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Acquired Brain Injury (Stroke and TBI) in Later Life
Megan S. Barker, Emily C. Gibson, and Gail A. Robinson
The term "acquired brain injury" refers to any type of brain damage that occurs after birth. Two main types of acquired brain injury are stroke and traumatic brain injury (TBI). A stroke occurs when there is a blockage or bleed in the vascular system of the brain, while a TBI results from an external force to the head. Older adults are at a higher risk of both stroke and TBI; thus, overall incidence is increasing as the proportion of older adults in the population is growing. Stroke and TBI result in immediate and long-term cognitive changes. Impairments in the domains of language, attention, memory, executive functions, perception, and social cognition have been documented following stroke and TBI. However, strokes tend to cause focal or selective cognitive disorders, while cognitive deficits following TBI are widespread and can be generalized. Individuals who have suffered a stroke or TBI may also experience psychosocial changes; for example, symptoms of depression and anxiety are common. Functional outcomes, including independence in activities, are varied and are associated with a range of factors including age, injury severity, cognitive disorders, and psychosocial factors. To achieve optimal outcomes for individuals following stroke and TBI, and to reduce the impact of the injury on everyday functioning, a multidisciplinary rehabilitation process is recommended.
Action Regulation Theory
Hannes Zacher
Action regulation theory is a meta-theory on the regulation of goal-directed behavior. The theory explains how workers regulate their behavior through cognitive processes, including goal development and selection, internal and external orientation, planning, monitoring of execution, and feedback processing. Moreover, action regulation theory focuses on the links between these cognitive processes, behavior, the objective environment, and objective outcomes. The action regulation process occurs on multiple levels of action regulation, including the sensorimotor or skill level, the level of flexible action patterns, the intellectual or conscious level, and the meta-cognitive heuristic level. These levels range from unconscious and automatized control of actions to conscious thought, and from muscular action to thought processes. Action regulation at lower levels in this hierarchy is more situation specific and requires less cognitive effort than action regulation at higher levels.
Workers further develop action-oriented mental models that include long-term cognitive representations of input conditions, goals, plans, and expected and prescribed results of action, as well as knowledge about the boundary conditions of action and the transformation procedures that turn goals into expected results. The accuracy and level of detail of such action-oriented mental models is closely associated with the efficiency and effectiveness of action regulation. One of three foci can be in the foreground of action regulation: task, social context, or self. A task focus is most strongly associated with high efficiency and effectiveness of action regulation, because it links task-related goals with relevant plans, behavior, and feedback. Action regulation theory has been applied to understand several phenomena in the field of industrial, work, and organizational psychology, including proactive work behavior, work-related learning and error management, entrepreneurship, occupational strain and well-being, reciprocal influences between personality and work, innovation, teamwork, career development, and successful aging at work.
ADHD in Children and Adolescents
Kelsey E. Woods, Christina M. Danko, and Andrea Chronis-Tuscano
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by developmentally inappropriate levels of hyperactivity, impulsivity, and/or inattention. ADHD is chronic, may persist into adulthood, and is associated with impairment in social and academic/work domains across the lifespan. Children and adolescents with ADHD often present with executive function deficits and emotion dysregulation, and these deficits may increase impairment and risk for co-occurring disorders. The etiology of ADHD is not yet understood, though research suggests that biological and environmental factors (e.g., family, community) contribute to its development and course. It should be noted that ADHD commonly co-occurs with additional psychiatric disorders, such as oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), conduct disorder (CD), and major depressive disorder.
Evidence-based assessment of ADHD requires information from multiple informants using multiple assessment methods to determine the presence of ADHD symptoms across settings and any co-occurring disorders. The evidence-based treatment options for ADHD are manifold. Pharmacotherapy for ADHD is common, although numerous behavioral interventions are also effective. Stimulant medications are commonly prescribed and are typically effective in ameliorating core ADHD symptoms. There is also evidence that the nonstimulant medication atomoxetine substantially decreases the symptoms of ADHD. Importantly, medication therapy works to reduce symptoms but typically does not alleviate the impairments associated with the disorder. Combined medication and behavioral interventions are more likely to reduce impairments and normalize behavior.
Ageism in the Workplace
David M. Cadiz, Amy C. Pytlovany, and Donald M. Truxillo
The population is aging in most industrialized nations around the world, and this trend is anticipated to continue well into the future. This demographic shift impacts the workforce in that the average age of workers is increasing, and the workplace is becoming more age diverse, meaning different generations of employees are working side by side now more than ever before. Increasing age diversity can be problematic if misguided age-related attitudes, biases, and behaviors lead to ageism—the stigmatization of, and discrimination against, people based on age. Evidence of the impact of ageism in the workplace is being observed in increasing age-related discrimination claims as well as increased time for older people to find employment.
Workplace ageism manifests from cognitive, affective, and behavioral components. Age stereotypes are associated with the cognitive component, age-related prejudice is related to the affective component, and age discrimination is aligned with the behavioral component. There is an abundance of research identifying age-related stereotypes and it is thought that these stereotypes influence how workplace decisions are made. Age-related prejudice research indicates that older workers are generally viewed more negatively than younger workers which can result in lower performance appraisals or older workers' receiving harsher consequences for lower performance. Finally, age-discrimination research has identified that older workers struggle to find employment, to receive training and development opportunities, and to advance their careers. Although the majority of research on workplace ageism has focused on older individuals, younger workers also face challenges related to their age and this is a line of research that needs further exploration. Nevertheless, the accumulating evidence supports claims that workplace ageism has wide-ranging effects on individuals, groups/teams, organizations, and society.
Aggression and Anger in Sport and Performance
Jerzy Kosiewicz
Aggressive behaviors and attitudes are investigated first of all from the viewpoint of psychology, sociology, and philosophy. These three disciplines could provide a coherent groundwork for the science on aggression in sport. The science on aggression in sport would be a discipline united by a bond between related issues and a unity of subject, and not by one uniform method.
There are two different viewpoints concerning aggression in sport: the cognitive and the ideological. The cognitive viewpoint approaches sports phenomena objectively in order to describe, explain, and compare them—that is, to present the real situation. The ideological viewpoint approaches the subject in an ideological way; that is, it strives for to presenting sport in the most favorable light, while attempting to hide its vices. This viewpoint makes it nearly impossible to diagnose the existing state of affairs, Attitudes towards aggression in sport, while taking into account other criteria, may be divided into the cognitive and the commonsense interpretations. Proponents of the commonsense viewpoint suggest that aggression is a solely negative entity and that it takes place only in the form of emotionally driven aggression meant to do harm. The cognitive interpretation suggests that there exist two forms of aggression in athletic rivalry: emotional aggression aimed at doing harm to an opponent and necessary aggression resulting from the regulations of a given sport.
Aggression in sport—considered from the viewpoint of regulations of particular sports—may be either necessary (that is, instrumental) or non-instrumental (that is, potential in the sense that it enables expression of emotions which are not provided for by regulations). Aggressive behavior is necessary when called for by the regulations of a given sport, specifically, among others, combat sports such as boxing, judo, or wrestling. Competitors who avoid fighting and who do not manifest aggressive behaviors in such a field are induced to manifest them and—if this does not bring results—may be punished by referees and, as a last resort, sent off.
Aging and Cognitive Skill Learning
Jack Kuhns and Dayna R. Touron
The study of aging and cognitive skill learning is concerned with age-related changes and differences in how we gather, store, and use information and abilities. As life expectancy continues to rise, resulting in greater numbers and proportions of older individuals in the population, understanding the development and retention of skills across the lifespan is increasingly important. Older adults' task performance in cognitive skill learning is often equal to that of young adults, albeit not as efficient, where older adults often require more time to complete training. Investigations of age differences in fundamental cognitive processes of attention, memory, or executive functioning generally reveal declines in older adults. These are related to a slowing of cognitive processing. Slowing in cognitive processing results in longer time necessary to complete tasks which can interfere with the fidelity of older adults' cognitive processes in time-limited scenarios. Despite this, older adults maintain comparable rates of learning with young adults, albeit with some reduced efficiency in more complex tasks. The effectiveness of older adults' learning is also impacted by a lesser tendency to recognize and adopt efficient learning strategies, as well as less flexibility in strategy use relative to younger adults. In learning tasks that involve a transition from using a complex initial strategy to relying on memory retrieval, older adults show a volitional avoidance of memory that is related to lower memory confidence and an impoverished mental model of the task. Declines in learning are not entirely problematic from a functional perspective, however, as older adults can often rely upon their extensive knowledge to compensate for certain deficiencies, particularly in everyday tasks. Indeed, domains where older adults have maintained expertise are somewhat insulated from other age-related declines.
Aging Couples: Benefits and Costs of Long Intimate Relations
Victoria I. Michalowski, Denis Gerstorf, and Christiane A. Hoppmann
Aging does not occur in isolation, but often involves significant others such as spouses. Whether such dyadic associations involve gains or losses depends on a myriad of factors, including the time frame under consideration. What is beneficial in the short term may not be so in the long term, and vice versa. Similarly, what is beneficial for one partner may be costly for the other, or the couple unit over time. Daily dynamics between partners involving emotion processes, health behaviors, and collaborative cognition may accumulate over years to affect the longer-term physical and mental health outcomes of either partner or both partners across adulthood and into old age. Future research should move beyond an individual-focused approach to aging and consider the importance of and interactions among multiple time scales to better understand how, when, and why older spouses shape each other's aging trajectories, both for better and for worse.
Aging Societies and the Ethical Challenges of Long Life
Allison R. Heid and Steven H. Zarit
Individuals are living longer than they ever have before with average life expectancy at birth estimated at 79 years of age in the United States. A greater proportion of individuals are living to advanced ages of 85 or more and the ratio of individuals 65 and over to individuals of younger age groups is shrinking. Disparities in life expectancy across genders and races are pronounced. Financial challenges of sustaining the older population are substantial in most developed and many developing countries. In the United States in particular, employer-based pension programs are diminishing. Furthermore, Social Security will begin taking in less money than it pays out as early as 2023, and the debate over its future in part entails discussions of equitable distribution of resources for the young in need and the old. Living longer is associated with a greater number of chronic health conditions—over two-thirds of Medicare beneficiaries in the United States have two or more chronic health conditions that require complex self-management regimes partnered with informal and formal care services from family caregivers and institutional long-term services and supports. Caregiver burden and stress is high as are quality care deficiencies in residential long-term care settings. The balance of honoring individuals' autonomous wishes and providing person-centered care that also addresses the practicalities of safety is an ever-present quandary. Furthermore, complex decisions regarding end-of-life care and treatments plague the medical and social realms, as more money is spent at the end of life than at any other point and individuals' wishes for less invasive treatment are often not accommodated. Yet, despite these challenges of later life, a large percentage of older individuals are giving financial support, time, and energy to younger generations, who are increasingly strained by economic hardship, the pressures on dual earner parents, and the problems faced by single parenthood. Older individuals' engagement in society and the help they provide others runs counter to stereotypes that render them helpless and lonely. Overall, the ethical challenges faced by society due to the aging of the population are considerable. Difficult decisions that must be addressed include the sustainability of programs, resources, and social justice in care, as well as how to marshal the resources, talents, and wisdom that older people provide.
Aging Workforce Issues from a Multilevel Approach
Lale M. Yaldiz, Franco Fraccaroli, and Donald M. Truxillo
The proportion of older people in the industrialized workforce is increasing owing to the aging of the baby-boom generation, improved health in industrialized countries, changing retirement laws, need for additional income by older workers, and entry of fewer younger people into the workforce in some countries. This "graying" trend of the workforce raises a number of issues such as the needs, motivation, job attitudes, and behaviors of older workers; how to manage age diversity issues at work; late career issues; and preparing the worker and the organization for retirement. Specifically, older worker issues as a research topic includes work-relevant changes taking place within individuals as they age (e.g., physical, cognitive, and personality changes); how older workers are affected by their physical and social environments; the sources of age stereotyping and discrimination and how to combat them; and how these factors affect outcomes such as older workers' well-being, health, attitudes, motivation, performance, and desire to continue working.
A Historical View on Attitudes and Persuasion
Pablo Briñol, Richard E. Petty, and Joshua J Guyer
The history of attitudes research can be organized into three main sections covering attitude definition and measurement, attitude-behavior relationships, and attitude change. First, an evaluation of the history of attitude measurement reveals three relatively distinct phases: an early phase in which the classic direct self-report procedures were developed, a middle phase focused on "indirect" assessment devices, and a modern phase in which various measures designed to capture people's automatic or "implicit" attitudes have flourished. Second, the history of attitude-behavior correspondence can be organized also around three broad themes: an early period in which the presumed close association between attitudes and behaviors was largely an article of faith; a middle period in which some researchers concluded that little, if any, relationship existed between measures of attitudes and overt behaviors; and a more recent period in which the resolution of prior issues stimulated an explosion of research focused on identifying the moderators and psychological mechanisms responsible for attitude-behavior correspondence. Finally, the history of research and ideas regarding attitude change and persuasion can be organized around several prominent theories focused on distinct single processes, dual processes, or multiple processes, each of which are still used by contemporary attitudes researchers.
Alcohol Abuse and Drug Use in Sport and Performance
Matthew P. Martens
