text:
Linton Organic Cotton Pique Polo
This year, it's our 30th birthday. To mark it, we've handpicked 30 pieces that we're really proud of. Iconic pieces that you guys know and love. This is just one of them.
All our polos are now made from organic cotton! They're softer, better for the environment, and better for the people who make them. This plain top is a comfortable fit, with branded buttons and embroidered branding on the chest.
- Organic cotton
- Comfortable fit
- Branded buttons
- Split sides
- Model wears size Medium
Caring about cotton100% of the cotton used for our cotton clothing products is sustainably sourced. Read more here.
Product code: 932312
Care Instructions
- 100% cotton
- Machine washable
Free Standard Shipping on orders over $75 ($5 otherwise).
Standard Shipping: 2-5 working days.
Returns Information
Need to send something back? We now offer FREE returns!
Returns Policy
We really hope you like your purchase, but if you need to send anything back, just email firstname.lastname@example.com with your order number beginning USF and we'll send you a pre-paid returns label. We are happy for you to return items to us within 30 days from receipt for full price items and 15 days for items bought during the sale.
- bvseo_sdk, dw_cartridge, 16.1.1, p_sdk_3.2.0
- CLOUD, getContent, 10ms
- reviews, product
- bvseo-msg: Unsuccessful GET. status = ERROR, msg = Not Found.;


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I've had great service with this online dealer out of Portland, Oregon.
Top quality customer care.
I've had great service with this online dealer out of Portland, Oregon.
Top quality customer care.
Can I ask for what? Wheelchair parts or stuff like lube and catheters? I use sportaid for the former and allegro for the latter and have problems with both.
t8, I ordered a replacement cushion for a shower chair that I couldn't find anywhere else. Other than at Allegro but Allegro won't ship to Canada. So my experience with them is minimal but I found their speed of service, knowledge and customer care pleasant and top notch. I got the vibe that they actually care about service.
I really like their customer support. The chat is super fast for getting a quote and they reply to emails quickly.
Also shipping was fast. And packaging was great.
I wouldn't hesitate to order anything from them.
Thanks for the heads-up! I've been looking for more online options. The prices look good too. Great selection and even though it sounds silly- the website looks great and is big enough that I don't have to enlarge the text to see it.
I have also had good service from Care Medical. Would recommend.
I like to think that in my almost 30 years of SCI I've sourced out the best people to do business with (though Gino has even more years on the calendar!). So here are my suggestions:
I have no direct experience with Care Medical, but for wheelchairs, handcycles, and accessories I don't see how anyone can beat the knowledge, personal service and pricing working with Scott Pellett, owner of Bike-on.com.
As far as urological supplies, I'll throw in a plug for UTI Medical (877-STOP-UTI) and its owner, Phil Dye.
I second Stephen on UTI Medical and Phil Dye. I have seen Stephen recommend them so many times, and everyone who he has referred to them LOVES them, including myself. They are knowledgeable, helpful and quick. Their customer service is great, and they work with you to find what supplies are best for you.
~Mandy~SCI as a result of spinal surgery
TiLite Aero Z!!!
Bike-On.com looks great. Good prices.
I asked Care Medical for a quote to ship a cushion to Canada, 7 hours and still waiting. Not a good start. Maybe I am just impatient.
Have you tried other online dealers for quotes?
I just put another order in from Care Medical today. The shipping quote I asked for yesterday wasn't emailed until this morning. Not a big deal to me but if that is an issue for others, I'd try a few other places as well. Have to find what works for you.

subset: commoncrawl


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The layout of MCiOS is similar to York - plain unordered-list text in 'player: move' format; but several innovations that first appeared here have become common currency across the Morniverse; pre-coloured names, move preview, move permalinking, the ability to step from one game to the next, and so forth. There is also a [live chat server] with an embedded Flash-based client, a hitherto undocumented HTML-style <HIDE> tag, a bad advice server, and a few other minor enhancements. The code itself, Dan insists, is quite horrible, for reasons identical to those given by Yoz? with reference to Delphi.
Other names the site has been known by include 'Outer Space', 'Parslow.com', 'Dan's Server' and, infrequently, 'Eighth Dimension'. (For a brief time the server was named Mornington Crescent Across The Eighth Dimension, for no very compelling reason.)
The analog clock on the front page displays server time (or more to the point, Mornington Crescent station time) rather than the user's local time, on the principle that it's not the site's job to tell the user what time his computer thinks it is, but rather to provide common reference time for determining the age of postings.


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Because the number of influenza cases has significantly increased throughout the region, children age 12 and under may not visit patients effective Wednesday, January 8. This applies to all Wake Forest Baptist inpatient locations and will remain in effect until the number of flu cases decreases significantly.Learn More.
See: Bacterial Vaginosis
© 2019 Brenner | Site Policies & Statements
The information on this Website is for general informational purposes only and SHOULD NOT be relied upon as a substitute for sound professional medical advice, evaluation or care from your physician or other qualified healthcare provider. If you have a medical problem or a health-related question, consult your physician or call Health On-Call at 336-716-2255 or 1-800-446-2255.


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Adorarable teen Brandy has a perfect figure!
Only 18 years old and featuring in these erotic images of this innocent university cutie see her cute tush inside TSC!!!
See this girl next door posing only at...
See all her pictures and all her friends!!
[Continue to Totalsupercuties.com]
See all her pictures and all her friends!!
All models were at least 18 years old at time of photography
All records held in full compliance with 2257


text:
UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN River Falls
The forms linked below are fillable PDFs. If you are using the most recent version of Google Chrome or Internet Explorer, but not Mozilla Firefox, you should be able to fill out the form online and print it off. If that does not work for you, right-click and save the document. Then open the saved file and the fillable elements should appear. Please sign and date where indicated, and mail to:
UWRF Registrar's Office
105 North Hall
410 S. Third Street
River Falls, WI 54022
Associates to Bachelors Degree Change
Overlapping Course Approval Form
Request to Prevent Disclosure of Directory Information
Social Security Number Change Form
Waiver of 165 Credit Surcharge Form (This form is to be submitted to your academic dean's office)
Withdrawal Form This is an online form.


