text:
Rear electrode structures for electrophoretic displays
Novel addressing schemes for controlling electronically addressable displays include a scheme for rear-addressing displays, which allows for in-plane switching of the display material. Other schemes include a rear-addressing scheme which uses a retroreflecting surface to enable greater viewing angle and contrast. Another scheme includes an electrode structure that facilitates manufacture and control of a color display. Another electrode structure facilitates addressing a display using an electrostatic stylus. Methods of using the disclosed electrode structures are also disclosed. Another scheme includes devices combining display materials with silicon transistor addressing structures.
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This application is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 09/141,448, filed Aug. 27, 1998 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6.664,944), which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 08/504,896, filed Jul. 20, 1995 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,124,851), U.S. Ser. No. 08/983,404, filed Mar. 26, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,106,296 and U.S. Ser. No. 08/935,800, filed Sep. 23, 1997 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,120,588), and which claims priority to U.S. Ser. No. 60/057,133 filed Aug. 28, 1997, U.S. Ser. No. 60/057,716, filed Aug. 28, 1997, U.S. Ser. No. 60/057,122, filed Aug. 28, 1997, U.S. Ser. No. 60/057,798, filed Aug. 28, 1997, U.S. Ser. No. 60/057,799 filed Aug. 28, 1997, U.S. Ser. No. 60/057,163 filed Aug. 28, 1997, U.S. Ser. No. 60/057,118, filed Aug. 28, 1997, U.S. Ser. No. 60/059,358, filed Sep. 19, 1997, U.S. Ser. No. 60/059,543 filed Sep. 19, 1997, U.S. Ser. No. 60/065,629, filed Nov. 18, 1997, U.S. Ser. No. 60/065,630 filed Nov. 18, 1997, U.S. Ser. No. 60/065,605 filed Nov. 18, 1997, U.S. Ser. No. 60/066,147, filed Nov. 19, 1997, U.S. Ser. No. 60/066,245, filed Nov. 20, 1997, U.S. Ser. No. 60/066,246, filed Nov. 20, 1997, U.S. Ser. No. 60/066,115 filed Nov. 21, 1997, U.S. Ser. No. 60/066,334 filed Nov. 21, 1997, U.S. Ser. No. 60/066,418 filed Nov. 24, 1997, U.S. Ser. No. 60/070,940 filed Jan. 9, 1998, U.S. Ser. No. 60/071,371 filed Jan. 15, 1998, U.S. Ser. No. 60/072,390 filed Jan. 9, 1998, U.S. Ser. No. 60/070,939 filed Jan. 9, 1998, U.S. Ser. No. 60/070,935 filed Jan. 9, 1998, U.S. Ser. No. 60/074,454, filed Feb. 12, 1998, U.S. Ser. No. 60/076,955 filed Mar. 5, 1998, U.S. Ser. No. 60/076,959 filed Mar. 5, 1998, U.S. Ser. No. 60/076,957 filed Mar. 5, 1998, U.S. Ser. No. 60/076,978 filed Mar. 5, 1998, U.S. Ser. No. 60/078,363 filed Mar. 18, 1998, U.S. Ser. No. 60/083,252 filed Apr. 27, 1998, U.S. Ser. No. 60/085,096 filed May 12, 1998, U.S. Ser. No. 60/090,223 filed Jun. 22, 1998, U.S. Ser. No. 60/090,232 filed Jun. 22, 1998, U.S. Ser. No. 60/092,046 filed Jul. 8, 1998, U.S. Ser. No. 60/092,050 filed Jul. 8, 1998, and U.S. Ser. No. 60/093,689 filed Jul. 22, 1998, the contents of all of which are incorporated herein by reference.FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to addressing apparatus for electronic displays and, in particular, to rear electrode structures for encapsulated electrophoretic displays.BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Traditionally, electronic displays such as liquid crystal displays have been made by sandwiching an optoelectrically active material between two pieces of glass. In many cases each piece of glass has an etched, clear electrode structure formed using indium tin oxide. A first electrode structure controls all the segments of the display that may be addressed, that is, changed from one visual state to another. A second electrode, sometimes called a counter electrode, addresses all display segments as one large electrode, and is generally designed not to overlap any of the rear electrode wire connections that are not desired in the final image. Alternatively, the second electrode is also patterned to control specific segments of the displays. In these displays, unaddressed areas of the display have a defined appearance.
Electrophoretic display media, generally characterized by the movement of particles through an applied electric field, are highly reflective, can be made bistable, and consume very little power. Encapsulated electrophoretic displays also enable the display to be printed. These properties allow encapsulated electrophoretic display media to be used in many applications for which traditional electronic displays are not suitable, such as flexible displays. The electro-optical properties of encapsulated displays allow, and in some cases require, novel schemes or configurations to be used to address the displays.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
An object of the invention is to provide a highly-flexible, reflective display which can be manufactured easily, consumes little (or no in the case of bistable displays) power, and can, therefore, be incorporated into a variety of applications. The invention features a printable display comprising an encapsulated electrophoretic display medium. The resulting display is flexible. Since the display media can be printed, the display itself can be made inexpensively.
An encapsulated electrophoretic display can be constructed so that the optical state of the display is stable for some length of time. When the display has two states which are stable in this manner, the display is said to be bistable. If more than two states of the display are stable, then the display can be said to be multistable. For the purpose of this invention, the term bistable will be used to indicate a display in which any optical state remains fixed once the addressing voltage is removed. The definition of a bistable state depends on the application for the display. A slowly-decaying optical state can be effectively bistable if the optical state is substantially unchanged over the required viewing time. For example, in a display which is updated every few minutes, a display image which is stable for hours or days is effectively bistable for that application. In this invention, the term bistable also indicates a display with an optical state sufficiently long-lived as to be effectively bistable for the application in mind. Alternatively, it is possible to construct encapsulated electrophoretic displays in which the image decays quickly once the addressing voltage to the display is removed (i.e., the display is not bistable or multistable). As will be described, in some applications it is advantageous to use an encapsulated electrophoretic display which is not bistable. Whether or not an encapsulated electrophoretic display is bistable, and its degree of bistability, can be controlled through appropriate chemical modification of the electrophoretic particles, the suspending fluid, the capsule, and binder materials.
An encapsulated electrophoretic display may take many forms. The display may comprise capsules dispersed in a binder. The capsules may be of any size or shape. The capsules may, for example, be spherical and may have diameters in the millimeter range or the micron range, but is preferably from ten to a few hundred microns. The capsules may be formed by an encapsulation technique, as described below. Particles may be encapsulated in the capsules. The particles may be two or more different types of particles. The particles may be colored, luminescent, light-absorbing or transparent, for example. The particles may include neat pigments, dyed (laked) pigments or pigment/polymer composites, for example. The display may further comprise a suspending fluid in which the particles are dispersed.
The successful construction of an encapsulated electrophoretic display requires the proper interaction of several different types of materials and processes, such as a polymeric binder and, optionally, a capsule membrane. These materials must be chemically compatible with the electrophoretic particles and fluid, as well as with each other. The capsule materials may engage in useful surface interactions with the electrophoretic particles, or may act as a chemical or physical boundary between the fluid and the binder.
In some cases, the encapsulation step of the process is not necessary, and the electrophoretic fluid may be directly dispersed or emulsified into the binder (or a precursor to the binder materials) and an effective "polymer-dispersed electrophoretic display" constructed. In such displays, voids created in the binder may be referred to as capsules or microcapsules even though no capsule membrane is present. The binder dispersed electrophoretic display may be of the emulsion or phase separation type.
Throughout the specification, reference will be made to printing or printed. As used throughout the specification, printing is intended to include all forms of printing and coating, including: premetered coatings such as patch die coating, slot or extrusion coating, slide or cascade coating, and curtain coating; roll coating such as knife over roll coating, forward and reverse roll coating; gravure coating; dip coating; spray coating; meniscus coating; spin coating; brush coating; air knife coating; silk screen printing processes; electrostatic printing processes; thermal printing processes; and other similar techniques. A "printed element" refers to an element formed using any one of the above techniques.
This invention provides novel methods and apparatus for controlling and addressing particle-based displays. Additionally, the invention discloses applications of these methods and materials on flexible substrates, which are useful in large-area, low cost, or high-durability applications.
In one aspect, the present invention relates to an encapsulated electrophoretic display. The display includes a substrate and at least one capsule containing a highly-resistive fluid and a plurality of particles. The display also includes at least two electrodes disposed adjacent the capsule, a potential difference between the electrodes causing some of the particles to migrate toward at least one of the two electrodes. This causes the capsule to change optical properties.
In another aspect, the present invention relates to a colored electrophoretic display. The electrophoretic display includes a substrate and at least one capsule containing a highly-resistive fluid and a plurality of particles. The display also includes colored electrodes. Potential differences are applied to the electrodes in order to control the particles and present a colored display to a viewer.
In yet another aspect, the present invention relates to an electrostatically addressable display comprising a substrate, an encapsulated electrophoretic display adjacent the substrate, and an optional dielectric sheet adjacent the electrophoretic display. Application of an electrostatic charge to the dielectric sheet or display material modulates the appearance of the electrophoretic display.
In still another aspect, the present invention relates to an electrostatically addressable encapsulated display comprising a film and a pair of electrodes. The film includes at least one capsule containing an electrophoretic suspension. The pair of electrodes is attached to either side of the film. Application of an electrostatic charge to the film modulates the optical properties.
In still another aspect, the present invention relates to an electrophoretic display that comprises a conductive substrate, and at least one capsule printed on such substrate. Application of an electrostatic charge to the capsule modulates the optical properties of the display.
In still another aspect the present invention relates to a method for matrix addressing an encapsulated display. The method includes the step of providing three or more electrodes for each display cell and applying a sequence of potentials to the electrodes to control movement of particles within each cell.
In yet another aspect, the present invention relates to a matrix addressed electrophoretic display. The display includes a capsule containing charged particles and three or more electrodes disposed adjacent the capsule. A sequence of voltage potentials is applied to the three or more electrodes causing the charged particles to migrate within the capsule responsive to the sequence of voltage potentials.
In still another aspect, the present invention relates to a rear electrode structure for electrically addressable displays. The structure includes a substrate, a first electrode disposed on a first side of the substrate, and a conductor disposed on a second side of the substrate. The substrate defines at least one conductive via in electrical communication with both the first electrode and the conductor.
The invention is pointed out with particularity in the appended claims. The advantages of the invention described above, together with further advantages, may be better understood by referring to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. In the drawings, like reference characters generally refer to the same parts throughout the different views. Also, the drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead generally being placed upon illustrating the principles of the invention.
An electronic ink is an optoelectronically active material which comprises at least two phases: an electrophoretic contrast media phase and a coating/binding phase. The electrophoretic phase comprises, in some embodiments, a single species of electrophoretic particles dispersed in a clear or dyed medium, or more than one species of electrophoretic particles having distinct physical and electrical characteristics dispersed in a clear or dyed medium. In some embodiments the electrophoretic phase is encapsulated, that is, there is a capsule wall phase between the two phases. The coating/binding phase includes, in one embodiment, a polymer matrix that surrounds the electrophoretic phase. In this embodiment, the polymer in the polymeric binder is capable of being dried, crosslinked, or otherwise cured as in traditional inks, and therefore a printing process can be used to deposit the electronic ink onto a substrate. An electronic ink is capable of being printed by several different processes, depending on the mechanical properties of the specific ink employed. For example, the fragility or viscosity of a particular ink may result in a different process selection. A very viscous ink would not be well-suited to deposition by an inkjet printing process, while a fragile ink might not be used in a knife over roll coating process.
The optical quality of an electronic ink is quite distinct from other electronic display materials. The most notable difference is that the electronic ink provides a high degree of both reflectance and contrast because it is pigment based (as are ordinary printing inks). The light scattered from the electronic ink comes from a very thin layer of pigment close to the top of the viewing surface. In this respect it resembles an ordinary, printed image. Also, electronic ink is easily viewed from a wide range of viewing angles in the same manner as a printed page, and such ink approximates a Lambertian contrast curve more closely than any other electronic display material. Since electronic ink can be printed, it can be included on the same surface with any other printed material, including traditional inks. Electronic ink can be made optically stable in all display configurations, that is, the ink can be set to a persistent optical state. Fabrication of a display by printing an electronic ink is particularly useful in low power applications because of this stability.
Electronic ink displays are novel in that they can be addressed by DC voltages and draw very little current. As such, the conductive leads and electrodes used to deliver the voltage to electronic ink displays can be of relatively high resistivity. The ability to use resistive conductors substantially widens the number and type of materials that can be used as conductors in electronic ink displays. In particular, the use of costly vacuum-sputtered indium tin oxide (ITO) conductors, a standard material in liquid crystal devices, is not required. Aside from cost savings, the replacement of ITO with other materials can provide benefits in appearance, processing capabilities (printed conductors), flexibility, and durability. Additionally, the printed electrodes are in contact only with a solid binder, not with a fluid layer (like liquid crystals). This means that some conductive materials, which would otherwise dissolve or be degraded by contact with liquid crystals, can be used in an electronic ink application. These include opaque metallic inks for the rear electrode (e.g., silver and graphite inks), as well as conductive transparent inks for either substrate. These conductive coatings include semiconducting colloids, examples of which are indium tin oxide and antimony-doped tin oxide. Organic conductors (polymeric conductors and molecular organic conductors) also may be used. Polymers include, but are not limited to, polyaniline and derivatives, polythiophene and derivatives, poly3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (PEDOT) and derivatives, polypyrrole and derivatives, and polyphenylenevinylene (PPV) and derivatives. Organic molecular conductors include, but are not limited to, derivatives of naphthalene, phthalocyanine, and pentacene. Polymer layers can be made thinner and more transparent than with traditional displays because conductivity requirements are not as stringent.
As an example, there are a class of materials called electroconductive powders which are also useful as coatable transparent conductors in electronic ink displays. One example is Zelec ECP electroconductive powders from DuPont Chemical Co. of Wilmington, Del.
Referring now to
The particles 50 represent 0.1% to 20% of the volume enclosed by the capsule 20. In some embodiments the particles 50 represent 2.5% to 17.5% of the volume enclosed by capsule 20. In preferred embodiments, the particles 50 represent 5% to 15% of the volume enclosed by the capsule 20. In more preferred embodiments the particles 50 represent 9% to 11% of the volume defined by the capsule 20. In general, the volume percentage of the capsule 20 that the particles 50 represent should be selected so that the particles 50 expose most of the second, larger electrode 40 when positioned over the first, smaller electrode 30. As described in detail below, the particles 50 may be colored any one of a number of colors. The particles 50 may be either positively charged or negatively charged.
The particles 50 are dispersed in a dispersing fluid 25. The dispersing fluid 25 should have a low dielectric constant. The fluid 25 may be clear, or substantially clear, so that the fluid 25 does not inhibit viewing the particles 50 and the electrodes 30, 40 from position 10. In other embodiments, the fluid 25 is dyed. In some embodiments the dispersing fluid 25 has a specific gravity matched to the density of the particles 50. These embodiments can provide a bistable display media, because the particles 50 do not tend to move in certain compositions absent an electric field applied via the electrodes 30, 40.
The electrodes 30, 40 should be sized and positioned appropriately so that together they address the entire capsule 20. There may be exactly one pair of electrodes 30, 40 per capsule 20, multiple pairs of electrodes 30, 40 per capsule 20, or a single pair of electrodes 30, 40 may span multiple capsules 20. In the embodiment shown in
Electrodes may be fabricated from any material capable of conducting electricity so that electrode 30, 40 may apply an electric field to the capsule 20. As noted above, the rear-addressed embodiments depicted in
