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Summary: Health care costs for an average U.S. family stole any gains in real income during the past decade. Higher deductible health insurance plans combined with a strategy to maintain health are one way to win the battle. TrekDesk treadmill desks can help.
A recent study has uncovered a sobering fact about the escalating costs of health care, it actually wiped out any gains in income made in the past decade for an average American family. Staying healthy just keeps getting more expensive. TrekDesk treadmill desks offer a health solution to lower the costs for employers and employees alike.
The study, published in Health Affairs, showed that an average American family of four with employer based health insurance experienced an income increase from $76,000 in 1999 to $99,000 in 2009 (in current dollars). That's a 30% jump. Great right? Unfortunately this gain was offset almost entirely by the rising costs of health care that came directly out of employee's pockets. The study found that this average American family only saw an increase of $95 more in monthly discretionary income. Had the cost of health care only risen at the rate of inflation the family would have had $545 more per month or $5,400 more per year in discretionary income.
The authors of the study David Auerbach and Arthur Kellerman are sounding the alarm bell, "the burdens imposed on all payers by steadily rising health care spending can no longer be ignored."
Health care spending in 2009 represented 17.6% of our nation's GDP with a per capita cost of more than $8,000.
Are costs rising because the rate of disease is escalating? The increased rates of chronic disease are a factor, however a study by Roehrig and Rousseau found that the increases are due to "cost per case" increases "rather than rising disease prevalence" by a factor of 3:1.
Health care reform needs to focus more on "cost per case", driving down employer's insurance costs, but employees have a stake in this as well. 84% of health insurance claims are related to lack of exercise and poor lifestyle choices. That has to stop as well. We are on an unsustainable collision course that threatens our nation's health and economic well being. We have to offer more opportunities for movement in the work place.


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subset: commoncrawl


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Who Was America's Sweetheart in 2018?
There is no shortage of well-liked female celebrities in the world and they are all most definitely girlfriend material. With all the talented, attractive, and popular actresses and celebrities out there, how can you pick just one? Unfortunately, only one leading lady can serve as America's girlfriend in 2018—though she need not be born in the USA. Just a favorite among 'Mericans. Which of these popular women do you think would make the perfect girlfriend?
The ever charming Emma Stone, riding off the 2017 La La Land success, could definitely land a spot as America's leading lady. Or maybe Luptia Nyong'o's Black Panther fame will help her win America's heart. Other favorite actresses include Tomb Raider Alicia Vikander, The Good Place star Kristen Bell, and Star Wars heroine Daisy Ridley.
It's not just actresses that could end up the quintessential American girlfriend of 2018. Singers like country gal Carrie Underwood or ever-controversial Taylor Swift could top the list as well. Models (Cara Delevigne), comedians (Kate McKinnon), and other female celebrities (Kendall Jenner) may also end up the "It Girl" of 2018.
Which of the hottest female celebrities would you want to spend a day with? Cast your vote for America's girlfriend below and add anyone we missed to the list.
See who topped last year's list of America's girlfriends in 2017 and who is America's sweetheart in 2019.


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Rotavirus is a common virus that causes vomiting and diarrhea, especially in infants and young children. Childcare centers are a common site of outbreaks.
The vaccine, which is a liquid given by mouth, is recommended at ages 2 and 4 months, and again at 6 months, depending on the brand of vaccine used.
Rotavirus can cause severe diarrhea, which can lead to dehydration and, for some kids, hospitalization. Besides protecting the individual child, vaccination against rotavirus can help stop spread in the community.
Side effects can include diarrhea and vomiting, and a fever.
The vaccine is not recommended if your child:
Talk to your doctor about whether it's a good idea for your child to be vaccinated if he or she:
Your doctor may determine that the benefits of vaccinating your child outweigh the potential risks.
For pain and fever, check with your doctor to see if you can give either acetaminophen or ibuprofen, and to find out the appropriate dose.
If vomiting or diarrhea happen, give your child small amounts of fluid often and watch for signs of dehydration, such as less urine (pee) than usual.
Rarely, some kids will develop intussusception within a week of getting the first dose of the vaccine. So after the first dose, watch for symptoms such as periods of intense abdominal pain with uncontrollable crying; vomiting; blood or mucus in the poop; and seeming weak, drowsy, or fussy.
Reviewed by: Elana Pearl Ben-Joseph, MD
Date Reviewed: 01-03-2019


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DENVER (AP) – Semyon Varlamov stopped 33 shots and Nick Holden scored his first NHL goal to break a second-period tie, lifting the soaring Colorado Avalanche to a 4-1 win over the Washington Capitals on Sunday night.
Patrick Bordeleau, P.A. Parenteau and Gabriel Landeskog also added goals for the Avalanche, who are off to a franchise-best 14-2 start under new coach Patrick Roy.
Before this season, the best mark through 16 games was 13-3 by the 1994-95 Quebec Nordiques.
Joel Ward had the lone goal for the Capitals as they lost for a second straight night. Alex Ovechkin thought he had a goal late in the third, but it was disallowed when replay showed he kicked it in with his left skate.
Varlamov once again came up big against his former team, especially on a 5-on-3 early in the final period to preserve the lead. Varlamov also made 40 saves in a 5-1 win at Washington on Oct. 12.
Early in the third period, Cory Sarich was called for hooking to give Washington, the top power play team in the league, a man advantage. And then the Avalanche were whistled for too many men on the ice, setting up a 5-on-3 situation for 56 seconds.
But Varlamov turned back shot after shot, the crowd cheering "Varly, Varly" over and over.
Ward tied the game at 1 in the second period when a puck caromed off the boards on a faceoff and right to his stick. With no defenders near him, Ward faked Varlamov one way and then shot it in for his eighth goal of the season.
Just 28 seconds later, Holden gave the Avalanche back the lead when the defenseman took a pass from Landeskog and lined a shot past a screened Braden Holtby.
The Capitals received a scare late in the second when Ovechkin slipped while chasing a puck and crashed into the boards, with Jan Hejda falling on top of him. Ovechkin stayed down on the ice for several minutes, before skating to the bench and dabbing at his head with a towel. He also began yelling at the officials, apparently upset no penalty was called on the play.
Colorado got on the board early in the opening period when Cody McLeod lined a backhand shot toward the goal that Bordeleau redirected past Holtby. The officials reviewed the play to see if Bordeleau's stick was below the level of the crossbar and then announced to the crowd the call on the ice stood.
The Capitals struggled to generate much offense in the first period and didn't take their first shot until halfway through, when Ovechkin laced a slap shot that Varlamov turned aside.
Roy has a good thing going in goal these days, with Varlamov and backup Jean-Sebastien Giguere both playing well. The duo entered the game with a league-best 1.79 goals-against average.
"We trust our two goalies," Roy said. "We have a lot of confidence."
NOTES: Unhappy with an offside call, the Capitals argued with officials and were assessed an unsportsmanlike conduct penalty, which was served by F Jason Chimera. … It was a late-arriving crowd with the Denver Broncos playing an afternoon game in San Diego. By midway through the opening period, the arena was packed. … The Avalanche were without F Alex Tanguay (knee) and D Ryan Wilson (back). Both are out at least two more weeks. … Colorado is 8-1 against the Eastern Conference this season.
– By Pat Graham, AP Sports Writer
(© Copyright 2013 The Associated Press. All Rights Reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.)


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Hell, we can barely say the name (or tell time), but we understand the reason for all the security features this puppy boasts as part of a multi-faceted effort to deter counterfeiters. For anywhere between $US12,000 to the aforementioned $US60k, owners can customise their Vacheron Constantin Quai de l'Ile with 400 styles and deterrents, like the embedded invisible ink plastic slips that are placed beneath the watch face (see: the little sun between the 1 and 2 above). If that sounds familiar, it's because some of the same techniques are used in paper currency.
Also making the cut for this "impossible to counterfeit" timepiece—their boast, not ours—are layers of invisible UV marking, laser perforations of the watch's internal parts, high-security inks, and special secret measures that are used to secure passports and currencies.
Some of the 400 models even have tiny text on the dials that is readable only with a magnifying glass. And, like the watch, even the text is full of itself, as it reproduces portions of some letters sent between 19th-century family members of the watchmaker, Jaques-Barthélémy Vacheron and François Constantin. [WSJ]


