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Home › Softshell Jackets › Regatta › Regatta Sandstorm workwear softshell bodywarmer
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24 Hour Emergency Plumbing Delano CA 93215
Problems with your home plumbing Delano can come up at any time and in most times, leading to so much inconvenience, a complete mess or even property damage and damage to personal belongings. Plumbers that have been in business for over 10 years typically have a proven track record of providing quality services. Water that gets trapped there from a leaking toilet or from water simply getting around the base can lead to trapped moisture, which leads to mold, soaked infrastructure, and really costly water damages.
Get multiple quotes for larger jobs such as remodels, water heater replacement and home additions. While the final cost of a service can depend on many factors, comparing quotes can give you an idea of what to expect when you hire a plumber in Delano CA. Our technicians are skilled, professional, friendly and efficient, providing you with the highest quality service at the most competitive rates.
Local Plumbing Services Delano
Problems with your home plumbing can come up at any time and in most times, leading to so much inconvenience, a complete mess or even property damage and damage to personal belongings. Our Plumbing service is an emergency plumber service Delano CA, available 24 hrs a day, every day. The last thing you need is to call a plumber again for more repairs. Our trained professionals are licensed and experienced – every member of our plumber California team are highly trained professionals with years of experience behind them. Our plumbers are committed to maintaining the level of trust and quality craftsmanship that it provides to businesses and institutions in virtually every industry in the Greater Delano area.
Owning a home can be an expensive and time-consuming task, especially if one of your pipes burst. Our team of plumbing experts has years of experience when it comes to providing plumbing services, and it always shows in the quality of their work. Our plumbers can root out the cause of leaks of a commercial sink, toilets, pipes or more – and repair or replace them. Traditional and trenchless mainline repairs both offer different benefits.
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Welcome to Cash Converters Shop.
Shop with confidence in New Zealand's largest second hand goods retailer. All of our goods are thoroughly checked, come with a warranty, and are shipped from one of our local stores. We add new items every day, so make sure to check in regularly to avoid missing a bargain. For the easiest way to buy quality goods at better than new prices, register now and start shopping today.
Below are just a random selection of some of the items we currently have for sale. To find what you are looking for please browse by category or use the search or advanced search (+ sign to the right of the search button) features.
Please note: You need to be logged in to see shipping options and costs for items. Read the FAQ for more information on shipping etc.
Please note: Cash Converters does not buy, sell or loan on guns (including air rifles). We do occasionally trade gun accessories, such as gun safes/cabinets and scopes.
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Study of Viral Load Decay Rates in HIV Infected Participants Starting Treatment With Raltegravir (RAL) and Emtricitabine/Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate (TDF)
|The safety and scientific validity of this study is the responsibility of the study sponsor and investigators. Listing a study does not mean it has been evaluated by the U.S. Federal Government. Read our disclaimer for details.
|ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00660972
Recruitment Status : Completed
First Posted : April 18, 2008
Last Update Posted : June 10, 2015
- Study Details
- Tabular View
- No Results Posted
- Disclaimer
- How to Read a Study Record
|Condition or disease
|HIV Infections
|Drug: Raltegravir Drug: Emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate
|Phase 1
Recent data suggests that early virologic response to HIV interventions may be predictive of long-term virologic outcomes. Defining early decay in viral load through carefully performed studies of viral dynamics may be a useful tool for assessing the likely outcome of long-term treatment. It may also be a useful screening tool to define which combinations should be studied further. In this trial, the viral load decay rate will be estimated in HIV infected, treatment-naive participants receiving RAL and FTC/TDF.
This study will last approximately 72 weeks. All participants will take RAL and FTC/TDF for 72 weeks. RAL will be provided by the study. FTC/TDF will not be provided.
This study will consist of 16 study visits. These visits will occur at study entry, Days 2, 7, 10, 14, 21, 28, and 56, and Weeks 12, 16, 20, 24, 36, 48, 60, and 72. Blood collection and pharmacokinetic studies will occur at all study visits. Self-reported adherence assessments will be submitted at each visit. A targeted physical exam will occur at most visits. Liver function tests and urine collection will occur at select visits. Pregnancy tests will occur whenever pregnancy is suspected.
|Study Type :
|Interventional (Clinical Trial)
|Actual Enrollment :
|40 participants
|Intervention Model:
|Single Group Assignment
|None (Open Label)
|Primary Purpose:
|Official Title:
|First-Phase Viral Decay Rates in Treatment-Naive Subjects Initiating Treatment With Raltegravir (RAL) and Emtricitabine (FTC)/Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate (TDF): A Pilot Study
|Study Start Date :
|May 2008
|Actual Primary Completion Date :
|January 2009
|Actual Study Completion Date :
|April 2010
Experimental: 1
Oral RAL and FTC/TDF for 72 weeks
Drug: Raltegravir
400 mg tablet taken orally twice daily
Other Name: RAL
Drug: Emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate
Fixed dose tablet containing 200 mg emtricitabine and 300 mg tenofovir disoproxil fumarate taken once daily. FTC/TDF will not be provided by the study and must be obtained by the particpant's health care provider.
Other Name: FTC/TDF
- Viral load decay rates [ Time Frame: Through Day 56 ]
- Viral load decay rates [ Time Frame: From Weeks 24 to 72 ]
- Proportion of participants with a viral load less than 50 copies/ml [ Time Frame: At Weeks 24, 48, and 72 ]
- Safety and tolerability. More information on this criterion can be found in the protocol. [ Time Frame: Throughout study ]
- CD4 and CD8 count [ Time Frame: Throughout study ]
- Resistance mutations to RAL, FTC, and TDF [ Time Frame: Throughout study ]
- Minimum concentration (Cmin) for RAL, FTC, and TDF [ Time Frame: Throughout study ]
- Changes in viral load [ Time Frame: At Day 7 ]
- Self-reported adherence [ Time Frame: Throughout study ]
- Cell-associated proviral DNA, LTR circular DNA, and integrated proviral DNA [ Time Frame: Throughout study ]
- Viral load [ Time Frame: From Week 24 to Week 72 ]
Choosing to participate in a study is an important personal decision. Talk with your doctor and family members or friends about deciding to join a study. To learn more about this study, you or your doctor may contact the study research staff using the contacts provided below. For general information, Learn About Clinical Studies.
|Ages Eligible for Study:
|18 Years and older (Adult, Older Adult)
|Sexes Eligible for Study:
|Accepts Healthy Volunteers:
Inclusion Criteria:
- HIV infected
- Antiretroviral treatment naive
- Viral load at least 10,000 and less than 300,000 copies/ml within 42 days prior to study entry
- Agree to use appropriate form of contraception. More information on this criterion can be found in the protocol.
Exclusion Criteria:
- Received HIV-specific immunizations within 6 months prior to study entry
- Received immunizations within 6 months prior to study entry
- Known allergy or sensitivity to study drugs
- Any participant with an acute AIDS-defining opportunistic infection (OI) who is not clinically stable or who has not been on therapy for the OI for at least 30 days prior to study entry
- Treatment with immune modulators or any investigational therapy within 30 days prior to study entry
- Evidence of HIV seroconversion within 6 months prior to study entry
- Illness requiring systemic treatment and/or hospitalization
- Substance abuse that, in the opinion of the investigator, would interfere with adherence to study requirements
- Requirement for any current medications that are prohibited with any study medication. More information on this criterion can be found in the protocol.
- Evidence of any major resistance-associated mutation on any genotype performed prior to study entry or at the time of screening. More information on this criterion can be found in the protocol.
- Abnormal laboratory values. More information on this criterion can be found in the protocol.
- Pregnant or breastfeeding
To learn more about this study, you or your doctor may contact the study research staff using the contact information provided by the sponsor.
Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.gov identifier (NCT number): NCT00660972
|United States, California
|UCSD Antiviral Research Center CRS
|San Diego, California, United States, 92103
|United States, Colorado
|University of Colorado Hospital CRS
|Aurora, Colorado, United States, 80045
|United States, Illinois
|Northwestern University CRS
|Chicago, Illinois, United States, 60611
|United States, Maryland
|IHV Baltimore Treatment CRS
|Baltimore, Maryland, United States, 21201
|Johns Hopkins University CRS
|Baltimore, Maryland, United States, 21205
|United States, Massachusetts
|Brigham and Women's Hospital Therapeutics Clinical Research Site (BWH TCRS) CRS
|Boston, Massachusetts, United States, 02115
|United States, Missouri
|Washington University Therapeutics (WT) CRS
|St. Louis, Missouri, United States, 63110-1010
|United States, New York
|Harlem ACTG CRS
|New York, New York, United States, 10037
|Trillium Health ACTG CRS
|Rochester, New York, United States, 14607
|Univ. of Rochester ACTG CRS
|Rochester, New York, United States, 14642
|United States, Ohio
|MetroHealth CRS
|Cleveland, Ohio, United States, 44109
|Ohio State University CRS
|Columbus, Ohio, United States, 43210
|United States, Rhode Island
|The Miriam Hospital Clinical Research Site (TMH CRS) CRS
|Providence, Rhode Island, United States, 02906
|United States, Tennessee
|Vanderbilt Therapeutics (VT) CRS
|Nashville, Tennessee, United States, 37204
|United States, Texas
|Houston AIDS Research Team CRS
|Houston, Texas, United States, 77030
|Study Chair:
|Adriana Andrade, MD, MPH
|Johns Hopkins University
Publications automatically indexed to this study by ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier (NCT Number):
|Responsible Party:
|National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
|ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:
|Other Study ID Numbers:
10532 ( Registry Identifier: DAIDS ES )
|First Posted:
|April 18, 2008 Key Record Dates
|Last Update Posted:
|June 10, 2015
|Last Verified:
|June 2015
HIV Integrase Inhibitors
HIV Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
Treatment Naive
Viral Load
HIV Infections
Lentivirus Infections
Retroviridae Infections
RNA Virus Infections
Virus Diseases
Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Viral
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes
Immune System Diseases
Raltegravir Potassium
Emtricitabine, Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Drug Combination
Antiviral Agents
Anti-Infective Agents
Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors
Enzyme Inhibitors
Molecular Mechanisms of Pharmacological Action
Anti-Retroviral Agents
Anti-HIV Agents
HIV Integrase Inhibitors
Integrase Inhibitors


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It was supposed to be today that we found out where and when the 2012 Men's Chess Championship between Anand & Gelfand would occur. The process for selecting a host for this tournament has been extended another month until 31-July-2011.
The details can be found here: http://discusschess.com/bids-deadline-for-anand-gelfand-2012-extended.html . I just wanted to update my earlier article on this Chess Championship. Stanczyk thinks FIDE needs to be more flexible on their demands. I think they are snoozing on the job and need to wake up and smell the coffee. I hope someone in the USA can pull together a bid, I'd love to see a Chess Championship in person! OK, America its your move.


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Available Options:
Several thousand years ago, the Seventh Avatar of Vishnu arrived on Earth to restore divine order by defeating two demons repressing saints, sages and the general population. Rama and Sita, representing the Divine Self and the Pure Kundalini Shakti, manifested to defeat evil ones and show the way for individuals to live a truly spiritual life while living in the world. The allegorical lives of Sita and Rama, with Divine Servant Hanuman, are filled with adventure, mystical mantras, and dramatic struggle. This workshop describes the setting-up of Rama's appearance that occurred thousands of years before his arrival and then convey the adventures of these Divine Ones.
This 16-CD set includes the entire three-day workshop, written and taught by Namadeva Acharya.
NOTE: The file for this downloadable product is just under 700 MB in size, Even with a high speed connection to the internet, it will take some time to download this product. Do not purchase this downloadable product if you have a dial-up connection to the internet, or if the computer or other device you are using doesn't have sufficient storage space to accommodate a 700 MB file.
Saraswati Publications, LLC | 3300 NW 185th Avenue, #92 | Portland | OR | 97229 | © 2012 | Privacy Notice


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Thank you for purchasing a premium ZEISS product. From the purchase date you have a four-week window to register your ZEISS photographic product online. You will then receive the ZEISS Extended Warranty which is valid for three years.
The ZEISS Online Registration System is fast and easy. Your registration data is for our internal use only. After registering, you will receive an email confirmation including a registration number directly from ZEISS.


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Check HTTP header for any URL and/or IP
Header for todopuertovallarta.info: (explanations)
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Server: nginx/1.2.3
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More tools:
· Site traffic todopuertovallarta.info
· Whois todopuertovallarta.info
Some of the HTTP Status Codes as described on WikiPedia:
200 OK - Standard response for successful HTTP requests. The actual response will depend on the request method used. In a GET request, the response will contain an entity corresponding to the requested resource. In a POST request the response will contain an entity describing or containing the result of the action.
301 Moved Permanently - This and all future requests should be directed to the given URI.
302 Found - This is the most popular redirect code, but also an example of industrial practice contradicting the standard. HTTP/1.0 specification (RFC 1945) required the client to perform a temporary redirect (the original describing phrase was "Moved Temporarily"), but popular browsers implemented it as a 303 See Other. Therefore, HTTP/1.1 added status codes 303 and 307 to disambiguate between the two behaviours. However, the majority of Web applications and frameworks still use the 302 status code as if it were the 303.


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United Family Health Care
- 847-680-7002
- Today: 9:00 AM - 12:00 AM
- Monday: 9:00 AM - 5:00 PM
- Tuesday: 9:00 AM - 12:00 AM
- Wednesday: 2:00 PM - 5:00 PM
- Thursday: 9:00 AM - 5:00 PM
- Friday: 9:00 AM - 5:00 PM
- Saturday: 12:00 PM - 2:00 PM
- Sunday: CLOSED
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Thank you. You should be receiving a reset link at the email address you provided shortly.
Fill out the form below
*First Name
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Thank you for your interest in this program. We should be contacting you shortly.
Earn your high school diploma as you prepare for a career in a high-demand field. This 18-credit high school course will teach you the skills you need to become an office manager, receptionist, data input specialist, or customer service representative. The course is offered entirely online, and you can work at your own pace.
When you enroll, you are assigned an Academic Coach who will provide you with support and help you stay on track. Should you need additional academic support, you will be assigned to a qualified instructor, certified in the areas of mathematics, science, language arts, or social studies, who will work directly with you.
Career Online High School is a division of Smart Horizons Career Online Education, a private school district that has been granted District Accreditation from the AdvancED Accreditation Commission, the national commission that confers the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Council on Accreditation and School Improvement (SACS CASI) accreditation seal. This means that the SHCOE district and all its schools are accredited, and that Smart Horizons Career Online Education is recognized across the nation as a quality school system.
AdvancED is the unified organization of the North Central Association Commission on Accreditation and School Improvement (NCA CASI) and the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Council on Accreditation and School Improvement (SACS CASI). AdvancED provides nationally recognized accreditation for school districts and individual schools and represents 27,000 public and private schools and districts across the United States and in 65 countries worldwide, educating 15 million students.
Students and community members can learn more about the District Accreditation Process at www.advanc-ed.org.
Smart Horizons has been approved as an Authorized Provider by the International Association for Continuing Education and Training (IACET), 1780 Old Meadow Road, Suite 500 McLean, VA 22102.
State Restrictions
"Students interested in pursuing post-secondary education within their state should check with the state to understand the requirements. States may impose requirements for receiving state financial aid. For example, an online high school diploma may not be recognized by some colleges and universities within a state to receive financial aid. It is recommended that students check with a specific institution for any specific restrictions—this is particularly important for residents of New York and New Jersey."
Hardware Requirements:
Software Requirements:
Instructional Material Requirements:
The instructional materials required for this course are included in enrollment and will be available online.
All students entering Career Online High School must be at least 16 years of age prior to the first day of class and have successfully completed the 8th Grade at an accredited institution. Minors will be required to obtain parental consent to enrollment and acknowledgment of responsibility.
