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Announcement and release notes for Puppy Linux 4.1NOTICE: Versions 4.1.1 and 4.1.2 are bugfix releases of 4.1. Bugfix notes are at the bottom of the page.
Puppy 4.00 was a major upgrade from 3.01, with just about everything overhauled and updated. Version 4.1 continues the hectic pace of development, with ground-breaking new applications and under-the-hood architectural improvements over 4.00. Ground-breaking apps include our new Psip VOIP and PPLOG personal blog. Under-the-hood includes faster boot times, much better hardware detection, and new 'pup_event' architecture (including desktop drive icons). The live-CD file is 'puppy-4.1.2-k220.127.116.11-seamonkey.iso' at 94.1MB and 'puppy-4.1.2retro-k126.96.36.199-seamonkey.iso' at 94.6MB. The latter is a more conservative kernel that perhaps suits older systems. Download from http://puppylinux.com/download/.
Here is a summary of milestones along the way, with links to further information:
- 126.96.36.199, 126.96.36.199 kernels. The 'standard' Puppy has been built with the 18.104.22.168 kernel. The 'retro', which may work better on some older hardware, has been built with the 126.96.36.199 kernel and with a more conservative configuration. The older kernel is configured with the old IDE drivers (instead of PATA)*.
- More drivers. With help from forum member
'tempestuous' we have included many extra third-party drivers. Note that the 'retro' Puppy has more modem drivers (HSF modules).
- SCSI kernels. I have also
compiled three SCSI kernels for 4.1retro, with different selections of SCSI drivers
built-in. Puppy is now able to boot from a SCSI drive. read more read more
- LZMA-enabled kernel. The 184.108.40.206 kernel has an LZMA patch for smaller size, and optionally for a smaller initrd.gz (4.1 is built with LZMA-compressed vmlinuz, but the initrd is only gzipped).
- Improved PCMCIA support. Puppy has finally dropped the old pcmcia_cs package, now using the native uevent/udev mechanism.
- Hardware detection. Puppy
has a major overhaul of hardware detection and module loading. The
udevd daemon is now used (from the udev packge) and is supported by
custom scripts. The total environment for hardware detection,
hotplugging and general "event management" is named pup_event, and includes simple GUI management. read more
- Pup_event. The new
pup_event system detects more hardware than before, automatically
creates any missing devnodes (entries in /dev), loads firmware, detects
hotplugged devices. This is also extended to the desktop, where drive
icons appear and disappear as drives are added and removed. The
behaviour of these desktop icons is fully configurable by a GUI. read more
- Faster boot. The main boot script /etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit has been rewritten and is now simpler and faster. Considerable attention has been given to optimise boot speed, with parallel execution wherever possible and no unnecessary 'sleep' instructions.
- Psip VOIP. This is
another major milestone for Puppy, our very own VOIP
telephone/chat/messenger program, named Psip. This is a GUI developed
"in house" and uses the pjsua commandline executable. Previously we
have been prevented from including such an application in Puppy due to
enormous dependencies (and hence huge size). Our guys have created
something that is not only small, but works well and has an excellent
GUI. read more read more
- PPLOG blog. Yet another
major milestone, Puppy now has his very own blog! The Hiawatha web
server is now built-in to Puppy, along with the PPLOG Perl blog. This
is great for a personal diary, or to publish over an intranet or the
Internet. read more read more
- Pmusic audio player.
There is yet another new application developed "in house" by forum
member 'zigbert'. This lovely music player fills a bit of a gap in the
Puppy application-suite. read more
- Ayttm. The inbuilt
multiprotocol chat client is now Ayttm instead of Pidgin. Thanks to the
Ayttm developer Siddhesh for putting in considerable effort to improve
Ayttm. Thanks to forum member 'Wolf_Pup' for an auto-login script to our
#puppylinux IRC channel. read more
- Virus checker. Xfprot, a GUI frontend for the f-prot virus checker, has made a comeback. Not that Linux needs virus checking, but this is a great tool for checking Windows drive partitions.
- Network Wizard. The
Network Wizard has undergone a major overhaul by forum member 'Dougal'.
The layout of the GUI is more logical, and naming of profiles is
improved, amongst many other things. read more
- Huge number of updated applications.
Many updated applications and building-block packages, including Trash
(disciple), Pburn (zigbert), Pfind (zigbert),
Pschedule (zigbert), Pprocess (zigbert), Pmirror (zigbert),
ndiswrapper, ntfs-3g, Fotoxx, xine-lib, unionfs, aufs, Pnethood
(HairyWill), Xlock (Nathan), libgphoto2, gphoto2, Geany, hiawatha,
inotify-tools, inotail, lzma, ePDFView, replaceit, mtPaint, pupX
(Nathan), Wallpaper Setter (Nathan), Figaro's Password Manager, Gdmap,
normalize, Pcdripper (plinej), Pwireless (plinej), Pdvdrsab (plinej),
mut2 (Jesse), Sysprof, Xsoldier, Glade3, Gnumeric, Abiword.
- SeaMonkey with Mail&News. SeaMonkey has been upgraded to version 1.1.11 and now has the Mail & News component, replacing Sylpheed.
- Improved modem support.
Puppy no longer probes for a serial modem and mouse at bootup, as that
has proved unreliable, and is slow. In the case of a modem, other modem
types are still auto-detected, and there has been major improvement of
the PupDial and associated scripts to improve probing and modem setup
post-bootup. Puppy is one of the few distros that is actively working
on supporting Internet dialup users. Forum member 'rerwin' has been
very active testing Puppy with various modems and improving our scripts
-- look him up on the forum if you need help with your modem!
- GPRS modem. Puppy now
supports Internet connection by Multitech USB GPRS modem, thanks to
forum member 'lstandish' (Lloyd). This is also works for other GPRS modems, but we need more testing/verification. read more
- zdrv gone. Another
under-the-hood thing: the 'zdrv' file is no more. For various reasons,
the full set of modules are now available permanently in /lib/modules
and the firmware tarballs in /lib/modules/firmware.
- Many bugs fixed. Many bugfixes and minor improvements. Some are mentioned above,
many more not explicitly mentioned here but can be found by reading
through my Developer News.
Running the new kernel on old hardware
The 126.96.36.199 kernel should run just fine on very old hardware. I have tested on an old PC with Cyrix 6x86 CPU and 128MB RAM and it runs fine. I configured it very conservatively, without 'tickless', nor 'SMP' support (Puppy still runs fine on a multi-processor machine, so don't worry about that!). However, the next release of Puppy (4.2?) may contain a more ambitiously-configured kernel, in which case I have made some advance notes here (but do realise that these issues do not apply to 18.104.22.168 in 4.1!):
If configured for multiple processors (SMP), the kernel will detect a uniprocessor system and run fine, however there are some exceptions -- in which case boot the kernel with the boot option "nosmp".
If the kernel is configured to be 'tickless', which is supposed to make the kernel less busy when idle, and maybe run cooler. However, tickless causes problems on some systems, even upsets some old kernel modules, so boot with "nohz=off".
There is however one thing that does affect you right now. One big difference betwen the 22.214.171.124 kernel used in 4.1 and the 188.8.131.52 kernel used in 4.1retro is that the former uses the new libata PATA drivers for the IDE drives. These have some issues, although most distros are now using them. One thing you will notice is that a drive that might have previously been named '/dev/hda' is now '/dev/sda' (for example). There may be shutdown problems on some hardware, also setting up GRUB may be slightly more difficult.
So why use the new kernel?
One reason is later drivers. Especially for wireless networking. If you have recent hardware, it may be supported better.
If however, Puppy 3.01 or 4.00 worked for you (they also have the 188.8.131.52 kernel) and you don't have any pressing need to use the later kernel (such as improved wireless support), then it's fine to go for the 'retro'.
Acknowledgement to application authors
Some of our Puppy-enthusiasts are very much into developing software. Many of these new and improved packages are created 'in house' by our own guys and I would like to send out a general acknowledgement. You will know who they are if you lurk on the forum -- I have put some names above, but there are many more contributors. Note, just as important are the many testers -- thanks to you guys too!
T2 build system for Dingo
The complete package of T2 and source packages that I used to create the original Puppy Dingo 4.00alpha1 is available for download. After getting a working Puppy, I then used it to compile further packages, so you need to take this T2 build as the boot-strap first step. Please be warned, this is not a way to create Puppy from source! read more.
Puppy Unleashed
This is the recommended way of building your own Puppy. Get it via the download page.
If you want to try both variants of 4.1, be careful about your 'pup_save' file, if you have one from an earlier Puppy. It would be a good idea to make a backup copy of it. To play safe, if booting Puppy from CD, first boot with the boot option 'puppy pfix=ram', then try everything that you would normally do, like sound, network-connection, etc., then if satisfied you can stay with that variant. Note, another thing to check is that it powers-off properly (PATA has some issues here). Otherwise, try the same thing with the other variant (boot with 'pfix=ram'). That way, you are not potentially messing up your pup_save.
If the variant (4.1 or 4.1retro) works fine, you can boot and upgrade your pup_save. In same cases you might notice one or two icons out of place or incorrect on the desktop (depending what version of Puppy you are upgrading from) and you may have to manually tidy-up. If you have some GTK1 or Tcl/Tk apps installed, you will have to install support libraries (use the PetGet package manager), as 4.x is GTK2-only.
An extra precaution for those who need to use both variants. Puppy copies the 'pup_410.sfs' file off the CD to the same place as the pup_save file on the hard drive -- 4.1 does this regardless of whether you decline at shutdown. The problem is that this file has all the kernel drivers in it, and if you boot with the other variant, Puppy will use the pup_410.sfs on the hard drive -- result: kernel panic (or it might boot but all the modules will not load). You need to delete the old pup_410.sfs.
I have decided to bow out from my position as leader (also known as "Benevolent Dictator") of the Puppy Linux Project (held since I released v0.1 in mid-2003), and take a back seat. Version 4.1 is my final release as leader. A small group of trusted developers will take over, although the details are still to be worked out -- there are a couple of threads on the forum discussing this.
I won't be going away totally, and plan to focus on a "puplet" (derivative of Puppy) maybe based on my "UniPup" concept and targeting specific hardware, probably one or more of the baby laptops -- and, I might play with some radical new ideas. This will be a more part-time project than the hectic full-time pace that I have maintained over the last couple of years.
It is likely that I will keep working on some aspects of the "core" or "base" Puppy, primarily for my puplet but that will be useful for the mainstream Puppy.
Also, I will retain whatever copyright/trademark rights I currently have and continue with ownership of the puppylinux.com and puppylinux.org domain names. Plus, I will provide input to how and who takes over, hopefully without interfering too much. I see this as providing a kind of safeguard function -- I am mindful of other distros that have languished after the Benevolent Dictator left. Monitor my blog for updates on the transitional phase as I progressively retire.
I think this is a great opportunity, and Puppy will become better and better!
Version 4.1.1
Heh heh, I'm still "leader" for this bugfix release. There are a few niggly things in 4.1 that I wanted to fix. I strictly avoided any changes from 4.1, only applied bugfixes that were really needed or highly desirable. These fixes include: mouse detection, touchpad tapping, loading extra SFS files, DVB USB firmware, old Network Wizard, GPRS messsage, desktop drive icon renaming, desktop drive icon realigning, check dependencies of installed PET packages, ALSA shutdown, ROX error message when copying from Linux to vfat filesystem, improved support for widescreen resolutions, remaster-CD improved, rxvt terminal pasting, and many network setup fixes especially for wireless (including ndiswrapper). Details on all of these fixes can be found by going to my blog, http://puppylinux.com/blog, and do a search for "(SP1)" in the title.
Version 4.1.2
Still a few niggly things in 4.1.1 that I have now fixed. At my blog, do a search for "4.1.2:" in the title to find details, but summarising: bugfix looking for USB drives at bootup, ohci-hcd USB driver was not loading in the initial ramdisk so some interfaces not working at that stage, bugfix for .deb packages extraction, /tmp/versioncleanup fix at version upgrade, Pmetatagger bugfix, some modem detection improvements, tweak for network connection at bootup, can now load 3 SFS files, prevent Pmount crash, prevent invalid RAM-save-interval.
Best regards,
Barry Kauler
December 2008


