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This could be your wedding dress
Sorry today's posting's are a bit slow. I'm back in the office now fully connected so the rest of the day will be normal. The reason I'm delayed is that, as I mentioned earlier, I had to shoot in an Indy car today for etalk in advance of the Honda Indy in Toronto this weekend. I was the asshole who, after they'd strapped me into the car, put her hand up in a panic. Totally nauseous. The crew guys were so nice. They did breathing exercises with me and assured me I wouldn't die. Then they told the driver to go slow because I was being a pussy.
It's just that...when they put the face glove on you, and then the helmet, and the viser comes down, you can't breathe! There's no fresh air! And if you're claustrophobic, which I think I've just developed, it's ...not fun. Anyway, I made it, and didn't pee myself or puke, and now it's on to Anne Hathaway in Paris last night with Valentino hosting a charity benefit wearing what could totally be one of the most beautiful wedding looks I've ever seen.
I love everything. The romantic cap sleeves because they remind me of Jane Austen. The soft skirt. The red lips. Like Eve and an apple. And the headpiece! Where can I go where a headpiece like this would be appropriate? Also her hair. It's always this hair for me. Anne is in fine, fine form right now. And now we're just a month out from One Day. Please don't disappoint.
Photos from Flynetonline.com and Bauergriffinonline.com


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Heidi Klum & Seal's Split Could Cause Kids To Spiral Out Of Control, Says Expert
The extreme stress from Heidi and Seal's separation could damage their four children! A top child psychiatrist told HollywoodLife.com how they can help their kids handle the breakup.
Heidi Klum and Seal recently announced that they're splitting up after six years of a seemingly happy marriage. We were shocked, so how will the kids handle the news? Dr. Susan Abbott, a top child and adolescent psychiatrist, told HollywoodLife.com exclusively the best way to handle the separation when it comes to their four kids — Leni, 7, Henry, 6, Johan, 5, and Lou, 2. "Being children of wealth, their parents should be careful with over indulging them or disregarding their limitations because they feel guilty over the split," Dr. Abbott explained.
Dr. Abbott says that involved parents like Heidi and Seal should continue participating and keeping life as normal as possible. Here's her tips for handling the separation:
- Have joint custody
- Both participate in major life decisions in the kids' lives
- Do the same activities they did before the split
- Keep everything as normal as possible
What not to do? Overindulge the children out of guilt! "Kids can spiral out of control and become spoiled," Dr. Abbott warned. "Studies show that children do well if situations of extreme stress, like a parent separation, are handled as normal as possible."
She explained that young children (elementary school age) are "egocentric." "They believe they are to blame for the events that occur around them," she said. "They have to reassure the children, not just once but throughout time, that the separation is not their fault and has nothing to do with them."
-Milesska Contreras, Anna Moeslein
More Heidi & Seal stories:

subset: commoncrawl


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Arturo Toscanini (1867-1957)
Musical genius of Toscanini on looking back was in his ability to convey what the composer had in mind not only musically but psychologically and thus playing his work he made it a dramatic experience. By studying the score sheets he saw beyond the notes the intention of the composer and by memorizing it, brooding over it he saw the work as a totality of the man, his work and his role as a faithful translator of his ideas . As he told George Marek, his biographer 'When I look at a score I see the profile of the composer on the page'.
He was a stern taskmaster and yet he was not a martinet. He respected individual ideas. He said to an oboist playing the cadenza in the Beethoven's Fifth, 'That is not the way I would have phrased it –but I like it. There is nothing absolute in music.'
Pianist Rubinstein once played Beethoven C Minor Concerto under the leading of Toscanini. It was their first encounter. The pianist was a bit apprehensive and on the first rehearsal Rubinstein came and sat at the piano. The maestro nodded and the pianist began. It was a catastrophe since they found their ideas were completely different.
At the end of the first movement Toscanini looked at the pianist and asked him if he intended to play his part like that.
Toscanini asked him to repeat the first all over again. While he played Toscanini listened noticing the tempo, phrasing and every expression mark. On the repetition they had the look as if they had been playing the music together all their lives.
At the time he was developing and perfecting his technique as a conductor he set new standards of interpretation in his insistence that music should be played exactly as was written. One occasion,- and it was not the only time, Toscanini stopped a rehearsal because the timpanist failed to give an accent to a particular note. 'There is no accent marked here on my copy, maestro' the timpanist said.
'Then put it on' said Toscanini and he was certain it was how originally written. Some time afterwards the timpanist went to a library where the original of the composer's score was kept. On checking it he found the maestro was right: the accent was there.
Once he hollered at a well-bosomed soprano in Italian and he said pointing to her head 'If you had up here what you have down here, what a singer you would be!'
(Toscanini, A Biography: Gorge Marek,1975/Atheneum)
Tailpiece: The other day I heard a Chinese girl of 9 playing Chopin and not a note was missed and her playing was faultless. On the other hand I heard Lang Lang playing Liszt's Piano concerto #1 ( BBC program) recently at the Albert Hall-having heard him and enjoyed his music, I was disappointed. His facial contortions in bringing solo passages to a close was distracting to say the least. I hear often criticism of lacking in experience leveled against Far Eastern performers. Nationality of players have not come in way of enjoying their recitals.
Is life experience needed in order to play Chopin or Liszt?
In my opinion a player should stick to the score faithfully and if the player could get the dynamics and tempo right it is all needed for me. My life experience and mood is what counts and not the players' contortions to be transcendental.
Herbert von Karajan was like a sphinx but his presence was unmistakable. Toscanini was tempestuous while rehearsing but on podium he was the conductor and his personality also made it an satisfying experience.


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Photo by Lazar Simeonov.
Around 20 years ago, a young civil rights attorney was mobilizing the African-American community in Chicago at the beginning of his political career. This week Barack Obama will visit Palestine as president of the United States.
Around 20 years ago, I was involved in the process of negotiations that followed the Madrid conference, an early attempt to start a peace process, in an effort to secure independence for Palestine and the rights of its people. Next week I will still be here, alongside our steadfast people, fighting for our rights.
For two decades Palestine has engaged in discussions with successive Israeli governments, which have talked the talk of a negotiated settlement while deliberately turning a military occupation into something far more sinister — an ugly system of racial segregation.
President Obama has the power to change this reality and break the political deadlock. It will require some tough decisions and strong political will, but the United States is known for its ability to make strong foreign policy decisions when necessary.
Let us review the goal. The United States, along with the rest of the international community, endorses a two-state solution based on the 1967 border, with East Jerusalem as the capital of Palestine and a resolution of the refugee issue in accordance with United Nations Resolution 194, so that Palestine and Israel can live side by side in peace and security.
There must be real consequences for Israel if it fails to comply with U.S. requests and international law. Israel's lack of accountability remains the single most damaging aspect of U.S. involvement in the conflict
There must be real consequences for Israel if it fails to comply with U.S. requests and international law. Israel's lack of accountability remains the single most damaging aspect of U.S. involvement in the conflict
The Palestinian and American visions are therefore in line with each other. Successive Israeli governments, unfortunately, have not shared this vision, a fact which is made abundantly clear by Israel's actions on the ground: The cranes building settlements speak far louder than any words at a negotiating table.
American officials talk a great deal about the resumption of negotiations. The Palestinian leadership has always pushed for a negotiated settlement on all final-status issues. However, we also need to be very clear that any further negotiations must have clear terms of reference and prior obligations must be fulfilled in order to show that both parties have good-faith intentions of working toward a defined end goal. Otherwise we will be stuck in an empty process, one which unfortunately acts as a smokescreen for continued unilateral Israeli policies.
The first concrete step that Obama could take would be to demand that Israel fulfill its prior obligations. This includes a full freeze on settlement construction, the release of prisoners, the opening of closed institutions in Jerusalem and other commitments made during previous negotiations.
There must be real consequences for Israel if it fails to comply with U.S. requests and international law. Israel's lack of accountability remains the single most damaging aspect of U.S. involvement in the conflict.
Obama could also use this visit to ask Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu whether his intention is two states based on the 1967 border. If Netanyahu answers yes, then the president should ask to see Netanyahu's map of what this might look like.
The Palestine Liberation Organization has presented its negotiating positions clearly and repeatedly while fulfilling its commitments; there is no point going back to the negotiating table without an indication from this new Israeli government that it shares the same vision for a solution as the rest of the world.
Thirdly, if the United States does see itself as an honest broker, then the balance of power must be redressed. Two parties cannot reasonably negotiate when one is weaker and the mediator is allied to the stronger party. We understand that America will always be Israel's close friend. But a good friend needs to be willing to tell his friend when he is going astray.
Obama needs to make it clear that the reality of occupation and segregation contradicts the strongly held values of the American people, is in no one's interests, and cannot last indefinitely. If Obama feels that given the American relationship with Israel he is not able to mediate, then it would be better to admit this and step back, allowing others to take the lead.
We, as Palestinians, are doing what we can to break the deadlock and work toward peace. Last year, we took the diplomatic initiative to enhance our status at the United Nations to that of an observer state, in part to salvage the internationally endorsed two-state solution and to create positive pressure to restart a political process. It is a shame that the United States and Israel did not support our bid, which ultimately would have been in all parties' interests.
The P.L.O. is ready as ever to negotiate — as long as there are clear terms of reference and the fulfillment of prior obligations, including a complete settlement freeze. Unfortunately, both of these elements have been missing — along with an honest broker.
The importance of Obama's visit will depend on his actions. Above all, Palestinians want to be granted their right to freedom, self-determination and equality. The United States has the power to reinstate the elements required to help us achieve our rights and advance toward a lasting peace. The question is whether the U.S. has the will.
Originally published on the New York Times website
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GASTONIA, N.C. — The first lawsuits seeking to establish liability for a fatal outbreak of E. coli bacteria at the Cleveland County Fair are in the courts.
The families of 5-year-old Hannah Roberts of Gastonia and 18-month-old Isaac Dover of Cherokee County, S.C., are suing the event's operator. The civil complaint was filed this week in Gaston County.
The lawsuit states that both children became ill a few days after attending the fair last month and developed a potentially life-threatening condition that can cause kidney failure.
The fair's lawyers had no comment.
North Carolina health officials said a petting zoo was the center of the E.coli outbreak, and rainy weather helped spread the bacteria to areas away from the animals.
More than 100 people became sick and a 2-year-old from Gastonia died.
Credit: The Associated Press.


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Your Local Police
If you would like to get involved or become a volunteer in your neighbourhood, then contact your local policing team.
You can find your local team by clicking on one of the links below. If you are not sure who your local team is you can search your postcode here.
You can also find a list of all police stations that are open to the public by clicking here.