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Things are about to get Grimm again for Snow White, thanks to director Rupert Sanders.
After directing high-concept, visually stunning commercials for products ranging from Nike, Absolut and DirectTV to video games "Halo 3" and "Call of Duty," the Brit helmer makes his big screen debut behind the camera of "Snow White & The Huntsman." His new take de-Disneyfies the fairy tale heroine, as played by Kristen Stewart, who contends with a genuinely scary Evil Queen (Charlize Theron) and a formidably hunky huntsman (Chris Hemsworth). Sanders shares his vision for restoring the darker dimensions to the fairest one of all.
As you got to know her and work with her, what were the discoveries you made about Kristen Stewart, as an actress, especially in contrast to how people perceive her from the "Twilight" movies?
I think what I realized is that she's such a good actor that everyone thinks she's Bella Swan. They believe that that's her. Obviously, an actor is playing a role: she is nothing like Bella. And I got on really well with Kristen. As I was writing stuff, she was there. We had a lot of conversations, seeing through her eyes. We worked really hard on developing that character together. I was just amazed at her talent, really. She's incredibly good at her craft. She's incredibly instinctive. She's incredibly intuitive. She will overcome fear like no one I've met, when it comes to it. She didn't really want to ride a horse – she had a bad horse-riding accident as a kid. When you're riding fast on a horse, with 200 other soldiers on horses riding behind you, through surf on a beach, that's terrifying. She really went there. She crafted the accent, and it's flawless. She's a stunning actor. I saw her first in 'Panic Room.' Then, I saw her again in 'Into the Wild.' I loved her in 'The Runaways.' I loved her in 'Welcome to the Rileys.' I think she's going to be incredible in 'On the Road.' She's a great actor, and people just go 'Twilight Girl,' which is a testament to her. She's kept this pipeline of interesting projects going on the side, so she's not just going to be that girl, forever more. She's a great actor and she's made incredibly shrewd decisions for someone who's half my age.
Considering that, what were the challenges in ensuring that your film didn't get distracted by the fact that this is the actress that so many people see as Bella Swan?
I've never seen the Twilight movies, so I didn't really care that much. I met her, I really got on with her, she's a great actor, and she was right for the character. That's it. It was as simple as that, for me.
What did Charlize Theron bring to the role of the Evil Queen, which could have ended up being camp in the wrong hands?
When you're playing an Evil Queen, you can go into pantomime very quickly. What she did – and what's indicative of the film we tried to make – is that she grounded that in reality. She found a way of playing this character in a very modern, realistic and gritty way. She's not 'Off with her head!' She's not the 'Alice in Wonderland' kind of queen. It's not that kind of film. She's playing it pretty straight, as a very disturbed character who's desperately got to find this heart because she needs to live forever. It's as simple as that. She's someone who's dead on the inside, but she's determined that she will avenge her family and the tribe that she was with, that was constantly brutalized by kings and by other kingdoms. She's determined that the world will feel the suffering that she felt, and she will stop at nothing to do that. She's totally dead. She doesn't feel anything of life, but she has to get that heart and she has to live forever and she has to avenge her people. She's very driven by some very dark machinations. She's also incredibly wounded and incredibly fragile underneath. It's an incredible performance.
Will there be backstories for all of the other characters?
Yeah, all of them have very rich backstories. They've all suffered a great deal of loss. This queen took over a kingdom. She's someone who's suffered a lot of loss. She lost her family, she lost a tribe, and she found her way into this kingdom. Like a Trojan horse, she moves from kingdom to kingdom, hollowing them out from the inside. She's like a siren who attracts these people to her beauty. The dwarves lost everything. They were down in the mines. They're noble goldminers who see light in the darkness. When they came up from the mines, the world was blackened and they lost all the other people in their race. The Huntsman lost a wife. Snow White lost a kingdom, both her parents, and the love of the people. Everyone's dealing with loss, in very different ways.
Initially, fairy tales functioned as parables, in a broader sense. What is the particular message you're telling with this?
The messages aren't dissimilar. No one sat down and wrote the parables. They were word-of-mouth that were transcribed later, over generations. These were stories that were told around the campfires, for God knows how many years before the Grimms wrote them. They are parables. They're Biblical tales. The themes in ours are quite similar to the themes in the original. We're dealing with a lesson in how to deal with some of those things that are difficult about the human condition, like loss and death. I hope that we haven't been preachy and said 'Our parable is this…' I hope there's enough in there that people take their own lessons from it. What we really wanted to do was make a film that touched people and stayed with them. I didn't want to just create wallpaper that looked pretty and dazzling, and then it was forgotten as you walked out into the street and got a taxi. I hope that it's something that stays with people, and I hope that people get something from it. We did a test screening for a couple hundred people and there were a lot of young people there, and a lot of the response was very positive. People said 'I really want my kids to see this kind of film because it's not telling them to shoot people and drive fast cars.' It has moral messages, but it's not like we're saying 'Here's your moral message: You mustn't wear make-up. You mustn't have plastic surgery. Beauty is within.' All those things are obviously part of it, but it's not like 'Here's our big message.'
What was your first exposure to the story of Snow White? And when did you learn about the darker elements of the Grimm fairy tales?
I read that before I saw the Disney one. The Disney one is still pretty dark, even for Disney. It's got 'Bring me the heart, the lungs and the liver.' It's a brutal story. In the original, she eats the heart, the lungs and the liver, and then finds out that it's a deer. And then, at the end, to really rub in her jealousy, Snow White invites her to the wedding and makes her dance to death in molten steel shoes. It's a dark story. I don't think we've shied away from the darkness, and Disney actually didn't either. They just took a very different approach than we did, but the heart of the story is the same.
What does it add to the mythology to make this version of Snow White something of a warrior princess?
'Warrior princess' is something that's external, rather than being internal to the character. She wears a suit of armor, but she's not suddenly Bruce Lee's adopted sister. She is wearing armor for protection, and she has to kill a queen. She's not beheading people. She doesn't suddenly acquire these skills. It's very instinctual and defensive. She knows she has to kill someone, and that is abhorrent to her. That sword lies very uneasy in her hand.
How did Kristen Stewart take to the sword work?
I put that sword in her hand, as I would put it in any of your hands. If I told you someone was going to come through that door who had done something terrible to you and you had to kill them, I'm sure you'd f--king give them a good run for their money. That's really how she fights. She's no ninja or samurai. It's purely reactive.
Why did you decide to have eight dwarfs instead of seven?
I don't know, really. It's just weird, how those things happen. It wasn't like 'We've gotta have eight dwarfs!' It was like, 'F--k it, let's have eight dwarfs.' The Snow White story – or Snow Drop – story, just had dwarfs. We weren't trying to beat Disney; we just wanted one more... It's really about another group of people who have lost everything, and they are touched by Snow White, and they decide that they will fight for their pride again, alongside her. They're very instigative, in taking her kingdom back with her. They are funny, but it's not slapstick humor. They're funny because they're funny guys. Ray Winstone delivers this beautiful, allegoric speech about what's happened to them, as a tribe of people, and it's really heartfelt. And then, he goes off and is really funny. We just let them go. They're a hysterical bunch.
'Snow White & the Huntsman' Director Rupert Sanders on Making Grimms' Grim Again
Commercial Helmer Darkens Up a Classic In Big Screen Debut
Things are about to get Grimm again for Snow White, thanks to director Rupert Sanders.


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This country-style vegetable casserole makes the perfect entry or side dish.
Preparation Time: 15 mins
Cooking Time: 40 mins
Preheat oven to 350º F. Lightly coat a medium-sized, shallow baking dish with cooking oil spray.
Combine oil, broth and milk in a saucepan. Mix in flour until dissolved. Over medium heat, cook, stirring, about 5 minutes or until mixture boils and thickens. Remove from heat.
Lightly coat a skillet with cooking oil spray and heat over medium heat. Add onion and garlic, sauté 5 minutes, then transfer into the milk mixture. Stir in kale, half the pecans (if using), salt, pepper and nutmeg.
Spread a thin layer of the mixture on the bottom of baking dish, cover with a layer of potato slices, and continue alternating layers of potatoes and kale mixture until both are used up. Sprinkle top with breadcrumbs and remaining nuts. Bake in preheated oven until heated through and top is golden, about 30 minutes.
* Frozen kale can be used. Thaw, drain and press out excess water before using. Black pepper can replace white pepper.


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This dresser is offered at a 40% discount as part of our Warehouse Sale. The changing tray pictured on top of the piece is no longer in stock and thus not available.
Would you like us to help you find a similar item? Talk with our Design Consultants toll-free at1-800-927-5164.
*Shipping transit time varies based on destination. Free shipping offers are limited to the 48 contiguous states of the USA.
International Customers (including Alaska and Hawaii) please contact a Customer Service Representative if you have any questions about placing an order with PoshTots.
This item is custom made especially for you upon order.Click here for our policy on custom made items.
Promotion codes cannot be used for sale item purchases.
*Free shipping offers are limited to the 48 contiguous states of the USA.