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MMR carriers indicates families with mismatch repair gene mutation carriers (MLH1, MSH2, or MSH6); SEER, Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results. The penetrance curves were generated by plotting the age-specific cumulative risks of pancreatic cancer (Table 3) for a set of discrete ages from 20 to 70 years at 5-year intervals and then applying a smoothing spline function. The 95% confidence intervals (error bars) corresponding with the age-specific cumulative risk of pancreatic cancer for MMR carrier families were also plotted at 50 and 70 years. Population estimates of age-specific cumulative risks of pancreatic cancer are given by pancreatic cancer incidence rates reported in 1992-2005 SEER 13 (http://seer.cancer.gov).
Customize your JAMA Network experience by selecting one or more topics from the list below.
Kastrinos F, Mukherjee B, Tayob N, et al. Risk of Pancreatic Cancer in Families With Lynch Syndrome. JAMA. 2009;302(16):1790–1795. doi:10.1001/jama.2009.1529
© 2020
Author Affiliations: Department of Internal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (Drs Kastrinos, Stoffel, and Syngal); Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York (Dr Kastrinos); Departments of Biostatistics (Dr Mukherjee, Ms Tayob, and Mr Wang), Internal Medicine (Dr Gruber and Ms Raymond), and Epidemiology and Human Genetics (Dr Gruber), University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor; and Population Sciences Division, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (Drs Sparr, Bandipalliam, Stoffel, and Syngal). Dr Kastrinos is now with Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York.
Context Lynch syndrome is an inherited cause of colorectal cancer caused by mutations of DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes. A number of extracolonic tumors have been associated with the disorder, including pancreatic cancer; however, the risk of pancreatic cancer in Lynch syndrome is uncertain and not quantified.
Objective To estimate pancreatic cancer risk in families with germline MMR gene mutations.
Design, Setting, and Patients Cancer histories of probands and their relatives were evaluated in MMR gene mutation carriers in the familial cancer registries of the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (n = 80), Boston, Massachusetts, and University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center (n = 67), Ann Arbor, Michigan. Families enrolled before the study start date (June 2008) were eligible. Age-specific cumulative risks and hazard ratio estimates of pancreatic cancer risk were calculated and compared with the general population using modified segregation analysis, with correction for ascertainment.
Main Outcome Measures Age-specific cumulative risks and hazard ratio estimates of pancreatic cancer risk.
Results Data on 6342 individuals from 147 families with MMR gene mutations were analyzed. Thirty-one families (21.1%) reported at least 1 case of pancreatic cancer. Forty-seven pancreatic cancers were reported (21 men and 26 women), with no sex-related difference in age of diagnosis (51.5 vs 56.5 years for men and women, respectively). The cumulative risk of pancreatic cancer in these families with gene mutations was 1.31% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.31%-2.32%) up to age 50 years and 3.68% (95% CI, 1.45%-5.88%) up to age 70 years, which represents an 8.6-fold increase (95% CI, 4.7-15.7) compared with the general population.
Conclusions Among 147 families with germline MMR gene mutations, the risk of pancreatic cancer was increased compared with the US population. Individuals with MMR gene mutations and a family history of pancreatic cancer are appropriate to include in studies to further define the risk of premalignant and malignant pancreatic neoplasms and potential benefits and limitations of surveillance.
Pancreatic cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States.1 Although most cases are thought to be sporadic, data suggest up to 10% of ductal adenocarcinomas may be due to an inherited predisposition based on familial clustering.2,3 For most pancreatic cancer kindreds, the causative gene has not been identified. In a subset of families, pancreatic cancer may be an integral tumor in a number of familial cancer syndromes with established germline mutations. These conditions include Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (cumulative lifetime risk of 36%),4,5 familial atypical multiple mole melanoma syndrome (lifetime risk, 17%),6 hereditary breast/ovarian cancer syndrome (lifetime risks, 1.2% and 2.1%, for BRCA1 and BRCA2 carriers, respectively),7,8 hereditary pancreatitis (lifetime risk, 40%),9 and the newly described familial pancreatic cancer due to mutations in the PALB2 gene (risk not specified).10
Pancreatic cancer has also been observed in Lynch syndrome, an autosomal dominant condition caused by defects in the mismatch repair (MMR) genes, MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, or PMS2. Colorectal cancer (CRC) and endometrial cancer are the most common cancers in this condition, with other specific neoplasms also occurring more frequently than in the general population. Evidence to include pancreatic cancer in the Lynch syndrome cancer spectrum has been difficult to interpret and an increased risk has not been convincing.11-16 Most studies examining cancer risk in Lynch syndrome have been from families with a strong history of early onset CRCs. This lends itself to a number of problems including the overestimation of age-specific cumulative risks of component tumors due to ascertainment bias. Additionally, many published data report on a small number of cases with incomplete testing of the full pedigree. Analyses performed exclusively on observed genotypes lack power to accurately estimate uncommon events, such as cancers with lower prevalence in a given syndrome.
The goal of our study was to quantify the risk of pancreatic cancer in families with an identified pathogenic MMR gene mutation. We have used analytic tools that correct for ascertainment and provide genotype data on patients whose mutation status is unknown.
A total of 147 families with deleterious mutations in MLH1 (GenBank NM_000249), MSH2 (GenBank NM_000251), and MSH6 (GenBank NM_000179) were eligible for inclusion at the start of the study in June 2008. Families were identified from hereditary CRC registries at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (DFCI; n = 80), Boston, Massachusetts, and University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center (UMCC; n = 67), Ann Arbor, Michigan. Families presenting to our cancer genetics programs are either by self-referral or physician referral and are enrolled on the basis of multiple cases of CRC, CRC diagnosis at a young age, or familial association of CRC with other Lynch syndrome–associated tumors. Patients presenting for evaluation (probands) are routinely enrolled in the registries using institutional review board–approved protocols, and personal and family cancer histories and demographic data are obtained from the proband and participating relatives. Written informed consent is provided by probands for the confirmation of cancer diagnoses and deaths by review of medical records, pathology reports, or death certificates. Clinical information is updated periodically through follow-up clinic visits or telephone encounters. For this study, we selected patients with documented deleterious MMR gene mutations who were identified before June 2008. Analysis of MMR germline mutations in families was performed using standard molecular techniques for full gene sequencing and conducted on either the family member with CRC (or other Lynch syndrome–associated cancer) or an "at-risk" first-degree or second-degree relative. Reports of pancreatic cancer were confirmed either by pathology report or death certificate.
DNA from white blood cells was extracted and purified from the samples of blood provided by each proband, amplified by polymerase chain reaction, and directly sequenced in forward and reverse directions. For the MLH1 gene, approximately 2300 base pairs were sequenced, comprising 19 exons and approximately 560 adjacent noncoding intronic base pairs. For the MSH2 gene, approximately 2800 base pairs were sequenced, comprising 16 exons and approximately 470 adjacent noncoding intronic base pairs. For the MSH6 gene, approximately 4080 base pairs were sequenced, comprising 10 exons and approximately 290 adjacent noncoding intronic base pairs. The noncoding intronic regions of MLH1, MSH2, and MSH6 genes that are analyzed by sequence analysis do not extend more than 20 base pairs proximal to the 5′ end and 10 base pairs distal to the 3′ end of each exon. The MLH1 and MSH2 genes are tested for large rearrangements that are not detected by sequence analysis. All coding exons of MLH1 and MSH2 and their respective promoters are examined for evidence of deletions and duplications by quantitative multiplexed end point polymerase chain reaction analysis.
We used the information on diagnoses of pancreatic cancer in relatives of probands to estimate age-specific pancreatic cancer incidences in MMR mutation carriers by maximum likelihood, using a technique called modified segregation analysis. The method was implemented in MENDEL version 18.104.22.168,18 Information on genotype in relatives was included whenever available. However, mutation status was unknown for many family members (Table 1). Despite missing genotypes, these individuals do contribute important information to the analysis. The segregation analysis implemented by MENDEL automatically handles missing genotype information by maximizing the marginal likelihood by summing over all possible genotype configurations in a family.19 Relatives were assumed to be followed from age 20 years and censored at the age at diagnosis of pancreatic cancer, at the age of death, at the age at last follow-up, or at age 70 years, whichever occurred earlier. For individuals with missing age information, the age was imputed based on relationship with proband, age of proband, or deceased status at last follow-up (dead or alive). We also performed a sensitivity analysis without imputing the age information to ensure that the age imputation did not artificially inflate estimates of penetrance and relative risk.
Our study included MMR carrier families ascertained through multiple individuals with CRC; therefore, the database potentially includes a greater representation of families with multiple CRC cases and mutation-positive probands than would be identified in population-based studies. Unless appropriate statistical methods are used, this type of ascertainment (a form of selection bias) can lead to overestimation of age-specific cumulative risks of pancreatic cancer. Using a conditional likelihood allows correction for ascertainment bias by modeling the probability of observed disease phenotypes and genotypes of the pedigrees conditional on ascertainment. This requires a model for the ascertainment probabilities, and we present results where a family was ascertained because of phenotype and genotype status of the proband and multiple-affected first-degree relatives (FDRs) with CRC. This conditioning strategy was chosen based on the typical referral pattern of families to our cancer genetics clinics, emphasizing CRC as the primary reason for the referral. We also performed additional sensitivity analyses with different alternative ascertainment mechanisms. Results are provided in the supplementary material (eAppendix).
The age-specific relative risks of pancreatic cancer in carriers were obtained by using a proportional hazards regression model. We estimated the age-specific log hazard ratio (HR) parameters for 2 age intervals (<50 and ≥50 years). In all analyses, cancer incidences in noncarriers were assumed to follow the population cohort–specific rate as obtained through the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) 13 database (http://seer.cancer.gov). Cumulative risk (ie, penetrance) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated from the cumulative incidence. Details of the statistical methods are provided in the supplementary material (eAppendix).
A total of 6342 individuals were included in the analysis (147 probands, 1017 FDRs, and 5178 other relatives from the same side of the affected family with a greater than first-degree relation) (Table 1). The corresponding proportions of families carrying a mutation in 1 of 3 MMR genes were 55 of 147 families (37.4%) in MLH1, 81 of 147 families (55.1%) in MSH2, and 11 of 147 families (7.5%) in MSH6. The distribution of gene-specific mutations among both institutions is also shown in Table 1. Overall, a pathogenic gene mutation was detected in 302 of 6342 individuals (8.2%) and the number of patients genotyped was similar across the 2 centers (200 individuals genotyped at UMCC vs 232 individuals genotyped at DFCI). A total of 130 of the 432 individuals genotyped did not have an identified MMR gene mutation.
Forty-seven cases of pancreatic cancer were reported among 31 families. Eighteen families reported 1 case of pancreatic cancer, 10 families reported 2 cases of pancreatic cancer, and 3 families reported 3 cases of pancreatic cancer. Thirty-one pancreatic cancer cases were reported in families with an MSH2 gene mutation, 13 cases were in families with an MLH1 mutation, and 3 cases were in families with an MSH6 mutation. Of the 13 families with more than 1 case of pancreatic cancer, 62% (n = 8) had a mutation in the MSH2 gene vs 30.8% (n = 4) and 7.7% (n = 1) of families with mutations in the MLH1 and MSH6 genes, respectively.
Twenty-one of 47 pancreatic cancer cases (45%) were reported among men, who had a median age of 51.5 years at the time of diagnosis (range, 19-85 years). There was no sex-related difference in median age of pancreatic cancer diagnosis (51.5 vs 56.5 years for men and women, respectively). However, 50% of men with pancreatic cancer were younger than 50 years at the time of diagnosis compared with only 22% of women diagnosed at younger than 50 years (Table 2).
Of the 47 cases of pancreatic cancer, we were able to verify diagnoses with additional records in 3 of 23 cases from UMCC and 7 of 24 cases from DFCI. In 20 of 23 UMCC cases and 17 of 24 DFCI cases, the diagnosis was based on family report alone. Pathology review was available for 2 of 23 cases from UMCC and 4 of 24 cases from DFCI, whereas other documentation (clinical report, death certificate) was obtained in 1 of 23 UMCC cases and 3 of the DFCI families. We were unable to verify the remaining pancreatic cancer cases due to patient confidentiality issues. We did not have permission to contact the next-of-kin of the reported cases of pancreatic cancer who were often biologically unrelated to the proband.
Among the 147 families with identified pathogenic MMR gene mutations, approximately 4% were diagnosed with pancreatic cancer by the age of 70 years. The increase in risk was more pronounced after age 40 years. The estimated decade-specific cumulative risks of pancreatic cancer for carriers of any of the 3 MMR genes compared with the general population are shown in Table 3 and the Figure.
There was an approximately 9-fold increase in risk of developing pancreatic cancer among families with pathogenic MMR gene mutations compared with the general population (HR, 8.6; 95% CI, 4.7-15.7). Table 3 also depicts the HRs for mutation carriers stratified by age (≥50 or <50 years). The estimated relative risk of pancreatic cancer was higher for individuals aged between 20 and 49 years (HR, 30.5; 95% CI, 14.2-65.7) and then decreased with increasing age (ages 50-70 years: HR, 5.1; 95% CI, 2.2-11.8). The absolute cumulative risk of developing pancreatic cancer in MMR gene mutation carriers at 50 years was 1.31% (95% CI, 0.31%-2.32%) and at 70 years was 3.68% (95% CI, 1.45%-5.88%). These risks are significantly higher than the population-based, cumulative age-specific incidences reported in SEER 13, which were 0.04% and 0.52% for ages 50 and 70 years, respectively.
MLH1 and MSH2 mutation carriers had a similar increase in risk of developing pancreatic cancer compared with the general population. For carriers of mutations in MLH1, the overall HR was estimated at 7.5 (95% CI, 2.4-23.0) compared with 10.9 (95% CI, 5.5-21.9) for MSH2 carriers. Given the small number of pancreatic cancer cases among MSH6 carriers, risk estimates were not calculated for these mutation carriers. The HRs were obtained from a proportional hazard regression model with a single log(HR) parameter across all ages. The 2 parameter models could not be fitted due to lack of data strength in each gene category.
Among 147 families with germline MMR gene mutations, we found that the risk of developing pancreatic cancer was increased compared with the general population. The cumulative risk of developing pancreatic cancer was 3.68% by age 70 years, with cases among families with Lynch syndrome occurring at an earlier age than sporadic cases.
The statistical methods used in this study afford many advantages.20,21 Segregation analysis accounts for relatives who have undergone mutation analysis and those who have not. The probability of being a mutation carrier is calculated for all relatives whose mutation status is unknown and used to estimate the overall cumulative risk of cancer among family members with a germline alteration. Segregation analysis also minimizes ascertainment bias by conditioning the analysis on available phenotypic information provided for individual pedigrees. We chose a priori to exclude from the risk estimate calculation all pancreatic cancers in probands and their FDRs with CRC, which yields a conservative estimate for pancreatic cancer risk and best corrects for how patients were ascertained at both centers. Data from the 2 registries provide a large sample of families who have undergone mutation analysis with identified MMR gene mutations.
Henry Lynch first reported pancreatic cancer in adenocarcinoma-prone families more than 40 years ago22 and additional studies have described families with Lynch syndrome and pancreatic cancer.11-16 Pancreaticobiliary cancers are often included in the spectrum of Lynch syndrome–associated malignancies, but data on the prevalence and risk of developing pancreatic cancer have been conflicting. A limitation of most existing data are that risk estimates were derived from families ascertained for a strong history limited to CRC.11,12,14 Additionally, studies that have not found an increased risk of pancreatic cancer were from homogeneous populations that have a preponderance of founder mutations and possibly a limited spectrum of tumors.12
However, emerging data support that pancreatic tumors are a component of Lynch syndrome. Medullary carcinomas of the pancreas are a distinct variant of pancreatic adenocarcinoma associated with microsatellite instability (MSI), loss of protein expression of MMR genes, family history of cancer in an FDR, and germline MMR gene mutation.23,24 We recently reported on a known MSH2 gene mutation carrier who developed an intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the pancreas; the lesion showed MSI and loss of expression of MSH2 and MSH6 gene proteins.25 A number of small studies suggest that MSI in sporadic pancreatic cancers offers a survival benefit similar to that observed in other Lynch syndrome tumors. To determine if long-term survival in pancreatic cancer was attributed to defective MMR, Maple et al26 ascertained its prevalence in patients with pancreatic cancer who survived 3 or more years after surgery. The data suggest that immunohistochemistry for pancreatic cancer is both sensitive and specific for the MSI phenotype. A study of 130 families with MMR mutations reported 22 pancreatic cancers with many early onset cases27; however, lifetime risks of developing pancreatic cancer were not calculated.
Our study has several limitations. As in most Lynch syndrome registries, our families were ascertained through an affected proband with a classic Lynch syndrome tumor, notably CRC. To reduce ascertainment bias, our analysis of pancreatic cancer cases specifically excluded these probands, as well as any FDRs who also had CRC. We also relied in large part on the probands' report of pancreatic cancers in their families, which may be inaccurate.28-31 The majority of patients with pancreatic cancer were deceased and not available for mutation analysis; therefore, it was not possible to accurately determine those cases that may have been sporadic and whose inclusion in the analysis may have overestimated risk. Recall bias may also occur when family members without a personal history of cancer are underreported by the proband.
Although family structure was completely enumerated for a 3-generation pedigree at both sites by certified genetic counselors during the retrospective review and construction of the pedigrees, it is possible the selective expansion of branches of the family with cancer might lead to this type of recall bias. In our study, this bias may be present but is likely minimal for 2 reasons. First, pedigree structures are routinely verified by multiple relatives who undergo genetic evaluation, increasing the chances of completely enumerating all affected and unaffected members. Second, because the majority of relatives with pancreatic cancer were identified in FDRs and second-degree relatives, the standardized construction of 3-generation pedigrees is likely to reduce the magnitude of this potential recall bias. Another potential limitation reflects our choice to impute missing ages; however, this was performed conservatively and is unlikely to inflate risk as shown in the supplemental sensitivity analyses. Despite these potential limitations, the increased risk of pancreatic cancer was similar at both study sites, lending credence to the results.
Our findings have implications regarding the care of patients and families with a known MMR gene mutation. Information on cancer risk is important in planning cancer prevention and determining the efficacy of proposed prevention strategies.32-38 Several screening trials aimed at identifying early pancreatic neoplasia through radiographic and endoscopic imaging are currently under way in patients with genetic syndromes associated with high incidence of pancreatic cancer.32,33 MMR gene mutation carriers with a family history of pancreatic cancer may need to be screened in a similar manner to these individuals. Ongoing screening programs will provide information on the risks and benefits of early detection of pancreatic neoplasms and allow further study on the spectrum of pancreatic lesions in families with Lynch syndrome.
Families with an identified pathogenic MMR gene mutation have an increased lifetime risk of developing pancreatic cancer compared with the general US population. Further studies are necessary in individuals with Lynch syndrome to further define the risk of premalignant and malignant pancreatic neoplasms and the potential benefits and limitations of surveillance. Pancreatic cancer is a clinically relevant component of Lynch syndrome and quantifying this risk for gene carriers should be incorporated into clinical management.
Corresponding Authors: Sapna Syngal, MD, MPH, Population Sciences Division, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 1 Jimmy Fund Way, SM 209, Boston, MA 02115 (email@example.com); and Stephen B. Gruber, MD, MPH, PhD, Department of Epidemiology and Human Genetics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, 1524 BSRB, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 (email@example.com).
Author Contributions: Dr Gruber had full access to all of the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. Drs Kastrinos, Mukherjee, Gruber, and Syngal contributed equally to the manuscript.
Study concept and design: Kastrinos, Mukherjee, Stoffel, Gruber, Syngal.
Acquisition of data: Kastrinos, Mukherjee, Tayob, Sparr, Raymond, Bandipalliam, Stoffel, Gruber, Syngal.
Analysis and interpretation of data: Kastrinos, Mukherjee, Tayob, Wang, Stoffel, Gruber, Syngal.
Drafting of the manuscript: Kastrinos, Mukherjee, Tayob, Wang, Sparr, Raymond, Bandipalliam, Stoffel, Gruber, Syngal.
Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Kastrinos, Mukherjee, Stoffel, Gruber, Syngal.
Statistical analysis: Kastrinos, Mukherjee, Tayob, Wang, Stoffel, Gruber, Syngal.
Obtained funding: Gruber, Syngal.
Administrative, technical, or material support: Kastrinos, Sparr, Raymond, Bandipalliam, Syngal.
Study supervision: Mukherjee, Gruber, Syngal.
Financial Disclosures: Dr Gruber reported serving as an external advisor to Myriad Genetics Laboratories Inc (2008). Dr Syngal reporting serving as an external advisor to Myriad Genetics Laboratories Inc (2007). All other authors reported no financial disclosures.
Funding/Support: This work was supported in part by the grants R01CA81488, K24CA113433, R01CA97075, and 5P30CA46592 from the National Cancer Institute, The Karp Family, H.H. & M. Metals Inc Fund, and the Leake Gift for Pancreatic Cancer Research.
Role of the Sponsors: The funding organizations of this study had no role in the design and conduct of the study; in the collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; or in the preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript.
Additional Contributions: We thank Antonis Antoniou, PhD (Cancer Research UK Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom), and Mark Jenkins, PhD (Centre for Molecular, Environmental, Genetic, and Analytic Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Australia), for the technical advice in the implementation of modified segregation analysis. Drs Antoniou and Jenkins were not compensated for their contributions.
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Leverett, Massachusetts
|This article is a stub. Help us to expand it by contributing your knowledge. For county and town page guidelines, visit U.S. County Page Content Suggestions.
Leverett is a town in Massachusetts. It was formed in 1774 and was previously called Sunderland. It can be found in Franklin county and is a part of the Greenfield (Deerfield) registry of deed district. For more information, contact the county at 9 Montague Rd., Leverett 01054. On the attached map, Leverett is shown as 24 in Franklin county.
For information about the state of Massachusetts see Massachusetts Family History Research.


