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Principal Proposed Uses
Other Proposed Uses
- Colds (Prevention)
- Cystic Fibrosis
- Diabetes
- Female Infertility
- Heart Attack (Aiding Recovery)
- Hypertension
- Interstitial Cystitis
- Maintaining Effectiveness of Nitrate Drugs
- Male Infertility
- Osteoporosis
- Pre-eclampsia
- Raynaud's Phenomenon
- Sickle Cell Disease
- Surgery Support
Probably Not Effective Uses
Arginine is an amino acid found in many foods, including dairy products, meat, poultry, and fish. It plays a role in several important mechanisms in the body, including cell division, wound healing, removal of ammonia from the body, immunity to illness, and the secretion of important hormones.
The body also uses arginine to make nitric oxide (NO), a substance that relaxes blood vessels and also exerts numerous other effects in the body. Based on this, arginine has been proposed as a treatment for various cardiovascular diseases, including congestive heart failure and intermittent claudication, as well as impotence, female sexual dysfunction, interstitial cystitis, and many other conditions. Arginine's potential effects on immunity have also created an interest in using it as part of an "immune cocktail" given to severely ill hospitalized patients and also for preventing colds.
Normally, the body either gets enough arginine from food, or manufactures all it needs from other widely available nutrients. Certain stresses, such as severe burns, infections, and injuries, can deplete your body's supply of arginine. For this reason, arginine (combined with other nutrients) is used in a hospital setting to help enhance recovery from severe injury or illness.
Arginine is found in dairy products, meat, poultry, fish, nuts, and chocolate.
Therapeutic Dosages
A typical supplemental dosage of arginine is 2 g to 8 g per day. For congestive heart failure, higher dosages up to 15 g have been used in trials.
Warning: Do not try to self-treat congestive heart failure. If you have this condition, be sure to consult your physician before taking any supplements.
Therapeutic Uses
Small double-blind, placebo-controlled studies suggest that arginine might be helpful for the treatment of several seemingly unrelated conditions that are, in fact, all linked by arginine's effects on nitric oxide: congestive heart failure , intermittent claudication , angina , impotence , and sexual dysfunction in women . 1-6,8,9,40
Note : The first three conditions in this list are life-threatening. If you have angina, congestive heart failure, or intermittent claudication, do not attempt to treat yourself with arginine except under physician's supervision.
Arginine has been proposed for use after a heart attack to aid recovery. In one study, arginine did not cause harm and showed potential modest benefit. 55 However, in another study, arginine failed to prove helpful for treatment of people who had just suffered a heart attack, and possibly increased post-heart-attack death rate. 56
One preliminary, double-blind study suggests that arginine supplementation might help prevent colds . 10
A small, double-blind, placebo-controlled study suggests that use of arginine (700 mg 4 times daily) may support transdermal nitroglycerin therapy for angina. 44 Ordinarily, the drug nitroglycerin becomes less effective over time as the body develops a tolerance to it. However, arginine supplements appear to help prevent the development of tolerance.
The results of one controlled (but not blinded) study in women suggest that arginine might help standard fertility therapy for women (specifically, in vitro fertilization) work better. 17 However, studies have not found any benefit in male infertility . 11-16
Weak evidence suggests that arginine might improve insulin action in people with type 2 (adult-onset) diabetes . 18 Nutritional mixtures containing arginine have shown promise for enhancing recovery from major surgery , injury, or illness, perhaps by enhancing immunity. 57 Highly preliminary evidence suggests that arginine might be worth investigating as a treatment for pulmonary hypertension in people with sickle cell disease . 50
Arginine has also been studied as a possible treatment for hypertension . 66 In a small randomized trial, people with hypertension who took 4 grams of arginine 3 times daily had reduced blood pressure levels compared to those that took a smaller amount of arginine (2 grams, 3 times daily) or placebo.
Results are mixed, yet somewhat positive on the potential benefits of arginine for treatments of pre-eclampsia . 51-52,58,68 In one study, 672 pregnant women at high-risk for pre-eclampsia were randomized to receive one of three treatments: arginine plus antioxidants, antioxidants alone, or placebo. 68 The women were followed until they gave birth. Those taking arginine plus antioxidants were at a lower risk of developing pre-eclampsia compared to the other two groups.
Preliminary double-blind studies have failed to find arginine helpful for asthma , 45 cystic fibrosis, 53interstitial cystitis , 7 kidney failure, 19osteoporosis , 59 or Raynaud's phenomenon . 42 One study found that an arginine-rich food bar did not help relax arteries or thin the blood in people with high cholesterol . 48
A study of 133 people with intermittent claudication (pain in the legs caused by atherosclerosis ) failed to find arginine helpful; in fact, arginine was less effective than placebo, suggesting that it actually increases symptoms to some extent. 63 Two earlier studies had reported benefit, but they were small and poorly designed and reported. 64,65
Arginine has been proposed for preventing altitude sickness , but the one reported study found harmful effects (increase in headache) rather than beneficial ones. 60
What Is the Scientific Evidence for Arginine?
Note: The first three conditions in this section are life-threatening. If you have angina, congestive heart failure, or intermittent claudication, do not attempt to treat yourself with arginine except under physician's supervision.
Congestive Heart Failure
Three small double-blind, placebo-controlled studies enrolling a total of about 70 individuals with congestive heart failure found that oral arginine at a dose of 5 g to 15 g daily could significantly improve symptoms as well as objective measurements of heart function. 21,22,23
Intermittent Claudication
People with advanced hardening of the arteries, or atherosclerosis, often have difficulty walking because of lack of blood flow to the legs, a condition known as intermittent claudication . Pain may develop after walking less than half a block.
In a double-blind study of 41 individuals, 2 weeks of treatment with a high dose of arginine improved walking distance by 66%; no benefits were seen in the placebo group or a low-dose arginine group. 43
Good results were also seen in another study, although its convoluted design makes interpreting the results somewhat difficult. 25
A double-blind study of 25 individuals with angina pectoris found that treatment with arginine at a dose of 6 g per day improved exercise tolerance, but not objective measurements of heart function. 26
A double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial of 36 individuals with heart disease found that use of arginine (along with antioxidant vitamins and minerals) at a daily dose of 6.6 g reduced symptoms of angina. 40