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Company linked to Marshall drops lawsuit against HISD
A construction company accused of taking part in a bribery scheme with HISD trustee Larry Marshall has dropped its unrelated lawsuit against the school district.
Fort Bend Mechanical sued the Houston Independent School District in late May claiming it was owed $9.8 million for construction jobs. But less than a month later, the company withdrew its lawsuit in Harris County court without offering an explanation.
The company owner, David "Pete" Medford, and his attorney did not return messages seeking comment.
In a separate federal lawsuit, Medford is accused of participating in a bribery and kickback scheme that helped his company land HISD contracts and enriched Marshall. Medford, Marshall and the school district have denied wrongdoing.
The general counsel for HISD, Elneita Hutchins-Taylor, said the district may negotiate with Fort Bend Mechanical over the amount still owed under its contracts.
However, Hutchins-Taylor said, "It will absolutely not result in anything close to what the plaintiffs were seeking in the lawsuit."
HISD so far has paid Fort Bend Mechanical about $23 million for the six projects in question, according to information provided Thursday under a public-records request. The value of the initial contracts totaled $40 million, and the last payment was made Jan. 31, according to the HISD records.
Medford's company had been doing renovation work at several schools when HISD officials asked him to halt in December 2012, according to HISD records. The schools involved are Kashmere Gardens Elementary; Johnston and Long middle schools; and Westbury, Waltrip and Worthing high schools.
Medford, in his lawsuit, alleged that problems and delays with some projects were HISD's fault.


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JACKSON, Ky. (WKYT) - Some say it's an easy way to turn government welfare benefits into cash. It's even been nicknamed Kentucky's Pop Train.
"It happens everyday. We see it often," said Jackson Police Chief Ken Spicer.
WKYT's Miranda Combs investigated after receiving numerous calls telling WKYT to be at the Jackson Walmart or Save-A-Lot at the first of the month when SNAP benefits -- or food stamps -- are given out. The callers and Jackson's police chief told WKYT there would be people pushing and unloading carts and carts full of pop.
"I'm a big believer if you have it and someone needs it, give it to them. If they are going to use it for the right reasons," said Bryan Combs, a Jackson city council member and Breathitt County native.
The councilman says the "pop train" bothers him because he says taxpayer dollars are being taken out of Jackson stores by the 12-pack.
Chief Spicer told WKYT people will buy the pop with food stamps, then turn around and sell it for cash. He says typically the sale is made to small convenience stores outside the Breathitt County line.
"You got these stores that if the Pepsi truck pulls up or the Coke truck, and they're having to pay $5.50 a case and they sell it for $7 a case, they're going to make $1.50," said Spicer. "But if they can buy for $4 a case off a person that's selling it, they are doubling their profit."
Spicer says it continues a cycle of profit that started with food stamps given to a person at taxpayer expense.
"There's nothing locally we can do about it. Unfortunately it's a federal issue," councilman Combs said.
WKYT brought the "pop train" to the attention of the United States Department of Agriculture, the federal agency that oversees food stamps.
The USDA say the activity does fall under trafficking which can result in a person's benefits being taken away. But the USDA told WKYT that the enforcement falls to the state.
When WKYT talked to the state's Cabinet for Health and Family Services, a spokesman said the cabinet hasn't heard of the "pop train" either. But they say if they do get calls about it, they will start a state investigation.
Both Combs and Chief Spicer say the problem is so bad, the shelves will be bare at the first of the month.
WKYT approached several people who walked out with carts full of soda. All of them said they didn't buy the cases with food stamps and that they just were just stocking up for the month.
"I ain't saying that all of it is for drugs, there's some people that are having to use it to live off of because of our economy," said Chief Spicer. "But you know there's people that sell this pop because their rent is $400 a month. Their electric bill is $300 or $400 a month. They draw $688. They have to use some that money to live off of."
The Cabinet for Health and Family Services says a ban on selling food items purchased with SNAP benefits is a relatively new provision, and they continue to work with local offices to ensure they understand the policy.
If you see this happening and want to report it, call the Cabinet for Health and Family Services at 1-800-372-2970.


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The Ugandan Parliament has re-introduced a draconian anti-LGBT bill that has received widespread international criticism. Under this bill, first introduced in 2011 and re-introduced earlier this year, the government would prescribe the death penalty to all LGBT people and those that provide them with housing and resources.
The bill is expected to pass before the end of this year; its champions call it a "Christmas gift to the Ugandan people."
In the face of this hatred, I am glad to work for Sojourners, which earlier this year signed on to the following statement along with other Christian groups:
Our Christian faith recognizes that all human beings have been created in the image and likeness of God, and Christ teaches that we are to love our neighbors as ourselves. All acts of bigotry and hatred betray these foundational truths … Regardless of the diverse theological views of our religious traditions regarding the morality of homosexuality, the criminalization of homosexuality, along with the violence and discrimination against LGBT people that inevitably follows, is incompatible with the teachings of our faith.
I am even more grateful for this attitude as I think back on my experience living in this beautiful region of Africa. Close enough to get to Uganda by bus (which I did, if you'd like to hear about it), Burundi is a small country where I spent a year volunteering with a small Christian organization. I loved living there, and admired much of the culture, perseverance, and insight of my Burundian friends and colleagues.
One thing I struggled with, though, was the homophobia that was present in the culture and the church. It was never questioned. One of my Burundian friends often wore a (knockoff) designer watch. "It's sinful to wear that," another friend once said. "I heard that the head of this company is gay." I was heartbroken when another friend told me about her cousin, who "thinks he is a girl," and who the family is trying to keep from going in public (both from shame and from fear of physical violence). She hoped that one day he would change and behave "normally."
These are wonderful, educated Christian people working sacrificially for peace, justice, and development of their country. They heard in church that homosexuality was wrong, and absent any other message of love and support, did not question the homophobia that surrounded them.
I am glad that Christians are standing up against this bill. What we say in the United States does matter; people all over the majority world read books by American evangelical authors, watch our famous television preachers, and work with many amazing Christian development organizations.
The church in the African Great Lakes Region has its own voice and history, and we have much to learn from them. Yet as co-participants in the Body of Christ, we can model love and understanding, regardless of our views on the theology of sexuality.
Let's pray for our brothers and sisters in Uganda as they struggle with these issues this season, and for the Church as it has an opportunity to speak out against it.
Janelle Tupper is Campaigns Assistant for Sojourners.
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Bankruptcy is a legal consideration you may consider not able to repay debts to their creditors.
How Do I Know it is the Right Time to File for Bankruptcy?
Before you take the bold step of filing for bankruptcy, know what you're getting yourself into, because this is a legal procedure that involves the court. Read the rules entailed in filing bankruptcy in fine print so that you don't miss a point.
When it reaches a point that your debtors are suing you, it means you no longer pay your minimum monthly payments because you are not able to. When you file for bankruptcy at this stage, it will be some sort of legal protection from your creditors. After filing for bankruptcy, it means that your creditors cannot subject you to any form of additional collection, not even a lawsuit.
When your creditors take the first step of filing a lawsuit, you are at a risk of your account being frozen or your wages garnished. You can stop this by filing for bankruptcy immediately. The court will stop the garnishment and you will get some financial relief. The law doesn't apply for garnishment for domestic support such as child support and alimony.
When your situation forces you to keep turning to your credit card to settle your everyday bills, then it means sink deeper into debts. Before you totally run out of cash file for bankruptcy because an attorney will need between $1000 and $2500 for this legal procedure.
What You Probably Didn't Know About Bankruptcy
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Bergerac Oak Cathedral Chair
Product DescriptionThe Bergerac Oak Collection is a French inspired premium range of characterful dining and living room furniture. With the use of carefully sourced and selected white oak timber this collection has a timeless design and quality fitting for any living environment. Constructed using more traditional methods with dovetail joints, concealed hinges, diamond dowels and ornate metal knobs. The modern methods also mean sturdy roller bearings on table runners and the table boards used have been engineered to withstand todays lifestyles. Solid oak is used throughout all products and features a low sheen matt lacquered finish.
Dimensions:Height: 118.5cm
Width: 45cm
Depth: 53cm
Barcode: BRC005
This product is available to order (allow 4 to 5 weeks for delivery)
Home Delivery
UK mainland delivery from £20.00 check delivery cost
Collect in Store
This product can be collected from our showroom once in-stock.
You can also...ask a question print this page add to wish list write a review bookmark and share