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Anaximander of Miletus
Born: 611 BC in Miletus near Söke, Turkey
Died: 546 BC
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Little is known about the life of Anaximander of Miletus but we do know a little through the writings of Aristotle, Apollodorus, and Diogenes Laertius and others. We should emphasise that Apollodorus, although writing in the second century BC, was still 500 years later than Anaximander while Diogenes wrote almost 500 years after Apollodorus. Possible details of Anaximander from these sources suggest that he was the son of Praxiades and a pupil of Thales. One ancient text states that Thales was related to Anaximander - possibly his uncle. He may have succeeded Thales as head of his School of Philosophy in Miletus (as reported by Diogenes). He is reported to have travelled widely, and founded a colony called Apollonia on the coast of the Black Sea [9]:-
It is also reported that he displayed solemn manners and wore pompous garments.None of Anaximander's writings survive but we do know something about his works which were still available to Aristotle and Apollodorus. His main writings are thought to have been On Nature, On the Fixed Stars, Geometric Surveying, Sphere, Map of Greece, and Map of the World. The importance of his work is that he introduced scientific and mathematical principles into the study of astronomy and geography. One should not come away with the impression that this makes his ideas plausible in light of modern knowledge, but nevertheless the attempt to bring scientific and mathematical principles into areas which had been largely the domain of mysticism until that time must mean that Anaximander plays an important role in the development of science. Let us look at his ideas.
Anaximander believed that the earth was a cylinder. If this seems a little strange, then we believe that his reasoning was that if one looked around one saw a circle, then he used a symmetry argument to argue that there was another circle with a cylinder between. He appears to have been the first person to argue that the sun, moon, planets and stars revolved around the earth so the sun which rose in the morning was the same sun that had disappeared on the evening of the preceding day. He saw each heavenly body as being a hole in an opaque circular wheel containing fire and encircling the earth. He also argued that the heavenly bodies were at different distances from the earth, but he was entirely wrong in believing that the stars were closer than any of the other heavenly bodies. He did, however, attempt to give the dimensions of the universe. The radius of the stars circles was 9 times the radius of the circle on top of the cylindrical earth, the radius of the moons circle was 18 times that of the earth, and the ratio of the sun's to the radius of the earth was 27. For more details see [12].
In Anaximander's model the earth is suspended in the middle of the circling heavenly bodies. What then keeps it in place? Aristotle writes:-
But there are some who say that the earth stays where it is because of equality, such as among the ancients Anaximander. For that which is situated in the centre and at equal distances from the extremes, has no inclination whatsoever to move up rather than down or sideways; and since it is impossible to move in opposite directions at the same time, it necessarily stays where it is.We also know that Anaximander attempted to give an explanation for how the universe came into being. His philosophy argued that all things arose from 'apeiron', the Boundless. Aristotle writes:-
Everything has an origin or is an origin. The Boundless has no origin. For then it would have a limit. Moreover, it is both unborn and immortal, being a kind of origin. For that which has become has also, necessarily, an end, and there is a termination to every process of destruction.Now the universe was created from the Boundless:-
A germ, filled with hot and cold, was separated off from the Boundless, then out of this germ a sphere of fire grew around the vapor that surrounds the earth, like a bark round a tree.The sphere of fire split into several wheels which were then the wheels of the stars, moon, and sun.
Anaximander discussed the origins of life, as well as the origins of the cosmos. He argued that the young earth was covered in seas, some of which began to dry out due to the heat of the sun. Life began in the mud of the seas as they dried out. The first animals had skin covered with spines but after they began to live on dry land, the heat of the sun gradually caused the animals to have fewer spines. He argued that man was not suited to live in this early world, so could only have arisen from the animals living on dry land after conditions became suitable. One would have to say that this is a remarkable achievement, again attempting to apply scientific and logical reasoning in an area where only mystical theories existed.
It appears that Anaximander was the first person to attempt to produce a map of the world. This map, of course, no longer exists, but it must have shown a circular earth - the top of the cylinder. It would have the Mediterranean Sea at its centre and show lands to the north and south, since this was the known world at the time.
Another first for Anaximander is the invention of the solar gnomon, see [19]. A special case of such a gnomon is the pointer on a sundial. The solar gnomon could be used to determine midday (the time of shortest shadow). Since at this time the sun was due south, the gnomon was used to find what we would call today 'the points of the compass'. Another aspect of his thought, having important implications for mathematics, is the dualism finite-infinite in his thoughts. This is discussed in detail in [6]. We have discussed above both his attempts to measure the scale of the heavens and also to measure distances on earth with his attempts at maps. These are shown in [17] to be among the early Greek works that led to the modern study of trigonometry,
Article by: J J O'Connor and E F Robertson
List of References (20 books/articles)
Some Quotations (4)
A Poster of Anaximander
Mathematicians born in the same country
Other Web sites
- Google books