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This, finally, may explain our cultural obsession with zombies: Long after dark, millions of Americans basically become one.
Without warning, they suddenly rise from their silent, supine states then roam aimlessly, eyes open and mouths sputtering gibberish.
About 8.5 million U.S. adults -- or 3.6 percent of the grownup population -- have taken at least one sleepwalking jaunt during the past year, according to research released today by the Stanford University School of Medicine. That figure, calculated via a survey of nearly 20,000 people, means there are far more nocturnal wanderers than scientists previously suspected.
"It's something, we were thinking, that was not frequent among the general population. And here, big surprise, it is," said Dr. Maurice Ohayon, professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences at Stanford and lead author of the paper. A previous report done a decade ago in European adults showed that 2 percent of that population were sleepwalkers. "It's astonishing."
The finding offers American doctors their first, solid sleepwalking benchmark, Ohayon said. Earlier speculation on how often the phenomenon occurred were based on anecdotal clinical reports as well as court cases and media tales of people who had gone sleep-driving, sleep-shopping or sleep-eating. Typically, those more sensational examples were linked to Ambien use.
But Ohayon and his colleagues found no significant link between prescription sleeping pills and increased sleepwalking. What they did discover: Folks who take certain anti-depressants (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, or SSRIs) are three times more likely to also take a snoozy stroll than the general population, and people who swallow over-the-counter sleeping pills have a higher likelihood of experiencing sleepwalking episodes at least twice a month month.
Brand names for anti-depressants in the SSRI category include Prozac, Zoloft, Paxil, Lexapro and Celexa. Non-prescription sleep aids linked to increased sleepwalking by the Stanford team contained diphenhydramine. Products laced with that chemical include 40 Winks, Simply Sleep, Sleep-Eze, Sominex, Unisom Sleep, Advil PM, and Tylenol PM, according to the National Institutes of Health.
Chronic sleepwalking also runs (rambles?) within certain families, Ohayon learned: Nearly one-third of individuals who often do it can point to parents, grandparents, uncles, aunts or siblings who have a history of shuffling while slumbering.
To assess the sleepwalking rate in America, Ohayon and his Stanford colleagues used phone interviews conducted with 19,136 randomly selected individuals from 15 states. The participants offered baseline information on their mental health, medical histories and use of medications. They were quizzed on the frequency of any sleepwalking episodes as well as whether they had ever suffered any inappropriate or possibly perilous behaviors while asleep.
What's more, participants were asked if they'd sleepwalked when they were kids and if any family members were known to take unintended, nighttime strolls. In addition to the more more than 3 percent of the U.S. population who sleepwalk chronically, the researchers found that 29.2 percent of the test sample had gone sleepwalking at least once during their lives.
Robert Budd, a personal trainer from Southern California, takes sleeping strolls about once a month, as do almost all the men in his family.
Personal trainer Robert Budd figures he sleepwalks about once a month. When he gathers with his kin, sleepwalking lore is a common topic: while seemingly in dreamland, his grandfather once urinated in a friend's drawer, his uncle often meandered the decks of navy boats, and his dad dismantled tents and ceiling fans.
"All the boys in the family do it," said Budd, who operates a gym called PHYZYKS in Encinitas, Calif. "I've done it since I was a kid. I would walk out the door and my parents had to grab me and get be back inside. The commonality with my family and myself is it seems to happen when we're really tired, really drained. When you really need sleep, that's when you get up and sleepwalk."
Budd has sleepwalked out of a tent at the Grand Canyon (on the floor, not near the rim). His friends spotted him heading off alone -- apparently wide awake -- but he remembered nothing the next day. While dozing, he once packed for a vacation, even remembering his toothbrush. And there was the night he tried to climb out a second-floor window only to be stopped by the woman who is now his ex-wife.
Was that intended exit possibly symbolic, even for a sleeping man? "It might have been," Budd said with a laugh.
"It drives my girlfriend drives nuts because sometimes we have conversations and she doesn't know if I'm awake. Like, I can't be accountable in the middle of the night."
Sleepwalkers typically have their eyes open and may speak, making detection tricky. But Ohayon isn't certain, he said, if they are actually seeing what's in front of them or if sleepwalkers' brains have simply mapped out their homes in their minds, allowing them not to bump into walls or furniture. He is sure they're not dreaming, though, because sleepwalking coincides with a period of "slow-wave sleep" or SWS when brain activity is diminished.
During another sleep phase called REM (rapid eye movement), brain neurons are firing as if a person is awake. This is when you dream. A mechanism within the brain blocks stirring and shifting when you're in REM sleep, Ohayon said.
"During slow wave sleep, you can move," he added. "This is an old function of our brain, (possibly a evolutionary leftover). You know, when birds fly, they can sleep with one half of their brain, while the other half is analyzing the flight.
"That is why you see the bird going for thousand of kilometers without any problem. They sleep when they fly."


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Zachary Carter
[New York]
Zach Carter, a former US Attorney, has been appointed New York City's next Corporation Counsel byMayor-Elect Bill de Blasio today.
As the top legal counsel to the City of New York and head of one of the nation's largest public law firms, Carter will be charged with helping execute legal and legislative aspects of the incoming administration's progressive agenda—from expanding the paid sick leave law, to establishing new mandates for affordable housing and protecting community healthcare, de Blasio said.
Carter is an accomplished attorney who has spent his career in the private and public sectors ensuring that all people are treated equally under the law. As United States Attorney for the Eastern District of New York for six years, Carter led an office that shut down dangerous gangs of inner-city crack dealers, exposed securities fraud boiler rooms allied with organized crime, and prosecuted international criminal organizations engaged in human trafficking and modern day slavery. Carter has rightly earned a reputation as a dogged defender of New Yorkers' civil rights, and led the prosecution in the Abner Louima case and the federal prosecution of those responsible for the death of Yankel Rosenbaum during the Crown Heights riots.
"Zach Carter has been a fighter and a conscience for this city throughout his career. He's shown his character, his toughness and his resolve prosecuting dangerous criminals and protecting those who have been wronged. We are honored to have him represent this city and our administration," de Blasio said.
"This administration is going to do powerful things to lift up vulnerable New Yorkers and put our city on a progressive path. I'll use all my experience to help our new mayor achieve what he was elected to do, and to make sure we uphold and protect the rights of New Yorkers in everything we do," Zach Carter said.
Carter began his career as an Assistant US Attorney for the Eastern District of New York in 1975. Over the following two decades, he rose to become the Eastern District Criminal Division's Deputy Chief, Magistrate Judge, and US Attorney—becoming the first African American to hold the post.
As US Attorney for the Eastern District of New York from 1993 to 1999, Carter developed a national reputation as an effective prosecutor. He brought dozens of drug and racketeering prosecutions, targeted organized crime, and took down interstate drug gangs. Carter aggressively defended the civil rights of New Yorkers during his tenure, and led the prosecution in the Abner Louima case.
He is currently a partner at Dorsey & Whitney LLP, one of the country's most respected law firms. He serves as Chairman of the New York City Mayor's Committee on the Judiciary. Carter is a Life Member of the Board of Trustees of the New York University School of Law and a member of the Board of Directors of the John Jay School of Criminal Justice Foundation. He also serves as Chairman of the Board of Hale House, a Harlem charity that provides social services to children and homeless families.
He is a graduate of Cornell University and New York University School of Law.
Latest comments
- Ann GarrisonFebruary 22,2018 @ 08:03 PM
I think you have "Filtered HTML" turned on here. If you switch to "Full HTML," it will probably...
googletag.pubads().definePassback('6785150/BENN/BlackStarNews', [[300,250]]).setTargeting('fold',['BTF']).display();