text: Seller: ukhorologist (2.208) 99.9%, Location: London, Ships to: Worldwide, Item: 254457796974 Welcome to my listing, please allow me to introduce myself. My name is James. I am a horologist and have been working with clocks and watches for over 30 years. I have been fully trained by the British Horological Institute and worked under my mentor for many years so you can buy with total confidence. All of my clocks are working unless otherwise stated, I don't however regulate the clocks before listing - I leave that to you as every environment is unique. Thank you for visiting my eBay shop, all emails are answered daily so please don't hesitate to contact me Description This is a antique French mantel carriage clock which has a mahogany case which is in good condition for age and has superb small proportions. The solid mahogany case has a beautiful patina to it which is all in good condition with some inlaid decoration to the front which gives a wonderful display look The Clock Measures - 9 inches high x 6.25 inches wide x 3.25 inches deep Dial The clock has a 3.25 inch diameter enamel porcelain dial which has arabic numerals and original fine hands, the dial is good original condition Movement The movement is a French 8 day timepiece movement which is in full working order keeping time with its original platform escapement and comes with a winding key Condition Report This clock case is in good original condition and is in working order, please have a good look over the many Pictures I have provided which can help with any further item description, please make sure you are happy with clock before bidding, many thanks and Good luck Keep up to date with my latest offers - click here to add me to your favorite sellers or you can take a peek at my eBay shop click here to visit my eBay store. I offer premium service on all my products along with full aftersales customer care view my feedback. If you want to know more about me take a look at my about me page. Click here to view my other items for sale Please note I am an online retailer of clocks and watches, there is not an option to view or collect these items. I use a professional packing service with premium fully tracked next day shipping. Bigger or high risk items I will have hand delivered by my personal driver on a day convenient for you and he will also call you with an ETA. We do offer discount on shipping with multiple purchases, please do not email for a cheaper service we do not offer one as we want our items to arrive safely. Antique 19thC French 8 Day Mahogany Inlaid Mantel Clock With Platform Escapement Click images to enlarge Description Normal 0 false false false EN-GB JA X-NONE Get images that make Supersized seem small.Tailor your auctions with Auctiva's Listing Templates! THE simple solution for eBay sellers. Condition: This clock is in excellent original condition and in full working order, please have a good look over the many Pictures i have provided which can help with any further item description, please make sure you are happy with clock before bidding, many thanks and Good luck, Age: Antique, Pre-1900, Clock Type: Mantel/ Carriage Clock, Features: 8-Day, Material: mahogany inlaid, Style/ Origin/ Theme: French, Sub-Type: Carriage Clock, Type: Mantel Clock


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Test Library by Positive Covariance
by via_web on
June 12, 2012
Filed under App DB, Education, Productivity, iPhone Apps
Test Library is a useful study aid. Giving you the ability to create your own tests as well as download and take published tests.
Create fun tests for yourself, your friends your kids. Make formal tests for yourself or a group you are studying with.
This app allows you to work off-line – only using your wifi/3G data allowance to download or upload tests.
This app has two main functions:
1. Editor – allowing you to create and publish tests on any topic.
2. Test tool – allowing you to download and take tests published by others.
1. Publishing and downloading tests is free.
2. Add images to questions.
3. A question can be answered as text, image, multiple choice or multi select.
4. Feedback can be provided for each question either as text and/or web link – aiding better learning.
5. Facebook and Tweet your test results.
6. Publish using a key. Private to only those you want to give access to.
7. Publish to all Test Library users.
Study aid
. An essential tool that really can make a difference.
. Creating a test yourself forces you to think more about the topic.
. Helps you engage with the subject matter differently.
. It's fun and a great way to prepare for your exams.
. With this app it's easy to do and is always at your fingertips. Allowing you to quickly add questions while it is fresh in your head; and repeat tests just before your exam.
. A unique and essential study aid to what could help shape your future.
Developer Website: http://www.positivecovariance.com


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Here is a second guest blog from Lori Beesley, who sits on Holland Bloorview's family advisory committee. Every year Lori goes into her son Mitchell's school class to educate the students about Fragile X. She shares her speech below. I love the way she describes things about Fragile X and Mitchell (above) in a way that any child could relate to. The day she gives her talk, a note is sent home to parents, including Lori's speech and her phone number. "After the first year, I was asked to speak with all the students in the school, so I moved from class to class," Lori says. "As the kids got older, their questions went from things like 'Can I catch Fragile X?' to 'Where will Mitchell live when he's all grown up?' and 'Will he ever be able to get married?'"
Meet Mitchell
Hi there, my name is Lori Beesley. I came here today to talk to you about something called Fragile X syndrome. It is the most common cause of inherited mental impairment in the whole world. In fact, there are thousands of boys and girls everywhere in the world that have Fragile X. To tell you the truth, I had never even heard of Fragile X until many years ago. Then a doctor told us that our son Mitchell had Fragile X syndrome. I know that some of you already know who Mitchell is, because you have been in his class, or from daycare. I'm here to tell you a little about Mitchell, Fragile X, and how it affects our family.
When someone has Fragile X, it means that before they were born, a tiny part inside their brain didn't grow the same way that most people's do. Their brain is the same shape and size as everyone else's, there is just a little, tiny part inside the brain that is different. That tiny part makes them act differently and learn differently.
Have you ever been in class and the teacher is explaining something, it might be science or math or spelling, and you just don't get it? You are trying to understand and you just can't? Put up your hand if that's ever happened to you. I know it used to happen to me too. You know what I would do? I would ask someone else to explain it to me, a friend or another teacher or my mom or dad. When that new person explained it to me, I would get it. I'll bet that you know what I mean. The reason that you "get it" is because that other person explained it in a different way, and another part of your brain understood.
People with Fragile X can have a really hard time learning things in the classroom. Sometimes they have to learn the same thing over and over, explained to them in lots of different ways before they "get it." When we were teaching Mitchell what a dog was, we had a book with a picture of a dog and we'd point to it and say "dog." After a while, Mitchell knew that picture was a dog. Then, one day we were at the store and there was a dog tied up. I pointed to it and said "dog." Well, Mitchell looked at me like I was CRAZY.
I knew that he thought that "dog" meant the picture in the book. This dog in the store was brown. The one in the book was black and white. This dog said "woof" and the one in the book didn't say anything. This dog moved and wagged his tail, and the one in the book always stayed in the same spot.
We decided that we had better try something else with the picture in the book. Next time, when we looked at the book, we said "woof." Then Mitchell learned that dogs make a noise. Every time we saw a real dog, we said "woof" and one day Mitchell said "dog." He finally got it. It took Mitchell a long time to learn about dogs, and we had to figure out a way to explain it to him so he could "get it.".Now he knows and understands all about dogs, and lots of other animals. Sometimes he learns things faster, sometimes slower, just like all of you.
Fragile X makes people act differently too. Their brain lets in too much information all at the same time, which can make them upset. I'll try to tell you what I mean. Put up your hand if you like to watch TV. Have you ever been watching TV all alone, when all of a sudden your brother or sister starts talking to you, then your mom tells you to do something, then your dad starts up the lawn mower outside, then the phone rings and ALL you want to do is just watch TV? How does that make you feel?
Pretty upset? Kind of mad? Does it make you want to yell at everything? You know what? People with Fragile X feel that way a LOT of the time.
Right now I know that you are all sitting here and listening to me. If you have Fragile X, your brain has trouble focusing on one thing. That means a student with Fragile X might be smelling the floor cleaner, watching someone fidget, feeling the tag in the back of their shirt and trying to pay attention to me all at the same time. And that makes them feel the way you do when you get upset, trying to watch TV. T
Someone with Fragile X can be trying so hard to figure out how to handle all that stuff that's happening to them at once, that they forget how to act appropriately, or the way that they should. They might flap their hands like this, stand up when they should be sitting, or yell out something when they should be quiet. It is their way of dealing with the way they are feeling. Sometimes it can make them feel better, and then sometimes it can make them more upset. Sometimes Mitchell even gets upset about something that happened to him a little while ago, but it's just sinking in now. That is part of the mystery of living with Mitchell. We have to try to help him learn how to handle things that upset him, in a way that can help him feel better next time.
I know that some of you have asked me why Mitchell won't say "Hi" to you if you see him outside of school, maybe in the park at the end of our street or up at the plaza. There is a very good explanation for that. I want everyone to think of someone famous right now ---your hero. Maybe a sports hero, a movie or TV star, a singer.
Now picture that tonight you are sitting having dinner with your family and the doorbell rings. You answer the door and there is a huge stretch limo parked outside and the person you were just thinking of is standing right in front of you, saying "Hello!" Chances are you would not say "Hi, come on in."Your brain would be so busy thinking "Why are they here? How did they get here? OH MY GOODNESS!"
The person would still be standing in front of you and you are still not saying anything. Well, to Mitchell, all of you are HIS heroes. When he sees you outside of school, he's not expecting it and so it throws him a curve. Kind of like seeing your teacher at the grocery store -- you might be feel weird and awkward. What you don't know is that a minute after you say "Hi" to Mitchell, he usually says "Hi" back to you, but you miss it. That's why his dad or I say "Hi" for him. We know he really wants to, he's just overwhelmed at that moment.
The last thing I want to talk to you about is YOU! Mitchell's dad and I want to tell you that we feel really lucky that Mitchell goes to a school where so many of you know him and try to help him. You are all the best teachers that Mitchell has. He will watch you, and see how you do things, then he will know how to do those same things. If Mitchell is doing something that he shouldn't be, or acting silly, you can all help him learn the right way to do it, or a better way to behave. He will listen to you.
Even though Mitchell's brain may not work in the same way as yours, his HEART does. He likes having lots of friends, to play and to laugh with, just like all of you. He likes to ride his bike and scooter, watch videos, and go to the park, just like all of you. He has his good days and his bad days, just like all of you. It's nice to know that he has people here that care about him and help him through the bad days and laugh with him on the good days. Mitchell and everyone else who has Fragile X have special needs, but we know that as long as Mitchell has people like you around him, he will have a good life! Thank you.