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Detroit bankruptcy blog: Kevyn Orr testifies about pension liabilities, his hiring
3 months after bankruptcy filing, trial will determine whether Detroit really is eligible for Chapter 9
DETROIT – Local 4's Rod Meloni is inside federal court for day 4 of Detroit's bankruptcy trial.
No protestors outside the federal courthouse today, security line was moderately populated and the proceedings have begun on time. Judge Rhodes is hearing a motion right now filed by the United Auto Workers. They are seeking to strike a portion of the testimony of Conway MacKenzie turnaround expert Chuck Moore from last Thursday where he testified about where he, and in turn Detroit emergency manager Kevyn Orr, came up with the $3.5 billion pension liability number. The UAW says that number overshoots the mark by a lot, Moore is not an actuary and therefore not an expert and so his testimony regarding the pension numbers and the work of the pension taskforce should be stricken. This is a very similar motion to one Judge Rhodes turned away last week. City Attorney Geoff Stewart from Jones Day is now up pleading the case that Chuck Moore answered every substantive question and there was no reason to throw out the testimony.
After about 10 minutes of deliberating Judge Steven Rhodes denied the motion to strike Chuck Moore's testimony.
Kevyn Orr is now back on the stand being questioned by Anthony Ulman regarding the pension liabilities the city faces.
Orr's turnaround plan from June 14th, 2013 states the city had a $3.5 billion in pension liabilities.
Orr: I think I have been aware of the amount of pension liability from the beginning.
Ulman: Had you come up with a viable option to reduce pension benefits without filing Chapter 9.
Orr: We looked at options but by July, it became clear there were no other options.
Ulman: Was it your position that there had to be cuts in pensions for active and retired employees.
Orr: I don't know about actives, but yes they would have to be cut.
Ulman: The City has in fact agreed and admitted it intends to cut pension benefits for active and retired employees.
Orr: Yes.
Ulman: It is my understanding you filed for Chapter 9 under PA 436.
Orr: Yes
Ulman: You are aware that PA 4 was removed by referendum and replaced by PA 436.
Orr: Yes I was aware that an appropriation was tacked onto PA 436 to prevent a referendum.
The testimony of Kevyn Orr is getting a little more interesting. Ulman showed some emails of Kevyn Orr's from January 2013 within a day or two after he was approached to become emergency manager. Orr stated after doing some reading into PA 4 and its transition to PA 436 [emergency manager law] "Michigan's new law is an end-around PA 4." Later another of Orr's emails said "there is a veneer of a revision, a redo of a rejected law." Ulman asked Orr if he remembered these emails. Orr said yes. Ulman continues going through more of Orr's early emails that said Jones Day and its attorneys were discussing how to approach a Chapter 9 filing with PA 4 in effect.
Orr testified "He did not know in March 2012 that Jones Day was involved in advice to the city and "I had never heard it from anyone at Jones day." About this situation.
Ulman asked a long question regarding whether Kevyn Orr was aware of any chapter 9 cases where the federal authority trumped state authority.
Orr: I cannot answer yes or no. I will give you an explanation. I have handled cases with federal preemption over state law… I was unaware of a specific case where an emergency manager used a chapter 9 to trump state law. I was unaware of other cases.
Ulman: Were you aware of any instances where federal law trumps state constitutional law?
Orr said: Here broadly, federal law overtakes state law. I am aware of cases
Ulman is now showing a communications roll out by Kevyn Orr's media relations advisor Bill Nowling. It has filing day as July 19, 2013 and shows a schedule of events and when they were supposed to happen.
Orr: Yes
Ulman is asking about the filing was done on July 18th at 4:06pm. He is putting up the court filing where the date on the paperwork has the 19th crossed out and the 18th put I,
Ulman: do you remember telling Ken Buckfire that you moved the bankruptcy up because of the hearings going on in Lansing for a Temporary Restraining Order to prevent a chapter 9?
Orr: I don't specifically recall that but I have no reason to doubt it.
Ulman: The filing was made the day before it was planned, can you say whether the TRO influenced your decision to move up the date?
Orr: I think I said before I was prepared to file the case immediately. I said before we were going to give it a month to come up with an alternative proposal. The situation was beginning to file out of control and there were a number of other reasons why we filed when we did outside of the reason you stated.
Ulman: asked Orr whether he knew that the state court ruled after the fact that the TRO would have been granted and the Chapter 9 filing should not happen.
Orr: I am aware there was a state court ruling. I may had made the ruling, aware in substance. Yes.
Ulman continues asking Kevyn Orr about the unfunded liabilities and the work done by the Milliman Actuarial Group on the unfunded pension liabilities and when the analyses were completed.
They are now sliding deeply in the weeds of pension actuarial accounting and which discount rates used in determining the unfunded liabilities.
Judge Rhodes is asking Ulman where his line of questioning is going and to move things along.
Kevyn Orr just explained how the water and sewer department pensions are considered city debt obligations even though the Detroit water and sewer pensions are not paid out of the general fund but by the Detroit water and sewer.
Ulman begins asking about the DIA and its art ... talking about retaining Christies auction house to value the art.
Ulman: "Is it not a potentially large source of cash?"
Orr: "It is valuable but I do not know whether it is a source of cash for the city."
Ulman: "You are aware of the press reports about the value of the art being in the billions?"
Orr: "Yes."
Ulman: "Would not cash in that magnitude pay for pension obligations for the next several years?"
Orr: "It might."
Ulman: "There is nothing in your plan that takes the art into consideration."
Orr: "We spoke of the DIA but did not talk about the art."
Ulman now asking about water and sewer department valuation, are you aware of how much cash it might bring?"
Orr: "No."
Ulman: Nothing in the June 14th plan shows the water and sewer changes would pay for pensions correct?"
Orr: "We would use money to pay unsecured creditors."
Ulman: "The value of their bonds might go up ... nothing in there that treats the pension benefits above bondholders."
Orr: "There is nothing that treats pension benefits that treats unsecured creditors differently."
Ulman then moves on to whether any negotiations actually took place [negotiations the city is required as part of its bankruptcy eligibility must show were conducted in good faith: he lists a number of meetings and asks:
Ulman: "On June 14th in a meeting, no negotiations took place right?"
Orr: "No."
Ulman: "After June, you did not attend all the sessions or meetings with the unions correct?"
Orr: "Yes."
Ulman went on to ask about the letter requesting permission to file a chapter 9 in the city sent to the governor. You discussed what happened at the various meetings with the unions:
Individual follow up meeting: June 20, city's advisors conducted meetings with unions, 25th, it says advisors met with various persons, general and police retirement systems, due diligence with pension funds, July 10th follow up diligence sessions with the unions and pensions, again July 11, sessions with unions and pensions, negotiations with counterparties to the swap contracts.
"You say the city's negotiations" but this is the only place.
Orr: "The document speaks for itself."
I have nothing further.
Break until 10:55 a.m.
Thomas Di Chiara is a UAW attorney who has taken over the cross examination of Kevyn Orr wanting to know about his pay as emergency manager.
Orr: "I did not take the job for the money."
DiChiara: "How much are you paid?"
Orr: "$275,000 a year."
D: "When you were an attorney at Jones Day you made more than that?"
O: "Yes."
D: "Do you receive any other income?"
O: "I do not receive directly any other compensations. I have since learned they are paid from the NERD fund. I know nothing about that fund. I know it is related to the governor but I do not know."
D: "Richard Baird, do you know him?"
O: "Yes. He works for the state now."
D: "You know he works for the governor?"
O: "His title was transformation officer."
D: "Did he work with the governor?"
O: "To the best of my knowledge he does."
DiChiara continues discussing how Richard Baird spoke with Jones Day's managers asking permission to speak to Orr about being emergency manager.
DiChiara continues chipping away at Orr's hiring and how Orr wanted to insulate his former firm Jones Day from conflict of interest issues and also problems with the firm attempting to become Detroit's bankruptcy counsel.
There was an objection to allowing an email regarding Kevyn Orr from Richard Baird the governor's right hand to Kevyn Orr. The document they are looking at now discusses a summary of partnership prior to Orr's hiring that would keep the current executive team in place.
Another set of emails is shown where Richard Baird is talking with Orr about his becoming emergency manager.
DiCihara now is asking Orr's relationship with the governor, how often they meet or speak on the phone.
Orr: Weekly
DiChiara: Did you talk about the bankruptcy filing with the governo r weekly?
Orr: No
DiChiara: Do you recall talking with the Governor about Chapter 9 filing?
Orr: Yes in two to five meetings.
DiChiara: He does not want to discuss this because none of the conversations were held outside the presence of lawyers.
Judge Rhodes: What lawyers were present?
Orr offers a laundry list of lawyers from the city, the state.
DiChiara says these lawyers are paid by the citizens of the state and therefore should be public information.
Judge: How does this square with your [DiChiara's] assertion that this fits a scheme?
City Attorney: "We submit these conversations were privileged."
Judge: Should there be a different ruling than the one previously made in this case on this same matter?
Dichiara: These are critical discussions.
Judge: "I will sustain the objection" .. but went on to ask Kevyn Orr whether he had one-on-one discussions with the governor specifically on bankruptcy and Kevyn Orr said: "I don't recall any."
DiChiara takes exception with the judge's ruling.
Judge wants to clarify whether there were discussions outside of legal counsel.
Orr: No, your honor.
This is the most informative bit of questioning of the day. DiChiara continued attempting to find out more about Orr's feelings regarding pension benefits and how they fit into the June 14 turnaround plan's introduction and whether negotiations were conducted or possible.
DiChiara: Would you have accepted any proposal that would have not cut pension benefits?
Orr: "We were prepared to accept any counter proposals but that does not mean agree to."
D: "Would you have agreed to any proposal that did not include cuts to pension benefits?"
Orr: "Probably not."
DiChiara wanted to know about Orr's thoughts on how the Flowers lawsuit was being executed and a hearing on a temporary restraining order on a bankruptcy filing.
Orr: "I believe it was behavior that was calculated to preventing me from doing my job."
D: "Couldn't you have waited a few days to see if the judge would have ruled?"
O: "Mr. DiChiara: We had waited almost a month."
DiChiara continued asking about whether Orr had directly discussed with the governor whether he had asked for state assistance regarding pensions.
Orr: "I don't recall."
Judge Rhodes: "Wait a minute. You do not remember asking the governor to write a check for $3.5 billion?"
Orr: "I don't recall asking it in that context your honor. There are things I can testify to."
DiChiara: "Do you recall ever making a request to the governor in any context seeking assistance, financial assistance from the state for some or all of the city's pension obligations?"