The substance nitric oxide (NO) plays a role in the development of an erection. Dugs like Viagra increase the body's sensitivity to the natural rise in NO that occurs with sexual stimulation. A simpler approach might be to raise levels of this substance, and one way to accomplish this involves use of the amino acid L-arginine. Oral arginine supplements may increase NO levels in the penis and elsewhere. Based on this, L-arginine has been advertised as "natural Viagra." However, there is as yet little evidence that it works. Drugs based on raising NO levels in the penis have not worked out for pharmaceutical developers; the body seems simply to adjust to the higher levels and maintain the same level of response.
Nonetheless, some small studies have found possible evidence of benefit.
In a double-blind trial, 50 men with erectile dysfunction received either 5 g of arginine per day or placebo for 6 weeks. 27 More men in the treated group experienced improvement in sexual performance than in the placebo group.
A double-blind crossover study of 32 men found no benefit with 1,500 mg of arginine daily for 17 days. 39 However, the lower dose of arginine as well as the shorter course of treatment may explain the discrepancy between these two studies.
Arginine has also been evaluated in combination with the drug yohimbine (as opposed to the herb yohimbe). 47 A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 45 men found that one-time use of this combination therapy an hour or two prior to intercourse improved erectile function, especially in those with only moderate erectile dysfunction scores. Arginine and yohimbine were both taken at a dose of 6 g. Note : Do not use the drug yohimbine (or the herb yohimbe) except under physician supervision, as it presents a number of safety risks.
One study supposedly found that arginine plus OPCs can improve male sexual function, but because the study lacked a placebo group it did not, in fact, find anything at all. 54 (For more information on why placebos are necessary, see Why Does This Database Depend on Double-Blind Studies? )
A small, unpublished, double-blind study listed on the manufacturer's website reported benefits with a proprietary combination of arginine and the herbs ginseng , ginkgo , and damiana , and vitamins and minerals . 61
Sexual Dysfunction in Women
Some postmenopausal women have difficulty experiencing sexual arousal . One small double-blind study of yohimbine combined with arginine found an increase in measured physical arousal among 23 women with this condition. 28 However, the women themselves did not report any noticeable subjective effects, suggesting that the effect was slight. In addition, only the combination of yohimbine and arginine produced results; neither substance was effective when taken on its own. Slight benefits were also seen in preliminary double-blind, placebo-controlled trials that evaluated a combination therapy containing arginine, along with the herbs ginseng , ginkgo , and damiana , and vitamins and minerals . 49,62
Interstitial Cystitis
Interstitial cystitis is a condition in which an individual feels like he or she has symptoms of a bladder infection, but no infection is present. Medical treatment for this condition is less than satisfactory.
A 3-month, double-blind trial of 53 individuals with interstitial cystitis found only weak indications that arginine might improve symptoms of interstitial cystitis. 29 Several participants dropped out of the study; when this was properly taken into account using a statistical method called ITT analysis, no benefit at all could be proven.
A very small double-blind trial also failed to find evidence of benefit. 30
A 2-month, double-blind study involving 40 children with a history of frequent colds concluded that arginine seemed to provide some protection against respiratory infections . 31 Of the children who were given arginine, 15 stayed well during the 60 days of the study. By contrast, only 5 of the children who took placebo stayed well, a significant difference.
Nutritional Support in Hospitalized Patients
Several nutritional products that contain arginine as well as other substances have been tried in hospital settings to enhance recovery following major surgery , illness, or injury. These mixtures are delivered enterally, which means through a tube into the stomach. A review of 15 studies, about half of them double-blind and involving a total of 1,557 individuals, found that such products can reduce episodes of infection, time on ventilator machines, and length of stay in the hospital. 32,33
However, because of the many nutrients contained in these so-called immunonutrient mixtures, it is not clear whether arginine deserves the credit.
Pressure Ulcers
Pressure ulcers (bed sores) can cause damage to the skin and underlying tissue. They mainly occur in people who have limited mobility. Arginine supplement had inconsistent affect on pressure ulcers. In a review of 23 randomized trials, arginine supplementation was associated with improvement of pressure ulcers in 3 trials, but didn't affect the ulcer size in 2 trials or how they healed in 1 trial. 69
Safety Issues
There is good evidence that arginine is safe and well tolerated at levels up to 20 g per day, 65 although minor gastrointestinal upset can occur. However, there are some potential safety issues regarding high-dose arginine. These cautions are based on findings from animal studies and hospital experiences of intravenous administration.
For example, arginine may stimulate the body's production of gastrin, a hormone that increases stomach acid. 34 For this reason, there are concerns that arginine could be harmful for people with ulcers or who take drugs that are hard on the stomach. In addition, a double-blind trial found that arginine (30 g/day) may increase the risk of esophageal reflux (heartburn) by relaxing the sphincter at the bottom of the esophagus. 41
Arginine might also alter potassium levels in the body, especially in people with severe liver disease. 35 This is a potential concern for individuals who take drugs that also alter potassium balance (such as potassium-sparing diuretics and ACE inhibitors ), as well as those with severe kidney disease. If you fall into any of these categories, do not use high-dose arginine except under physician supervision.
Evidence that arginine can improve insulin sensitivity 36 raises theoretical concerns that, if you have diabetes and take arginine, your blood sugar could fall too low. However, one study suggests that arginine is safe for use by people with stable type 2 (adult-onset) diabetes. 37
The amino acid lysine has been advocated for use in oral or genital herpes . According to the theory behind this recommendation, it is important to simultaneously restrict arginine intake. If true, this would tend to suggest that arginine supplements would be harmful for people with a tendency to develop herpes. However, there is no meaningful evidence to support this hypothesis.
Maximum safe doses in pregnant or nursing women, young children, and those with severe liver or kidney disease have not been established.
Interactions You Should Know About
If you are taking:
- Lysine to treat herpes: Arginine might counteract the potential benefit. 38
- Drugs that are hard on the stomach (such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications ): Taking high doses of arginine might stress your stomach additionally.
- Medications that can alter the balance of potassium in your body (such as potassium-sparing diuretics or ACE inhibitors ): High doses of arginine should be used only under physician supervision.
- Transdermal nitroglycerin : Arginine may help prevent the development of tolerance. ( Note : Your doctor's supervision is essential.)
Revision Information
- Reviewer: EBSCO CAM Review Board
- Review Date: 12/2015 -
- Update Date: 12/15/2015 -