Issues associated with athletics, alcohol abuse, and drug use continue to be salient aspects of popular culture. These issues include high-profile athletes experiencing public incidents as a direct or indirect result of alcohol and/or drug use, the role that performance-enhancing drugs play in impacting outcomes across a variety of professional and amateur contests, and the public-health effects alcohol abuse and drug use can have among athletes at all competitive levels. For some substances, like alcohol abuse, certain groups of athletes may be particularly at-risk relative to peers who are not athletes. For other substances, participating in athletics may serve as a protective factor. Unique considerations are associated with understanding alcohol abuse and drug use in sport. These include performance considerations (e.g., choosing to use or not use a certain substance due to concerns about its impact on athletic ability), the cultural context of different types of sporting environments that might facilitate or inhibit alcohol and/or drug use, and various internal personality characteristics and traits that may draw one toward both athletic activity and substance use. Fortunately, there are several effective strategies for preventing and reducing alcohol abuse and drug use, some of which have been tested specifically among athlete populations. If such strategies were widely disseminated, they would have the potential to make a significant impact on problems associated with alcohol abuse and drug use in sport and athletics.
Analysis of Dyadic Data in Lifespan Developmental Research
Gizem Hülür and Elisa Weber
Lifespan development is embedded in multiple social systems and social relationships. Lifespan developmental and relationship researchers study individual codevelopment in various dyadic social relationships, such as dyads of parents and children or romantic partners. Dyadic data refers to types of data for which observations from both members of a dyad are available. The analysis of dyadic data requires the use of appropriate data-analytic methods that account for such interdependencies. The standard actor-partner interdependence model, the dyadic growth curve model, and the dyadic dual change score model can be used to analyze data from dyads. These models allow examination of questions related to dyadic associations such as whether individual differences in an outcome can be predicted by one's own (actor effects) and the other dyad member's (partner effects) level in another variable, correlated change between dyad members, and cross-lagged dyadic associations, that is, whether one dyad member's change can be predicted by the previous levels of the other dyad member. The choice of a specific model should be guided by theoretical and conceptual considerations as well as by features of the data, such as the type of dyad, the number and spacing of observations, or distributional properties of variables.
Animal Learning and Cognition
Michael Beran
Comparative psychology is the study of behavior and cognition across species. In recent decades, much of this research has focused on cognitive capacities that are well studied in humans. This approach provides comparative perspectives on the evolution of these cognitive capacities. Although in many areas humans shows distinct aspects of various cognitive processes, it is clear that for most major topics in human cognition, important and illustrative data are available from studies with other animals. Moreover, these areas of investigation increasingly show continuities between the behavior of other species and human behavior. Several of these cognitive processes, including concept and category learning, numerical cognition, memory, mental time travel and prospective cognition, metacognition, and language learning, highlight these continuities and demonstrate the richness of mental lives in other animals. Nonhuman animals can discriminate between categories of perceptual and conceptual classes, they can form concepts, and they can use those concepts to guide decision making and choice behavior. Other species can engage in rudimentary numerical cognition, and more importantly share with humans certain core quantitative abilities for the approximate representation of magnitude and number. Nonhuman animals share many phenomena of memory that are well-recognized in humans, and in some cases may even share the capacity to mentally re-experience the past and to anticipate and plan for the future. In some cases, some species may even reflect on their own knowledge states, memory accessibility, and perceptual acuity as they make metacognitive judgments. And, studies of animal communication provided the basis for intensive assessments of language-like behavior in certain species. Taken together, these results argue much more for continuity than discontinuity. This should not be seen as a challenge to the uniqueness of human minds, but rather as a way to better understand how we became the species we are through the process of evolution.
Anxiety and Fear in Sport and Performance
Shuge Zhang, Tim Woodman, and Ross Roberts
Anxiety and fear are unpleasant emotions commonly experienced in sport and performance settings. While fear usually has an apparent cause, the source of anxiety is comparatively vague and complex. Anxiety has cognitive and somatic components and can be either a trait or a state. To assess the different aspects of anxiety, a variety of psychometric scales have been developed in sport and performance domains. Besides efforts to quantify anxiety, a major focus in the anxiety-performance literature has been to explore the impact of anxiety on performance and why such effects occur. Anxiety-performance theories and models have increased the understanding of how anxiety affects performance and have helped to explain why anxiety is widely considered a negative emotion that individuals typically seek to avoid in performance settings. Nonetheless, individuals approach anxiety-inducing or fear-provoking situations in different ways. For example, high-risk sport research shows that individuals can actively approach fear-inducing environments in order to glean intra- and interpersonal regulatory benefits. Such individual differences are particularly relevant to sport and performance researchers and practitioners, as those who actively approach competition to enjoy the fear-inducing environment (i.e., the "risk") are likely to have a performance advantage over those who compete while having to cope with their troublesome anxiety and fear. Future research would do well to: (1) examine the effects of anxiety on the processes that underpin performance rather than a sole focus on the performance outcomes, (2) test directly the different cognitive functions that are thought to be impaired when performing under anxiety, (3) unite the existing theories to understand a "whole picture" of how anxiety influences performance, and (4) explore the largely overlooked field of individual differences in the context of performance psychology.
Anxiety Disorders in Late Life
Jonathan S. Gooblar and Sherry A. Beaudreau
Anxiety disorders are among the most prevalent and understudied mental health problems in late life. Specific phobia, social anxiety disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder are the most prevalent anxiety disorders in older adults among the 11 disorders identified by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (fifth edition). Anxiety disorders lead to significant functional burdens and interface with physical health problems and cognitive impairment, concerns frequently experienced in adults over age 65. Additional contextual factors should be considered when assessing and treating late-life anxiety, including the effects of polypharmacy, other mental health conditions, role changes, and societal attitudes toward aging. The relationship between anxiety and physical health problems in older adults can be causal or contextual, and can involve poorer estimates of subjective health and lower ratings of functioning. These factors present unique challenges to the detection, conceptualization, and treatment of late-life anxiety, including the tendency for older adults to focus on somatic symptoms and the potential for long-term behaviors that can mask distress such as substance use. Researchers are increasingly incorporating a gerodiversity framework to understand the contributions of cultural, individual, and other group differences that may affect the presentation of anxiety symptoms and disorders. Older adults in general are less likely to be treated for anxiety disorders, and intersecting individual and group differences likely further affect how anxiety disorders are perceived by healthcare providers. Cognitive behavioral therapy and its variants have the most empirical support for treatment. Newer evidence lends support to acceptance and commitment therapy and problem-solving therapy, which tend to address some of the contextual factors that may be important in treatment.
An Applied Approach to Psychology of Sustainability
Robert G. Jones
Based on current earth science findings, survival of our species will rely on better management of our relationships with the environmental system in which we reside. Accomplishing this requires the enlistment of a scientific understanding and management of our internal natural systems. Specifically, human urges that are oriented toward individual and small group well-being must be successfully managed to ensure species-level adaptation and survival. An essential first step for accomplishing this is to define a set of psychological criteria presumed to mediate the relationship between these individual urges and behavior at broader levels of analysis, and particularly organizational and community behaviors. Once criteria have been elaborated by key stakeholders, assessment and feedback processes common to major areas of applied psychology provide many options for intervention. This approach is at the heart of the applied psychology of sustainability that will be elaborated in this article. After defining the core problem and laying some foundational assumptions, an overview of this approach will be presented as a means to addressing the problem of using our psychological systems to manage our psychological systems' effects on the environment.
Arousal Control in Sport
Martin Turner and Marc Jones
Sport and stress are intertwined. Muhammad Ali once said, "I always felt pressure before a big fight, because what was happening was real." As this quote attests, sport is real, unscripted, with the potential for psychological, and often physical, harm. The response to stress, commonly described as "flight or fight," is an evolutionary adaptation to dangerous situations. It guides behavior and readies a person to respond, to fight, or flee. However, the stress response is not evoked solely in situations of mortal danger; it occurs in response to any situation with the potential for physical or psychological harm, such as sport. For example, the possibility of missing out on a life-changing gold-medal win in an Olympic Games, or losing an important competition that you were expected to win.
Stress in sport is often illustrated by the archetypal image of an athlete choking; snatching defeat from the jaws of victory. But stress can also help athletes perform well. Stress also plays a role in behavior away from the competition arena, influencing interactions with significant others, motivation and performance in training, and how athletes experience and manage injury and retirement from sport. In sport stress, the psychophysiological responses to stress are not just abstract theoretical concepts removed from the real world; they reflect the thoughts, feelings, and experiences of athletes.
It is important to understand the arousal response to stress in sport. Both theory and research suggest a connection between arousal and athletic performance. Recent approaches propose ideas about how the nature of arousal may differ depending on whether the athlete feels positively (as a challenge) or negatively (as a threat) about the stressor. The approach to seeing stress as a challenge supports a series of strategies that can be used to help control arousal in sport.
Attentional Processes in Sport and Performance
Aidan Moran and John Toner
We are constantly bombarded by information. Therefore, during every waking moment of our lives, we face decisions about which stimuli to prioritize and which ones to ignore. To complicate matters, the information that clamors for our attention includes not only events that occur in the world around us but also experiences that originate in the subjective domain of our own thoughts and feelings. The end result is that our minds can consciously attend to only a fraction of the rich kaleidoscope of information and experiences available to us from our senses, thoughts, memories, and imagination. Attentional processes such as "concentration," or the ability to focus on the task at hand while ignoring distractions, are crucial for success in sport and other domains of skilled performance. To illustrate, Venus Williams, one of the greatest tennis players of all time, proclaimed that "for the players it is complete and pure focus. You don't see anything or hear anything except the ball and what's going on in your head." For psychological scientists, concentration resembles a mental spotlight (like the head-mounted torch that miners and divers wear in dark environments) that illuminates targets located either in the external world around us or in the internal world of our subjective experiences. A major advantage of this spotlight metaphor is that it shows us that concentration is never "lost"—although it can be diverted to targets (whether in the external world or inside our heads) that are irrelevant to the task at hand. Research on attentional processes in sport and performance has been conducted in cognitive psychology (the study of how the mind works), cognitive sport psychology (the study of mental processes in athletes), and cognitive neuroscience (the study of how brain systems give rise to mental processes). From this research, advances have been made both in measuring attentional processes and in understanding their significance in sport and performance settings. For example, pupillometry, or the study of changes in pupil diameter as a function of cognitive processing, has been used as an objective index of attentional effort among skilled performers such as musicians and equestrian athletes. Next, research suggests that a heightened state of concentration (i.e., total absorption in the task at hand) is crucial to the genesis of "flow" states (i.e., rare and elusive moments when everything seems to come together for the performer) and optimal performance in athletes. More recently, studies have shown that brief mindfulness intervention programs, where people are trained to attend non-judgmentally to their own thoughts, feelings, and sensations, offer promise in the quest to enhance attentional skills in elite athletes. By contrast, anxiety has been shown to divert skilled performers' attention to task-irrelevant information—sometimes triggering "choking" behavior or the sudden and significant deterioration of skilled performance. Finally, concentration strategies such as "trigger words" (i.e., the use of short, vivid, and positively phrased verbal reminders such as "this ball now") are known to improve athletes' ability to focus on a specific target or to execute skilled actions successfully.
Lukas J. Wolf, Geoff Haddock, and Greg Maio
This is an advance summary of a forthcoming article in the Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Psychology. Please check back later for the full article.
Attitudes refer to our summary evaluations of people, groups, ideas, and other objects, indicating whether we like or dislike them. The study of attitudes takes a central position in social psychology. Since attitudes were described as the most distinctive and indispensable concept in social psychology more than 80 years ago, decades of extensive research have studied attitudes. This research has revealed how attitudes shape our perceptions and behavior.
One of the key aspects of attitudes is their affective, cognitive, and behavioral content. That is, an attitude may associate an attitude object with affective or emotional reactions, cognitions or knowledge, beliefs, and thoughts, and intentions or past actions. The attitude itself may also have a simple (e.g., positive or negative) structure or a more conflicted, ambivalent (e.g., simultaneously positive and negative) structure, and it may serve different psychological functions (e.g., simplification of knowledge, value expression). In more recent decades, scientists have focused on developing diverse techniques to measure attitudes. On the whole, research has shown that attitudes are moderately predictive of future behavior and that the strength of this link depends on diverse factors, such as how strongly the attitude is held, individuals' personality, and the environmental context. Overall, the long history of research on attitudes has shown considerable theoretical and practical relevance.
Autism Spectrum Disorders in Later Life
Ye In (Jane) Hwang, Kitty-Rose Foley, Samuel Arnold, and Julian Trollor
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD), or autism, is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is typically recognized and diagnosed in childhood. There is no established biological marker for autism; rather, the diagnosis is made based on observation of behavioral traits, including (a) persistent deficits in social interaction and communication, and (b) restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities. Because autism is a spectrum disorder, autistic individuals are a highly heterogeneous group and differ widely in the presentation and severity of their symptoms. The established prevalence of ASD is approximately 1% of the population.
Information about autism in adulthood is limited; most of the literature examines childhood and adolescence. While the term "later life" has traditionally been associated with those over the age of 65, a dire lack of understanding exists for those on the autism spectrum beyond early adulthood.
Individuals remain on the spectrum into later life, though some mild improvements in symptoms are observed over time. Autistic adults experience high levels of physical and mental health comorbidities. Rates of participation in employment and education are also lower than that of the general population. Quality of life is reportedly poorer for autistic adults than for nonautistic peers, though this is not affected by age. More robust studies of the health, well-being, and needs of autistic adults are needed, especially qualitative investigations of adulthood and aging and longitudinal studies of development over the lifespan.


