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Johann Müller Regiomontanus
Born: 6 June 1436 in Unfinden (near Königsberg), Lower Franconia (now in Bayern, Germany)
Died: 6 July 1476 in Rome (now Italy)
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Regiomontanus was born Johann Müller of Königsberg. First let us note that the town of Königsberg near which he was born was not the more famous one in East Prussia. The Latin version of Königsberg (meaning King's mountain) is Regio Monte or, as it later became, Regiomontanus. In fact before we begin to describe the events of his life we should say a little more about the variety of names under which he was known. He matriculated at university as Johannes Molitoris de Künigsperg, using 'Molitoris' which is a Latin form of 'Müller'. Other variants included Johannes Germanus (Johann the German), Johannes Francus (Johannes from Franconia), Johann von Künigsperg (Johann from Königsberg), and the French sounding Joannes de Monte Regio which Gassendi called him when he wrote his biography.
He was the son of a miller, and became known as a mathematical and astronomical prodigy at a very early age. His early education was at home, but he entered university at the age of eleven, studying dialectics at the University of Leipzig from 1447 to 1450. He then entered the University of Vienna on 14 April 1450 where he became a pupil of Peurbach. What attracted Regiomontanus to Vienna was principally the 85-year old University and especially its activity in mathematical astronomy and cosmology. He was awarded a baccalaureate on 16 January 1452 but the University regulations required him to be 21 years of age before he could be awarded a Master's Degree. This was awarded once he reached the required age in 1457.
On 11 November 1457 he was appointed to the Arts Faculty of the University of Vienna where he collaborated with his former teacher Peurbach. From Peurbach he learnt how inaccurate the Alphonsine Tables were. The two astronomers made observations of Mars which showed the planet to be 2° from its predicted position, and they also observed an eclipse of the moon which happened one hour later than the Tables predicted. Courses Regiomontanus gave at Vienna included one on perspective in 1458, one on Euclid in 1460, and one on Virgil's Bucolics in 1461. He worked on mathematics, astronomy, and constructed instruments such as astrolabes. He was particularly interested in reading old manuscripts and he made copies for his own use, some of which still survive.
In 1450 George of Trebizond had translated and commented on Ptolemy's Almagest Ⓣ. In this work he had attacked the commentary written by Theon of Alexandria and, in so doing, he upset Cardinal Johannes Bessarion, papal legate to the Holy Roman Empire, who was a great admirer of Theon. Cardinal Bessarion was a scholar and native Greek speaker who had a mission to promote classical Greek works in Europe. On 5 May 1460 Bessarion arrived in Vienna, with his brother Sigismund, on a diplomatic visit to drum up support against the Turks. Bessarion encouraged Peurbach to produce an abridgment of Ptolemy's Almagest Ⓣ. He had two motives, one being a desire to have a more easily understandable version of Ptolemy's work available; the second being to give support to Theon of Alexandria against the attack from George of Trebizond. When Peurbach was on his deathbed in 1461, he begged Regiomontanus to complete the Epitome of the Almagest and Regiomontanus enthusiastically carried on the work. The Defence of Theon against George of Trebizond was another work which Regiomontanus probably began think about around this time.
Cardinal Bessarion now became Regiomontanus's patron and he travelled to Italy with his patron arriving in Rome on 20 November 1461. In [31] David King and Gerard Turner describe a group of eleven astrolabes. They write:-
One astrolabe in the group is of particular historical significance because it was presented at Rome in 1462, with a dedicatory inscription, to Cardinal Bessarion, titular Latin patriarch of Constantinople from 1463, and one of the illustrious Greek scholars who contributed to the great revival of letters in the fifteenth century. The astrolabe was presented by Johannes Regiomontanus, whose patron was Bessarion. Regiomontanus, the foremost European astronomer of the time, was commissioned by the Cardinal to prepare an Epitome of Ptolemy's "Almagest" Ⓣ, also dedicated to him in 1462.The years 1461 to 1465 Regiomontanus spent as a member of Bessarion's extended household based mostly in Rome. During this time he was able to read other important Greek manuscripts after improving his knowledge of the language with instruction from the native Greek speaker Bessarion. He also continued to work on the Epitome of the Almagest which he completed in 1462. As well as the time spent in Rome, he travelled in Italy with Bessarion spending the summer of 1462 at Viterbo, Cardinal Bessarion's favourite summer residence, and, when Bessarion left for Greece in the autumn of that year, Regiomontanus accompanied him as far as Venice. He left Rome on 5 July 1463 when Bessarion was appointed as papal legate to the Venetian Republic. In the spring of 1464 he lectured at the University of Padua (in the Venetian Republic) and while there he observed the total eclipse of the moon on 21 April 1464. His lectures on the Muslim scientist al-Farhani have not survived, but his Introductory discourse on all the mathematical disciplines was later published.
He visited Venice before returning to Rome in August 1464 after the death of the Pope Pius II. Bessarion had to return at this time to take part in the election of the pope's successor. The astronomer royal for Hungary was Martin Bylica of Olkusz and he had also gone to Rome for the election of the new pope. Bylica and Regiomontanus became friends at this time. On 19 June 1465 Regiomontanus made an observation at Viterbo, again in the summer residence. After this, however, there is a two year gap in our knowledge of his activities. At some stage he travelled to Hungary after receiving an invitation from King Matthias I Corvinus which was sent on the recommendation of the Archbishop of Gran, but was almost certainly due to influence by Martin Bylica. Certainly we know that by 1467 Regiomontanus was in Hungary having accepted an appointment from the King to the Royal Library in Buda. The King had just completed a highly successful (from his point of view!) campaign against the Turks and had returned with many rare books. This provided an ideal position for Regiomontanus since it enabled him to both work with Martin Bylica on astronomy and also to enjoy his passion for old books.
One of the old books which Regiomontanus had come across in 1462 while he was in Venice, was an incomplete copy of Diophantus's Arithmetica. He wrote to the mathematician Giovanni Bianchini on 11 February 1464 saying that if he could find a complete copy he would translate the Greek text. It was while he had been on a trip to Ferrara that he had met Bianchini, who had been a friend of Peurbach. Regiomontanus never translated Diophantus's Arithmetica and he never found a complete version. Indeed nobody has ever discovered a complete version, but this important discovery by Regiomontanus marks the beginning of the Arithmetica becoming known in Europe.
Regiomontanus made important contributions to trigonometry and astronomy. We have mentioned the above the Epitome of the Almagest which was begun by Peurbach but completed by Regiomontanus. It [1]:-
... contributed to current scientific research rather than to improved understanding of the past. Moreover, the "Epitome" was no mere compressed translation... [for] it added later observations, revised computations, and critical reflections - one of which revealed that Ptolemy's lunar theory required the apparent diameter of the moon to vary in length much more than it really does. This passage in the "Epitome", which was printed in Venice, attracted the attention of Copernicus, then a student at the University of Bologna.In the Epitome Regiomontanus, realising the need for a systematic account of trigonometry to support astronomy, promised to write such a treatise. Indeed he did so and his book De triangulis omnimodis (1464) is a systematic account of methods for solving triangles. In the introduction he writes:-
You, who wish to study great and wondrous things, who wonder about the movement of the stars, must read these theorems about triangles. ... For no one can bypass the science of triangles and reach a satisfying knowledge of the stars. ... A new student should neither be frightened nor despair. ... And where a theorem may present some problem, he may always look down to the numerical examples for help.Regiomontanus structured his work in a similar way to Euclid's Elements. De triangulis is in five books, the first of which gives the basic definitions: quantity, ratio, equality, circles, arcs, chords, and the sine function. He then gives a list of the axioms he will assume, followed by 56 theorems on geometry. With Book II the study of trigonometry gets under way in earnest. The sine law is stated (in modern notation, not used by Regiomontanus, this is a/sin A = b/sin B = c/sin C) and it is used to solve triangles. The formula for the area of a triangle in terms of two sides and the included angle appears but not in quite the form that one would expect. Books III, IV and V treat spherical trigonometry which, of course, is of major importance in astronomy.
When he was in Hungary, Regiomontanus computed two tables of sines. The first computed in 1467 was Tables of directions which was based on sexagesimal numbers, while in the following year in Buda he computed tables of sines to a decimal base. By 1471 he was proposing to move to Nuremberg, writing in a letter to a friend on 4 July 1471:-
Quite recently I have made observations in the city of Nuremberg ... for I have chosen it as my permanent home not only on account of the availability of instruments, particularly the astronomical instruments on which the entire science is based, but also on account of the great ease of all sorts of communication with learned men living everywhere, since this place is regarded as the centre of Europe because of the journeys of the merchants.We know that Regiomontanus had indeed been making observations in Nuremberg for he observed a lunar eclipse there on 2 June 1471. By 29 November he had been granted leave to reside in Nuremberg where he built an observatory and a workshop to construct instruments. He wrote Scipta giving details of his instruments and these, including dials, quadrants, safea, astrolabes, armillary astrolabe, torquetum, parallactic ruler, and Jacob's staff are described in [53]. In January 1472 he made observations of a comet, using his Jacob's staff, which were accurate enough to allow it to be identified with Halley's comet 210 years (and three returns of the 70 year period comet) later.
Regiomontanus's interest in the motion of the Moon led him to make the important observation that the method of lunar distances could be used to determine longitude at sea. It was many years, however, before the position of the Moon could be predicted with sufficient accuracy to make the method practical and instruments constructed to give the lunar position with the high degree of accuracy necessary for the method. Regiomontanus describes how the position of the Moon can be used to determine longitude in the Ephemerides for the years 1474-1506 which he published. This was printed on his own printing press which he set up in Nuremberg.
The first European printing of books began in 1454 with the invention of movable type by Johann Gutenberg. Regiomontanus realized the potential value of printing for producing identical multiple copies of scientific texts, which could be carefully edited with accurate diagrams. At Nuremberg in 1471-1472 he set up a printing press in his own house, and printed a Prospectus announcing his detailed plans for publishing many carefully edited mathematical, astronomical and geographical texts. He thus became the first publisher of this type of scientific literature which included ancient, mediaeval and modern works. His first publication was New theory of the planets by his former teacher Peurbach and next, in 1474, his own calendar Kalendarium, and his Ephemerides which we referred to above. These books were reprinted many times and had great influence, for example both Christopher Columbus and Amerigo Vespucci used Regiomontanus's Ephemerides to measure longitudes in the New World.
Pope Sixtus IV summoned Regiomontanus to Rome in 1475 to advise on calendar reform and he left Nuremberg some time after 28 July when he recorded his last observation there. Bernhard Walther, his wealthy pupil who had funded his instrument shop, observatory and printing works, began observations from Regiomontanus's observatory in Nuremberg on 2 August. It is certain that Regiomontanus had left Nuremberg by then. He died in Rome and some accounts say he was poisoned by his enemies, other accounts say he died from the plague. The latter is far more likely but let us look briefly at the two theories.
Regiomontanus had announced that he would publish a work showing the worthlessness of George of Trebizond's whose:-
... commentary on the "Syntaxis" he will show with the utmost clarity to be worthless and his translation of Ptolemy's work not to be free of faults.This was considered sufficient motive for his murder by the two sons of George of Trebizond and rumours circulated to this effect. It seems a rather unlikely scenario, however, for others criticised George of Trebizond as vigorously as did Regiomontanus yet no attempts appear to have been made on their lives. Much more likely is that, after the Tiber overflowed its banks in January 1476 and there was a resulting outbreak of plague, Regiomontanus became its victim.
Article by: J J O'Connor and E F Robertson
List of References (54 books/articles)
A Quotation
A Poster of Regiomontanus
See this mathematician on a timeline
Mathematicians born in the same country
Honours awarded to Regiomontanus
(Click the link below for those honoured in this way)
|Lunar features
|Crater Regiomontanus
Cross-references in MacTutor
- History Topics: Squaring the circle
- History Topics: Perfect numbers
- History Topics: The trigonometric functions
- History Topics: The history of cartography
- Chronology: 1300 to 1500
Other Web sites
- Dictionary of Scientific Biography
- Encyclopaedia Britannica
- Vatican exhibition
- Mathematical Genealogy Project


