & USB plugs, you can relax like you do at home. These models also include an entry door motion light for added safety, flip-up solid steps, and a Venture bottle opener/doggie tie down that will come in handy for evenings outdoors. Easily bring along bikes or scooters for the kids by adding the optional storage rack to any unit. The Stratus Ultra-Lite travel trailers can easily be towed with a lightweight truck or SUV. Why wait, get started on your next camping adventure now!
- Bunkhouse
- Outdoor Kitchen
- U Shaped Dinette
- Front Bedroom
- Slideout
729 MD Route 3 North
Gambrills, Maryland 21054
Toll-Free: 855-395-6828
Phone: 410-987-4793
Fax: 410-923-0311
Site: http://www.leosrv.com/
More Listings


text:
Find your perfect caregiver!
- Item Number
- 168
- Estimated Value
- Opening Bid
Item Description
No hiring decision can be more important - or more nerve-wracking - than that of hiring a caregiver for your little ones. Personal Attention LLC, a NYC-based personal concierge and event management company, is here to take the stress out of the experience for you and deliver you that Mary Poppins nanny you have been looking for!
This gift certificate is for the hiring of one caregiver - live-in /out nanny, manny, baby nurse, tutor, or mommy helper. If the client is not satisfied with the candidate, Personal Attention will provide a new one at no cost, as long as it is done during the candidate's trial period. Personal Attention is a nanny agency and has a NYC employment agency license.
Special Instructions
Gift certificate will be emailed from Morningside Montessori School.
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