text: Share: February 17, 2013 | by Marji Yablon Education Winter offers children a wonderland of ways to meet nature up close, with few supplies required. At first, a parent might think, "Isn't much of the natural world absent in the Northeast during the winter?" Well, yes, but according to educators at Millbrook's Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies and New Paltz's Mohonk Preserve, there's plenty to do and discover, and it includes embracing that absence.Jennifer Rubbo, ecology education program specialist at Millbrook's Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, points out: "You can completely see the landscape — rolling hills, streams, because nothing is blocking the view.""And the geology!" she said. "You can see the rocks. They aren't covered by vegetation."Appreciating trees that look like wiry sculptures, now that their leaves are gone, is a special opportunity winter offers. Using the institute's grounds as an example, Rubbo said, "On the lowlands down by the (Wappingers) Creek, the sycamore trees really stand out."Winter is the only time to fully appreciate the white branches of those tall trees.Cathy Shiga-Gattullo, educator for interpretation and visitor engagement at the Mohonk Preserve in New Paltz, mentioned additional sights available only during the colder months. This is the best time to spot bluebirds and cardinals, she said. They prefer it colder and so tend to move farther north of the mid-Hudson as the weather warms."The tufted titmouse is one of the cutest birds," she added, and you see more of them in winter.Even the sound of winter is different, she said. On the one hand, children can notice "how quiet the winter woods can be." On the other hand, "It's a great time to listen to nature, when road sounds are insulated by snow."The timing was perfect for a recent family-friendly winter walk led by Andrea Caruso, an ecology education program assistant at the Cary Institute. The group of about 40 could clearly spot animal tracks, because there was snow on the ground. And it had fallen recently enough that the prints hadn't been obscured by those of humans."A lot of animals we think might have gone off are actually present, so we tried to look for evidence," Caruso said. "The squirrel is an animal that kind of bounces and lands on two feet, then brings the front feet down and jumps again. The four prints are all in one group. Of course deer have hooves, but another clue is that in the case of animals like deer and coyotes, the prints are spread out. They walk instead of jump."Shiga-Gattullo said that while the claws or nails of dogs and other local animals are clearly visible along with their paw prints, the claws of cats are not, because they are able to retract them. Even preschoolers enjoy using that clue to spot cat prints in the snow.She added that there's fun to be had with human footprints, too. Children of preschool age and up can have fun playing Follow the Leader, attempting to stay within the footprints of the walker who preceded them.Snow can also serve as a canvas for artists of any age. "Use sticks or fallen pine needles or stones to make a design on the background of white snow," Shiga-Gattullo suggested.On the nature walk Caruso led, she showed families how to follow up the long distance view of a tree and its bare branches, by moving in closer for a bark rubbing. Sheets of tracing paper are required. Charcoal is often used to create a rubbing. Caruso supplied the children and their families with large-sized crayons with their paper wrappings removed.By holding the paper right up against the bark, then covering it with up and down strokes of the crayons held sideways, children can watch a distinct pattern emerge. Besides displaying the resulting art works, families can use the clues yielded by that activity to identify the type of tree, even when the identifiers most people use — its leaves — are missing. Young outdoor detectives can match their traced bark designs with examples printed in a field guide.Caruso and Shiga-Gattullo both suggested bringing black fabric outside during a snow fall and, with a magnifying glass, examining single flakes that have landed on it."If you watch for a while, you can see their diversity of shape and size," Caruso said.Before winter walks she has led at the Institute, she has supplied children with the materials to cut out circles of cardboard, glue black felt to them and attach a ribbon long enough so they can wear their creations around their necks as they walk outside during a snow fall. If it's not snowing, she said, a child can stand under a tree while someone gently shakes a branch, causing snow to fall on the felt.She warned that in that case, "many flakes will fall at once. You don't get to see that beautiful six-sided shape, but it's still a lot of fun to look at (under a magnifier)."Shiga-Gattullo said that, unlike most of her friends and neighbors, she does not clean up her garden as winter approaches, but waits until spring. She said that with seeds contained in everything from weeds to the sunflowers many people include in their gardens, an uncleared plot can offer a view of animal customers dropping by for the winter harvest.She said that winter's early nightfalls bring a special gift."Stargazing in winter is a great thing, because there are easily recognizable constellations, like Orion, and crisp views," due to the dry winter weather on nights when there is no precipitation. She added that because it gets dark early, children have the opportunity to look up at the night sky before bedtime.Exposing children to the adventure and beauty of the outdoors can affect their lives from that point on. Caruso grew up in a garden apartment setting in Westchester County, but regularly visited an aunt and uncle in the Capitol region, who lived closer to woods.She acknowledges that she has always had a love of science. Likewise, teaching has always attracted her, "because I love to encourage people to look more closely at things." But she said those visits upstate also played a part in affecting her habits as an adult.When her aunt took her walking in the woods, "she would encourage me to stop once in a while and take a good look." She remembers doing just that, at about the age of 7, as she stood with her aunt and watched a deer move near them. She can feel the effect of that day on her lifelong habits."The serenity of it helped inspire me to do that kind of thing on a regular basis."Original Article> Share: Media Coverage Winter scenery is fun to explore › February 17, 2013