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Behold, one example of the impact of colonialism:
Politicians named after Adolf Hitler and Frankenstein are among 345 candidates competing in elections this week in a northeast Indian state with a history of bizarre naming conventions. Keeping them company when the hilly state of Meghalaya goes to the polls on Saturday are others called Bombersingh, Boldness Billykid, Predecessor and Process.
Hopingstone Lyngdoh, Hilarious Pochen and Hopeful Bamon will also try their luck at nabbing one of the 60 seats up for grabs in the state legislative assembly. The unusual names chosen in Meghalaya are among the most striking legacies of colonial rule, when many Britons frequented state capital Shillong, preferring its temperate climate to the searing heat of the rest of India.

subset: commoncrawl


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Supervisors not happy with latest reassessment
One thing was made very clear during Tuesday night's Gloucester County Board of Supervisors meeting. The governing body is not pleased with the latest reassessment and vows to move quickly in developing ways to correct the major issues.
The meeting was continued from June 1 to Tuesday night in the colonial courthouse to give supervisors an opportunity to have open dialogue with members of the county's Board of Equalization (BOE).
Petsworth district supervisor John Northstein didn't mince words though in discussing his feelings on the county's first in-house real estate assessment. "This is probably the most disturbing reassessment I've known in Gloucester County," Northstein said. "I don't remember ever having so many people so upset with the process."
He said he felt that the assessment process "cannot be corrected quickly enough" and that "there are some disturbed people in Gloucester County."
Northstein said he is confident though, that with the help of the equalization board and his fellow supervisors, the county will lean toward correcting the problem and getting the help it needs to begin that process.
"We don't need any more like this to tear people apart," he added.
Abingdon district supervisor Christian "Buddy" Rilee brought up the BOE's discussion in its report about looking at other localities' models that seem to be more precise. BOE member Danny Stuck said that the BOE did look into some other models, but questioned whether the county would be better off tweaking its current model or spending the money to switch to something completely different.
At-large supervisor Michelle Ressler said she hadn't had as many complaints about the current reassessment as the one completed in 2005-2006. She said that she thought this was because many people's property values decreased more than they had anticipated.
However, Ressler said the same issue lies under the complaints. "You put bad data in and you get bad data out," she said.
Ressler suggested the county may want to find a way to physically visit every single piece of property, instead of the estimated 15 percent of properties visited by the reassessment team this past year, before it invests in a completely new model. "How do we go about doing that," she asked. "Do we hire an outside source?"
At-large supervisor Louise Theberge was concerned that in bringing an outside source, consistency may differ from that of the in-house assessors. She agreed that the focus should be shifted to visiting older parcels rather than the newer ones that are automatically placed in the system.
York district supervisor Carter Borden asked, "How did we arrive at fair market value … Shouldn't the county tell its citizens how we arrive at fair market value?"
Stuck said that a new statute will be initiated this week stating that if the citizen asks, the methodology behind coming up with the fair market value will be presented to that citizen or to the circuit court prior to his or her appeal with the BOE.
BOE member Marshall Cook made several points, including stating that the county spent approximately $1.2 million on the latest reassessment; and that with the economy as it is now, there are not likely to be many more sales in the next 18 months (when the next general reassessment is scheduled) than at the present time.
"Since we know it takes longer to get data, let's expand the timeframe for the next assessment to 3-4 years in order to get the data and get it correct," Cook said.
"We're trying too quickly to move this into motion," he added. "You can't do something this great in a two-year period of time."
The board will begin discussing the long-range plans to help improve the next reassessment at its meeting Tuesday night in the colonial courthouse.
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text: BOSTON -- Shane Victorino homered twice and added a two-run double. He also walked once and got on another time when he was hit by a pitch. He reached base safely five times in all. Four times he scored. And a career-high seven RBIs in all for Victorino in Bostons 13-2 victory over the Baltimore Orioles on Tuesday night. "I dont think he could do much better," said Red Sox manager John Farrell, whose top three batters had three hits apiece. "Thats why theyre at the top of the order, to have that kind of on-base (percentage) ahead of our power hitters." But that wasnt good enough for Victorino, the No. 2 hitter, who drove in most of Bostons runs on his own. It was the second two-homer game of his career, and his most RBIs in a game ever -- topping his previous high of five. "Hes been playing great all year," second baseman Dustin Pedroia said. "And the plays he made in the outfield -- I dont remember anything like it." Felix Doubront pitched 6 2-3 innings of four-hit ball, and Mike Napoli also homered for AL East-leading Boston. Pedroia and leadoff hitter Jacoby Ellsbury had three hits apiece for the Red Sox, who improved to 2 1/2 games ahead of Tampa Bay in the division when the Rays lost to the Los Angeles Angels 6-5 later Tuesday night. "Every game is big from here on out," Pedroia said. "We played great tonight, but it doesnt carry over for tomorrow." J.J. Hardy and Danny Valencia each had two of Baltimores four hits. Wei-Yin Chen (7-7) lasted just 3 2-3 innings, allowing eight runs on eight hits and three walks. He struck out five and hit a batter and allowed three homers to lose for the fourth time in five starts. Chen, who has allowed six homers in his last three starts after allowing six for the rest of the season, called it the worst game of his career. "Its hard to believe we were ahead in this game 2-1," Orioles manager Buck Showalter said. "Youve got a team playing well over there. Thats why they are where they are. If you make some mistakes, especially in this park, youre going to pay for it." Doubront (10-6) had only one bad inning, allowing the first four batters in Baltimores two-run third to reach. But he retired 14 of the next 16 before leaving to a standing ovation from the Fenway Park crowd of 36,226. In all, Doubront gave up two runs on four hits, a walk and a hit batsman. He struck out seven and has allowed three or fewer runs in 21 of 24 starts. "We had one opportunity against him and cashed in two, but there was potential for more," Showalter said. "He pitched well and we did not pitch well." Victorino started the scoring in the first when he walked, took third on Pedroias double and scored on David Ortizs sacrifice fly. After Doubront allowed his only runs in the third to give the Orioles a 2-1 lead, Boston came back in the bottom half with two of their own when Will Middlebrooks singled and scored on Victorinos two-run shot -- the 100th homer of his career. Napoli led off the fourth with a homer to spark a five-run inning and chase Chen. Boston added three more in the fifth on Victorinos second homer. The Red Sox started a nine game homestand after playing 16 of the previous 19 on the road. They were 4-2 on their most recent trip, to California to play the Giants and Dodgers. In all, the Red Sox will play 18 of their final 30 games at home. NOTES: Red Sox infield prospect Xander Bogaerts made his Fenway debut as a defensive replacement in the ninth inning. ... To honour their connection with the Jimmy Fund, "God Bless America" was sung during the seventh-inning stretch by a patient at the Dana Farber cancer clinic, 4-year-old Darla Holloway, who has acute lymphoblastic leukemia. ... Red Sox starters have held opponents to two or fewer runs in seven straight games. ... Pedroia is batting .424 (14-for-33) with 6 doubles, a triple, 4 RBIs, and 7 runs over his current eight-game hit streak. ... It was Chens fourth loss in five starts. ... Victorino is the first Red Sox player with four runs and seven RBIs in a game since Dwight Evans in 1988. ... Baltimore INF Wilson Betemit made his 2013 debut after sustaining a knee injury in spring training. He grounded out to third for the final out of the game in his only at-bat. To make room for him, the Orioles optioned infielder Ryan Flaherty to Single-A Frederick. ... The Red Sox made a minor-league trade, sending RHP Clayton Mortensen to Kansas City for OF Quintin Berry. Zapatillas Salomon Baratas . -- Rory McIlroy birdied his last two holes Thursday for a 7-under 63 to take the lead after one round of the Honda Classic. Comprar Salomon Baratas .com) - Marc Gasol and the Grizzlies withstood 18 Dallas 3-pointers, as Memphis took control in the third quarter and fended off a Mavericks rally en route to a 114-105 win in a Southwest Division showdown. http://www.baratassalomon.es/ . Fourteen players were suspended last summer by Major League Baseball as part of the Biogenesis drug scandal, ranging from All-Stars to also-rans. Zapatillas Salomon España . Fielder ended 4-for-5 with a solo homer, while Avila was 4-for-4 with two runs scored for the Tigers, who put the brakes on a three-game skid and rebounded from a loss in Mondays opener. Victor Martinez and Austin Jackson both contributed two hits, an RBI and a run scored as Detroit maintained its healthy lead atop the AL Central. Salomon Baratas Chinas Online .J. Hardy finally got in on the fun Saturday, against a likely opponent.The New Orleans Pelicans announced that shooting guard Eric Gordon will be out indefinitely after an MRI revealed a torn labrum in his left shoulder. Gordon initially suffered the injury in Saturday nights win against the Utah Jazz. He will undergo further evaluation throughout the week by the teams medical staff to determine the best course oof action moving forward.dddddddddddd Gordon has struggled this season, averaging 9.5 points per game on 40% shooting. He has started in all 12 games for the Pelicans (7-5). The team has yet to announce who will replace him in the starting lineup. Gordon has a player option of approximately $15.5 million for next season. ' ' '