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Falcons (+6) -- Scott
Redskins (+4) -- Brian
Titans (+3.5) -- Ragar, Raven, hobbes
Lions (+3) -- Amy, Biggie
RichG sez:
Hobbes27 4.150
Raven 4.125
Biggie 3.12
Brian 3.115
Ragar 3.100
Amy 3.095
Chris 2.110
Rich G 2.100
ScottDCP 1.060
Afrocomb 1.050
Matt K 1.035
jhinkamp 1.030
Hobbes27 4.150
Raven 4.125
Biggie 3.12
Brian 3.115
Ragar 3.100
Amy 3.095
Chris 2.110
Rich G 2.100
ScottDCP 1.060
Afrocomb 1.050
Matt K 1.035
jhinkamp 1.030
Iron Maiden sez:
- One pick per week
- Your chosen team must be at least a (+3) underdog (Only games listed in this column are eligible)
- Your chosen team must win the game outright (no 'pushes' or 'covers')
- Season winner is the one with the most upsets correctly chosen between Week #1 through the Conference Championship Games (20 weeks all together)
- There will be a points system to determine a winner in the event of a tie
- Points will be accumulated by adding the game spreads for your correct picks (if you take Carolina (+4.5) and Carolina wins, you will be awarded a win and 4.5 points). Be careful making picks based on the number of points possible. Points only count if you are tied for the total wins lead when the whole contest is finished.
- The No Upsets Option: Predict correctly that 'No Upsets' will occur in any given week and you will be awarded one win and a point total equal to the sum of all the spreads in that week's Upset Special. If you wish to exercise the 'No Upsets' Option, that prediction is due by 5 minutes prior to kickoff of the first game of the week in question. This includes Thursday Night Football or Saturday games. The 'No Upsets' option is confined to the Upset Possibilities listed in this article.
- Picks are due no later than 5 minutes before the scheduled start of the broadcast time for your game. The FootballPros.com time stamp on your post is gospel.
- Spread lines, once posted, will remain static throughout the week. This isn't The Sports Book at Caesar's Palace, after all.
Week #6 Upset Special Possibilities
Odds by OddsShark.
All times Eastern.
Underdogs in bold.
Thursday Night Football
- Broncos @ Chargers (+3.5)
Sunday 1:00 Games
- Bengals (+9) @ Patriots
- Steelers @ Dolphins (+7.5)
- Browns (+7) @ Titans
- Rams (+3) @ Lions
- 49ers (+7.5) @ Bills
- Panthers @ Saints (+3)
- Ravens (+3) @ Giants
Sunday 4:15 Games
- Falcons (+7) @ Seahawks
- Cowboys (+4) @ Packers
Sunday Night Football (8:20 PM)
- Colts (+3)@ Titans
Monday Night Football (8:30 PM)
- Jets (+7.5) @ Cardinals
Biggie's Week #6 Upset Special: This pick subject to change, but Gimme the Cowboys (+4)


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This was a good read today morning..
Here's the brief : virustotal 0 detection - It's unpatched from over 10 months (Published: April 17, 2008 | Updated: October 9, 2008) - Most other security appliances will never pick it up..The three main actors in this movie were a web application with a security vulnerability, Microsoft's server class operating systems with an unpatched local privilege escalation vulnerability and the last line of everyone's defense, the AV vendors.
Life isn't easy, thanks to Microsoft!Finally, the AV vendors should be more proactive (instead of reactive) and follow exploit research developments so they can add detection for similar exploits early and protect their customers.
Source : http://isc.sans.org/diary.html?storyid=6010


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Glasgow forwards coach Dan McFarland believes that making the breakthrough into the latter stages of European competition more regularly will have a knock-on benefit for the national team.
Both Glasgow and Edinburgh face massive continental battles tomorrow in their bids to secure quarter-final places, with the Warriors' Champions Cup showdown with Pool 1 leaders Munster at Scotstoun one of the biggest matches ever played by a Scottish club.
A win would put Gregor Townsend's men on the brink of a first-ever place in the knockout stages of the elite competition and McFarland, who will be joining his boss in the move to the Scotland set-up at the end of the season, points to the example of how Irish provinces' success in Europe in the 2000s was clearly linked to what became a golden age for the Ireland team.
"I think the whole thing goes together," said the Englishman who forged his coaching career across the Irish Sea with Connacht, the Wolfhounds and Under-20s. "If you look at the history of those Irish teams, it was no coincidence that the rise of the Irish international team was linked to Munster and Leinster's success in Europe.
"The two go hand-in-hand; one helps the other. It's not necessarily a chicken and egg, it's hard to say which started which, but the success of Munster in Europe certainly had a huge impact on the confidence of their national team. Leinster followed that and when you have big quarter-finals and semi-finals it is exposing players to a level of rugby that those involved in will tell you comes very close to Test-match level. That kind of experience is gold and that's what we're looking for. To get that experience and then come out as a winner is even better. For the Scottish teams to be playing in quarter-finals and semi-finals would be huge and it is a huge goal."
McFarland's time at Connacht gave him a deeper appreciation for the Munster way and he is expecting the men in red to bring a ferocious will to win tomorrow evening.
"I spent a long time in Ireland and I've always admired them," he said. "I know a lot of the people around the organisation very well. That sense of family and togetherness, that fighting spirit when times get hard, is something that has characterised them for a long time.
"But that characterises the Warriors as well. This is a place that relishes difficult times; it is not an organisation that shies away from that. They want that, they want something that tests them."
European nights at Scotstoun this season have been lit up by some sparkling displays by the Warriors' backs in the wins over Leicester and Racing 92 but tomorrow could well be more of an arm wrestle, which McFarland believes his pack is more than up for.
"I think we will need to [match them up front]," he said. "Munster bring a very specific gameplan which they execute extremely well, right up there with the best, whether it is in their forward play, their defence, their kicking game. But also, they can be lethal in their attacks.
"They are certainly focused around an attritional style of play and if we don't deal with that then it is going to be a very difficult afternoon. We have to front up. We have to bring our A game. And we will have to be better than last week [a 29-15 Pro12 win over Cardiff].
"The lads did well last week but we're now going up to another level playing Champions Cup rugby, where the cost of defeat, while not catastrophic for either team, is something we don't want to think about."
Glasgow sit three points behind tomorrow's visitors on 13 points and still have Leicester away next weekend, but no-one at Scotstoun wants to be heading south needing a big win to salvage qualification hopes.
"From a rational, logical point of view, one win could be enough, but it's not the way I approach it," said McFarland.
"For me, it is a massive cliche in sport, but when you're preparing a team you might have a bigger goal such as qualifying for the quarter-final, but you spend the vast majority of your time on the next game. It will be the same for Leicester next week. Then, we will be totally focused on winning that game, whether we've won or lost against Munster. But we will try to win both games."
McFarland welcomed another couple of re-signings for the club this week and added: "It's great news, obviously, that players of the quality of Tommy Seymour and Tim Swinson, pictured, are staying with the club, and staying in Scotland. Other teams are interested, why wouldn't they be? It's a credit to the organisation, the SRU, that they are able to fight so hard to make sure players stay in Scotland."


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Get the latest information from my websites
Sync the Dashboard to see the latest website information in your Overview screen.
- Log in to your Pro account. (Need help logging in?)
- Click Pro Clients and select Pro Sites.
- Click Sync in the upper-right corner.
When the sync is finished, the latest information appears on the dashboard.


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Been soloed ages ago
a guildee done this about 2 months ago
Notice its all the DK's soloing stuff? (Except for the rogue in Naxx 25)
There really needs to be a rule that posts in these two subforums need to be about current content...nobody cares about steamrolling outdated content. :/
Dk's ..


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Three months ago we called the Liberian-flagged cargo ship Rena and its perilously-tilted containers a "disaster frozen in time." Over the weekend the worst maritime disaster in New Zealand's history unfroze when a storm split the ship in two.
The Rena originally shipwrecked off the coast of New Zealand in October when it was pushed onto a reef by strong currents and poor navigation. It immediately began leaking oil and knocking many of its 1,368 containers into the ocean. The fear at the time was some of the ship's hazardous material containers would spill into the ocean.
Video and photos from the disaster show the two ends of the ship drift even further apart. Government officials say the two ends are now roughly 120 feet apart and they expect a release of more containers and oil soon.