Orr: "I don't recall asking for assistance in that form. I do recall asking whether the state had an ability to offer assistance."
After considerable jousting between DiChiara and State attorneys regarding objections to Orr under attorney client privilege having to answer the Judge ordered an answer.
Orr: "The subject was discussed that there was no ability on the state's part to provide any assistance to the city. I don't recall verbatim what was said. It became clear there would be no assistance coming from the state."
DiChiara later asked: "Do you consider it a conflict of interest being paid by the state and receiving housing by the state?"
Orr: "No."
D: "Are you aware of deferred compensation?"
Orr : "Yes."
D: "If you have deferred compensation, are you aware that a pension is earned?"
Orr: "It requires a legal conclusion, it might not be true."
D: "Has the pension already been earned through labor?"
Orr: "Yes."
DiChiara went in another director: Do you believe the city needs capable and committed employees to run the city?
Orr: "Yes."
D: "Have you done any analysis on what cutting pension benefits would do to morale?"
Orr: "No."
Have you done any analysis as to whether cutting pension benefits would impact hiring in the City?
Orr: "Yes I have done my own analysis. We held a job fair and had 1700 attendees. My analysis is that during the course of the job fair ... their morale is increasing. I have spoken with city employees and despite the city's difficulties they are working hard."
D: "Have you done analysis on what the average pension amounts are."
O: "Ranges have gone from 19,000, to 24,000 or 35,000"
D: "Do you know of any insurance that would cover retirees in the event that their accrued pension liabilities?"
O: "Yes."
D: "Is there such insurance?"
O: "No."
D: "Have you done any analysis to determine any retirees whether at $18,000 or $24,000 under your proposal to see if they will be able to make ends meet, put food on the table, buy medications?"
Objection by city on grounds of relevancy.
Judge sustained
DiChiara concluded questioning.
Up next is Sharon Levine for AFSCME
L: "Do you recall receiving a request from Ed McNeil on March 25 inviting you to meet with a coalition of unions and wanted to work together with you?"
O: "Are you asking whether this was the request that was taped to the door?" "I think I said I was willing to meet with anyone."
L: "Isn't it true you never actually met with the coalition of unions
O: "Yes that is true
L: "Is it your position that you directed someone on your behalf to meet with the coalition of unions?"
O: "Are we still talking about the request?"
L: "Yes."
O:" The request was to continue collective bargaining and collective bargaining had been suspended under PA 436.
Judge ordered lunch break until 1:30 p.m.
Before leaving the bench Judge Rhodes instructed Kevyn Orr to just answer the questions. Orr apologized.
Judge: "We're going to be here a really long time if you insist on going on and on."
Orr: "I apologize your honor."
Judge: "I will accept your apology if you accept your attorney's advice and my advice."
Kevyn Orr has returned to the stand in the afternoon session which is only going until 3 p.m. Apparently duly chastened for expanded answers by the judge his new favored response is, "I don't know," as he is spending a lot of time answering questions regarding his understanding of pension benefits and their possible cut if the bankruptcy is allowed to go forward.
AFSCME attorney Sharon Levine started the afternoon session:
L: "When it comes to pension benefit cuts, how would individual retirees share in a two billion dollar note and would they have to file personal claims?"
O: "I don't know."
L: "How would they get their pro rata shares?"
O: "I don't know."
Later Levine asked him about his knowledge of his former firm [Jones Day] had a relationship with the governor or the state of Michigan or the City.
O: "I don't know."
Sharon Levine stepped down. Jennifer Green representing the pension systems is now cross examining Kevyn Orr.
Jennifer Green continues her cross: She inquires about whether the State would step in and offer assistance with pension benefit shortfalls. She showed an email from Jones Day [Orr's prior employer] that said "state will probably step up to deal with, but thus far has failed to concede this point at all."
Green wanted to know whether Orr knew about the email or Jones Day's relationship with the city. He said he did not know. Green's questioning continued pressing him on the notion whether he understood pension benefits are sacrosanct and whether somehow his position on what should happen with pension benefits had changed. At one point Orr said the following: "I said previously in my experience there is Federal supremacy and I'll stand by those statements."
At that point Green showed a video of Kevyn Orr answering a question at the June 14 creditors presentation. He was asked if his answer that day was correct. Orr answered, "I don't know."
Then Green showed a video of a meeting Orr had with retirees at Wayne State University a few days before the June 14 creditor's proposal prior to the bankruptcy filing . He took a question from a Detroit retiree inquiring about what he would do with pensioners and their benefits and crime. Orr explained to the man in the meeting pensions were sacrosanct meaning they cannot be touched.
Green: "You told them no cuts and four days later there were cuts ... ?"
O: "It is what is ... whatever is in the plan."
Green asks again.
O: "Yes."
Green: "When did you realize pension benefits were going to have to be cut?"
O: "I wasn't sure Chapter 9 was necessary. On the 10th and the 14th June we were negotiating."
Green then wanted to know about when he was being consulted on Chapter 9 with his advisors.
O: "Chapter 9 had been discussed since 2005 Miss Green."
You had been in contact with your financial advisors throughout. Chuck Moore was one on the financial advisory task force.
Shows email:
Green: "Do you recognize this email dated June 2, 2013?
O: "Yes."
G: "There is an email from Chuck Moore to you discussing a lengthy call with Milliman and you received this email right/"
O: "Yes I believe so."
G: "It talks about, 'we anticipate a significant reduction in already accrued benefits will be required in order to get required contributions to the level of available cash to service the UAAL. It appears this may be only possible in a Chapter 9 proceeding.'
So did you knowingly give improper testimony on the 10th? [to the retirees?]"
O: "No."
Slideshow: Protesters outside Detroit's bankruptcy trial
Read: Judge: Emails, docs in Detroit EM case won't be released
Read: Judge: State must release names of Detroit EM candidates
Special section: Detroit bankruptcy
Copyright 2013 by ClickOnDetroit.com. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


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Pamplona is the perfect place for sampling the famous "pinchos" (snacks) of the north of Spain. The bars in the historic quarter, namely on the streets San Nicolás, Comedia, San Gregorio, Estafeta and the Plaza del Castillo square, offer a vast array of these delicious gastronomic miniatures. The proximity of the various bars will enable you to try the "pinchos" at several establishments, in keeping with the local custom of touring the bars with friends at lunch time and in the evening. The people of Pamplona call this custom "chiquiteo". Besides, if you visit the city in the spring you'll catch the "Semana del Pincho", when the locals and tourists alike fill the bars to sample a selection of the highly original "pinchos" specially prepared for the occasion.
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Difference between revisions of "March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom"
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==The March==
==The March==
[[File:Civil Rights March on Washington, D.C. (Faces of marchers.) - NARA - 542070.
[[File:Civil Rights March on Washington, D.C. (Faces of marchers.) - NARA - 542070.|thumb|Nearly 250,000 people marched, including 60,000 white participants]]
The march commanded national attention by preempting regularly scheduled television programs. As the first ceremony of such magnitude ever initiated and dominated by African Americans, the march also was the first to have its nature wholly misperceived in advance. Dominant expectations ran from paternal apprehension to dread. On [[Meet the Press]], reporters grilled Roy Wilkins and Martin Luther King about widespread foreboding that "it would be impossible to bring more than 100,000 militant Negroes into Washington without incidents and possibly rioting." [[Life magazine]] declared that the capital was suffering "its worst case of invasion jitters since the [[First Battle of Bull Run]]." The Pentagon readied 19,000 troops in the suburbs and the jails shifted inmates to other prisons to make room for those arrested in mass arrests; the city banned all sales of alcoholic beverages; hospitals made room for riot casualties by postponing elective surgery. With nearly 1,700 extra correspondents supplementing the Washington press corps, the march drew a media assembly larger than the Kennedy inauguration two years earlier.<ref name="fhwa.dot.gov"/>
The march commanded national attention by preempting regularly scheduled television programs. As the first ceremony of such magnitude ever initiated and dominated by African Americans, the march also was the first to have its nature wholly misperceived in advance. Dominant expectations ran from paternal apprehension to dread. On [[Meet the Press]], reporters grilled Roy Wilkins and Martin Luther King about widespread foreboding that "it would be impossible to bring more than 100,000 militant Negroes into Washington without incidents and possibly rioting." [[Life magazine]] declared that the capital was suffering "its worst case of invasion jitters since the [[First Battle of Bull Run]]." The Pentagon readied 19,000 troops in the suburbs and the jails shifted inmates to other prisons to make room for those arrested in mass arrests; the city banned all sales of alcoholic beverages; hospitals made room for riot casualties by postponing elective surgery. With nearly 1,700 extra correspondents supplementing the Washington press corps, the march drew a media assembly larger than the Kennedy inauguration two years earlier.<ref name="fhwa.dot.gov"/>
Revision as of 06:53, 23 September 2013
View from the Lincoln Memorial toward the Washington Monument on August 28, 1963
|August 28, 1963
|Washington, D.C.
|38°53′21″N 77°03′00″W / 38.8893°N 77.0501°WCoordinates: 38°53′21″N 77°03′00″W / 38.8893°N 77.0501°W
|Also known as
|March on Washington
|200,000 to 300,000
|Civil Rights Act of 1964; Voting Rights Act
The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom or "The Great March on Washington", as styled in a sound recording released after the event,[1][2] was one of the largest political rallies for human rights in United States history[3] and called for civil and economic rights for African Americans. It took place in Washington, D.C., on Wednesday, August 28, 1963. Martin Luther King, Jr., standing in front of the Lincoln Memorial, delivered his historic "I Have a Dream" speech advocating that racial harmony should prevail upon the march.[4]Template:Failed verification
The march was organized by a group of civil rights, labor, and religious organizations,[5] under the theme "jobs, and freedom".[3] Estimates of the number of participants varied from 200,000 to 300,000.[6] Observers estimated that 75–80% of the marchers were black.[citation needed]
The march is credited with helping to pass the Civil Rights Act (1964) [7] [8] and motivating the Selma to Montgomery marches which led to the passage of the Voting Rights Act (1965).[9]
- 1 Background
- 2 Planning and organization
- 3 Marchers converge on Washington D.C.