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Biscayne Events, Coupons, Reviews!
Biscayne Events, Coupons, Reviews!
My daughter's birthday is December 17th. In an effort to distinguish her special day from Christmas, I strive every year to create a unique celebration for her. This year, I found something delightfully different for her 12th birthday festivity. We grabbed one of her close friends, and traveled back in time: to the 11th Century. At the Medieval Times Dinner & Tournament, we dined on a delicious full-course meal, featuring 'baby dragon' (chicken) and spent the entire evening as guests of King Don Carlos and his daughter, the Princess.
Heroic Knights entertained us with their athletic skills, horses pranced and supported their riders, while servants addressed us as 'Lord' and 'Lady' making sure that we were well-taken care of. Being completely immersed in the medieval period, gave us all an appreciation for that time in history and society. We thoroughly enjoyed our visit, and you will too! All ages will enjoy the experience at the Medieval Times Dinner & Tournament.
You can pick from the 9 locations throughout North America and Canada at http://www.medievaltimes.com/:
From the moment you park your car, the external castle provides a realistic framework for the world within. Kids of all ages (even us Big Kids) will appreciate being invited to a Royal Castle.
Upon entry, you are greeted with a crown to represent your Knight (and seating section), and allowed to wander around the Marketplace of delightful items to purchase as you wait to enter the Royal Arena.
It is very easy to wander around and shop for swords, chalices, and anything your heart desires as a memento of the experience. CLICK and EXPAND the picture below for a full 360' peek.
Meeting some of the other 'Members of the Court', like this falconer heightened the upcoming event with more anticipation!
As more of the 'Lords' and 'Ladies' arrive, you will experience the King's Procession and entourage, as well as watch celebrated members of the court receive knighthood.
We were giddy and geeking out over the trumpets, costumes, displays of plate armor. Then, Veronica's name was called!
Each person was called up, and later presented with their own ceremonial picture.
Next, another trumpet sounded, and instructions were announced to report to our Reserved Section.
Then, we entered the incredible arena, were ushered to our seats and could not wait to meet our gallant Green Knight!
The arena, our Hands-On dinner [no utensils here, folks!], cheering on our Knight during his tournament, and the jousting: was a full night to remember.
In true non-spoiler/Blogger fashion, I will allow you to have your own personal experience of an evening of epic battles and steed with this special offer:
Adults $36.95 and children (12 and under) $29.95 with the code MT3629 through 2/28/17. http://www.medievaltimes.com/plan-your-trip/special-offers/us-family-guide-blogger-coupon-mt3629.html
Fun Facts:
* All Knights begin their training as Squires - just as they did in the Middle Ages - learning horse care, sword fighting, and weaponry. It takes a minimum of six months of training to become a Knight.
* Knights perform with real metal weapons and wear authentic armor. During battle scenes, real titanium swords create sparks.
* Every shield must be repainted after every show.
* When jousting, the Knights charge at speeds of approximately 15 to 20 miles per hour and reach an impact velocity speed of about 30 to 40 miles per hour.
* Each year, 25 foals are born at Chapel Creek Ranch, where they spend two years training.
* Our horses enjoy retirement at the ranch after 15 to 20 years of performing.
* 125,000 gallons of soup are served each year.
* 400,000 gallons of Pepsi are consumed each year.
* Each arena is filled with about 4,455 cubic feet of sand - about the load of 10 dump trucks.
* Medieval Times is the #1 breeder of pure Spanish horses in North America.
(More information about our horses: http://www.medievaltimes.com/about-the-show/the-horses.html)
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text:
Throngs of fifth graders from Beaver Valley Elementary School descended on Brush businesses and government entities last week to learn about and see firsthand the wide variety of of jobs available to them in the future.
The students from five fifth grade classes visited East Morgan County Hospital (EMCH), East Morgan County Library, the Police Department and Brush! City Hall, the Brush Museum, Brush Grocery Kart, Rising Sun Bakery, Cathy's Grooming, Old Tyme Country Store, Brush Family Dentistry, Hertneky Vision Source and the Bank of Colorado.
Beaver Valley fifth grade teacher Paul Acosta said the two-day job exploration program is one of various activities the students have been involved in the last couple of months in preparation for AmeriTowne at the Wray campus of Morgan Community College in late May. Acosta said AmeriTowne teaches students how economics work, how a community runs and allows them to learn about business.
According to its website, Colorado's AmeriTowne is an educational program offered to fourth and fifth grade teachers to help teach students about business, economics and free enterprise in a fun and hands-on way. Teachers use the AmerTowne curriculum and materials to teach classroom lessons and activities that introduce concepts such as supply and demand, job skills and work habits, banking procedures, democratic processes, civic consciousness, and career awareness.
These lessons prepare students for the culminating experience, a day in Young AmeriTowne, where students-turned-citizens apply concepts they've learned by working together to operate a 17-business town.
During the students visit to the hospital, EMCH Pharmacy Senior Manager Clark Seele explained one of the primary differences between a pharmacy in a hospital compared to one in a store or clinic – injectable medications. He said that half of the medications distributed through a hospital pharmacy are administered intravenously and demonstrated to the students how to make an IV medication. He explained to the students that it takes approximately six years of education to become a pharmacist and students interested in this career path need to be good at math, chemistry and science.
In a visit to the Rising Sun Bakery, the students learned from baker Stacy Getchell that being a very early riser is important in this career field as she arrives at the bakery around 1 a.m. each morning to begin the day's baking for the bakery's 5 a.m. opening.
On the Friday morning of the students visit, Getchell said early that morning she had prepared a variety of baked goods, including more than 300 donuts, which were nearly gone as of 10 a.m. Getchell said although you can go to school to learn how to become a baker, she was fortunate to have someone provide her with on the job training.
Fifth graders explore paths in preparing for project
Throngs of fifth graders from Beaver Valley Elementary School descended on Brush businesses and government entities last week to learn about and see firsthand the wide variety of of jobs available to them in the future.