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I recently build an AK the build went well.
Im trying to branch out now.
Ive always loved the look of an FAL; Im very interested in building one.
When I began to research how to build an AK I found movies and pages of info, however I have not been so lucky with the FAL information.
Is there a reputable source that gives detailed info as to how to build a FAL kit?
Also where can I find a reasonable kit? Receiver? And necessary parts?
Also is the barrel threaded or is it pressed in? Does it have a barrel pin?
I honestly know nothing and would like to know more.
Thank you,


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Would it be too much for the Sierra Club (and Quinn) to say to Illinois Voters, We're sorry for endorsing him? Blagojevich fooled us and we should have known.
Illinois Governor Rod Blagojevich today announced a strong proposal to require Illinois' coal-fired power plants to install pollution controls to reduce the levels of toxic mercury they put into Illinois' air and water. Blagojevich's plan would require Illinois coal plants to reduce mercury pollution by 90% by 2009.
Governor Blagojevich's proposal will not only protect the health of Illinois children, it will also set an example for America to follow in addressing a major public health problem," said Jack Darin, Director of the Sierra Club, Illinois Chapter.The crimes were known when you stood with him. How many kids were saved in those remaining years to have put Illinois through this? Was Blagojevich worth it? Would Topinka have been that dastardly?
Mercury from coal-fired power plants ends up in lakes, rivers, and oceans, and certain species of fish accumulate dangerous levels of the toxic metal in their muscle tissue. When people eat these fish, they are exposed to potentially harmful levels of mercury. The Illinois Department of Public Health has issued a warning about the dangers of eating large predator fish from all Illinois waters due to statewide mercury pollution.
The Bush Administration has proposed substantially weaker pollution controls that could allow Illinois coal plants to delay or even entirely avoid installing pollution controls. Governor Blagojevich and Attorney General Lisa Madigan filed suit against the Bush Administration's proposal in April of 2005.
"Mothers and women hoping to have children shouldn't have to worry that by eating fish or feeding it to their kids they could be doing permanent damage to a child's brain," said Darin. "We hope Illinois power plants will heed Gov. Blagojevich's call to clean up their act and protect our children's health. The technology to protect our kids is available, affordable, and it's time we put it on these smokestacks."


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"OMBAC regrettably has been forced by the city of San Diego to make this major change to our San Diego tradition, and we must inform you that this will now be a 21-and-over event," said OMBAC media representative Sonny Petersen. "The entire playing area will be transformed into a giant 'beer garden,' and those coming to the event must present an ID as proof of age."
Since 1954, the Old Mission Beach Athletic Club has hosted its Over-the-Line Tournament in Mission Beach. The tournament took on a life of its own and outgrew its previous locations and moved to Fiesta Island in 1972.
Petersen said that for the last 60 years, OMBAC has enjoyed hosting its more than 30,000 guests over two weekends in July.
He said this allowed visitors to bring and enjoy an adult beverage while sitting in the sand and watching an incredibly unique sport.
"After 60 years of what has been considered a model of how to run a large special event, OMBAC is sad to announce that we will no longer be able to host the public as a whole," Petersen said. "OMBAC deeply regrets to have to bring this change to our public. We have done everything possible to preserve this traditional event, and hope the public continues to support the club's many fundraising programs."
Meanwhile, players have been registered, and the top teams are being seeded for the event, which runs during the weekends of July 12-13 and 19-20.
About 1,300 men and women will swing away at softballs on 50 courts from 7:30 a.m. to sundown on those days to determine 10 class-winners.
"We'll still conduct the event one way or another," Petersen said.


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ADLER, Russia - For Andrew Weibrecht, it was like being in the Vancouver Olympics all over again, but even better.
On Sunday night in front of thousands of people, the 29-year-old from Lake Placid was on center stage being honored at the Sochi Olympics medals ceremony for his runner-up performance earlier in the day in the men's super-G Alpine ski race.
The medals ceremonies are held each evening in Olympic Park, and for Weibrecht, his second Olympics have played out in a similar fashion to his first, which were four years ago.
Article Photos
Lake Placid's Andrew Weibrecht displays the silver medal he won at the Olympics Sunday in the men's super-G Alpine ski race.
(Enterprise photo - Lou Reuter)
Skiing in Whistler, Canada in 2010 at the Vancouver Olympic Winter Games, Weibrecht shared the podium with United States Ski Team member Bode Miller. This time, they switched the places where they were standing on the podium, with Weibrecht receiving the silver medal and Miller winning the bronze.
"Just like last time but a little better," Weibrecht said after receiving his silver medal. "It was the best run I've skiied all year. It was totally clean from top to bottom."
Weibrecht and Miller's efforts marked the first Alpine medals for the U.S. Ski Team at the Sochi Winter Olympics.
Article Links
Weibrecht wasn't the only American to be honored at the medals ceremony Sunday. Matt Antoine, a native of Wisconsin, slid into third place Saturday in men's skeleton and also was on the stage to get his bronze medal.


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Posted under day trips & local wildlife & travel
I've said it before and I'll say it again: Martinez and environs are a great place to spend a day or two, if you're a nature-lover. Take your bikes (we used Amtrak from Berkeley, only $10 per person each way and you get great views of North Richmond and Point Pinole that you can't get from the car). and enjoy a lovely ride from Martinez out to Port Costa and back, along a beautiful road with no cars. (Or hike in the adjacent hills). Return to Martinez and head out to the small but worth-a-visit Muir National Historic Site. Then do a hike in the hills from the nearby trailhead. Head back into downtown Martinez for a snack, then do some birding at the wetlands where Alhambra Creek meets the bay. Have an early dinner, finishing just before dark so you can head over to the beaver dam — they have beavers right in the middle of town! — and look for the beavers, and the muskrat, and the green heron that is always around, and the mink and otter that occasionally come through. Afterwards, head just down the street to Armando's for some music until you start to get tired. Then head over to Benicia (if you're car-free, I recommend the local Martinez Taxi service, which has a van that you can put two bikes into, as we proved this weekend) and stay at one of Benicia's charming hotels or B&B's. Get up early in the morning, bike two miles over to Benicia State Park and bird the wetlands there, then head back for breakfast. Afterwards, head on home, or bike back to Martinez on the brand-spankin'-new Benica-Martinez bike path and catch the train back to your destination. Put it all together, and you have a terrific 24-hour or 48-hour getaway.
The description above isn't _quite_ how we did it this past weekend — for example, it was the hottest weekend of the year, so we swapped out some of the outdoor activities in favor of a massage by Joyce Cid (excellent). But trust me, you can do a great weekend of outdoor activities in and around Martinez.


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|Automated Male (English)
Is this an accurate pronunciation?
|Automated Female (English)
Is this an accurate pronunciation?
What does the name Kilewi mean? Find out below.
I do not know how you feel about it, but you were a male in your last earthly incarnation. You were born somewhere around the territory of Borneo approximately on 1350. Your profession was librarian, priest, and keeper of tribal relics.
You were a seeker of truth and wisdom. You could have seen your future lives. Others perceived you as an idealist illuminating path to the future. Your lesson - to develop kind attitude to people, to acquire gift of understanding and compassion.


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Alliance In Motion Help Ordinary Person Like You To Achieve Your Dream In Life. To Have Financial Freedom, Stress Free, And Time To Your Loved Ones
AIM Global Switzerland
Watch this Video about our Company:
AIM Global Products
AIM Global Products are all natural and safe nutritional supplements to help your body achieve better health, longevity, beauty and resistance to diseases.
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AIM Global Switzerland is looking for partner distributors. Be a part of Our Growing team in Switzerland and enjoy a financial FREEDOM for life! Those who are SEEKING for Part-time or Full-time job, we are offering you to peek this business. Extra income that can help a lot for your financial needs. Even your dream turns into reality. As long as you follow the right system, For sure, you will see the result after a short span of time.
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|Disclaimer: This page is not the official company website of Alliance in Motion Global, Inc.. This is an independent distributor site which aims to contribute to the growth and expansion of AIM Global, Inc., by serving its current and potential distributors, clients and all persons interested in health, wellness and financial freedom.