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Transsexual Gabrielle Ludwig returns to college court
- Gabrielle Ludwig of the Mission College (Calif.) women's basketball team was born Robert Ludwig
- Ludwig, a systems engineer, had a sex change in July and is playing college basketball at age 50
- Some opposing fans and players disagree with her place on the court, but her teammates support her
FREMONT, Calif. -- Beneath the foggy mirror in a makeshift locker room no bigger than a storage closet sit 11 women, their wide eyes affixed to an overdressed basketball coach who is delivering a pregame speech that is equal parts inspiration and four-letter words.
The scene plays out at colleges across the country each night, but on this rainy evening inside a dimly lit Bay Area junior college gymnasium, it serves as prelude to a debut unlike any other in the sport's history.
When the focus of the 12-minute pep talk pivots to this topic, the eyes of 10 18- to 20-year-old women – including one deaf player and another woman a few inches shy of 5-feet – focus on the one Mission College player who has yet to play this season. There near the door sits the oldest (50 years old), tallest (6-feet-6, 230 pounds) and most muscular person in the room: Gabrielle Ludwig.
"Come out and be Gabrielle the player," head coach Corey Cafferata tells her. "You worked hard to get here. This damn team in here, everyone has your back!"
Ludwig nervously runs her hand over the sock approaching the tattoo on her leg. She has long been eager yet apprehensive about this moment. Can she still play? What will she hear from adults in the stands? What will her opponents on the court whisper? And can she keep her emotions in check? Glancing up from the dirty rug, she says she is calm. She didn't know if this day could ever arrive: Tonight, before spectators who will cheer and curse her, she hits the reset button on her life.
"Your name will be called," Cafferata assures her about playing time. "Your name will be called."
Few outside this room know it all comes back to that name. They don't know she is 50 and last played a college basketball game in 1980 – as a man. They don't know the odyssey: one failed suicide attempt, two failed marriages; one 19-year-old daughter who insists on calling her dad, two girls who insist on calling her Momma Gabbi.
And they have little sense of reactions Ludwig has encountered – the gawking, the whispers and the female referee in Barstow who looked her in the eye and refused to shake her hand. All of this prompted by the tension between a person's desire to play organized basketball and a community still trying to comprehend that person's half-century life journey.
"Last time I played college ball, I was 20 years old," Ludwig tells her team. "Walking out here 30 years later … "
Her voice is drowned out by the applause of young women who know in their hearts that the worst backlash, the worst of all, is only minutes away.
The woman teammates call Gabbi, Giant or Big Sexy was born Robert John Ludwig in Germany three decades before any of them were a glimmer in their parents' eyes. Ludwig, who did not know his birth father, followed his mother, Elfie, and Al, the military man his mother fell in love with, to America.
Childhood was laden with positive experiences, Ludwig says, except for the feeling that something was terribly off-kilter inside, that every time Ludwig looked in the mirror he saw the wrong image staring back. At every opportunity he would try on his mother's dresses and experiment with makeup only to rush to slip off the clothing and wash away the lipstick before his parents could catch him.
"It was aspirin to a bad headache," Ludwig says of the dress wearing. "I lived a life vicariously through my mother's closet."
When Ludwig moved to Long Island at age 9, the struggle became more pronounced; his body was a mismatch with his spirit. Children picked on him daily, Ludwig said, and he felt intense personal angst. Ludwig said he wondered if he was gay, but he also wondered: How could he be gay if he didn't find men attractive?
Unable to find an answer to what haunted him, Ludwig sought an escape. At 15, Ludwig says, he popped every pill of every color he found around the house. His parents arrived home to find little Bobby, the boy who loved baseball and the toy helicopter his dad once brought home, with his mouth foaming and his body void of an identity. He told his parents he didn't want to be here.
Once puberty hit, the image in the mirror changed, and suddenly there were pectorals and size and advantages. Maybe he could just stuff this identity crisis back in the closet with his mother's dresses and find refuge and a catharsis in something at which he thrived: basketball. Finally, this awkward, big-eared teenager with a German accent had something to look forward to.
Ludwig grew to 6-8 by his sophomore year of high school. And by the time Ludwig entered Nassau Community College in the fall of 1980, he was a high-flying teenager who could throw down all sorts of dunks. Ludwig also discovered another allure -- women -- and knew he had a strong attraction to them. But Ludwig says he was immature, didn't want to be in college and took for granted the tuition his parents paid for him to attend. He left the team after one semester.
By 1984, he would begin an eight-year stint in the Navy, during which he traveled the world as an aviation anti-submarine warfare technician served in Desert Storm. Unhappy with the politics surrounding the war, Ludwig says he crumpled the letter President George H.W. Bush sent to thank him for service.
As he lurked on the margins of global conflict, the one inside raged stronger. While stationed in Alameda, he felt most at ease wearing a wig over his short military haircut, lipstick and eyeliner and a sophisticated dress while hanging out at nightclubs with heterosexual Navy friends in San Francisco. Ludwig recalls them viewing him as a quirky but an otherwise cool guy. Dressing like a woman was not a sexual desire, Ludwig says, but rather a way to connect with his mismatched soul, a start at finding oneself. In San Francisco, a female friend told Ludwig how to talk to doctors so he could more easily obtain female hormones.
One six-year marriage had already failed. But now Ludwig had fallen for a female Fremont police officer. Two weeks into the relationship, Ludwig told her that he liked to dress in women's clothing because it made him feel good. But as time elapsed, Ludwig looked less and less like the dashing guy who had resembled Tom Cruise in a flight jacket.
Ludwig took female hormones behind his wife's back and developed breasts, somehow thinking it would go unnoticed. "But how do you hide that from your wife?" Ludwig says. "It's like you coming home, undoing your shirt and there are boobs there. Sure your wife would have some questions. Marriages are hard enough without a husband's boobs."
There were tears and love and a struggle that endured through an 11-year marriage and a birth of a daughter, Janelle Ludwig. But the two ultimately divorced. "I feel I betrayed her trust," Ludwig says. "That is a cross I have to bear the rest of my life. What would you do?"
The gulf between what Ludwig felt inside and what he saw in the mirror widened over the years. Ludwig knew he was a female inside but, on the outside, remained in a gray area, which was the most painful period of his life. "You look in the mirror and you have breasts and are developing a woman's body, and you have male genitalia," Ludwig says. "You kind of feel freakish. It's like you are stuck in the abyss."
The Internet helped him discover he was not alone and that he suffered from gender identity disphoria. As a transgender – someone who is taking hormones but has not fully transitioned to another gender – Ludwig held out on a sex change for one reason: He wanted to give Janelle, a free-spirit who dressed in mismatched clothes and socks, a strong male figure as she navigated the pressures of high school.
But Ludwig recalls that one day Janelle, who is now 19 and declined to be interviewed for this story, said, "Maddy (a combination of mom and dad), it's time you do what you need to do. If you want to become a woman, I will always love you and will always call you dad."
"I have one father and one mother," Janelle told him. "No matter how you present yourself, you'll always be my dad."
In January 2007, Ludwig walked into the human resources department at Roche Molecular Systems, where as a systems engineer Ludwig helps design robots that assist with DNA research. He and said he would need time off and that Robert Ludwig would not be returning. The employee who would return to the Pleasanton-based company would be named Gabrielle.
In a letter to work colleagues that she provided to USA TODAY Sports, Ludwig wrote, "It's become clear to me that I cannot proceed with my life without finding union between my body and my spirit."
Ludwig underwent the sex change operation, which made her a transsexual, in July 2012.
Ludwig says her company's insurance paid the entire cost of the $30,000 gender reassignment surgery and $100,000 total hospital bill. And when she returned to work, her business cards, cubicle nameplate, email and paycheck all included the same name -- Gabrielle Ludwig -- raising the curtain on a new life.
Ludwig then set her sights on her true passion: basketball. Theresa Foakes, Ludwig's partner for two years, says she has watched basketball sap more and more of her time. Foakes, whose 11- and 7-year-old daughters also live with Ludwig and call her Momma Gabbi, says Ludwig is an inspiration because of her commitment to her area non-profit youth basketball club and the six-grade AAU team Ludwig coaches.
"Basketball is her mistress," Foakes says. "She loves the game. I get jealous. I say, 'I know you will never cheat on me. You cheat on me with basketball.' She is very consumed by this right now."
But this summer Ludwig had a fleeting thought of playing college basketball again. She joked with Mission College coach Corey Cafferata about still having eligibility. He joked about still having a roster spot.
As the weeks progressed, Ludwig became more serious about the idea and began looking into how the possibility of playing, even reaching out to Berlin for birth records and questions. Cafferata did the same, conferring with Mission College athletic director Mike Perez. Perez turned to Dale Murray, the commissioner of the California Community College Athletic Association.
