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GLAAD just received the following statement from Tracy Morgan's management:
"I want to apologize to my fans and the gay & lesbian community for my choice of words at my recent stand-up act in Nashville. I'm not a hateful person and don't condone any kind of violence against others. While I am an equal opportunity jokester, and my friends know what is in my heart, even in a comedy club this clearly went too far and was not funny in any context."We'll update with more information soon.


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Hello there!
Discovered this forum a few days ago, and thought it was time I introduced myself.
I've been an atheist for as long as I remember, and I'm currently going through a bachelor in biology.
While I've usually kept my atheism to myself, the fascination that the biology courses have over me make me want to participate more in communication.
I've always been respectfull of other people's belief,
but now I catch myself wanting theists to "see", even just a glimpse, of how life can truly be fascinating when you accept the fact of being part of a 4 billion year old chemical reaction.
Reading through the posts on this forum, I realise how much luck I have living in a secular country like Switzerland. I can just hope the world will keep moving in a more secular direction.
Hope to know you all a bit better, and see you around,
Views: 184
Hello!so many people in the usa are christian and claim it's a christian country(which it's not).You are very lucky indeed.I hope someday that my county is secular too.
Thanks :).
I sincerely hope the USA will become a bit more secular country as well. It may seem to be in a very distant future when you look at the politics... but seeing how the kids seem to be now days, and how the rest of the world is moving along... there would just need to be a few politicians with the guts of coming out as atheists, and I think things could move quite fast.
And is Canada secular, anyone know? I might be moving there in a few years...
and while I have a very hard time imagining a Canadian being pushy about religion... I never really asked.
Hello and welcome.... I just read a funny short story by the author Sarah Vowell about Canadians and how they differ from Americans. She basically boils it down to the difference between cowboys (the grubby individualists on horses who use guns every chance they get) and mounties (the well dressed, polite guys on horses who helped to 'tame' the Canadian wilderness). Cowboys swagger and take the law into their own hands, Mounties do the right thing and enforce the law. Americans do not like the word conformity; Canadians like to think of it as 'working together as a team'. Vowell quoted a funny story about the film "It's a Wonderful Life" and how Canadians would call that bragging and title it "It's an All Right Life" instead. So no, I can't imagine Canadians being pushy about ANYTHING...ha. But I'm one of those people obsessed with Canada...especially their humor. If you haven't heard of 'Kids in the Hall', check it out sometime. Here's a clip:
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Welcome to Learn And Play Montessori School!
Our mission at Learn And Play Montessori School is to inspire children to become self-confident and motivated individuals, we achieve this by providing the highest quality educational preschool, prek, kindergarten, after school programs and opportunities for each child to reach their highest potential.
At LAPMS we know that learning is fun, therefore we strive to provide a well-rounded education and instill in our children a love for learning. The basic goals of education are to help increase the child's level of independence, to increase their ability to concentrate, and encourage imagination. Curriculum is presented by ability and not by age. Therefore, as students develop, Montessori Certified and Trained teachers present appropriate lessons and materials to support each child's growth and emerging capabilities.
For parents, students, and teachers, it will be a journey filled with joy, laughter, and friendship. Children's success here is not limited to academic mastery, they learn to care for themselves and care about others and the world in which they live. We are committed to a philosophy that fosters respect and compassion and honors the spirit of childhood. Children who benefit from such great beginnings have futures that are limitless!
Learn And Play Montessori School, "Building Strong Foundations, One Child At A Time"


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This is the first displaying of the new web site. It is very much a work in progress. The included pages allow departments to see what is here, and to suggest content for their pages.
Delta County Texas
Welcome to Delta County Texas Web Site
Delta County is a county located inthe northeastern part of the great State of Texas. As of the 2010 census, its population was 5,231. It is named for its triangular shape, much like the Greek letter delta. Two forks of the Sulphur River form its northern and southern boundaries, and meet at its easternmost point. Delta County is one of 19 prohibition, or entirely dry, counties in the state of Texas. Its seat and largest city is Cooper. It was founded in 1870.
The county seat of Delta County is Cooper, Texas. Nearby, visitors will find Cooper Lake and recreational area, ample hunting, fishing, and exploration destinations.
Work In Progress
Please be Patient
Additional Content can be expected soon.
The web designer will rely on input and content suggestions from Delta County Officials, and staff and will be posted as available.