- 4 The March
- 5 Speakers
- 6 Singers
- 7 Meeting with President Kennedy
- 8 Media coverage
- 9 Responses and memories
- 10 Effects and legacy
- 11 See also
- 12 Further reading
- 13 Gallery
- 14 References
- 15 External links
Although African Americans had been legally freed from slavery, elevated to the status of citizens and the men given full voting rights at the end of the American Civil War, many continued to face economic and political repression. A system of legal discrimination, known as Jim Crow, was pervasive in the American South, ensuring that Black Americans remained second-class citizens. They experienced discrimination from businesses and governments, and in some places were prevented from voting through intimidation and violence.[10] Twenty-one states prohibited interracial marriage.[11]
The impetus for a march on Washington developed over time, and earlier efforts to organize such a demonstration included the March on Washington Movement of the 1940s. A. Philip Randolph—the president of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, president of the Negro American Labor Council,[6] and vice president of the AFL-CIO—was a key instigator in 1941. With Bayard Rustin, Randolph called for 10,000 black workers to march on Washington, in protest of discriminatory hiring by U.S. military contractors and demanding an Executive Order.[12] Faced with a mass march scheduled for July 1, 1941, President Roosevelt issued Executive Order 8802 on June 25.[13] The order established the Committee on Fair Employment Practice and banning discriminatory hiring in the defense industry.[14] Randolph called off the March.[15]
Randolph and Rustin continued to organize around the idea of a mass march on Washington. They envisioned several large marches during the 1940s, but all were called off (despite criticism from Rustin).[16] Their Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom, held at the Lincoln Memorial on May 17, 1957, featured key leaders including Adam Clayton Powell, Martin Luther King, Jr., and Roy Wilkins. Mahalia Jackson performed.[17]
The 1963 march was an important part of the rapidly expanding Civil Rights Movement, which involved demonstrations and nonviolent direct action across the United States.[18] 1963 also marked the 100th anniversary of the signing of the Emancipation Proclamation by Abraham Lincoln.
Violent confrontations broke out in the South: in Cambridge, Maryland; Pine Bluff, Arkansas; Goldsboro, North Carolina; Somerville, Tennessee; Saint Augustine, Florida; and across Mississippi. Most of these incidents involved white people retaliating against nonviolent demonstrators.[19] Many people wanted to march on Washington, but disagreed over how the march should be conducted. Some called for a complete shutdown of the city through civil disobedience. Others argued that the movement should remain nationwide in scope, rather than focus its energies on the capitol.[20] There was widespread perception that the Kennedy administration had not lived up to its promises in the 1960 election; King described Kennedy's race policy as "tokenism".[21]
The public failure of the Baldwin–Kennedy meeting on May 24, 1963, underscored the divide between the needs of Black America and the understanding of Washington politicians. But it also provoked the Kennedys to action on the civil rights issue.[22] On June 11, President Kennedy gave his famous civil rights address on national television and radio, announcing that he would begin to push for civil rights legislation—the law which eventually became the Civil Rights Act of 1964. That night, Mississippi activist Medgar Evers was murdered in his own driveway, further escalating national tension around the issue of racial equality.[23]
Planning and organization
A. Phillip Randolph and Bayard Rustin began planning the march in December 1962. They envisioned two days of protest, including sit-ins and lobbying followed by a mass rally at the Lincoln Memorial. They wanted to focus on joblessness and to call for a public works program that would employ blacks. In early 1963 they called publicly for "a massive March on Washington for jobs".[24] They received help from Amalgamated Clothing Workers unionist Stanley Aronowitz, who gathered support from radical organizers who could be trusted not to report their plans to the Kennedy administration. The unionists offered tentative support for a march that would be focused on jobs.[25]
On May 15, 1963, without securing the cooperation of the NAACP or the Urban League, Randolph announced an "October Emancipation March on Washington for Jobs".[26] He reached out to union leaders, winning the support of the UAW's Walter Reuther, but not of AFL–CIO president George Meany.[27] Randolph and Rustin intended to focus the March on economic inequality, stating in their original plan that "integration in the fields of education, housing, transportation and public accommodations will be of limited extent and duration so long as fundamental economic inequality along racial lines persists."[28] As they negotiated with other leaders, they expanded their stated objectives to "Jobs and Freedom" to acknowledge the agenda of groups that focused more on civil rights.[29]
In June 1963, leaders from several different organizations formed the Council for United Civil Rights Leadership, an umbrella group which would coordinate funds and messaging.[30][31] This coalition of leaders, who became known as the "Big Six", included: Randolph who was chosen as the titular head of the march, James Farmer (president of the Congress of Racial Equality), John Lewis (chairman of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee), Martin Luther King, Jr. (president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference),[6] Roy Wilkins (president of the NAACP),[6] and Whitney Young (president of the National Urban League). King in particular had become well known for his role in the Birmingham campaign and for his Letter from Birmingham Jail.[32] Wilkins and Young initially objected to Rustin as a leader for the march, because he was a homosexual, a Communist, and a draft resistor.[27] They eventually accepted Rustin as deputy organizer, on the condition that Randolph act as lead organizer and manage any political fallout.[33]
On June 22, Big Six met with President Kennedy, who warned against creating "an atmosphere of intimidation" by bringing a large crowd to Washington. The civil rights activists insisted on holding the march. Wilkins pushed for the organizers to rule out civil disobedience and described this proposal as the "perfect compromise". King and Young agreed. Leaders from CORE and SNCC, who wanted to conduct direct actions against the Department of Justice, endorsed the protest before they were informed that civil disobedience would not be allowed. Finalized plans for the March were announced in a press conference on July 2.[34] President Kennedy spoke favorably of the March on July 17, saying that organizers planned a peaceful assembly and had cooperated with the Washington, D.C., police.[35]
Mobilization and logistics were administered by Rustin, a civil rights veteran and organizer of the 1947 Journey of Reconciliation, the first of the Freedom Rides to test the Supreme Court ruling that banned racial discrimination in interstate travel. Rustin was a long-time associate of both Randolph and Dr. King. With Randolph concentrating on building the march's political coalition, Rustin built and led the team of two hundred activists and organizers who publicized the march and recruited the marchers, coordinated the buses and trains, provided the marshals, and set up and administered all of the logistic details of a mass march in the nation's capital.[36] During the days leading up to the march, these 200 volunteers used the ballroom of Washington DC radio station WUST as their operations headquarters.[37]
The march was not universally supported among civil rights activists. Some, including Rustin (who assembled 4,000 volunteer marshals from New York), were concerned that it might turn violent, which could undermine pending legislation and damage the international image of the movement.[38] The march was condemned by Malcolm X, spokesperson for the Nation of Islam, who termed it the "farce on Washington".[39]
March organizers themselves disagreed over the purpose of the march. The NAACP and Urban League saw it as a gesture of support for a civil rights bill that had been introduced by the Kennedy Administration. Randolph, King, and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) saw it as a way of raising both civil rights and economic issues to national attention beyond the Kennedy bill. Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) saw it as a way of challenging and condemning the Kennedy administration's inaction and lack of support for civil rights for African Americans.[5]
Despite their disagreements, the group came together on a set of goals:
- Passage of meaningful civil rights legislation;
- Immediate elimination of school segregation;
- A program of public works, including job training, for the unemployed;
- A Federal law prohibiting discrimination in public or private hiring;
- A $2-an-hour minimum wage nationwide;
- Withholding Federal funds from programs that tolerate discrimination;
- Enforcement of the 14th Amendment to the Constitution by reducing congressional representation from States that disenfranchise citizens;
- A broadened Fair Labor Standards Act to currently excluded employment areas;
- Authority for the Attorney General to institute injunctive suits when constitutional rights are violated.[40]
Although in years past, Randolph had supported "Negro only" marches, partly to reduce the impression that the civil rights movement was dominated by white communists, organizers in 1963 agreed that whites and blacks marching side by side would create a more powerful image.[41]
The Kennedy Administration cooperated with the organizers in planning the March, and one member of the Justice Department was assigned as a full-time liaison.[42] Chicago and New York City (as well as some corporations) agreed to designate August 28 as "Freedom Day" and give workers the day off.[43]
To avoid being perceived as radical, organizers rejected support from Communist groups. However, some politicians claimed that the March was Communist-inspired, and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) produced numerous reports suggesting the same.[44][45] In the days before August 28, the FBI called celebrity backers to inform them of the organizers' communist connections and advising them to withdraw their support.[46] When William C. Sullivan produced a lengthy report on August 23 suggesting that Communists had failed to appreciably infiltrate the civil rights movement, FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover rejected its contents.[47] Strom Thurmond launched a prominent public attack on the March as Communist, and singled out Rustin in particular as a Communist and a gay man.[48]
Organizers worked out of a building at West 130th St. and Lenox in Harlem.[49] They promoted the march by selling buttons, featuring two hands shaking, the words "March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom", a union bug, and the date August 28, 1963. By August 2, they had distributed 42,000 of the buttons. Their goal was a crowd of at least 100,000 people.[43]
As the march was being planned, activists across the country received bomb threats at their homes and in their offices. The Los Angeles Times received a message saying its headquarters would be bombed unless it printed a message calling the president a "Nigger Lover". Five airplanes were grounded on the morning of August 28 due to bomb threats. A man in Kansas City telephoned the FBI to say he would put a hole between King's eyes; the FBI did not respond. Roy Wilkins was threatened with assassination if he did not leave the country.[50]
Marchers converge on Washington D.C.
Traveling by road, rail, and air, from literally near and far, thousands arrived in Washington D.C. on Wednesday, August 28. Marchers from Boston traveled overnight and arrived in Washington at 7am after an eight-hour trip, but others took much longer bus rides from places like Milwaukee, Little Rock, and St. Louis. Organizers persuaded New York's MTA to run extra subway trains after midnight on August 28, and the New York City bus terminal was busy throughout the night with peak crowds.[51] A total of 450 buses left New York City from Harlem. Maryland police reported that "by 8:00 a.m., 100 buses an hour were streaming through the Baltimore Harbor Tunnel."[52]
One reporter, Fred Powledge, accompanied African-Americans who boarded six buses in Birmingham, Alabama, for the 750-mile trip to Washington. The New York Times carried his report:
The 260 demonstrators, of all ages, carried picnic baskets, water jugs, Bibles and a major weapon - their willingness to march, sing and pray in protest against discrimination. They gathered early this morning [August 27] in Birmingham's Kelly Ingram Park, where state troopers once [four months previous in May] used fire hoses and dog to put down their demonstrations. It was peaceful in the Birmingham park as the marchers waited for the buses. The police, now part of a moderate city power structure, directed traffic around the square and did not interfere with the gathering... An old man commented on the 20-hour ride, which was bound to be less than comfortable: "You forget we Negroes have been riding buses all our lives. We don't have the money to fly in airplanes."
John Marshall Kilimanjaro, a demonstrator traveling from Greensboro, North Carolina, said:[53]
Contrary to the mythology, the early moments of the March—getting there—was no picnic. People were afraid. We didn't know what we would meet. There was no precedent. Sitting across from me was a black preacher with a white collar. He was an AME preacher. We talked. Every now and then, people on the bus sang 'Oh Freedom' and 'We Shall Overcome,' but for the most part there wasn't a whole bunch of singing. We were secretly praying that nothing violent happened.