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Dolly books
Does anyone know of any books devoted to the songs written by Dolly or studies of her music/songwriting?
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"When you look around you at modern-day society, do you think, in general, that we're becoming more psychopathic?"
Robert Hare, the eminent criminal psychologist and creator of the widely used Psychopathy Checklist paused before answering. "I think, in general, yes, society is becoming more psychopathic," he said. "I mean, there's stuff going on nowadays that we wouldn't have seen 20, even 10 years ago. Kids are becoming anesthetized to normal sexual behavior by early exposure to pornography on the Internet. Rent-a-friend sites are getting more popular on the Web, because folks are either too busy or too techy to make real ones. ... The recent hike in female criminality is particularly revealing. And don't even get me started on Wall Street."
He's got a point. In Japan in 2011, a 17-year-old boy parted with one of his own kidneys so he could go out and buy an iPad. In China, following an incident in which a 2-year-old baby was left stranded in the middle of a marketplace and run over, not once but twice, as passersby went casually about their business, an appalled electorate has petitioned the government to pass a good-Samaritan law to prevent such a thing from happening again.
And the new millennium has seemingly ushered in a wave of corporate criminality like no other. Investment scams, conflicts of interest, lapses of judgment, and those evergreen entrepreneurial party tricks of good old fraud and embezzlement are now utterly unprecedented in magnitude. Who's to blame? In an issue of the Journal of Business Ethics, Clive R. Boddy, a former professor at the Nottingham Business School, contends that it's psychopaths, pure and simple, who are at the root of all the trouble.
The law itself has gotten in on the act. At the Elizabeth Smart kidnapping trial, in Salt Lake City, the attorney representing Brian David Mitchell—the homeless street preacher and self-proclaimed prophet who abducted, raped, and kept the 14-year-old Elizabeth captive for nine months (according to Smart's testimony, he raped her pretty much every day over that period)—urged the sentencing judge to go easy on his client, on the grounds that "Ms. Smart overcame it. Survived it. Triumphed over it." When the lawyers start whipping up that kind of tune, the dance could wind up anywhere.
Of course, it's not just the lawyers. In a recent study by the Centre for Crime and Justice Studies, in London, 120 convicted street robbers were asked why they did it. The answers were revealing. Kicks. Spur-of-the-moment impulses. Status. And financial gain. In that order. Exactly the kind of casual, callous behavior patterns one often sees in psychopaths.
In fact, in a survey that has so far tested 14,000 volunteers, Sara Konrath and her team at the University of Michigan's Institute for Social Research has found that college students' self-reported empathy levels (as measured by the Interpersonal Reactivity Index, a standardized questionnaire containing such items as "I often have tender, concerned feelings for people less fortunate than me" and "I try to look at everybody's side of a disagreement before I make a decision") have been in steady decline over the past three decades—since the inauguration of the scale, in fact, back in 1979. A particularly pronounced slump has been observed over the past 10 years. "College kids today are about 40 percent lower in empathy than their counterparts of 20 or 30 years ago," Konrath reports.
More worrisome still, according to Jean Twenge, a professor of psychology at San Diego State University, is that, during this same period, students' self-reported narcissism levels have shot through the roof. "Many people see the current group of college students, sometimes called 'Generation Me,' " Konrath continues, "as one of the most self-centered, narcissistic, competitive, confident, and individualistic in recent history."
Precisely why this downturn in social values has come about is not entirely clear. A complex concatenation of environment, role models, and education is, as usual, under suspicion. But the beginnings of an even more fundamental answer may lie in a study conducted by Jeffrey Zacks and his team at the Dynamic Cognition Laboratory, at Washington University in St. Louis. With the aid of fMRI, Zacks and his co-authors peered deep inside the brains of volunteers as they read stories. What they found provided an intriguing insight into the way our brain constructs our sense of self. Changes in characters' locations (e.g., "went out of the house into the street") were associated with increased activity in regions of the temporal lobes involved in spatial orientation and perception, while changes in the objects that a character interacted with (e.g., "picked up a pencil") produced a similar increase in a region of the frontal lobes known to be important for controlling grasping motions. Most important, however, changes in a character's goal elicited increased activation in areas of the prefrontal cortex, damage to which results in impaired knowledge of the order and structure of planned, intentional action.
Imagining, it would seem, really does make it so. Whenever we read a story, our level of engagement is such that we "mentally simulate each new situation encountered in a narrative," according to one of the researchers, Nicole Speer. Our brains then interweave these newly encountered situations with knowledge and experience gleaned from our own lives to create an organic mosaic of dynamic mental syntheses.
Reading a book carves brand-new neural pathways into the ancient cortical bedrock of our brains. It transforms the way we see the world—makes us, as Nicholas Carr puts it in his recent essay, "The Dreams of Readers," "more alert to the inner lives of others." We become vampires without being bitten—in other words, more empathic. Books make us see in a way that casual immersion in the Internet, and the quicksilver virtual world it offers, doesn't.
Which is worrisome, to say the least, given the current slump in reading habits. According to a 2011 survey conducted by the British charity the National Literacy Trust, one in three children between the ages of 11 and 16 do not own a book, compared with one in 10 in 2005. That equates, in today's England, to a total of around four million. Almost a fifth of the 18,000 children polled said they had never received a book as a present. And 12 percent said they had never been to a bookshop.
But if society really is becoming more psychopathic, it's not all doom and gloom. In the right context, certain psychopathic characteristics can actually be very constructive. A neurosurgeon I spoke with (who rated high on the psychopathic spectrum) described the mind-set he enters before taking on a difficult operation as "an intoxication that sharpens rather than dulls the senses." In fact, in any kind of crisis, the most effective individuals are often those who stay calm—who are able to respond to the exigencies of the moment while at the same time maintaining the requisite degree of detachment. What I'm planning is a psychopath makeover, to find out firsthand, for better and for worse, what it's like to see the world through devil-may-care eyes. And there's nothing like a bit of competition.
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (or TMS) was developed by Anthony Barker and his colleagues at the University of Sheffield in 1985. The inaugural application of TMS by Barker and his team comprised an elementary demonstration of the conduction of nerve impulses from the motor cortex to the spinal cord by stimulating simple muscle contractions. Nowadays it's a different story—and TMS has widespread practical uses, in both diagnostic and therapeutic capacities, across a variety of neurological and psychiatric conditions, from depression and migraine to strokes and Parkinson's disease.
The basic premise of TMS is that the brain operates using electrical signals, and that, as with any such system, it's possible to modify the way it works by altering its electrical environment. Standard equipment consists of a powerful electromagnet, placed on the scalp, that generates steady magnetic-field pulses at specific frequencies, and a plastic-enclosed coil to focus those magnetic pulses down through the surface of the skull onto discrete brain regions, thus stimulating the underlying cortex.
Now, one of the things that we know about psychopaths is that the light switches of their brains aren't wired up in quite the same way as the rest of ours are—and that one area particularly affected is the amygdala, a peanut-size structure located right at the center of the circuit board. The amygdala is the brain's emotion-control tower. It polices our emotional airspace and is responsible for the way we feel about things. But in psychopaths, a section of this airspace, the part that corresponds to fear, is empty.
In the light-switch analogy, TMS may be thought of as a dimmer switch. As we process information, our brains generate small electrical signals. These signals not only pass through our nerves to work our muscles but also meander deep within our brains as ephemeral electrical data shoals, creating our thoughts, memories, and feelings. TMS can alter the strength of those signals. By passing an electromagnetic current through precisely targeted areas of the cortex, we can turn the signals either up or down.
Turn down the signals to the amygdala, of course, and you're well on the way to giving someone a psychopath makeover. Indeed, Liane Young and her team in Boston have since kicked things up a notch and demonstrated that applying TMS to the right temporoparietal junction—a neural ZIP code within that neighborhood—has significant effects not just on lying ability but also on moral-reasoning ability: in particular, ascribing intentionality to others' actions.""