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Dr. Oz, Daytime Emmy Award winning host of The Dr. Oz Show, is Vice-Chair and Professor of Surgery at Columbia University. He directs the Cardiovascular Institute and Complementary Medicine Program at New York Presbyterian Hospital. His research interests include heart replacement surgery, minimally invasive cardiac surgery, complementary medicine and health care policy. He has authored over 400 original publications, book chapters, and medical books, has received several patents, and performs more than 100 heart surgeries per year.
Dr. Oz was born in Cleveland, Ohio, raised in Delaware and received his undergraduate degree from Harvard University (1982) and obtained a joint MD and MBA (1986) from the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and Wharton Business School. He was awarded the Captain's Athletic Award for leadership in college and was Class President followed by President of the Student Body during medical school. He lives in Northern New Jersey with his wife Lisa of 25 years and their four children, Daphne, Arabella, Zoe, and Oliver.
Previously, Dr. Oz was a featured health expert on The Oprah Winfrey Show for over five seasons, spanning 55 episodes. He has also served as chief medical consultant to Discovery Communications, where his Transplant! series won both a Freddie and a Silver Telly award. In addition to numerous appearances on Good Morning America, he has also appeared on the Today show, Larry King Live, The View, guest-hosted the Charlie Rose show and appeared on all the evening news broadcasts. He also served as medical director of Denzel Washington's John Q and participated in several other feature films.
Dr. Oz authored six New York Times Best Sellers including YOU: The Owner's Manual, You: The Smart Patient, YOU: On a Diet, YOU: Staying Young, YOU: Being Beautiful as well as the award winning Healing from the Heart. His new book, YOU: Having a Baby, was published by Free Press on December 1, 2009. He has a regular column in Esquire magazine and O, The Oprah Magazine and his article Retool, Reboot, and Rebuild was awarded the 2009 National Magazine Award for Personal Service.
Dr. Oz is also the host of a daily talk show on Sirius XM Radio's Oprah Radio on XM Channel 156 and Sirius Channel 195 (as part of its "Best of XM" package).
In addition to belonging to every major professional society for heart surgeons, Dr. Oz was named Forbes' #3 most influential celebrity (10), has been honored as one of Time magazine's 100 Most Influential People (08), Esquire magazine's 75 Most Influential People of the 21st Century, a Global Leader of Tomorrow by the World Economic Forum (99-04), and "The Harvard 100 Most Influential Alumni" in the 02138 magazine, as well as receiving the Ellis Island Medal of Honor (08). He won the prestigious Gross Surgical Research Scholarship, and has received an honorary doctorate from Istanbul University, He was voted "The Best and Brightest" by Esquire Magazine, a "Doctor of the Year" by Hippocrates magazine and "Healer of the Millennium" by Healthy Living magazine. Dr. Oz is annually elected as a highest quality physician by the Castle Connolly Guide as well as other major ranking groups.


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March 12, 2013
Last week, Senate Bill 150 passed in the Kentucky House of Representatives by an overwhelming 90-6 vote.
Sponsored by state Senator Brandon Smith (R-30), SB 150 is critical to your inherent right to self-defense as it eliminates several discriminatory and arbitrary provisions in Kentucky's current concealed carry laws that may prevent you from obtaining a Concealed Deadly Weapons License (CDWL).
Specifically, SB 150 would make the following changes to Kentucky concealed carry laws:
–Repeals the residency requirement for CDWL applicants. Currently, one must be a Kentucky resident for at least six months before filing an application to obtain a CDWL.
–Removes the residency requirement for members of the Armed Forces of the United States who are assigned to a military post in Kentucky. Currently, a member of the Armed Forces must be assigned a post for six months or longer in order to file a CDWL application.
–Reduces the length of time from 90 days to 60 days the Kentucky Department of State Police has to approve or deny an application for a CDWL.
Since SB 150 already passed in the Senate by a 36-1 vote, this bill will now go to Governor Steve Beshear (D) for his signature. Please call AND e-mail Governor Beshear TODAY and politely urge him to sign SB 150 into law. Please use the contact information provided below:
By the way, people who know what's coming are taking advantage of our healthy & delicious storable food!