text: An AI computer virus called Venjix took over all of the Earth computers, rendering all communication useless while creating an army of robot droids to destroy everything. Humanity last safehaven became the domed city of Corinth. Surrounded by Venjix forces and a force field, it is nearly impossible to enter without luck or firepower. When the force field is lowered to allow surviving humans into the sanctuary, Dr. K's RPM Power Rangers fight Venjix forces to protect Corinth from being destroyed.


text:
Why Do You Need Marksmanship?
Marksmanship is the ability to hit your target. It is important for two reasons.
- The first reason is safety. If you can hit your target, you will be confident. When you know you can shoot accurately, you don't need to spend extra time thinking about how to shoot, but can instead concentrate on where to aim and determine if a shot is safe.
- The second reason is to make a clean kill. A hunter's goal should be to place one accurate shot for a quick, clean, humane kill. A good hunter practices marksmanship skills until his or her shots are consistently accurate.
Shooting combines the activities of loading and unloading a firearm, selecting the correct ammunition, and applying shooting skills. It isn't a difficult activity, but it takes time, practice, coaching, and self-study to become proficient in the use of a rifle and/or a shotgun.
Ask a firearm instructor to help you when you are learning how to shoot. You may also join a shooting club. For shotgun owners, try shooting trap, skeet, or sporting clays. For rifle shooters, try target shooting. These exercises will hone your shooting skills.
The fundamentals of shooting can be learned in the classroom before you head to the range. Some firearm instructors will employ training simulators, such as a rifle that emits a laser beam, to teach the basics of marksmanship. Talk to your firearms instructor to determine what training program he or she recommends for you.


text:
Jacob Litoff wants to
GMO's, which have been proven to be harmful to mice and to human beings, must be forbidden from being grown or sold in
We applaud Trader Joes, Whole Foods, PCC Natural Markeys & Aldi for taking action on behalf of consumers who want sustainable, natural seafood for their families. Now, we are asking Safeway, a lead grocery retailer, to follow suit and commit to not offer unlabeled and poorly researched genetically engineered seafood. What is genetically engineered salmon? AquaBounty's…
With the amount of corruption in our government today the corporations, like Monsanto, are paying the members of Congress and those who work in the white house millions of dollars so they will vote in their favor. Therefore our government is no longer representing the people of the USA. It is simply representing the desires of the owners of these corrupt evil businesses. So only we the people…
Genetically Engineered Salmon!
God does a better job creating nature, doesn't he?
President Jim Gerritsen said, "Family farmers are seeking justice from the courts. We are hopeful that the Appellate justices will agree with our strong legal argument that this case should go forward. American farmers want our day in court. Our right-to-farm and our livelihoods are at stake. We…Read More
This is what stick fish look like!


text:
The Christians at Kingston Springs welcome you!
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text:
For soccer fans who watch a ton of matches each week, many of us have our own favorite soccer commentators — the ones we look forward to listening to, the ones that give us a thrill when we hear their voices on television.
After watching thousands of matches, both World Soccer Talk Senior Writer Kartik Krishnaiyer and I have compiled our lists of the top 10 commentators in the business.
Here are the top 10 soccer commentators in the business:
Kartik Krishnaiyer's top 10 commentators:
10. Peter Drury
9. Andres Cantor
8. JP Dellacamera
7. Ian Darke
6. Steve Bower
5. Phil Schoen
4. John Strong
3. Martin Tyler
2. Jon Champion
1. Derek Rae
• Top 10 soccer co-commentators
• Top 10 soccer studio analysts
Christopher Harris' top 10 commentators:
10. Dave Farrar
9. JP Dellacamera
8. Andres Cantor
7. Steve Bower
6. John Strong
5. Phil Schoen
4. Ian Darke
3. Derek Rae
2. Jon Champion
1. Martin Tyler
Who's on your top 10 list of favorite soccer co-commentators on television? Let us know in the comments section below.


text:
This month, you have three more chances to participate in running contests and win great prizes, so you don't want to miss them! 🙂
The Ocean Cleanup Contest
Boyan Slat's groundbreaking project aims at cleaning the tons of plastic that are polluting the world's oceans. SolidWorks offers designers around the world a chance to contribute to this project by participating to the Ocean Clean Up contest.
Prizes include:
- Admission to SolidWorks World 2014, including round-trip airfare to San Diego and four nights hotel.
- A one-week trip to The Netherlands to work with The Ocean Cleanup team, including round-trip airfare and seven nights hotel.
- One Microsoft Surface Pro with SolidWorks 2014 Premium
Design guidelines and details: http://www.oceancleanupcontest.com/
Deadline: Nov 15th, 2013
This new edition of the "MadeIn3D" contest, in partnership with 3D printing services provider Sculpteo, will highlight designs that demonstrate the superiority of 3D printing over traditional manufacturing for non-assembly objects.
Prizes include an iPad Mini, and your design 3D printed.
Design guidelines and details: http://www.3dvia.com/madein3d/
Deadline: November 8th, 2013
#IFWE Challenge
Our second edition of the #IFWE Challenge, in partnership with GreenBiz and NetImpact, lets you dream world-changing ideas simply beginning with the words "IF WE".
Prizes include:
- 3-day visit to 3DS Paris Campus or 3DS Boston Campus (including travel & accommodation)
- Latest-generation iPads loaded with 3DS software
- Gifts from our partners GreenBiz and NetImpact
Contest guidelines and details: http://www.3ds.com/if-we/challenge
Deadline: October 28th, 2013


text:
Restore my website from a Zip file
You can use a direct download link to the Zip file that contains a backup of your website to restore the website from Pro Sites.
Note: Only backups created in Pro Sites can be used for the restore process.
- Log in to your Pro account. (Need help logging in?)
- Click Pro Clients and select Pro Sites.
- Click Websites in the left sidebar.
- Hover over the website and click Backups.
- Click Backups Options in the upper-right corner.
- Enter the URL that leads to a ZIP archive in Restore from ZIP section on the right-hand side.
Note: When using a Dropbox download link, change dl=0 to dl=1 at the end of the URL to create a direct download link.
- Optional: In Create new admin, enter the new WordPress admin credentials. If this form is left blank, WordPress admin from the backup will be restored.
- Click Restore.


text:
Today's technologies allow staying online practically 24 hrs a day, periodically falling into a sleeping mode. The Internet became easily accessible and numerous devices can connect us to the web from everywhere, and every time when we surf the web we are being registered, at least via IP address of our devices.
I bet it was more than once that you had to fill out a sort of name-company-position-email-telephone-whatever form when registering or subscribing to something. Do you think about preserving privacy of your information when leaving such data on someone's website? (more…)


text:
We got our first GWP in 1999, after a very thorough search. We were looking for a hunting dog for Tom, that Jodi could compete with at dog shows. We were impressed with the number of Dual Champions in the breed--an indication that this breed was different from a lot of other sporting breeds--a GWP can be a GREAT field dog, and still be very competitive in the show ring.
Champions bred by Idawire
After one hunting season with Cruiser, our new GWP, Tom didn't want to wait until fall to do more field work, so he became involved in Field Trials. Tom enjoyed field trials for a number of years, and still judges hunt tests and field trials, but now his focus is on hunting! He hopes to have more time in the future to compete in field trials again, but for now he's happy with hunting.
Jodi still enjoys showing the GWPs in the show ring.
We believe that is very important for these dogs to remain "Dual" dogs, so as we continue to breed GWPs, we will always work at breeding dogs that are great hunting dogs/field dogs, and that have correct conformation, coats, AND temperaments!
Because every GWP--hunting dog and show dog, are ultimately pets, we will always work at breeding GWPs with good temperaments.
Photo Gallery
Other GWP Sites
Mini Wirehaired Dachshund
Email us
In 2007 we moved to Wyoming. Tom has enjoyed his new hunting areas in Wyoming, but he still makes regular trips to South Dakota to hunt the Sharptails and pheasant.