Perez says he had no hesitation about Ludwig playing for Mission College, though the process "has been an education for all of us. We can look at it like this is a student-athlete who wants to play basketball. No, this is much more than that. This is a student-athlete who is really opening up to what is going on in her life. What we can do is support her, as I would any student-athlete …
"This is a special time for all of us in awareness – not athletics – but in the world we live in, a great opportunity for all of us to learn."
Eligibility rules determined Ludwig had to enroll: She takes 12 credits at Mission College through online courses. And she needed an amended birth certificate with her new name, Gabrielle Monika Ludwig. She was resentful about having to do so because it would mean cutting off her previous identity, burying Robert Ludwig in one sense. But playing basketball again – finishing something she regrettably aborted – now was a pursuit that carried a larger message.
"If the example I can set for the kids who are transgenders in high school, for the people who hate transgender people and for those learning to deal with transgenders, transsexuals, if they see me as a normal person and we are not the bogeyman and love life and raise kids just like you," Ludwig says, "maybe some of this mystery of who these people are will be taken away and there can be more blending into society. People are afraid of what they don't know. I am willing to put myself out there. It was not like that before. It was just about playing basketball. It's about more because I see an injustice."
Ludwig says she is forever grateful for the efforts of her athletic director and head coach, who has put his reputation on the line despite outside criticism. Players have heard that this is being cast as a disgrace worse than point shaving. They have heard that some consider them a coed team.
Sitting in the team van after one recent game, Cafferata, who says he makes $2,200 per month as a part-time employee, injects his abdomen with a shot of insulin and downs seven pills before going into Applebee's for a few beers and a hamburger.
Cafferata, 42, is an insulin dependent diabetic who has rebuilt a program that suffered through a 90-game losing streak before he arrived four years ago. But he knows his health is poor: One kidney is packed with waste, and says he would gladly trade a Mercedes Benz for a healthy one. He swallows pills to offset sometimes debilitating poor blood circulation in his feet that is worse than any pain he felt as a basketball player. He knows he is facing possible dialysis, perhaps this season.
"Maybe someone will give me a kidney," he says. "Worst-case scenario, I am on a machine at 4 a.m. and off at noon."
But he has never hesitated in fighting for Ludwig's eligibility. He says he believes in trust and loyalty and dependability on and off the court, and that that is what Ludwig brings (in addition to being an imposing interior presence).
Friday morning, Ludwig sat in Superior Court of California County of Alameda, where a judge decreed she is now legally recognized as a woman in the State of California. Her teammates behind her cheered the decision, and Ludwig turned around and said, "Let's play ball, y'all!" before they reconvened at IHOP for a pancake celebration.
Ludwig has served as a second coach to players, encouraging them to block out, keep their head up after a miscue and put a hand in a shooter's face.
But to teammates, she has been more than that. Some say they have learned about life's struggles from Ludwig. Standout guard Felicia Anderson considers Ludwig an inspiration not only because of her personal journey, one that opened Anderson's eyes to a different group of people, but also because of her age. They say they are in awe that Ludwig used to routinely dunk as a man some 30 years ago. Ludwig also never shies away from poking fun at herself, and teammates never hesitate to join in.
"If she ever says something like, 'Well, I used to do this or that,' we say, 'What, in 1920?,' " Anderson says. "She just laughs about it. She knows we are not judging her."
And teammates say they become particularly motivated if they sense gawking – or worse – from spectators. "Stop talking mess and come see her play," Anderson says. "It is 2012. Life is not like it was in 1920 – when Gabbi was five, right? – when women stayed home in the house. The world has changed."
On the road, Ludwig does not share rooms with teammates because of their age differences. But there are few other allowances made for her. Ludwig spoke to the team weeks ago and told them that she badly wants to play with them but would never want to endanger them. She says she sometimes wonders if someone who hates that she is playing will track her down with a bullet in hand.
Her teammates accept her without hesitation, in part, because they say they often feel like outsiders.
"We've been discriminated against for different reasons," Anderson says. "We're used to it. So to have someone come with us, you're discriminated against too. You are a part of our family as well. It's the common bond.
"We all have our own oppressions we are facing ourselves. Either we are lesbians or we are difference races or we dress like boys or we have piercings or tattoos or different hairstyles. All of us are already different, so it's like, where else would she be?"
Before last weekend, when she was cleared to play in games, Ludwig participated in pre-game warm-ups with the team. Before one game, a spectator named Lawrenze Thibodeaux stood under the basket, just a few feet from Ludwig, and kept snapping photos of the dark-haired player warming up.
"I thought it was ludicrous that she plays at 50," he says later. "That she used to be a man makes it doubly ludicrous. Damn, people are doing everything nowadays.
"I don't think a 50-year-old should be out here playing with kids. Whatever she is after I hope she finds it, and I hope people give her a break and not ridicule her. God is the judge. He put her there and he must want her there in that position."
Ludwig says that when Ludwig visited the snack bar for Gatorade, she encountered a Contra Costa College player named Jeannay Washington who told her, "Do you have enough steroids? If not, I have some for you," before high-fiving a teammate. Washington later denied ever talking to Ludwig but said she did not feel Ludwig should be eligible to play.
"They have no clue," Ludwig says. "They have been in this world 18 measly years. This 18 year old has not the slightest clue what life is about. It's when they grow up. If that comment came from someone like you, that would sting and I would need to find a home for that comment."
What Ludwig fears most are remarks by adults. And while spending a few hours at a hotel the afternoon before her first game, she knew what awaited in her debut.
"It is coming," Ludwig says. "It will be ugly. (Teammates) have not been around long enough to know how ugly it can be."
When Ludwig enters the game midway through the first half, the Mission College fans and parents greet her with a boisterous standing ovation. A different response resonated from some on the College of the Siskiyous side of the gym.
"What the (expletive) is that thing?" says Kevin Casey, the father of one of the Siskiyous players who lives in Citrus Heights, outside Sacramento.
"This just ain't right," says Ray Galli, a friend of Casey who lives in Folsom. "If you and I went to get breast implants, we could say we're women too. They are playing girls' ball and having fun. Man or woman always tries to find a way to cheat at any sport. To me, this is kind of cheating."
Ludwig at times labors while moving up and down the court in Mission College's run-and-gun offense. She grabs two rebounds with ease, towering over her competition. The Mission College side of the stands cheers. Casey points to her running up the court.
"I don't want her in the same locker room as my daughter," Casey says. "That's a man with girls. Take Shaq and cut his (penis) off and we'll put him out there with the girls. What's the difference? You have daughters out there. Mine might be a Tom boy, but she is all girl. They let too much (expletive) go by. Was it Adam and Eve or Adam and Steve?
"She's got the parts? Just because she has the parts does not mean she is one. That was man-made. Obviously it was not God made because she did not come out like that. Man-made. Fake."
Ludwig makes three of four free-throw attempts but misses all of her field goal attempts. She grabbed a slew of rebounds. Mission College lost. The Siskiyous players shake her hand and their coach, Tom Powers, individually compliments her on her performance in spite of her age – making no reference to her sex change.
Siskiyous forward Anna Cameron, a native of New Zealand who found herself guarding Ludwig at times, asks, "Men's leagues won't accept her, would they? So where is she supposed to go? It's a hard thing, and there are many different sides to it. She should play somewhere. She loves basketball."
With her knee wrapped, Ludwig pulls her car out of the dark parking lot and begins the drive back to Fremont to spend time with her partner and take an online quiz for her music course. Even in defeat, even when told of remarks of the two Siskiyous spectators, she says she has never been happier.
"I found a home with a bunch of dysfunctional lesbians, one deaf kid and a transsexual woman," she says, laughing. "This is my home. This is the team I fit in. I am that missing puzzle piece. It fits."
When Ludwig looks in the mirror she sees a father, a maternal figure, a veteran, a scientist, a life partner, and something she has been waiting more than three decades to say again: a teammate.
"Through camaraderie, we kind of figure out where the hell we are in life … " Ludwig says. "We as human beings, we just want to be loved."
"Where is Robert Ludwig?" a reporter asks.
"Where is Robert Ludwig?" Ludwig says. "Gone."
She pauses for a few seconds, takes a deep breath and softens and slows her voice as her eyes remain glassy.
"Robert Ludwig is gone," she says. "And the person you have is Gabrielle Ludwig with everything Robert embodied and was ... That person [Robert] should be honored. He was a great guy. Robert is gone. He was a great father. His spirit is still here. It's just that the spirit matches the body, as it should be."

