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Separation Agreements
A separation agreement is a contract that records a settlement of the issues that arise when a married or unmarried relationship ends. Unlike marriage and cohabitation agreements which are made when a relationship starts, separation agreements are made when the relationship is over.
Separation agreements can be an effective and inexpensive way of settling things. However, the terms of the agreement must be fair, and the parties must be able to get along well enough to negotiate the deal and then put it into action when it's done.
This section provides an introduction to separation agreements, discusses how separation agreements are formed, and describes the legal requirements of separation agreements. It also looks at the typical subjects of separation agreements in some detail. In addition, it discusses the effect of reconciliation on separation agreements.
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Alternatives to separation agreements
- 3 Entering into a separation agreement
- 4 Formal requirements of separation agreements
- 5 The possible subjects of a separation agreement
- 5.1 Children
- 5.2 Child support
- 5.3 Spousal support
- 5.4 The division of property and debt
- 5.5 Other issues
- 6 The effect of reconciliation
- 7 Separation agreements filed in court
- 8 Resources and links
Every separating couple has three options to resolve the legal issues between them:
- settle the matters between them out of court through negotiation or mediation, or through some other process like arbitration or collaborative settlement processes,
- have a judge decide what should happen, after spending a lot of money on lawyers and the litigation process, or
- give up and just walk away from the mess.
It is almost always better to negotiate and settle a dispute than to begin a court proceeding and resolve a dispute by trial. While a settlement usually gives neither party all of what they wished for, it will give them as much of what they asked for as possible. Litigation is stressful and expensive, offers no guarantees of success, and can be extraordinarily acrimonious. A negotiated settlement is less stressful, much cheaper, and gives the parties the best chance of not hating each other at the end of the process.
A couple can reach a settlement at any time, even after a court proceeding has started. Typically a settlement reached before a proceeding has begun is put into the form of a separation agreement. Settlements reached after the start of a proceeding can also be put into a separation agreement, but more typically the terms of such settlements are put into the form of a consent order, an order that both parties agree the judge should make.
Separation agreements can deal with almost any issue a couple have to address, from who will keep the cats, to how the mortgage will be paid, to how the children's post-secondary education costs will be handled. They also offer a lot more flexibility than court orders, as some terms that can be put into an agreement can't be put into a court order. Most importantly, separation agreements can be tailored to meet the specific needs and circumstances of each couple.
Of course, separation agreements aren't for everyone. There must be a certain basic amount of mutual trust and good faith, and each party must have a certain flexibility and a willingness to accommodate the other side. A separation agreement will not be appropriate where a couple are so filled with anger, jealousy or stubbornness that even a basic level of mutual respect is absent and dialogue is not possible.
Alternatives to separation agreements[edit]
Settlement can be reached in a number of different ways before a court proceeding has started, through negotiation, mediation, a collaborative settlement process, or arbitration. Settlements reached in these ways are almost always recorded in the form of a separation agreement.
Settlements reached after a proceeding has started are generally only recorded as separation agreements if they are unusually complicated or if there are concerns about whether a term of the settlement can be put into a court order. Otherwise, a settlement of litigation will be recorded as minutes of settlement or a consent order.
Minutes of settlement[edit]
Minutes of settlement are a written record of the settlement of a court proceeding. They are reached after a court proceeding has begun and are usually used to describe the terms of a consent order, an order that both parties agree the court should make. Both of the lawyers and each of the parties will sign the minutes of settlement; usually only the lawyers will sign the final consent order.
Minutes of settlement sometimes have a rough-and-ready feel to them, as they are usually used to record an often hasty settlement of the legal issues, a settlement that is sometimes reached on the morning the trial is set to start. As a result, minutes of settlement are typically less comprehensive than separation agreements. However, even though they lack the same fine-tuning and detail, minutes of settlement are just as binding upon the parties as a separation agreement would be. Both are contracts and can be enforced as such.
Minutes of settlement should:
- be signed by both lawyers and by both parties, although the signature of the parties isn't strictly necessary,
- deal with each significant issue in a final manner, and
- be attached to the draft consent order submitted to the court for its approval.
Consent orders[edit]
A consent order is an order that both parties agree that a judge should make. Consent orders are only appropriate if litigation has started. It is not necessary to have minutes of settlement done before a consent order is agreed to.
When a judge pronounces an order by consent, the order has just the same effect as a final order reached after a trial and is binding upon the parties as a final order.
Minutes of settlement and consent orders[edit]
The advantage of minutes of settlement is that the minutes can stand alone as evidence of the written agreement of the parties, while the form of a draft consent order, which may reflect the parties' agreement, still requires the court's approval. Moreover, if the terms of a draft consent order are argued about, there may not be any evidence of the agreement — as would be provided by minutes of settlement — which a court can use to decide the matter.
Consent orders have unique advantages of their own, in that it is usually extremely difficult to vary an order pronounced by consent without a serious and unanticipated change in circumstances, and because such orders are almost impossible to appeal.
Other final agreements[edit]
Any dispute a couple has can be resolved by a formal contract of some nature. Separation agreements are usually signed by married spouses or unmarried spouses and deal with a large range of issues, from the care of children to the division of property and debt.
Some couples may only have one issue to resolve and the usual sort of separation agreement isn't required. People who are just parents and never married or cohabited may want a parenting agreement that talks about parental responsibilities and the allocation of parenting time. Couples, including unmarried spouses who lived together for less than two years, who only need to deal with child support and/or spousal support may want a support agreement that deals with either or both issues. Couples who only need to resolve who keeps what property and which debts may want a simple property agreement.
Family law agreements can also involve more people than the people involved in a relationship. Separated parents might sign an agreement for contact with grandparents who want to see their grandchildren. A separating couple might sign a loan agreement or promissory note with a friend or family member to whom they owe money.
Entering into a separation agreement[edit]
A separation agreement can be negotiated and signed at any time after a married or unmarried relationship has broken down. A separation agreement can be signed after a court proceeding has been started or before one has even been considered.
The basic process[edit]
The process for entering into a separation agreement is fairly simple. The parties discuss the issues resulting from the breakdown of their relationship between themselves (and, hopefully, in consultation with their lawyers as well). They attempt to reach a resolution of each of the legal issues that is as satisfactory to both of them as possible. It's a good idea to take notes and record how each issue is resolved, as these notes may wind up forming the basis for any agreement that might be reached.
The settlement process is a process of negotiation: each party usually has a pretty good idea of how they would like to see things resolved, and then, following the exchange of these ideas, a compromise is reached that represents a blending of the two positions. Once settlement is reached, one of the parties will draw up a formal agreement and give it to the other party. This draft is carefully reviewed to ensure that it accurately reflects the agreement that was reached, to check whether anything was left out, and to make sure that there are no other issues that need to be discussed and included.
Drafting a separation agreement is something that requires a great deal of skill and a solid understanding of family law and contract law. While kits are available that can guide you in drafting an agreement, I highly recommend that you hire a lawyer to deal with the matter when the content of your agreement is anything other than completely straightforward.
Once both parties are content with the text of the agreement, they must each take the agreement to their respective lawyers — or to any lawyer, for that matter — for advice on how the agreement affects their legal rights and the options they may have open to them if they don't sign the agreement. This is called getting independent legal advice. This stage is critical for three reasons:
- If you are entering into an agreement that will resolve a legal problem, you must know how that agreement affects the rights you would have had if you had pressed on with a court proceeding.
- You must understand the obligations and rights you have under the agreement.
- It stops either party from claiming, later on, that he or she didn't know what the agreement meant or that he or she was at a disadvantage because the other party's lawyer drafted the agreement.
After each party has had independent legal advice about the agreement, they will sign the agreement in the presence of a witness if they're still willing to do the deal. Normally, each party will execute the agreement before the lawyer who provided the independent legal advice, but anyone can witness a party's signature, as long as the witness isn't under the age of 19 and doesn't stand to benefit from the agreement. The witness will watch as the party signs the agreement, and the witness will then sign the agreement him- or herself.
Someone who witnesses an agreement does not become a party to that agreement and isn't responsible for seeing that the agreement is followed. The signature of a witness on an agreement merely says "I know Mr. Smith and I saw him sign the agreement."
If the parties had legal advice, the lawyer who gave the advice will usually also sign a certificate confirming that: the party received advice as to how the agreement affects his or her legal interests; the party understood the terms of the agreement; and, the party wasn't forced into making the agreement. This is usually called a Certificate of Independent Legal Advice.
Normally, four separate original copies of a separation agreement are executed. This is so that the parties and their lawyers can each have an original copy of the agreement. Sometimes, an extra original copy is executed in case the agreement must be filed in court.
If you are negotiating an agreement and have a lawyer[edit]
Even if you have a lawyer it can be extremely tempting to work something out with your ex on the side. If you feel even remotely tempted to do so, call your lawyer! Make sure your lawyer knows that you're trying to explore settlement, and make sure you understand what to say and what not to say.
Nothing is quite as frustrating as finding out that a client has negotiated an inadequate or prejudicial agreement without the lawyer's input. While you, the client, are free to do as you want and can arrive at any settlement you wish, be warned that you may find yourself settling for poor terms compared to what your lawyer might have been able to negotiate for you or compared to the results you might have obtained at trial. Remember that you may be stuck with any agreement that you freely enter into, regardless of whether it's a good agreement or a bad one.