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Carpenter Ants Control NJ, PA, DE & MD
Do you need help with a carpenter ant infestation in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware or Maryland? Viking Pest Control is well-versed in carpenter ant control and treatment. We know how stressful it can be to have these destructive insects in your home. We get great reviews for carpenter and control and would be happy to help you review treatment and removal options to eliminate your carpenter ant infestation.
How to identify carpenter ants?
There are several species of carpenter ants with the most common being black in color and larger than a grain of rice. Some of the less common species may have red coloration as well.
How did I get carpenter ants?
This pest naturally occurs in trees, but carpenter ants can enter your home while searching for food, moisture, and shelter in a variety of ways. These include: Crawling up the foundation and finding an entry point, dropping from tree branches on to your roof and other areas of your house that are positioned under the trees, by crossing utility wires that lead into your house or being brought in on fire wood or other means. Or, simply just walking in the front door!
How to get rid of carpenter ants?
Trimming trees and shrubs so that they do not touch the home will help to keep them out of the house. Wood piles should be placed away from the home. Pet droppings should be picked up to remove a potential food source for carpenter ants. Repairing water damaged wood before they move in also helps to reduce the likelihood of getting this pest.
What are carpenter ants effects on me or my home?
While there is no serious health effect associated with carpenter ant infestations, they are capable of transmitting germs as they crawl from one surface to another in search of food and water. Their effects on your home can be much more serious. Carpenter ants excavate wood creating galleries in which they live. Normally occurring in trees outdoors, they will readily take advantage of wood within the home, especially that which has water damage. Carpenter ant damage can be extensive requiring the replacement of structural members within the home. Carpenter ants may have several satellite colonies within the home, so they may not just be in the one area you see.
How we protect your home or property!
Viking technicians are trained and experienced to deal with this destructive pest. As no two home are the exactly same, neither are the treatment programs. Our pest management professionals will inspect your home and compose a treatment plan that best suits your needs while using the most up to date treatment methods available. All products used are chosen for both their effectiveness and safety. We use the least invasive procedures coupled with the know-how and professionalism you expect to correct your carpenter ant concerns.
Read Information on Common Local Ant Species Here
Carpenter ants – What are Carpenters doing in my garden?
While tending your garden you notice large black ants. You tell yourself that these ants can't be Carpenter Ants, because Carpenter Ants eat wood, not my garden. However you notice these large ants crawling on plants and they seem to be interested in vegetable leaves. What's going? You have Carpenter Ants. Read More on this Here.