Karen Panerali has more than 20 years of experience in instruction, curriculum development, and academic support. Her teaching experience includes high school, college, and corporate training settings. She holds a Bachelor of Art in Journalism and a Master of Arts in liberal arts studies.
Kimberly Sher has been an academic coach for more than 13 years. Previously, she was a science instructor at the University of Miami. She holds a bachelor's degree in biology and a master's degree in chemistry education.
Yianna Pavlakos is an Academic Coach and Social Studies Academic Support Instructor with 14 years of experience. She has a Bachelor's degree in history and philosophy and a Master's degree in history.
Shauna Paedae is a Math Academic Support Instructor. She is a National Board Certified Teacher with a Master's degree in statistics, a Bachelor's degree in mathematics, and 31 years of teaching experience.
1. Can I register for programs if I am an international student?
Yes, because ed2go programs are online you never have to actually travel to the school. Most schools offer telephone or online registration.
2. How long does it take to complete a program?
The career component of this program takes an estimate of 120 hours to complete; however, the hours for the High School Diploma general education can vary based on the number of high school credits you have prior to enrollment.
All of our programs are self-paced and open enrollment, so you can start them when you want and finish them at your own pace. Depending on how many credits you transfer in, you can be on your way to earning your high school diploma in a few months. You will be given up to 18 months to complete the program.
3. Do I have to buy additional materials?
All the materials you'll need are included, and their cost will be covered by your tuition. ed2go will ship all materials ground service upon enrollment.
4. Can I get financial assistance?
ed2go courses are non-credit courses, so they do not qualify for federal aid. In some states, vocational rehab or workforce development boards will pay for qualified students to take our courses.
5. What happens when I complete the program?
Upon successful completion of the program, you will be awarded a certificate of completion.
6. Am I guaranteed a job?
ed2go programs will provide you with the skills you need to obtain an entry-level position in most cases. We don't provide direct job placement services, but our facilitators and career counselors will help you build your resume and are available to give advice on finding your first job. Facilitators will also be available to use as a professional reference upon completion of the program. Potential students should always do research on the job market in their area before registering.
7. Who will be my instructor?
When you enroll, you are assigned an Academic Coach who will provide you with support and help you stay on track. Should you need additional academic support, you will be assigned to one of our qualified instructors certified in the areas of mathematics, science, language arts, and social studies, who will work directly with you.
8. What software or hardware do I need in order to take online programs and what are the system requirements?
In order to take our online programs, you must have access to a computer and the Internet. You can access the program contents from any Web-enabled computer. You don't have to use the same computer to log-in to the program every time. We recommend that you have a word-processing program (Microsoft Word is best) and the latest version of Internet Explorer.
9. Can I use a Mac?
Yes, you can use a Mac for this program.
10. How can I get more information about the program?
If you have questions that are not answered on our website, please feel free to contact us via LIVE chat (click the button toward the top of the page). If you are visiting us during non-business hours, please feel free to send us a question using the "Contact Us" form to the right. You may also call us at 1-855-520-6806. We will answer your questions promptly.
11. When can I start the program?
Our programs are all open enrollment. You can register and start the program as soon as you are ready.
Please note: Once the program curriculum is accessed online or through submission of a material shipment confirmation, refunds cannot be issued.
12. I dropped out my senior year. Will all of the courses I completed count toward this diploma?
Once you are ready to start the program, our Registrar will analyze your transcripts and apply credits for any coursework you completed that fulfills our credit transfer requirements. Elective credits do not apply since the electives we offer are needed for you to earn your career certification. Click here to download the transcript request form.
13. How much time will I need to dedicate to my coursework?
We recommend that you dedicate 6-10 hours per week to your coursework. Your Academic Coach will help keep you on track!
14. When can I work on my courses?
Courses are self-paced and taught in an online learning environment available to all students 24 hours a day, seven days a week.
15. What is the career portfolio?
To arm you with the tools you need to find a job, we will teach you to create essential documents such as your resume and a cover letter.
16. Why shouldn't I just get my GED?
A GED or General Equivalency Diploma requires you to pay for an exam. Preparing for the exam does not always provide you with the learning opportunities you could benefit from by completing coursework. Additionally, this program gives you the benefit of earning a career certificate. We encourage you to make the decision that is right for you, so research all of your options. Also, ask friends, family, and employers what their opinion is!
17. What if I don't have enough time to complete my program within the time frame provided?
The time allotted to complete your program has been calculated based on the number of hours for each program, so don't worry too much about not completing in time. If, after a concerted effort, you are still unable to complete, your Student Advisor will help you work out a suitable completion date. Please note that a fee will be charged for an extension.
I've been working in an accounting office for 15 years, but after careful consideration and realizing that with this diploma I have more options, I've decided to pursue a different career. I believe that helping others is one of the most important things in life. I also would like to volunteer and show young teen moms that they can still graduate from high school even while at home with their babies. I want them to know that teen pregnancy doesn't have to end their pursuit of an education and career and they can reach high and accomplish their dreams. - C.C., UDC Community College
I liked knowing that when you're done you have the skills and knowledge to move on to higher education and a better job- C.D., University of Texas at El Paso
Copyright © Education To Go. All rights reserved. The material on this site cannot be reproduced or redistributed unless you have obtained prior written permission from Education To Go. Education To Go and ed2go are registered trademarks of Education To Go, a part of Cengage Learning.
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November 2, 2015
Associate Broker
(218) 750-0299
» Request and receive timely email notices on listings that match your specific interests. It's quick and easy!
» Get a no-obligation estimate of your real estate market value. It's free!
» Do you need additional information on the Lake Vermilion area real estate market? Please drop me a note!
Tower MN waterfront development
General Information
Records & Valuation
Auditors Office
Planning Office
Environmental Services
Land Department
Area Supplies and Services
Sportsman's Club of Lake Vermilion
Chamber of Commerce
Lake Vermilion Resort Association
Minnesota DNR
Minnesota DNR Lakefinder
Greenwood Township
Lake Vermilion Webcams
Bankrate.com Mortgage Calculator
MortgageRate.net Mortgage Calculator
1031 Exchange
American Bank - Cook, Minn.
Boundary Waters Bank - Ely, Minn.
Northern State Bank - Virginia, Minn.
A daily journal concerning Lake Vermilion and surrounding areas.
Selected real estate, notes, stories, musings, and anecdotes.
November 2, 2015
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Updated February 18th @ 8:40am
Road access: 24 homes / 22 lots
Water access: 16 homes / 22 lots
Road access: 16 homes / 15 lots
Water access: 2 homes / 0 lots


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The Washington Nationals have released a coupon code "for Teddy's fans" for this week's series vs. the Florida Marlins, including Tuesday night's much-anticipated return of Stephen Strasburg to the Nationals Park mound.
The code gets you half-price tickets in the outfield corners ($17), outfield mezzanine ($14), and upper infield gallery ($8). You must order at Nationals.com using Coupon Code "TEDDY".
As always, 400 Grandstand-level seats (Section 401/402) will be available for $5.00 each at the gate before the game. No coupon required.
Filed under: Nationals Coupon Code, Nationals.com coupon codes | Tagged: coupon, Nationals coupon, Nationals ticket coupon, nationals.com coupon, nationals.com coupon code, Nationals.com coupon codes, stephen strasburg, washington nationals coupon |


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MembershipWelcome to our club
Joining BCDS couldn't be simpler and to help integrate you straight away into our club we will even give you a free club shirt to help you feel like part of the team straight away.
So why join a club?
Whether a seasoned pro or beginner to cycling there is nothing better than ridding with like minded people to help your own skill development, challenge yourself further and of course receive the support from a sociable bunch.
So who do BCDS cater for?
We are an accredited go-ride club, this means we provide something for everyone, particularly kids. Even if you dont ride yourself we have plenty of opportunities for you to get involved with the club and help us to grow this fantastic sport.