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Government term
Displaying 1 - 2 of 2 results.
Helen Clark and Steve Maharey's responses to more jobs and falling unemployment are just pathetic, Statistics Minister Maurice Williamson said today.
- Maurice Williamson
- Statistics
"Our future will depend for its wealth on knowledge workers.
- Maurice Williamson
- Statistics


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What should companies do to make the internet safe for children?
- 127 Posts
- Age 34
We need your comments!
Online safety has been a big topic this year on Voices of Youth - we've spoken to youth all around the world about it at events like the #BYND2015 summit in Costa Rica, and we've published several research reports about it.
Earlier this year UNICEF and the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) started working on a revised set of guidelines for the ICT/digital industry on how best to protect children's rights in the ICT/digital sphere.
These guidelines are designed to help companies ensure that children and young people have the best possible experience when using social media or the internet.
And because they concern YOUR online experience, we want YOUR opinions. The draft guidelines and instructions are now online and available for comment. You can read them HERE.
What we specifically want to know from you is:
1. What are the most important things you think companies (like social media, internet service providers, mobile phone companies) should do to make sure children and youth are safe when using the internet and mobile phones?
2. Do you feel there is anything missing from the guidelines that you want to add?
3. Do you think that any of the points in the guidelines about protection would impact negatively on some of your other rights? If so, which ones and why?
You can also leave your comments in the comment section below and we'll be sure to pass them on to the people who are working on the guidelines.
The deadline for submissions is 20 December 2013 - so you have just over two weeks to make sure your voice is heard.