Call your lawyer before you sign or initial anything. This is what you're paying her for.
Formal requirements of separation agreements[edit]
A separation agreement is a contract, in just the same way you have a contract with your employer, your landlord, or the company from which you lease your car. On the other hand, it's a special kind of agreement, different from commercial contracts, because it deals with family law issues that are also discussed in the Family Law Act and the Divorce Act. As a result, the law dealing with separation agreements is a blend of legislation, the common law relating to family agreements, and certain parts of the law dealing with traditional commercial contracts.
The whole point of a separation agreement is so that, at some later time, the contract will be enforceable in court if the parties fail to live up to it. As such, the agreement must be enforceable and it must be able withstand a challenge in court, that is, it must be drafted in such a way and contain terms that are reasonably fair such that a court will uphold the agreement if it is attacked.
A separation agreement must therefore conform to certain basic rules, including these:
- A separation agreement must be in writing.
- The agreement must be signed by each party, and should be signed in the presence of a witness.
- Neither party should be under a legal disability at the time the agreement is signed, however children who are parents or spouses may enter into a binding agreement.
- The agreement must clearly identify the parties and the nature of their rights and obligations to one another.
In addition to these simple formalities of a proper family law agreement, you might want to think about certain other principles of contract law such as these:
- The parties must each enter into the agreement of their own free will, without any coercion or duress by the other party, or by anyone else for that matter.
- Both parties must make full and complete disclosure of their circumstances going into the agreement.
- The parties cannot make an illegal bargain, that is, they can't make an agreement that obliges them to do something against the law.
- Where an agreement is prepared by one party's lawyer and the other party doesn't have a lawyer, any portions of the agreement that are vague may be interpreted in favour of the party who didn't have the lawyer.
- The court will attempt to give effect to a contract wherever possible, that is, they will attempt to give meaning to the terms of a contract rather than declare it void.
Family law agreements are also subject to other principles that don't necessarily apply to commercial contracts:
- The parties must make full, complete and honest disclosure of their financial circumstances going into the agreement.
- If one term of a separation agreement is void, only that term will fail and the rest of the agreement will continue as a valid agreement that is binding on the parties.
- A separation agreement will not be considered to be invalid just because one party doesn't comply with a term of the agreement, that is, you can't say the whole agreement has been broken because the other party didn't do something he or she was supposed to do.
- While the parties can later agree to do something different than what their agreement says about a particular issue, the remainder of the agreement will remain in force.
Note that the courts will rarely if ever uphold an agreement that attempts to contract out of a statutory obligation. Child support, for example, is a positive, almost absolute, obligation a parent has toward his or her children. The court will not consider itself bound by an agreement that says a person will never have to pay child support.
The possible subjects of a separation agreement[edit]
The potential subjects of a separation agreement are limited only by common sense and what the law will allow. That said, it is always best to be as realistic as possible when drafting a separation agreement. Is a schedule of payments unrealistically difficult for one party? Will the children be able to adapt to a shared parenting arrangement? Are the parties' obligations to one another too complex? Are they too optimistic? Are they affordable? While it is best that all of the issues between the parties be dealt with in a separation agreement, the simpler an agreement is, the better it will usually work in real life.
Issues about parenting after separation are covered by the federal Divorce Act for married spouses and by the provincial Family Law Act for married spouses, unmarried spouses and other unmarried couples, and other people who have an interest in the care of a child.
The Divorce Act uses some pretty old fashioned language to talk about children, custody and access. The Family Law Act talks about people who are the guardians of a child and have parental responsibilities and parenting time, and people who are not guardians and have contact.
Custody and access[edit]
There are two basic types of custody available under the Divorce Act: sole custody and joint custody. Sole custody is less common than it used to be, and is usually only appropriate where the parties are constantly at each other's throats or where one party is or expects to be absent from the child's life. Joint custody is far more common than sole custody. In this situation, both parents are custodians of the children and both have responsibility for making decisions about the children.
Joint custody has little to do with how much time the child spends with each parent. The child's time can be shared equally or almost equally, or the child can see a parent only on weekends, and the parents can still have joint custody.
Under s. 39(1) of the Family Law Act, a child's parents are usually the child's guardians as long as they have lived together during the child's life. These parents are guardians and don't need an order or an agreement to make them a guardian. A parent who has never lived with his or her child isn't a guardian unless the parent "regularly cares" for the child.
Under s. 50, only a parent can become the guardian of a child through an agreement with all of the child's guardians. (Of course, the only parents who would need to become a guardian in this way, are parents who aren't guardians to begin with — parents who have never lived with the child and have not "regularly cared" for the child.) Someone who is not a parent can't be made a guardian by an agreement.
Parental responsibilities[edit]
Only a guardian can have parental responsibilities for a child under the Family Law Act. These responsibilities are listed at s. 41:
(a) making day-to-day decisions affecting the child and having day-to-day care, control and supervision of the child;
(b) making decisions respecting where the child will reside;
(c) making decisions respecting with whom the child will live and associate;
(d) making decisions respecting the child's education and participation in extracurricular activities, including the nature, extent and location;
(e) making decisions respecting the child's cultural, linguistic, religious and spiritual upbringing and heritage, including, if the child is an aboriginal child, the child's aboriginal identity;
(f) subject to section 17 of the Infants Act, giving, refusing or withdrawing consent to medical, dental and other health-related treatments for the child;
(g) applying for a passport, licence, permit, benefit, privilege or other thing for the child;
(h) giving, refusing or withdrawing consent for the child, if consent is required;
(i) receiving and responding to any notice that a parent or guardian is entitled or required by law to receive;
(j) requesting and receiving from third parties health, education or other information respecting the child;
(k) subject to any applicable provincial legislation,
(i) starting, defending, compromising or settling any proceeding relating to the child, and
(ii) identifying, advancing and protecting the child's legal and financial interests;
(l) exercising any other responsibilities reasonably necessary to nurture the child's development.
Guardians can share one or more of these parental responsibilities, or one or more parental responsibilities can be allocated just to one guardian, so that only that guardian has responsibility for that issue.
Parenting time and contact[edit]
Parenting time and contact are both about the child's parenting schedule, although parenting time is about a bit more than just the child's schedule. Only guardians have parenting time; people who aren't guardians have contact with a child.
The terms of a child's parenting schedule can be very specific or, where the parties get along exceptionally well with one another, the terms can be as vague as "Jane will have liberal and generous parenting time with the child."
If there has been a history of difficulty exercising parenting time or contact, or there is even a smidgen of conflict between the parties, it can be important to spell out the child's schedule in more detail to avoid future arguments. The terms of the child's schedule usually spell out when the party will see the child on a week-to-week basis, such as "John will have the child from Friday at the end of school to the following Sunday at 7:00pm, every other week, plus each Wednesday from the end of school until 7:00pm."
Children's schedules can also take into account:
- the child's birthday,
- Mothers' Day and Fathers' Day,
- the parties' birthdays,
- school and religious holidays,
- extended access when there is a civic holiday or a professional development day at school,
- communication by telephone and computer, including email, instant messaging and video conferencing,
- responsibility for picking up and dropping off the child,
- school events,
- the child's extracurricular activities, and
- birthdays of the child's friends.
Child support[edit]
Child support is a monthly sum, paid by the parent who has the child for the least amount of time, the payor, to the parent who has the child for the most amount of time, to help cover the day-to-day living expenses of the child. The amount of child support that is paid is almost always dealt with by referring to the Child Support Guidelines, which set out the amount of a parent's child support obligation according to the number of children support is being paid for and the payor's income.
A good separation agreement will:
- state the income of each parent at the time the agreement is made,
- state the monthly child support to be paid,
- set up a system that requires the parties to exchange copies of their tax returns and Canada Revenue Agency notices of assessment each year or every other year,
- provide for a review of child support if the payor's income rises or falls, and
- provide for the recalculation of the parties' shares of the cost of the child's special expenses if either party's income rises or falls.
The Guidelines are an extremely convenient way to calculate a party's child support obligations up to the point where the spouse paying support, the payor, has access to the child for 39% or less of the time. Once the payor has 40% or more of the child's time, the Guidelines tables become less important, and child support is assessed based on, among other things, each party's income and the amount of expenses related to the child that each party is paying. In the context of separation agreements, this allows for a little more flexibility in determining child support, but makes the annual exchange of financial information even more important.
Spousal support[edit]
Spousal support is paid by one spouse to the other to help cover that person's day-to-day living expenses. A separation agreement that provides for the payment of spousal support should be negotiated bearing in mind all of the things the court would have considered in making an order for spousal support.
Typically, a separation agreement that requires spousal support to be paid will include some means of limiting the length of time for which support will be payable. Such terms might include:
- a fixed length of time over which support will be paid, after which the payor will have no more responsibility to pay,
- an indefinite amount of time that support will be paid, with one or more dates set for spousal support to be reviewed,
- a series of graduated payments, so that the recipient receives a declining amount of support as he or she re-enters the work force,
- the termination of support if the recipient enters a new spousal relationship, or
- the payment of support in a single, lump sum.
In some situations, of course, permanent support may be required, especially if the relationship was lengthy or if the recipient is unlikely ever to become self-sufficient because of illness, for example.