In one embodiment, the capsule 20 contains positively charged black particles 50, and a substantially clear suspending fluid 25. The first, smaller electrode 30 is colored black, and is smaller than the second electrode 40, which is colored white or is highly reflective. When the smaller, black electrode 30 is placed at a negative voltage potential relative to larger, white electrode 40, the positively-charged particles 50 migrate to the smaller, black electrode 30. The effect to a viewer of the capsule 20 located at position 10 is a mixture of the larger, white electrode 40 and the smaller, black electrode 30, creating an effect which is largely white. Referring to
Other two-color schemes are easily provided by varying the color of the smaller electrode 30 and the particles 50 or by varying the color of the larger electrode 40. For example, varying the color of the larger electrode 40 allows fabrication of a rear-addressed, two-color display having black as one of the colors. Alternatively, varying the color of the smaller electrode 30 and the particles 50 allow a rear-addressed two-color system to be fabricated having white as one of the colors. Further, it is contemplated that the particles 50 and the smaller electrode 30 can be different colors. In these embodiments, a two-color display may be fabricated having a second color that is different from the color of the smaller electrode 30 and the particles 50. For example, a rear-addressed, orange-white display may be fabricated by providing blue particles 50, a red, smaller electrode 30, and a white (or highly reflective) larger electrode 40. In general, the optical properties of the electrodes 30, 40 and the particles 50 can be independently selected to provide desired display characteristics. In some embodiments the optical properties of the dispersing fluid 25 may also be varied, e.g. the fluid 25 may be dyed.
In other embodiments the larger electrode 40 may be reflective instead of white. In these embodiments, when the particles 50 are moved to the smaller electrode 30, light reflects off the reflective surface 60 associated with the larger electrode 40 and the capsule 20 appears light in color, e.g. white (see
In still other embodiments, the rear-addressed display previously discussed can be configured to transition between largely transmissive and largely opaque modes of operation (referred to hereafter as "shutter mode"). Referring back to
A similar technique may be used in connection with the embodiment of
The smaller electrode 30 is at most one-half the size of the larger electrode 40. In preferred embodiments the smaller electrode is one-quarter the size of the larger electrode 40; in more preferred embodiments the smaller electrode 30 is one-eighth the size of the larger electrode 40. In even more preferred embodiments, the smaller electrode 30 is one-sixteenth the size of the larger electrode 40.
Causing the particles 50 to migrate to the smaller electrode 30, as depicted in
Referring now to
The addressing structure depicted in
Referring now to
Operation of the rear-addressing electrode structure depicted in
In another embodiment, depicted in
That is, the magnitude of the electrophoretic mobility of the red particles 52, on average, exceeds the electrophoretic mobility of the blue particles 54, on average, and the electrophoretic mobility of the blue particles 54, on average, exceeds the average electrophoretic mobility of the green particles 56. As an example, there may be a species of red particle with a zeta potential of 100 millivolts (mV), a blue particle with a zeta potential of 60 mV, and a green particle with a zeta potential of 20 mV. The capsule 20 is placed between two electrodes 32, 42 that apply an electric field to the capsule.
In other embodiments, the capsule contains multiple species of particles and a dyed dispersing fluid that acts as one of the colors. In still other embodiments, more than three species of particles may be provided having additional colors. Although
The rear electrode structure depicted in
Alternatively, a flex circuit such a copper-clad polyimide may be used for the rear electrode structure of
This technique for printing displays can be used to build the rear electrode structure on a display or to construct two separate layers that are laminated together to form the display. For example an electronically active ink may be printed on an indium tin oxide electrode. Separately, a rear electrode structure as described above can be printed on a suitable substrate, such as plastic, polymer films, or glass. The electrode structure and the display element can be laminated to form a display.
Referring now to
A positively charged particle 50 is loaded into the potential wells by applying a positive potential (e.g. 30V) to all the column electrodes 210 while keeping the row electrodes 230 at a less positive potential (e.g. 15V) and the anode 200 at zero volts. The particle 50 may be a conformable capsule that situates itself into the physical wells of the control grid. The control grid itself may have a rectangular cross-section, or the grid structure may be triangular in profile. It can also be a different shape which encourages the microcapsules to situate in the grid, for example, hemispherical.
The anode 200 is then reset to a positive potential (e.g. 50V). The particle will remain in the potential wells due to the potential difference in the potential wells: this is called the Hold condition. To address a display element the potential on the column electrode associated with that element is reduced, e.g. by a factor of two, and the potential on the row electrode associated with that element is made equal to or greater than the potential on the column electrode. The particles in this element will then be transported by the electric field due to the positive voltage on the anode 200. The potential difference between row and column electrodes for the remaining display elements is now less than half of that in the normal Hold condition. The geometry of the potential well structure and voltage levels are chosen such that this also constitutes a Hold condition, i.e., no particles will leave these other display elements and hence there will be no half-select problems. This addressing method can select and write any desired element in a matrix without affecting the pigment in any other display element. A control electrode device can be operated such that the anode electrode side of the cell is viewed.
The control grid may be manufactured through any of the processes known in the art, or by several novel processes described herein. That is, according to traditional practices, the control grid may be constructed with one or more steps of photolithography and subsequent etching, or the control grid may be fabricated with a mask and a "sandblasting" technique.
In another embodiment, the control grid is fabricated by an embossing technique on a plastic substrate. The grid electrodes may be deposited by vacuum deposition or sputtering, either before or after the embossing step. In another embodiment, the electrodes are printed onto the grid structure after it is formed, the electrodes consisting of some kind of printable conductive material which need not be clear (e.g. a metal or carbon-doped polymer, an intrinsically conducting polymer, etc.).
In a preferred embodiment, the control grid is fabricated with a series of printing steps. The grid structure is built up in a series of one or more printed layers after the cathode has been deposited, and the grid electrode is printed onto the grid structure. There may be additional insulator on top of the grid electrode, and there may be multiple grid electrodes separated by insulator in the grid structure. The grid electrode may not occupy the entire width of the grid structure, and may only occupy a central region of the structure, in order to stay within reproducible tolerances. In another embodiment, the control grid is fabricated by photoetching away a glass, such as a photostructural glass.
In an encapsulated electrophoretic image display, an electrophoretic suspension, such as the ones described previously, is placed inside discrete compartments that are dispersed in a polymer matrix. This resulting material is highly susceptible to an electric field across the thickness of the film. Such a field is normally applied using electrodes attached to either side of the material. However, as described above in connection with
In another implementation, the encapsulated electrophoretic suspension can be printed onto an area of a conductive material such as a printed silver or graphite ink, aluminized mylar, or any other conductive surface. This surface which constitutes one electrode of the display can be set at ground or high voltage. An electrostatic head consisting of many electrodes can be passed over the capsules to address them. Alternatively, a stylus can be used to address the encapsulated electrophoretic suspension.
In another implementation, an electrostatic write head is passed over the surface of the material. This allows very high resolution addressing. Since encapsulated electrophoretic material can be placed on plastic, it is flexible. This allows the material to be passed through normal paper handling equipment. Such a system works much like a photocopier, but with no consumables. The sheet of display material passes through the machine and an electrostatic or electrophotographic head addresses the sheet of material.
In another implementation, electrical charge is built up on the surface of the encapsulated display material or on a dielectric sheet through frictional or triboelectric charging. The charge can built up using an electrode that is later removed. In another implementation, charge is built up on the surface of the encapsulated display by using a sheet of piezoelectric material.
Microencapsulated displays offer a useful means of creating electronic displays, many of which can be coated or printed. There are many versions of microencapsulated displays, including microencapsulated electrophoretic displays. These displays can be made to be highly reflective, bistable, and low power.
To obtain high resolution displays, it is useful to use some external addressing means with the microencapsulated material. This invention describes useful combinations of addressing means with microencapsulated electrophoretic materials in order to obtain high resolution displays.
One method of addressing liquid crystal displays is the use of silicon-based thin film transistors (TFTs) to form an addressing backplane for the liquid crystal. For liquid crystal displays, these thin film transistors are typically deposited on glass, and are typically made from amorphous silicon or polysilicon. Other electronic circuits (such as drive electronics or logic) are sometimes integrated into the periphery of the display. An emerging field is the deposition of amorphous or polysilicon devices onto flexible substrates such as metal foils or plastic films.
The addressing electronic backplane could incorporate diodes as the nonlinear element, rather than transistors. Diode-based active matrix arrays have been demonstrated as being compatible with liquid crystal displays to form high resolution devices.
There are also examples of crystalline silicon transistors being used on glass substrates. Crystalline silicon possesses very high mobilities, and thus can be used to make high performance devices. Presently, the most straightforward way of constructing crystalline silicon devices is on a silicon wafer. For use in many types of liquid crystal displays, the crystalline silicon circuit is constructed on a silicon wafer, and then transferred to a glass substrate by a "liftoff" process. Alternatively, the silicon transistors can be formed on a silicon wafer, removed via a liftoff process, and then deposited on a flexible substrate such as plastic, metal foil, or paper. As another implementation, the silicon could be formed on a different substrate that is able to tolerate high temperatures (such as glass or metal foils), lifted off, and transferred to a flexible substrate. As yet another implementation, the silicon transistors are formed on a silicon wafer, which is then used in whole or in part as one of the substrates for the display.
The use of silicon-based circuits with liquid crystals is the basis of a large industry. Nevertheless, these display possess serious drawbacks. Liquid crystal displays are inefficient with light, so that most liquid crystal displays require some sort of backlighting. Reflective liquid crystal displays can be constructed, but are typically very dim, due to the presence of polarizers. Most liquid crystal devices require precise spacing of the cell gap, so that they are not very compatible with flexible substrates. Most liquid crystal displays require a "rubbing" process to align the liquid crystals, which is both difficult to control and has the potential for damaging the TFT array.
The combination of these thin film transistors with microencapsulated electrophoretic displays should be even more advantageous than with liquid crystal displays. Thin film transistor arrays similar to those used with liquid crystals could also be used with the microencapsulated display medium. As noted above, liquid crystal arrays typically requires a "rubbing" process to align the liquid crystals, which can cause either mechanical or static electrical damage to the transistor array. No such rubbing is needed for microencapsulated displays, improving yields and simplifying the construction process.
Microencapsulated electrophoretic displays can be highly reflective. This provides an advantage in high-resolution displays, as a backlight is not required for good visibility. Also, a high-resolution display can be built on opaque substrates, which opens up a range of new materials for the deposition of thin film transistor arrays.
Moreover, the encapsulated electrophoretic display is highly compatible with flexible substrates. This enables high-resolution TFT displays in which the transistors are deposited on flexible substrates like flexible glass, plastics, or metal foils. The flexible substrate used with any type of thin film transistor or other nonlinear element need not be a single sheet of glass, plastic, metal foil, though. Instead, it could be constructed of paper. Alternatively, it could be constructed of a woven material. Alternatively, it could be a composite or layered combination of these materials.
As in liquid crystal displays, external logic or drive circuitry can be built on the same substrate as the thin film transistor switches.
In another implementation, the addressing electronic backplane could incorporate diodes as the nonlinear element, rather than transistors.
In another implementation, it is possible to form transistors on a silicon wafer, dice the transistors, and place them in a large area array to form a large, TFT-addressed display medium. One example of this concept is to form mechanical impressions in the receiving substrate, and then cover the substrate with a slurry or other form of the transistors. With agitation, the transistors will fall into the impressions, where they can be bonded and incorporated into the device circuitry. The receiving substrate could be glass, plastic, or other nonconductive material. In this way, the economy of creating transistors using standard processing methods can be used to create large-area displays without the need for large area silicon processing equipment.
While the examples described here are listed using encapsulated electrophoretic displays, there are other particle-based display media which should also work as well, including encapsulated suspended particles and rotating ball displays.
While the invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to specific preferred embodiments, it should be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and detail may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
1. An electrophoretic display comprising:
- a substrate;
- an electrophoretic display medium disposed adjacent said substrate, said display medium comprising a plurality of cavities dispersed in a polymeric matrix, wherein at least one of said plurality of cavities contains an electrophoretic contrast media phase that includes a suspending fluid and at least one charged particle, said charged particle having an optical property; and
- two electrodes disposed on said substrate adjacent said at least one of said plurality of cavities and positioned in a spaced apart relationship to one another, wherein a potential difference between said electrodes causes said at least one charged particle to migrate toward at least one of said two electrodes, thereby effecting a change in a visual state of said display.
2. The display of claim 1, wherein said suspending fluid is substantially transparent.
3. The display of claim 1, wherein said at least one charged particle has a black color.
4. The display of claim 1, wherein said at least one charged particle has a white color.
5. The display of claim 1, wherein one of said two electrodes is substantially transparent.
6. The display of claim 1, wherein both of said two electrodes are substantially transparent.
7. The display of claim 1, wherein said two electrodes differ in an optical property.
8. The display of claim 7, wherein one of the electrodes is black and the other electrode is white.
9. The display of claim 8, wherein said at least one charged particle is black and wherein application of a first voltage potential to said black electrode causes said black particles to migrate within said at least one of said plurality of cavities to a location adjacent said black electrode, causing said at least one of said plurality of cavities to appear substantially white, and wherein application of a second voltage potential to said black electrode causes said black particles to migrate within said at least one of said plurality of cavities to a location adjacent said white electrode causing said at least one of said plurality of cavities to appear substantially black.
10. An electrophoretic display comprising:
- an electrophoretic display medium comprising a plurality of cavities dispersed in a polymeric matrix, wherein at least one of said plurality of cavities contains an electrophoretic contrast media phase that includes a suspending fluid and at least one particle having a first optical property;
- two electrodes adjacent said electrophoretic display medium, each electrode having a second optical property; and
- at least one electrode having said first optical property adjacent said electrophoretic display medium, wherein application of a voltage potential to said two electrodes causes the at least one of said plurality of cavities to change visual state.
11. The electrophoretic display of claim 10, wherein said two electrodes differ in an optical property.
12. The electrophoretic display of claim 10, wherein said suspending fluid is dyed.
13. The electrophoretic display of claim 10, wherein said suspending fluid is substantially transparent.
14. The electrophoretic display of claim 10 wherein said at least one particle has a black color.
15. The electrophoretic display of claim 10 wherein said at least one electrode is substantially transparent.
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- W.S. Quon, "Multilevel Voltage Select (MLVS): A Novel Technique to X-Y Address an Electrophoretic Image Display" Trans. On Electron Devices ED24(8):1121-1123 (1977).
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Type: Grant
Filed: Nov 5, 2003
Date of Patent: Dec 4, 2007
Patent Publication Number: 20040090415
Assignee: E Ink Corporation (Cambridge, MA)
Inventors: Jonathan D. Albert (Cambridge, MA), Barrett Comiskey (Cambridge, MA), Joseph M. Jacobson (Newton Centre, MA)
Primary Examiner: David L. Lewis
Attorney: David J. Cole
Application Number: 10/701,880
International Classification: G09G 3/34 (20060101); G02B 26/00 (20060101);