text:
The improbable central governor of maximal endurance performance.
The concept of the governor is not new-Noakes and Frank Marino (2009a) acknowledge mention of it in 1924 by one of the great physiologists, AV Hill-but it is only Noakes and his colleagues who write articles devoted to it. Debates about the governor and related issues have featured at several conferences, including one I reported on in a 1999 issue of Sportscience. Most recently, the role of the governor in limiting maximal oxygen uptake was the subject of a debate between Noakes and Marino (2009a) and Bjorn Ekblom (2009a) in the pages of the Journal of Applied Physiology. The debate, the commentaries that followed it (Shephard et al., 2009) and the "last words" (Ekblom, 2009b; Noakes and Marino, 2009b) rekindled my interest in the governor model but left me feeling confused about its role. This article represents the way I came to terms with the evidence.
In an early draft of this article I argued that a governor makes little sense from an evolutionary perspective. Only an unintelligent designer would endow animals with capacities they cannot use. Furthermore, if you are being chased by a predator, it is better to push to your physiological maximum and run the risk of catastrophic collapse than to be held back by a governor and face increased risk of death. But a colleague was quick to point out that a governor could benefit the predator, if it is better to be held back and hunt again in an undamaged state than to go all out, collapse, and be in a poor condition for the next chase. Another colleague suggested that, as a predator, an animal could get the benefit of a governor, but as prey it could avoid the disadvantage by overriding the governor with fear signals from the limbic system. These arguments are interesting but by themselves unconvincing. I also found nothing useful in a search for Noakes, governor and evolution in journals, although in reviewing this article, Frank Marino drew my attention to pertinent discussions in several texts (Marino, 2008; Mosso, 1915). It's safe to say that appeal to evolutionary principles will not provide good evidence for or against a governor, unless the development or elimination of a governor is a reproducible outcome in simulations of natural selection covering a wide range of environmental scenarios. Meantime we need other tangible evidence, and there is now enough of that to reach a reasonably confident conclusion.
The governor model is based originally on the observation that catastrophic failures in intense exercise are rare. Exercise increases the risk of sudden collapse or death with some diseases, but healthy individuals just don't seem to be able to exercise to the point of sudden collapse from muscle rigor, cardiac arrhythmia or arrest, pulmonary edema, or neuronal dysfunction resulting in disorientation or fainting. Are there better explanations than the governor for the rarity of such exercise catastrophes? I think so.
Fatigue in skeletal muscle automatically places a cap on metabolic demand: any marked fall in availability of energy (ATP) is self-limiting, so there cannot be a sufficient shortage of ATP to drive the muscle into a state like rigor mortis. A similar self-limiting process could apply to cardiac muscle: if the heart fatigues, it pumps less blood, so skeletal muscles can't maintain their power output, so the demand for blood falls, so the load on the heart falls, so the demand of heart muscle for ATP falls, so there is no development of the kind of shortage of energy that compromises the electrical activity or contractility of the heart during exercise with ischemic heart disease. Edema in the lungs is also self-limiting: as the alveolar membrane thickens with fluid exuding from the pulmonary capillaries, oxygen transfer to the blood falls, so arterial hypoxemia begins to develop, so the muscles can't maintain their power output, so their demand for blood falls, so cardiac output and pulmonary blood pressure fall, so the edema plateaus at nothing like a catastrophic level.
Neuronal dysfunction could arise from intense exercise in various ways: hypoxemia, hypocapnia, hypotension, and especially hyperthermia. The only self-limiting process that can offset any of these changes is fainting, which does not normally occur and which in any case is a catastrophic outcome in a life-or-death situation. If the governor is not involved, the animal can protect its brain and stay conscious only by responding to the sensory stimuli that, at least in humans, evoke unpleasant perceptions. Intense exercise is reasonably unpleasant well before there is any risk of neuronal dysfunction: it's your brain's way of telling you to avoid exercise that damages muscle fibers, that uses up energy stores, and that increases the risk of injury if you miss your footing. Unpleasant perceptions of effort during exercise can therefore arise from various chemoreceptors, ergoreceptors and thermoreceptors in the body, but the perceptions most relevant to catastrophic neuronal dysfunction are probably oppressive feelings of heat and breathlessness, which build until they become imperatives to reduce exercise intensity. This protective mechanism is a governor of sorts, but importantly, it allows for the possibility of the animal pushing its physiology to maximum and holding it there until the feelings are intolerable.
So much for the better explanations, but what about specific evidence against the governor? The governor model predicts that catastrophic failures would be frequent at intensities above maximal effort. This prediction cannot be investigated directly-you can't make more than a maximal effort-but it is possible to stimulate muscles electrically to a greater extent than you can activate them consciously. Such stimulation results in fatigue, not rigor or supercontracture (Spriet et al., 1987), so the prediction of a catastrophe in skeletal muscle thus far has failed. As far as I know, excessive stimulation of heart muscle also fails to produce sustained contracture, rigor, fibrillation, or any dysfunction other than simple fatigue. Evidently muscles do have self-limiting or other built-in mechanisms to protect against catastrophic failure.
The prediction of the governor model that gets most attention from researchers is that performance is limited by drive to the muscles. It follows that the governor model is disproved if there is one common example of maxing out of a physiological system required for intense exercise. For endurance exercise of sufficient intensity, the evidence presented by Ekblom (2009a) is clearly in favor of oxygen consumption reaching a plateau consistent with a true maximum in 10 out of 10 well-trained subjects. Ekblom's data also show that the maximum in oxygen consumption appears to be due to a maximum in cardiac output, and the data of Russ Richardson (e.g., Richardson et al., 1999) and others are consistent with fatigue developing in muscle fibers in response to a shortage of oxygen. Thus, performance appears to be limited by delivery of oxygen to muscles, and therefore not by delivery of action potentials to muscles.
Noakes is usually emphatic in his denial of the existence of a plateau in maximum oxygen uptake. His failure to mention it in the point-counterpoint debate may represent long overdue acceptance, but in rebutting Ekblom's counterpoint he asserts that "the magnitude of the VO2max ... is determined by the mass of muscle that the brain is prepared to recruit". If I understand this assertion and the rest of the article correctly, the governor allows activation of only a certain amount of muscle mass, thereby setting the maximum of oxygen consumption. But we obviously can and do recruit more muscle in a shorter bout of more intense exercise, so VO2max should be higher if Noakes is right, yet Ekblom found the same VO2max in shorter and other bouts involving more muscle mass. Noakes would have to argue that the governor cuts down recruitment as the bout proceeds, but in that case, how can power output be maintained during the bout? Yes, some regulation of muscle recruitment does occur, but it is there apparently to achieve a level and pattern of activation that minimizes fatigue in a muscle that is maxed out (Enoka and Stuart, 1992). Furthermore, the governor would have to use signals from the periphery to decide on how much muscle mass to activate-otherwise it would not know that it could activate more muscle to achieve the higher VO2max seen with blood transfusions or hyperoxia-but it is too much of a coincidence that control based on these signals results in a VO2max that plateaus to the same value for different intensities between bouts and at different times within a bout. (In their last words, Noakes and Marino claimed that increasing oxygen delivery to muscle does not improve maximal exercise performance, but the claim was based on exercise in unusual circumstances.) The simple explanation for the physiology of intense exercise in Ekblom's studies is that oxygen consumption and power output are maxed out by a limitation in the periphery: delivery of oxygen. The implausible explanation is that oxygen consumption and power output are limited by muscle recruitment via a governor.
In conclusion, intense exercise damages muscle, wastes energy stores, increases the risk of acute traumatic injury, and if continued long enough in the heat, increases the risk of damaging the brain. It is therefore hardly surprising that we perceive such exercise as unpleasant and that we will sometimes choose not to reach a physiologically limited maximum. But on the basis of available evidence, some healthy humans can and do reach a physiological maximum without immediate catastrophic failure of any organ, at least in intense endurance exercise. Physical performance enhancement in such exercise is evidently all about increasing the ability of muscles to output power, not about lifting the limit set by a governor. Reviewers' Comments
Bjorn Ekblom found the article "in line with my views in the debate with Noakes and Marino, who refuse to accept my points about VO2max. It seems to me they always add odd ideas without any hard evidence." He also thought it was worth calling attention to the point he made in his final word: if there were a need for a governor to protect the heart, it would surely limit the work of the heart directly via cardiovascular control rather than indirectly via control of skeletal muscle. I agree. In Ekblom's experiments the governor clearly did not limit the work of the heart, as shown by higher blood pressure at higher intensities of exercise at maximum cardiac output.
Frank Marino made several useful suggestions for improvement, which I included. He conceded that "the evidence for the governor is scarce in comparison to that supporting the classic view" but added that "evidence for the governor will come in due course". He questioned whether any studies showed evidence for a cardiac output plateau when oxygen uptake plateaued, then stated that the VO2 plateau is possibly an experimental artifact. Finally, in his view "researchers who do not support the governor understand it only as a mechanism to explain maximal exercise, whereas the governor attempts to explain the limitations of exercise in a number of conditions and situations". I find this last point particularly hard to accept. A central governor has been put forward as a specific mechanism limiting maximal endurance performance. The executive and regulatory functions of the brain in other forms of exercise represent a real governor that we have known about for generations. In my view, conflating these functions with the improbable central governor of maximal endurance performance leads to confusion and misattribution.
Acknowledgement: the colleagues I mentioned were Ken Quarrie and Ramesh Nayar. Zig Gibson and Chris Bolter also provided feedback on drafts.
Ekblom B (2009a). Counterpoint: maximal oxygen uptake is not limited by a central nervous system governor. Journal of Applied Physiology 106, 339-341
Ekblom BT (2009b). Last word on Point:Counter-point: maximal oxygen uptake is/is not limited by a central nervous system governor. Journal of Applied Physiology 106, 348
Enoka RM, Stuart DG (1992). Neurobiology of muscle fatigue. Journal of Applied Physiology 72, 1631-1648
Marino FE (2008). The evolutionary basis of thermoregulation and exercise performance. In: Marino FE (editor) Thermoregulation and Human Performance. Karger, Basel. 1-13
Mosso A (1915). Fatigue. George Allen & Unwin, London
Noakes TD, Marino FE (2009a). Point: maximal oxygen uptake is limited by a central nervous system governor. Journal of Applied Physiology 106, 338-339
Noakes TD, Marino FE (2009b). Last word on Point:Counterpoint: maximal oxygen uptake is/is not limited by a central nervous system governor. Journal of Applied Physiology 106, 347
Richardson RS, Leigh JS, Wagner PD, Noyszewski EA (1999). Cellular PO2 as a determinant of maximal mitochondrial O2 consumption in trained human skeletal muscle. Journal of Applied Physiology 87, 325-331
Shephard RJ, Foster C, Lucia A, Bassett DR, Marcora SM, Gonzalez-Alonso J, Mortensen SP, Cheung SS, Flouris AD, Kemi OJ (2009). Comments on Point:Counterpoint: maximal oxygen uptake is/is not limited by a central nervous system governor. Journal of Applied Physiology 106, 343-346
Spriet LL, Soderlund K, Bergstrom M, Hultman E (1987). Anaerobic energy release in skeletal muscle during electrical stimulation in men. Journal of Applied Physiology 62, 611-615
Published May 2009 [C]2009
Update 15 May 09: minor improvement to wording of Abstract.
Will G Hopkins Sport and Recreation, AUT University, Auckland 0627, New Zealand. Email. Reviewers: Bjorn Ekblom, Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Frank E Marino, Human Movement Studies, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, Australia.
|Printer friendly Cite/link Email Feedback
|Title Annotation:
|Perspectives / Performance
|Hopkins, Will G.
|Article Type:
|Geographic Code:
|Jan 1, 2009
|Previous Article:
|Sport performance at the Oslo conference of the European College of Sport Science.
|Next Article:
|The 2009 race for impact by journals in sport and exercise science and medicine, and Tom Reilly's H index.