subset: commoncrawl


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Portal: Still Alive
Half-Life 2: The Orange Box, Portal: Still Alive, Left 4 Dead 1 & 2 now enhanced for Xbox One X
New titles have been added to the Xbox One X enhanced backward compatibility library, and it will please many a Valve fan.
Portal: Still Alive headlines
Portal: Still Alive out now
It happened a few hours ago we know, but still, for the sake of completion, Valve's Portal: Still Alive is now available to download for 1200 MS Points from. It's the same game that many of you played on The Orange Box last year plus 14 new challenge maps. If you haven't played it yet, […]
Portal: Still Alive for XBLA next week
According to this GameScoreBlog post, Portal: Still Alive will release for XBLA next week. It's Portal, but with extra bits. "In addition to the original award winning first-person puzzle experience, Aperture Science is proud to provide 14 new challenge maps exclusive to Xbox LIVE Arcade," says the entry. "Six advanced maps will also be provided […]
"Portal: Still Alive is extra challenges with a disregard for story"
Joystiq has taken a look at XBLA title Portal: Still Alive, and has said that the game is just "extra challenges with a disregard for story." From the piece: If your wish for Portal: Still Alive is extra challenges with a disregard for story than this Arcade release is exactly what you want as it […]
Lombardi: New Valve 360 titles on the way
Speaking with X3F, Valve's Doug Lombardi reiterated the firm's disinterest in developing for PlayStation 3 and Wii, and revealed that there were "new projects in the works" for Xbox 360. He also confirmed that Portal: Still Alive was just the original game plus a few new challenges added to it. "[Portal: Still Alive is] another […]
Microsoft's E3 press release: all the games in one place
Microsoft has put out a press release detailing all the game we can look forward to this year and next. You saw most of them this evening but there are a couple that didn't make it. After the drop, if you please. By Mike Bowden
Portal: Still Alive 360 exclusive
John Schappert, head of Live services has just announced that Portal: Still alive will be an Xbox 360 exclusive. He welcomed onto the stage a "special guest speaker" that was none other than GLaDOS who went on to announce that she was indeed, "still alive". The game is to be released this "fall" exclusively to […]
Portal: Still Alive latest
Half-Life 2: The Orange Box, Portal: Still Alive, Left 4 Dead 1 & 2 now enhanced for Xbox One X
"Portal: Still Alive is extra challenges with a disregard for story"


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New! Chemineer™ JT-2 Impeller
Designed for the often difficult blending of high viscosity and non-Newtonian fluids, the new, specially engineered JT-2 transitional flow impeller is particularly suitable for when conventional turbines have lost their efficiency due to viscous effects and before the need for close clearance impellers. The JT-2 provides up to 50% reduction in power draw for the same blending performance compared with competitive impellers.Read More »


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April 1, 2013 Parking Lot Hang Month is an annual observance, held each April, during which snowboarders around the world take time to appreciate the good times that are to be had in the parking lots of mountain resorts. Or at least we think it should be. In between laps, nothing beats sitting in a lawn chair, firing up the grill, and drinking some icy beverages. To find out how to become more involved in Parking Lot Hang Month, please visit your local supplier of packaged meats and beverages and proceed to your local resort parking lot. Also keep an eye on our Facebook page at www.facebook.com/romesnowboards , as we may be looking to meet up at your tailgate to bring over some sausages, and a 24-pack of good times. #PARKINGLOTHANG For more news and Rome SDS happenings keep an eye on www.romesnowboards.com , www.facebook.com/romesnowboards , www.instagram.com/romesnowboards and www.twitter.com/romesnowboards
további részletek:
April is parking lot hang month with Rome SDS


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Here is one of the very first branded experiences utilising the new LinkedIn API, and interestingly, it's for the new Volkswagen Passat campaign in the Netherlands, helping to remind people that its seriously packed full of standard features, just like most peoples LinkedIn profiles!
Volkswagen's LinkedIn campaign called "LinkedUit" or (LinkedOut) gives anyone who challenges a friend the chance to win a brand new Volkswagen Passat, and all you have to do is have the strongest LinkedIn profile in Holland. Once you connect with the site here, it challenges a chosen connection on education, experience, recommendations and connections to award the LinkedIn victor, and the LinkedOut looser.
The power of this plays to the competitive corporate nature of most humans! So it will be interesting to see how many people connect in the first instance, and the number of challenges launched over the campaign. It looks like this even has buy-in from LinkedIn themselves, which is great to see. Congrats to the guys at Achtung in Amsterdam for doing something very different.


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If you would like more information or would like to speak to us direct then call us on 0141 952 1177. Or if you would prefer, ask us a question online.
Details of the Spring Statement. Our summary focuses on the issues likely to affect you.
Details of the Autumn Budget 2018. Our summary focuses on the key issues.


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Outreach, Inc. values integrity: To every degree possible, we do what we say we will do. If we cannot meet our obligations, we will do what it takes to make it right. For banner hardware warranty information, please see below.
If you are not 100% satisfied with your Do-It-Yourself print products from Outreach, Inc. for any reason, please return them within 30 days for a full product refund (less original shipping costs) or exchange. If items were purchased in a multiple pack (like a pack of 10), at a discounted rate, returns must be made in the same multiple pack quantity. To return or exchange your product please call Customer Service at 1-800-991-6011 to obtain your Return Authorization Number (RA#). In order to receive a refund, all items must be returned within 2 weeks of obtaining a RA#.
Items returned after 30 days but before the 60-day return limit will be charged a 20% restocking fee. An 80% refund (less original shipping costs) will be issued.
*CDs & DVDs: Must be returned unopened and still wrapped in the plastic shrink wrap. If the item is defective, it can be returned within 60 days with the original packaging. Defective items may be exchanged for the same title. Please contact Customer Service prior to returning a defective item.
All returns must be in their original, unopened packaging and have a Return Authorization Number on the shipping label. In order to receive a refund, Outreach must receive all the returned products within 2 weeks of Return Authorization Number issue date. We recommend using FedEx or UPS shipping carriers and insuring your package. No COD's or Outside Contractor packaging or shipping charges will be accepted. Refunds will be issued upon receipt and inspection of materials.
Due to the nature of Personalized or Custom print jobs, Outreach is not able to offer a refund on these products. Customers will receive a project proof for all custom print projects. Once the customer approves a project proof sheet, Outreach cannot accept responsibility for errors made or missed by the customer.
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The deal represents a renewal of existing O&M agreements between the firms covering 357MW, plus a further 64MW.
In total the agreement covers 397 turbines at 14 wind farms in the provinces of León, Galicia, Andalusia, Zaragoza, Teruel and Toledo. Gamesa will maintain 184 of its 850kW turbines, 93 2MW turbines and 120 660kW turbines.
Services offered under the deal include software upgrades and minor repair work. Gamesa will also install its algorithm improvement programme in the 850 kW and 2MW machines, which aims to improve turbine productivity by enhancing load curves and increasing their operating ranges.
Gamesa currently services 19.1GW of installed capacity around the world and has identified O&M as a key area for the company's growth. Last year, while Gamesa made its first ever loss as a company in 2012 of €659 million, the one area of the business to show growth was its O&M division.
Revenues in the O&M division expanded by 23%, to EUR 344 million, and megawatts under maintenance grew by 17% to 19,111MW. This came within the context of overall group revenues falling by 6.2% to EUR 2.84 billion.