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Guitars, Basses & Amps
Guitars, basses and amplifiers, born in Japan since 1966
Our Spirit
Show Your Other Side
Everything we do is about inspiring guitarists to create something amazing. Your music doesn't stand still, so why would we?
News & Articles
The Surprising Connection Between Crafting Pro Baseball Gloves and Fine Guitars
Guitars and baseball gloves are from different worlds, but the philosophies of the craftsmen who make them have many points in common.
YASLA Custom Shop
Situated in Calabasas, Los Angeles, the Yamaha Artist Services (YASLA) facility is home to exciting development projects, unique custom builds and instrument modifications – and a great place for artists to drop in, start jamming and feel at home. YASLA is also the sacred space where Yamaha designer and luthier Pat Campolattano works his magic.
NAMM House Sessions
Each January, more than 100,000 artists, manufacturers, press and music fans flock to Anaheim, CA for The NAMM Show – the world's largest trade event for the music products industry. It's an exciting week to discover new products, experience cool performances and catch up with industry friends, but it can also be loud and hectic! With that in mind, we created the NAMM House Sessions.
Never Standing Still
Yamaha Guitar Development
Revstar Moment
The Yamaha Difference
Every element of how we design and craft our guitars is built around our mission to make instruments that inspire. Our guitars are made differently ‒ they're made in Yamaha.