On the ridding front we are a predominantly Road focussed club but do have sections within the club that take part in a wide range of disciplines including Track Racing and Cyclo-Cross through the winter. Our Go-Ride section encourages young people to develop skills across all disciplines of the sport to allow them to become a more complete rider. For the younger riders who have just started riding for the first time why not look at our Go-Ride membership package.
What do I get for my Membership?
New Members are entitled to a free BCDS cycling shirt upon joining (1 shirt per family membership). Members get discount on coaching sessions including club sessions at Newport Velodrome , priority access to a number of events such as local sportives including free entry for eligible youth riders to the Great Weston Ride and discounted membership to our national governing body, British Cycling but above all youll be part of a fantastic group of individuals dedicated to growing the sport & opportunities of cyclists in the Bristol area.
So what do I need to join?
Prospective members will need to take out British Cycling membership, there are a wide range of packages available to suit all, including the Fan package for non-riding members. It is a condition of club membership that all riders have either a Ride or Race (at least Silver)membership, as these packages include a number of benefits to cyclists on the road such as insurance cover.
Non ridding family members can take advantage of the new Fan package offered from British Cycling which allows you to show your support for our sport as well as giving you priority access as a spectator to major cycling events, as well of course as supporting the worlds No1 cycling nation.
Young riders who only take part in club sessions in traffic free areas may be best suited to our Go-Ride membership package.
To Join
Either click this button above or head to our club page on the British Cycling Website and click on the "Buy club membership button, from here you can also Join British Cycling if not already done so. Remember to keep an eye out for the discount codes for new members and remember to add Bristol Cycling Development Squad as your club will entitle you to up to £20 off British Cycling Ride/ Race membership!
Use code NEWCMRA for Race packages, NEWCMRD for Ride memberships.


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A Certified facsimile or actual-size print. We offer a true quality nobody has; and for a price nobody is offering you for a comparable quality. This print was photographed using the latest technology, with a color-checker colour matched to the original illustration and then reproduced at the original plate size. A Museum Quality Limited Edition print, actual-size, signed, numbered and blind stamped. Indistinguishable form the original when glazed and framed.
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Original Publication: : The Birds of America (1823-1839)
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What are your baseball origins? Where did you play your first game? Baseball traces its roots through the annals of history, well before the founding of Major League Baseball. This chronology, from Protoball (an extensive gathering of early materials documenting the origins of baseball), records the order of events related to the development of baseball starting in 2500 B.C. Enjoy, and share with us your own baseball milestones.
Writing in 1891, Stewart Culin reported "the discovery by Mr. Flinders-Petrie of wooden 'tip cats' among the remains of Rahun, in the Fayoom, Egypt (circa 2500 B.C)." Culin infers that these short wooden objects, pointed on each end, were used in an ancient form of the game later know as Cat.
Culin, Stewart, "Street Games of Boys in Brooklyn, N.Y.," Journal of American Folklore, Volume 4, number 14 (July-September 1891), page 233, note 1.
Query: Do contemporary archeologists and/or historians agree that such items were evidence of play? Have they since found older artifacts that may be associated with cat-like games, or ball games? Can they suggest any rules for such games . . . Batting? Running? Fielding? Team Play?
Last Updated: March 12, 2012
"The earliest known references to seker-hemat (translation: "batting the ball") as a fertility rite and ritual of renewal are inscribed in pyramids dating to 2400 BC." Egyptologist Peter Piccione reads Pyramid Texts Spell 254 as commanding a pharaoh to cross the heavens and "strike the ball" in the meadow of the sacred Apis bull.
Piccione, Peter, "Pharaoh at the Bat," College of Charlestown Magazine (Spring/Summer 2003), p.36. From a clipping in the Giamatti Center's "Origins" file in Cooperstown.
Piccione's reading seems consistent with Robert Henderson's identification of ancient Egypt as the source of ballplaying: "It is the purpose of this book to show that all modern games played with bat and ball descend from one common source: an ancient fertility rite observed by Priest –Kings in the Egypt of the Pyramids."
Henderson, Robert W., Ball, Bat and Bishop: The Origins of Ball Games [Rockport Press, 1947], page 4.
Caution: David Block [Baseball Before We Knew It, page 303 (note 1)] writes that Piccione's identification of seker-hemat with baseball is "apparently speculative in nature."
Query: It would be good to confirm details in an academic source and to see whether Egyptologists have any other interpretations of this text – and how Egyptian rites employed the ball as a symbol of fertility.
Last Updated: March 12, 2012
Ancient cultures—Lydians, Persians, Greeks, Romans, and Egyptians—play primitive ball games for recreation, fertility rites and religious rituals.
Henderson, Robert W., Ball, Bat and Bishop: The Origins of Ball Games [Rockport Press, 1947], pp. 8-21.
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"Recent excavations near Cairo, Egypt, have brought to light small balls of leather and others of wood obviously used in some outdoor sport, and probably dating back to at least 2000 years before Christ. These may be the oldest balls in existence. Hence Egypt maybe the birthplace of the original ball game whatever it was. We know, however that the Greeks and Romans played ball at a remote period. We do not know the exact nature of any of these ancient games, Egyptian, Greek, or Roman."
William S. Walsh, A Handy Book of Curious Information (J. B. Lippincott, Philadelphia, 1913), page 83. Available via Google Books search "to light small balls," 1/27/2010. Query: Does recent scholarship agree that these were balls, were used in sport, and date to 2000 BC? Is there further evidence about their role in Egyptian life?
Last Updated: March 12, 2012
The main chamber of Tomb 15 at Beni Hasan has a depiction of catching a ball, as well as throwing. Two women, each riding on the back of another woman, appear to be doing some form of ball-handling. The image of one woman pretty clearly depicts her in the act of catching ("fielding") a ball, and the other is quite plausibly about to throw a ball toward her.
Henderson, Robert W., Ball, Bat and Bishop: The Origins of Ball Games [Rockport Press, 1947], page 19; the image itself is reproduced opposite page 28.
Last Updated: March 12, 2012
According to SABR member César González, "There are remains of rubber balls found since the time of the Olmeca culture between 1500 and 700 BC." He reports that it is believed that one of the earliest Mesoamerican games was played with a stick. A dozen rubber balls dating to 1600 BCE or earlier have been found in El Manatí, an Olmec sacrificial bog 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) east of San Lorenzo Tenochtitlan. [Haslip-Viera, Gabriel: Bernard Ortiz de Montellano; Warren Barbour Source "Robbing Native American Cultures: Van Sertima's Afrocentricity and the Olmecs," Current Anthropology, Vol. 38, No. 3, (Tun., 1997), pp. 419-441]
Email from César González, 12/6/2008 Note: Can we add sources for these points?
Last Updated: March 12, 2012
Wall inscriptions in Egyptian royal tombs depict games using bats and balls.
According to Egyptologist Peter Piccione, "A wall relief at the temple of Deir et-Bahari showing Thutmose III playing under the watchful eye of the goddess Hathor dates to 1460 BC. Priests are depicted catching the balls . . . this was really a game."
Per Henderson, Robert W., Ball, Bat and Bishop: The Origins of Ball Games [Rockport Press, 1947], p. 20. Note: Henderson's source may be his ref 127, Naville, E., "The Temple of Deir el Bahari (sic)," Egyptian Exploration Fund. Memoirs, Volume 19, part IV, plate C [London, 1901]. Also, Batting the Ball, by Peter A. Piccione, "Pharaoh at the Bat," College of Charlestown Magazine (Spring/Summer 2003), p.36. See also http://www.cofc.edu/~piccione/sekerhemat.html, as accessed 12/17/08.
Last Updated: March 12, 2012
The Greeks, famous for their athletics, played several ball games. In fact the Greek gymnasium ["palaistra"] was often known to include a special room ["sphairiteria"] for ballplaying . . . a "sphaira" being a ball. Pollux [ca 180 AD] lists a number of children's ball games, including games that loosely resemble very physical forms of keepaway and rugby, and the playing of a complicated form of catch, one that involved feints to deceive other players.