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If the eviction of the Occupy movement from McKeldin Square was as peaceful and respectful as described in The Sun ("Occupy Baltimore seeks new goals," Dec. 14), then Mayor Stephanie Rawlings-Blake and the Baltimore Police Department deserve congratulations.
I visited the site several times in the early days of the protest. In my experience, the police officers were always respectful of the protesters' rights. In contrast to protests in New York, Oakland, and elsewhere, Baltimore has had no police harassment or violation of the Occupiers' freedom of speech and of assembly. The city left the Occupiers undisturbed for 10 weeks.
Although I support the goals of the movement, I was saddened to read recently of alleged crime at the site, and I think that the decision to ultimately evict the protesters is defensible. The handling of the eviction itself was admirable. The city made no arrests, made arrangements for homeless people living at the site, and respected the protesters' property.
The Occupy movement formed to address causes that are far more important than the right to squat on little squares of real estate in America's cities. I hope that they will continue to fight for economic justice and that Baltimore will continue to respect the rights of protesters.
Allan Massie, Baltimore


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Maria Grappini belongs to Timisoara's new entrepreneurial class. She grew up in Galati County and studied at the Textile Faculty in Iasi (Eastern Romania), graduating in 1978. Her husband – whom she met during her studies – having come from Timisoara, she moved there after graduation.
Today Maria Grappini is the main shareholder of Pasmatex, a textile company specialising in lacing, ribbons, bands, woven labels, and girths. The history of Pasmatex dates back to 1919 when the company started with three manual knitting machines. By 1925 it had 14 looms for ribbons and 10 knitting looms, and employed 53 people. During Communist rule, the company was nationalised. Through expansion and mergers it grew to employ nearly 900 people by the 1960s.
Grappini was appointed technical director in 1988. Two years later she became general manager. At the time, the company employed some 300 workers. Its only chance to survive, Grappini realised, was through privatisation. Though there was little interest in the company, she had to fight for more than a year until the company was put up for a management and workers buy out.
Bank loans allowed new investments in machinery to be made. Besides the core business of producing ribbons and bands, new clothing brands have been launched. Pasmatex, along with its subsidiaries, now employs some 700 people. It exports mainly to the EU.
Maria Grappini is also the President of the Federation of Employers of the Apparel Industry, and President of Timis County's Association of Women Entrepreneurs. She still sees a major need to ameliorate the situation for women in business:
"It's more difficult for a woman. And it's more difficult in Romania because there is still this mentality here, which doesn't change however hard we try: that the woman's place is not in politics or the business world, but at home."
September 2008
Kristof Bender


text:
Mayor Bill de Blasio announced recently that the city would spend an additional $23 million on arts education this fiscal year, much of which will go towards hiring certified arts teachers. In the end, though, that funding leads to 120 new teachers, when there are 419 schools citywide that lack a full-time certified arts teacher.
With education for all being one of Mayor de Blasio's biggest platforms — universal pre-K was one of his biggest selling points on his campaign — how can he accept non-compliance as a city norm?
While $23 million is certainly a step in the right direction, the fight for quality arts education for all students must continue. Studies have shown that students, in particular at-risk students, who have access to the arts in and out of school tend to perform better in school, have better work opportunities and are more civically engaged.
This becomes particularly troubling when we look at the schools that are suffering most from a lack of arts funding. Neighborhoods in South Bronx and Central Brooklyn — where, it can be argued, arts education is needed most — have the highest percentage of schools without certified arts teachers or designated arts rooms.
A zip code should never define the quality of a child's education. What good does universal pre-K do if those students then go on to enter into school systems that are lacking in basic areas like the arts?
Problems abound in New York City, and there are always more issues than there is funding to address them. But Mayor de Blasio is known for believing in the investment in our children as an investment in the future. It's time to put our money where our mouth is and give all of the city's children the opportunity to know the joy of playing, singing, dancing and creating.