subset: commoncrawl


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…or more specifically, broke-ass skateboarders without video cameras who need/want one*, Groupon currently has a deal on Flip Mino HD cameras for $65. Though Flip Cameras are no longer being produced, it still makes for a worthwhile alternative to other low-cost skateboard-filming devices, like the iPhone or the more expensive GoPro cameras. These three clips were filmed on a Flip cam, and it's actually way better than the iPhone for lowlight situations. (Can't say it's better than the GoPro, which given the cost/size, is great at night.)
In broke-ass skateboarder terms, $65 is equivalent to to:
60 dollar menu items (after taxes)
325 dumplings
433 packs of Top Ramen
37 sixteen-ounce cans of Budweiser
8 beers at a nightlife establishment on the westside with tip
9 beers at a nightlife establishment on the westside without tip
It might be a stretch for those selling "drop offs" to thirteen-year-olds for $5 or hucking their ex-girlfriend's remaining clothes at Buffalo Exchange, but it certainly is the cheapest deal you'll see for an acceptable camera to film skating on.
Shout to Eby for pointing this out.
In return for this favor, please send us all the footage you film on your new camera for our "Monday Links" posts. At least 25% of the clips that appear on there are filmed on Flip cams anyway.
*If a camera-less broke skateboarder actually exists is anyone's guess. There has definitely been a case in history when someone sacrificed eating for a week in order to pay for his filmer's eighteenth VX1000 repair.


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J.C. Penney Ousts CEO Ron Johnson
J.C. Penney Co. Chief Executive Ron Johnson has been ousted, after his attempt at engineering a turnaround at the retailer failed to take hold.
The company has named Myron E. Ullman III as its new chief executive. Mr. Ullman was CEO of Penney until late 2011.
Mr. Johnson came under wide criticism as his vision for reviving the department-store chain failed to stem sliding sales. Mr. Johnson oversaw Apple Inc. stores for a decade and was lured to lead the struggling retailer in 2011 with a $53.3 million pay package, mostly comprised of stock.
But Mr. Johnson's strategy of filling Penney with branded boutiques and doing away with clearances and coupons appeared to alienate its core shoppers. The company lost $4.3 billion in sales in 2012, which was after Mr. Johnson took the helm, and declines accelerated throughout the year. In the fourth quarter, including the crucial holiday season, sales dropped 28.4%, contributing to a net loss of $552 million, the worst of the year.