subset: commoncrawl


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Atlanta Events, Coupons, Reviews!
Atlanta Events, Coupons, Reviews!
My family and I enjoy creating memories together. Just taking time away from life to enjoy one another is important. That's why I can't wait to share with you about our recent trip Medieval Times experience. It was truly a "Knight to Remember!"
I headed out for a much needed Girl's Night Out with my mother and niece! We just needed time away from our busy lives to reconnect! There were plenty of laughs and smiles, but that it what one should expect when you head to Medieval Times. It is a great place to create memories with those you love.
Medieval Times has an awesome reputation for being family friendly, and we love being part of a magical story that involves lots of entertainment and action. We want to be whisked back in time to a place where people were called Lords and Ladies. Where chivalry was in!
Upon entering the castle, your family is assigned a knight to cheer for! Paper crowns are given for you to wear and your family's picture is taken with some of the characters in the show. These pictures are later available for purchase if you choose to do so and they are placed in a beautiful Medieval Times commemorative keepsake book.
Once inside you are able to enjoy the castle. There is a great fireplace with a roaring fire where you can sit and relax before the doors to the arena open. You can also view lots of different things including weapons, suits of armor, Medieval artifacts, a live bird display and the dungeon.
To start the show the Lord Chancellor gathers the crowd before the throne and guests are directed by the Knight's color to their seats. When the doors open, do not worry about running in to get the best seat! When you enter the castle, tables are assigned. Just check out your "table" number on the card that was provided. We were considered VIP Royalty so we were able to sit in the front row. This option is available for you to purchase. Even if you are not in the front row, EVERY table is excellent in that arena and I am not kidding!
VIP Royalty is a great way to go for an additonal fee. here's is what you get:
Priority Castle Access
VIP First Row, All Section Seating,or Second Row in Center Section
Priority Seating Access
Knight's Rally Towel
Cheering Banner
VIP Lanyard
Framed Entrance Group Photo
Whether you choose to get the VIP Royalty treatment or not, included in the price of the show is a 4 course, utensil–free meal. This is served during the show, so you are entertained as you eat.. You are served by "wenches" and "serfs" that are terrific! They are very efficient and remain in character, answering every request with "Yes, my Lord", or "As My Lady wishes". The menu is definitely "fit for a king!" It includes pureed tomato soup, garlic bread, roasted chicken half, BBQ rib, half a potato, & an apple pastry along with beverages. There is a vegetarian option available upon request. They even provide warm wet-wipes after the meal to clean up hands and faces!
The show provides heart pounding entertainment! There is exciting music, beautiful costumes, dramatic lighting, fighting and of course, knights and horses! Crowd participation is expected as you cheer for your favorite knight. The show delivers audience favorites such as live jousting and sword fights with authentic weaponry and enhanced armor. You can;t help be get involved in the story line as your knight wows you and the crowd with his skills. We certainly left this place with a feeling of joy and wanting to plan our next visit!
Right now my readers can save money for your family fun trip to Medieval Times. Adults $36.95 and children (12 and under) $29.95 with the code MT3629 through 2/28/17. Go HERE to take advantage of this great offer!
Living a Full Life is happy to host a giveaway for a family four pack of tickets to Medieval Times in Atlanta.
GIVEAWAY OVER- Winner is Hepler Family
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text:
Oscars 2009 Articles
2009 Academy Awards (Oscars) hilights, gossip, photos, and video.
Oscar Worst Dressed: Reese Witherspoon
Topping the Worst Dressed is almost an art. It's too easy to name Jessica Biel the worst dressed. You expect it. What's the challenge? But Reese Witherspoon… You don't expect it from Reese Witherspoon. You don't go into the Oscars thinking Reese Witherspoon will suck it the hardest with all she has to choose from. Full Story
Oscar Best Dressed: Marion Cotillard
Two for two. It was hers last year when she was named the Queen. It's also hers this year as she took an appropriate step back but still killed it anyway. Like SJP, Marion chose Christian Dior. Unlike SJP, she totally made it work. It's not a dress for everyone. The tiers, the tulle, the belt…Sarah Jessica Parker was completely overwhelmed, like an eager beaver who wants it too badly. Full Story
Oscar Granny
Granny Freeze Nicole Kidman was freshly frozen for the Oscars and presented alongside The Women to Kate Winslet. I do love how they held hands and welcomed her to the community. And though I rag on her often, Gran is one of the few who can almost always pull off feathers. Her dress was magnificent. Especially from the back. Full Story
Oscar napkin or towel?
I say napkin. Like a napkin tucked in during a meal. But some of you are saying towel, a towel hanging on a bar in your bathroom. Whatever the case… It's balls! And it's f-cking amazing! When we saw this on the pool feed, I almost twisted my ankle jumping up and down with excitement on my 6 inches. Full Story
Oscar Pitt Porn
While they may have lost the latest battle in an interminable war, the Brange last night did not give ground. Because when they arrived, as you'd expect, the place went batsh-ts. He, as usual, was the most handsome son of a bitch in town. She… was a little waxy. But with an elegance last night that was missing from the SAGs and the rest. Full Story
Oscar True Love Declaration: Jen & John
They truly are a match made in famewhore heaven. I love them. I really, really truly love them. If you live for gossip, how can you not? She spends all her days plotting against the Brange, he spends all of his days writing and filming press releases to promote his deep thoughts, the coming together of Jennifer Aniston and John Mayer makes so much sense on so many levels. Full Story
Oscar Snub: Sean Penn
You've been emailing about this today: Sean Penn having no time for his wife Robin Wright despite the fact that she seemed overcome by his win. At one point the Academy featured a really sweet camera angle of him in profile with her face in the background...only he seemed like he could care less. Full Story
Oscar Kate!
So now she has one. How 'bout that whistle from her dad? She was asked in the press room about the criticism she's received from stoic Brits about the emotion she's gushed throughout the course of the season. Her response? I don't give a sh-t. If they can't be happy for one of their own then f-ck 'em. Full Story
Oscar Inseparable: Daniel & Satsuki
Word is he's extremely uncomfortable at these events. Which is why he seems to cling to her for support. It's very sweet. Not like a limp dick or anything. Just… one person needing another. This isn't weakness is it? F-ck me. Sleeplessness = Oprahliness. Ugh. Anyway, they made their way down the carpet, reluctant to detach even for a moment, and then as soon as they moved away from the final photo wall towards the steps leading up to the Kodak, he looked at her and they hugged. Full Story
Oscar Thinnification: Victoria Beckham
Posh! We get it! We'll never ever question whether or not some yo yo crack whore dieter like Lindsay Lohan is thinner than you…never again. You keep it consistent. You maintain the Skinny. You relentlessly pursue the brink point of emaciation vs survival. You are the Boniest Queen of Them All. Full Story
Programming Note
Oscar ratings look to be up between 6 – 10% this year over last, considered a modest success. Twihards are probably taking credit for this. Anyway, I have a flight out of LA this afternoon. And I have to check out soon. Full Story


text:
March 8, 1841. Letter to R.K. Call from Colonel Downing
Florida Memory is funded under the provisions of the Library Services and Technology Act from the Institute of Museum and Library Services. Florida's LSTA program is administered by the Department of State's Division of Library and Information Services.
Florida's history is your history. Help us preserve it by joining the Friends of the State Library & Archives of Florida


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|Mobile Site
|eMail Author
|Caption Comp
|Monthly Poll
|Sudden Death
|Colour Key
|Cookie Usage
|Series :
|The Original Series
|Rating :
|Disc No :
|Episode :
|First Aired :
|7 Mar 1969
|Stardate :
|Director :
|Herschel Daugherty
|Year :
|Writers :
|Gene Roddenberry
|Season :
|Guest Cast :
|Stunts :
|Moral :
|Lincoln is mightily impressed by the technology of the Enterprise, commenting on the likes of the transporter to Kirk. Yet he walks through the automatic doors as if he's been using them all his life.
|Worst Moment :
|Abraham Lincoln floating in space.
|Body Count :
|None, technically. Simulations of six historical characters are created and destroyed.
|Factoid :
|This episode is the first appearence of Surak, the Vulcan who turned his species toward logic, the first appearence of Kahless, who will return as a clone of the original complete with head ridges in TNG, and the first appearence of of Colonel Green, who was seen in a recording in Enterprise's "Demons".
This episode is a nominee for the DITL "Worst of Trek" award.
The two groups skirmish on the surface, improvising weapons from whatever materials are to hand. Eventually Kirk and Spock manage to prevail, and the Excalbians release them and free the Enterprise to continue on its way.
Overall, a very poor episode.
|Copyright Graham Kennedy
|Page views : 21,919
|Last updated : 9 May 2010


text:
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|Series :
|Rating :
|Disc No :
|Episode :
|First Aired :
|11 Feb 2005
|Stardate :
|Director :
|Mike Vejar
|Year :
|Writers :
|Andre Bormanis
|Season :
|Guest Cast :
|If all the Aenar are born blind, how come their city is so well lit? I could buy them installing temporary lighting in a few rooms especially for their guests, but in every exterior shot of the city we are shown, there are hundreds of brightly lit windows all over the city!
|Great Moment :
|Trip leaving.
|Body Count :
|A Human cargo ship, the Ticonderoga, is destroyed with all hands. Gareb is killed by Valdore.
|Factoid :
|We learn a bit more about the Andorians in this episode; there is a subspecies of Andorian called The Aenar, who are blind and telepathic. There are very few Aenar, and few Andorians have ever seen one. We also get to see Andoria itself for the first time ever – and we learn that the planet is actually a moon to a ringed giant.
Anyway, it was reasonably obvious how things were gong to turn out; the moment they decided to send two drone ships after Enterprise I could tell that one of them was going to wind up attacking the other. Still, the battle sequences worked fairly well – I liked the way the drones dodged out of the way of weapons fire in particular.
Overall, a pretty good arc. Not up to The Augments or The Vulcan War arcs, but still this is far better than anything Enterprise did in the first couple of seasons.
|Copyright Graham Kennedy
|Page views : 19,444
|Last updated : 12 Feb 2006


text: Share: May 1, 2012 Invasive Species Cary Institute's motto, "the science behind environmental solutions," is motivating a new collaborative venture. In November, a delegation from the Cary Institute met with other scientists, policy leaders, and media experts to plan a new partnership intended to bridge the gap between science and policy.Named the Northeast Science and Policy Consortium, the joint venture will provide objective information on serious environmental problems so as to better inform critical decisions facing our society. The effort will establish a strategic flow of information that synthesizes scientific research, disseminates material through press releases and educational reports, and briefs policymakers at regional and federal levels.The six institutions leading the effort are the Cary Institute, Ecosystems Center/Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole, Harvard Forest/Harvard University, Hubbard Brook Research Foundation, Syracuse University, and the University of New Hampshire. Efforts are underway to secure grant funding for the consortium, and Gary Lovett's research into invasive forest pests and pathogens is among the first of four projects to launch the initiative. Share: Feature Northeast Science and Policy Consortium › May 1, 2012