The great physician Galen wrote [ca. 180 AD] especially fondly of ballplaying and its merits, and seems to have seen it as an adult activity. He advised that "the most strenuous form of ball playing is in no way inferior to other exercises." Turning to milder forms of ball play, he said "I believe that in this form ball playing is also superior to all the other exercises." His partiality to ballplaying stemmed in part from its benefit for the whole body, not just the legs or arms, as was the case for running and wrestling.
As far as we are aware, Greek ball games did not include any that involved running among bases or safe havens, or any that involved hitting a ball with a club or stick (or hands).
Source: Stephen G. Miller, Arete: Greek Sports from Ancient Sources [University of California Press, 2004]: See especially Chapter 9, "Ball Playing." The Pollox quote is from pp. 124-125, and the Galen quote is from pp. 121-124. Special thanks to Dr. Miller for his assistance.
Last Updated: March 12, 2012
"He will surely wind you around and around, and throw you like a ball into a large country. There you will die . . . " Isaiah 22:18.
The word "ball" appears only twice in the Bible, and the other one refers to the ball of the foot of a beast [Leviticus 11:27]. The Isaiah usage was the inspiration for a January 1905 news article headed, "Played Baseball in Bible Times: The Prophet Isaiah Made the only reference to the Pastime to be Found in the Holy Writ." [The Hamilton [Ont] Spectator - from a clipping in the Origins file at the Giamatti Center in Cooperstown.]
Isaiah's prophesies were written [in Hebrew] late in the eighth century BC. A compilation of 15 English translations [accessed at http://bible.cc/isaiah/22-18.htm on 12/29/10] shows that most of them summon the image of an angry God hurling the miscreant, like a ball, far far away. [One exception, however, cites a wound turban, not a ball.] A literal translation is unrevealing: "And thy coverer covering, wrapping round, Wrappeth thee round, O babbler, On a land broad of sides—there thou diest." Caveat: we have little assurance that Isaiah actually referred to a ball, or even to the act of throwing. Query: could a Hebrew reader or a Bible scholar among you clarify this question?
Last Updated: March 12, 2012
In his 1912 article "The History of Cricket" [in Pelham and Warner, Imperial Cricket (London, 1912), p. 54] Andrew Lang "argued that cricket was played as far back as 100 BC, basing this on evidence supposedly provided by the ancient Irish epics and romances." According to Lang, "cricket was played by the ancestors of Cuchulain, by the Dalraid Scots from northern Ireland who invaded and annexed Argyll in about 500 AD." Modern writers do not accept this view.
Bateman, Anthony," 'More Mighty than the Bat, the Pen . . . ; 'Culture, Hegemony, and the Literaturisaton of Cricket," Sport in History, v. 23, 1 (Summer 2003), pp. 27 - 44. Note: It would be interesting to know what particular features of Irish lore gave Lang the feeling that cricket stemmed from ancient Irish sources.
Last Updated: March 12, 2012
In his Confessions, Augustine of Hippo - later St. Augustine - recalls his youth in Northern Africa, where his father served as a Roman official. "I was disobedient, not because I chose something better than [my parents and elders] chose for me, but simply from the love of games. For I liked to score a fine win at sport or to have my ears tickled by the make-believe of the stage." [Book One, chapter 10] In Book One, chapter 9, Augustine had explained that "we enjoyed playing games and were punished for them by men who played games themselves. However, grown up games are known as 'business. . . . Was the master who beat me himself very different from me? If he were worsted by a colleague in some petty argument, he would be convulsed in anger and envy, much more so than I was when a playmate beat me at a game of ball."
Saint Augustine's Confessions, Book One, text supplied by Dick McBane, February 2008. Note: Can historians identify the "game of ball" that Augustine might have played in the fourth Century? Are the translations to "game of ball," "games," and "sport" still deemed accurate?
Last Updated: March 12, 2012
Mulling on whether the ball came to England in Anglo-Saxon days, Strutt reports "the author of a manuscript in Trinity College, Oxford, written in the fourteenth century and containing the life of Saint Cuthbert, says of him, that when young, 'he pleyde atte balle with the children that his felawes [fellows] were.' On what authority this information is established I cannot tell." Strutt, The Sports and Pastimes of the People of England (Chatto and Windus, London, 1898 edition), p. 158.
Note: The claim of this unidentified manuscript seems weak. As Strutt notes, the venerable Bede wrote poetic and prose accounts of the life of Cuthbert around 715-720 A.D., and made no mention of ballplaying. That a scholar would find evidence seven centuries later would be surprising. Warton later cites the poem as from Oxford MSS number Ivii, and he also places its unidentified author in the fourteenth century, but he doesn't support the veracity of the story line. The poem describes an angel sent from heaven to dissuade Cuthbert from playing such an "ydell" [idle] pastime. Warton, Thomas, The History of English Poetry from the Close of the Eleventh Century to the Commencement of the Eighteenth Century (Thomas Tegg, London, 1840, from the 1824 edition), volume 1, page 14.
Last Updated: March 12, 2012
Ching Tsung was the new Chinese emperor at the age of 15. "As soon as he could escape from the morning levee, the young Emperor rushed off to play ball. His habits were well known in the city, and in the summer of 824 someone suggested to a master-dyer named Chang Shao that, as a prank, he should slip into the Palace, lie on the Emperor's couch and eat his dinner, 'for nowadays he is always away, playing ball or hunting.'" The prank was carried out, but those prankish dyers . . . well, they died as a result.
Waley, Arthur, The Life and Times of Po Chu-I, 772-846 [Allen and Unwin, London, 1949], p. 157. Submitted by John Thorn, 10/12/2004.
Last Updated: March 12, 2012
Mayan Indians play stick and ball games in ceremonial courts in Chichen Itza, Mexico
Note: This source may be Henderson, Robert W., Ball, Bat and Bishop: The Origins of Ball Games [Rockport Press, 1947], p. 201. And Henderson's source may be his ref 53, Effler, L. R., The Ruins of Chichen Itza [Toledo, Ohio], pp 19 - 21. However, Henderson's account of the game played at Chichen Itza is not dated to 900 AD, or connected with a stick, so another source may be preferable.
Last Updated: March 12, 2012
Stool ball, a stick and ball game and a forerunner of rounders and cricket, is apparently mentioned in the Domesday Book as "bittle-battle."
Note: This source is Henderson, Robert W., Ball, Bat and Bishop: The Origins of Ball Games [Rockport Press, 1947], p. 75. However, Henderson doesn't exactly endorse the idea that the cited game, "bittle-battle," is a ball game [or if it is, could it be a form of soule?] He says that one [unnamed] author claims that bittle-battle is a form of stoolball. I saw only two RH refs to stoolball, ref 72 [Grantham] and ref 149 [London Magazine]. One of them may be Henderson's source for the 1086 stoolball claim. I don't see an RH ref to the Domesday text itself, but then, it probably isn't found at local lending libraries. The Dictionary of the Sussex Dialect [1875] reportedly gives "bittle-battle" as another name for stoolball. It is believed that "bittle" meant a wooden milk bowl and some have speculated that a bowl may have been used as a paddle to deflect a thrown ball from the target stool, while others speculate that the bowl may have been the target itself.
Note: We need to confirm whether the Domesday Book actually uses the term "bittle-battle," "stool ball," or what. We also should try to ascertain views of professional scholars on the interpretations of the Book. Martin Hoerchner advises that the British Public Records Office may, at some point, make parts of the Domesday Book available online.
Last Updated: March 12, 2012
Henderson: "The testimony of Beleth and Durandus, both eminently qualified witnesses, clearly indicates that in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries the ball had found a place for itself in the Easter celebrations of the Church." In fact, Beleth and Durandus had both opposed the practice, seeing it as the intrusion of pagan rites into church rites. "There are some Churches in which it is customary for the Bishops and Archbishops to play in the monasteries with those under them, even to stoop to the game of ball" [Beleth, 1165]. "In certain places in our country, prelates play games with their own clerics on Easter in the cloisters, or in the Episcopal Palaces, even so far as to descend to the game of ball" [Durandus, 1286].