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Casali's work behind the dish paying off
CHICAGO -- Curt Casali threw out an attempted basestealer and picked off a runner at second base in Friday's 4-3 Rays win over the Cubs. It was the eighth time in club history a Rays catcher has had a caught stealing and a pickoff in a game and the first time since Kelly Shoppach turned the trick on April 19, 2011, against the White Sox. It was the first time by a rookie.
That gave the rookie catcher a boost considering the road he's traveled. He noted that he could throw really well in high school before the bottom fell out.
"That was one of my calling cards -- I could throw people out," Casali said. "Then I had Tommy John surgery in '09, my sophomore year [at Vanderbilt], and it took a while to get back from that."
Casali came to the Rays in a March 25, 2013, trade that sent Minor League pitcher Kyle Lobstein to the Tigers.
"When I first signed with Detroit, I had a little bit of a hitch in my arm and it slowed my throws down," Casali said. "And I was dealing with some shoulder problems. Since I've gotten traded over to the Rays, it's been a huge improvement for me. I know I haven't had much success since I've been called up. [Friday] was a good day, moving in the right direction."
Casali said the time he spent in the Instructional League in 2013 helped him with his throwing. He also gave a lot credit to Minor League catching instructor Paul Hoover and Major League catching coach Jamie Nelson.
"So I definitely owe them," Casali said. "... [Thinking about my mechanics] hasn't been in my head for a long time now. I just get up and throw it. Try to get rid of it as quickly as I can."
Nelson noted that the knock on Casali had been that he did not get rid of the ball quickly enough.
"And we've been really stressing on using your feet, working through the ball and getting rid of the ball as quick as you can, obviously under control to make that accurate throw," Nelson said. "He's done a good job. We've been working on it every day. And to his credit, he's taken what we've been working on into the game.
"He's a very cerebral guy, and it's good. He's working hard. This is the place you want to be. And he wants to work hard enough to not only be here, but to stay here."


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I don't think anyone would take Steph with them to the F2. I just don't care for Judd or Brandon, both are way into themselves. Steph and Jamie need to get rid of Judd before jury, because if they turn on him later, he will not vote for either of them. I guess I wouldn't mind Lydia, only if she does the pancake during the final TC. (|
I would think that the fact that they have played before and managed to make F2 would count for them. Wouldn't that be outlasting the others? If the others are not smart enough to vote them out before F2, then I think BJ or Steph should win.
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I believe that the issue of child abuse and neglect affects all of us. If the statistics hold true, out of the 24 kids in my daughter's first grade class, 4-6 of the children in that room are victims of child abuse or neglect. To me, that is scary stuff. I want the kids that my children choose for friends and future mates to be the most whole, happy people they can be free from abuse. Couple that with the fact that many of Miles' behaviors are indicative of lots of strange things in his past, and we wanted to go yesterday to support a great resource in our town called Family and Children's Place. FCP helps to advocate for victims of childhood abuse and neglect and aids in prevention by helping families at risk and by spreading awareness. I love that this exists in our town. There are too many children (especially children in our adoption/foster care community) who have suffered through abuse. We went to an event yesterday to stand with and advocate for FCP and celebrate the hope and healing they bring to our community.
The local news agency evidently was smitten with my boys and asked us for an interview. I love that they get to be tiny advocates! They went nuts seeing themselves on the news and I rejoiced that my twang is only slightly ridiculous. (You can also "like" Millions of Miles on facebook if you'd like to see this kind of stuff before it gets blogged about!)
Here's a link to the story and the video package:
Like what you read? Join us on Facebook!


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Bonifacio called out on overturned call at second
CHICAGO --- Reds manager Bryan Price is hitting .667 on replay challenges.
In Sunday's series finale with the Cubs, he won his second challenge in three tries this season with a third-inning overturn of a call, preventing Emilio Bonifacio from reaching scoring position.
Bonifacio went for a delayed steal off the battery of Homer Bailey and Devin Mesoraco and was called safe at second on a bang-bang play. Price came out to challenge and the call was overturned after a review.
Price has challenged three calls. The first call went against the Reds when it was confirmed, while the last two have been overturned in his favor.
"If there's not some hard evidence that's going to suggest that that play can be overturned, if it's a questionable play, if it's worth -- maybe especially late in the game [with] the game on the line -- maybe you take a chance," Price said of his decisions to challenge calls.
"We know that. We have our hand signals, our 'Hey, maybe it's not a guaranteed overturn challenge, however, it makes sense at this point to go ahead and deal with a shot.'"


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Google recently added a desktop notification option to Gmail – whenever a new message arrives you'll see a pop-up window letting you know. Gmail's new feature works a bit like the popular OS X app Growl. it's handy, but there's a big catch – it only works in Google's Chrome browser.
A truly cross-browser, cross-platform real-time alert system for the web is still a little ways off, but there is already a standard in the works and the W3C recently announced the first Public Working Draft of the Web Notifications API.
The Web Notifications API attempts to bring the world of desktop notifications to the web, with the browser serving as an intermediary. The web solved the real-time updates problem some time ago. Take Twitter, for instance, the website offers a continuously updated feed of your friends' tweets in real-time. But, all the updates in world are meaningless if you don't know they've arrived.
The next step forward in the real-time web is to move from real-time updates to real-time notifications. Right now one of the biggest advantages of using – to stick with the Twitter example – a desktop Twitter client, is that it can run in the background, popping up alerts whenever you receive new messages. Twitter.com running in your browser can't pull that off right now.
But that's precisely what the Web Notifications API will allow websites to do. The API provides a mechanism for web apps to talk to your desktop, passing along notifications from sites you've authorized to send updates. The spec does not specify exactly how to display the notifications, that's left up to the user agent since what works best on your desktop might not work so well on your Android phone.
The possible applications go well beyond Twitter and e-mail. Attempts to build distributed social networks could benefit from real-time notifications, as would chat apps, news alert apps, banking apps and countless others. Combining the advantages of the web – accessible nearly anywhere with no app store restrictions – with a cross-platform notification standard just might open up a new realm of web apps.
While the Web Notifications API is still a draft, Google's Chrome browser has already embraced it and the spec has managed to progress from editor's draft to public draft in just eight months, which is near lightning speed for the W3C. Now it's time for other browsers to start adding support for the Web Notifications API so developers can begin to experiment.


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Weatherhead School of Management
Negotiating to win
Available dates
This course has no confirmed dates in the future. Subscribe to be notified when it is offered.
About the course
There is a simple truth: strong negotiators create more value for themselves and their organizations. They also create a strong foundation for future deals. Whether the deal is an external sale to the customer, launching a new enterprise or discussions with investors, board members, and internal customers, at the heart of every negotiation is "The Power of Nice" – getting what you want by helping the other side get what it wants. In this highly motivating and practical session, learn a straight-forward, immediately applicable approach to negotiating that will allow you to construct better agreements, close more deals, reach resolution faster at better margin, and avoid leaving value "on the table." Learn to develop skills to cultivate lasting relationships and craft "win-win" outcomes that maximize revenue in the short term and lay the groundwork for future business and opportunity. The key concepts in this program will give you versatile strategies and tools to create value and sustain possibilities over the long term.
Prepare to Win:
- Understand the fundamentals - visible and invisible - that drive a negotiation
- Prioritize your potential pathways and options
- Think three steps ahead
- Hidden Influences - how to find them and use to your advantage
- Questions - your toolkit for uncovering, framing and driving the negotiation
- Emotional Drivers - utilizing the emotional intelligence framework to increase your negotiating skills
Align & Partner:
- How to turn Conflict into Partnership
- Positioning - using insight, power and leverage
Learning Outcomes
As a result of attending this program, participants will:
- Create stronger agreements in any setting that involves negotiating
- Discover universal negotiating principles that apply across multiple contexts - internal customers, closing new customers, account management, and more
- Create win-win scenarios, even when starting with a hostile relationship, difficult demands, and complex situations.
Who should attend
Anyone who is involved with external client contact, as well as sales professionals and managers. Business and department leaders who must negotiate terms for new business, products, services, or contracts – either internally or externally. Sales force leaders and managers will learn valuable tools to bring back to their teams.
Trust the experts
Jon Berghoff
Jon serves as co-founder and Managing Partner of the Flourishing Leadership Institute (FLI). The team at FLI has designed and facilitated whole-system change efforts, through large group collaborative summits for organizations that include Fathom, Boing Corporation, Vitamix Corporation, Fortec Me...
Course reviews
Available dates
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Rifle Shooting Position—Standing
The standing position is the least stable shooting position. It is also the most difficult position from which to fire an accurate shot. It requires excellent control. If there is too much waver, do not shoot. To help steady your shot, rest or support the rifle on a stable object such as a tree or large rock, or use a carrying strap such as a sling.
- If you are right-handed, turn your body approximately 90° to the right of the target.
- Place your feet shoulder-width apart.
- Support the rifle with your left arm. Hold the left arm against your body for extra support.
- Hold the rifle firmly against your shoulder with the right hand. Do not grip the rifle too tightly.
- Reverse the procedure if you are a left-handed shooter.


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Shirley, Massachusetts
|This article is a stub. Help us to expand it by contributing your knowledge. For county and town page guidelines, visit U.S. County Page Content Suggestions.
Shirley is a town in Massachusetts. It was formed in 1753 and was previously called Groton. It can be found in Middlesex county and is a part of the Southern registry of deed district. For more information, contact the county at 7 Keady Way, Shirley 01464. On the attached map, Shirley is shown as 9 in Middlesex county.
For information about the state of Massachusetts see Massachusetts Family History Research.