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Alconbury High News
Alconbury High School News Submitted by Alumni
We have listed the latest news headlines that include Alconbury . This site has been created to offer a place for AHS alumni to reconnect and share memories.
In addition to these news headlines, you may also want to join the Alconbury High alumni directory and check out the yearbook listings.


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|Up a level
Beg, Osman Anwar and Takhar, Harmindar S and Beg, Tasveer A and Chamkha, Ali J and Nath, G and Majeed, Rui (2005) Modelling convection heat transfer in a rotating fluid in a thermally-stratified high-porosity medium: numerical finite difference solutions. In: International Journal of Fluid Mechanics Research, 32 (4). pp. 383-401.


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All Mike Tryon had to eat during a Huntley business expo in 2005 was three tacos dressed with some cilantro and onion – an innocent meal that he thought posed no risk.
But a few hours later, the Republican state representative from Crystal Lake stopped by Centegra Health System's post in the expo to have his blood sugar checked. They informed him that his blood sugar hovered in the 370 range, and that he needed to see a doctor right away.
Tryon later would be diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes, an increasingly common disease in the United States that Tryon says can often be overwhelming and challenging to manage day after day.
"I'm real open about it because, hopefully, I can use the position I am in to affect change and be more of a model to people who have it," he said.
Tryon has made diabetes a cornerstone of his policy work during his eight years in the Illinois House, even starting the first legislative diabetes caucus in the nation.
The public outreach and focus on diabetes has become more common across the nation, as health departments and health care groups in the United States recognize National Diabetes Month in November.
Since 1994, the number of adults in Illinois with diagnosed diabetes has nearly doubled to 823,000, representing roughly 8.4 percent of the state's population, according to recent figures from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Nearly 26 million people in the United States have some form of diabetes, a major cause of heart disease and stroke. It is the seventh-leading cause of death in the nation.
The CDC estimates that Americans spend roughly $116 billion total on diabetes-related medical costs.
The statistics are only expected to increase for a disease that in most cases can be managed, Tryon said.
Tryon sees decreased reliance on food chains and corporate supermarkets and increased access to locally grown, fresh produce as a chief priority.
"We have a problem, and the question becomes do we engage public policy to try and prevent it, manage it and reduce the impacts on our economy, our tax bills and our population," he said.
Diet, exercise and awareness are also vital to keeping a person's blood sugar and diabetes in check, said Tiffanie Young, diabetes educator at Centegra.
Counselors, dietitians and nurses are available to help patients at Centegra's Diabetes Center, located throughout the county in Crystal Lake, Huntley, Woodstock and McHenry.
A healthier lifestyle is especially important for Type 2 diabetes, which prevents the body from producing enough insulin because of poor diet or inadequate exercise. Type 1 diabetes generally results from the body's inability to produce insulin.
Annual checkups with a doctor are also important, since diabetic symptoms often go unnoticed, Young said.
"High blood sugar isn't something you can't always feel ... A huge component is knowing the potential risk factors for diabetes and knowing you might not see it," Young said.
After the fallout from eating tacos eight years ago, Tryon can attest.
"It's absolutely treatable, and none of the complications have to occur if you manage it properly," he said. "There is no reason that someone can't have a normal life."


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Miserable – that's how Christine Auman describes the 12 years of her life before her celiac disease diagnosis. She was bowled over by fatigue, anemia, swollen joints, vitamin D deficiency, heart problems, dental problems and more.
"I was passed around from doctor to doctor," recalls the Doylestown, Pennsylvania mother of two. "Nobody could diagnose me." Like other patients with puzzling symptoms, she was even advised to see a psychiatrist.
Swollen joints in her hands and feet eventually led her to a rheumatologist, who diagnosed her with celiac disease in 2006 and referred back to her family physician. But that wasn't the end of Auman's woes, since the doctor was only superficially informed about her condition. "They gave me a piece of paper that just said: 'No barley, no wheat, no rye,'" she recalls.
Confused and seeking to educate herself, Auman turned to Dr. Google – the Internet, that is – to learn more. The result? "I became afraid to eat," she says. Although her symptoms improved on her new gluten-free diet, she found herself "starving" and quickly dropped 15 pounds. In some ways, it was a welcome loss for Auman, who had been moderately overweight. But feeling famished wasn't sustainable.
Driven by constant hunger and a burgeoning depression, Auman headed to comfort foods found in the gluten-free aisle of the grocery store. "Because I felt like I couldn't eat anything, I overate the foods that I could eat," she says. It wasn't long before she gained back the 15 pounds – "and then some." Now, she had a life-changing autoimmune disease and a weight problem to worry about.
It turns out Auman's case isn't unusual. In a 2006 study published in the American Journal of Gastroenterology, a whopping 81 percent of celiacs on the gluten-free diet gained weight within two years after diagnosis, and the dietitians Allergic Living spoke to say they see this all the time.
That's what makes the gluten-free diet's recent rise in popularity among those who have not been diagnosed with celiac disease so peculiar.
Gluten-free is today is what low-carb was 10 years ago: the "It" diet. Inspired by non-celiac celebrities who tout gluten-free as a way to slim down (we're looking at you, Gwyneth Paltrow and Russell Crowe), North Americans are turning to the diet in droves. According to a study conducted by consumer market researchers the NPD Group, one-quarter of Americans are trying to reduce or completely avoid gluten in their diets. But if they are doing so to lose weight, they are terribly misguided.
Next: Feeling better – and the weight creep


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Editor's Note: The Word of the Week comes from China Digital Space's Grass-Mud Horse Lexicon, a glossary of terms created by Chinese netizens and frequently encountered in online political discussions. These are the words of China's online "resistance discourse," used to mock and subvert the official language around censorship and political correctness.
If you are interested in participating in this project by submitting and/or translating terms, please contact the CDT editors at CDT [at] chinadigitaltimes [dot] net.
天朝 (tiān cháo): Celestial Empire
The Celestial Empire is an ancient name for China. Recently, netizens have used the term sarcastically to refer to China under the current government. Oftentimes the term is used to suggest that China's leaders are self-important and have a China-centric view of the world.