Note: This source appears to be Henderson, Robert W., Ball, Bat and Bishop: The Origins of Ball Games [Rockport Press, 1947], pp. 37-38. Page 37 refers to an 1165 prohibition and page 38 mentions 12th and 13th Century Easter rites. Henderson identifies two sources for the page 38 statement: Beleth, J., "Rationale Divinorum Officiorum," in Migne, J. P., Patrologiae Curius Completus, Ser 2, Vol. 106, pp. 575-591 [Paris, 1855], and Durandus, G., "Rationale Divinorum Officiorum," Book VI, Ch 86, Sect. 9 [Rome, 1473]...Henderson does not say that these rites involved the use of sticks.
Last Updated: March 12, 2012
There is "an unconfirmed report which was published in the beginning of the Century quoting one Joseph Iscanus, of Exeter, as having referred to stoolball in 1189, but no satisfactory evidence that this quotation was genuine." National Stoolball Association, "A Brief History of Stoolball," page 2. This mimeo, available in NSA files, has no date or author, but has one internal reference to an 1989 source, so it must be fairly recent. It contains no hint on the source of the 1189 claim or how it has been assessed. Note: Is it now possible to further pursue this claim using online resources? The 1189 claim appears nowhere else in available writings about stoolball.
However, some cite a Joseph Iscanus couplet: "The youth at cricks did play/Throughout the livelong [or "merry"] day/" as an indicator of early cricket. However, the online source of this rhyme does not give a source. Very murky, no? [The rhyme is quoted as early as the 1860 edition of The Cricketer's Manual, and ten years earlier in Bell's Life in a letter from "Alexis" on the subject "When Was Cricket Invented?" ] Query: what do leading cricket historians say of this alleged reference?
Last Updated: March 12, 2012
"The [1301 - see below] illustration is a very early depiction of the game we know as baseball, but it's probably not the first. In 1964, a writer named Harry Simmons cited an English bat and ball picture from a genealogical roll of the Kings of England up to Henry III, who died in 1269."
Baltimore Sun article on the Ghistelle Calendar [see entry for 1301], April 6, 1999, page 1E.
Last Updated: March 12, 2012
Scholars report that the Chronicle of Britain [1205] contained the words "Summe heo driuen balles wide . . ." which they see as "the first known use of the word ball in the sense of a globular body that is played with." The source? Old Norse, by way of Middle English. [Old High German had used ballo and pallo, but the English didn't use "ball" in those days.] The source does not say whether people in England used some other term for their rolling playthings prior to 1205.
Source: Wikipedia entry on "ball," accessed 5/31/2006.
Last Updated: March 12, 2012
The book Spain: A History in Art by Bradley Smith (Doubleday, 1971) includes a plate that appears to show "several representations of baseball figures and some narrative." The work is dated to 1255, the period of King Alfonso.
Email from Ron Gabriel, July 10, 2007. Ron also has supplied a quality color photocopy of this plate, which was the subject of his presentation at the 1974 SABR convention. Note: can we specify the painting and its creator? Can we learn how baseball historians and others interpret this artwork?
Last Updated: March 12, 2012
Cashman, Richard, "Cricket," in David Levinson and Karen Christopher, Encyclopedia of World Sport: From Ancient Times to the Present [Oxford University Press, 1996], page 87.
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Trevithick, Alan, "Trapball," in David Levinson and Karen Christopher, Encyclopedia of World Sport: From Ancient Times to the Present [Oxford University Press, 1996], page 421.
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"Stoolball is a ball game that dates back to the 14th century, originating in Sussex [in southern England]. It may be an ancestor of cricket (a game it resembles), baseball, and rounders. Traditionally it was played be milkmaids who used their milking stools as 'wickets.' . . ." Later forms of the game involved running between two wickets, but "[o]riginally the batsman simply had to defend his stool from each ball with his hand and would score a point for each delivery until the stool was hit. The game later evolved to include runs and bats."
Source: Wikipedia entry on "Stoolball," accessed 1/25/2007. Note: this source does not credit bittle-battle [see entry 1086.1] as an earlier form of stoolball. It gives no citations for the evidence of the founding date. The Wikipedia entry is compatible with entry #1330.1, below, but evidently does not credit 1330 as the likely time of stoolball's appearance.
Last Updated: March 12, 2012
A manuscript obtained in 1999 by the Walters Art Gallery in Baltimore appears to show a batted-ball game played by two young persons. The manuscript, called the Calendar of the Ghistelles Hours, dates from 1301. It is a small monthly calendar of saints' days from a monastery in the town of Ghistelles, in southwestern Flanders. The illustration is for the month of September.
Schoettler, Carl, "The Old, Old, Old Ball Game," Baltimore Sun, April 6 1999, page 1E.
Last Updated: March 12, 2012
According to an otherwise unidentified clip in the Origins file at the Giamatti Center, an AP article datelined Bucharest Romania [and which appeared in the Oneonta Times on March 29, 1990], the still popular Romanian game of oina can be traced back to a [unspecified] document dating to the year 1310. The game itself "was invented by shepherds in the first century."
The article is evidently based on an interview with Cristian Costescu, who sees baseball as "the American pastime derived from the ancient game of oina." Oina reportedly has eleven players per side, an all-out-side-out rule, tossed pitches, nine bases describing a total basepath of 120 yards, plugging of baserunners, the opportunity for the fielding side to score points, and a bat described as similar to a cricket bat. Costescu is reported to have served as head of the Romanian Oina Federation in the years when baseball was banned in Romania as "a capitalist sport."
The Oneonta Times headline is "Play Oina! Romanians Say Their Game Inspired Creation of Baseball." Note: Can we find additional documentation of oina's rules and history? Is the 1310 documentation available in English translation? Have others followed the recent fate of oina and the work of Costescu?
Last Updated: March 12, 2012
A 1915 book on ancient British schools includes a drawing dated circa 1310. It shows two players, one clad in a garment with broad horizontal stripes. Both players hold clubs, and the player in stripes appears ready to swing at a melon-sized ball. The other player appears to be preparing to fungo the ball . . . or, conceivably, toss it with his left hand, to the striped player. The illustration's caption is "A Game of Ball, Stripes vs. Plain, c. 1310." The British Museum's documentation: MS Royal 10 E. iv, f. 94 b.
Posted by Mark Aubrey to the 19CBB listserve on 1/10/2008. The 1915 source, available in full text on Google Books, is A. F. Leach, The Schools of Medieval England (Macmillan, New York, 1915), on the unnumbered page following p. 140.
Last Updated: March 12, 2012
"Stoolball was played in England as early as 1330, when William Pagula, Vicar of Winkfield, near Windsor, wrote in Latin a poem of instructions to parish priests, advising them to forbid the playing of all games of ball in churchyards: "Bats and bares and suche play/Out of chyrche-yorde put away."
Henderson, Robert W., Ball, Bat and Bishop: The Origins of Ball Games [Rockport Press, 1947], p. 74. Note: The Vicar's caution was translated in 1450 by a Canon, John Myrc. Henderson's ref 120 is Mirk [sic], J., "Instructions to Parish Priests," Early English Text Society, Old Series 31, p. 11 [London, 1868]. A contemporary of Myrc in 1450 evidently identified the Vicar's targets as including stoolball. Block [p. 165] identifies the original author as William de Pagula. Writing in 1886, T. L. Kington Oliphant identifies "bares" as prisoner's base: "There is the term "bace pleye," whence must come the "prisoner's base;" this in Myrc had appeared as the game of "bares." Kington Oliphant does not elaborate on this claim, and does not comment on the accompanying term "bats" in the original. The 1886 reference was provided by John Thorn, 2/24/2008
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"A manuscript of 1344 in the Bodleian Library at Oxford (No. 264) shows a game of club and ball. One player throws that ball to another who holds a vicious-looking club. He defends a round object which resembles a stool but with a base instead of legs. . . ". "In the course of time a second stool was added, which obviously made a primitive form of cricket. Now a stool was also called a "cricket" and it is possible that the name cricket came from the three-legged stool . . . " "We may summarize: The game and name of cricket stem back to ancient games played with a curved stick and ball, starting with la soule, and evolving in England through stoolball . . .".