Some agreements also provide that no spousal support will be payable. If you are the spouse who would ordinarily be entitled to receive support, you need to be pretty confident that the agreement is fair as it may be very difficult to get support later on if your personal circumstances change.
The division of property and debt[edit]
The ways that a separation agreement can deal with the division of family property and family debt are virtually unlimited. Under the Family Law Act, each spouse is presumed to keep the property he or she brought into the relationship and share in the property bought during the relationship. The spouses are presumed to be each half responsible for any debt incurred during the relationship. However, you can make whatever other arrangements you want, as long as you both agree to those arrangements and they're reasonably fair.
When the division of property and debt are issues, it's often helpful to exchange Financial Statements. A Financial Statement, Form F8 of the Supreme Court Family Rules, is a helpful court form in which each party describes his or her income, assets, expenses and debts on oath or affirmation, like an affidavit. This form can be very useful for each spouse to get a clear idea of the family's financial situation before negotiations start. You can find links to and examples of a Financial Statement and other forms in Supreme Court Forms & Examples.
A separation agreement should talk about how debts will be managed. Separating couples typically pay out family debts by the sale of a shared asset where there's not enough cash to pay it out, which is usually how the mortgage on the family home gets paid out, or they can allocate a different share of the family property to compensate for a family debt that can't be paid out. When a debt won't be paid out, it's essential to do two things: allocate responsibility for the debt; and, provide that the party remaining responsible for the debt will protect the party from having to repay the debt.
Other issues[edit]
Arrangements for the care of children, the payment of support, and the division of family property and family debts are the most common issues that come up in family law. There are a whole host of other issues that couples may have to deal with, including some that can only be dealt with in separation agreements.
The parties' future relationship with each other[edit]
Most separation agreements include a whole section devoted to describing how the parties will deal with each other once the agreement is executed. Typically, this portion of an agreement requires the parties, among other things, to:
- not incur debts in the name of the other party,
- not interfere with the personal life of the other party, including interfering with the other party's relationships with his or her parents, family, friends, and future partners, and,
- not molest, harass or annoy the other party.
Some separation agreements will also describe what will happen if the parties reconcile with each other. Most often an agreement will simply say that it becomes a marriage agreement or a cohabitation agreement if the parties reconcile, and that it will not cease to be in effect simply because of the reconciliation.
Life insurance[edit]
Where children are involved, it can be a good idea to provide that each party will maintain a life insurance policy until the children have all reached the age of majority. Each policy will name the other parent as the sole beneficiary of the policy in trust for the benefit of the children, in order to ensure that the kids will be looked after in the event that either party dies. Most agreements that deal with insurance allow the parties to change the beneficiaries of their policies once the youngest child turns 19.
In general, it's only appropriate to include a term about insurance policies if the parents can afford to pay for those policies.
Undisclosed assets[edit]
If you have even the slightest doubt that the other party hasn't been entirely forthcoming about the extent of his or her assets, a term governing undisclosed assets can be important. These sorts of terms usually provide that:
- any property that wasn't disclosed when the agreement was executed will automatically be deemed to be owned equally by both parties,
- the party that didn't disclose the asset will have to give the other party one-half of the asset's value, and,
- the party that didn't disclose the asset will have to pay the expenses the other party incurred in finding the asset, plus a financial penalty.
The effect of reconciliation[edit]
Separation agreements don't always contain special terms providing for the reconciliation of the parties and the resumption of their relationship. But if a couple does reconcile, what happens to their separation agreement? Does the agreement stay in force? What happens if the parties separate again?
The general rule here comes from the common law. Without a specific clause preserving some or all of the terms of a separation agreement, the agreement will be void if the parties reconcile and resume their relationship and live as a couple. This rule was upheld in a 2003 decision of the Ontario Court of Appeal, Sydor v. Sydor, 2003 CanLII 17626 (ON CA). In that case, the court held that unless a separation agreement contains a term to the effect that the agreement will survive reconciliation, the agreement will be void when the couple reconciles, notwithstanding a term of the agreement that it is a "full, final and conclusive settlement" of all issues arising from their relationship.
The upshot of all this is that if there's a chance that you and your spouse might get back together, and you want your separation agreement to survive your reconciliation, you must put a term to that effect in your separation agreement. Without it, your agreement may be worthless if you reconcile and the relationship breaks down again at some point afterwards.
Separation agreements filed in court[edit]
Agreements that are filed in court can be enforced as if they were orders of the court in which they are filed. Among other things, this means that the Family Maintenance Enforcement Program can enforce an agreement for support exactly as it would enforce an order for support.
To find out how to file an agreement, or to see if your agreement has been filed in court, read How Do I File an Agreement in Court? It's located in the How Do I? part of this resource under Separation Agreements.
Resources and links[edit]
- Legal Services Society's Family Law Website: Fact sheet on making an agreement after separation
- Legal Services Society's Family Law Website: Who can help you reach an agreement?
- Legal Services Society's ''Living Together or Living Apart'', chapter 2, Making Agreements
- Canadian Bar Association BC Branch: Script on marriage agreements and cohabitation agreements
- West Coast LEAF: Booklet on separation agreements and right to fairness
- Law Society of BC: Separation agreement drafting checklist
|This information applies to British Columbia, Canada. Last reviewed for legal accuracy by JP Boyd, May 19, 2013.
|JP Boyd on Family Law © John-Paul Boyd and Courthouse Libraries BC is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 2.5 Canada Licence.
Normally referred to as the "Supreme Court of British Columbia," this court hears most of the trials in this province. The Supreme Court is a court of inherent jurisdiction and has no limits on the sorts of claims it can hear or on the sorts of orders it can make. Decisions of the Provincial Court are appealed to the Supreme Court; decisions of the Supreme Court are appealed to the Court of Appeal. See "Court of Appeal," "jurisdiction," "Provincial Court" and "Supreme Court of Canada."
A court established and staffed by the provincial government, which includes Small Claims Court, Youth Court, and Family Court. The Provincial Court is the lowest level of court in British Columbia and is restricted in the sorts of matters it can deal with. It is, however, the most accessible of the two trial courts and no fees are charged to begin or defend a family law proceeding. The Family Court of the Provincial Court cannot deal with the division of family property or any claims under the Divorce Act. See "Divorce Act," "judge" and "jurisdiction."
A contract intended to resolve all or some of the legal issues arising from the breakdown of a relationship and intended to guide the parties in their dealings with one another into the future. A typical separation agreement is signed following a settlement reached through negotiation and deals with issues including guardianship, parenting arrangements, contact, support, the division of property, and the division of debt. See "family law agreements."
A resolution of one or more issues in a court proceeding or legal dispute with the agreement of the parties to the proceeding or dispute, usually recorded in a written agreement or in an order that all parties agree the court should make. A court proceeding can be settled at any time before the conclusion of trial. See "action," "consent order," "family law agreements" and "offer."
In family law, the resumption of cohabitation between married spouses or unmarried spouses with the intention of attempting to salvage their relationship and making another go of it. See "maried spouse," "separation" and "unmarried spouse."
In family law, the process by which an agreement is formed between the parties to a legal dispute resolving that dispute, usually requiring mutual compromise from the parties' original positions to the extent tolerable by each party. See "alternative dispute resolution" and "family law agreements."
A dispute resolution process in which a specially-trained neutral person facilitates discussions between the parties to a legal dispute and helps them reach a compromise settling the dispute. See "alternative dispute resolution" and "family law mediator."
A dispute resolution process in which an arbitrator hears the evidence and arguments presented by the parties to a legal dispute and makes an award that resolves the dispute and is binding on the parties. See "alternative dispute resolution" and "family law arbitrator."
A person appointed by the federal or provincial government to manage and decide court proceedings in an impartial manner, independent of influence by the parties, the government, or agents of the government. The decisions of a judge are binding upon the parties to the proceeding, subject to appeal.
A legal proceeding in which one party sues another for a specific remedy or relief, also called an "action," a "lawsuit," or a "case." A court proceeding for divorce, for example, is a proceeding in which the claimant sues the respondent for the relief of a divorce order.
The testing of the claims in a court proceeding at a formal hearing before a judge with the jurisdiction to hear the proceeding. The parties present their evidence and arguments to the judge, who then makes a decision resolving the parties' claims against one another that is final and binding on the parties unless successfully appealed. See "action," "appeal," "argument," "claim," "evidence" and "jurisdiction."
In law, a person named as an applicant, claimant, respondent, or third party in a court proceeding; someone asserting a claim in a court proceeding or against whom a claim has been brought. See "action" and "litigant."
In law, (1) the whole of the conduct of a court proceeding, from beginning to end, and the steps in between, may also be used to refer to (2) a specific hearing or trial. See "action."
An order resolving all or part of a court proceeding, on an interim or final basis, that the parties agree the court should make.
A mandatory direction of the court that is binding and enforceable upon the parties to a court proceeding. An "interim order" is a temporary order made following the hearing of an interim application. A "final order" is a permanent order, made following the trial of the court proceeding or the parties' settlement, following which the only recourse open to a dissatisfied party is to appeal. Failing to abide by the terms of an order may constitute contempt of court. See "appeal," "consent order," "contempt of court," "decision" and "declaration."