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deep creek, battle of
the battle of deep creek, also called the battle of quallatown, was a civil war engagement that occurred on 2 feb. 1864. union troops from the 14th illinois cavalry under maj. francis m. davidson attempted to destroy the forces of cherokee chief william holland thomas (called thomas's legion) by surprising the indians and highlanders at deep creek ten miles west of quallatown. after an hour of fighting, davidson reported that he killed nearly 200 confederates, although southern records reported the loss of only 2. the northerners claimed that the battle of deep creek was a great victory in which they had wiped out thomas's indian companies. they escorted their cherokee captives to knoxville, where they flattered the indians and promised them substantial rewards if they would abandon the confederacy. the cherokee prisoners were also told that they would receive their freedom and $5,000 in gold in return for thomas's scalp. when the cherokees agreed to that condition, the union forces released them. but on reaching their camp, the indians joked about their promises and promptly returned to confederate service.
vernon h. crow, storm in the mountains: thomas' confederate legion of cherokee indians and mountaineers (1982).
e. stanly godbold jr. and mattie u. russell, confederate colonel and cherokee chief: the life of william holland thomas (1990).
additional resources:
nc museum of history, william holland thomas: http://www.ncmuseumofhistory.org/exhibits/civilwar/explore_section4m.html
1 January 2006 | Anderson, William L.
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text: Photo: Courtesy of Women's Wear Daily As one of the more wearable lines in terms of style and price point, it makes sense that J.Crew would feature real people, rather than models, in its fall campaign. The brand, headed by Jenna Lyons, tapped these ladies for it's women's ads: makeup artist Alice Lane; fashion director at Tank Magazine , Caroline Issa; Linda Rodin of Rodin; deputy editor at Le Figaro , Virginie Mouzat; fashion editor at Wonderland , Julia Sarr-Jamois; and assistant director museum of development, Angela Goding. The guys aren't too shabby either, showcasing Tumblr's founder and chief executive officer, David Karp; creator of Arquiste perfumes, Carlos Huber ; CEO of Trunk Archive, Matthew Moneypenny; contemporary art business director at Phillips de Pury & Co., Joe Carlucci; and field advocacy director at the American Cancer Society, Spencer Lyons. Choosing these stylish regulars does make the duds feel even more accessible and wearable. The tagline, "We know you're out there" is meant to directly speak to customers. "We chose very accomplished people who have an impact on our customers and culture in general," Diego Scotti, J. Crew's chief marketing officer, said in WWD . "They appreciate quality and detail. Our customers identify with them, but the campaign is not about celebrities."


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Mariners sign veteran catcher John Buck for 2014 season
Buck has hit 63 home runs over the last four seasons, 5th-most among MLB catchers.
SEATTLE, Wash. -- Seattle Mariners Executive Vice President & General Manager of Baseball Operations Jack Zduriencik today announced the signing of free agent catcher John Buck to a contract for the 2014 season. Per club policy, terms of the contracts were not disclosed.
Buck, 33, has combined to hit 63 home runs over the last four seasons (since 2010), 5th-most among Major League catchers behind Brian McCann (85), Matt Wieters (78), Carlos Santana (71) and J.P. Arencibia (64). Last season he appeared in 110 games with the New York Mets (101 G) and Pittsburgh Pirates (9 G). He was traded to Pittsburgh on Aug. 27 to join the Pirates for their postseason run.
In 10 Major League seasons he has appeared in 1,058 games and slugged 133 home runs. His 1,018 career games behind the plate (973 starts) are 5th-most among active catchers.
To make room on the 40-man roster, outfielder Carlos Peguero has been designated for assignment. Seattle now has 10 days to trade, release or outright the contract of Peguero to the minors.
Pitchers and catchers will report to spring training in Peoria, AZ on Feb. 12 (physicals) and holds its first workout Feb. 13. Position players are scheduled to report for physicals Feb. 17 and the first full-squad workout will be held Feb. 18.


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The Government of Newfoundland and Labrador is continuing its commitment to improve the health and wellness of the people of the province. In 2006, it released Achieving Health and Wellness: Provincial Wellness Plan for Newfoundland and Labrador .
The Wellness Plan focuses on improving the health of the population at the front end of the health spectrum: the goal is to keep people healthy through the promotion of initiatives and support for people and communities. It builds on the foundation of partners, policies, programs and resources and reflects forward thinking needed to effect change in people, communities and policies within a supportive environment. Healthy Communities are those where people work together to support each other. They are the foundation on which the wellness priorities are addressed; key initiatives that support healthy communities include Regional Wellness Coalitions, Provincial Wellness Grants, Baby-Friendly NL and the Healthy Built Environment.
The Wellness Plan reflects a shared responsibility and partnerships for wellness amongst many government departments, regional government structures, provincial and community organizations and individuals.
The Wellness Plan is closely linked to the Poverty Reduction Strategy (2006) which provides a comprehensive and practical approach to prevent, reduce and alleviate poverty to further strengthen the ability of Newfoundlanders and Labradorians to participate in their communities and lead healthier lives. Annual funding of $1.09 million to the Kids Eat Smart Foundation to provide healthy meals and snacks for school age children is an example of an initiative making a real difference by increasing access to healthy food for the children of our province.
The Wellness Plan pays continued attention to the social determinants of health, particularly those that help to reduce the inequalities in health. Efforts are made to reach those in greatest need and to build the capacity of communities and individuals to identify and address their own needs.