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THU, JUL 22, 2010 at 8:07 AM
Proof that we did in fact turn 22
Sometimes it's just nice to have proof that certain events actually took place (especially if your memory is as unreliable as ours). Did I really flash Vanilla Ice on my walk home from the bar? Did I really, prior to seeing/flashing Vanilla Ice, participate in a pie eating contest and then puke on him, post-flashing? Sometimes without filmic documentation of events, it's as if those events never happened.
Luckily for you/us, we have proof that we did in fact turn 22! You can now see for yourself the level of sonic debauchery that members of Jaill, Avi Buffalo, Happy Birthday, our staff and good friends in Seattle, all enjoyed without experiencing (or perhaps admitting to) an icky hangover or intense cotton mouth. Click here to see what happens when we at Sub Pop throw a 22nd birthday party for ourselves!
And, speaking of Jaill … Their new record, That's How We Burn, comes out this Tuesday, July 27th! Starting now and until the album's release on Tuesday, we are giving you the opportunity to stream the record in its entirety. Click here to jam on the band's new record. Should you like what you hear (and trust us, you will) you can pre-order the album here. In addition to your copy of That's How We Burn, you will also receive a free Jaill patch handmade by the same talented, nimble hands which made this unquestionably buyable record. And by that we mean the band made these themselves!
One last thing, Avi Buffalo, Jaill and Happy Birthday are all on the road or gearing up to head out on tour. Click here to see if any of these bands or other bands currently recording under the Sub Pop imprint of moderate quality will be passing through your town.
Never forget, Sub Pop has a boner for Sub Pop.
ps) Thanks to Patrick Richardson Wright for this video!


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North Stradbroke Island - traditionally known as Minjerribah - is the second largest sand island in the world. It offers a wide range of experiences including the best land-based whale-watching in Australia. Right on Brisbane's doorstep, "Straddie" is perfect for day trips, short stays or week-long getaways in the Redlands Coast. From diving with manta rays to epic four wheel drive tracks, North Stradbroke Island on Redlands Coast is an adventures paradise located less than an hour's ferry ride from Brisbane.
There are kilometres of majestic beaches, freshwater lakes and ocean waters teeming with marine life including dolphins, manta rays, turtles and humpback whales. For those who like a bit of adventure and fun there are four wheel drive tours, sandboarding, surfing lessons, diving, snorkelling and a golf course with an abundance of wildlife. For others who want a more relaxing day out, the "Straddie" offers bowls, bird-watching, picnic spots, scenic walks and perfect beach fishing, as well as secluded hideaways in the calm waters of Moreton Bay.
North Stradbroke Island has an extensive range of holiday accommodation including architecturally designed holiday houses with their own whale-watching towers, beach-front and foreshore camping, family holiday resorts with self-contained accommodation as well as a backpacker hostel.
There are three main villages on North Stradbroke Island; Dunwich, Amity Point and Point Lookout.
Note: Information on listed products and services are provided by the operator and were correct at the time of publishing. Rates are indicative based on the minimum and maximum available prices of products and services. Please visit the operator's website for further information. All prices quoted are in Australian dollars (AUD).


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Now you can bring the best of Ruby into the world of Java, with Using JRuby. Come to the source for the JRuby core team's insights and insider tips. You'll learn how to call Java objects seamlessly from Ruby, and deal with Java idioms such as interfaces and overloaded functions. Run Ruby code from Java, and make a Java program scriptable in Ruby. See how to compile Ruby into .class files that are callable from Java, Scala, Clojure, or any other JVM language.
Using JRuby: Bringing Ruby to Java
by Charles O Nutter, Thomas Enebo, Nick Sieger, Ola Bini, and Ian Dees
Using JRuby
Bringing Ruby to Java
by Charles O Nutter, Thomas Enebo, Nick Sieger, Ola Bini, and Ian Dees
Customer Reviews
This book is an excellent resource for JRuby and will without a doubt facilitate JRuby adoption in Java-centric enterprises.
- Bharat Ruparel
Senior information architect, America's Test Kitchen
This book makes a compelling case for JRuby. A must-have to bring some Ruby goodness to your Java powerhouse.
- Fred Daoud
Author, "Stripes...and Java Web Development Is Fun Again," and "Getting Started with Apache Click"
This is one of those books that you don't want to put down and you can't wait to get back to. For a technical publication, that is extremely rare. After reading this book, I can say I have a very good understanding of what JRuby is, how it interacts with Java, and a working knowledge of many of the supporting tools to accomplish a wide range of tasks. The way this book is organized, it makes a great reference for future development.
- Gale Straney
Senior software design engineer, Tektronix
This book will open the eyes of any Java programmer who wants to take their art to the next level. Read it.
- Geoff Drake
Owner, Managed Design
I really liked the clear structure of the book and all the covered libraries/dependencies (like Rake, Ant, Maven, testing frameworks). This clearly outlines the whole JRuby universe so that new users will immediately see what's available and how to start using it.
- Vladimir Sizikov
Senior Engineer, Oracle
My JRuby apps will go live in two weeks. Without your book and the Ruby community, I would never have gotten this far.
- Pinit Asavanuchit
, Intersol Consulting Co., Ltd.
I was floored by the amount of technical detail the authors managed to cram in here! And they did it with such an approachable and readable tone that this book was both easy and fun to read. I can't remember
the last technical book that did that for me. The breadth of coverage is astounding, too.
- Kent R. Spillner
I was very happy to discover the JRuby project, my favorite programming language running on what's probably the best virtual machine in the world. This book really covers every in and out of this fantastic project.
- Peter Lind
Technical Consultant, Valtech
About this Title
Pages: 300
Published: 2011-01-28
Release: P1.0 (2011-01-26)
In Using JRuby you'll venture into the wide world of open-source Ruby and Java libraries. Write Ruby on Rails web applications that run on Java servers like Tomcat. Use Java's JDBC or Hibernate to easily connect Ruby to industry-standard databases. Test your Java program using Ruby's elegant Cucumber and RSpec frameworks. Create dazzling desktop user interfaces with frameworks like Limelight and Monkeybars. Package a Rails or plain Ruby project for easy deployment to any Java environment.
JRuby lets you merge the best of several possible worlds, so you can create unique software using the best tools available. This book is your definitive guide.
What You Need
JRuby 1.7.4
Contents & Extracts
- JRuby Core
- JRuby and the World
- Introduction to Rails excerpt
- JRuby and Relational Databases
- Building Software for Deployment
- Testing Your Code with JRuby
- Beyond Unit Tests
- Building GUIs with Swing
- Reference
- Ruby 101
- Ruby/Java Interoperability
- Configuring JRuby
- Calling External C Code
- JRuby for Sysadmins
- Limelight Example Source
- Bibliography
Charles Nutter and Thomas Enebo co-lead the JRuby project.
Nick Sieger is a core contributor to JRuby and many other libraries.
Ola Bini writes software at ThoughtWorks.
Ian Dees is the author of Scripted GUI Testing With Ruby.


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8241 Abbey Ln Miami Twp OH
Sold for $359,455
Inverness Sinclair Split Ranch plan-w-2150+sqft-w-stone and Brick ext. & full bsmt.11' ceil. in foyer,GR,Kit.&Din.Rm.,Gourmet Kit.-w-Granite counters,Dble Oven,Micro,9'Island,open to GR-w-Stone facade gas FP,BDRM feat. 9' ceil,MST Bath has Oversize shower, DBLE Vanity & Spac. Walk in Closet. Engery Perf. Cert.35yr Dry Base. & 10Yr Struct Warranties
Directions to 8241 Abbey Ln Miami Twp OH 45002: I-74,Rybold Rd,Rt Wesselman Rd,lft Taylor,Rt Dog Trot Rd,Rt Bridgetown,Rt on Legendary Ridge.
Sold on 11-16-2018
More info about this property
Send me information
No spam. Ever.
Windsor Realty
David G Heusinkveld
David G Heusinkveld
Office: 513-617-4772
Phone: 513-617-4772
Phone: 513-617-4772
The data relating to the real estate for sale on this web site comes in part from the Broker Reciprocity program of the MLS of Greater Cincinnati, Inc. Real estate listings held by brokerage firms other than Comey & Shepherd Realtors are marked with the Broker Reciprocity logo or Broker Reciprocity house icon. The properties displayed may not be all the properties available through Broker Reciprocity.