text:
'PneuTorque' pneumatic wrenches provide a smooth and continuous output drive which can be controlled by means of an air pressure regulator (Lubro Control Unit). Having set the air pressure from the supplied graph, the tool will stall out with a repeatability of ±5% on a given joint. Remote control versions have no direction/shut-off control on the tool but rely on external pneumatic circuitry to provide this function. This opens up numerous application possibilities for the PneuTorque ranging from simple stall shut-off in a hazardous working environment to sophisticated, multi-spindle torque and angle shut-off systems.
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Technical Specification
Norbar has devised easy-to-use online calculators that support the correct application of torque in three key areas:
NORBAR TORQUE TOOLS LTD. Wildmere Road, Banbury, Oxfordshire, OX16 3JU, United Kingdom
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text:
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|Series :
|The Next Generation
|Rating :
|Disc No :
|Episode :
|First Aired :
|18 Nov 1991
|Stardate :
|Director :
|Paul Lynch
|Year :
|Writers :
|Rick Berman
|Season :
|Guest Cast :
|Moral :
|Picard claims that he has inspected Rasmussen's credentials and that they seem to be in order. Huh? Does Rasmussen really have an "Official Federation Time Traveller" card, and how would Picard know it was genuine if he did?
The Enterprise crew use the computer to disable a phaser by remote control in this episode. What a fabulously useful function for the computer to have! One wonders why they didn't bother to use it in "Power Play", "The Hunted", "The Game", "Datalore", "First Contact"...
At the climax of the episode, Picard must face a tough decision - he might be able to save the planet, but only by risking the destruction of the Enterprise. Wouldn't this be a good time to separate the ship and evacuate the civilians on the saucer section?
At one point Riker asks when historians of the future started using time travel to investigate the past. Well it happened a century ago, Will! The Enterprise was doing it in "Assignment : Earth" Silly Riker should have known this.
|Great Moment :
|The Enterprise pulling all the stuff out the atmosphere and spraying it into space. Cool bit of FX...
|Body Count :
|Factoid :
|This is Rick Berman's only solo writing credit in the first five seasons of TNG.
|Copyright Graham Kennedy
|Page views : 21,376
|Last updated : 20 Feb 2015


text:
Puzzle Levels
Puzzle Categories
Download a FREE Solution for your puzzles!
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Write your own review! Request the FREE solution for this item!
Puzzle Pendant - King Arthur's Cross
Product Information
|Take apart and put back together
|Level 7 - Challenging
|Atlantis Puzzles
|Other Wire / Metal Puzzles
|Puzzle Size: 2.76 in x 1.77 in x .39 in / 7 cm x 4.5 cm x 1 cm
Product Description
What is the secret of KING ARTHUR'S CROSS?
Devised by Dr. Karl Scherer, each one of this series of beautifully handcrafted puzzle pendants can be worn around your neck (especially in the small version) or can be used as a pastime.The pendants are professionally silverplated and come with a description of the solution.
The problem is to take the string totally off the puzzle without using any force. Each pendant poses a different challenge and each one has a different solution.
Each of these puzzles is accompanied by a little story about its "mysterious origin". So dive into the mysteries of the past and let yourself get puzzled...
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Improve vehicle handling and lower your ride height with B&G Suspension S2 Sport Lowering Springs. B&G 06.1.047 fits Audi models.
B&G Suspension S2 Sport Lowering Springs are meant for the true performance enthusiast, offering superb handling improvement while lowering vehicle ride height. By lowering your center of gravity, you increase the handling capabilities of your vehicle and dramatically improve the vehicle appearance. Incorporating a progressive spring rate improves road holding, minimizes body roll and front end dive under heavy braking and reduces rear axle squat during acceleration.
B&G Suspension S2 Sport Lowering Spring Features:
- Reduces vehicle ride height from 0.5 - 2.5 inches (depending on vehicle/application)
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- Cold-wound from high tensile Chromium-Silicone wire, heat-treated and shot-peened
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- Limited Lifetime Warranty
Vehicle Fitment:
- 1996-2003 Audi A8 , D2 chassis
- Front Lowering: 1.25"
- Rear Lowering: 1.25"


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Mosspits Lane
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Maths in Employment parent talks
Last Thursday and Friday, we had a number of parents volunteer to give up their time to come into school to talk to the children about how they use Maths in their jobs. It gave an insight to the children about why Maths is important and how its not just for the school classroom. The parents that came in, all did a great job, so thank you!
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You are here : Home/ Martial Arts, Boxing & Fitness/ Training Equip/ body shields/KICK PADS/ Deluxe "high Impact" strike shield
About Us
Bubishi is a family owned Australian company operating from Hervey Bay QLD since 2003. Our passion (for over 20 years) is martial arts. Our retail facility and online store specialise in supplying a wide range of top quality martial arts & fitness equipment, at the right price, Australia wide. We also now offer Asian lifestyle items including Feng Shui cures, artworks, décor, and dinnerware. Over 800 products online now. Uniforms, gloves and equipment for MMA, UFC, Karate, Tae Kwon Do, Judo, Boxing and more
Contact Us
Unit 8, 59-61 Islander Road Pialba, Hervey Bay QLD, Australia 4655
07 4124 0322
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B2 STEALTH leather Boxing Glove


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Employees who earn less than $150,000 benefit the most from tax incentives they receive by putting money away in their employer-sponsored retirement plans.
Plan sponsors also receive a small benefit from the tax incentives, so why eliminate tax incentives as part of tax reform?
Those were the two big points made by Brian Graff, executive director and CEO of the American Society of Pension Professionals & Actuaries, in a letter to the House Ways and Means Committee's Pensions and Retirement Tax Reform Working Group.
The Obama White House has proposed doing away with these incentives after individuals are able to stash away several million to help balance the federal government's budget. But as Graff pointed out, being able to make pre-tax contributions to a retirement account doesn't mean people won't pay taxes on that money later.
Graff, eching a point he made at the time the proposal was unveiled earlier this month, said eliminating tax incentives could have a major consequence for small-business owners who offer retirement plans. Many might stop offering such plans, he said, because there is no incentive for them to do it. As has been documented for years, because defined benefit pension plans are going away, more people are relying on workplace-sponsored plans for their savings.
Any drop in tax incentives could have a ripple effect across the industry, Graff and others have said.
In his letter, Graff said that access to a retirement plan at work is the key to successfully preparing for retirement, so any modifications to the current incentives should be evaluated based on whether they will encourage more businesses to sponsor retirement plans for their employees.
"The current tax incentives for employer-based retirement programs have been very efficient at promoting retirement security for millions of working Americans," he wrote. "If increasing retirement and financial security is the goal, increasing the availability of workplace savings is clearly the way to get there."
ASPPA has found that more than 70 percent of workers earning between $30,000 and $50,000 a year will participate in a workplace plan, though fewer than 5 percent will save through an IRA on their own.
For those families with a retirement savings account, the median percentage of the families' total financial assets held in these accounts is 65.7 percent, up from 59.6 percent in 2004.
Graff told the committee that the most effective way to expand retirement savings is to make payroll deduction savings available to most workers.
ASPPA supports auto-IRA proposals that would require employers that do not sponsor another type of workplace retirement plan to make automatic payroll deduction to IRAs available to their employees.
The organization opposes proposals to expand coverage that includes mandatory employer contributions.
Businesses already contribute to Social Security and small businesses can't afford another required contribution, it says. It says part-time employees also should have the opportunity to set money aside in a workplace retirement plan. They simply don't have to be eligible for matching company contributions, which would limit the burden to employers offering the incentive for these employees, ASPPA says.
The group also supports a larger Saver's Credit because it will help lower-paid workers to afford to save. If the credit were deposited to retirement savings accounts instead of refunded to the saver, it should also help supplement savings, it says.
Under the president's proposal, retirement accounts would be capped at about $3.4 million in a move that would raise $9 billion for the government over the next decade.
The cap would prohibit taxpayers from adding more tax-free money to their accounts once they've crossed that $3.4 million threshold.
See also:


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Animated Gif Birthday Wishes Greetings
Animated Gif Birthday Wishes Greetings: – Hey, friends, I would like to share some Happy Birthday Cake Pics & Pictures quote wishes and images for a birthday in this post. I have collected Animated Gif Birthday Wishes Greetings and quotes images from various websites for the birthday celebration because Birthday has made a great importance in everyone's life. Some people are born in a leap year and this day comes once after 4 years, so that person can celebrate their birthday once every four years, so for those people birthday has really a great importance in their life.
Even we also know that people want to celebrate this day with their family members and relatives and with an online friend, and for this purpose, they require the best collection of Animated Gif Birthday Wishes Greetings for their loved ones and dear ones. So in this post, we are going to share some beautiful pictures and images collection which will really helpful for you but we would like also to tell you something about birthday celebration so read it all info from here.
Animated Gif Birthday Wishes Greetings
Hope you like our collection of Animated Gif Birthday Wishes Greetings with best wishes and greetings. If you like don't forget to share it on social networking sites and make someone you love but not in connect day even more special our best wishes also to you. Give us your precious reviews to improve our work. Thank you and God Bless You.


text: Wednesday, March 27, 2013 New in the Literature: High-intensity PRST in Older Adults (Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2013 Mar 6. [Epub ahead of print]) High-intensity progressive resistance strength training (HIPRST) improves lower limb strength more than lesser training intensities in older adults, although it may not be required to improve functional performance, say authors of a systematic review published this month in Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. They note that training volume also is an important variable, and HIPRST appears to be a safe mode of exercise in this population. For this systematic review, the authors searched online databases from their inception to July 2012. Randomized controlled trials of HIPRST of the lower limb compared with other intensities of PRST in older people (mean age ≥ 65 years) were identified. Two reviewers independently completed quality assessment using the PEDro Scale and data extraction using a prepared checklist. The authors included 21 trials. Study quality was fair to moderate (PEDro Scale range 3 to 7). Studies had small sample sizes (18 to 84) and participants were generally healthy. Meta-analyses revealed HIPRST improved lower limb strength greater than moderate- and low-intensity PRST, SMD 0.79 and 0.83, respectively. Studies where groups performed equivalent training volumes resulted in similar improvements in leg strength, regardless of training intensity. Similar improvements were found across intensities for functional performance and disability. The effect of intensity of PRST on mood was inconsistent across studies. Adverse events were poorly reported; however, no correlation was found between training intensity and severity of adverse event. The authors call for further research into HIPRST's effects in older people with chronic health conditions across the care continuum.


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Our personalised baby bird thank you card is perfect for sending after your new baby has been born, after a baptism or even after a birthday. The card can be customised with your own photograph and wording to make it truly special.
Select 'Printable PDF' for an instant digital download, or choose 'printed & delivered' for a luxury and professional finish.
|A6 (105mm x 148mm)
|Single/Double Sided
|Single Sided Printing
|Envelope Type
|16 colours - 10p each
|Personalise Online:
|Print Options
|Printable PDF or Printed & delivered
Customer Reviews 5.0 5 5.0/5 Based on 1 review
Wonderful! Reviewed by Littlemap5 on 27 Jul 2018
Absolutely love these thank you cards. They are great quality and the service received was faultless. I hope to use Hip Hip Hooray many more times in the future
All orders are dispatched from our UK studio within 2 working days. Delivery times below exclude processing times.
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Shipping for samples costs £5.50 to countries outside of the UK.
Please Note: We cannot ship our table seating plans outside of the UK. We're sorry for any inconvenience caused.
Further Details
Your order should arrive on time and in perfect condition. You will receive a message to inform you once it's been sent.
On very rare occasions, should a delay occur, please email us at firstname.lastname@example.com and we will endeavour to establish a solution as soon as possible.
If you can't wait for delivery, you can still make the most of our Printable PDF service where you can customise and download PDFs and have them printed locally.
For more information on our 'Printed & Delivered' service, please see our terms and conditions.
Please Note: This is available on our 'Printed & Delivered' service only, and only where there is an issue with print quality. Customers are responsible for the customisation of designs, including all wording, spelling, grammar and punctuation. Regretfully returns will not be granted on this basis. We cannot offer refunds on orders that have already gone to print and where there are no quality issues.
Customer satisfaction is the most important thing for us, which is why we're happy to offer a money back guarantee on all our Printed & Delivered products.
All orders are printed with the utmost care and thoroughly checked before leaving our premises. On receipt of your order we request that you check the items as soon as possible. If you are unhappy with the quality of your order for any reason, please contact us on (+44) 1822 615614 or firstname.lastname@example.com. Please have your order number to hand when you contact us as it will allow us to find your order quickly.
If you are unsatisfied with your order in any way, once you have contacted us please return it within 14 days of delivery for a refund or exchange. Postage costs for returning items to us cannot be refunded, unless the item is faulty or damaged.
We recommend that you send your order back to us using a tracked delivery service as we cannot be held responsible for any parcel lost during transit to us.
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Hip Hip Hooray
Tavistock Enterprise Hub
Pearl Assurance House
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Tavistock, Devon
Once your item has been returned, we will review it and take the necessary action as soon as possible.
First rate service. Excellent quality invitations and envelopes, beautifully packaged with hand written note and received well ahead of estimated timescale. Will definitely use again and would thoroughly recommend.
This is the 3rd time I've used Hip Hip Hooray, and I love it! My product is always high-quality and beautiful, and it arrives within a week, even though I'm in the US! So happy with my orders.


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Puzzle Levels
Puzzle Categories
Download a FREE Solution for your puzzles!
Space Rail Level 4
Product Information
|Construct and operate your mini marble roller coaster.
|Puzzle Master
|Space Rail
|Cardboard Box
Product Description
SpaceRail is a line of do-it-yourself marble roller coasters. Assemble the pieces by cutting track to the correct size, forming cubes, loops, runs, and drops, and attaching everything to metal rods in the plastic base. Once assembled, enjoy hours & hours of rolling metal ball entertainment. The auger that lifts your ball back to the top will ensure that it is in constant motion, flying down the track to its next turn or looping through the track again and again.
Level 4 has more loops, but is still easy to assemble. This set is suitable for intermediate users. An English instruction manual is included.
Rail length: 26000mm
Assembled size: 72 x 34 x 36cm
Steel balls: 4pcs
Weight: 2kg
Difficulty: Intermediate
Assembly time: 7-8 hours
Recommended for intermediate users
English instruction manual included
Package includes:
Base x 9
Shaft 300mm x 16
Shaft 200mm x 5
Rail 26000mm x 1
Arm Parts x 56
Corner Parts (A) x 56
Corner Parts (B) x 62
Arm Sheath x 60
Arm Wrench x 118
Rail Stand x 70
Fork Parts x 1
Elevator Part x 1
Gear Box x 1
Stand Part x 1
Seesaw Part x 3
Base Holder Big x 4
Base Holder Small x 6
Shaft Stand x 2
Gear Box Stand x 1
Steel Ball x 4
Rail Joining Parts x 10
English/Chinese Instruction Manual x 1
Batteries Not included. Requires one C battery.
Customer Reviews |Write your own review!
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[Source_Name: Short_Name='NOAA-8']
CEOS Cal Val Test Site - Algeria 3 - Pseudo-Invariant Calibration Site (PICS)Entry ID: CEOS_CalVal_Test_Sites-Algeria3
Abstract: On the background of these requirements for sensor calibration, intercalibration and product validation, the subgroup on Calibration and Validation of the Committee on Earth Observing System (CEOS) formulated the following recommendation during the plenary session held in China at the end of 2004, with the goal of setting-up and operating an internet based system to provide sensor data, protocols ... and guidelines for these purposes:
Reference Datasets are required to support the understanding of climate change and quality assure operational services by Earth Observing satellites. The data from different sensors and the resulting synergistic data products require a high level of accuracy that can only be obtained through continuous traceable calibration and validation activities.
Initiate an activity to document a reference methodology to predict Top of Atmosphere (TOA) radiance for which currently flying and planned wide swath sensors can be intercompared, i.e. define a standard for traceability. Also create and maintain a fully accessible web page containing, on an instrument basis, links to all instrument characteristics needed for intercomparisons as specified above, ideally in a common format. In addition, create and maintain a database (e.g. SADE) of instrument data for specific vicarious calibration sites, including site characteristics, in a common format. Each agency is responsible for providing data for their instruments in this common format. Recommendation : The required activities described above should be supported for an implementation period of two years and a maintenance period over two subsequent years. The CEOS should encourage a member agency to accept the lead role in supporting this activity. CEOS should request all member agencies to support this activity by providing appropriate information and data in a timely manner.
Pseudo-Invariant Calibration Sites (PICS):
Algeria 3 is one of six CEOS reference Pseudo-Invariant Calibration Sites (PICS) that are CEOS Reference Test Sites. Besides the nominally good site characteristics (temporal stability, uniformity, homogeneity, etc.), these six PICS were selected by also taking into account their heritage and the large number of datasets from multiple instruments that already existed in the EO archives and the long history of characterization performed over these sites. The PICS have high reflectance and are usually made up of sand dunes with climatologically low aerosol loading and practically no vegetation. Consequently, these PICS can be used to evaluate the long-term stability of instrument and facilitate inter-comparison of multiple instruments.
Purpose: To facilitate and coordinate calibration and validation data over the Algeria 3 test site.
Related URL
Geographic Coverage
Spatial coordinates
Data Set Citation
Version: Not provided
Temporal Coverage
Start Date: 1972-08-11
Location Keywords
Science Keywords
Access Constraints No restrictions.
Use Constraints None.
Data Center
Extended Metadata Properties
(Click to view more)
Creation and Review Dates
DIF Creation Date: 2012-10-18
Last DIF Revision Date: 2019-03-25