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UNIVERSITY PAR, Pa. — The St. Lawrence String Quartet, among the world-class chamber ensembles of its generation, returns to Schwab Auditorium at 7:30 p.m. Wednesday, Oct. 9, to open the final season of a three-year Center for the Performing Arts at Penn State program featuring Ludwig van Beethoven's complete string quartets.
The concert program, part of the Center for the Performing Arts Classical Music Project, includes the quartets in C minor, Op. 18, No. 4; C Major, Op. 59, No. 3; and A minor, Op. 132.
Tickets are $42 for an adult, $12 for a University Park student and $32 for a person 18 and younger. Buy tickets online at http://cpa.psu.edu or by phone at 814-863-0255. Outside the local calling area, dial 800-ARTS-TIX. Tickets are also available at four State College locations: Eisenhower Auditorium (weekdays 8 a.m. to 5 p.m.), Penn State Downtown Theatre Center (weekdays 9 a.m. to 4 p.m. and Saturdays 10 a.m. to 2 p.m.), HUB-Robeson Center Information Desk (weekdays 11 a.m. to 2 p.m.) and Bryce Jordan Center (weekdays 9 a.m. to 6 p.m.). A grant from the University Park Allocation Committee makes Penn State student prices possible.
The St. Lawrence musicians "are remarkable not simply for the quality of their music making, exalted as it is, but for the joy they take in the act of connection," wrote a New Yorker reviewer.
The ensemble-in-residence at Stanford University features violinists Geoff Nuttall and Scott St. John, violist Lesley Robertson and cellist Christopher Costanza.
Go to http://bit.ly/1awpsoR to read Costanza's Classical Music Project blog post about how the quartet finds inspiration to take Beethoven's music in new directions.
Artistic Viewpoints, an informal moderated discussion featuring the St. Lawrence musicians, is offered in Schwab one hour before the concert and is free for ticket holders.
The Nina C. Brown Endowment sponsors the presentation. WPSU is the media sponsor.
To learn more about the Classical Music Project, go to http://cmp.psu.edu.
Find the Center for the Performing Arts on Facebook at http://facebook.com/pscpa
Free related event
The public is invited to a free Center for the Performing Arts Classical Coffeehouse, featuring the St. Lawrence String Quartet, at 8 p.m. Tuesday, Oct. 8, in the Hintz Family Alumni Center's Robb Hall on the University Park campus.
Attendees can experience classical chamber music, performed by master musicians, in a relaxed setting. The event includes time for discussion and the opportunity to ask questions. Complimentary coffee and cookies will be served, and each attendee receives a Classical Coffeehouse mug.
Classical Coffeehouse is presented in partnership with the Blue & White Society and the Penn State Alumni Association. The Penn State Council of LionHearts also provides support.


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Group says proposed effort would provide no real relief for dairy farmers.
Source: NMPF news release
The National Milk Producers Federation (NMPF) today issued the following statement expressing strong opposition to attempts by the House to extend a version of the current farm bill by one year and reiterating support for the inclusion of Dairy Security Act (DSA) in any final farm bill package:
"The current safety net for dairy farmers is not sufficient in dealing with scenarios like we are currently facing from high feed costs associated with the ongoing drought," said Jerry Kozak, president and CEO of NMPF. "If we are going to be serious about providing better protection for the nation's dairy farmers while at the same time providing taxpayer savings from current programs, then we should pass a new farm bill which includes the DSA, which was included in both the Senate-passed farm bill and the farm bill recently passed out of the House Agriculture Committee.
"Under the proposed extension, the Milk Income Loss Contract Program (MILC) would not pay out for the remainder of 2012 or for 2013 while the nation's dairy farmers are experiencing razor-thin margins. The proposed 2008 farm bill extension does nothing to ensure dairy farmers and their bankers that they will have any safety net to deal with the present and future periods of tight margins and extreme volatility.
"Our current dairy policy is outdated and costs more to taxpayers while the new provisions actually save taxpayer dollars. Dairy farmers have spent more than three years working closely with legislators in crafting comprehensive dairy policy reform so that they have a stronger safety net while at the same time reducing the burden for taxpayers. Any outcome that does not include these carefully crafted provisions would be a failure to lead agriculture in the right direction.
"We urge both the House and the Senate to reject an extension of our failed policies."


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This is the third of a five-part series of a guide that gives you the tools to plan, manage and measure a great technology or creative event—then demonstrate that it can not only impact your community, but also the industry sector surrounding that community, and ultimately, the city-at-large.
This guide is primarily written in the context of my experience living through Portland's thriving technology and creative communities, and is organized in five sections:
- Introduction: why Portland is the perfect place to start, and what to do about it
- Plan: write a goal statement that demonstrates depth and details
- Manage: help your sponsors use their time wisely
- Measure: continue to engage after and throughout the event's lifecycle by using a social intelligence dashboard (you are here)
- The Big Picture: examining Portland's capacity for creativity and innovation, making a case for more grassroots initiatives
This post is, in essence, a combination of methods I learned from:
- Marshall Kirkpatrick's Market Intelligence System
- Amber Case
- Dawn Foster's Monitoring Dashboard
- Justin Kistner's Intelligence Dashboard
- A paper I read about Real-Time Competitive Market Intelligence from IBM, authored by Sholom Weiss and Naval Verma
In her book Internet Marketing, Carolyn Siegel wrote that online analysis will "lead to predictive accuracy in spotting gaps in a market, product usage trends and commercial opportunities." In fact, "Content analysis software is already used online to analyze word bursts, words or phrases that appear frequently in online communications."
Today, these services are available as integrated packages like Radian6, Social Radar, SM2, Brandwatch, mediasphere360, Trucast, Cymfony, Umbria and Nielsen BuzzMetrics. These packages are recommended if you're going to work with a medium to large-sized client.
But what if your client isn't as large as you hope they could be, or what if the client is, in fact, you, and you just want to see how conversations can be analyzed online, in real-time, or to simply see what the internet has been talking about you, that you might not know before? You may be surprised with the result.
(And, holy Batman, the list of software packages above sure sounds daunting.)
Anyway, it turned out that with a combination of various technology that are already available today, you can build an environment that's nearly as good as paid system—for free. Sure, it's going to take a lot of research, but you're going to learn it in small steps, from scratch. And, if you ask me, small steps are the best way to do it. For simplicity's sake, I'm going to name this tool like Marshall, Amber, Dawn and Justin called it: Social Intelligence Dashboard.
Establish our case
Let's say that I have a bottled water that I want to launch a website for. Let's call it Steamboat Springwater. Steamboat Springwater is different from every bottled water product out there, because it's going to be sold in recyclable tetra pak packages, and because it's going to emphasize the fact that it comes from a single spring source in none other than Springwater, Oregon.
Determine what information we need
If I'm going to assemble a social intelligence dashboard for this product, then, where should I start? First of all, we know that there are several kinds of information that we need to gather. For instance:
- What is our industry? What is the sandbox that we choose to play in?
- What are trends that has been happening in this industry?
- Who are our competitors?
- What are they doing: in the news, on the conversation streams, and at events around the world?
- Who are influentials and opinion leaders in our field?
- What do they have to say about the industry, the competitor, and us?
- Where do our audience live, work and play online?
- What are they saying about us?
As you probably know, conversations about all these subject can happen in many places:
- Blogs
- Forums
- Social media channels (Twitter, Facebook and FriendFeed, just to name a very few)
- Chatrooms, which probably couldn't be monitored easily
Get to know the workflow and tools
Our information analysis process will go through this flow:
- Get
- Filter
- Access
To get this information, we're going to use several tools:
- Blog search engines, like BlogCatalog, Technorati, Google Blog Search, Mashable, Icerocket, and many, many more
- Link-sharing social networks, like Digg, StumbleUpon, Delicious, Ma.gnolia and Reddit
- Social media search engines, like Twitter search
- Google alerts
To filter, we're going to use:
- Yahoo!Pipes
- Dapper (optional)
- AideRSS (optional)
And to access, we're going to use an RSS reader like Netvibes, Pageflakes, Google. I chose to follow the example of experts I mentioned above and use Netvibes. Generally, I try to use online, Dashboard-style newsreaders, so I'm not tied to my computer, and I have a Bird's eye view of see the information.
So, in summary, we're going to research the industry, competitor and opinion leaders for our Steamboat Springwater product.
Let's get to it.
Step 1: Gather
Punch in industry and product related terms through various search engines to look for information sources (news sites and blogs) that we can subscribe to. In the example below, I use a very general term, "bottled water." But as the rule says, the more specific you can make it, the better.
Also, search for the same terms on social bookmarking sites.
And don't forget to track conversation on social media channels like Twitter, by punching the same terms ("bottled water," "Evian," "Perrier," "Steamboat Springwater") on search engines like Twitter search.
Step 2: Analyze
This is the analytical part of the job. Find as many blogs and news sites that has high credibility (ie. often mentioned, cited and linked by other sites) as you can, and collect their RSS Feed.
There are nuances to this step. For instance, this is the steps I learned from Marshall Kirkpatrick in his presentation at WordCamp Portland:
- Search for relevant blogs and news sites
- Collect their RSS feeds
- Aggregate them with Yahoo!Pipes
- Filter them through AideRSS
- Let AideRSS go for a period of time and see ones that are ranked higher
- Pick the higher ranking ones
- Repeat step 3
Step 3: Aggregate
Grab the RSS feeds of these relevant blogs and news sites. Copy–Paste their URLs to Yahoo!Pipes, then generate a new Pipe and grab its RSS feeds. These are my steps.
Step 4: Dashboard
After that, we'll Paste the RSS feeds to Netvibes 'Add Content' field, and drag the resulting Feed into an open area in Netvibes to create a Widget.
Step 5: Repeat
Collect more blogs, filter more things and add more widgets to your dashboard!
Categorize the blogs you collect into several categories, and generate Yahoo!Pipes and Netvibes widget thusly. For example, in our Steamboat Springwater online content analysis research, we may have 4 categories that we need to analyze:
- Industry (trends, landscape, news)
- Thought Leader (opinions)
- Competitors (press releases)
- Vanity (what are they saying about us?)
The method that I outlined above only covers searches for the Industry and Thought Leader categories.
To do a search on Competitor
Simply change your search term from "bottled water" to, depending on your market research (you didn't forget to do it, right?), "Evian," "Perrier," "Aquafina," and so on. Also, don't forget to subscribe to the RSS of their corporate site. Usually, the feeds are located on their "News," "Events" or "Press" section.
To do a Vanity search on yourself
Change your search terms from "bottled water" on all of those search engines to "Steamboat Springwater." The rest of the steps are identical.
The result
Itching to see what the actual Social Intelligence dashboard actually look like? Since "Steamboat Springwater" is a fictional product, I've created, using a similar method, two dashboards for two events that I'm managing the communities of: Refresh Portland and CyborgCamp.
Here's Refresh Portland's Social Intelligence dashboard, and here's CyborgCamp's.
Now that you have all the data that you need in your hand, you need to monitor and analyze them for breaking news, and participate in conversations that your brand will benefit from.
Monitor and analyze
See that the plastic bottles are topping the list of biggest environmental waste on an information site, or a blog somewhere? Post it to your company's blog. Hear that your competitors are launching a new ad campaign touting the taste of their water? Go against the trend and launch something viral.
See a blog post that rants about how plastic water bottles are polluting? Post a comment about the fact that Steamboat Springwater is packaged in fully recyclable Tetra Pak. Hear somebody on Twitter say that they're having trouble getting bottled water where they live? Offer your water's affordable delivery program two minutes after they post the message.
Ultimately: why should I use something online?
Because you'll get up to the minute data, and thus can respond to them accordingly. The maximum delay of a feed is about an hour, and the minimum is usually several seconds after the article, post or news item is published. Compare this with your PR or ad agency's reports and news clippings. Sure, they may do something bi-weekly, or even weekly if you're lucky. But they won't know that Evian is opening up a new company right by where your main natural purifying facility is next Monday, or that everyone in the industry is abandoning the plastic bottled water in favor of ones that are made from corn, starting next month.
Up to the minute competitive informations, assembled through an online content analysis tool like the Social Intelligence Dashboard, will allow your brand to gain a competitive advantage with the ability to respond to all situation swiftly. It'll also allow you to keep track of your social media presence—and, if you ask me, that's pretty important.