text:
Hey what's up. This tutorial will show you how to make the head of the one and only first enemy of Obi Wan Kenobi ,as the Padawan of Qui Gon Jinn, and Qui Gon Jinn, the mighty Darth Maul! Well not that mighty though. What you didn't know is that when they met Anakin, Queen Amidala, Padme, and others, and during the fight against Maul, Qui Gon saw Anakin's and Obi Wan's future on how Anakin got seduced by the Sith and became Darth Vader as Obi Wan sliced Anakin's legs off and when he started to melt. So here's the tutorial of Darth Maul, and also, who thinks he's the Phantom Menace?
DragoArt members upload artwork and drawing tutorials! They are also allowed to leave comments on tutorials, profiles, etc. Many more features, as well; it's way better than just being a boring guest! Register Now!


text:
Table of Contents
- Supported User Authentication Methods
- Server Authentication with Public Keys
- Server Authentication with Certificates
- User Authentication with Passwords
- User Authentication with Public Keys
- User Authentication with Certificates
- Host-Based User Authentication (Unix)
- User Authentication with Keyboard-Interactive
- User Authentication with GSSAPI
The Secure Shell protocol used by the Tectia client/server solution provides mutual authentication – the client authenticates the server and the server authenticates the client user. Both parties are assured of the identity of the other party.
The remote Secure Shell server host can authenticate itself using either traditional public-key authentication or certificate authentication.
Different methods can be used to authenticate Secure Shell client users. These authentication methods can be combined or used separately, depending on the level of functionality and security you want.
User authentication methods used by Tectia Client by default are: public-key, password, keyboard-interactive, and GSSAPI authentication. Public-key and certificate authentication are combined into the public-key authentication method.
When several interactive authentication methods are defined as allowed, Tectia Client will alternate between the methods and offers each of them in turn to the server in case the previous method failed. This makes it possible to define different authentication methods for different users, and they can be handled with the same server configuration.


text:
Custo (Feat. Gate) - Waka Flocka (Choppa Choppa Down Cover) [Unsigned Hype]
M.V.H. Most Valuable Hustler hosted by:
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text:
Contact UsBoard on Research Data and InformationPolicy and Global Affairs DivisionThe National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine500 Fifth Street, NWWashington, DC 20001Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Designing the Microbial Research Commons: An International Symposium
National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, 8-9 October 2009
Board on Research Data and Information
Policy and Global Affairs Division
National Academy of Sciences, U.S.
[ Summary] [ Task Statement ] [ Meeting Agenda ] [ Steering Committee Members ]
The opportunities to accelerate scientific discovery and resulting applications are made increasingly possible by technological breakthroughs and pioneering methods to process and integrate vast amounts of data, information, and raw materials. Microbial research, which is outgrowing its "small science" institutional structures, needs to build upon these opportunities in an attempt to develop a global microbial research commons to promote access to databases, literature, and materials through an open, digitally distributed network. However, the increasingly blurred line between basic and applied research confers potential economic value even upon research inputs that are far upstream. As a result, the research community must increasingly come to terms with commoditizing pressures within developed economies. These pressures restrict the conduct of public-sector research through strong intellectual property rights and related contractual restrictions on access to and use of materials, publications, and data. At the same time, restrictive policies in developing countries under the Convention on Biodiversity complicate research uses of microbial materials held in public repositories ex situ, and make it increasingly difficult to access the vast in situ materials these countries control.
These trends have led to a proliferation of diverse licensing strategies and techniques, which collectively have elevated the transaction costs and other barriers for even relatively simple cooperative research projects. There is, thus, a need to focus on the obstacles to upstream, non-commercial research and the solutions to them. An essential, early step is development of a set of design principles that address the economic, legal, and institutional dimensions of the transformation of the existing research infrastructure into what could become a globally distributed and digitally integrated research commons. The goal of this redesigned "soft" infrastructure would be to better manage publicly funded research resources, without compromising downstream commercial applications and fruitful partnerships between the public and private sectors, or between developed and developing countries.
The Board on Research Data and Information therefore is preparing an International Symposium on Designing the Microbial Research Commons, to be held at the National Academy of Sciences in Washington, DC on 8-9 October 2009. This Symposium will expand on prior international discussions on the same topic at a conference in June 2008 in Ghent, Belgium (see: http://www.microbialcommons.ugent.be/). The October 2009 International Symposium will address topics such as models to lower the transaction costs and support access to and use of microbiological materials and digital resources from the perspective of publicly funded research, public-private interactions, and developing country concerns. It also will have a sub-theme session focusing on research and applications in energy and environment, with the overall goal of stimulating more research and implementation of improved legal and institutional models for publicly funded research in microbiology.
The Board gratefully acknowledges the support for this project of the Department of Energy under grant number DE-SC0002579, as well as the core support it receives from the National Science Foundation, the National Institutes of Health, the Defense Technical Information Center, the Institute of Museum and Library Services, the National Institute of Standards and Technology, and the Library of Congress.
We are grateful to the Department of Energy, DOE grant DE-SC0002579, and the
National Science Foundation, NSF grant OCI-082173, for support of this project.