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Alter Your Photos Using An Action
Play Creating Tricks on Your Photos Using Actions
Running an action (a preset series of editing functions) in Photoshop or Photoshop Elements allows to you quickly and easily alter an image like a pro. There are a variety of photo actions available online, including the three shown below, which are from our very own Dream Team member Maggie Holmes. See how the actions can change the look of this photo in just a few simple clicks.
Simple Color Boost Action
Run this action and watch as the colors in your photograph pop, making them more saturated and vibrant. This is a great choice for giving those everyday photos a little extra oomph.
Sun Kissed Action
Warm up any image with this dose of sunshine. This action adds a red/orange tone wihle also increasing your solar saturation.
Urban Action
An extremely popular look right now, the urban style adds a dramatic amount of yellow to your image, while also boosting the color and saturation. This is an ideal option if you're looking for a one-stop option to improve the overall color quality and enhance the highlights in your photos.
Free Video Tutorial
Take your photo editing to the next level and learn how to install and run actions using Photoshop Elements. This video tutorial guides you through the installation process using actions by Maggie Holmes. Learn how to install the actions and run the actions to make your photos pop off your scrapbook pages!
For more photo altering ideas and effects, see the Photo Tricks article in the March/April 2011 issue of Creating Keepsakes magazine.
Related Links:
Video Tutorial: Creating a Group Shot in Photoshop Elements
Video Tutorial: Eliminate Distracting Elements using Photoshop Elements
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text:
DC Marks The New 52's Anniversary with ZERO MONTH
In September, everything in the New 52 universe will go back to ground zero.
In an event that has been rumored for a while now, all of The New 52 ongoing titles that are published in September will be numbered issue #0 in an event DC Entertainment is calling "Zero Month."
Timed to the one-year anniversary of DC's massive reboot of its entire fictional universe, Zero Month will feature stand-alone stories that tell something from the history of the team or character — from before the relaunch.
"[Zero Month] is not just about origins," co-publisher Jim Lee told Newsarama. "It's really about reveals, and it's really about sparking continued interest in new storylines. So it gave a lot of freedom to the creative teams to either do origin stories that they hadn't done before, or plant seeds for future storylines."
DC Universe Presents #0 will feature four 10-page stories that focus on the untold history of Hawk and Dove, O.M.A.C., Mr. Terrific and Mother Machine, which were all central characters in comics that were canceled in May.
Among the #0 issues released in September will be four new series that will replace four canceled series. (One of the series that is ending after its August issue is Justice League International, but the other three have not been announced.)
The four new series are Talon, written by James Tynion IV and co-plotted by Scott Snyder with art by Guillem March; The Phantom Stranger by co-publisher Dan DiDio with art by Brent Anderson; Team Seven by writer Justin Jordan with art by Jesus Merino; and Sword of Sorcery by writer Christy Marx and artist Aaron Lopresti (with back-ups by Tony Bedard and Jesus Saiz).(See our separate story for more details on the new series.)
In October, the four new series will continue with issue #1, while the original New 52 series will return to their previous numbering from August. October will also presumably see DC kick off some of the events that Newsarama outlined last month, including the Green Lantern "Third Army" event.
That will start the road toward DC's upcoming event Trinity War, which Lee said will start a "year and a half" after the launch of The New 52 — meaning it should start soon after the beginning of 2013.
Lee also indicated that Trinity War will impact the entire DCU, and September's Zero Month is part of the publisher "getting all the ducks in a row" before that "major" event begins.
Newsarama talked to DiDio and Lee about the Zero Month event and why DC is taking this step upon the one-year anniversary of its line-wide relaunch.
Newsarama: Dan, what was the thought behind all of these different series taking this major break after 12 issues and going back to something in the characters' past?
Dan DiDio: When we started The New 52, we started on a different footing with so many different characters. Some characters started into their careers. Some started at a brand new starting point. Some characters were a complete reboot. And some characters had threads of storylines that might have been reminiscent of things that occurred before relaunch of the series.
And in doing so, we wanted each character and story and series to find its own footing and its own way. But we also knew there might be questions asked about how these characters came to be, especially when we started in the middle of their story.
So what we wanted to do is create a month where we basically put everything on equal footing and reviewed everything on the same level, and be able to either tell an origin or reveal something that is integral to who that character is and what that character is about in that story.
Newsarama: Jim, as you thought about how to mark the occasion of the one-year anniversary of The New 52, why did this event make sense?
Jim Lee: Because it's in keeping with the idea behind The New 52, because Zero Month is all about revealing new things about these characters, and keeping the storylines fresh and exciting. What I like about the Zero Month is that it's not just about origins. It's really about reveals, and it's really about sparking continued interest in new storylines. So it gave a lot of freedom to the creative teams to either do origin stories that they hadn't done before, or plant seeds for future storylines.But again, the main theme of it is new, new, new. It's about creating excitement to keep the fans coming into the stores week after week. Keeping that excitement level is one of our primary missions behind The New 52.
Nrama: There are also a lot of hints being dropped for upcoming events, and they look like they might begin in October. We're also getting close to the start of "Trinity War." Is Zero Month the calm before the storm?
Lee: Yeah, in a sense. We have plans. New 52 wasn't the only thing we had planned when we were putting together the New 52 initiative last year. We had this planned out for two to three years.
So yeah, I guess you could say Zero Month is the calm before the storm. But that was by design.When you do something as big and as potentially seismic as The New 52, we knew we didn't want to make it an event where everything was tied together where readers were forced to buy every single book. It really about, hey, these are all stand-alone concepts and characters that exist in the New 52 and show off our diversity and the breadth of the genres we tackle with these characters.
And I think once that was established in the first year, the seed that we planted with Pandora and the Phantom Stranger, leading into "Trinity War," takes us into our first major, big event that impacts the entire DCU.
So it's really about "getting the ducks in a row" and setting up this awesome storyline, and paying it off. And that's been the plan from the start.
So I think your assessment of it is correct. And ultimately, I think people are going to be very, very pleased with "Trinity War" because we took the time to set it up over the course of a year and a half.More from Newsarama:
- Piecing Together DC's Mysterious FREE COMIC BOOK DAY Issue
- DC's September: ZERO Issues? THIRD ARMY? JLA Shake-up?
- ALAN SCOTT is Gay; Other Gender, Race Changes Coming to DC
- GEOFF JOHNS Takes GREEN LANTERN Toward THIRD ARMY Event
- DC Comics' FULL August 2012 Solicitations


text:
A zippered case just for Double Pointed Needles and Crochet Hooks with built in Notions Case on the outside.
Two rows of 8 pockets inside are varying widths to accommodate multiple sizes and amounts of needles and hooks. Top row holds 7 lengths and bottom row holds 5 or longer lengths. See-through flap prevents slippery needles and hooks sliding out of the case when opening or closing.
A WET Erase marker can be used on the vinyl flap to mark the contents of each pocket. A Dry Erase marker can also be used but will rub off with use. The Wet Erase marker is similar but must be wiped with a damp cloth to be removed.
Built-in zippered Notions Case on the outside back is just as roomy as the stand alone Notions Case and still includes the small interior pocket for small items.
Beaded zipper pulls.
della Q Small Eden Pouch - 115-1 - 214 Flagg and Chicken Boots Notions Case - Gidget are both similar accessories: needle and accessory organizers.


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text:
"Online file backup and storage... GDrive provides reliable storage for all of your files, including photos, music and documents... GDrive allows you to access your files from anywhere, anytime, and from any device - be it from your desktop, web browser or cellular phone".
The text above from http://pack.google.com/cistrings.js which was modified last week, seems to be more compelling proof that Google's GDrive is nearing launch ready status. Interesting to note the potential of GDrive access via cellular phone, music file storage and it perhaps being offered via Google Pack.
UPDATE: - It has been confirmed, this is the first "Official" description of GDrive.