Other bus rides featured racial tension, as black activists criticized liberal white participants as fair-weather friends.[54]
Hazel Mangle Rivers, who had paid $8 for her ticket—"one-tenth of her husband's weekly salary"—was quoted in the August 29 New York Times. Rivers stated that she was impressed by Washington's civility: "The people are lots better up here than they are down South. They treat you much nicer. Why, when I was out there at the march a white man stepped on my foot, and he said, "Excuse me," and I said "Certainly!" That's the first time that has ever happened to me. I believe that was the first time a white person has ever really been nice to me."[40]
Some participants who arrived early held an all-night vigil outside the Department of Justice, claiming it had unfairly targeted civil rights activists and that it had been too lenient on white supremacists who attacked them.[55]
Security preparations
The Washington, D.C., police forces were mobilized to full capacity for the march, including reserve officers and deputized firefighters. A total of 5,900 police officers were on duty.[56] The government mustered 2,000 men from the National Guard, and brought in 3,000 outside soldiers to join the 1,000 already stationed in the area.[57] These additional soldiers were flown in on helicopters from bases in Virginia and North Carolina. All of the forces involved were prepared to implement a coordinated conflict strategy named "Operation Steep Hill".[58]
For the first time since Prohibition, liquor sales were banned in Washington D.C.[59] Hospitals stockpiled blood plasma and cancelled elective surgeries.[60]
Rustin and Walter Fauntroy negotiated some security issues with the government, gaining approval for private marshals with the understanding that these would not be able to act against outside agitators. The FBI and Justice Department refused to provide preventive guards for buses traveling through the South to reach D.C.[61] William Johnson recruited more than 1,000 police officers to serve on this force.[62] Julius Hobson, an FBI informant who served on the March's security force, told the team to be on the lookout for FBI infiltrators who might act as agents provocateurs.[63]
Sound system
Rustin pushed hard for an expensive ($16,000) sound system, maintaining "We cannot maintain order where people cannot hear." The system was obtained and set up at the Lincoln Memorial, but was sabotaged on the day before the March. Its operators were unable to repair it. Fauntroy contacted Attorney General Robert Kennedy and his civil rights liaison Burke Marshall, demanding that the government fix the system. Fauntroy reportedly told them: "We have a couple hundred thousand people coming. Do you want a fight here tomorrow after all we've done?" The system was successfully rebuilt overnight by the U.S. Army Signal Corps.[64]
The March
The march commanded national attention by preempting regularly scheduled television programs. As the first ceremony of such magnitude ever initiated and dominated by African Americans, the march also was the first to have its nature wholly misperceived in advance. Dominant expectations ran from paternal apprehension to dread. On Meet the Press, reporters grilled Roy Wilkins and Martin Luther King about widespread foreboding that "it would be impossible to bring more than 100,000 militant Negroes into Washington without incidents and possibly rioting." Life magazine declared that the capital was suffering "its worst case of invasion jitters since the First Battle of Bull Run." The Pentagon readied 19,000 troops in the suburbs and the jails shifted inmates to other prisons to make room for those arrested in mass arrests; the city banned all sales of alcoholic beverages; hospitals made room for riot casualties by postponing elective surgery. With nearly 1,700 extra correspondents supplementing the Washington press corps, the march drew a media assembly larger than the Kennedy inauguration two years earlier.[40]
On August 28, more than 2,000 buses, 21 chartered trains, 10 chartered airliners, and uncounted cars converged on Washington.[65] All regularly scheduled planes, trains, and buses were also filled to capacity.[40]
Although Randolph and Rustin had originally planned to fill the streets of Washington, D.C., the final route of the March covered only half of the National Mall.[42] The march began at the Washington Monument and was scheduled to progress to the Lincoln Memorial with a program of music and speakers. Demonstrators were met at the monument by speakers and musicians. Women leaders were asked to march down Independence Avenue, while the male leaders marched on Pennsylvania Avenue with the media. [66]
The march failed to start on time because its leaders were meeting with members of Congress. To the leaders' surprise, the assembled group began to march from the Washington Monument to the Lincoln Memorial without them. The leaders met the March at Constitution Avenue, where they linked arms at the head of a crowd in order to be photographed 'leading the march'.[67]
Marchers were not supposed to create their own signs, though this rule was not completely enforced by marshals. Most of the demonstrators did carry pre-made signs, available in piles at the Washington Monument.[68]
About 50 members of the American Nazi Party staged a counter-protest and were quickly dispersed by police.[69]
The rest of Washington was quiet during the March. Most non-participating workers stayed home. Jailers allowed inmates to watch the March on TV.[70]
Representatives from each of the sponsoring organizations addressed the crowd from the podium at the Lincoln Memorial. Speakers (dubbed "The Big Ten") included The Big Six; three religious leaders (Catholic, Protestant, and Jewish); and labor leader Walter Reuther. None of the official speeches were by women; Josephine Baker gave a speech during the preliminary offerings, but women's presence in the official program was limited to a "tribute" led by Bayard Rustin, at which Daisy Bates spoke (see "excluded speakers" below.)
Floyd McKissick read James Farmer's speech because Farmer had been arrested during a protest in Louisiana; Farmer had written that the protests would not stop "until the dogs stop biting us in the South and the rats stop biting us in the North."[71]
Official program
Marian Anderson was scheduled to lead the National Anthem but was unable to arrive on time; Camilla Williams performed in her place. Following an invocation by Archbishop Patrick O'Boyle, the opening remarks were given by march director A. Philip Randolph, followed by Eugene Carson Blake. A tribute to "Negro Women Fighters for Freedom" was then led by Bayard Rustin, at which Daisy Bates spoke briefly in place of Myrlie Evers, who had missed her flight. [72] [73] [74] The tribute introduced Daisy Bates, Diane Nash, Prince E. Lee, Rosa Parks, and Gloria Richardson. The following speakers were SNCC chairman John Lewis, labor leader Walter Reuther and CORE chairman Floyd McKissick (substituting for arrested CORE director James Farmer). The Eva Jessye Choir then sang, and Rabbi Uri Miller (president of the Synagogue Council of America) offered a prayer, followed by National Urban League director Whitney Young, NCCIJ director Mathew Ahmann, and NAACP leader Roy Wilkins. After a performance by singer Mahalia Jackson, American Jewish Congress president Joachim Prinz spoke, followed by SCLC president Martin Luther King, Jr. Rustin then read the march's official demands for the crowd's approval, and Randolph led the crowd in a pledge to continue working for the march's goals. The program was closed with a benediction by Morehouse College president Benjamin Mays.
Although one of the officially stated purposes of the march was to support the civil rights bill introduced by the Kennedy Administration, several of the speakers criticized the proposed law as insufficient. Two government agents stood by in a position to cut power to the microphone if necessary.[75]
Women leaders were asked to march down Independence Avenue, while the male leaders marched on Pennsylvania Avenue with the media. [76]
Roy Wilkins
Roy Wilkins announced that W. E. B. DuBois had died in Ghana the previous night; the crowd observed a moment of silence in his memory.[77] Wilkins had initially refused to announce the news because he despised DuBois as a Communist—but then insisted on making the announcement when he realized that Randolph would make it if he didn't.[78] Wilkins said: "Regardless of the fact that in his later years Dr. Du Bois chose another path, it is incontrovertible that at the dawn of the twentieth century his was the voice that was calling you to gather here today in this cause. If you want to read something that applies to 1963 go back and get a volume of The Souls of Black Folk by Du Bois, published in 1903."[79]
John Lewis
John Lewis of SNCC was the youngest speaker at the event.[80] His speech—which a number of SNCC activists had helped write—took the Administration to task for how little it had done to protect southern blacks and civil rights workers under attack in the Deep South.[39][81] Cut from his original speech at the insistence of more conservative and pro-Kennedy leaders[5][82] were phrases such as:
In good conscience, we cannot support wholeheartedly the administration's civil rights bill, for it is too little and too late. ...
I want to know, which side is the federal government on?... <p> The revolution is a serious one. Mr. Kennedy is trying to take the revolution out of the streets and put it into the courts. Listen, Mr. Kennedy. Listen, Mr. Congressman. Listen, fellow citizens. The black masses are on the march for jobs and freedom, and we must say to the politicians that there won't be a "cooling-off" period. <p> ...We will march through the South, through the heart of Dixie, the way Sherman did. We shall pursue our own scorched earth policy and burn Jim Crow to the ground—nonviolently... </blockquote>
Copies of the SNCC speech were distributed on August 27, and met with immediate disapproval from many of the organizers. Archbishop Patrick O'Boyle objected most strenuously to a part of the speech that called for immediate action and disavowed "patience". The government (and more moderate civil rights leaders) could not countenance SNCC's explicit opposition of Kennedy's civil rights bill. That night, O'Boyle and other members of the Catholic delegation began preparing a statement announcing their withdrawal from the March. Reuther convinced them to wait and called Rustin; Rustin informed Lewis at 2 A.M. on August 28 that his speech was unacceptable to key members of the March. (Rustin also reportedly contacted Tom Kahn, who had edited the speech and inserted the line about Sherman's March to the Sea, asking, "How could you do this? Do you know what Sherman did?) But Lewis did not want to change the speech. Other members of SNCC, including Stokely Carmichael, were also adamant that the speech not be censored.[83]
The dispute continued until minutes before talks were scheduled to begin. Under threat of public denouncement by the religious leaders, and under pressure from the rest of his coalition, Lewis agreed to omit the 'inflammatory' passages.[84] Many activists from SNCC, CORE, and even SCLC were angry at what they considered censorship of his speech.[85]
Lewis added a qualified endorsement of the civil rights legislation, saying: "It is true that we support the administration's Civil Rights Bill. We support it with great reservation, however."[29] Even after toning down his speech, Lewis called for activists to "get in and stay in the streets of every city, every village and hamlet of this nation until true freedom comes".[86]
Martin Luther King, Jr.Main article: I Have a Dream
The speech given by SCLC president King, who spoke last, became known as the "I Have a Dream" speech, which was carried live by TV stations and subsequently considered the most impressive moment of the march.[87] In it, King called for an end to racism in the United States. It invoked the Declaration of Independence, the Emancipation Proclamation, and the United States Constitution. At the end of the speech, Mahalia Jackson shouted from the crowd, "Tell 'em about the dream, Martin!", and King departed from his prepared text for a partly improvised peroration on the theme of "I have a dream". [88] [89] Over time it has been hailed as a masterpiece of rhetoric, added to the National Recording Registry and memorialized by the National Park Service with an inscription on the spot where King stood to deliver the speech.