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Leisure Suit Larry set for second coming
Antique code growth
Leisure Suit Larry could be set for a humorous return through a Kickstarter campaign that has already rounded up the original development team and seeks the remaining funding to get the title the green light.
The widely loved Larry Laffer will be thrust back into the limelight through a complete remake of the original 1987 game: Leisure Suit Larry in the Land of the Lounge Lizards, re-imagined from the ground up by quirky creator Al Lowe and Replay Games.
The team promises a version for PC, Mac and mobile devices with a modern point-and-click interface, HD graphics and fully voiced characters. They'd like to bring Larry to various other platforms too, including Xbox Live, PSN and Linux.
As usual for Kickstarter projects, backers receive different rewards depending on how much wonga they pledge.
This includes a copy of the game for a $15 donation; signed hardcover edition and special thanks in the credits for $100; your face in the game for $2500; and an even more detailed appearance as a full-blown character for over $5000.
There is also the chance for two backers to be flown to Seattle for lunch with Al Lowe himself, although you'll have to pledge $10,000 for that privilege.
For those with severely deep pockets, a mega $50,000 donation will see you flown to Las Vegas for an entire weekend with your own limo, while you enjoy hanging out with Lowe and writer Josh Madel, partying it up Larry style. Sounds fun.
If the project is a success, the team promises further remakes of the seedy series, potentially all seven of the games in fact. Have a ganders at Lowe's video below for further details:
If you're a fan of the sordid franchise and would like to see Larry make a splash in the current games market, hit up the "Make Leisure Suit Larry come again!" Kickstarter page. ®
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When Bulgaria joined the European Union on 1 January 2007 not everyone was convinced that the country was fit for the club. The last of the European Commission's monitoring reports on Bulgaria had pointed to major challenges in the justice system and the prevalence of corruption and organised crime. On 13 December 2006, barely two weeks before Bulgaria's accession, the Commission established a Cooperation and Verification Mechanism to monitor progress in these sensitive areas. The mechanism also applied to Romania, which joined the EU at the same time.
Those who expected swift progress have been disappointed. A part of EU funds for Bulgaria were frozen over cases of embezzlement from 2008 to 2009, when a new government under Boyko Borisov, a former bodyguard turned politician, took power. Reports under the Cooperation and Verification Mechanism continue to be critical, however. The Dutch government has referred to these reports to justify its continued opposition to Bulgaria's accession to the Schengen area (although the country meets all the Schengen technical criteria). Read more …
The EU has drawn a number of lessons from Bulgaria's accession process. As seen in the case of Croatia, accession talks have become even more demanding. Member states now have the power to insist on specific benchmarks before the opening or closing of any negotiation chapter. Considerably more emphasis is placed on the actual implementation – as opposed to codification – of new policies, standards and procedures. In accession talks with Montenegro and Serbia the EU applies yet another level of scrutiny. In order to ensure that their governments invest sufficient time and resources in the demanding area of judicial reform, Montenegro and Serbia have to address chapters on the judiciary and fundamental rights (chapter 23) and justice, freedom and security (chapter 24) from the very beginning of their membership negotiations with the EU. This practice will be applied with all other Western Balkan countries that have not yet started EU membership negotiations.
Criticism of Bulgaria notwithstanding, it is important to recall how much Bulgaria has changed during its EU accession process (for a short overview see: From laggard to EU member). In early 1997 Bulgaria was a country in deep crisis, its economy in shambles and its politics in disarray. The EU's decision to include it in its pre-accession strategy (with the frontrunners from Central Europe) proved farsighted. It triggered and supported major changes in Bulgaria's administrative structures, its economy and society.The Bulgaria of today still faces many challenges, including in the area of the rule of law. Bulgaria has not become Sweden, Denmark, or Poland, but it has become a very different country from what it was in 1997. It has also changed in a much more positive direction than its neighbours in the Western Balkans, who were left out of the 5th EU enlargement round.
14 November 2014
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Verbum et Ecclesia
versão On-line ISSN 2074-7705
versão impressa ISSN 1609-9982
Verbum Eccles. (Online) vol.36 no.2 Pretoria 2015
Ancient Egyptian Ma'at or Old Testament deed-consequence nexus as predecessors of ubuntu?
Gerlinde Baumann
Altes Testament, Evangelische Theologie, Philipps-Universitat Marburg, Germany
The Ancient Egyptian concept of Ma'at shows some analogies to the concept of ubuntu. Both concepts seem to presuppose that people in a given society are willing to act for each other. In Bible exegesis, the concept of Ma'at has attracted interest in connection with the Old Testament deed-consequence nexus (i.e. good consequences follow good deeds). The article looks at significant parallels between ubuntu, Ma'at and the deed-consequence nexus. Its aim is to outline questions that have been discussed in the context of those two ancient concepts and that could be helpful for future research on ubuntu.
According to Assmann (1990:65), 'the reward of one who acts lies in that one acts for him'. This sounds similar to the core sentence of the Zulu proverb about ubuntu: 'I am what I am because of who we all are'. What Assmann quotes is, however, not a recent African saying, but is related to the Ancient Egyptian concept of Ma'at. This concept has played an important role in the German-speaking discussion on Old Testament thought for roughly two decades. It has been used to shed light on the so-called deed-consequence nexus in the Old Testament.
Considering that at first glance the concept of Ma'at shows parallels to the present-day concept of ubuntu, and because, via Ma'at, the Old Testament deed-consequence nexus can also be compared with ubuntu, it could be worthwhile to contrast all three concepts. The focus of this article, therefore, will be to make a rough analysis whilst taking some initial steps to outline some questions for further, deeper research. It is not intended to establish any kind of historical link between the three phenomena. The comparison of the three phenomena will be done on the basis of a brief and juridical description of ubuntu (Lamont 2011) on the one hand, and on the German-speaking research discussion about Ma'at and the Old Testament deed-consequence nexus, on the other hand. In the case of Ma'at, this is Assmann's (1990) volume on the topic, and with regard to the Old Testament deed-consequence nexus, three research articles in particular (Baltzer & Krüger 1997; Janowski 1994; Koch 1998). Therefore, the focus of this article will not be to deepen the scholarly discussion of the broader phenomenon of ubuntu, nor to study the (Egyptian or Old Testament) original texts, but rather to examine short descriptions in secondary literature.
Ubuntu and the Ancient Egyptian concept of Ma'at
For the parallels between ubuntu and Ma'at, let us start with the description of some aspects of ubuntu from the viewpoint of South African judge, Colin Lamont (2011):
Ubuntu is a concept which:
- is to be contrasted with vengeance;
- dictates that a high value be placed on the life of a human being;
- is inextricably linked to the values of and which places a high premium on dignity, compassion, humaneness and respect for humanity of another;
- dictates a shift from confrontation to mediation and conciliation;
- dictates good attitudes and shared concern;
- favours the re-establishment of harmony in the relationship between parties and that such harmony should restore the dignity of the plaintiff without ruining the defendant;
- favours restorative rather than retributive justice;
- operates in a direction favouring reconciliation rather than estrangement of disputants;
- works towards sensitising a disputant or a defendant in litigation to the hurtful impact of his actions to the other party and towards changing such conduct rather than merely punishing the disputant;
- promotes mutual understanding rather than punishment;