The conditional transfer of the title to real property by an owner to another person in return for money given by that person as a loan, while retaining possession of the property. The party to whom title is given, the "mortgagee," usually a bank, is allowed to register the title of the property in their name if the person taking the loan, the "mortgagor," fails to make the required payments. See "encumbrance" and "real property."
Acting in an honest, truthful, open, and fair manner, without the intent to deceive or defraud. Also known by the Latin phrase bona fide. See "bad faith."
A document setting out the essential terms of an agreement reached between two or more parties to a court proceeding, produced after negotiations and signed by the parties and their lawyers. Minutes of settlement are normally used as a guide to the preparation of a formal final agreement or final order, and are often attached to that agreement order as a schedule. See "consent order," "family law agreements," "litigant" and "order."
(1) In law, a requirement or obligation to honour and abide by something, such as a contract or order of the court. A judge's order is "binding" in the sense that it must be obeyed or a certain punishment will be imposed. (2) The principle that a higher court's decision on a point of law must be followed by a lower court. See "contempt of court" and "precedent."
(1) A preliminary version of a document, (2) an order prepared following judgment and submitted to the court for its approval, or (3) to prepare, or draw, a legal document.
(1) Agreement, or (2) the giving of permission for a thing to happen or not happen.
Facts, or proof tending to support the existence of facts, presented to a judge at a hearing or trial. Evidence can be given through the oral testimony of witnesses, in writing as business records and other documents, or in the form of physical objects. Evidence must be admissible according to the rules of court and the rules of evidence. See "circumstantial evidence," "hearsay" and "testimony."
An application to a higher court for a review of the correctness of a decision of a lower court. A decision of a judge of the Provincial Court of British Columbia can be appealed to the Supreme Court of British Columbia. A decision of a judge of the Supreme Court can be appealed to the Court of Appeal for British Columbia. See "appellant" and "respondent."
Something which can be owned. See "chattels" and "real property."
A sum of money or an obligation owed by one person to another. A "debtor" is a person responsible for paying a debt; a "creditor" is the person to whom the debt is owed.
A term under the Family Law Act which describes the various rights, duties, and responsibilities exercised by guardians in the care, upbringing, and management of the children in their care, including determining the child's education, diet, religious instruction or lack thereof, medical care, linguistic and cultural instruction, and so forth. See "guardian."
A term under the Family Law Act which describes the time a guardian has with a child and during which is responsible for the day to day care of the child. See "guardian."
Money paid by one parent or guardian to another parent or guardian as a contribution toward the cost of a child's living and other expenses.
A payment made by one spouse to the other spouse to help with the recipient's day-to-day living expenses or to compensate the recipient for the financial choices the spouses made during the relationship.
A term under the Family Law Act that describes the visitation rights of a person who is not a guardian with a child. Contact may be provided by court order or by an agreement among the child's guardians with parental responsibility for making decisions about contact. See "guardian" and "parental responsibilities."
The branch of law dealing with the interpretation and enforcement of contracts. The principles of contract law are usually, but not always, applicable to family law agreements.
A person licensed to practice law in a particular jurisdiction by that jurisdiction's law society. See "barrister and solicitor."
A person with direct, personal knowledge of facts and events relevant to the issues before the court; a person giving oral evidence in court on oath or affirmation as to the truth of the evidence given. See "affirm," "evidence," "oath" and "opinion evidence."
In contract law, to complete or accomplish; to complete the legal formalities necessary to give a document effect. One "executes" a separation agreement, for example, by signing it in the presence of a witness.
An agreement between two or more people, giving them obligations towards each other that can be enforced in court. A valid contract must be offered by one person and accepted by the other, and some form of payment or other thing of value must generally be exchanged between the parties to the contract.
An agreement that requires payment for the use of property, under which the owner of property, like a car or an apartment, gives up the right to occupy and use that property in exchange for a sum of money. A "lessor" is the person who retains ownership of the property and receives money for its use. A "lessee" is the person who purchases the right of possession and use of the property.
An act; a statute; a written law made by a government. See "regulations."
(1) The legal principle under which courts are bound to follow the principles established by previous courts in similar cases dealing with similar facts, or (2) the system of justice used in non-criminal cases in all provinces and territories except Quebec.
In law, a legal incapacity to do certain things, like enter into a contract or start a court proceeding. Legal disabilities include insanity and being under the age of majority. See "age of majority."
An agreement between two or more persons about family law issues that have arisen or may arise, dealing with their respective rights and obligations to one another, which the parties expect will be binding on them and be enforceable in court. Typical family law agreements include marriage agreements, cohabitation agreements and separation agreements.
The use of force or intimidation, whether emotional or physical, to compel another person to do something; interference with another person's freedom of choice to obtain an outcome, action, or behaviour.
Forcing someone to do something through psychological or emotional pressure; a defence to the enforcement of a contract. If, for example, a separation agreement was entered into under duress, that may be a ground to dispute or apply to set aside that agreement.
A step in a court proceeding in which each party advises the other of the documents in their possession which relate to the issues in the court proceeding and produces copies of any documents the other side requests before trial. This process is regulated by the rules of court, which put each party under an ongoing obligation to continue to advise the other of new documents coming into their possession or control. The purpose of this step is to encourage the settlement of court proceedings and to prevent a party from springing new evidence on the other party at trial.
A duty, whether contractual, moral, or legal in origin, to do or not do something. See "duty."
In family law, the natural or adoptive father or mother of a child; may also include stepparents, depending on the circumstances and the applicable legislation; may include the donors of eggs or sperm and surrogate mothers, depending on the circumstances and the terms of any assisted reproduction agreement. See "adoptive parent," "assisted reproduction," "natural parent" and "stepparent."
A person who is younger than the legal age of majority, 19 in British Columbia. See "age of majority."
In family law, an antiquated term used by the Divorce Act to describe the right to possess a child and make parenting decisions concerning the child's health, welfare and upbringing. See "access."
Under the Divorce Act, the schedule of a parent's time with their children under an order or agreement. Access usually refers to the schedule of the parent with the least amount of time with the child. See "custody."
A term used by the Divorce Act when both spouses have custody of a child, giving both the right to make parenting decisions concerning the child's health, welfare, and upbringing, but not necessarily requiring or implying that the spouses have equal or near-equal amounts of time with the child. See "access" and "custody."
(1) A person charged with the legal care of someone under a legal disability. (2) A term under the Family Law Act referring to a person, including a parent, who is responsible for the care and upbringing of a child through the exercise of parental responsibilities. See "disability," "parental responsibilities" and "parenting time."
In law, the re-examination of a term of an order or agreement, usually to determine whether the term remains fair and appropriate in light of the circumstances prevailing at the time of the review. In family law, particularly the review of an order or agreement provided for the payment of spousal support. See "de novo," "family law agreements," "order" and "spousal support."
Short for the Child Support Guidelines, a regulation to the federal Divorce Act, adopted by each province and territory except Quebec, that sets the amount of child support a parent or guardian must pay, usually based on the person's income and the number of children involved.
Under the Divorce Act, either of two people who are married to one another, whether of the same or opposite genders. Under the Family Law Act, spouse includes married spouses, unmarried parties who have lived together in a marriage-like relationship for at least two years, and, for all purposes of the act other than the division of property or debt, unmarried parties who have lived together for less than two years and have had a child together. See "marriage" and "marriage-like relationship."
A term under the Family Law Act referring to property acquired by either or both spouses during their relationship, as well as after separation if bought with family property. Both spouses are presumed to be entitled to share equally in any family property. See "excluded property."
A term under the Family Law Act referring to debt owed by either or both spouses that accumulated during the spouses' relationship, as well as after separation if used to maintain family property. Both spouses are presumed to be equally liable for family debt.
A legal document required by the rules of court in which a party to a court proceeding involving child support, spousal support, the division of property, or the division of debt must describe their income, expenses, assets, and liabilities under oath or affirmation. See "affirm," "oath," and "perjury."
In law, a guarantee of the truth of a statement secured by one's faith in a god, and the prospect of torment in the afterlife in the event the promise is falsely made. People making affidavits and giving oral evidence in court will often give their evidence under oath. See "affidavit," "affirm," "perjury" and "witness."
A legal document in which a person provides evidence of certain facts and events in writing. The person making the affidavit, the deponent, must confirm that the statements made in the affidavit are true by oath or affirmation. Affidavits must be signed in front of a lawyer, a notary public or a commissioner for taking oaths, who takes the oath or affirmation of the deponent. Affidavits are used as evidence, just as if the person making the affidavit had made the statements as a witness at trial. See "deponent", "affirm," "oath" and "witness."
An agreement to transfer the ownership of property from one person to another in exchange for the reciprocal transfer of something else, usually money. See "agreement."
In family law, the dwelling occupied by a family as their primary residence. See "family property" and "real property."
An agreement signed by people who are planning on marrying or who have married that is intended to govern their rights and obligations in the event of the breakdown of their marriage and, sometimes, their rights and obligations during their marriage. See "family law agreement."
An agreement signed by people who are or have begun to live together in a marriage-like relationship that is intended to govern their rights and obligations in the event of the breakdown of their relationship and, sometimes, their rights and obligations during their relationship. See "family law agreement."
The age at which a child becomes a legal adult with the full capacity to act on their own, including the capacity to sue and be sued. In British Columbia, the age of majority is 19. The age of majority has nothing to do with being entitled to vote or buy alcohol, although federal and provincial laws sometimes link those privileges with the age at which one attains majority. See "disability" and "infant."