Henderson, Robert W., Ball, Bat and Bishop: The Origins of Ball Games [Rockport Press, 1947], pp. 130-131. Henderson's ref 17 is Bodleian Library, Douce MSS 264, ff 22, 44, 63. Cox's 1903 edition of Strutt includes this drawing and its reference. Note: do other observers agree with Henderson on whether and how stoolball evolved into cricket?
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Edward III wrote to the Sheriff of Kent, and evidently sheriffs throughout England. Noting a relative neglect of the useful art of archery, the King said he was thereby, on festival days, "forbidding, all and single, on our orders, to toy in any way with these games of throwing stones, wood, or iron, playing handball, football, "stickball," or hockey, . . . which are worthless, under pain of imprisonment." The translator uses "stickball" as a translation of the Latin "pila cacularis," and suggests that it might have been an early form of cricket. We might also ask whether it was referring to early stoolball.
A. R. Myers, English Historical Documents (Routledge, 1996), page 1203. [Viewed online 10/16/08]. Provided in email from John Thorn, 2/27/2008. Myers' citation is "Rymer, Foedera, III, ii, from Close Roll, 37 Edward III [Latin]."
Caveat: The content of this entry resembles that of #1365.1 below, and both refer to a restriction imposed by Edward III. However that entry, stemming from Strutt, refers to "club-ball" instead of "stick-ball," and identifies the Latin as "pilam bacculoream," not "pila cacularis." It is possible that both refer to the same source. Strutt's text reads: "The recreations prohibited by proclamation in the reign of Edward III., exclusive of the games of chance, are thus specified; throwing of stones, wood, or iron…." The accompanying footnote reads: "Pilam manualtm, ptdinam, el bacculoream, et ad cambucam, etc." Also: the letter to Kent is elsewhere dated 1365, which could be consistent with Edward III's 37th year under the crown, but Myers uses 1363.
Note: this entry replaced the former entry #1365.1: "In 1365 the sheriffs had to forbid able-bodied men playing ball games as, instead, they were to practice archery on Sundays and holidays." Source: Hassall, W. O., [compiler], "How They Lived: An Anthology of Original Accounts Written Before 1485" [Blackwell, Oxford University Press, 1962], page 285. Submitted by John Thorn, 10/12/2004.
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"The recreations prohibited by proclamation in the reign of Edward III, exclusive of the games of chance, are thus specified; the throwing of stones, wood, or iron; playing at hand-ball, foot-ball, club-ball, and camucam, which I take to have been a species of goff . . . ." Edward III reigned from 1327 to 1377. The actual term for "club-ball" in the proclamation was, evidently, "bacculoream."
This appears to be one of only two direct references to "club-ball" in the literature. See #1794.2, below.
Caveat: David Block argues that, contrary to Strutt's contention [see #1801.1, below], club ball may not be the common ancestor of cricket and other ballgames. See David Block, Baseball Before We Knew It, pages 105-107 and 183-184. Block says that "pilam bacculoream" translates as "ball play with a stick or staff." Note: We seem not to really know what "camucam" was. Nor, of course, how club ball was played, since the term could have denoted a form of tennis or field hockey or and early form of stoolball or cricket. Edward II had issued a ban of his own in 1314, regarding football.
Last Updated: March 12, 2012
A letter written by Robert Braybroke laid out the palpable risks of ball-playing: "Certain [boys], also, good for nothing in their insolence and idleness, instigated by evil minds and busying themselves rather in doing harm than good, throw and shoot stones, arrows, and different kinds of missiles at the rooks, pigeons, and other birds nesting in the walls and porches of the church and perching [there]. Also they play ball inside and outside the church and engage in other destructive games there, breaking and greatly damaging the glass windows and the stone images of the church . . . .This they do not without great offense to God and our church and to the prejudice and injury of us as well as to the grave peril of their souls." And the sanction for such play? "We . . . proclaim solemnly that any malefactors whatever of this kind [including churchyard merchants as well as young ballplayers] whom it is possible to catch in the aforesaid actions after this our warning have been and are excommunicated . . . ."
Crow, Martin M., and Clair C. Olson, eds., "Chaucer's World" [Columbia University Press, New York, 1948], pp. 48-49. Submitted by John Thorn, 10/12/2004.
Last Updated: March 12, 2012
According to a 2007 article in a Canadian magazine, there is poetry in which a milkmaid calls to another, "Oi, Rosie, coming out to Potter's field for a whack at the old stool?" The article continues: "The year was 1393. The place was Sussex . . . the game was called stoolball, which was probably a direct descendant of stump-ball".
The article, by Ruth Tendulkar, is titled "The Great-Grandmother of Baseball and Cricket," and appeared in the May/June 2007 issue of The Canadian Newcomers Magazine. We have been unable to find additional source details from the author or the magazine.
Source http://www.cnmag.ca, as accessed 9/6/2007.
Caution: The editor of The Canadian Newcomers Magazine informed us on 1/10/2088 that the Tendulkar piece "was strictly an entertainment piece rather than an academic piece." We take this to say that the verse is not authentic. Email from Dale Sproule, Publisher/Editor.
Last Updated: March 12, 2012
David Block, Baseball Before We Knew It [page 165], cites the Myrc work, "early poetic instruction of priests," as "How thow schalt thy paresche preche," London. It warns "Bal and bares and suche play/ Out of chyrcheyorde put a-way." A note reportedly inserted by another author included among the banned games "tenessyng handball, fott ball stoil ball and all manner other games out churchyard." Note: can we determine when the "other author" wrote in "stoil ball? This may count as the first time "stool ball" [virtually] appeared.
Last Updated: March 12, 2012
"[Stoolball] is mentioned in the classic book Don Quixote."
Source: NSA website, accessed April 2007. Note: we need a fuller citation and the key text. It is possible that this entry confuses D'Urfey's 1694 play about Don Quixote [see Entry #1694.1, below] with the Cervantes masterpiece.
Last Updated: March 12, 2012
"In al this world nis a murier lyf/Thanne is a yong man wythouten a wyf,/For he may lyven wythouten strif/In every place wher-so he go.
"In every place he is loved over alle/Among maydens grete and smale-/In daunsyng, in pipyngs, and rennyng at the balle,/In every place wher-so he go.
"They leten lighte by housebonde-men/Whan they at the balle renne;/They casten ther love to yonge men/In every place wher-so they go.
"Then seyn maydens, "Farewel, Jakke,/Thy love is pressed al in thy pak;/Thou berest thy love bihynde thy back,/In every place wher-so thou go."
Robert Stevick, ed., One Hundred Middle English Lyrics (U of Illinois Press, 1994), page 141. Posted to 19CBB on 11/14/2008 by Richard Hershberger. Richard reports that Stevick dates this poem—#81 of the 100 collected in this volume—to c. 1470. He interprets the lyric's 'running at the ball' as 'stool ball, probably,' but stow ball [resembling field hockey] seems apter. Richard also points out that "for the sake of precision, it should be noted that this volume is intended for student use and normalizes the spellings."
Last Updated: March 12, 2012
A Westminster statute, made to curb gambling by rowdy soldiers upon their return from battle, reportedly imposed sanctions for "playing at cloish, ragle, half-bowls, handyn and handoute, quekeborde, and if any person permits even others to play at such games in his house or yard, he is to be imprisoned for three years; as also he who plays at such game, to forfeit ten pounds to the king, and be imprisoned for two years."
Observations Upon the Statutes, Chiefly the More Ancient, from Magna Charta to the Twenty-first [Year] of James the First, etc. (Daines Barrington, London, 1766), page 335.
The author adds: "This is, perhaps, the most severe law which has ever been made in any country against gaming, and some of the forbidden sports seem to have been manly exercises, particularly the handing and handoute, which I should suppose to be a kind of cricket, as the term hands is still retained in that game [for what would later be known as innings].