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As the 13th edition of the Rotterdam Lab gets underway tomorrow (Jan 26), a number of British producers are discussing projects including a new thriller written by Donkey Punch's David Bloom, feature documentary Driven, and Warp Films' adaptation of David Whitehouse's Bed.
Rotterdam Lab has a total of 74 producers selected this year, each nominated by 29 international training bodies and funding organisations (including the UK's Creative Skillset and Centre for the Moving Image). Lab participants take part in panels and coaching sessions as well as presenting their companies and projects in a 'speed dating' format.
Jessica Levick [pictured] of London-based Magnified Pictures (Personal Best) is presenting Sirocco, a psychological thriller set in the south of France written by David Bloom (Donkey Punch) developed through the MEDIA-funded Passion to Market programme; and I'm Not Really Here, based on the bestselling book by former Manchester City footballer Paul Lake, which is being adapted and directed by Keri Collins.
Cat Cooper from Wales-based Elfin Productions is currently collaborating with US producer Ilyssa Goodman, amongst other partners. At IFFR, she is presenting Elfin co-production Driven, a feature documentary about a couple who drove around the world in a 1934 London taxi during the 1950s, starting in Africa and ending in Japan. The film is currently in post-production, directed by Jonathan Howells, produced by Rob Fletcher for Start in Morocco Films, executive produced by Cooper and Tom Roberts, and with world territories sold by PBS International
Libby Durdy of Warp Films is discussing the company's adaptation of David Whitehouse's debut novel Bed (being developed with Film4). Durdy describes it as "a coming of age story like no other," about a man who decides to go to bed and never get out again. Mark O'Halloran is adapting the screenplay; no director is attached yet. She is also discussing Shane Meadows' Tommy Simpson cycling biopic and the family film set against a Victorian-era freak show, Wild Boy.
Tom Stuart's London-based Asalva Films aims to produce for an international audience. At IFFR, Stuart is presenting Something Good, a comedy-drama to be directed by Alex Winkler and written by award-winning playwright Nick Payne, in partnership with BBC Films. Stuart has a number of other films also in development.
Edinburgh-based Sarah Drummond of Screen Productions discussed dark romance As Long As We Live, her first feature film production that is in development with writer/director Graham Fitzpatrick.


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WASHINGTON (Reuters) - The House of Representatives will return to Washington on Sunday night, just over a day before income tax rates are set to spike higher, in a last-ditch chance to avert the year-end "fiscal cliff."
Senior Republican aides confirmed that House Speaker John Boehner on Thursday told members to be back in Washington in time for a 6:30 p.m. EST (2330 GMT) legislative session on Sunday.
The House may then stay in session until January 2, the final day of the current Congress, according to a Twitter message from House Majority Leader Eric Cantor.
That is the day that another component of the "fiscal cliff" - $109 billion in automatic spending cuts to military and domestic programs - is set to start.
The House went on recess a week ago amid a deadlock over how to resolve ways to avoid the $600 billion in tax increases and spending cuts that could throw the U.S. economy back into recession.
Some media outlets reported that Obama would meet with congressional leaders on Friday, but several congressional aides said no such meeting had yet been arranged.
If a meeting occurs, Obama is not expected to offer a new "fiscal cliff" solution and he is instead likely to stick to the outline he set out a week ago for a stop-gap fix, according to a senior Democratic aide.
That would include legislation to shield most Americans from any income tax increase starting on January 1, except for those households with net incomes above $250,000 a year. Obama also wants an extension of expiring benefits for the long-term unemployed.
So far, the Republicans who control the House have refused to go along with any measure that would raise income taxes on anyone.
Meanwhile, House Republican leaders held an approximately 35-minute telephone conference call with rank-and-file members on Thursday, according to one Republican aide.
"There were a lot of different members who spoke on the call. All had questions. All had comments," the aide said, refusing to elaborate.
Reporting By Richard Cowan and David Lawder; Editing by Will Dunham


text:
South Africa: Nelson Mandela out of hospital
- South African president%27s website says Mandela%27s condition is still critical
- Zuma%3A He will continue to get intensive care at home
- Zuma%3A Mandela%27s condition sometimes is unstable
JOHANNESBURG (AP) — Nelson Mandela was discharged from the hospital on Sunday while still in critical condition and was driven in an ambulance to his Johannesburg home, which has been set up to provide intensive care, South Africa's presidency said.
On a sunny but cold morning, an ambulance took the anti-apartheid leader home from the hospital in the capital, Pretoria, where he had been since June 8 for what the government has described as a recurring lung infection.
President Jacob Zuma said in a statement Sunday that Mandela's condition "is at times unstable."
"His home has been reconfigured to allow him to receive intensive care there," the statement said. "The health care personnel providing care at his home are the very same who provided care to him in hospital. If there are health conditions that warrant another admission to hospital in future, this will be done."
NOT YET:Office of George H.W. Bush mistakenly announces Mandela's death
The statement Sunday from Zuma's office said that during his stay in hospital Mandela "vacillated between serious to critical and at times unstable" and that "despite the difficulties imposed by his various illnesses, he, as always, displays immense grace and fortitude."
Referring to Mandela by his clan name, the statement continued: "Madiba has been treated by a large medical team from the military, academia, private sector and other public health spheres. We thank all the health professionals at the hospital for their dedication."
There has been an outpouring of concern in South Africa and around the world for the transformative figure who led the tense shift from apartheid's white minority rule to democracy two decades ago in a spirit of reconciliation.
Zuma urged South Africans to accept that Mandela had grown old and frail, saying all they could do was pray for him. During his hospitalization, well-wishers delivered flowers and messages of support to the hospital where he was being treated, and prayer sessions were held around the country.
The government has released few details about Mandela's condition, citing patient confidentiality. Mandela has been particularly vulnerable to respiratory problems since contracting tuberculosis during his 27-year imprisonment. The bulk of that period was spent on Robben Island, a prison off the coast of Cape Town where Mandela and other prisoners spent part of the time toiling in a limestone quarry.
Mandela, a Nobel Peace Prize laureate, is feted around the world as a towering figure of reconciliation. Despite being jailed for his prominent role in opposing white racist rule, Mandela was seemingly free of rancor on his release in 1990, becoming the unifying leader who steered South Africa through a delicate transition to all-race elections that propelled him to the presidency four years later.
The United Nations has recognized Mandela's birthday, July 18, as an international day to honor themes of activism, democracy and responsibility embodied by the former leader.