(1) A person for whom a trustee holds a trust, or (2) the recipient or intended recipient of property given in a will. See "heir" and "trust."
A phrase describing how property is held by one person for the benefit of another person who is ultimately entitled to the use or proceeds of sale of that property. Money held in trust is held in a lawyer's bank account on behalf of a client, on the lawyer's promise not to use that money except as may be agreed.
In law, (1) a judge's conclusions after hearing argument and considering the evidence presented at a trial or an application, (2) a judgment, or (3) the judge's reasons. A judge's written or oral decision will include the judge's conclusions about the relief or remedies claimed as well as their findings of fact and conclusions of law. A written decision is called the judge's "reasons for judgment." See "common law," "conclusions of law" and "findings of fact."
The highest level of court in the province, having the jurisdiction to review decisions of the Supreme Court, all provincial lower courts, and certain tribunals. See "appeal."
(1) In law, a court proceeding; a lawsuit; an action; a cause of action; a claim. (2) A historic decision of the court; case law. See "action," "case law, " "court proceeding," and "precedent."


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Mary Sims
- Details
- Category: Obituaries
- Published on 08 September 2010
- Written by Mount Vernon Optic-Herald
- Hits: 3144
Funeral services for Mary Sims, age 74 of Mount Vernon, were at 4 p.m. Tuesday, Sept. 7, 2010 at Harvey Funeral Home Chapel. Burial was in the Colliers Chapel Cemetery with Rev. Freddie Henry, Rev. Jimmy Rogers, and Rev. Randy Sinclair officiating.
Mrs. Sims was born Aug. 7, 1936 in Franklin County to Marvin Hyde and Willie Henry Hyde. She was married to Buster Sims. She died Sunday, Sept. 5 in Mount Vernon. She was preceded in death by her husband and a brother. She is survived by two children, Kellie Walker of Rockwall and Macheal French of Plano; two sisters, Eva Sims of Mount Vernon and Betty Bogue of Mount Vernon; two grandchildren, Temperence Johnson and James Walker; and one great-grandchild, Meaka Johnson.
Pallbearers were Jim Walker, Gene Johnson, Tony Sims, Slade Rolf, Zack Rolf, and Chris Downs.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
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With an expert knowledge of the area and hundreds of informative brochures and leaflets at their fingertips, the team are only too happy to answer your questions.
Cornfield Road, Eastbourne, East Sussex, BN21 4QA
tel: 01323 415415
One of Eastbourne's most famous TV and film locations, used in Holywood blockbusters such as Harry Potter, James Bond, Pearl Harbour Robin Hood-Prince of Thieves, Notes on a Scandal, Wimbledon, and many TV series including Luther.
Beachy Head, South Downs, Eastbourne, BN20 7AY
tel: 01323 415725
Bill's is open throughout the day, serving breakfast, lunch, dinner and everything in between. Their seasonal menus cater for every occasion and dietary requirement.
153 Terminus Road, Eastbourne, BN21 3NU
tel: 01323 739963
Buzz Active offers a variety of water based activities for everyone. Courses range from sailing to windsurfing, kayaking to powerboating. Come and try one of our taster sessions or take part in a course and learn something new today.
Royal Parade, Eastbourne, East Sussex, BN22 7LD, BN22 7LD
tel: 01323 417023
An outstanding North American style golf complex, set in 1000 acres of stunning Sussex downland.
East Sussex National Hotel, Golf Resort, Little Horsted, Uckfield, East Sussex, TN22 5ES
tel: 01825 880088
Find out about the fascinating history of Eastbourne, the 'Empress of Watering Places', with this experienced local guide. From Eastbourne Pier to the Grand Hotel.
Eastbourne Tourist Information, BN21 4QA
tel: 01323 739746
A fresh way to enjoy the sights of Eastbourne. Come and hit the beach with us and try one of our single or double kayaks or the increasingly popular sport of stand up paddle boarding.
Opposite the the wish tower slopes, Just under the wish tower itself, firstname.lastname@example.com, BN21 4BY
tel: 07917 863791
A railway adventure in Eastbourne. Travel for nearly a mile on the 1/8th scale miniature trains. There's a nature walk around the lake, adventure playground, model railways, cafe and gift shop.
Lottbridge Drove, Eastbourne, East Sussex, BN23 6QJ
tel: 01323 520229
A quaint village in Eastbourne full of charm, inbetween the town centre and Beachy Head. Browse shops or enjoy stunning views across the seafront from the upper promenade.
Meads Street, Eastbourne, East Sussex, BN20 7ZZ
tel: 01323 415 415
The Beach Deck is one of the few places you can truly relax whilst enjoying delicious dishes, inspired by the jaw dropping beach surroundings right on Eastbourne seafront.
Nr Treasure Island, Royal Parade, Eastbourne, East Sussex, BN22 7AE
tel: 01323 720320
Towner, the contemporary art museum, is Eastbourne's new art gallery and centre for the visual arts in the South East.
Devonshire Park, College Road, Eastbourne, East Sussex, BN21 4JJ
tel: 01323 434670
Seafront restaurant offering affordable, freshly prepared French dishes.
The Wish Tower, King Edwards Parade, Eastbourne, BN21 4BY
tel: 01323 886484
Urban Jump offers something for everyone. We have trampolines, a soft play area and an Urban Rainforest Experience all under one roof.
Ghyll Road Industrial Estate, Ghyll Road, Heathfield, East Sussex, TN21 8AW
tel: 01435 863277
The Story of Eastbourne exhibition and heritage hub tells the story of Eastbourne through the eyes of the real people who lived it, as well as providing an information hub for heritage.
248 Terminus Road, Eastbourne, BN21 3DE
tel: 01323 415636
Fort Fun provides a multitude of indoor and outdoor amusement, exhilarating play areas, mini golf adventures, bouncy fun and so much more, all on the beautiful Eastbourne seafront.
Royal Parade, Eastbourne, East Sussex, BN22 7LU
tel: 01323 642833
Award winning Drusillas Park offers a fun-tastic family day out that includes the best small zoo in Europe where you'll come face to face with hundreds of exotic animals from monkeys and meerkats to penguins and pandas.
Alfriston, East Sussex, BN26 5QS
tel: 01323 874100
World famous fish & chip restaurant and take-away, offering fresh fish, real potato chips and signature mushy peas. Comfortable, attractive restaurant and extensive outside dining area.
258/260 Terminus Road, Eastbourne, BN21 3DE
tel: 01323 417454
Discover over 200 year of history at this iconic seafront fortress, recognised by English Heritage as being of national importance.
Royal Parade, Eastbourne, East Sussex, BN22 7AQ
tel: 01323 410611


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By Henry C. Otter, Esq., R.N., Captain of H.M.S. Porcupine.
The Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal Volume 7 1858 p272-276
My interest in the Sound of Harris is evidenced elsewhere in my writings so it will come as no surprise to learn that I was delighted to discover this piece on the peculiarity of one particular aspect of that stretch of water.
The basic principles governing the tides were well-known in the mid-nineteenth century but the details regarding their variation were far from a complete understanding. Indeed, I read an extract from a paper of 1996 that indicates that, in several regards, our comprehension is fuller but remains far from being total.
Tides.—The law of the tidal stream in the Sound of Harris is very remarkable…
It may be generally stated, that in summer, in neap tides, the stream comes from the Atlantic during the whole of the day, and from the Minch during the whole of the night.
In winter, the reverse takes place, the Minch stream flows during the day, the Atlantic during the night.
'Neap' refers to tides where the tidal range between high-water and low-water is small. They occur in the week leading to a Full Moon and the week leading to a New Moon.
In spring tides, both in summer and winter, the stream comes in from the Atlantic during the greater part of the time the water is rising, but never exceeds 5¼ hours, and flows back into the Atlantic during the greater part of the fall of the tide.
'Spring' refers to tides where the tidal range between high-water and low-water is large. They occur in the week following a Full moon and the week following a New Moon.
The stream from the Atlantic is therefore denominated the flood stream, that from the Minch the ebb stream.
Captain Otter then proceeds to give full details of the variations in the tidal flows according to the season, the particular part of the Sound and the strength and direction of the wind. It is not the details themselves that need concern us, we merely note that they were observed in all their complexity.
Following the article itself there are appended the following Notes to Captain Otter's Paper on the Tides in the Sound of Harris. By James Stark, M.D. F.R.S.E.
An interesting subject of inquiry is the probable cause of the flow of the current through the Sound of Harris.
To James Stark, a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, a description in itself is insufficient for, as a man of Science, he seeks causes.
As the tidal wave in its progress from the south flows up both sides of the Western Isles, as far as the Sound of Harris, at the same time, so that at both the eastern and western extremity of the Sound the time of high-water is attained at the same hour, it is evident that the peculiar flow of the current through the Sound cannot be due to the tidal wave…
He then proposes a hypothetical cause for the effects that Captain Otter observed:
If we suppose that the sun exerts a strong attractive power over a large body of water like the Atlantic, which is undeniable, then we should expect that attraction to be greatest, and its effect in raising the level of the water most marked, when the sun was more immediately over that body of water.