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2008 HONDA STREAM X Stylish Package
Good For Family Use 7 Seater! The Tire Still Remain a Lots!! Good Fuel Consumption 15Km/L!!
|99,000 km
61,400 mile
|1,790 cc
Petrol (R18A)
Good For Family Use 7 Seater! The Tire Still Remain a Lots!! Good Fuel Consumption 15Km/L!!
|99,000 km
61,400 mile
|1,790 cc
Petrol (R18A)
Autotrading BB TERMS AND CONDITIONS
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- Minimum of 50%~100% deposit of the Total C&F is required for the shipment to be processed.
- All transaction fee must be paid fully from the Buyer's side.
- Further Discounts are given for 100% payment prior to the Exportation. Must be a one time payment for this discount to take place ensuring the banking charges are saved for both the Exporter and the Importer.
- Once the Shipment has been ordered, an SO (Shipping Order, BL draft) will be supplied to the customer, the customer is responsible to inform any change of consignee at this point of the stage.
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Bremsstrahlung (Template:IPA-de, from bremsen{{#invoke:Category handler|main}} "to brake" and Strahlung{{#invoke:Category handler|main}} "radiation", i.e. "braking radiation" or "deceleration radiation") is electromagnetic radiation produced by the deceleration of a charged particle when deflected by another charged particle, typically an electron by an atomic nucleus. The moving particle loses kinetic energy, which is converted into a photon, thus satisfying the law of conservation of energy. The term is also used to refer to the process of producing the radiation. Bremsstrahlung has a continuous spectrum, which becomes more intense and whose peak intensity shifts toward higher frequencies as the change of the energy of the accelerated particles increases.
Strictly speaking, braking radiation is any radiation due to the acceleration of a charged particle, which includes synchrotron radiation, cyclotron radiation, and the emission of electrons and positrons during beta decay. However, the term is frequently used in the more narrow sense of radiation from electrons (from whatever source) slowing in matter.
Bremsstrahlung emitted from plasma is sometimes referred to as free-free radiation. This refers to the fact that the radiation in this case is created by charged particles that are freeTemplate:Clarify both before and after the deflection (acceleration) that caused the emission.
- 1 Particle in vacuum
- 2 Thermal bremsstrahlung
- 3 Polarizational bremsstrahlung
- 4 Sources of bremsstrahlung
- 5 Quantum mechanical description
- 6 Electron-electron bremsstrahlung
- 7 See also
- 8 References
- 9 Further reading
- 10 External links
Particle in vacuum
{{#invoke:main|main}} A charged particle accelerating in a vacuum radiates power, as described by the Larmor formula and its relativistic generalizations. Although the term "bremsstrahlung" is usually reserved for charged particles accelerating in matter, not vacuum, the formulas are similar.{{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B= {{#invoke:Category handler|main}}{{#invoke:Category handler|main}}[citation needed] }} (In this respect, bremsstrahlung differs from Cherenkov radiation, another kind of braking radiation which occurs only in matter, and not in a vacuum.)
Total radiated power
The most established relativistic formula for total radiated power is given by[1]
where (the velocity of the particle divided by the speed of light), is the Lorentz factor, signifies a time derivative of , and q is the charge of the particle. This is commonly written in the mathematically equivalent form:[2]
In the case where velocity is parallel to acceleration (for example, linear motion), the formula simplifies to[3]
where is the acceleration. For the case of acceleration perpendicular to the velocity () (a case that arises in circular particle accelerators known as synchrotrons), the total power radiated reduces to
The total power radiated in the two limiting cases is proportional to () or (). Since , we see that the total radiated power goes as or , which accounts for why electrons lose energy to bremsstrahlung radiation much more rapidly than heavier charged particles (e.g., muons, protons, alpha particles). This is the reason a TeV energy electron-positron collider (such as the proposed International Linear Collider) cannot use a circular tunnel (requiring constant acceleration), while a proton-proton collider (such as the Large Hadron Collider) can utilize a circular tunnel. The electrons lose energy due to bremsstrahlung at a rate times higher than protons do.
Angular distribution
The most general formula for radiated power as a function of angle is:[2]
where is a unit vector pointing from the particle towards the observer, and is an infinitesimal bit of solid angle.
In the case where velocity is parallel to acceleration (for example, linear motion), this simplifies to[2]
where is the angle between and the direction of observation.
Thermal bremsstrahlung
In a plasma, the free electrons continually collide with the ions, producing bremsstrahlung. A complete analysis requires accounting for both binary Coulomb collisions as well as collective (dielectric) behavior. A detailed treatment is given by Bekefi,[4] while a simplified one is given by Ichimaru.[5] In this section we follow Bekefi's dielectric treatment, with collisions included approximately via the cutoff wavenumber .
Consider a uniform plasma, with thermal electrons distributed according to the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution with the temperature . Following Bekefi, the power spectral density (power per angular frequency interval per volume, integrated over the whole sr of solid angle, and in both polarizations) of the bremsstrahlung radiated, is calculated to be
where is the electron plasma frequency, is the number density of electrons and ions, is the classical radius of electron, is its mass, is the Boltzmann constant, and is the speed of light. The first bracketed factor is the index of refraction of a light wave in a plasma, and shows that emission is greatly suppressed for (this is the cutoff condition for a light wave in a plasma; in this case the light wave is evanescent). This formula thus only applies for . Note that the second bracketed factor has units of 1/volume and the third factor has units of energy, giving the correct total units of energy/volume. This formula should be summed over ion species in a multi-species plasma.
The special function is defined in the exponential integral article, and the unitless quantity is
is a maximum or cutoff wavenumber, arising due to binary collisions, and can vary with ion species. Roughly, when (typical in plasmas that are not too cold), where eV is the Hartree energy, and is the electron thermal de Broglie wavelength. Otherwise, where is the classical Coulomb distance of closest approach.
The formula for is approximate, in that it neglects enhanced emission occurring for slightly above .
In the limit , we can approximate E1 as where is the Euler–Mascheroni constant. The leading, logarithmic term is frequently used, and resembles the Coulomb logarithm that occurs in other collisional plasma calculations. For the log term is negative, and the approximation is clearly inadequate. Bekefi gives corrected expressions for the logarithmic term that match detailed binary-collision calculations.
The total emission power density, integrated over all frequencies, is
The first bracketed factor has units of 1/volume, while the second has units of power. Note the appearance of the fine-structure constant due to the quantum nature of . In practical units, a commonly used version of this formula for is [6]
This formula is 1.59 times the one given above, with the difference due to details of binary collisions. Such ambiguity is often expressed by introducing Gaunt factor , e.g. in [7] one finds
where everything is expressed in the CGS units.
Relativistic corrections
For very high temperatures there are relativistic corrections to this formula, that is, additional terms of the order of [1]
Bremsstrahlung cooling
If the plasma is optically thin, the bremsstrahlung radiation leaves the plasma, carrying part of the internal plasma energy. This effect is known as the bremsstrahlung cooling. It is a type of radiative cooling. The energy carried away by bremsstrahlung is called bremsstrahlung losses and represents a type of radiative losses. One generally uses the term bremsstrahlung losses in the context when the plasma cooling is undesired, as e.g. in fusion plasmas.
Polarizational bremsstrahlung
Polarizational bremsstrahlung (sometimes referred to as "atomic bremsstrahlung") is the radiation emitted by the target's atomic electrons as the target atom is polarized by the Coulomb field of the incident charged particle.[8][9] Polarizational bremsstrahlung contributions to the total bremsstrahlung spectrum have been observed in experiments involving relatively massive incident particles,[10] resonance processes,[11] and free atoms.[12] However, there is still some debate as to whether or not there are significant polarizational bremsstrahlung contributions in experiments involving fast electrons incident on solid targets.[13][14]
It is worth noting that the term "polarizational" is not meant to imply that the emitted bremsstrahlung is polarized. Also, the angular distribution of polarizational bremsstrahlung is theoretically quite different than ordinary bremsstrahlung.[15]
Sources of bremsstrahlung
X-ray tube
{{#invoke:main|main}} In an X-ray tube, electrons are accelerated in a vacuum by an electric field and shot into a piece of metal called the "target". X-rays are emitted as the electrons slow down (decelerate) in the metal. The output spectrum consists of a continuous spectrum of X-rays, with additional sharp peaks at certain energies (see graph on right). The continuous spectrum is due to bremsstrahlung, while the sharp peaks are characteristic X-rays associated with the atoms in the target. For this reason, bremsstrahlung in this context is also called continuous X-rays.[16]
The shape of this continuum spectrum is approximately described by Kramers' law.
The spectrum has a sharp cutoff at low wavelength, which is due to the limited energy of the incoming electrons. For example, if an electron in the tube is accelerated through 60 kV, then it will acquire a kinetic energy of 60 keV, and when it strikes the target it can create X-rays with energy of at most 60 keV, by conservation of energy. (This upper limit corresponds to the electron coming to a stop by emitting just one X-ray photon. Usually the electron emits many photons, and each has an energy less than 60 keV.) A photon with energy of at most 60 keV has wavelength of at least 21 pm, so the continuous X-ray spectrum has exactly that cutoff, as seen in the graph. More generally the formula for the low-wavelength cutoff is:[17]
where h is Planck's constant, c is the speed of light, V is the voltage that the electrons are accelerated through, e is the elementary charge, and pm is picometres. This is called the Duane–Hunt law.
Beta decay
{{#invoke:main|main}} Beta particle-emitting substances sometimes exhibit a weak radiation with continuous spectrum that is due to bremsstrahlung (see the "outer bremsstrahlung" below). In this context, bremsstrahlung is a type of "secondary radiation", in that it is produced as a result of stopping (or slowing) the primary radiation (beta particles). It is very similar to X-rays produced by bombarding metal targets with electrons in X-ray generators (as above) except that it is produced by high-speed electrons from beta radiation.
Inner and outer bremsstrahlung
The "inner" bremsstrahlung (also known as "internal bremsstrahlung") arises from the creation of the electron and its loss of energy (due to the strong electric field in the region of the nucleus undergoing decay) as it leaves the nucleus. Such radiation is a feature of beta decay in nuclei, but it is occasionally (less commonly) seen in the beta decay of free neutrons to protons, where it is created as the beta electron leaves the proton.
In electron and positron emission by beta decay the photon's energy comes from the electron-nucleon pair, with the spectrum of the bremsstrahlung decreasing continuously with increasing energy of the beta particle. In electron capture, the energy comes at the expense of the neutrino, and the spectrum is greatest at about one third of the normal neutrino energy, decreasing to zero electromagnetic energy at normal neutrino energy. Note that in the case of electron capture, bremsstrahlung is emitted even though no charged particle is emitted. Instead, the bremsstrahlung radiation may be thought of as being created as the captured electron is accelerated toward being absorbed. Such radiation may be at frequencies that are the same as soft gamma radiation, but it exhibits none of the sharp spectral lines of gamma decay, and thus is not technically gamma radiation.
The internal process is to be contrasted with the "outer" bremsstrahlung due to the impingement on the nucleus of electrons coming from the outside (i.e., emitted by another nucleus), as discussed above.[18]
Radiation safety
In some cases, e.g. Template:Chem, the bremsstrahlung produced by shielding the beta radiation with the normally used dense materials (e.g. lead) is itself dangerous; in such cases, shielding must be accomplished with low density materials, e.g. Plexiglass (lucite), plastic, wood, or water;[19] as the atomic number is lower for these materials, the intensity of bremsstrahlung is significantly reduced but a larger thickness of shielding is required to stop the electrons (beta radiation).
In astrophysics
The dominant luminous component in a cluster of galaxies is the 107 to 108 kelvin intracluster medium. The emission from the intracluster medium is characterized by thermal bremsstrahlung. This radiation is in the energy range of X-rays and can be easily observed with space-based telescopes such as Chandra X-ray Observatory, XMM-Newton, ROSAT, ASCA, EXOSAT, Suzaku, RHESSI and future missions like IXO [2] and Astro-H [3].
Bremsstrahlung is also the dominant emission mechanism for H II regions at radio wavelengths.
Quantum mechanical description
The complete quantum mechanical description was first performed by Bethe and Heitler.[20] They assumed plane waves for electrons which scatter at the nucleus of an atom, and derived a cross section which relates the complete geometry of that process to the frequency of the emitted photon. The quadruply differential cross section which shows a quantum mechanical symmetry to pair production, is:
There is the atomic number, the fine structure constant, the reduced Planck's constant and the speed of light. The kinetic energy of the electron in the initial and final state is connected to its total energy or its momenta via
where is the mass of an electron. Conservation of energy gives
where is the photon energy. The directions of the emitted photon and the scattered electron are given by
where is the momentum of the photon.
The differentials are given as
The absolute value of the virtual photon between the nucleus and electron is
The range of validity is given by the Born approximation
where this relation has to be fulfilled for the velocity of the electron in the initial and final state.
For practical applications (e.g. in Monte Carlo codes) it can be interesting to focus on the relation between the frequency of the emitted photon and the angle between this photon and the incident electron. Köhn and Ebert [21] integrated the quadruply differential cross section by Bethe and Heitler over and and obtained:
However, a much simpler expression for the same integral can be found in [22] (Eq. 2BN) and in [23] (Eq. 4.1).
An analysis of the doubly differential cross section above shows that electrons whose kinetic energy is larger than the rest energy (511 keV) emit photons in forward direction while electrons with a small energy emit photons isotropically.
Electron-electron bremsstrahlung
One mechanism which is important for small atomic numbers , is the scattering of a free electron at the shell electrons of an atom or molecule.[24] Since electron-electron bremsstrahlung is a function of and the usual electron-nucleus bremsstrahlung is a function of , electron-electron bremsstrahlung is negligible for metals. For air, however, it plays an important role in the production of terrestrial gamma-ray flashes.[25]
See also
- Cyclotron radiation
- Free-electron laser
- Nuclear fusion: bremsstrahlung losses
- Radiation length characterising energy loss by bremsstrahlung by high energy electrons in matter
- Synchrotron light source
- X-rays: History
- List of plasma (physics) articles
- ↑ A Plasma Formulary for Physics, Technology, and Astrophysics, D. Diver, pp. 46–48.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Jackson, Classical Electrodynamics, Sections 14.2–3
- ↑ Introduction to Electrodynamics, D. J. Griffiths, pp. 463–465
- ↑ Radiation Processes in Plasmas, G. Bekefi
- ↑ Basic Principles of Plasmas Physics: A Statistical Approach, S. Ichimaru, p. 228.
- ↑ NRL Plasma Formulary, 2006 Revision, p. 58.
- ↑ Radiative Processes in Astrophysics, G.B. Rybicki & A.P. Lightman, p. 162.
- ↑ Polarization Bremsstrahlung on Atoms, Plasmas, Nanostructures and Solids, by V. Astapenko
- ↑ New Developments in Photon and Materials Research, Chapter 3: "Polarizational Bremsstrahlung: A Review", by S. Williams
- ↑ Ishii, K. Radiat. Phys. Chem. 2006, 75, 1135–1163.
- ↑ Wendin, G.; Nuroh, K. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1977, 39, 48–51.
- ↑ Portillo, S.; Quarles, C.A. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2003, 91, 173201.
- ↑ Astapenko, V.A.; Kubankin, K.S.; Nasonov, N.N.; Polyanskiĭ, V.V.; Pokhil, G.P.; Sergienko, V.I.; Khablo, V.A. JETP Lett. 2006, 84, 281–284.
- ↑ Williams, S.; Quarles, C.A. Phys. Rev. A 2008, 78, 062704.
- ↑ Gonzales, D.; Cavness, B.; Williams, S. Phys. Rev. A 2011, 84, 052726.
- ↑ Electron microprobe analysis and scanning electron microscopy in geology, by S. J. B. Reed, 2005, page 12 Google books link
- ↑ Handbook of X-ray spectrometry by René Grieken, Andrzej Markowicz, page 3, Google books link
- ↑ {{#invoke:Citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=journal }}
- ↑ http://www.oseh.umich.edu/pdf/TrainP32.pdf
- ↑ Bethe, H.A., Heitler, W., 1934. On the stopping of fast particles and on the creation of positive electrons. Proc. Phys. Soc. Lond. 146, 83–112
- ↑ Koehn, C., Ebert, U., Angular distribution of bremsstrahlung photons and of positrons for calculations of terrestrial gamma-ray flashes and positron beams, Atmos. Res. (2014), vol. 135–136, pp. 432–465
- ↑ H. W. Koch, J. W. Motz, Bremsstrahlung Cross-Section Formulas and Related Data; Rev. Mod. Phys. 31, 920
- ↑ R. L. Gluckstern and M. H. Hull, Jr., Polarization Dependence of the Integrated Bremsstrahlung Cross Section; Phys. Rev. 90, 1030
- ↑ Tessier F and Kawrakow I (2007) Calculation of the electron-electron bremsstrahlung crosssection in the field of atomic electrons, NIM. Phys. Res. B 266 625–634
- ↑ Koehn, C., Ebert, U. The importance of electron-electron bremsstrahlung for terrestrial gamma-ray flashes, electron beams and electron-positron beams J. Phys. D.: Appl. Phys. as Fast Track Communication (2014), vol. 47, 252001
Further reading
{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=book }}