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Questioning Organization: The Challenge of State-Level Records
Legal historians write about the law. So do historians in a range of other fields. But what is the law? Many of my students are certain that they have the answer: they identify statutes and appellate decisions at the state and national levels of government as the law. Actually, their favored term for these materials is "the real law." If you had asked me this question a few years ago, I probably would not have admitted that I, too, was working with the same assumption. But I was.
My research in local records forced me to confront both that assumption and the reasons why I had accepted it so easily. I had been doing research in statutes and appellate cases in North Carolina and South Carolina while I was doing local research. Those two tasks, however, had been on parallel tracks. I had a good sense of the development of state law—both appellate decisions and statutes—on matters relating to cases regarding domestic dependents. I also had a good sense of the legal logic that guided the localized system. But I was utterly unclear about the relationship between these two, obviously distinct, legal arenas. At first, I didn't understand why it was so hard to see any relationship between state law and localized law. Then I realized that my sources on state law—newspapers, legal treatises, and the papers of prominent legal professionals and state leaders, as well as statutes, appellate decisions, and other state records—were conspiring against me. The professionally trained lawyers and like-minded state leaders who created these sources had an agenda: to promote their own, particular vision of the law and to elevate it over other conceptions, particularly localized legal practice. I was inclined to accept these reformers' conclusions because their vision of the law duplicated the one that seemed so self-evident to me and my students—and probably many of you as well. The overlap is no coincidence. Legal reformers from that time period worked very hard to promote their vision of the law and to make it seem like the only viable option. The sources they left told a powerful story of progress that became the basis for later academic histories and continues to shape current scholarship. It is only when the reformers' vision of the law is compared with localized legal practices that the claims to superiority and the carefully constructed trappings of inevitability begin to fall away. That's when the story got really interesting to me: the law, as we now see it, has a much more interesting history than I ever imagined.
My research on state law became a project of cultural excavation—a matter of slowly and carefully stripping away layers of historical interpretation that had been applied, one on top of the other, over two centuries. Most of these records were created by a core group of professionally trained lawyers who were prominent in state politics, whose networks reached outward to the national level, and who sought to dismantle legal localism. They wished to create rationalized bodies of law that were based in the protection of individual rights, particularly property rights. They wanted to centralize the operations of government at the state level to regularize the creation and dissemination of that body of law. They also recognized the importance of history to their project, compiling documentary sources and crafting narratives that cast localized law as an archaic throwback, which inevitably gave way to progressive change as laws were standardized and rights were uniformly defined and applied. Reformers' views, infused with objectivity and progress, seemed enlightened and reasonable to later generations. No wonder, then, that their voices acquired resonance over time, as historians relied on their archive, followed their lead, and ignored—even dismissed—legal localism.
The elite's prominence in the historical record, though, owes as much to their own efforts at self-preservation and aggrandizement as it does to their political importance at the time. Their lives and work are easy to track, because they left such an impressive historical record. Their documentary record not only exaggerates their importance at the time, but also obscures the most profound historical implications of their legal agenda. Their sources—newspapers, appellate decisions, statutes, political pamphlets, legal treatises, and their own collected papers and correspondence—actively promoted the systematization and centralization of law at the state level. The admission of change, however, ends there. These sources wrap the discussion in the rhetoric of progress, with such strong Whiggish undertones of inevitability that it reads as a negation of any human agency in the conception or direction of change: law and government simply assumed the form they were always intended to have, aided by those who had access to the plan. That form, moreover, had been determined long ago, in the distant past. As such, it represented the extension of existing ideas, not anything substantively new or different. That was not the case.
State leaders' accounts are accurate in the sense that state law became more elaborate, sophisticated, and influential between 1787 and 1840. At the end of the Revolution, there was no coherent body of law at the state level to deal with public matters. But neither was there anything inherent in the decentralized, localized system that precluded the development of such a body of law within state-level institutions. So reformers set about creating a body of state law based in rights. Beginning with the area of property law, they created the necessary institutional structure at the state level. By the end of the 1820s, state leaders had made considerable progress in rationalizing the legal system at the state level, even in the realm of public matters. Then they secured popular support for that project through highly visible political campaigns: the Nullification campaign of 1827-32 in South Carolina and the 1835 state constitutional convention in North Carolina.
As lawmakers extended the reach of state law, they imposed the rubric of individual rights on matters formerly governed by collective conceptions of the peace, as defined in local contexts. The logic behind the developing body of state law turned white men's patriarchal authority and civic participation into individual rights, akin to their already established property rights. White men's rights expanded at this level of the legal system, increasing their claims on the legal system and to state protection of their interests. In the political rhetoric of the 1830s, they became "freemen," legally recognized individuals who were the paradigmatic citizens, at least within the realm of state law. At the same time, dependents' legal status, particularly their lack of rights, became the rationale for their exclusion from law and government. State law defined them as altogether different categories of legal persons and subordinated them according to the abstract categories of race, class, and/or gender. White women, African Americans, and the poor found it difficult to make themselves heard and their concerns visible within the body of state law, because they were excluded from the category of people with rights that the state was designed to protect.
The denial of rights to the vast majority of southerners and their exclusion from the polity masked even more profound inequalities at the state level. White men were constituted as freemen through their rights over those without rights. In extending this legal framework, state leaders applied the precepts of liberal individualism to the patriarchal structure of localized law. They abstracted the authority white men already exercised in social context, through their obligations to the peace in localized law, and individualized both its privileges and restrictions. By the 1830s white men could claim rights not just in their property and their own labor in state law, but also in the labor and bodies of their dependents and, through the abstractions of gender and race, over the lives of other subordinate people as well. Their authority in this body of law extended over all black persons, slave or free, and no black person fully possessed his or her own body or the product of his or her labor. The rhetoric of party politics construed rights broadly, linking them to freedom, liberty, and equality among white men, whether propertied or not. In practice, though, state leaders' vision of democracy did not include fundamental changes in the economic or social structure that would put all white men on equal footing. Legislators and jurists defined rights narrowly, so as to affirm existing inequalities among white men and to protect the property interests of the wealthy, particularly slavery. By the 1830s freemen could look to the state to protect their rights, defined in the limited, abstract terms of law at that level of the system. But many of the white men included in this category could not count on those rights as a means to articulate, let alone promote, their interests.
State leaders were less successful in practice than their writings and their influence on later historians suggest. State law took up more institutional space by the 1830s, but it did not triumph over localized law: the legal system, which still included localized legal practices, did not work as state leaders wished and represented, particularly in the broad area of public law. Localized law continued to have considerable influence in the antebellum period and long afterward, because it was embedded in the culture in ways that made it very difficult to eliminate. To further complicate matters, localized law had always accommodated multiple—even conflicting—legal traditions, so it was possible for southerners to embrace rights discourse, as developed at the state level in the 1830s, while still adhering to conflicting tenets of the local system. People might represent their interests in local courts in terms of rights, but the localized system continued to incorporate their claims just as it had always done with other claims on the peace.
The development of state law is, nonetheless, a crucial and historically neglected story. Not only did it operate by a very different logic—the logic of individual rights—than did localized law, it also cast its subjects in a different relationship to law and the government. State law would become more influential over time, as this level of government became more entrenched and more powerful. But it is not so much the relative influence of state law as the timing of its emergence that is the important story. Although scholars usually treat state law as primary, it did not emerge in the broad area of public matters until the 1820s (in appellate law and statutes) and the 1830s (in the discursive realm of politics). This periodization changes our view not only of people's influence over governance and the development of rights within the nation's political culture, but also the relationship of slavery and the South to the rest of the nation—and that will be the subject of the next installment.


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