This explains the variation between Summer and Winter for:
'…the great mass of the Northern Atlantic in the same parallel of latitude as Harris, would have a higher level during the day in the summer months than it would have during the night when the sun's attractive power was removed. As the Minch is, to a certain extent, a confined sea, the current from the Atlantic would, therefore, flow into it all day ; but when the level of the North Atlantic fell during the night, in consequence of the sun's attractive power being removed, the current would flow from the Minch into the Atlantic. During winter, again, the sun's rays being most powerful over the Southern Atlantic, as it is now to the south of the equator, the waters of the North Atlantic would be attracted southwards during the day, so that its level would be lower than that of the confined waters of the Minch. Consequently, during the winter months, we should expect that the stream would flow through the Sound of Harris from the Minch into the Atlantic all the day. When the sun's attractive power, however, over the Southern Atlantic was removed during the night, the waters would fall to their level and allow the North Atlantic to regain its level; so that during the night the current during the winter season would flow through the Sound of Harris from the Atlantic.'
James Stark then extrapolates from these observations in the Sound of Harris and:
On the supposition that this explanation is the true one, it appears to me that it throws light on a phenomenon which has been long remarked, but never satisfactorily accounted for,—• viz., that during one period of the year the highest tides occur when the moon is above the horizon, but during the other half of the year when the moon is below the horizon. Now, if the moon be above the horizon during the summer when the level of the Atlantic is higher than usual from the greater attractive power of the sun, the day tide will be higher than the corresponding night tide. But if the moon be above the horizon during the day, when the Atlantic level is below its mean, as during winter, then the day tide will be lower than the corresponding night tide.
Which, if you think about it, is a pretty remarkable discovery stemming from observations in a humble little Sound in the furthest flung reaches of the British Isles!
He ends on an optimistic note hoping for further scientific evidence in support of his theory:
It would be interesting to ascertain, by actual measurements, whether there is any difference in the level of the waters in the Atlantic and Minch, and to what extent that difference exists during day and night, and during summer and winter; and I expect that this will be ascertained during the present year through the zeal of Captain Otter and Lieutenant Thomas, who are both engaged in the survey of the western coast.
One final observation of my own: Is this 'Lieutenant Thomas…engaged in the survey of the western coast' none other than the husband of the 'Mrs Thomas' who references claim to have been instrumental in the development of Harris Tweed, for she was the wife of a Captain Surveyor in the Navy and 1858 most certainly within the right time-frame?
Oh, and Captain Henry C Otter was one of 9 recipients of an Atlantic Cable Medal, First Class, which were presented on the completion of that first Transatlantic Telegraphy cable in 1858:
and lived in the Manor House, Oban, from 1845, long before he became an Admiral:
Update: I came across this interesting note in a modern account:


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When you start a business online, or when you decide that it's time for your business to have a presence on the web, it's important that you know what you're doing. The domain name that you choose is important, but don't underestimate the value of finding a good web host. You want your site to stay up and running, so that people can find it and buy what you have to offer. If you don't have a good web host, accessing your site can be next to impossible. People may find it in their searches, but that doesn't mean that they can get it to come up properly in their browser. If it doesn't, they probably won't stick around waiting for it to load. They also aren't as likely to come back, so it's vital that you use a web host that you can rely on.
There are many hosting companies that offer high quality service with unlimited resources. The most important thing choosing a web-hosting provider is to know what am I expecting from, and for what am I need their service. Choosing the best web host is the first and important step in the online business. It's very important for your site and business to be online 24/7/365 so will need a very good and fast technical support as well. Most providers offer free advertising resources for faster business evolution.


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Running is a great way to stay fit, and to also satisfy your competitive nature if racing is your thing. Whether it's a 5K or full-blown marathon, the goal of lowering that running time with each race is an added motivator to stay fit and also keep it fun. But if you're a runner then few things are more important than the shoes you run in. The mileage can add up fast, but so can the bucks when having to buy pair after pair so it never hurts to find ways to make those favorite shoes last as long as they can. While it's important to run in good shoes and replace them when needed, there are a few simple techniques to insure you'll get the longest life possible out of them.
Only Use Them for Running
First and foremost, decide never to wear those comfy running shoes for anything but your runs. This confines them to only the mileage you'll put on them while running and that way it'll be easier to track when it's time for new ones. Running shoes normally last from 350-400 miles per pair, so make a note when they're first purchased and log the mileage. Secondly, invest in a second pair and alternate between two pairs every time you run. This will keep each pair fresher and help prevent them from wearing out as fast when one pair can dry out from moisture while you use the second pair.
Always Dry Your Running Shoes
After every run, make sure to let the shoes dry out. Don't keep them stuffed in a gym bag or closet and if they get wet from rain, remove the insoles and loosen the laces so they can dry out faster. Resist all urges to throw wet shoes in the dryer to dry them out. This will only break down the leather faster and those shoes won't last as long as they should. And speaking of drying, avoid throwing running shoes in the washing machine too; they're not meant to be submerged in water, so instead use a scrub brush and some mild soap for any spot cleaning needed.
Try to find a spot for your running shoes that you always keep them in that has good circulation and is away from air vents and heat. This will keep them from breaking down from those elements. For example, resist the urge to keep the shoes in the trunk of your car until the next work out. If it's summertime, the heat will practically destroy them.
Use an Athletic Shoe Support Insert
Lastly, add an athletic shoe support insert at the halfway point of the shoe's life. The arch support and cushioning is one of the first things to break down, and adding an insert can make your shoes feel brand new. The supports are available at most drugstores or larger department stores, but make sure to get one engineered for running or athletic shoes. They usually have added arch support and gel inserts made to take the pounding that a running shoe experiences. The inserts are easy to cut to make fit any shoe and then just slip it under your shoe's insert, and then replace the insert back over it.
Dean Nason is a fitness enthusiast who writes for Hive Health Media. He enjoys writing about topics ranging from weight loss tips to natural treatments for arthritis.


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Read text and highlights of every governor's State of the State.
By Erin Cox and Timothy B. Wheeler
Gov. Martin O'Malley delivered his final State of the State address Thursday in a speech that promoted his seven years as governor and argued for policies to help the middle class.
The term-limited O'Malley, who is considering whether to run for president, chronicled what he views as his top accomplishments, including highly ranked schools, approval of same-sex marriage and a reduction in violent crime.
He reflected on his time in the governor's mansion as period of tough choices and progress, saying he left the state better than when he took office. "Not only is Maryland stronger than before-- Maryland is cleaner, smarter, safer, healthier, more entrepreneurial and more competitive," he said.
He also acknowledged the "failure" of Maryland's health care exchange, regarded as one of the worst in the country. O'Malley called it "a great source of frustration," but said his administration would not give up.
His address, which struck an upbeat and valedictory tone, comes in an election year when he is considering his future and a crop of politicians are vying to succeed him. While most fellow Democrats received the speech warmly, Republicans and one Democrat running for governor said O'Malley misrepresented his tenure.
"He is missing the real crisis in Maryland, and there is this overwhelming feeling that people are being overtaxed," said House Minority Leader Nic Kipke of Anne Arundel County, saying O'Malley's legacy is one of tax increases.
While O'Malley portrayed Maryland as a state ahead of many others by some measurements, Attorney General Douglas F. Gansler ticked off a list of problems, including the state's achievement gap between poor and wealthy students, transportation congestion and violence.
"We're losing jobs hand over fist," said Gansler, who is running against O'Malley's No. 2, Lt. Gov. Anthony G. Brown, in a hotly contested Democratic primary for governor.
O'Malley mentioned Brown's name four times in the speech as he praised the administration's record.
Most of O'Malley's 31-minute address -- delivered to a joint session of the General Assembly and an audience that included two former governors, the ambassador to El Salvador and local government officials -- focused on his record. He spoke of a "fundamentally different" style of governing: setting specific, measurable goals and using data to determine if he met them.
But he also spoke briefly of proposals he's pushing in the current session to expand access to pre-kindergarten classes and strengthen domestic-violence laws. He made a direct pitch to raise Maryland's minimum wage from $7.25 to $10.10 by 2016, framing his argument as a way to strengthen the middle class, help working mothers and spark economic growth.
"We've lost sight of how our economy works when our economy is actually working," he said. "Prosperity doesn't trickle down from the top. It never has. It's built from the middle out -- and from the middle up."
Legislative leaders say there is broad support to raise the minimum wage for the first time since 2009, but consensus has yet to develop on how high and how quickly it should change. Senate President Thomas V. Mike Miller has twice publicly urged his colleagues to seek compromise and warned that it is unlikely for the General Assembly to set one rate for the entire state.
Former Gov. Parris N. Glendening said some were watching the speech as "a dry run" for a presidential campaign. "But I tell you, a speech like that, based on results, with an attitude that government ought to be effective, measurable and accountable, and a vision about people and the environment, it's a speech that will sell anywhere," Glendening said.
Republican Harford County Executive David Craig, who is running for governor, called the address "more of campaign speech" and said, "He was talking to the media, not to us."
O'Malley concluded his remarks by saying that technology and social changes require a new type of governing, and suggesting he knows how to deliver it.
"We are standing at the threshold of a new era of American progress," O'Malley said. "As our world becomes more complex, it is also becoming more personalized and better connected. And no state is better poised to succeed in this new era than Maryland."