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2019-20 Parent Handbook
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High school graduation 2019
JC student obtains Eagle Scout status
Olivia Bowman signing
NAMM designation
WWII visitor
Molly J artwork
JC celebrates Culture Night
A Johnson City High School alumnus who's worked across the country, returned to his alma mater to share some of his experiences.
The Johnson City High School Music Department presents Roald Dahl's "Willy Wonka"
Kat Eucker scholarship
Robotics Challenge
Molly J check donation
Foster grandparent recognition
Eric Adolf at Art Challenge
Danielle Berube's class
April Friendly Families Cafe
Hunter the therapy dog
The Buzz and Hidden Mischief flier
Fruit Smoothies
Student award winners
Opioid assembly at the HS
JC basketball player honors
K-9 visits JC
Lourdes emergency training
NHS Art Auction
Students learn to budget
Top 10
Opioid Awareness event reminder
PAWS Cafe picnic
Biliteracy students
Two seniors awarded Section IV award
val and sal
Spring Fling
dictionary giveaway
daVinci Art Festival
JC Special Olympics Team
Spaghetti Dinner
Athlete of the Week
Rumble Ponies game
Cornhole Classic at Wildcat Stadium
Third-grade recorder concerts
Flag placement at Calvary Cemetery
Disney-themed spaghetti dinner
Ag in the Classroom
HS Scholastic Challenge
25 year recognitions
Budget vote results
Tiny houses project
JC to present "The Buzz" at The Bridge
Third-graders at Calvary
Daquan Jones Football Camp
Rosie's Zoo Crew
K-5 Carnival
Grandparents Cafe
Senior athlete BBQ
HS Academic Awards
Students win athletic award
8th grade Moving Up Ceremony
5th grade moving up ceremony
Students participate in memorial run
MS HS Art Show
K5 Carnival
Rock On Cafe Commercial
DaQuan Jones returns to JC
Students register for SUNY Broome
Biliteracy students recognized by BOE
HS picnic at Greenwood Park
MS holds spirit week pep rally
World of Possibilities Day
Living Center year-end picnic
Senior Walk 2019
K5 Field Days
5th grade trip to BOCES
5th-grade Moving Up ceremony
Third-graders celebrate literacy
8th-grade Moving Up ceremony
BOE recognizes Arnie Beuhler
Summer Bookmobile
JC Prom 2019
High school graduation 2019
Story about Bess Greenberg
Dante Regal wins the gold
Parent Information Night for incoming 6th-graders
JCHS Blood Drive
ENL Camp presentation
JC employee receives citizenship
Grabowski awarded scholarship
Summer Camp 2019
Marching Arts Day
Summer Zone 2019
Skyliners Drum Corps
Teacher training
Rock On Cafe website
New Teacher Orientation
Bus mechanics recognized by Board
August graduation
First day of school
Article about Jennifer Chudacik
Molly Jablonowski at LUMA
Senior joins National Guard
Used yearbooks
Free dental care
Honoring 9/11
Wildcat Truths
Preparing for NY Thursdays lunch
Distributing letters of thanks
NY Thursdays
Wildcat Wednesday video
Fireworks display at Homecoming
Wildcat Wellness 5K
Football team dinner
7th-grade Connection Day
Elementary School Open House
Spirit Week news coverage
5K race canceled
Wildcat Wednesday Samantha McCloe
Swimming fundraiser
Mauro's Cafe
Elementary School's Wildcat Spirit
Homecoming 2019
Athletic Hall of Fame celebration
Teen Living class makes blankets
JC teacher named NYS Master Teacher
Wildcat Wednesday - Kelsey Palmer
Class of 2020 paddle party
Emergency Dismissal Drill
Construction Career Day
Wildcat Wednesday - Michele Talcott
Ag in the Classroom returns
First Night 2019
High School Career Fair
16th Annual Father/Daughter Dance
Marching Band takes 1st place
Assemblywoman Donna Lupardo visits JC
Wildcat Wednesday - Todd Place
Fall Fest
POP Science returns to JC
JCHS hosts job fair
JC Police Officer visit
BOE Week
JC students talk about historic spacewalk
Early Dismissal
High school trip to Highland State Forest Park
Wildcat Wednesday - Mike Buntz
Board recognitions
Second-grade readers
Teen Traffic Safety Day
High School Wildcat Closet
1st Annual Fall Festival
Top 10 students
WBNG visits Wildcat Closet
K5 pumpkins
Wildcat Wednesday - Mike Patterson
Ag in the Classroom - Apples
WBNG story about JC pumpkins
Veterans visit JC Elementary/Middle School
Spanish 4 students celebrate Day of the Dead
Engineering Day at BOCES
Wildcat Wednesday - Lydia Dozoretz
Father Daughter Dance
WBNG reporter visit
HS Music Dept. reveals musical
Wildcat Wednesday video - Heather Hauer-Ross
Dollars for Scholars voucher
Early Dismissal Days
SUNY Delhi visit
School-Related Professionals Day
Class of 2020 APP Holiday Sale
Wildcat Wednesday - Janis Corey
Daquan Jones at Pro Bowl
The Polar Express
Career Friday visit
Students enjoy Thanksgiving
Fifth-grade class write letters of gratitude
Wildcat Wednesday highlights Nate Luce
Ag in the Classroom reindeer
Holiday event at the Elementary School
JC students go to BU exhibit
JC holiday parade
Holiday parade
SUNY Upstate Medical University
Girls in Engineering Day
JCHS Science Club field trip
High school wraps up holiday food drive
Job fair
Wildcat Wednesday video - James Kucko
Career Friday visitor
The Polar Express performance
K5 family fun night
Senior signs with Seton Hill
Notice of special meeting
JC students win County Executive Challenge
Pancake breakfast
Fifth-grade writers
Holiday Food Drive
New Year's Celebration
Special Board Meeting
Wildcat Wednesday - Kari Eiklor
Senior signs with Dominican College
County Executive visits JC
BU Men's Basketball visit JC
Wildcat Wednesday - Ahlpheh Wilson
Rap as Rebellion and Representation class
2nd graders' acts of kindness
New Opportunities for Parents
Fox 40 story about Nick Moran
JC Mobile Food Pantry
JC Communication Survey
Wildcat Wednesday - Chelsea Ingalls
Free movie night February 9
Eighth-graders attend SPARK event
Students attend BU Athletics luncheon
Ag in the Classroom visit
Athletic Hall of Fame nominations
Wildcat Wednesday - Brittany Bennett
Phantom of the Opera tickets
National School Counselors Week
Army National Guard at JC
Basketball Coach recognition
Wildcat Wednesday - Eric Putman
JC staff mentor mentee program
High School Snow Ball 2020
Youth LAX sign-ups
A2A game
Little League sign-ups
"Wonder Park" at K-8
Wildcat Wednesday - Stephanie Godoy
February Fling
Reading Buddies
Inspiring a Valentine's Day dessert
No One Eats Alone Day
Second-grade opinion writing
JC Police Officer guest speaker
Pinocchio visits JC Elementary
Ag in the Classroom - rabbits
100th day of school
Early Dismissal on Feb. 26
High School Science Fair 2020
JC Connects Tiny-Tot Book Club
Team Sports
Wildcat Wednesday - Bob and Nancy McDonald
Culture Night 2020
Third-grade reading unit
High school graduation 2019
Johnson City Central School District
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I hate when I don't see a pedestrian in a crosswalk until too late and don't stop. It happens sometimes when I'm in the bike lane and the person is walking across traffic and they're blocked by an SUV or some other kind of tall-ish car. I feel like a jackass when it happens, even when I apologize. Yet another argument for taking the lane? I don't know. Maybe just an argument for lucite SUVs.
More green bikes today. Green is the new every other color.
I think my favorite part about writing these posts is trying to remember all of the people, on bikes and otherwise, who temporarily drop into my life and then leave it. That's probably a sad metaphor for something even sadder, but it's at least a little true. And then there's the whole business of trying to figure out who to mention. Do I write about the lady on the vintage mixte, who I thought would turn right right into me? How about the guy with the leather gladstone bag tucked on the rack behind his kid in the kidseat? Or the guy on the red road bike who waited with me briefly at the light at 3rd and Penn, before making a left-turn and heading off who knows where? And did the man jogging in the middle of the bike lane really want me to ask him about public charter schools, as the words on the back of his shirt suggested? I would have preferred to ask him about why he was jogging in the bike lane, but as a compromise, I declined to ask him anything. Maybe next time.
Remember when they (?) said that the 15th street cycle track would be extended to Euclid and to Constitution? I do. This was from August 2010, which is roughly 27 DC government scandals ago, which is pretty much a lifetime. I just think that extending the cycletrack to Constitution might be a really nice thing to do before the Bikeshare stations are placed on the Mall. You know, so people could bike from the Mall to the White House in some protected bike infrastructure. Just throwing that out there. I'm fairly certain that I (through blogging sorcery) summoned that Stoddert Bikeshare station into existence, so maybe the same thing will happen here.
Looks like the DC Bicycle Advisory Committee has some vacancies. If anyone wants to be Vincent Orange's appointee (and for comedy reasons, one should), now's your chance. Someone needs to advocate for fictitious bike parking at the fictitious Ward 5 strip clubs.
I think the Jamis is gone, probably forever. Maybe the guy just moved it inside. In any case, it's not there and that's one less thing for me to write about. Doesn't the owner know I depend on shit like this for filler? Some people.
There's something about the timing of the lights on 15th street that causes bicyclists to bunch at Rhode Island and then there's something about bicyclists that causes them to act all crazy when that light turns green and start racing southward as quickly as possible, which makes me have to either hold my ground or nearly ride into the bollards. One woman actually left the cycletrack and salmoned on 15th so she could get around me and the other people she was racing against. Um, if the lights are timed the same way as they are in the evening, you're going to get stuck at Mass anyway, so, um, why is this happening? Also, shouldn't the stretch of blocks between Rhode Island and Massachusetts have some
Kids, don't do stupid stuff borne of vanity. Kids, also if your parents are letting you read this drivel, you'd be better off orphaned. Anyway, here's what happened. I got shoaled. Shoal me once, shame on you. So when the light changed, I passed the guy, and just because, I decided that I would ride in the drops and see how fast I could go in the bike lane. And this was all well and good until a taxi driver decided that he would leave the travel lane, try to cross the bike lane and get into the right-turn lane. Which he mostly did, but with enough room to allow me to come to a complete stop. So I slowed and squeaked, but I ended up having to use the rear right side of the car to come to a complete stop from the 3 miles per hour that I was then going, placing my gloved left hand near the gas tank and avoiding my bike actually coming into contact with the vehicle. Long story short, it was fine. It was barely even anything, but, generally speaking, one looks to not collide into things, even when going quite slowly. The driver said "My fault." Yes, that's incontrovertible. I said "We both got lucky this time." Then he said "I'm sorry" and I said "no worries." And then he didn't even make the right turn, instead moved his car back into the lane from which he had just exited. Also, the shoal guy caught up to me and ended up in front of me again on R when I decided to ride on the sidewalk to try to avoid some construction and ended up behind an old lady. So, here's the takeaway: bike lanes aren't for going fast and getting stupidly competitive about the relative speed with which one can operate a bicycle vis-a-vis a totally contrived positional hierarchy relative to stop lights is a dumb and you shouldn't do it. Implicitly, I know this, but maybe I should know it explicitly, too.
Mary Poppins Effect test while riding behind a helmetless blonde on Massachusetts. I didn't notice anything different from the drivers. She did the thing that some bicyclists do when riding in the door zone, which is move immediately to right (away from traffic) when there's a break in the parked cars, just to move back into the door zone when the parked cars appear again. It's probably better just to keep your line, but what do I know? I slowly collided with a taxicab, so I'm hardly one to give advice.


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I am afraid that you will likely get lost in the terminology unless you are very familiar with FamilySearch's use of the terms, Tree, New.FamilySearch.org and etc. I would refer you to my first post on this subject, if you need some help in this regard.
Assuming you now have all of the terms figured out, I will launch right into the subject of this post; preserving your files on FamilySearch.org's Trees.
Here is a screen shot of the FamilySearch.org startup page with an arrow pointing at the Trees link.
This menu item refers to a way to search the records formerly used in the old FamilySearch.org website, including the Ancestral File and the Pedigree Resource File. Essentially, although it is no longer mentioned as such, FamilySearch is inviting everyone to store their user generated family trees online and allow the files to be searched using this Trees link. Here is a screenshot of the sharing page:
You should note, that unlike sharing your family information on MyHeritage.com or Ancestry.com's Family Trees, you cannot view your file, yet, on FamilySearch.org. Clicking on the Submit Tree button shows the following page:
Once you sign in, you can see the following:
Interestingly, I could now delete the old incomplete backup file I up loaded in 2000. I could also store a copy of my current files online. You will notice that the upload is done with a GEDCOM file, which essentially means that some of the features of the newer database programs are not likely to be online for viewing or anything else.
This was always available as a contribution of your file to the Pedigree Resource File, but what is new is the ability to delete old files.