Randolph and Rustin
A. Philip Randolph spoke first, promising: "we shall return again and again to Washington in ever growing numbers until total freedom is ours."[90]
Randolph also closed the event along with Bayard Rustin. Rustin followed King's speech by slowly reading the list of demands.[91] The two concluded by urging attendees to take various actions in support of the struggle.[92]
Excluded speakersAuthor James Baldwin was prevented from speaking at the March on the grounds that his comments would be too inflammatory.[93] Baldwin later commented on the irony of the "terrifying and profound" requests that he prevent the March from happening:[94]In my view, by that time, there was, on the one hand, nothing to prevent—the March had already been co-opted—and, on the other, no way of stopping the people from descending on Washington. What struck me most horribly was that virtually no one in power (including some blacks or Negroes who were somewhere next door to power) was able, even remotely, to accept the depth, the dimension, of the passion and the faith of the people.Despite the protests of organizer Anna Arnold Hedgeman, no women gave a speech at the March. Male organizers attributed this omission to the "difficulty of finding a single woman to speak without causing serious problems vis-à-vis other women and women's groups".[95] Hedgeman read a statement at an August 16 meeting, charging:In light of the role of Negro women in the struggle for freedom and especially in light of the extra burden they have carried because of the castration of our Negro men in this culture, it is incredible that no woman should appear as a speaker at the historic March on Washington Meeting at the Lincoln Memorial. . .The assembled group agreed that Myrlie Evers, the new widow of Medgar Evers, could speak during the "Tribute to Women". However, Mrs. Evers was unavailable.[96][97] Daisy Bates spoke briefly (less than 200 words) in place of Myrlie Evers, who had missed her flight. [98] [99] [100] [101] Earlier, Josephine Baker had addressed the crowd before the official program began. [102] [103] Although Gloria Richardson was on the program and had been asked to give a two-minute speech, when she arrived at the stage her chair with her name on it had been removed, and the event marshal took her microphone away after she said "hello." [104] Richardson, along with Rosa Parks and Lena Horne, was escorted away from the podium before Martin Luther King Jr. spoke. [105]
Early plans for the March would have included an "Unemployed Worker" as one of the speakers. This position was eliminated, furthering criticism of the March's middle-class bias.[106]
SingersGospel legend Mahalia Jackson sang "How I Got Over", and Marian Anderson sang "He's Got the Whole World in His Hands". This was not Marian Anderson's first appearance at the Lincoln Memorial. In 1939, the Daughters of the American Revolution refused permission for Anderson to sing to an integrated audience in Constitution Hall. With the aid of First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt and her husband Franklin D. Roosevelt, Anderson performed a critically acclaimed open-air concert on Easter Sunday, 1939, on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial.
Joan Baez led the crowds in several verses of "We Shall Overcome" and "Oh Freedom". Musician Bob Dylan performed "When the Ship Comes In", for which he was joined by Baez. Dylan also performed "Only a Pawn in Their Game", a provocative and not completely popular choice because it asserted that Byron de la Beckwith, as a poor white man, was not personally or primarily to blame for the murder of Medgar Evers.[107]
Peter, Paul and Mary sang "If I Had a Hammer" and Dylan's "Blowin' in the Wind". Odetta sang "I'm On My Way".[40]
Some participants, including Dick Gregory criticized the choice of mostly white performers and the lack of group participation in the singing.[108] Dylan himself said he felt uncomfortable as a white man serving as a public image for the civil rights movement. After the March on Washington, he performed at few other immediately politicized events.[109]
Meeting with President Kennedy
After the March, the speakers traveled to the White House for a brief discussion of proposed civil rights legislation with President Kennedy.[110] Kennedy had watched King's speech on TV and was very impressed. According to biographer Thomas C. Reeves, Kennedy "felt that he would be booed at the March, and also didn't want to meet with organizers before the March because he didn't want a list of demands. He arranged a 5 P.M. meeting at the White House with the 10 leaders on the 28th."[111] The March was considered a "triumph of managed protest" and Kennedy felt it was a victory for him as well—bolstering the chances for his civil rights bill.[112]
Media coverage
Media attention gave the march national exposure, carrying the organizers' speeches and offering their own commentary. In his section The March on Washington and Television News, William Thomas notes: "Over five hundred cameramen, technicians, and correspondents from the major networks were set to cover the event. More cameras would be set up than had filmed the last Presidential inauguration. One camera was positioned high in the Washington Monument, to give dramatic vistas of the marchers".[113] The major networks broadcast some of the March live, though they interspersed footage of interviews with politicians. Subsequent broadcasts focused heavily on the "I have a dream" portion of King's speech.[114]
The Voice of America translated the speeches and rebroadcast them in 36 languages. The United States Information Agency organized a press conference for the benefit of foreign journalists, and also created a documentary film of the event for distribution to embassies abroad.[42] Commented Michael Thelwell of SNCC: "So it happened that Negro students from the South, some of whom still had unhealed bruises from the electric cattle prods which Southern police used to break up demonstrations, were recorded for the screens of the world portraying 'American Democracy at Work.'"[115]
Responses and memories
Although the mass media generally declared the March successful because of its high turnout, organizers were not confident that it would create change. Randolph and Rustin abandoned their belief in the effectiveness of marching on Washington. King maintained faith that action in Washington could work, but determined that future marchers would need to call greater attention to economic injustice. In 1967–1968, he organized a Poor People's Campaign to occupy the National Mall with a shantytown.[116]
Black nationalist Malcolm X, in his Message to the Grass Roots speech, criticized the march, describing it as "a picnic" and "a circus". He said the civil rights leaders had diluted the original purpose of the march, which had been to show the strength and anger of black people, by allowing white people and organizations to help plan and participate in the march.[117] One SNCC staffer commented during the march, "He's denouncing us as clowns, but he's right there with the clown show."[118] But the membership of SNCC, increasingly frustrated with the tactics of the NAACP and other moderate groups, gradually embraced Malcolm X's position.[116]
Segregationists including William Jennings Bryan Dorn criticized the government for cooperating with the civil rights activists.[119] Senator Olin D. Johnston rejected an invitation to attend, writing: "You are committing the worst possible mistake in promoting this March. You should know that criminal, fanatical, and communistic elements, as well as crackpots, will move in to take every advantage of this mob. You certainly will have no influence on any member of Congress, including myself."[120]
Many participants said they felt the March was a historic and life-changing experience. Nan Grogan Orrock, a student at Mary Washington College, said: "You couldn't help but get swept up in the feeling of the March. It was an incredible experience of this mass of humanity with one mind moving down the street. It was like being part of a glacier. You could feel the sense of collective will and effort in the air."[121] SNCC organizer Bob Zellner reported that the event "provided dramatic proof that the sometimes quiet and always dangerous work we did in the Deep South had had a profound national impact. The spectacle of a quarter of a million supporters and activists gave me an assurance that the work I was in the process of dedicating my life to was worth doing."[122]
Richard Brown, then a white graduate student at Harvard University, recalls that the March fostered direct actions for economic progress: "Henry Armstrong and I compared notes. I realized the Congress of Racial Equality might help black employment in Boston by urging businesses to hire contractors like Armstrong. He agreed to help start a list of reliable contractors that CORE could promote. It was a modest effort — but it moved in the right direction."[123]
Other participants, more sympathetic to Malcolm X and the black nationalists, expressed ambivalence. One marcher from New York explained:[124]It's like St. Patrick's Day. I came out of respect for what my people are doing, not because I believe it will do any good. I thought it would do some good in the beginning. But when the march started to get all the official approval from Mastah Kennedy, Mastah Wagner, Mastah Spellman, and they started setting limits on how we had to march peacefully, I knew that the march was going to be a mockery, that they were giving us something again.
Marcher Beverly Alston thought that the day had its greatest impact within the movement: "Culturally, there has been tremendous progress over the past forty years. Black awareness and self-determination has soared. Politically, I just don't think we've made enough progress."[125] Fifteen-year-old Ericka Jenkins from Washington said:[126]I saw people laughing and listening and standing very close to one another, almost in an embrace. Children of every size, pregnant women, elderly people who seemed tired but happy to be there, clothing that made me know that they struggled to make it day to day, made me know they worked in farms or offices or even enarby for the government. I didn't see teenagers alone; I saw groups of teenagers with teachers.
White people [were] standing in wonder. Their eyes were open, they were listening. Openness and nothing on guard—I saw that in everybody. I was so happy to see that in the white people that they could listen and take in and respect and believe in the words of a black person. I had never seen anything like that.
Some people discussed racism becoming less explicit after the March. Reverend Abraham Woods of Birmingham commented: "Everything has changed. And when you look at it, nothing has changed. Racism is under the surface, and an incident that could scratch it, can bring it out."[127]
Effects and legacy
The symbolism of the March has been contested since before it even took place. In the years following the March, movement radicals increasingly subscribed to Malcolm X's narrative of the March as a co-optation by the white establishment. Liberals and conservatives tended to embrace the March, but focused mostly on King's "I Have a Dream" speech and the legislative successes of 1964 and 1965.[29]
The mass media identified King's speech as a highlight of the event and focused on this oration to the exclusion of other aspects. For several decades, King took center stage in narratives about the March. More recently, historians and commentators have acknowledged the role played by Bayard Rustin in organizing the event.[128]
Political effects
Soon after the speakers ended their meetings with Congress to go join the March, both houses passed legislation to create a dispute arbitration board for striking railroad workers.[129]
The March is credited with propelling the U.S. government into action on civil rights, creating political momentum for the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965.[21]
The cooperation of a Democratic administration with the issue of civil rights marked a pivotal moment in voter alignment within the U.S. The Democratic Party gave up the Solid South—its undivided support since Reconstruction among the segregated Southern states—and went on to capture a high proportion of votes from blacks from the Republicans.[21][130]
In 2013, the Economic Policy Institute launched a series of reports around the theme of "The Unfinished March". These reports analyze the goals of the original march and assess how much progress has been made.[131][132] They echo the message of Randolph and Rustin that civil rights cannot transform people's quality of life unless accompanied by economic justice. They say that many of the March's primary goals—including housing, integrated education, and widespread employment at living wages—have not been accomplished. They argue that although legal advances were made, black people still live in concentrated areas of poverty ("ghettoes"), where they receive inferior education and suffer from widespread unemployment.[133]
Dedrick Muhammad of the NAACP writes that racial inequality of income and homeownership have increased since 1963 and worsened during the recent Great Recession.[134]
Anniversary marches
The 1963 March also spurred anniversary marches that occur every five years, with the 20th and 25th being some of the most well known. The 25th Anniversary theme was "We Still have a Dream...Jobs*Peace*Freedom."[135]
At the 2013 anniversary march, President Barack Obama is expected to confer a posthumous Presidential Medal of Freedom on Bayard Rustin and 15 others.[128][29]
Postal stamp
For the 50th Anniversary, the United States Postal Service released a forever stamp that commemorates the 1963 March on Washington. The stamp shows marchers near the Washington Monument with signs calling for equal rights and jobs for all.[136]
See also
Further reading
- Jones, William P. The March on Washington: Jobs, Freedom, and the Forgotten History of Civil Rights (W.W. Norton; 2013) 296 pages;
- Poitier Belafonte Heston Civil Rights March 1963 2.jpg
Actor Ossie Davis
Dr. Ralph Bunche
Former National Baseball League player, Jackie Robinson
Charlton Heston, James Baldwin and Marlon Brando
Sammy Davis, Jr., with Roy Wilkins, Executive Secretary of NAACP
National Basketball Association player, Bill Russell
- Footnotes
- ↑ Ward, Brian (April 1998). "Recording the Dream". History Today. http://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst?docId=5001329940. "Yet by the end of the year the company was promoting its Great March to Washington album, featuring `I Have A Dream' in its entirety.".