(c)2014 The Baltimore Sun


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McMullen County Sheriff Emmett Shelton, right, emphasized that the county's high incarceration rate is due to its strong enforcement of traffic laws. On left is area prosecutor Jon West.
By BEN TINSLEY
The Progress
TILDEN, TX. — McMullen County's extremely high May incarceration rate–the second highest in the state–is described as a fairly regular occurrence. Authorities say it is largely attributable to the smaller size of the county combined with the sheriff department's extremely vigorous approach to traffic law enforcement.
"The traffic we have in McMullen County is the No. 1 threat to our public safety," explained McMullen County Sheriff Emmett Shelton. "That is where we focus our priorities–on that traffic. As such, there are a lot of people who come into the county with warrants or expired licenses."
In an issued statement, the Texas Commission on Jail Standards designated McMullen County's incarceration rate of 16.18 in May. It is second only to Kenedy County's 20.11 rate–although, again, experts attribute those high percentages to the smaller populations of those counties. As of the 2010 census, McMullen County's population was 707–making it the fifth-least populous county in Texas. Kenedy County's was 416, which made it "more miles than people" with the third-least populous county in Texas and fourth-least in the U.S.
Conversely, No. 3 on the "highest incarceration list" was Refugio County with a 5.35 rate and a population of 7,383.
Shelton said his department's main focus is saving lives and proactively enforcing traffic laws along State Highway 72. This can mean many more traffic stops than actual tickets or arrests, but word gets around amongst motorists that there is a large law presence in that county, and as a result more people tend to stay alive, he said.
"In 2012, despite our efforts, we experienced an unacceptable number of fatalities–13," the sheriff said. "That was completely unacceptable."
As a result, the McMullen County Sheriff's Department stepped up its efforts, put more deputies on the ground and accomplished a zero fatality rate in 2013, he said.
This didn't take place in a vacuum. McMullen County Sheriff's Department staff greatly increased between 2012 and 2013. Altogether, the department stopped (not necessarily ticketed) 2,700 vehicles in 2012. This number skyrocketed to 7,000 stops in 2013.
Unfortunately, because of three traffic fatalities earlier in 2014, that "zero" number of fatalities will not be accomplished at the end of 2014, the McMullen County sheriff lamented.
Sheriff Shelton has placed job education at an all-time high for members of his department, which helps members of his staff stay on the cutting edge when it comes to traffic law enforcement.
For a county with no dispatchers and no actual jail, the 18-deputy department tends to stay busy policing traffic.
In neighboring Live Oak County, Sheriff Larry Busby agreed that the huge spike in area traffic problems–literally thousands of additional vehicles driving through the area–can directly be traced to the approach of Eagle Ford Shale.
"With Eagle Ford Shale came major traffic problems for everyone but especially McMullen County," Busby said. "We have always dispatched for McMullen County, but we could go months without hearing from anyone there. Now, they average five prisoners a day. They run about eight to 10 percent of our usual jail population of 64."
The increase in traffic in McMullen led to Live Oak County getting an additional dispatcher since they do the dispatching for that county, Busby said.
"Fortunately, our commissioners really understood our problem," Busby said. "As part of jailing for McMullen County, when they arrest someone and bring them over here, we book them just like we book our prisoners. It's not like a contract housing service where we simply provided a roof over their heads. They are not counted as overflow. We do the actual booking. So in a way, we're basically both a Live Oak and McMullen County Jail."
Shelton said his county's commissioners court also was understanding of the traffic problem. The 2012 sheriff's department budget allotted for five deputy positions including the chief deputy, a task force position, a part-time investigator, an administrative assistant and two part-time deputies. Most of the law enforcement equipment was produced through grants or seizure funds–all prior to the Eagle Ford boom.
After the boom, the commissioners approved eight patrol deputies, two investigators, a task force position, one administrative assistant, one clerk and four part-time deputies as well as active deputy, Shelton said.
And there was more training for McMullen County deputies as well–to keep up with the technology and law enforcement procedures.
The 2,700 traffic stops were almost four times more than the previous year and translated to 86 felony cases filed and 90 plus misdemeanor cases (unfortunately also 13 fatalities).
In 2013, McMullen County commissioners increased the number to two officers on duty 24-7.
The full-time investigator filed 20 to 30 misdemeanor cases per month and four to six felony cases, Shelton said. The increase in misdemeanor cases was the result of warrant services. The increase in felonies was largely due to oil theft.
Ben Tinsley is a reporter for The Progress newspaper in Three Rivers. He can be contacted by email at email@example.com or by phone at 361-786-3022. Tinsley can also be followed on Twitter at http://www.twitter.com/BenTinsley, Google at http://plus.google.com/+BenTinsley or on Facebook athttp://www.facebook.com/ben.tinsley.12.


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A Phase 2, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo Controlled Study for the Pain of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy
|The safety and scientific validity of this study is the responsibility of the study sponsor and investigators. Listing a study does not mean it has been evaluated by the U.S. Federal Government. Read our disclaimer for details.
|ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01521598
Recruitment Status : Completed
First Posted : January 30, 2012
Last Update Posted : June 11, 2015
- Study Details
- Tabular View
- No Results Posted
- Disclaimer
- How to Read a Study Record
Primary Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of SKL11197 for the treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy pain (DPN).
Secondary Objective: To evaluate the safety and tolerability of SKL11197 in subjects with painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy.
Primary Efficacy Endpoint: The primary efficacy outcome variable will be the time to exit from the double-blind phase because of inadequate pain relief.
|Condition or disease
|Painful Diabetic Neuropathy
|Drug: SKL11197 Drug: Placebo
|Phase 2
This study is a double-blind, placebo controlled study with three phases;
- a pre-study medication washout/screening phase upto 3 weeks
- a 3-week, open label phase
- a 6-week double-blind phase At the end of 3-week in the open label phase, subjects may enter the double-blind phase if they meet the eligibility criteria.
Eligible subjects will be randomized in a blinded fashion either to continue with SKL11197 at 300 mg TID or to take the same number of placebo capsules.
|Study Type :
|Interventional (Clinical Trial)
|Actual Enrollment :
|128 participants
|Intervention Model:
|Parallel Assignment
|Quadruple (Participant, Care Provider, Investigator, Outcomes Assessor)
|Primary Purpose:
|Official Title:
|A Phase 2, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo Controlled Study Assessing the Efficacy and Tolerability of SKL11197 for the Pain of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy
|Study Start Date :
|January 2012
|Actual Primary Completion Date :
|June 2013
|Actual Study Completion Date :
|June 2013
Experimental: SKL11197
This arm is the experimental drug (SKL11197) arm. Patients will be randomized to this arm.
Drug: SKL11197
SKL11197 drug product contains 150 mg of active ingredient. Dosing will be three times per day.
Placebo Comparator: Placebo
This arm is the placebo comparator arm. Patients will be randomized to this arm.
Drug: Placebo
This is the placebo. Patients will be randomized the placebo.
- Relief of diabetic neuropathy pain [ Time Frame: 24 hours ]
- Average daily pain score [ Time Frame: 24 hours ]
Choosing to participate in a study is an important personal decision. Talk with your doctor and family members or friends about deciding to join a study. To learn more about this study, you or your doctor may contact the study research staff using the contacts provided below. For general information, Learn About Clinical Studies.
|Ages Eligible for Study:
|18 Years and older (Adult, Older Adult)
|Sexes Eligible for Study:
|Accepts Healthy Volunteers:
Inclusion Criteria:
- 18 years or older
- Diagnosis of Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes mellitus for at least 1 year
- At least moderate pain, ≥ 40mm on a 100mm VAS at the end of washout phase (in absence of any analgesic);
- HbA1c < 12 % at Screening
- Daily pain attributed to diabetic neuropathy for least 3 months prior to Screening on the basis of history and physical examination documenting peripheral neuropathy.
- Pain from diabetic neuropathy should be identifiable by the subject. Pain must involve the lower extremities and be bilateral.
- Females must be of non-childbearing potential (defined as either surgically sterile or at least one year postmenopausal, Menopause is defined as 1 year since last menstrual period with associated subjective sensations), or,
- If capable of bearing children, females must use a double-barrier method of contraception, or an intrauterine device. Females capable of bearing children must have negative serum pregnancy (beta-HCG) test at Screening and negative urine pregnancy on Day 1.
Exclusion Criteria:
- Pregnant or lactating females
- Subjects with BMI over 40
- Pain due to symptomatic peripheral vascular disease (e.g. intermittent claudication)
- Subjects with known clinically significant decreased blood flow to the extremities
- Subjects cannot have pain from other sources that can confuse the assessment of the diabetic neuropathic pain
- Peripheral neuropathy attributable to other causes such as alcoholism, connective tissue disease, or toxic exposure;
- Have profound autonomic dysfunction, or brittle diabetes;
- Evidence of amputations (including toes), open ulcers, or Charcot joint.
To learn more about this study, you or your doctor may contact the study research staff using the contact information provided by the sponsor.
Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.gov identifier (NCT number): NCT01521598
|United States, Alabama
|Neurology Clinic, P.C.
|Northport, Alabama, United States, 35476
|United States, Arkansas
|Principals Research Group
|Hot Springs, Arkansas, United States, 71901
|Clinical Trials, Inc.
|Little Rock, Arkansas, United States, 72205
|United States, California
|Collaborative Neuroscience Network, Inc.
|Long Beach, California, United States, 90806
|Neurological Research Institute
|Santa Monica, California, United States, 90404
|United States, Florida
|Renstar Medical Research
|Ocala, Florida, United States, 33471
|Comprehensive Clinical Development
|St. Petersburg, Florida, United States, 33716
|Clinical Research of West Florida, Inc.
|Tampa, Florida, United States, 33603
|United States, Kansas
|International Clinical Research Institute
|Leawood, Kansas, United States, 66211
|United States, Michigan
|Michigan Head Pain & Neurological Institute.
|Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States, 48104
|United States, Nebraska
|Creighton Diabetes Center
|Omaha, Nebraska, United States, 68131
|United States, Oregon
|Sunstone Medical Research, LLC
|Medford, Oregon, United States, 97504
|United States, Texas
|Nerve and Muscle Center of Texas
|Houston, Texas, United States, 77030
|Study Director:
|Marc Kamin, M.D.
|SKLSI (Sponsor)
|Responsible Party:
|SK Life Science, Inc.
|ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:
|Other Study ID Numbers:
|First Posted:
|January 30, 2012 Key Record Dates
|Last Update Posted:
|June 11, 2015
|Last Verified:
|May 2015
Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases
Diabetic Neuropathies
Neuromuscular Diseases
Nervous System Diseases
Diabetes Complications
Diabetes Mellitus
Endocrine System Diseases


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Eden, the ex-soldier from Ashdod who posted photos from her time in the IDF posing next to cuffed Palestinian detainees on her Facebook page is shocked by the backlash the incident prompted. "I received death threats from all over the world on Facebook," she told Ynet. "I'm sorry if anyone got offended, I actually took care of the detainees. The IDF has let me down profoundly. I wish I never served in such an army."Eden shouldn't have posted her photos from her IDF tour of service on facebook -- that was rather stupid. To her credit, she wasn't smiling in the photos.
The photos were taken in the Gaza Strip where Eden was stationed during her IDF service. They caused a stir around the world and were reported on by CNN, Sky News as well as British newspapers such as the Guardian. "It's unbelievable that so many people are talking about me," she said. "I find it astounding that there are so many people who want peace and I'm the one ruining it for them. I got loads of death threats, I'm not scared, I know I didn't do anything wrong." (ynet)
Of course, the real hypocrisy is that there was zero outrage in Israel when the following IDF soldiers and Israeli policemen took photos of themselves smiling, grinning and laughing, as they evicted thousands of Jews from their homes in Gaza, destroyed their homes, and dug up the graves of buried Israelis (smiling in front of the coffins).
All the following photos are from the Gush Katif memorial web-page which documented the expulsion.
The IDF Spokesman's Unit issued a statement in response to the incident describing the ex-soldier's behavior as shameful. Eden claimed that she was told by the IDF she will not be called for reserve duty and will be stripped of her ranks. "I'm very disappointed with the IDF, the army is ungrateful. I risked my life, got injured, I was a model soldier, and now I wish I never served in this army."The IDF spokesman's unit didn't say the photos above were shameful...so it's perfectly understandable why Eden thought it was ok posting her photos to facebook.
She explained the IDF's response by saying that "the army is making the soldiers look bad and the country look great so that Obama won't get pissed off. As far as I'm concerned we're not even an independent state, people are afraid of just pictures. I'm sorry this is the way my country is."
Here's some more video footage of the over-joyed soldiers and policemen who were responsible for the expulsion from Gush Katif.
The infamous sock dance of the grave expulsion unit.
The infamous and vulgar Police Officer explaining how to expell and arrest Jews.
And here's the heart-wrenching video of the residents prior to their eviction.
Wherever I am, my blog turns towards Eretz Yisrael טובה הארץ מאד מאד


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Whilst werewolves have been the subjects of films at least as early as 1913's The Werewolf, werewolf movies has always played second fiddle to vampire movies. Heck, maybe even third fiddle, with zombies probably having overtaken them. Werewolf films are therefore like the Dr. Pepper to Zombies' Pepsi and Vampires' Coke. The Rodney Dangerfield of monsters. And yet werewolves' history, both in cinema and reality, is indelibly intertwined with other, more popular monsters. Historically, werewolves were even viewed as likely candidates for vampirism after death. And in films they have a long history of grudge matches with their undead enemies. In the past, it was usually Dracula himself vs. The Wolf Man in a series of B-movies. Now, vampires and werewolves are often depicted as members of different races of beings with ancient hatreds that play out less in the horror genre than the fantasy.
Why don't werewolves get more love? Where did it all go wrong? Maybe it's just because, for the most part, great werewolf films are few and far between -- most of the early ones, which may be the genre's Vampyr or Nosferatu, are lost. Maybe it's because werewolf films are always introducing more and more mythology to the canon, shaping and shifting our perceptions of werewolves as cunning and secretive in the silent era, to rampaging maniacs in the '40s, to Vampire hating proles in modern, dark fantasy. Beyond film, vampires have captured the black hearts of the dispossessed and pasty goth subculture in a way werewolves never have. I mean, Peter Murphy didn't sing, "Lon Chaney Jr.'s Dead." I, for one, have always identified with werewolves more than any other monster. I'm not sure why, but I think there's more to it than them being the underdogs... or wolves as it were. Plus, once (after going to bed in upstairs), I awoke in the early morning on the ground outdoors... unclothed... with bloody bits of skin under my nails and no memory of how I got there.


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Raffles van Exel Claims He Removed Evidence from Whitney Houston's Hotel Room
Ever since the police began investigating the death of Whitney Houston -- and especially since toxicology results showed cocaine in her system -- authorities and the masses have wondered who cleared the evidence of the drug from her hotel room.
We have our answer: the same person who likely sold her open casket photo.
Raffles van Exel, the self-proclaimed con artist who is suspected to have sold Houston's open casket shot to the National Enquirer, has come out and admitted to removing evidence from her hotel room. Authorities suspected that evidence was removed from the room because cocaine was found in Houston's system, but no drug paraphernalia was found in her hotel room.
Celebuzz reports that van Exel told Dutch newspaper the Telegraph, "The room had to be emptied. Someone had to do it." Van Exel wouldn't divulge exactly what was removed, nor would he return Celebuzz's calls for comment.
Based on what we've learned about van Exel so far, it doesn't sound likely that he had her best interests at heart, nor those of her family and those who loved her. Generally people with nothing to hide hide nothing. In any case, we hope everyone involved finds closure and comes to justice.


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Product Description
This evil eye pendant in the shape of a panther is created by using .925 sterling silver panther mold and then adding a light blue glass evil eye to the center. The evil eye measures 8mm and can only be seen from the front of the pendant. The evil eye pendant measures 24mm wide and 36mm in length. The back of the pendant is a solid sterling silver. This evil eye pendant has a basic 6mm wide sterling silver bale with the .925 sterling stamp on the back of the pendant.
Evil Eye Fact #48
In Latin American places such as Mexico and Central America babies are given bracelets of protection with an eye like spot painted on it.
Evil Eye – A Brief Summary
The evil eye is a belief that a person can harm you, your children, or your belongings simply by looking at them with envy and praising them. Jealousy, envy, or praise can inflict all kinds of misfortune. The penetrating look is believed to cause illness, injury, or death upon its intentional or unintentional target. Most common is the belief that the evil eye can cause things to whither away or dry up -- the loss of crops, drying up of milk in nursing mothers, impotency in men, and illness among children, are all commonly attributed to the evil eye. The belief of the evil eye has no religious boundaries as it coexists with almost every religion from Christianity to Islam. It is in fact mentioned in the Old Testament and a big part of the Jewish folklore as well. Throughout history, the evil eye has affected the lives of many and has shaped many cultures in their beliefs and behavior. Baby clothes and cribs will feature an evil eye pin cars will have an evil eye hanging on the rear-view mirror while homes will have various forms of wall hanging evil eye throughout. Evil eye jewelry is a popular choice where an evil eye bracelet or an evil eye pendant as an accessory might be enough to void off the effects of the evil eye around you. The object is to protect your loved ones or your possessions from the effects of the evil eye. Today, belief in the evil eye is very much alive, especially so in Italy, Greece, Turkey, India, South America, and the Arab world. All these cultures have different names for the Evil Eye from "Mal Ojo" in Spanish to "Baskania" in Greek. Indians call it "Drishtidosham and the Arabs call it"Ayin Harsha". Evil eye is also referred to as the Lucky eye perhaps to emphasize the positive effects of wearing a piece of evil eye jewelry where not only will it protect you from the onlookers but also bring you luck along the way. Regardless of the word or phrase they use to refer to it, one thing is for certain. While there are many who insist the evil eye is nothing more than good old-fashioned superstition, to the believers of the evil eye its powers are nothing to be taken lightly.


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Churchill Downs Racetrack, Hour 1
Season 23 Episode 13 | 52m 29s
It's off to the races for amazing ANTIQUES ROADSHOW appraisals at Churchill Downs Racetrack like a Twin Spires painted roof slate from around 1895, a 1943 Picasso ink-on-paper and 1963 letter, and an art deco brooch. One may be worth up to $200,000!
Aired: 05/06/19
Expires: 12/31/20Video has closed captioning.
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