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10th 12th Result 2020, Board Exam Results Date, X/Xll Exam Result 2020, 10th/ 10+2 Result 2020, 10th Class Result 2020, 12th Class Result 2020
10th 12th Result 2020
- 1 10th 12th Result 2020
Students who have appeared in the 10th 12th Board Examination for session year 2016-17 can check their 10th 12th Result 2020 for all state and Center Board on the official website of Board. Every year all the State and Central Board conducts Xth/Xllth Exam in the month of March/April. So this year the Boards conducted the Tenth/Twelth Examination for academic year 2016-17 from same Month. Here we are provides all the major Board Examination Results 2020 such as SSLC/HSSC Result 2020, SSC/HSC Exam Result 2020, Tenth/Twelth Result 2020, High School/Higher Secondary (Senior Secondary) Result 2020, Matric/Inter Class Result 2020, Matriculation/Intermediate Exam Result 2020, 10th 12th Result 2020 etc.
10th Result 2020 by Name Wise
he all Private and Regular Students are eagerly waiting for Class 10th 12th Result 2020. So we are informing the Students that the Boards will soon published the 12th Class Result 2020 for all streams such as Arts, Commerce, and Science After Two Month of the Exam. The SSC/HSC Result 2020 will be available soon on the respective official website of the board. Here we will also provide Candidates Matric/Intermediate Exam Result 2020 through this page. So you can check and download the Board Exam 10th/ plus 2 Exam Result 2020 on this page. And some education board also notified to the students by discloses it on newspaper.
12th Class Result 2020 (Arts, Commerce, Science)
This site is one stop solution for results of various Indian boards, Indian Universities, Competitive Examination. All those results is going to declared on 2020 you can easily find out here. All students those who are studied in their respectively board can check it out all India boards 10th / SSC / HSC/ 12th class Results 2020 by roll number, name wise, school wise, college wise. Most of the all our India board results will be declared on March or June 2020 of 10th Class, 12th Class.
Every year all our India SSC Boards, HSC Boards examination is scheduled by the different state in their respectively region. All the schedule , time table, admit card, hall ticket of the examination find out only on here. All those who are appearing for the exam of 10th and 12th boards are very nervous for their result but not to worry everything will be fine. Many students are so much curious and excited to know their result you can check all the SSC (10th), HSC (12th) result here. 12th Boards students can also check their result stream wise like Science, Commerce, Arts. Which are very important for their future perspective.
Indian boards are conducting exam every year. Every year in all our India lakhs of the students appearing for the 10th, 12th boards and competitive exam. Board Result 2020, 10th Boards Results 2020, 12th Boards Results 2020. Most of the different boards are announcing their result during March to June. This year 2020 is also result is going to declared on same month. Students can check results of various boards exam results, time table, schedule, admit card of the examination only on here. Our team is providing each and every information like full score card download facility, name wise students data, Roll number wise data, Highest Mark wise data and many more filter available for the results 2020. You can check all the result on official site or else here. We will update the result link of SSC Results 2020, HSC Results 2020 when official site result will be declared.
10th /12th Results 2020 All India Board
All 10th Board results, 12th board results will be updated here once the official site will declared the result. Here you can check it out 10th Boards Result 2020, 10th Result 2020, SSC Result 2020, 10th Class Result 2020, 12th results 2020, HSC Result 2020 find out here. You can simply search students result following method also.
- 10th / 12th Class Board Roll Number wise Result 2020 (Enter 10th,12th class Board roll number),
- 10th / 12th Class Board School wise Result 2020 (Enter school details),
- 10th / 12th Class Board Name wise Result 2020 (Enter name),
- 10th / 12th Class Board Seat no. wise Result 2020 (Enter seat number),
- 10th / 12th class Board results by email 2020 (Register to get 10th board result),
- 10th / 12th Class Board result by SMS 2020 (Send Message and get 10th & 12th Board result)
All the 10th (ssc), 12th (hsc) Class appeared students who might be in a panic or tense mood due to the 10th & 12th Board exam result, as this result only help them to know in which field they will pursue their higher education. So in the following link we will update the expected date of declaration of 10th Class Board Results 2020, 12th class board result 2020 with the Result link.
10th Board Result 2020 / 12th Board Result 2020
From above list some state board such as UP Board of education, Rajasthan Board, Gujarat Board etc. are most popular and large number of students are appearing every year in 10th & 12th standard. Apart from this there are number of open school board are also their in some state like RSOS, APOSS etc. These boards are conducting exam for those students who are not study regular due to some personal problem. Here we will upload all the details of the result, admit card, schedule of the examination every information you can find out here.
SSLC/HSSC Exam Result 2020
The Boards is going to declare the Madhyamik/Intermediate PUC 1st, 2nd (First, Second) year Examination 2016-17 Results in the Month of March/April 2020. So students who have attempted in the HSC HSSLC Examination 2020 can need to download the 10th 12th Result 2020 to plan their next study. SSC HS Class Exam Play an important role in the student's life to building the future of the students. There are around 31 Boards in India are working in the field of Education and some board offering school education like CBSE Board, RBSE, UP Board, Bihar Board, MP Board , and HP Board. You can check the Secondary School Certificate (SSC)/Higher Secondary Certificate (HSC) Exam Result date 2020 here we have provide some easy steps by which you can get your 12th Result 2020.
Board Exam Results Date
The Students of Board Exam want to find a platform where they can access Latest News about 10th Result 2020. So this is a platform where we will update Latest information about Board Exam Result. So all the Private and Regular Students of any Board can access their Exam Schedule from here. 10th 12th Result 2020 has been updated separately updated in above table. So find your respective Board and check Board Class Result 2020.
10th Class Result 2020
All the Private and Regular Students are able to download 10th Result 2020 from this page. When the Board will release 10th 12th Result 2020 we will provide you Exam Results. You can also check Local News Paper to know about their Result Date. The Board also provides Results Date through News Paper. Visit here regularly to check Latest Updates. The all Boards will be declared soon the 10th Class and 12th Class Result 2020 on the official website of Board.
12th Class Result 2020
12th Class Result 2020 or Intermediate Exam Result can Check from here by Name Wise or Roll Number Wise. The Students who are looking Higher Secondary Exam Result are informed that you can download 12th Board Result 2020 through above mentioned table. We have listed all State and Central Board Exam Result on this page. So find your respective Board link and download 12th Class Exam Result.
Indiaresults.com team is wishing you a very bright future. Wish you a all the best for future and get good marks in 10th Result 2020. Just select your boards from above list and check your result. Result will update here after official declared by your state boards. Now the Rajasthan Time table 2020 is live now.
here all student can check their result via Manabadi.com site. and get their marksheet, scorecard, supplementary exam dates, Roll No.


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Nip/Tuck Begins Its Endgame in October
FX is loading up for a fairly busy fall with the return of Nip/Tuck and two other shows and the possible launch of a new comedy.
Nip/Tuck will begin its sixth season in October, beginning the countdown to a series finale that will come in 2010 or '11. The continuing professional, personal and sexual adventures of plastic surgeons Sean McNamara (Dylan Walsh) and Christian Troy (Julian McMahon) will unfold for 10 episodes this fall, setting the stage for a nine-episode final season further down the line.
FX announced last year that it would end the show after 100 episodes, at the time saying that the final two seasons would air starting in 2010. That timeline has moved up a little, but fans of the show will still have plenty of time to say goodbye. The show has already finished filming the series finale.
The other returnees on FX in the fall are Sons of Anarchy, which will move into the Tuesday-night spot that was the long-time home of The Shield on Sept. 8; and It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia, which returns for its fifth season on Thursday, Sept. 17.
Sons of Anarchy was one of the top draws on cable for adults 18-34 last season. The second season will feature new guest stars Henry Rollins and Adam Arkin entering SAMCRO's orbit.
It's Always Sunny may also pair with a new comedy in the fall. FX says it "has plans" to debut a new show on Thursday nights but doesn't go into any more specifics.
Source: Zap2It
Tags: Nip/Tuck


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Please call us for pricing: 818-597-7800
Clean lines and a distressed finish over elm veneers give this reading bed with storage a look that is on-trend yet timeless in style. The paneled headboard adds cool rustic appeal, and the versatile finish is equally suited for a boy or girl's room. The bed includes an underbed storage unit that can be used on either side, and features one large drawer and two adjustable shelves for anything from clothing to toys. Modern in style and design, the bed features a built-in Flex LED light that wraps from behind the headboard and over, so that kids don't have to strain their eyes late at night to read their favorite book--or do their homework.
The #myRoom Full Reading Bed with Underbed Storage by Smartstuff at Reeds Furniture in the Los Angeles, Thousand Oaks, Simi Valley, Agoura Hills, Oxnard, Calabassas, Malibu, California area. Product availability may vary. Contact us for the most current availability on this product.
Designed for today's plugged in youth with smart features, fun add-ins, and tons of storage, #myRoom is trending with kids and parents alike. The nursery and youth bedroom collection has a dorm-room vibe, with streamlined silhouettes, modern detailing, and two two-tone finish options that are youthful and stylish. With its neutral tones and simple design, #myRoom has a versatile look equally suited for a boy or girl's bedroom, and though it's perfectly on-trend, the collection has a timeless quality that will remain in style as your child grows from crib to college. Features like built-in charging stations, Flex LED reading lights, and corkboards give kids the freedom to stay connected and express their personality, while inclusions like underbed storage, drawer partitions, and extra safety features will keep parents satisfied. So tweet, instagram, and text away; #myRoom brings the fun features and style that kids want and the safety, construction, and organization that parents require. Finally, something that kids and parents can agree on.
The #myRoom collection is a great option if you are looking for Contemporary
Coastal furniture in the Los Angeles, Thousand Oaks, Simi Valley, Agoura Hills, Oxnard, Calabassas, Malibu, California area.
These images are representative of this group as a whole and may differ from this item.
Browse other items in the #myRoom collection from Reeds Furniture in the Los Angeles, Thousand Oaks, Simi Valley, Agoura Hills, Oxnard, Calabassas, Malibu, California area.
This item has been tagged as: Bed, Bedroom Furniture, Twin Size Bed, Full Size Bed, Queen Size Bed, King Size Bed, California King Size Bed, Bookcase Bed, Book Case Bed, Canopy Bed, Bed with Canopy, Captain's Bed, Daybed, Headboard and Footboard Bed, Headboard, Footboard, Headboard & Footboard, Pier Bed, Poster Bed, Sleigh Bed, Upholstered Bed, Wall Unit Bed, Double Bed, Day Bed, Storage Bed, Home Furnishings, Furniture, Bed frame, Furnishing For Bedroom, Bedroom Furniture Set
Nothing on this page may be copied or reproduced without explicit permission.


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Particulate Emissions from Diesel-Fueled Engines as a Toxic Air Contaminant
This page last reviewed July 29, 2008
The staffs of the Air Resources Board (ARB or Board) and the Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment
(OEHHA) have been evaluating diesel exhaust since 1989 under California's air toxics program, for potential identification
as a toxic air contaminant (TAC). A draft report was first released in June 1994, for public review and comment.
A revised draft report was released in May 1997. A third draft report was report released for public review in February
1998. The February 1998 report was formally reviewed and approved by the Scientific Review
Panel (SRP) at its April 22, 1998, meeting.
The final report and a staff report are available in our "formal" rulemaking activity referenced below.
Fact Sheets
- The Toxic Air Contaminant Identification Process: Toxic Air Contaminant Emissions from Diesel-Fueled Engines (PDF - 10K)
- California's Process to Reduce Health Risks Posed by Toxic Air Contaminant Emissions from Diesel-Fueled Engines (PDF - 14K)
Rulemaking Activity
The regulatory documents pertaining to the formal rulemaking activity beginning with the 45-day public hearing.
Diesel Programs
Diesel Fuel Program
Diesel Activities - Related Programs, Plans and Other Topics