An1864 writer expands further: "Half-bowls was played with pins and one-half of a sphere of wood, upon the floor of a room. It is said to be still played in Hertfordshire under the name of rolly-polly. Hand-in and hand-out was a ring-game, played by boys and girls, like kissing-ring [footnote 31]." John Harland, A Volume of Court Leet Records of the Manor of Manchester in the Sixteenth Century (Chetham Society, 1864), p 34. Accessed 1/27/10 via Google Books search ("court leet" half-bowls). "Roly-poly" and hand-in/hand-out are sometimes later described as having running/plugging features preserved in cat games and early forms of base ball. Thus, these prohibitions may or may not include games resembling baseball. Query: Can residents of Britain help us understand this ancient text?
Last Updated: March 12, 2012
While others see cricket as taking its name from the term for a staff, or stick, "[T]he famous New English Dictionary favors a word used as a [game's] target: criquet. Du Cange quotes this word in a manuscript of 1478: 'The suppliant came to a place where a game of ball (jeu de boule) was played, near to a stick (attaché) or criquet,' and defines criquet as 'a stick which serves as a target in a ball game.'"
Du Cange, Glossarium Mediae ET Infimae Latinatis [Paris, 1846], Vol. 4: Mellat, Vol. 5 Pelotas. Per Henderson ref 48.
Last Updated: March 12, 2012
An Act of Parliament forbade unlawful games as conducive to disorder and as discouraging the practice of archery. The games that were forbidden, under penalty of two years' imprisonment or a fine of ten pounds, were these: quoits, football, closh, kails, half-bowls, hand-in and hand-out, chequer-board.
This Act is cited as Rot. Parl. VI, 188. Information provided by John Thorn, email of 2/27/2008.
Caveat: The list of proscribed games is similar to the Edward III's prohibition [see #1363.1 above] adding "hand-in and hand-out" in place of a game translated as "club-ball" or "stick-ball." We are uncertain as to whether hand-in and hand-out is the ancestor of a safe-haven game.
Last Updated: March 12, 2012
"When Christopher Columbus revisited Haiti on his second voyage, he observed some natives playing with a ball. The men who came with Columbus to conquer the Indies had brought their Castilian wind-balls [wound from yarn] to play with in idle hours. But at once they found that the balls of Haiti were incomparably superior; they bounced better. These high-bouncing balls were made, they learned, from a milky fluid of the consistency of honey which the natives procured by tapping certain trees and then cured over the smoke of palm nuts. A discovery which improved the delights of ball games was noteworthy." 350 years later, after Goodyear discovered vulcanization [1839], "India rubber" balls were to be identified with the New York game of baseball.
Holland Thompson, "Charles Goodyear and the History of Rubber," at http://inventors.about.come/cs/inventorsalphabet/a/rubber_2.htm, accessed 1/24/2007. Note: We need better sources for the Columbus story.
Last Updated: March 12, 2012
"Parisian legislators were more sympathetic with regard to games than their English contemporaries. Even the Founder of the Cisterian College of St Bernard contemplated that permission might be obtained for games, though not before dinner or after the bell rang for vespers. A sixteenth century code of statutes for the College of Tours, while recording the complaints of the neighbors about the noise made by the scholars playing ball ('de insolentiis, exclamationibus et ludis palmariis dictorum scholarium, qui ludent . . . pilis durissimis') permitted the game under less noisy conditions ('pilis seu scopes mollibus et manu, ac cum silentio et absque clamoribus tumultuosis.')
Rait, Robert S., Life in the Medieval University [Cambridge University Press, 1912], p. 83. Submitted by John Thorn, 10/12/2004.
Last Updated: March 12, 2012
According to a manuscript written in the 1600s, Robert Dudley, the Earl of Leicester and his "Trayne" "came to Wotton, and thence to Michaelwood Lodge . . . and thence went to Wotton Hill, where hee paid a match at stobball."
Note: Is it possible to determine the approximate date of this event? Internal evidence places it in the fifteenth year of Queen Elizabeth's reign, which would be 1547-48. Elizabeth I named her close associate [once rumored to be her choice as husband] Dudley to became Earl of Leicester in the 1564, and he died in 1588. The Wotton account was written by John Smyth of Nibley (1567-1640) in his Berkeley Manuscripts [Sir John McLean, ed., Gloucester, Printed by John Bellows, 1883]. Smyth's association with Berkeley Castle began in 1589, and the Manuscripts were written in about 1618, so it is not a first-hand report. Caveat: "Stobbal" is usually used to denote a field game resembling field hockey or golf; thus, this account may not relate to stoolball per se.
Last Updated: March 12, 2012
Note: ID numbers for milestone entries include the (often approximated) year of the observation, followed by serial number reflecting the order it was added. A date is approximated when an ID is denoted with a "C".


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Language Classes @ Martigny Centre
B1 Intermediate French
Start to blend into French speaking environments by building your confidence for longer and more complex interactions. We will focus on understanding the main messages in media and news. The classes should be accompanied with 20 minutes of independent study per day.
What you will learn
In these classes we will work towards the following goals. Being able to:
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In personal branding, "why?" is the most important question
Over the past couple of years, hordes of Baby Boomers found Facebook; this year, half the people I've ever worked with seem to have had the same "Aha!" concerning their personal branding.
After spending twenty or twenty-five years without giving a thought to their personal brands, these folks came to the realization in 2012 that they can't carry on without one. I think it's great — anything that promotes self-awareness and intention is a good thing in my book. At the same time, a lot of folks are confused about personal branding.
They write to me and ask me to give them spicier, sexier words for their resumes or their LinkedIn profiles. "But I don't know you," I protest, and they reply "But as you can see, I'm a versatile Business Professional with a bottom-line orientation…"
One gentleman called me to talk personal brands not long ago, and I gave him this piece of advice. "The words that describe you come at the end of the process," I said. "There is a much more interesting piece of work to do first. You could call it exploration or self-discovery or career reinvention." "I'm not interested in any of that," said the fellow. "I just need to beef up my LinkedIn profile with some specifics."
"I will help you," I said, "if you'll answer a set of questions I've got for you. Are you game?"
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The Academy
The Bristol Cycling Development Squad Academy has been formed to offer support and coaching to young riders who want to one day represent Great Britain on the world stage. Redeveloped for the start of the 2016 Season the previous Academy programme has enabled a large number of young riders access top quality coaching sessions, compete at major events and for a number of them progressed onto the Great Britian Performance pathway.
Open to riders aged 12-16 (Youth A & B Cat for the 2016 season) within the club the academy can offer the loan of bikes & equipment which may act as a deterrent to a young person being able to get into competition.
Coaching support is offered in the form of personal coaching plans from our club coach along with access to a number of Closed coaching sessions to develop techniques, race skills and tactics.
The BCDS Academy programme is focussed around Road & Track cycling, therefore riders must be willing & partake in national level competition in both disciplines in order to to be part of the programme in line with the Great Britain Cycling Team Rider Pathway.
Riders on the Academy will be nominated to partake in Regional Schools of Racing delivered by GBCT foundation coaches at purpose built facilities across the UK. Riders will also be expected to attend monthly training sessions delivered by our own coaches as well as regular attendance on club runs and training sessions.
To be considered onto the programme riders are invited to apply via an application form by the 19th October 2015. Selected riders will then be invited to a selection day and interview before riders are selected to be part of the academy for the upcoming season.
For more information on the academy please email us
- What a great Year for the Academy
- Charlie & George Help South region to 4th at Inter-Regional Track
- Charlie Kelly and George Bazley set to Race in Inter-Regional Track championships this weekend
- REPORT: Charlie Kelly Reports on the first 2 round of the Revolution Track Series
- BCDS riders selected for UK School Games
- Academy riders take on a technically demanding circuit in the heart of Cardiff for the national youth circuit series ahead of the Velothon race.
- Phase 1 complete- Academy Manager Dan sums up a great first phase for the academy riders
- Academy Riders claim 1st & 2nd at National Para Road cycling championships
- Tips & Tools
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- Academy Training ride
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- Meet the class of 2016
- Targeted Major events for 2016