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Schmeichel blunder sinks Foxes
Doncaster staged a superb rearguard action to inflict high-flying Leicester's second defeat of the season after being gifted a goal by goalkeeper Kasper Schmeichel.
The Dane inexplicably punched a corner into his own net in the 17th minute and it was all hands to the pump for Rovers after that as City piled on the pressure in a bid to battle back.
But the home side worked tremendously hard and defended tenaciously to deny the Foxes a shot on target in the second half and hold on for a 1-0 Championship win.
The win ended a run of four home games without a victory for Rovers and in the end it was well deserved.
Leicester were just starting to settle into their stride after Rovers had made a bright start when they were undone by Schmeichel's blunder.
Neither side had really threatened up to that stage and the goal came from Doncaster's first corner.
It looked a poor corner from Mark Duffy when he drove it chest high to the near post.
But Schmeichel got his attempted clearance all wrong as he punched it into his own net under no pressure whatsoever.
Leicester seemed rattled by the goal and endured a shaky spell before hitting back to test home keeper Ross Turnbull for the first time. He reacted smartly to palm away a cracking 20-yard effort from Anthony Knockaert.
At the other end Wes Morgan did well to keep out Federico Macheda and then Theo Robinson had a goal bound effort deflected for a corner.
Schmeichel partly made amends for his mistake when he did well to dive full length to keep out a deflected 20-yard effort from Dean Furman in the 31st minute before the visitors put Doncaster under tremendous pressure towards the end of the half.
Paul Konchesky had a low 20-yard shot well held by Turnbull in the 36th minute as City began to dominate the play.
Doncaster had a lucky escape just before the interval when Jamie Vardy latched on to a cross from the left and controlled the ball superbly before hitting a low shot that beat Turnbull but bounced back off the far post.
Leicester maintained their grip in the second half with Rovers continually pinned back in their own half.
But the Foxes were foiled by some gritty defending and their own poor finishing.
Knockaert was unlucky, though, when he drove a terrific free kick just over the bar from a difficult angle in the 57th minute.
Leicester threw everything they had at the home side, but Rovers held firm and could have made it more convincing only for the impressive Chris Brown to blaze a good chance over the bar in the closing stages.
Source: PA
Source: PA


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A media law that stifles the press
There is a sad irony in the proposed media shield bill passed by the Senate Judiciary Committee earlier this month.
Lawmakers introduced the bill after the federal government violated press freedom by probing the phone records of Associated Press reporters without permission last year. According to the bill's sponsor, Sen. Charles Schumer (D-N.Y.), the proposed law "ensures that the tough investigative journalism that holds government accountable will be able to thrive."
Yet an amendment attached to the bill does the very thing the legislation purports to stop: Rather than providing a "shield" so that the government cannot force those who do journalism to reveal confidential sources, it determines who is and is not legally a journalist, offering protection only for those who fit a too-narrow definition of the term.
Spearheaded by Sen. Diane Feinstein (D-Calif.) — who told the Judiciary Committee she believes the bill should apply only to "real reporters" — the amendment defines a journalist as an "employee, independent contractor or agent of an entity that disseminates news or information" on one of a number of specified platforms, including newspapers, websites, books, television and radio. What's more, the law would cover only journalists who have been employed for one continuous year within the last 20 years, or three continuous months within the last five years. Protection would also apply to student journalists or freelancers but only if they have "substantially contributed" a "significant number of articles, stories, programs, or publications" over the past five years. While freelance journalists, who essentially sell their reporting services and stories to established news outlets for publication, would qualify as independent contractors, it's doubtful many independent bloggers would be granted protection under the new law because they do not write directly for an official news entity and are usually not paid employees. In short, bloggers would get shafted.
Feinstein's own statements make this clear. Speaking before the Judiciary Committee, she derided the hypothetical "17-year-old who drops out of high school, buys a website for five dollars, and starts a blog." Yet in the digital age, as Matt Drudge has pointed out, why can't that teenager report news every bit as significant as, say, Wolf Blitzer? It may be less likely, but that's no justification for unequal protections under the law. As Drudge understands, our digital era allows anyone to be a journalist, regardless if you are employed by a specific company or have a degree from a specific institution. Journalism is something you do, not something you are.
But there's even more at stake here. By making a distinction between those allegedly "qualified" to report the facts and everyone else, the proposed law would also restrict opportunities for whistleblowers, either prompting them to go only to journalists who are considered qualified by the government and therefore protected from revealing their sources, or making them less prone to risk exposing a story in the first place. Edward Snowden first sought anti-establishment journalists who were comfortable in the blogging and social media worlds rather than going to the New York Times, which he did not trust to publish the story immediately. It's easy to imagine how the bill's restrictive language could further hamper potential whistleblowers, especially considering that it excludes "acts that are reasonably likely to cause significant and articulable harm to national security." As Zoe Carpenter pointed out in Nation, the vague language of this loophole may not give protection to the journalists who need it most in high-stakes stories.
True, the amendment would allow federal judges to choose to declare someone a "covered journalist" if they do not meet the proposed criteria. This could potentially create some leeway for bloggers, but in reality it means uncertain protection at best. And it's hard to imagine a whistleblower taking much solace in the possible ruling of a federal judge.
Perhaps most sinister of all, the proposed law reeks of political calculus: Its definition of who is a journalist could restrict any blogger or citizen activist who, to the consternation of many politicians, actually practices good journalism by exposing difficult truths about our elected officials.
These criticisms all concern themselves with one foundational problem: The bill moves to put more regulatory power in the hands of the government. Passing a law with protections that do not apply to the vast majority of Americans – only a qualified minority – runs against the commitment to freedom that defines this country. It implies that most Americans can't be trusted to speak the truth and challenge authority, and it charges that the government can best handle the issue by passing laws that hinder them from doing so.
Recall the Justice Department's AP probe earlier this year, when officials tapped 20 phone lines without first getting permission or even notifying the news organization. As AP president Gary Pruitt put it, the DOJ's move violated the government's policies and procedures already in place. The problem wasn't that we lacked rules to stop the government from violating the press' First Amendment rights. Putting an arbitrary definition of "journalist" on the legal books does not fix the deeper, fundamental problem: government run amok.
Instead, let's return to the simple rights that have been with America since day one. We already have a law to protect the press without the government meddling in our newsgathering and excluding so many Americans from the reporting process. It's called the First Amendment.
Jason Stverak is the publisher of Watchdog.org and the President of the Franklin Center for Government & Public Integrity.


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Secret Cell Phone Tracking in the Sunshine State
The South Florida Sun‐Sentinel provides us with one more data point showing the growing frequency with which police are using cell phones as tracking devices—a practice whose surprising prevalence the ACLU shone light on in April. In fiscal year 2011–2012, the first year Florida kept tabs on cell location tracking, state authorities made 171 location tracking requests—and apparently hope to expand the program.
The article alludes to a couple of specific cases in which location tracking was employed—to find a murder suspect and a girl who was thought to have been kidnapped—both of which are perfectly legitimate uses of the technology in principle. In general, if there's enough evidence to issue an arrest warrant, the same evidence should support a warrant for tracking authority when the suspect's location isn't immediately known. In cases where police have a good faith belief that there's a serious emergency—such as a suspected kidnapping—it's even reasonable to allow police to seek location information without a court order, as is standard practice with most other kinds of electronic records requests. But the Sun‐Sentinel report is also unsettlingly vague about the precise legal standard followed in non‐emergency cases. According to a law enforcement official quoted in the story, the Florida Department of Law Enforcement's Electronic Surveillance "always seeks judicial approval to trail someone with GPS," while the written policy only "instructs agents to show probable cause for criminal activity to the department's legal counsel to see if a court order is necessary," implying that it sometimes is not necessary.
The term "court order," however, is quite broad: the word that's conspicuously absent from these definitions is "warrant"—an order meeting the Fourth Amendment's standards. In the past, the Justice Department has argued that many kinds of location tracking may be conducted using other kinds of authority, such as so‐called "pen register" and "2403(d)" orders. Unlike full‐fledged search warrants, which require a showing of "probable cause" to believe the suspect has committed a crime, these lesser authorities require only "reasonable grounds" to believe the information sought would be "relevant" to some legitimate investigation. That is, needless to say, a far lower hurdle to meet.
Police refusal to discuss the program with reporters is also part of a larger pattern of secrecy surrounding location tracking. As Magistrate Judge Stephen Smith observes in a recent and important paper, such orders are often sealed indefinitely—which in practice means "forever." Unlike the targets of ordinary wiretaps, who must eventually be informed about the surveillance after the fact, citizens who've been lojacked may never learn that the authorities were mapping their every move. Such secrecy may be useful to police—but it also means that improper use of an intrusive power is far less likely to ever come to light.
Location tracking can be a valuable tool for an array of legitimate law enforcement purposes—but especially in light of the Supreme Court's unanimous decision in United States v. Jones, it has to be governed by clear, uniform standards that satisfy the demands of the Fourth Amendment.