text:
Ridge Supply 6" Skyline Appalachia
DeFeet International - Industry standard in cycling and run socks since 1992 - Designed, Tested and Manufactured in North Carolina, USA.
- The original DeFeet sock, the Aireator has been consistently upgraded and remains the gold standard of cycling socks.
- Affordable and incredibly durable, Aireator's are the most popular cycling sock the world has ever known.
- DeFeet Aireator mesh for superior breathability and comfort, the first sock to incorporate this type of open-mesh construction.
- Eco-friendly: Made from recycled water bottles in North Carolina, USA.
- Great for running, hiking, and on the bike
- Machine wash cold, tumble dry low. No bleach, softeners, or harsh detergents.
- 60% Nylon, 39% Recycled Polyester, 1% Lycra
|6 - 8
|8.5 - 10.5
|11 - 13
|4.5 - 6.5
|7 - 9
|9.5 - 11.5
|12 - 14
|36 - 39.5
|40 - 42.5
|43 - 45.5
|46 - 48
DeFeet offers a variety of shipping options to fit your needs. Orders are shipped Monday through Friday from our warehouse in Hildebran, NC. Most orders will ship within 72 hours of being received. Please note that weather, peak shopping seasons, and shipping holidays can delay the shipment and delivery of your order. If you have any questions regarding shipping options, please contact us at firstname.lastname@example.com
If an item on your order is no longer available or no longer in stock, we will contact you as soon as possible with the option to substitute a different item or issue a refund for what is unavailable. If we do not receive a response from you within 72 hours, your order will be shipped and missing items will be refunded.
USPS First Class Mail – First Class Mail is our most popular, as well as the most economical way to ship your order. Please note, orders must be under 1 pound to utilize this method. Upon shipment from our warehouse, most packages will arrive within 5 business days.
**Please note - FedEx will not deliver to PO boxes. In order to ship FedEx, a physical address must be provided.**
FedEx Ground – Upon shipment from our warehouse, transit time is 1 to 5 business days within the continental United States. For residential addresses (Home Delivery), packages may be delivered on Saturdays.
FedEx One Rate – Two to three day delivery applies to business days only. Orders must be received by 12 PM EST to be processed and shipped same day. Please note that any orders received after 12 PM EST are not guaranteed to be processed until the next business day. For example, if you place an order at 3 PM EST on Thursday, we will not process and ship until Friday.
USPS First Class Mail – First Class Mail is our most economical way to ship packages internationally. In order to utilize this service, orders must be under 4 pounds. Upon shipment from our warehouse, typical transit time is 10 to 14 business days but may take up to 21 business days.
FedEx International Economy - Upon shipment from our warehouse, typical transit time is 5 business days.
**Please note, DeFeet is not responsible for any duties, taxes, and/or customs fees that may be applied to your order when entering your country.


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Nodding Clematis Art Print
Nodding Clematis by Douglas Barnett - 8" x 5"
Luster Photo Paper
Rolled in a Tube
Assembly Charge
Nodding Clematis art print by Douglas Barnett. Our art prints are produced on acid-free papers using archival inks to guarantee that they last a lifetime without fading or loss of color. All art prints include a 1" white border around the image to allow for future framing and matting, if desired.
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About Art Prints
All prints ship in durable cardboard tubes.
Fine Art America is one of the largest, most-respected giclee printing companies in the world with over 40 years of experience producing museum-quality prints. All of our art prints are produced on state-of-the-art, professional-grade Epson printers.
We use acid-free papers and canvases with archival inks to guarantee that your art prints last a lifetime without fading or loss of color. Paper prints include a 1" white border around the image to allow for future framing and matting. Canvas prints include a 2.5" white border to allow for future stretching on stretcher bars.
Art prints ship within 3 - 4 business days in durable cardboard tubes.
Art Print Reviews (8476)
Average Rating (4.88 Stars):
Lela Irby Cintron
February 27th, 2020
Faye OHerlihy
February 27th, 2020
About Douglas Barnett
I started photography at a very early age by building a pin hole camera, followed by construction of a camera obscura for viewing prints. I became more serious about photography in college as my scientific work required specialized photography. Later, my business life caused me to travel extensively in the U.S. and many other countries. My camera was always with me, and I snapped many interesting and often very unusual pictures. In retirement, I have become deeply and passionately involved in photography, and I am excited about the tremendous potential digital photography has. I hope my artwork brings pleasure to many and varied folks around the world. Doug
Shop with Confidence
Our return policy is very simple:
If you're not happy with a purchase that you made on FineArtAmerica.com, for any reason, you can return it to us within 30 days of the order date. As soon as it arrives, we'll issue a full refund for the entire purchase price. Please note - Fine Art America does not reimburse the outgoing or return shipping charges unless the return is due to a defect in quality.
Fine Art America sells thousands of pieces of artwork each month - all with a 100% money-back guarantee. We take great pride in the fact that hundreds of thousands of artists have chosen Fine Art America to fulfill their orders, and we look forward to helping you select your next piece!
All art prints ship from our production facility within 2 - 3 business days of your order.


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|Mobile Site
|eMail Author
|Caption Comp
|Monthly Poll
|Sudden Death
|Colour Key
|Cookie Usage
|Series :
|The Next Generation
|Rating :
|Disc No :
|Episode :
|First Aired :
|3 May 1993
|Stardate :
|Director :
|James L. Conway
|Year :
|Writers :
|Brannon Braga
|Season :
|Guest Cast :
|LaForge brings an injured man to sickbay at one point. Isn't it a big no-no to move a badly injured person around like this? Isn't that why normal procedure is to call an emergency medical team to go to your location rather than vice versa? Of course, Riker is imagining it all so maybe he just imagined this part wrong.
|Great Moment :
|Frakes does an exceptional job of showing a half-nutty Riker in this episode.
|Body Count :
|Hard to say. Strictly it is zero, since only the last couple of scenes were actually real.
|Factoid :
|Braga initially worried about using the word "crazy" in this episode, given current attitudes towards it in the mental health arena, but decided to go with it so as to avoid becoming too politically correct.
|Copyright Graham Kennedy
|Page views : 22,859
|Last updated : 23 Nov 2014