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Let's be honest. We all know we can overindulge during the holidays. Around Thanksgiving, especially, we're so enticed by the variety of dishes and their endless quantities that we often forget what we're really focusing on, our loved ones. In the spirit of the health and wellness of you and your family, we're sharing with you a few ways you can cut unnecessary calories from your Thanksgiving menu, without cutting the flavor or fun!
Cutting Calories from Turkey & Meat Recipes
Your turkey doesn't need a coating in a full tub of butter to be moist, nor does it require brining days in advance for flavor. The traditional turkey recipe packs in about 400 calories per serving.
If you swap out the brining process for a bit of white miso paste, and use a rub made mostly of olive oil, lemon juice and garlic, you're looking to save about half the calories, but still maintain that savory depth of flavor.
The Web is full of tons of great recipes, try searching for thanksgiving turkey recipes with miso for some good ideas to start.
Cutting Calories from Mashed Potatoes & Side Recipes
In preparation for our healthy holiday eating web chat, we shared with you a post on modifying your mashed potato recipe with cauliflower. (Check out the post & recipe for more). If you don't like the idea of mashed cauliflower, we have a few more options for you:
- use your normal mashed potato recipe, but swap half the potatoes for cauliflower. With this method, you'll keep that potato taste, but lighten up the recipe from both a texture and calorie standpoint.
- cut extra fat by cutting half the butter. If you swap out at least half the butter of your normal recipe and swap it instead for low-fat sour cream, plain yogurt, or a combination of the two, you'll eliminate extra fat and calories but keep that creamy texture you love!
Other Thanksgiving meal sides have room for substitution as well. Try incorporating long grain rice, nuts, and dried fruit into your stuffing recipe in exchange for some of its bread base. This is a great way to make the texture and flavor of your stuffing more interesting.
Cutting Calories from Pumpkin Pie & Dessert Recipes
Pumpkin pie is a Thanksgiving favorite, and rightfully so. It's a great seasonal recipe and a go-to Thanksgiving comfort food. What's not so comforting, however, is the amount of bad fat in most pie crusts. Whether you're using a store bought crust or a "standard" recipe, you can cut calories with just a few modifications to your pie crust.
There are lots of pie crust recipes online (like this one) that you can use, but try searching for crusts that replace the butter with low fat plain or vanilla yogurt instead of butter. You can also try adding some extra cinnamon to the mix for added flavor.
Our best advice when it comes to Thanksgiving and your beverage selection? Unless it's millk, don't drink your calories. Eggnog and other similar heavy seasonal drinks add hundreds of calories to your menu. If you want room for dessert, skip the fancy drinks.
Chat with Us!
Join Registered Dietitian from the Emory Bariatric Center, Meagan Mohammadione, on Thursday, November 10th, for an online chat about healthy holiday eating. She'll be sharing lots of substitution ideas, recipe tips and ideas to help you enjoy your holiday favorites without all the guilt. You can ask Meagan as many or as few questions as you'd like and participation in the chat is completely free!
Tags: cutting calories, healthy recipes, holiday recipes, holidays, live chat, Q&A, recipe, recipe ideas, recipes, thanksgiving, thanksgiving recipes, web chat


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Grieving families gathered Sunday at the site where two people died after colliding with a sheriff's deputy's patrol car the day before.
Sara Paynter, 20, and her boyfriend, Robert Delgadillo, 30, were in the backseat of a Ford Explorer on Saturday when the driver of the SUV crashed with a sheriff's patrol car in Palmdale, officials said.
Two people in the front of the SUV were hurt but survived, and the deputy was treated for minor injuries. Officials have not said who is at fault in the crash.
Local news from across Southern California
Two Killed, Deputy Hurt in Patrol Car Crash
"Robert gave my mom a kiss and they never came back," said Delgadillo's sister, Rosa Hernandez.
The collision between the patrol car and Ford Explorer happened about 4:30 p.m. Saturday near 17th Street East and Avenue R in Palmdale, according to the California Highway Patrol
Delgadillo and Paynter were ejected from the SUV after it spun out of control. They died immediately.
"I was going to cook dinner and she was gone," Paynter's sister Rebecca said. "She was my everything, and now she's gone and I can't see her again."
Rebecca said her sister lived in Van Nuys and traveled to Palmdale to visit her for an especially emotional reason.
"We were going to buy her a ring today, and (Delgadillo) was going to propose on Christmas Eve," Rebecca said. "I want my sister home."
LA Sheriff's Deputy Patrol Car Strikes, Kills Bicyclist
While the family members mourn the loss of their loved ones, the two survivors of the crash spoke out.
"Me, as a passenger, I looked to both sides. I didn't see a cop car," the SUV passenger said, who did not want to be identified. He said he hurt his leg in the crash, and that the driver is at home recovering with a neck injury.
Video from the scene showed the patrol car on the side of the road with a smashed front end. A tan Ford Explorer could be seen with damage also on the front end.
Officials said the deputy was not driving with his sirens on, and they do not know if he was responding to a call.
Driver Shot, Killed After Hour-Long Pursuit is ID'd
Families were at the scene of the crash Saturday night, screaming and crying in shock.
"My daughter is dead, she is dead," Sara's father could be seen screaming. "That is not ok."
Additional details about the crash were not clear, but witnesses said the intersection has long been known to be dangerous.
Saturday's crash happened the same week a Los Angeles sheriff's deputy struck and killed a bicyclist while driving his patrol car on Dec. 9.


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YOU ARE HERE » Home » Ticket Dismissal » Virginia (change state)
Virginia Ticket Dismissal
Have a traffic violation or speeding ticket in Virginia? Unfortunately, many of us receive a traffic ticket at one time or another in our lives. Learn how to use traffic school or defensive driving for Virginia ticket dismissal so you can avoid the negative consequences of traffic tickets including points on your driving record and insurance rate increases.
Ticket Dismissal in Virginia
If you recently received a traffic ticket in Virginia, ticket dismissal may be the best way for you to avoid expensive fines, costly insurance premium increases, and points on your Virginia driving record. In fact, 96% of people are unaware that when you are given a traffic ticket, you have options other than to simply pay the fine and have your insurance rates increase for years to come. Learn your options for ticket dismissal.
Types of Ticket Dismissal
There are multiple reasons that a traffic ticket may be dismissed. The most common, most efficient, and without a doubt the easiest way to get your Virginia traffic ticket dismissed, is to take a Drivers Improvement course. Taking this class in Virginia will in almost all cases allow you to dismiss your ticket and avoid insurance premium increases and points on your driving record. You may also be able to get a ticket dismissed by fighting it in court or writing to the District Attorney but your chances of getting the ticket dismissed are much less and you will spend a lot of time preparing for and attending court.
Benefits of Ticket Dismissal with Drivers Improvement
There are many benefits for ticket dismissal using a Virginia approved Drivers Improvement course. First, and perhaps the most obvious, is to avoid the expensive fees, insurance rate increases, and points on your Virginia driving record. However, in addition, when you use online Drivers Improvement, you save time and money. Taking a Drivers Improvement online will save you the time preparing for and attending court. And since the Drivers Improvement class for ticket dismissal is online, you will not have to miss a day of work and can take the class at your own convenience. Not to mention, it is the only way to guarantee that your ticket will be dismissed.
How to Dismiss Your Ticket Using Drivers Improvement in Virginia
Get Court Permission
In order to use Drivers Improvement to dismiss your ticket, you first need to ensure you have court permission to complete ticket dismissal using a Drivers Improvement course. If you are unsure if you have court permission, call the court or visit the County Clerk and ask if you can take Drivers Improvement for ticket dismissal. The court information will be located on the ticket itself.
Register for a Drivers Improvement course for Ticket Dismissal
Find and register for a Virginia approved Drivers Improvement course. Recommendations are listed below. In many states this course can be completed online from the convenience of your home. Make sure to have your citation information with you when you register.
Complete the Course
Take the course and complete it in its entirety. In most states the Drivers Improvement course will last between 4-8 hours, but can be taken at your leisure if you choose an online option and you can sign in and out as many times as you need to.
Pass the Final Exam if Needed
In some states, you may need to pass a final exam. With most Drivers Improvement courses you will have more than one opportunity to pass the exam.
Send in Your Certificate of Completion
In some cases, you are required to personally bring your certificate of completion to the court, while in others the court may require the Drivers Improvement program itself to send the certificate of completion directly. If this is the case, the Drivers Improvement provider wll let you know during the sign up process.
Get the certificate of completion from your Drivers Improvement course to the court and your ticket will be dismissed. You will avoid costly insurance increases and points on your driving record.
Recommended Ticket Dismissal Courses in Virginia
Virginia approved Drivers Improvement online course provided by . With more than 1 million satisfied students, is the #1 provider of Drivers Improvement courses online in Virginia. Dismiss your ticket in Virginia today!
|Register Now
Dismiss your ticket. * Link opens in a new window.
Frequently Asked Questions
What are the benefits of taking traffic school for ticket dismissal?
There are many benefits of taking traffic school for ticket dismissal. First and foremost, in most states the ticket will not appear on your driving record and consequently you will not experience increases to your monthly insurance premiums. In addition, you will learn invaluable information about how to be a safer driver that will help you steer clear of accidents and tickets in the future.
What do I need to sign up for a traffic school course for ticket dismissal?
In order to sign up for traffic school for ticket dismissal, the first and most important thing you need is court permission. Once you have court approval, then all you will need to sign up is your ticket and court information, personal information, and payment information. It will be helpful to be aware of your due date when you register so you can choose the best shipping method.
What is ticket dismissal?
Ticket dismissal is when a person is allowed to take a traffic school or defensive driving course so that the traffic ticket doesn't appear on their driving record and affect their insurance rates. Once you successfully complete the traffic school course, your traffic ticket will be dismissed and no longer appear on your record
How do I contact the court to ask for ticket dismissal for my traffic violation?
Normally the court information is located on the ticket itself, most often on the back. Follow the instructions provided on the ticket for reaching out to the court about traffic school. In some states it may be as simple as a phone call while in others you will have to make a court appearance.
Can I dismiss my traffic ticket if I have other tickets already?
It depends on the state and/or county you are from and their specific rules. In many states you will not be allowed to take traffic school for ticket dismissal if you have used it in the last 12-24 months. However, since the laws differ in each state, make sure to check with the court.
How long do the courses last to dismiss a ticket online?
It really depends on your state and their specific requirements for ticket dismissal. With that said though, a traffic school class will last between 4-8 hours. Many people are able to complete these courses more quickly when they take them online.
How do I know if I am eligible for ticket dismissal?
The easiest way to know if you are eligible for ticket dismissal is to reach out to the court. This information will be located on the ticket itself, normally on the back. When you call the court, you will want to ask if you can take traffic school or defensive driving to remove the ticket from your record. In most states if you do not have a ticket for which you have taken traffic school or defensive driving in the past 12-24 months, you will be able to enroll.
How much does ticket dismissal cost?
The cost of a traffic school or defensive driving course to dismiss a ticket varies from state to state and from course to course. The price can vary from $10-$150 in most states. You can find out the specific price of ticket dismissal programs in your area by clicking the register now button and finding the course you need.
How do I register for a ticket dismissal court?
Registration for traffic school or defensive driving for ticket dismissal is simple. Just click the register now button, enter your court and ticket information, and your personal information and you are ready to get started. It's that simple.
When will my ticket be dismissed and removed from my record?
When the court gives you permission to take traffic school, the ticket will be dismissed as long as you complete the course on time and deliver the certificate of completion to the court. If you do this correctly and on time in most states, the ticket will actually never appear on your record.
Traffic School:
How to Find the Lowest Price Traffic School
How Traffic School Online Can Beat a Ticket
Finding a DMV Approved Traffic School
Drivers Ed:
Parent Taught Driver Education
Five Tips for Being a Safe Driver and Avoiding Traffic Citations