- favours face-to-face encounters of disputants with a view to facilitating differences being resolved rather than conflict and victory for the most powerful;
- favours civility and civilised dialogue premised on mutual tolerance. (pp. 11-12)
This is not a thorough ethical description, but rather a short juridical view of ubuntu; nevertheless, it serves our purpose, as some of the very important aspects of ubuntu are highlighted here.
Let us then have a look at the Egyptian goddess and concept Maat. This has been analysed and systematised by the German Egyptologist Jan Assmann in his 1990 volume of the same name. Up to then, for the most part, Maat had primarily been recognised as an Ancient Egyptian deity. Assmann (1990:57-91) points out that Maat, at the same time, is also a concept that formed the basis of social interaction in Ancient Egypt. The concept of Maat is found in texts of diverse genres from the time of the Old, Middle and New Kingdoms (about 2700 BCE - 1000 BCE) and is one of the core beliefs of Egyptian religion and ethics. One very important text for Assmann (1990:65) is a saying written on the stela of King Neferhotep, who was a member of the 13th dynasty (about 1700 BCE): 'The reward of one who acts lies in the fact that one acts for him; this is Maat in the heart of god'. In Assmann's description, this concept of Maat mostly covers three aspects:
- it is to act for each other (active solidarity)1
- it is to speak and to listen to each other (communicative solidarity)2
- it is to think of each other (intentional solidarity)3.
Assmann summarises this concept under the heading of connective justice4
Now that we have gained an impression of the concepts of ubuntu and Maat: which parallels do we find between the two of them? Seeing that Maat is more about 'acting together' and ubuntu is more about 'being together', they cannot be considered identical. What makes it possible to compare both phenomena? First and foremost, both are closely connected to mutuality in human behaviour. On the basis of Judge Lamont's (2011:11-12) list of ubuntu aspects, especially numbers 1, 4 and 6-10 bear parallels with Maat: it is a counter-concept to vengeance (1) and is more interested in mediation than in confrontation (4); its focus is on harmony, reconciliation, restorative justice, sensitising and mutual understanding (6-10). These aspects are related to the legal system, but they also provide a perspective of the underlying cultural views. The aspects of Maat analysed by Assmann focus on the wider perspective of society in general, with special attention on political aspects, rulership and religion, but the juridical angle is also included. Thus we need to keep in mind that the focus in both descriptions is different, which means that there is still room for further analysis.
We have already come across the aspect of mutuality or mutual solidarity. But although that might be the case with ubuntu, the Ancient Egyptian Maat concept is closely related to a specific group of people in a specific social system, as Assmann (1990:97-109, 242-252) points out. It is a specific virtue for or of state officials, judges and kings; they are the ones who are primarily required to keep Maat, to be oriented towards Maat and to live (the spirit) of Ma'at (cf. Quack 2006:§2). With regard to this hierarchichal aspect, Assmann (1990:103, 245, 247) speaks of vertical justice - that the stronger protect the weaker, and in return the weaker give their obedience to the stronger. He explains:
Ma'at can only exist in stratified societies. As a principle of protection, it presupposes 'the weak' and their need for protection; as a principle of just distribution, it presupposes the prior collection of what can be distributed; and as a principle of charity, it presupposes 'the poor'. (Assmann 1990:103)
An important role in this concept is played by the king as mediator and executor of Ma'at (Assmann 1990:200-212): 'Ma'at only 'works' within the institutional frame of rulership' (p. 254). A question for further research might be to examine if this also applies to ubuntu, or if ubuntu is also applicable to more equal or less stratified societies.
Another aspect of Ma'at is its relationship to religion. Are the three kinds of solidarity enforced or maintained by the deities, in some kind of automatism, or is that not the case? In Assmann's (1990:243) eyes, there is no automatism where the actual social practice of Ma'at is maintained or guaranteed by the deity Ma'at:5 'Ma'at is midway between morality and religion'. Could this point to the fact that ubuntu also has religious aspects, perhaps unseen or invisible ones?
Related to this is the question of whether Ma'at should be classified as an abstract philosophical concept or rather as some kind of world order. Although this position has been expressed in earlier research, Assmann (1990) has a different opinion on this:
Ma'at is not inherently 'world order', but solidarity, humanity, reliability, altriusm. Ma'at is a norm of behaviour. 'World order' cannot be established in everyday behaviour. World order is something that is given and nothing that is required. (p. 268)
Is there some aspect of 'world order' in ubuntu, or must it be categorised in a different way?
Ubuntu and the Old Testament deed-consequence nexus
As already indicated, there is no direct connection between the Old Testament deed-consequence nexus and ubuntu in the strict sense. Some of the biblical aspects, however, can be connected with ubuntu through the Ancient Egyptian concept of Ma'at.
What is the deed-consequence nexus? In short, it is the relationship between one's deeds and the consequences these deeds have.6 In quite a number of Old and New Testament texts as well as in the Ancient Near East, it is beyond question that such a nexus exists. In some texts, however, this connection seems to be called into doubt. In the biblical texts, this would primarily be the book of Job: Job is a righteous man, but nevertheless has to suffer.
Assmann's systematisation of Ma'at has stimulated certain efforts in Old Testament scholarship to relate it to the deed-consequence nexus which can particularly be found in Old Testament Wisdom writings (Pr; Job). The first of these efforts focuses on the fact that a social component should possibly be added to the biblical version of the deed-consequence nexus. Janowski (1994) summarises Assmann's thoughts and then applies it to a number of verses from the biblical book of Proverbs:
Justice does not occur by itself, but is dependent on 'acting for each other' and 'thinking of each other'. Its basis is the principle of mutuality, and is not some 'natural consequence' of a good deed, but a function of social action. (p. 261)
For the biblical book of Job, the relationship between the deed-consequence nexus and social action has also been highlighted by Baltzer and Krüger (1997).7 In contrast to other exegetes, they do not think that Job's problem is predominantly about the fact that the deed-consequence nexus here is completely denied, which first of all would be an epistemological or theological problem and not a social one. Taking the example of Job 19:13-19, they try to illustrate that 'Job's misfortune is (at least also) related to a lack of social solidarity' (Baltzer & Krüger 1997:31). With respect to ubuntu, the question arises as to whether the existence or nonexistence of social solidarity might play an important role in the opportunities to put ubuntu into practice.
The second aspect here is also problematised by Baltzer and Krüger. They discuss if the specific vertical aspects of Ma'at regarding social hierarchies can also be found in Old Testament thought, especially in the book of Job (Baltzer & Krüger 1997:30-36). In the eponymic biblical book, Job is depicted as a rich and righteous man who is particularly generous toward the poor - with Assmann, one could say that he practises vertical justice. Job, through no fault of his own, then falls into poverty, and almost none of those whom he formerly supported come to his aid. According to Baltzer and Krüger (1997), the book of Job does indeed criticise the lack of horizontal justice, but not the lack of solidarity from the side of the poor:
In view of the 'horizontal' solidarity between socially equal persons ... [the text] shows critique of its denial. In contrast, in ... [the text] a critical view of the social conditions is indicated, under which 'vertical' solidarity is justified and legitimated. (p. 35)
If this is true, it differs from Ma'at. The deed-consequence nexus is perhaps not only applicable to strictly stratified social conditions, but also to more equal ones, and it allows for criticism of socially unjust conditions. As for ubuntu, this could mean the question regarding a necessary connection to stratified societies should be addressed, as already suggested above.