- ↑ King III, Martin Luther. "Still striving for MLK's dream in the 21st century", The Washington Post, 2010-08-25. Retrieved on 2013-05-21.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Bayard Rustin Papers (1963-08-28), March on Washington (Program), National Archives and Records Administration, http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=96#, retrieved 2013-05-21
- ↑ "Martin Luther King Jr.'s "I Have a Dream" Remembered". PBS NewsHour. Public Broadcasting Service. Retrieved on 2013-05-21.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 March on Washington for Jobs & Freedom. Veterans of the Civil Rights Movement.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Civil Rights March on Washington, D.C.: Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., President of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, and Mathew Ahmann, Executive Director of the National Catholic Conference for Interracial Justice, in a Crowd. World Digital Library. URL accessed on 10 February 2013.
- ↑ NewsHour Extra: The March on Washington and Its Impact - Lesson Plan
- ↑ An important goal of the 1963 March on Washington remains unfulfilled - The Hill's Congress Blog
- ↑ Weinstein, Allen (2002). The Story of America: Freedom and Crisis from Settlement to Superpower. DK Publishing, Inc..
- ↑ Bass, Like a Mighty Stream (2002), pp. 31, 34–36.
- ↑ Euchner, Nobody Turn Me Around (2010), p. 128.
- ↑ Bass, Like a Mighty Stream (2002), pp. 44–46.
- ↑ Bass, Like a Mighty Stream (2002), pp. 49–51.
- ↑ Neil A. Wynn, "The Impact of the Second World War on the American Negro"; Journal of Contemporary History 6(2), 1971; p. 46.
- ↑ Bass, Like a Mighty Stream (2002), pp. 51–52.
- ↑ Euchner, Nobody Turn Me Around (2010), pp. 16–17.
- ↑ Bass, Like a Mighty Stream (2002), p. 75.
- ↑ Barber, Marching on Washington (2002), p. 142. "In 1963, however, the March on Washington was but one aspect of a national explosion of actions against racial discrimination that many criticized as being outside traditional politics. [...] In the South after 1960, the widespread adoption of direct action—purposeful defiance of segregation laws and injunctions against demonstrations—inspired activists and attracted new attention from the media, the federal government, and white segregationists."
- ↑ Euchner, Nobody Turn Me Around (2010), p. xvi. "Violence swept the South all year. Vigilantes in Clarksdale firebombed the home of Aaron Henry, the head of Mississippi's NAACP. After a gas bomb went off in a church in Itta Bena, Mississippi, mobs threw bottles and rocks at activists spilling onto the streets. Vigilantes shot into the home of college professors helping the movement in Jackson. A civil rights worker traveling from Itta Bena to Jackson was shot in the neck and shoulder. A bomb destroyed a two-family home in Jackson. Whites in the North Carolina town of Goldsboro ran down demonstrators in a car and threw bottles and rocks. Whites in Pine Bluff, in Arkansas, attacked civil rights workers with ammonia and bottles. Someone shot into the home of an NAACP board member in Saint Augustine. When nine activists prayed in a country courthouse in Somerville, Tennessee, police allowed hoodlums into the building to beat them up."
- ↑ Euchner, Nobody Turn Me Around (2010), p. 2.
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 Bruce Bartlett, "The 1963 March on Washington Changed Politics Forever"; The Fiscal Times, 9 August 2013.
- ↑ Euchner, Nobody Turn Me Around (2010), pp. 120–121. "In the TV interview, Baldwin was ashen, disoriented. He had had no idea, before now, just how aloof the Kennedys were. He thought the administration's caution came from ruthless political calculation. But now it seemed that the pampered sons of old Joe Kennedy just had no idea—no understanding at all—about race in America. The secret meeting was immediately leaked to the press. Within weeks, the velocity of the civil rights movement would lead President John F. Kennedy to give the most aggressive presidential address in history on race, which was quickly followed with the most comprehensive legislation in modern history.
- ↑ Bass, Like a Mighty Stream (2002), pp. 67–69.
- ↑ Barber, Marching on Washington (2002), p. 144.
- ↑ Euchner, Nobody Turn Me Around (2010), p. 17. "By going to the old Communists and socialists, Arnowitz later recalled, Rustin hoped to 'outflank Kennedy's labor connections' and King's moderate, nonviolent SCLC. If Rustin went to Kennedy's backers, they would report to the president. Later, in fact, when United Auto Workers joined the march effort, UAW people fed inside intelligence to the White House. In the earliest planning stages, in 1962, it was better to steer clear of Kennedy's financial and political network."
- ↑ Euchner, Nobody Turn Me Around (2010), p. 20.
- ↑ 27.0 27.1 Euchner, Nobody Turn Me Around (2010), p. 21.
- ↑ David J. Garrow, "The Long March 'The March on Washington,' by William P. Jones"; New York Times, 15 August 2013.
- ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 29.3 William P. Jones, "The Forgotten Radical History of the March on Washington"; Dissent, Spring 2013.
- ↑ Ivan VanSertima, Great black leaders: ancient and modern; Journal of African Civilizations, 1988; p. 44.
- ↑ Garrow, Bearing the Cross (1986), pp. 269–270.
- ↑ Bass, Like a Mighty Stream (2002), pp. 66–67.
- ↑ Euchner, Nobody Turn Me Around (2010), p. 22. "That plan—the elder statesman as director, the controversial organizer as the details man—broke the tension. Randolph got his deputy, but Wilkins warned Randolph that he was responsible for any controversy. He had to take the heat. And he had to control his protogé."
- ↑ Barber, Marching on Washington (2002), pp. 147–148.
- ↑ Barber, Marching on Washington (2002), p. 149.
- ↑ Branch 1988, p. 872.
- ↑ Euchner, Charles, "Nobody Turn Me Around: A People's History of the 1963 March on Washington", 2010.
- ↑ Branch 1988, p. 871.
- ↑ 39.0 39.1 Branch 1988, p. 874.
- ↑ 40.0 40.1 40.2 40.3 40.4 Getting to the March on Washington, August 28, 1963 - The Road to Civil Rights - Highway History - FHWA
- ↑ Barber, Marching on Washington (2002), pp. 156–157.
- ↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 Barber, Marching on Washington (2002), p. 151.
- ↑ 43.0 43.1 Barber, Marching on Washington (2002), p. 156.
- ↑ Barber, Marching on Washington (2002), p. 159.
- ↑ Garrow, Bearing the Cross (1986), p. 278. "Throughout the mid-July Senate hearings on the civil rights bill, segregationist spokesmen such as Mississippi Governor Ross Barnett repeatedly made wild accusations that the civil rights movement was a Communist conspiracy, allegations that were reported under headlines such as BARNETT CHARGES KENNEDYS ASSIST RED RACIAL PLOT. Several senators asked the FBI and Justice Department to respond to these claims, and on July 25, Attorney General Robert Kennedy released a carefully worded statement to the effect that no civil rights leaders were 'Communists or Communist-controlled'. That same day, the Atlanta Constitution, aided by another FBI leak, revealed that Jack O'Dell had continued to frequent SCLC's New York office even after his 'permanent' resignation four weeks earlier."
- ↑ Euchner, Nobody Turn Me Around (2010), p. 57. "The FBI attempted to exploit fears about violence and Communist infiltration of the civil rights movement—fears that were partly the result of J. Edgar Hoover's long campaign against the movement. FBI agents made last minute-calls to celebrities. Do you know, the agents asked, that many of the march's leaders are Communists? Do you know that Communists and other leftists could create chaos at the march? Do you know that it's not too late to pull out of the march? Stay away!"
- ↑ Euchner, Nobody Turn Me Around (2010), pp. 57–58.
- ↑ Euchner, Nobody Turn Me Around (2010), p. 116.
- ↑ Euchner, Nobody Turn Me Around (2010), p. 71.
- ↑ Euchner, Nobody Turn Me Around (2010), p. 63–65.
- ↑ Euchner, Nobody Turn Me Around (2010), p. 73.
- ↑ Barber, Marching on Washington (2002), p. 161.
- ↑ Bass, Like a Mighty Stream (2002), p. 81.
- ↑ Euchner, Nobody Turn Me Around (2010), p. 25.
- ↑ Euchner, Nobody Turn Me Around (2010), pp. 43–44.
- ↑ Bass, Like a Mighty Stream (2002), p. 24.
- ↑ Barber, Marching on Washington (2002), p. 150. "In coordination with the Kennedy administration, the police department proposed to keep on duty all police officers on August 28 and to commission firefighters and the police reserve as temporary officers. In addition, they decided to mobilize 2,000 National Guardsmen preemptively. Likewise, the Kennedy administration planned to turn out every Capitol, White House, and Park Police officer and arranged to supplement the 1,000 soldiers in the area with 3,000 additional men."
- ↑ Euchner, Nobody Turn Me Around (2010), p. 28. "The army's plan, in the event of a civil distrubance, was to roar 320 miles north into Andrews Air Force Base in Maryland and then send soldiers to the Mall by helicopter to battle the violence. The soldiers would break the mob into wedges, isolate and subdue the most violent elements, and protect the peaceable protestors. [...] The soldiers at Fort Bragg were part of Operation Steep Hill, a joint battle plan of the White House, the Justice Department, the Pentagon, and the Washington Metropolitan Police."
- ↑ Barber, Marching on Washington (2002), p. 160.