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Water Quality: Consensus Reports
The division produces 60-70 reports per year. These reports are unique, authoritative expert evaluations. Each report is produced by a committee of experts selected by the Academy to address a particular statement of task and is subject to a rigorous, independent peer review. The experts who volunteer their time participating on study committees are vetted to make sure that the committee has the range of expertise needed to address the task, that they have a balance of perspectives, and to identify and eliminate members with conflicts of interest. All reports undergo a rigorous, independent peer review to assure that the statement of task has been addressed, that conclusions are adequately supported, and that all important issues raised by the reviewers are addressed. Thus, while the reports represent views of the committee, they also are endorsed by the Academy.
An Ecosystem Services Approach to Assessing the Impacts of the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill in the Gulf of Mexico (2013)
As the Gulf of Mexico recovers from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, natural resource managers face the challenge of fully understanding the impacts of the spill and setting priorities for restoration work. The full value of losses resulting from the spill cannot be captured, however, without consideration of changes in ecosystem services--the benefits delivered to society through natural processes. The use of an ecosystem services approach t... More >>Report in Brief
Preparing for the Third Decade (Cycle 3) of the National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program (2012)
The first two decades of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program have provided a successful and useful assessment of U.S. water-quality conditions, how they have changed over time, and how natural features and human activities have affected those conditions. Now, planning is underway for the third decade (Cycle 3) of the Program outlined in the Science Plan, with challenges including ensuring that the NAWQ... More >>
Uranium Mining in Virginia: Scientific, Technical, Environmental, Human Health and Safety, and Regulatory Aspects of Uranium Mining and Processing in Virginia (2011)
Report in Brief >> A range of health and environmental issues and related risks are important considerations as Virginia deliberates on whether to rescind its almost 30-year moratorium on mining uranium. Although there are internationally accepted best practices to mitigate most of these risks, there are still steep hurdles to be surmounted before mining and processing could take place within a regulatory setting that appropriately protect... More >>Report in Brief
Approaches for Ecosystem Services Valuation for the Gulf of Mexico After the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill: Interim Report (2011)
The unprecedented magnitude of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill presents significant challenges for oil spill responders and those tasked with assessing the impacts of the spill. Evaluating changes to ecosystem services—the benefits people receive from natural resources and processes—caused by the oil spill could expand the potential to capture and value the full breadth of impacts to the ecosystem and the public. This report assesse... More >>Report in Brief
A Review of the Use of Science and Adaptive Management in California's Draft Bay Delta Conservation Plan (2011)
Report in Brief >> California's draft Bay Delta Conservation Plan—a draft plan to conserve habitat for endangered and threatened species, while continuing to divert water to agriculture and domestic water users in central and southern California—is incomplete and contains critical scientific gaps. The Bay Delta is a large, complex ecosystem that supplies water from the state's wetter northern regions to the drier southern regions, and als... More >>Report in Brief


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"Intention has a 100 percent relationship to whether or not results are achieved"
From Work Miracles: Transform Yourself and Your Organization
by Stephen K. Hacker, Marta C, Ph.D. (Insight Press, 1999)
We are happy to introduce our new Office of Human Resources website to the University. Please note that the new web address is www.pdx.edu/hr. The new web site has been reorganized by topics, including the following major headings:
|Major Topics
|Employee's Corner
|Topics of getting started at PSU, finding forms and policies, information on how to update employee personal information, separating from PSU, resources for retired employees
|Learn about the PSU Benefits programs, who's eligible, how to enroll, what are the choices, what's covered under the plans, what to do if an employee needs to take a leave of absence
|Find the payroll schedule, wage and hour rules for staff, what documentation is needed for international employees and resources for payroll taxes
|Manager's Corner
|Provides information on performance evaluation procedures, training and development, recruiting and hiring staff, job classification and compensation
|This section is for our internal and external job applicants to learn about various job openings, qualification requirements, and how to apply.
You'll find added information available to employees and managers on topics such as communications and problem-solving; rules around breaks, lunches, and travel pay for our non-exempt (overtime eligible) staff members; position analysis and elements of a job description; new benefits such as Domestic Violence Leave and Lactation breaks. You'll also find a single location for all HR forms, University policies and our Collective Bargaining Agreements/Contracts.
Please encourage your staff to visit the new website and become familiar with how we have organized the information. If you have suggestions for improving the website further, please don't hesitate to send me an email at email@example.com and we'll see what we can do.
Please note that the site is established in a Saga environment, which runs slow for now. Shortly, we will be among the many department websites to migrate to the new Drupal software adopted by PSU.