Thirdly and finally, there is a controversial debate whether God or a religious element is an essential part of the deed-consequence nexus. The discussion questions if the older paradigm of (divine) retribution can really be dismissed in favour of the deed-consequence nexus. Koch, in his earlier works, is of the opinion that there is no such 'doctrine of retribution', as the crucial aspects of such a doctrine cannot be found in the Old Testament. In Koch's model, God assumes the position of a kind of 'midwife' in bringing the deed-consequence nexus into effect; God does not quasi-automatically 'guarantee' that everyone whose actions are good can also expect good consequences in his or her life (Koch 1955).8 In contrast to this, Janowski tries to make plausible that God plays a more important role in the realisation of the deed-consequence nexus, although this realisation does not happen automatically; Janowski's most important biblical reference is Proverbs 25:21f (Janowski 1994:269-270). In this context, he uses the systematic theological idea of God's mercy, which is not at the disposal of man. This, however, has been contradicted by Baltzer and Krüger (1997:35): 'It is for human beings to care for the 'just order' of social reality!' It is seen as the task of all human beings to establish just social conditions that allow the deed-consequence nexus to be brought into effect. Similarly, Koch (1998:57-58; footnote 54) has also contradicted Janowski, mostly regarding the aspect of God's supposed 'mercy which is not at the disposal of man'. Koch, however, thinks that beyond the deed-consequence nexus, there is some kind of world view which is established and maintained by God. In addition, Koch also sees more human influence on the realisation of the deed-consequence nexus than Janowski does. It seems that the deed-consequence nexus is part of the Old Testament (and Ancient Near Eastern) world view which presupposes divine action in the creation and preservation of the world, but not as a kind of automatism in every single act performed by human beings. Because in the Ancient Near East (including Ancient Egypt and Ancient Israel), all concepts are more or less closely related to religion and to deities, it is difficult to say whether the deed-consequence nexus could be thought of without divine involvement. With regard to ubuntu, again, the question could be if there is an underlying or unseen religious dimension.
Questions for future research on ubuntu
After looking at the discussion about the Ancient Egyptian concept of Ma'at and the Old Testament deed-consequence nexus, there are two sets of questions which could be interesting to examine in future research on ubuntu.
Firstly, is ubuntu related to a specific form of society? Is ubuntu a general notion of mutuality amongst human beings, or is it tied to specific forms of society? Is ubuntu perhaps only (or even better) applicable to smaller social units, but not to larger societies? And with regard to a different facet of this question: does ubuntu have a vertical dimension? Could it be that ubuntu - like the concept of Ma'at - is only applicable to stratified and hierarchical societies, and not to more equal ones? Or is the opposite the case? How do social conflicts and problems inflict ubuntu? As we saw earlier, the likelihood that Ma'at or the deed-consequence nexus are brought into effect depends on a certain level of solidarity in a society. In the event that a society experiences severe problems or a crisis, do the opportunities to practice ubuntu decline?
Secondly, what is the character of ubuntu? Is it an ethical concept, or could, to some extent, a deity be involved in human efforts to perform ubuntu? Does ubuntu have a religious dimension, perhaps only an invisible one? Might the actual practice of ubuntu be guaranteed by a deity? Or should ubuntu be classified as a kind of world order which is thought to function automatically?
Based on this article, which is only meant to raise some introductory questions, it is not possible to state that Ma'at or the deed-consequence nexus could be seen as predecessors of ubuntu. In comparing the concepts in future research, it should also be kept in mind that the cultural contexts are significantly different. Personally, however, my hope is that these questions which have been raised from discussions about concepts from a distant past may shed some light on the present-day southern African concept of ubuntu.
Competing interests
The author declares that she has no financial or personal relationships which may have inappropriately influenced her in writing this article.
Assmann, J., 1990, Ma'at. Gerechtigkeit und Unsterblichkeit im Alten Ágypten, Beck, München. [ Links ]
Baltzer, K. & Krüger, Th., 1997, 'Die Erfahrung Hiobs: "Konnektive" und "distributive" Gerechtigkeit nach dem Hiob-Buch', in H.T.C. Sun & K.L. Eades (eds.), Problems in biblical theology. Essays in honor of Rolf Knierim, pp. 27-37, William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, Grand Rapids. [ Links ]
Freuling, G., 2004, 'Wer eine Grube grabt Der Tun-Ergehen-Zusammenhang und sein Wandel in der alttestamentlichen Weisheitsliteratur, Neukirchener Verlagsges, Neukirchen-Vluyn. [ Links ]
Groenewald, A., 2003, Psalm 69: Its structure, redaction and composition, LIT, Münster. [ Links ]
Janowski, B., 1994, 'Die Tat kehrt zum Tater zurück. Offene Fragen im Umkreis des 'Tun-Ergehen-Zusammenhangs', Zeitschrift für Theologie und Kirche 91, 245-271. [ Links ]
Koch, K., 1955, 'Gibt es ein Vergeltungsdogma im Alten Testament?', Zeitschrift für Theologie und Kirche 52, 1-42. [ Links ]
Koch, K., 1998, 'Sadaq und Ma'at: Konnektive Gerechtigkeit in Israel und Ágypten?', in J. Assmann (ed.), Gerechtigkeit. Richten und Retten in der abendlandischen Tradition und ihren altorientalischen Ursprüngen, pp. 37-64, Fink, München. [ Links ]
Knierim, R., 1965, Die Hauptbegriffe für Sünde im Alten Testament, Gütersloher Verlagshaus, Gütersloh. [ Links ]
Lamont, Judge C., 2011, 'The equality court', Afri-Forum and another vs. Malema and others, viewed 18 February 2015, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_%28philosophy%29#cite_note-Lamont-15 [ Links ]
Quack, J. Fr., 2006, Maat, viewed n.d., from http://www.wibilex.de [ Links ]
Gerlinde Baumann
Lahntor 3, Marburg 35037
Received: 18 Feb. 2015
Accepted: 04 May 2015
Published: 19 June 2015
Dr. Gerlinde Baumann is adjunct professor at the Faculty of Protestant Theology, Philipps-Universitat Marburg/Germany and Research Associate of the Department of Old Testament Studies at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.
Research Participant in the Ubuntu-Research project of the University of Pretoria.
1.'Füreinander-Handeln' (Assmann 1990:64-69).
2.'Zueinander-Sprechen' and 'Aufeinander-Hören' (Assmann 1990:85).
3.'Gemeinsinn' (Assmann 1990:85).
4.'Konnektive Gerechtigkeit' or iustitia connective] (e.g. Assmann 1990:67, 69, 283).
5.This is illustrated by Assmann (1990:209) by the example of the king, whose deeds are only initiated by the deity and not completely guided by it.
6.A short and instructive outline of the current Old Testament research discussion focusing on divine 'retribution' (the term used in the earlier research discussion) and including Assmann's thoughts can be found in Groenewald (2003:105-110). For a more elaborate survey of the German-speaking discussion, refer to Freuling (2004:1-32).
7.Baltzer and Krüger (1997:28) also point out the fact that in the Old Testament discussion on the older term 'retribution', Knierim (1965:77-79) was one of the first to establish the link between the deed-consequence nexus and society.
8.Koch's main point of criticism is that in earlier research, it is often spoken of an Old Testament 'dogma of retribution'; Koch's (1955) term for his own counter concept is 'schicksalwirkende Tatspháre', which Groenewald (2003:106) translates as 'fate-charged sphere of activity'.


text:
One can expand any periodic function in sines and cosines. When calculating the coefficients $a_0$, $a_n$, and $b_n$ one find that $a_1>a_2>...>a_n>...$, similarly for $b_n$.
Is there an intuitive reason to understand this, I mean why would one expect this to happen? It looks miraculous and mysterious to me that the coefficients came out "ordered" in a way that made the convergence manifest.


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PyOpenCL is a Python programming environment for OpenCL.
There is also a complete set of technical documentation.
Here's a list of pages directly concering PyOpenCL on this Wiki:
- PyOpenCL/Debugging
- PyOpenCL/ExampleTemplate
- PyOpenCL/Examples
- PyOpenCL/Examples/MatrixMultiply
- PyOpenCL/Examples/MedianFilter
- PyOpenCL/FrequentlyAskedQuestions
- PyOpenCL/Installation
- PyOpenCL/Installation/Linux
- PyOpenCL/Installation/Linux/Debian
- PyOpenCL/Installation/Linux/Mandriva
- PyOpenCL/Installation/Linux/Ubuntu
- PyOpenCL/Installation/Mac
- PyOpenCL/Installation/Windows
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