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The market ran alongside the Mumbai Film Festival which kicked off October 17 with a screening of The Butler.
The third edition of the Mumbai Film Mart (MFM) wrapped on Sunday following more than 2,000 meetings involving 80 independent film projects.
Around 200 delegates took part in the three-day event (Oct 18-20) at the Taj Vivanta in south Mumbai. While space for booths was limited, all the leading Indian studios and government organisations were present at the bustling market, including Eros, Reliance, UTV, Viacom18, Yash Raj Films and the National Film Development Corp (NFDC).
Buyers included Japan's Nikkatsu and Toho, France's ASAP Films, Novo Films and Happiness Distribution, Germany's Rapid Eye, Taiwan's Encore Films, Hong Kong's Edko Films and Middle East exhibitor VOX Cinemas. The market also hosted a delegation of Spanish producers seeking co-production opportunities in partnership with Spain's ICAA.
"We had a smaller space than last year but more people," said MFM manager Rashmi Lamba. "We also had more international interest in the run-up to the market – companies like VOX approached us and said they are looking for content beyond Bollywood."
She added that several deals are in the pipeline as a result of market meetings. Deals from previous editions of MFM include the sale of Reliance's 3 Idiots to Japan's Nikkatsu. The film was released in Japan this July and has so far grossed around $1m.
Speaking on the sidelines of the market, Amit Khanna, former Reliance Entertainment chairman and a trustee for MAMI which organises the Mumbai film festival and market, said one of the aims of the event is to help Indian filmmakers and producers learn how to use film markets effectively. "Mumbai Film Mart has become an important networking event for buyers, sellers and filmmakers. It will only grow bigger and better," he said.
New initiatives included work-in-progress screenings through the India Project Room (IPR); DVD screenings in The Filmy Room; and Books2Screen round table discussions. IPR screened six projects for buyers and festival programmers including Phantom Films' Hunterrrr and Sikhya Entertainment's Haraamkhor.
The market took place alongside the Mumbai Film Festival, which kicked off on October 17 with a screening of The Butler and the presentation of lifetime achievement awards to Costa Gavras and Indian star Kamal Haasan.
Events over the weekend have included a screening with live music of Alfred Hitchcock's Blackmail in the Restored Classics section; sessions with Costa Gavras and French filmmaker Leos Carax in conversation; and panels on film festival strategy, distribution of indie films and Marathi cinema.
The festival also hosted master classes by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences on issues such as 3D filmmaking and the challenges of film restoration in the digital age. Speakers included Disney's head of stereoscopic department Robert Neuman and the Academy's Milt Shefter and Andy Maltz.
The festival's closing ceremony takes place on October 24 with a screening of The Fifth Estate.


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Democrats say their financial regulation plan will vastly reduce the odds of a future crisis and ensure that taxpayers won't ever again have to pay for banks' sins. Skeptics worry — and with good reason — that the White House and Congress are being a little too confident.
Financial crises are complex beasts. Even after they're over, people have trouble agreeing on exactly what caused them.
So the Obama administration and Congress were smart to avoid the magic bullet trap: the wishful idea that one sweeping solution, like breaking up the banks, could prevent the next crisis. Their goal instead has been to improve financial regulation in dozens of ways, making it harder for tomorrow's regulators to do as poor a job as yesterday's.
U.S. & World
The day's top national and international news.
But as the House and Senate begin merging their separate bills into a single bill, they still have a chance to make some important improvements. Here are four issues to watch in coming weeks:
DERIVATIVES They're easy to hate and hard to understand. Derivatives are contracts that allow people to make bets, be it on the price of corn, the future of interest rates or a pool of subprime mortgages.
Their economic purpose is that they allow companies to hedge risk. If soaring fuel prices have the potential to bankrupt an airline, it can buy a derivative that pays off if prices jump. Southwest Airlines did exactly this a few years ago.
Unfortunately, many investors used debt to buy their derivatives. When the value of the derivatives fell, the investors had little margin for error. The fact that most deals were done privately — rather than through a clearinghouse, with prices everyone can see — made the situation worse by creating uncertainty.
The House bill would force some trades into a clearinghouse but would allow far too many exemptions. The Senate bill is stronger. It's probably too strong, in fact. It effectively bans many big firms from trading the most lucrative type of derivatives. That's not so different from a ban on subprime mortgages, which, of course, also helped cause the crisis. Both derivatives and subprime mortgages can play a useful role. They just need to be closely watched.
The Senate rule, however, does have a silver lining. Wall Street lobbyists have devoted so much energy to fighting the ban that they have not had as much time to fight other (better) parts of the bill that they also dislike — like the Senate's clearinghouse.
CONSUMER PROTECTION Why didn't any government agency prevent banks from issuing mortgages that homebuyers obviously could not repay?
There were two main reasons: the responsibility for doing so was spread across a handful of agencies, and the most important of those agencies, the Federal Reserve, has never been good at protecting consumers.
So both the House and Senate would create a new consumer watchdog for credit cards, mortgages and other financial products. In the House version, the watchdog is a separate agency. In the Senate version, it is housed inside the Fed — which is less than ideal, given the Fed's history of deferring to banks. But it's not a disaster, because the Senate was careful to create an independent budget for the group and let the White House appoint its director.
As Elizabeth Warren, the law professor who developed the watchdog idea, told me, "The consumer agency in the Senate bill is strong, but there is no margin for error." You can expect lenders, ranging from big banks to car dealers, to try to weaken the agency during House-Senate talks.
FED CREDIBILITY The Fed still has accepted almost no responsibility for its mistakes during the housing bubble. "Like other regulators, there were some things we could have done, at least with hindsight," Ben Bernanke, the chairman, recently said. "But we had neither the mandate nor the tools to be the financial system's supercop."
Reading that, you might think that the bubble was evident only in retrospect and that, regardless, the Fed was powerless to stop it. That's simply not the case. A fair number of people did recognize the bubble as it was inflating. The Fed's leaders, by contrast, went out of their way to claim real estate was not in a bubble.
Imagine if Mr. Bernanke and Alan Greenspan had used their bully pulpit to point out how high house prices were relative to rents or incomes. Or imagine if they had cracked down on delusional mortgages, as their consumer protection powers gave them the authority to do — and as they finally did only after the bubble burst.
Despite the Fed's failures, Congress is giving it vast new powers, largely because there is no better alternative. Most important, the Fed will decide how much debt banks can take on, a standard that will help determine how well they weather the next crisis. Yet neither the Fed's leaders nor President Obama, who reappointed Mr. Bernanke, has explained why we should believe the Fed has learned from its errors.
Congress can do better. The Senate bill calls for an audit of the Fed's actions during the crisis (which were, in fact, pretty heroic). Why not expand the time frame to the run-up to the crisis? The Senate would also create an independent unit inside Treasury, the Office of Financial Research, that could identify problems even if the Fed did not.
The more checks and balances on the Fed, the better the odds of avoiding another crisis. Fool me once, right?
BAILOUTS No matter how much those odds are reduced, however, they won't be eliminated. Banks will get in trouble again, just as they have for hundreds of years. The government may then need to prop up a bank to avoid another panic.
The Senate bill — which is likely to win on this point, because the White House agrees — would cover the costs of any such bailout by collecting money later from surviving banks. The House would collect fees up front and place them in a fund. Both approaches have their problems. The House's fund seems too small, and the Senate's after-the-fact fee may not be so easy to collect after a crisis has passed.
A better approach is a permanent tax on banks, based on how much debt they have and how risky their holdings appear. This has the double advantage of discouraging risky behavior while also making sure taxpayers are made whole. And if banks end up paying more in taxes than they eventually need in bailouts, that's O.K. They have enjoyed plenty of subsidies and plenty of bailouts over the years.
A bank tax will not make it into this bill. But Congressional leaders have said they may take up the issue later this year. As flawed as the Senate bill is on this issue, it at least does not get in the way of a future tax.
It's worth remembering that whatever bill Congress passes will not be the last word on financial regulation. How well the Fed and other agencies carry out the law will matter greatly, and Congress will probably need to pass other, albeit smaller, bills in the future.
"This bill isn't remotely perfect, but I think it gets us two-thirds of the way to where we ought to be," said Douglas Elliott, a Brookings Institution finance expert. "In the real world, that's pretty good."
Here's hoping the House, the Senate and the White House can get a little further — say, three-quarters of the way to perfection — in the next few weeks.


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