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Euro BLECH 2012 Innovation and Solutions at Every Turn
Covering 84,000 square meters, 1520 exhibitors from 39 countries presented a range of innovative products during EuroBlech 2012, October 23-27 in Hannover, Germany. More than 60,000 visitors attended the show, 40 percent of whom indicated they were there with the definite intention of buying.
When walking the overwhelming show, one finds new metalforming technology and solutions at every turn. Here's just a sampling of what we found; we'll provide more highlights from this biennial event in future issues of MetalForming, as well as in the winter edition of Fabricating Product News.
Automated Notching Cell Produces Three Rotors and Three Stators from One Blank, in 1 min.
The Nidec Minster Corp. unveiled its FlexNotcher system in full operation at EuroBlech. The customizable, integrated system features a Minster notching press coupled with robotic automation equipment. At EuroBlech, Minster's technicians introduced our staff to a FlexNotcher sporting a 25-metric-ton notching press and articulated robot, able to produce three rotors and three stators from the same parent 870-mm blank, in 1 min. The press was operating at 1100 strokes/min.; peak speed is 1200 strokes/min.
The FlexNotcher at EuroBlech also featured a patent-pending indexing system integrated in the tooling via a laser eye. Regardless of orientation on the staging stack, blanks are picked and oriented by the tooling so that the key position matches the driver key of the notcher indexer. This eliminates spacious external indexing stations, reducing floor space and cycle time. The robot's magnetic and pneumatic end-of-arm tooling is designed to have blank picking and stacking hardware on one end, with finished rotor/stator picking and stacking hardware on the other.
A precision centerline-adjustment mechanism allows for the production of stators and rotors in the same part setup. The direct-drive servo indexer rotates the blank 360 deg. to notch the rotor, then the centerline-adjustment mechanism repositions the frame to match the stator notches and, in a second cycle of 360 deg., the stator is notched and separated from the rotor.
Minster: www.minster.com
High-Speed Stamping Press and Tryout Press All Rolled into One
Placed on the world's metalforming stage at EuroBlech by Bruderer was the BPG 22 planetary gearbox that, when installed on its BSTA 510 stamping press, turns the production high-speed press into a tryout machine at the flick of a switch. A planetary gearbox built into the shaft of the main motor of a fully automated stamping press enables test runs to be carried out, under manual control, at a low stroke rate and at full press capacity. The values that are produced can then be carried over exactly and used during a regular production process.
The three-level 22-kW planetary gearbox has a ratio of approximately 1:19. And, so we were told by Bruderer engineers, the real heart of the BPG 22 is the software and the ability to manually control ram height and stroke rate. The machine operator can jog the ram slowly forwards or backwards in fixed geometrical increments, or by regulated shifting using preset values.Bruderer: www.bruderer-presses.com
Efficiency in Consumption of Energy and Material
Energy-efficient technology and intelligent use of raw material took center stage at the Salvagnini booth, under the logo KinEtic that appeared on much of the equipment on display. For example, the firm's new B3 KinEtic press brake features unique drive technology that unites the advantages of electric and hydraulic press brakes, as well as the debut of its new kinetic-energy recycling system (KERS). The press brake—100-, 135-, 220- and 320-ton models—features hydraulic drives, but no tank, servo- or proportional valves or traditional pumps. The hydraulic oil works as a "liquid gear rack," say company officials, which moves up and down by a pump with a speed-controlled brushless servomotor. For quick movements and for bending thin sheetmetal, the B3 KinEtic consumes a minimum amount of energy and power, yet operates at high speed. And, as with electric press brakes, the machine only consumes energy when force is needed. A further reduction in energy consumption occurs thanks to KERS, which recuperates energy during the down movement of the blade and reuses it for the following upward movement.
Salvagnini also introduced its L5 KinEtic 4-kW fiber-laser cutting machine, which integrates the control cabinet and the beam source into the structure of the machine to create a compact and easy-to-install system. Fabricators can use the L5 to cut sheetmetal from 3 to 20 mm thick. Here, the KinEtic logo points to the firm's energy-conserving patented compass kinematics, as well as a mass-efficient machine that uses carbon-fiber components.
Lastly, Salvagnini showcased its new and improved P1 panel bender (shown)—completely simulated and optimized by using only state-of-the-art drives, motors and sensors. Data is transferred by Ethercat, dramatically reducing the number of cables and optimizing maintenance-friendliness. And, thanks to unique, patented kinematics of the bending frame, the P1 can reportedly produce bends that were not possible on previous models of panel benders.
Salvagnini: www.salvagnini.com
Press Brake Enables Automated Tool Changes Without a Tool Changer
Spied by our staff at EuroBlech, and again at FABTECH, was LVD Strippit's new ToolCell—a hydraulic press brake with an integrated tool changer. The machine's automated tool-changing system reduces press-brake setup time, maximizing throughput and efficiency for small- to medium-batch production. ToolCell also reduces labor cost, say company officials, by eliminating the need for skilled labor experienced in tool-setup procedures.
ToolCell stores a library of top and bottom press-brake tooling within a "tooling stadium" located under the machine's backgauge. An innovative gripper design built into the machine's backgauge finger allows the backgauge to serve as the tool-changer mechanism. As the press-brake operator prepares for the next job, selecting the workpiece or moving blank parts to the machine, the press brake automatically changes the top and bottom tooling as required. Software stores tool location within the storage racks, and also directs tool placement within the press brake.
ToolCell is initially available with a 150-ton by 10-ft. press brake; stay tuned for 190- or 240-ton models with bend length of 10 or 13 ft.
Strippit, Inc.: www.lvdgroup.com
One Machine, One Cycle for Shape Cutting, Forming and Tapping
I had to climb up onto a platform to look down onto Amada's new Lasbend AJ machine to really understand all that was going on inside. The machine, with 18 axes under control, is designed for quick production of prototypes as well as for the manufacture of individual parts and small runs within a self-contained production process. It combines a vertically oriented 2-kW fiber laser, a 10-axis rotary-bending unit and onboard four-station tapping setup, along with material-handling robots.
During operation, the fiber laser first cuts subpanels (as large as 1250 by 2500 mm, from material to 4 mm thick) that are guided vertically through the machine for subsequent processing. The unique bending unit (200-kN capacity, 400-mm maximum bending length) with automatic tool changer boasts the newly developed BI-J angle-measurement system that measures the bending angle in real time and adjusts bending parameters as needed to ensure accuracy. Shown are sample panels produced on the machine.
Amada: www.amada.com
8-kW Laser Power for Thick Stainless Steel
Trumpf raised eyebrows among showgoers with its new TruLaser Series 5000 machine, equipped with an 8-kW CO2 laser resonator and rated for cutting stainless-steel sheet and plate to 50 mm thick, as well as for thick aluminum work. The machine's mirror-based optical system avoids the heat-related effects that can occur with lens-based systems, we're told, minimizing the amount of cleaning required and decreasing wear rate.
Also unveiled to EuroBlech visitors was the SheetMaster Compact (shown), for use with Trumpf's TruPunch 3000 punching machine. The new automated-material handling system locates the automation components next to the machine, as well as placing some components below the machine's worktable, noticeably minimizing the footprint of the entire system. And, the system reliably discharges microjoint panels or scrap skeletons onto a removal carriage, for untended operation.
Trumpf: www.us.trumpf.com
Laser-Cut Pipe, Structurals and Other Shapes
Taking center stage at the Mazak booth was a new 2.5-kW version of the firm's 3D Fabri Gear 220 Mk II (shown), a fully automated multiaxis laser-cutting machine designed for machining of long components, including pipe to 8 m. The machine also features a built-in tapping unit and automatic loading and unloading.
The machine was joined onstage by a new Optiplex 3015, a three-axis laser-cutting machine rated to a rapid-traverse rate of 120 m/min. Outfitted with a 2.5-kW CO2 resonator, the machine performs high-speed cutting of thick mild-carbon steel, stainless steel and aluminum work. It's also offered as an optional fiber-laser model (2 kW) for high-speed cutting of thin sheetmetal.
Mazak: www.mazakoptonics.com
Schuler Unveils New Twin-Servo Drive Concept
Front and center at the Schuler booth at Euro-Blech was a display touting the firm's new TwinServo press, boasting a new drive concept with two decentralized servo motors in the press bed. The design, we were told, enables a more compact press, and, since the drives are located in the foundation, greatly reduces noise compared to standard servo-press models. It also improves accessibility and rigidity.
In late September 2012, Schuler presented the prototype of a TwinServo press, with a force of 1600 metric tons, at its facility in Erfurt, Germany. With a height of 6 m, the new transfer press is much shorter than previous models. Plus, its footprint is smaller and the moving bolsters can be placed closer to the machine to ease die changes.
The innovative design of the TwinServo press, without uprights, also improves access to the die area. Slide movement is handled by four draw rods that apply press force to the end faces of the slide. Compared to conventional designs, this allows greater eccentric loads, say Schuler officials. In addition, the maximum press force can be used right up to the bed edge for forming operations. The two press drives are arranged in the bed so that the draw cushion and scrap chutes can be located almost anywhere near the die-clamping area.
Schuler initially will offer TwinServo technology for transfer- and progressive-die presses rated from 1000 to 3500 metric tons, with a bed length of 5000 to 8000 mm. and bed width of 2200 to 3000 mm.Schuler: www.schulergroup.com
See also: Amada North America, Inc, Nidec Press & Automation, Bruderer Machinery, Inc., Salvagnini America, Inc., LVD-Strippit, Inc., TRUMPF Inc., Mazak Optonics Corporation, Schuler Incorporated
Related Enterprise Zones: Automation, Fabrication, Presses


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The Google Street View cars have caught some crazy scenes over the last few years. They've fallen into ravines, driven on race tracks like Indianapolis, and one even witnessed a birth on the street.
But now, Reddit has turned the tables on the internet powerhouse and on Michael Westen — arguably TV's greatest current spy — whose main goal is often to avoid detection. A Redditor spotted a Street View car on an episode of spy drama Burn Notice, and then the internet community did some snoopery of their own to watch the watchers.
You know spies, a bunch of bitchy little girls.
In one of the finer pieces of internet sleuthery we've seen, Redditor 154James spotted a Google Street View car pass by in the background of a recent episode of Burn Notice. He posted a screen grab of the car on Reddit which then started some great detective work.
Another Redditor, thomasamadeusking (say that three times fast), did some Sherlock Holmes level work and found the scene from the car's point of view.
I figured out where the main studio for Burn Notice was, looked for a place with some tall, grandiose looking buildings which were also close to the water, and then looked them up. Didn't take too long. Ah the wonders of Google.
One of the other Redditors, stannyb, was actually on set at the time it happened and was caught on camera by the car. Her face and expression seem to say "hey, that's freaking Google driving by!"
Normally, exciting street view finds, like this peeing Frenchman, are seen on Google first and other media second. But this time, Google (and Googlers) missed their own scoop and were beaten by a guy with a DVR.
Google, you were once an effective spy, but it seems the viewers of a spy show may have out-sleuthed you. Consider this your burn notice.