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- Page 1 Sony VAIO T13 Review
- Page 2 AV, Performance, Value and Verdict Review
- Very affordable
- Original design
- Decent screen
- Relatively heavy and 'fat'
- Average keyboard
- Average performance
Key Specifications
- Review Price: £579.00
- Aluminium lid, magnesium alloy palm rest
- 13.3in, 1366 x 768 TN screen
- Core i3-i5, 4GB RAM, hybrid/pure SSD storage
- 1.53kg
Sony has been quite late to the Ultrabook party, possibly because it already offered a range of slim and light laptops with the likes of the stunningly thin and powerful Sony VAIO Z. Unexpectedly for what is generally a premium laptop brand, it has not only entered the game, but done so with a budget-oriented entrant, the 13-inch Sony VAIO T13.
The VAIO T13 isn't your average Ultrabook either, thanks to styling that sets it apart from the crowd. Where most Ultrabooks are wedge-shaped anorexics, the T13 is a chunky little beast that's not afraid to throw its weight around. To be fair, the HP Folio 13 did chunky first, but its angles are nowhere near as aggressive as the T13's.
On the specs side of things it's more conservative, with your choice of Sandy Bridge or Ivy Bridge Core i3 processors, but what really sets it apart from the crowd is that it's the cheapest big-brand Ultrabook on the market, at a mere £580 for the base model – that's cheaper than the previous big-name budget champ, the Acer Aspire S3.
Design and Build
As mentioned, the Sony VAIO T13 is a pretty angular beast, with a lid that overhangs at the front, and transitions into a chromed rear hinge section. It's constructed using several bits and, though these are stylishly joined together, it's no MacBook Air or Samsung Series 9. On the other hand, it's not trying to be, and deserves credit for originality. In its own right, the VAIO T13 is quite an attractive laptop, thanks mainly to its brushed aluminium lid.
Again, build quality isn't up there with the best of the rest but is very good all the same. Everything is tightly fitted with no open seams and hardly any flex or creak. Frankly, the Sony VAIO T13 is a far nicer Ultrabook than you might expect given its low price.
Despite its pronounced angles, there are no sharp edges like you would find on a MacBook, as these are subtly rounded. In yet another unique design touch, opening the laptop up raises the back slightly thanks to two feet that reside on the back of the lid when the T13 is closed. This supposedly gives a more comfortable angle for typing, though we prefer a flat keyboard.
If there's one disadvantage to the VAIO T13's design, it's that it's a bit on the heavy side for an Ultrabook, at 1.53kg. Not a millstone by any stretch, but for a 13-inch ultraportable sans optical drive or dedicated graphics we feel this is getting a little too weighty.
Thanks to its chunky body, the Sony VAIO T13 can accommodate a nice selection of full-size connectors. At the right you'll find the power jack, a USB 2.0 port and a USB 3.0 port, while the left sports a headphone jack, Memory Stick/SD(XC) card reader, HDMI and VGA for video, and Ethernet. Wireless duties are handled by the usual Wi-Fi N plus Bluetooth, while an HD webcam takes care of video chatting.
Sony has a bit of a mixed record with its laptop keyboards, and unfortunately the T13 is no exception. Its chiclet keyboard isn't backlit, but that's expected from a budget Ultrabook. Less forgivable is that, though keys are well-spaced and feel pleasant, feedback is so shallow as to offer a rather nebulous typing experience. In other words, it's usable but not pleasant.
We have no complaints regarding the touchpad though. While not as large as the massive glass pads on many premium Ultrabooks, it offers a pleasant surface and responsive action, with a nice click to its integrated 'buttons'.
Unlike other sites, we thoroughly test every product we review. We use industry standard tests in order to compare features properly. We'll always tell you what we find. We never, ever accept money to review a product. Tell us what you think - send your emails to the Editor.


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The Interim and Full Service schedule descriptions we provide are just a guide of what we do and will vary on what each Manufacturer service schedule says, some additional items maybe required to comply with your warranty. However, we always provide a complete quote before anything additional is carried out.
Change oil and oil filter (special oils at extra charge). Top up bonnet fluid levels. Check brakes. Check steering. Check suspension. Check tyres. Check pollen filter. Collection and delivery.
Change oil and oil filter (special oils if required £24.00 + VAT). Top up bonnet fluid levels. Check brakes (remove wheels). Check brake fluid. Check steering. Check suspension. Check tyres. Check pollen filter. Change air filter. Replace spark plugs if applicable (at extra cost). Collection and delivery.
|Initial Checks
10 points
10 points
|Collect vehicle from specified address
|Check vehicle history
|Note customer comments and recommendations
|Check for damage to body work
|Check trims
|Check lamps
|Check number plates
|Check mirrors
|Check timing belt interval
|Log vehicle condition using Servicing Stop mobile app
|Vehicle on the ground
27 points
35 points
|Check ABS
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|Check front and rear windscreen wipers and washers
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|Check condition and security of rear view mirror
|Check fuel cap
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|Check PAS
|Check auxiliary belt
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|Check pollen/cabin filter
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|Check clutch operation
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|Check and top up gearbox oil
|Check and top up axle oil
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|Check and top up all under bonnet fluid levels
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|Check and top up clutch fluid
|Lubricate door hinges
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|Check coolant systems for leaks
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|Check operation of throttle and lubricate as required
|Replace air filter
|Replace spark plugs if applicable (at extra cost)
|Visually inspect condition of HT leads
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|Vehicle raised / off the Ground
18 points
26 points
|Carry out underbody inspection (check for any corrosion)
|Replace engine oil (specialist if required £24.00 + VAT)
|Replace oil filter
|Check condition and security of steering
|Check condition and security of suspension
|Check condition and security of mountings
|Check condition and security of gaiters
|Check exhaust system for security and leaks
|Check fuel lines for security and leaks
|Check brake pipes
|Check hoses
|Check handbrake cables
|Check cylinders/callipers for leakage (if applicable)
|Check condition of distributor cap
|Check engine and gearbox mounts for wear
|Test starter motor cranking operation and security
|Visually inspect radiator and coolant pipes/hoses for security and leaks
|Check all wheel bearings for noise/free play
|Check tyre condition and adjust pressure (if required)
|Check and record brake pads/shoes for condition and operation
|Check and record drums and discs for condition and operation
|Check condition and operation of front brakes (wheels removed)
|Check condition and operation of rear brakes (wheels removed)
|Refit wheels (if applicable) - set wheel torque
|Additional checks as per manufacturer schedule
|Log inspection details using Servicing Stop mobile app
|Final checks
6 points
6 points
|Conduct road test
|Check exhaust emissions and idle speed
|Reset service light (where applicable)
|Stamp service book
|Deliver vehicle to specified address
|Log vehicle delivery condition using Servicing Stop mobile app
European law, known as "Block Exemption", changed in 2003, which means that Independent Garages can carry out a Mercedes service without making your Mercedes warranty invalid. A Mercedes service with one of our approved garages means that your car service has its warranty protected, because we use OE quality parts. All Mercedes service books are stamped on every Mercedes service we do – also each Mercedes service carries a 12 month Parts and Labour Guarantee.
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nice early pick upMr P. Batchelor - Knebworth
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Your MERCEDES - B-CLASS, B-CLASS servicing at Servicing Stop caters for all models within the MERCEDES - B-CLASS, B-CLASS vehicle range.
If you do not see your vehicle in the list below please call us and we will give you a quote for your car service accordingly.
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oh my god look at that butt, her whale tail is showing so high!
by garv November 10, 2003
oh my god look at that butt, her whale tail is showing so high!!
by Saint_Vitus March 17, 2005
A thong/g-string riding up the back, usually while wearing low-rise jeans. Derived from a whale's tail sticking out of the water.
Whoa, check out that whale tail! Pull your camera out!
by skribb January 02, 2006
whale tail – the appearance of the top rear strap of a woman's thong, v-string or g-string underwear above the waistline of her pants, shorts, or skirt whenever she sits, bends over or squats, though some low-rise clothing is now designed to display the whale tail at all times; so-called because the strap closely resembles a whale's tail rising from the water.
by orencool April 09, 2006
A whale tail is the effect that happens when a girls G-string or Thong becomes exposed as she walks, bends over or squats. Actually whenever you can see that wonderful exposed thong in the shape of a whale's tail. Lowrise jeans and higher cut thongs are creating for extremly great Whale Tails around as more and more thongs become exposed.
When Allison was bent over to tie her shoe her pink thong rose up and I saw a magnificent whaletail.
by Miles Dyson December 16, 2005
A fashion boom popularized by Britney Spears and Anna Korinkova incorporating hipster jeans and high riding thongs.
by Bill Peters August 03, 2004
when a girls underwear shows because her pants are too low therefore forming the shape of a whale tail on her behind
Dude check out that whale tail
by gilly54 April 24, 2006
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