- ↑ http://www.npr.org/2013/08/28/216411095/behind-march-on-washingtons-sunny-reputation-laid-deep-fear
- ↑ Euchner, Nobody Turn Me Around (2010), pp. 60–62.
- ↑ Euchner, Nobody Turn Me Around (2010), p. 102.
- ↑ Euchner, Nobody Turn Me Around (2010), p. 101. "During that training, Julius Hobson emphasized the dangers posed by the FBI. Agent provocateurs would spread all over the Mall, looking for opportunities to start fights, Hobson said. The major task of the volunteer security guards, then, was to spot those agents and alert someone before any fights started. No one knew it at the time, but Hobson was a paid informant for the FBI.
- ↑ Euchner, Nobody Turn Me Around (2010), pp. 8–9.
- ↑ Branch 1988, p. 876.
- ↑ http://wwno.org/post/women-were-second-class-citizens-63-march
- ↑ Barber, Marching on Washington (2002), p. 165. "In the midst of one of these meetings, the leaders were disturbed to learn the marchers had begun their spontaneous march. Breaking off their meeting, they rushed to Constitution Avenue, already filled with marchers. There, anxious aides cleared a space so the ten leaders could link arms as though they were at the head of the crowd. Then the photographers and filmmakers shot pictures of the leaders 'leading the march' (fig. 25)."
- ↑ Barber, Marching on Washington (2002), p. 164.
- ↑ Barber, Marching on Washington (2002), p. 162.
- ↑ Euchner, Nobody Turn Me Around (2010), p. 130–131.
- ↑ Current biography yearbook. H. W. Wilson Company. 1965. p. 121.
- ↑ http://www.alternet.org/activism/civil-rights-leader-gloria-richardson-reflects-1963-march-washington
- ↑ http://www.motherjones.com/slideshows/2013/08/50th-anniversary-march-washington/protestors-march-washington-1
- ↑ http://www.cnn.com/2013/08/28/us/mlk-i-have-a-dream-9-things/index.html
- ↑ Garrow, Bearing the Cross (1986), p. 283. "Two Kennedy aides stood ready to 'pull the plug' on the public address system in case anything went amiss."
- ↑ http://wwno.org/post/women-were-second-class-citizens-63-march
- ↑ Bass, Like a Mighty Stream (2002), p. 122.
- ↑ Euchner, Nobody Turn Me Around (2010), pp. 180–181.
- ↑ Euchner, Nobody Turn Me Around (2010), p. 183.
- ↑ Doak, Robin Santos (2007). The March on Washington: Uniting Against Racism. Capstone. p. 69. . http://books.google.com/books?id=u21qOtAdIWQC&pg=PA69. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
- ↑ Full Text of John Lewis' Speech ~ Civil Rights Movement Veterans
- ↑ Lewis, John; Michael D'Orso (1998). Walking With the Wind: A Memoir of the Movement. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. .
- ↑ Euchner, Nobody Turn Me Around (2010), pp. 45–49.
- ↑ Garrow, Bearing the Cross (1986), pp. 282–283. "With the program only minutes away, the leadership arrived at the Lincoln Memorial with the controversy over Lewis's text still unresolved. Rustin promised O'Boyle that the necessary changes would be made, and the cardinal agreed to appear on the platform and deliver the invocation, so long as he was handed a copy of the revised Lewis text at least ten minutes before the SNCC chairman's appearance. O'Boyle told Rustin that if it were unsatisfactory, or if Lewis delivered the original draft, he and other religious leaders would get up and leave."
- ↑ Carson, Clayborne (1981). In Struggle: SNCC and the Black Awakening of the 1960s. Harvard University Press.
- ↑ Barber, Marching on Washington (2002), pp. 169–170.
- ↑ Hansen, D. The Dream: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Speech that Inspired a Nation (2003) p. 177
- ↑ http://www.tolerance.org/blog/ten-things-know-about-march-washington
- ↑ See Taylor Branch, Parting the Waters: America in the King Years 1954-1963.
- ↑ Bass, Like a Mighty Stream (2002), p. 126.
- ↑ Garrow, Bearing the Cross (1986), p. 284.
- ↑ Barber, Marching on Washington (2002), p. 171.
- ↑ Talia Whyte, "Baldwin: A literary standard"; Baystate Banner 43(27), 14 February 2008.
- ↑ Herb Boyd, Baldwin's Harlem: A Biography of James Baldwin; New York: Atria, 2008; p. 70.
- ↑ Barber, Marching on Washington (2002), p. 158.
- ↑ Bass, Like a Mighty Stream (2002), pp. 109, 111.
- ↑ Bass, Like a Mighty Stream (2002), p. 108.
- ↑ http://www.tolerance.org/blog/ten-things-know-about-march-washington
- ↑ http://www.alternet.org/activism/civil-rights-leader-gloria-richardson-reflects-1963-march-washington
- ↑ http://www.motherjones.com/slideshows/2013/08/50th-anniversary-march-washington/protestors-march-washington-1
- ↑ http://www.cnn.com/2013/08/28/us/mlk-i-have-a-dream-9-things/index.html
- ↑ http://www.tolerance.org/blog/ten-things-know-about-march-washington
- ↑ http://www.cnn.com/2013/08/28/us/mlk-i-have-a-dream-9-things/index.html
- ↑ http://wwno.org/post/women-were-second-class-citizens-63-march
- ↑ http://wwno.org/post/women-were-second-class-citizens-63-march
- ↑ Euchner, Nobody Turn Me Around (2010), p. 159.
- ↑ Jones, March on Washington (2013), p. online.
- ↑ Euchner, Nobody Turn Me Around (2010), p. 109.
- ↑ David Hadju, Positively 4th Street: The Lives and Times of Joan Baez, Bob Dylan, Mimi Baez Farina and Richard Farina; New York: Picador, 2001; ISBN 9781429961769; p. 201
- ↑ Barber, Marching on Washington (2002), p. 172.
- ↑ Bass, Like a Mighty Stream (2002), p. 94.
- ↑ Reeves, Richard, President Kennedy: Profile of Power (1993) pp. 580–584
- ↑ "The March on Washington and Television News," by William Thomas
- ↑ Barber, Marching on Washington (2002), p. 175.
- ↑ Euchner, Nobody Turn Me Around (2010), p. 70.
- ↑ 116.0 116.1 Barber, Marching on Washington (2002), pp. 176–178.
- ↑ Malcolm X; George Breitman (ed.) (1990) [1965]. Malcolm X Speaks. New York: Grove Weidenfeld. pp. 14–17. .
- ↑ Euchner, Nobody Turn Me Around (2010), pp. 16.
- ↑ Barber, Marching on Washington (2002), p. 153. "Segregationists and black nationalists launched scathing criticisms of the Kennedy administration for its support. For rabid segregationist Representative W.J. Bryan Dorn, a Democrat from South Carolina, the absurdity was that 'for the first time in the history of our Nation . . . the Federal government has itself encouraged a "march on Washington."'"
- ↑ Bass, Like a Mighty Stream (2002), p. 95.
- ↑ Bass, Like a Mighty Stream (2002), p. 142.
- ↑ Bass, Like a Mighty Stream (2002), p. 38.
- ↑ Richard D. Brown, "March On Washington Was Day To Remember — And Relive The Bus, Henry Armstrong — And The Work Left Undone"; Hartford Courant, 16 August 2013.
- ↑ Euchner, Nobody Turn Me Around (2010), pp. 24–25.
- ↑ Bass, Like a Mighty Stream (2002), p. 72.
- ↑ Euchner, Nobody Turn Me Around (2010), pp. 81–82.
- ↑ Bass, Like a Mighty Stream (2002), p. 101.
- ↑ 128.0 128.1 DeWayne Wickham, "Rustin finally getting due recognition"; Pacific Daily News, 15 August 2013.
- ↑ Euchner, Nobody Turn Me Around (2010), p. 89
- ↑ Bruce Bartlett, "How the March on Washington Flipped the Southern Vote"; Fiscal Times, 16 August 1963.
- ↑ "King's unfinished work", Philadelphia Inquirer, 16 August 2013.
- ↑ Freddie Allen, "Upcoming Washington March should again focus on jobs", Madison Times (NNPA), 14 August 2013.
- ↑ Algernon Austin, "The Unfinished March: An Overview"; Economic Policy Institute Report, 18 June 2013.
- ↑ Dedrick Muhammad, "50 Years After the March On Washington: The Economic Impacts on Education"; Huffington Post, 13 August 2013.
- ↑ Barber, Marching on Washington (2002), pp. 173–174.
- ↑ New stamp commemorates 1963 March on Washington. CBS News. URL accessed on 24 August 2013.
- Bibliography
- Bass, Patrick Henry. Like a Mighty Stream: The March on Washington, August 28, 1963. Philadelphia: Running Press, 2002. ISBN 0-7624-1292-5
- Barber, Lucy G. Marching on Washington: The Forging of an American Political Tradition University of California Press, 2002. ISBN 0-520-22713-1
- Branch, Taylor (1988). Parting the Waters: America in the King Years 1954-63. New York; London: Simon and Schuster. .
- Leonard Freed, This Is the Day: The March on Washington, Los Angeles: Getty Publications, 2013; ISBN 978-1-60606-121-3.
- Marable, Manning; Leith Mullings (2002). Freedom: A Photographic History of the African American Struggle. Phaidon Press. .
- Euchner, Charles. Nobody Turn Me Around: A People's History of the March on Washington. Boston: Beacon Press, 2010. ISBN 978-0-8070-0059-5
- Garrow, David. Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. William Morrow and Company, 1986. ISBN 0-688-04794-7
- Tuttle, Kate (1999). "March on Washington, 1963". in Kwame Anthony Appiah and Henry Louis Gates (eds.). Africana: the encyclopedia of the African and African American experience. Basic Civitas Books. .
- Jones, William P. The March on Washington: Jobs, Freedom, and the Forgotten History of Civil Rights. Norton, 2013. ISBN 9780393240580
- Williams, Juan (1987). Eyes on the prize: America's civil rights years, 1954-1965. New York, NY: Viking. .
External links
- March on Washington – King Encyclopedia, Stanford University
- March on Washington August 28, 1963 ~ Civil Rights Movement Veterans
- March on Washington, WDAS History
- The 1963 March on Washington - slideshow by Life magazine
- Original Program for the March on Washington
- Martin Luther King Jr.'s speech at the March
- Annotated text of John Lewis's original speech with changes
- John Lewis's speech
- Template:Internet Archive short film
- The March, 1963, from the National Archives YouTube Channel
- Eyes on the Prize March on Washington video page, PBS, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/eyesontheprize/story/08_washington.html, retrieved 2010-09-19
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