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- Includes first simulators for new COMAC C919 aircraft
MONTREAL, CANADA--(Marketwire - Dec. 18, 2012) - (TSX:CAE)(NYSE:CAE) - CAE today announced that it has sold four Level D full-flight simulators (FFS), two each to customers in China and Russia. The sales include the first two FFSs, associated training devices and the CAE Augmented Engineering Environment (AEE) for the new C919 aircraft being developed by Commercial Aircraft Corporation of China, Ltd. (COMAC). They also include two simulators, a Boeing 737NG and a Bombardier CRJ200, to Russian aviation equipment company NITA (New Information Technologies in Aviation). In addition, CAE sold simulator update services to various customers.
The contracts are valued at more than C$50 million at list prices and bring the total FFS sales that CAE has announced to date during fiscal year 2013 to 23.
"We have a long history of cooperation with COMAC's Shanghai Aircraft Customer Services Co. (SACSC) Ltd. starting with the development of the first ARJ 21 full-flight simulators, and we are honored that SACSC has once again selected us for the development of the world's first C919 simulators," said Jeff Roberts, CAE's Group President, Civil Simulation Products, Training and Services. "We are also proud to continue to extend our reach into Eastern Europe and to have been selected once again by Russian aviation equipment company NITA on behalf of the Ministry of Transport of Russia."
The two C919 CAE 7000 Series FFSs will incorporate the new third-generation CAE Tropos™-6000 visual system. They will be ready for use at SACSC in 2015, prior to the aircraft's expected entry into service. In addition, CAE will provide two Level 5 Flight and Maintenance Training Devices (FMTDs).
The C919 FFS program will also use the CAE Augmented Engineering Environment (AEE), a modeling and simulation environment that will allow SACSC and CAE to efficiently develop, evaluate, test, and validate a range of aircraft models and systems during the development phase of the simulators and aircraft program.
CAE has designed, developed and delivered the industry's first full-flight simulators for more than 40 new aircraft representing 16 different original equipment manufacturers, including the first simulator for COMAC's ARJ21 advanced regional jet.
The Boeing 737NG FFS for NITA will be deployed in 2013 to the Ulyanovsk Higher Civil Aviation School in Ulyanovsk, Russia, where CAE delivered earlier this year an Airbus A320 FFS. The CRJ200 FFS will be deployed to the Saint-Petersburg State University of Civil Aviation in Saint-Petersburg, Russia, also in 2013. NITA is acquiring the simulators on behalf of the Federal Air Transport Agency, part of the Ministry of Transport of Russia.
About CAE
CAE is a global leader in modelling, simulation and training for civil aviation and defence. The company employs close to 8,000 people at more than 100 sites and training locations in approximately 30 countries. CAE offers civil aviation, military, and helicopter training services in more than 45 locations worldwide and trains approximately 100,000 crewmembers yearly. In addition, the CAE Oxford Aviation Academy offers training to aspiring pilot cadets in 11 CAE-operated flight schools. CAE's business is diversified, ranging from the sale of simulation products to providing comprehensive services such as training and aviation services, integrated enterprise solutions, in-service support and crew sourcing. The company applies simulation expertise and operational experience to help customers enhance safety, improve efficiency, maintain readiness and solve challenging problems. CAE is now leveraging its simulation capabilities in new markets such as healthcare and mining. www.cae.com
Contact Information:


text: Event Sign Up Cherry Blossom Tree, Artist - Katie Butler Date/Time: Sat, 2/29/2020, 7:00 - 9:00 PM Location: Merlot and a Masterpiece, Main Studio - 412 N. Main St., Bloomington, IL 61701Price Per Seat: $40.00 Only 3 seats left Enlarge Image most of our paintings can be done on a 12x 12 canvas upon request, or Wood pallet for an additional $5 Ticket price includes all supplies, instruction, and aprons. Cancellation Policy: * Cancellations with more than 48-hour notice are eligible for a full refund. In registering for classes, you agree to our Terms & Conditions. Customer Information First Name (Required) Last Name (Required) Company Address (Required) Address (Cont'd) City (Required) State/Province (Required) U.S. State AK AL AR AZ CA CO CT DC DE FL GA HI IA ID IL IN KS KY LA MA MD ME MI MN MO MS MT NC ND NE NH NJ NM NV NY OH OK OR PA RI SC SD TN TX UT VA VT WA WI WV WY Canadian Province AB BC MB NB NL NT NS NU ON PE QC SK YT Zip/Postal Code (Required) Phone (Required) Email (Required) Confirm Email (Required) Number of seats 1 2 3 ($40.00/Seat) Promotional Code Gift Certificate Code


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The Maltz Museum is open Sunday, December 25th from 11am-5pm with special family-friendly programming scheduled throughout the afternoon. All FREE with Museum admission!
Our "Chinese Food & A Movie" Day is back! Enjoy short films, create some art, join a scavenger hunt, and when you're done, snack on those traditional "Jewish delicacies"—egg rolls and fortune cookies!
Throughout the Afternoon
Arts & Crafts – make a clay mezuzah or roll your own beeswax candles for Hanukah, Shabbat, birthdays or other special events in the Lobby
Scavenger Hunts for different ages available at the Ticket Desk
Free Snacks – Kosher egg rolls, fortune cookies, candy & beverages in the Lobby
Films: Animated stories from the Maurice Sendak Library
The Nutshell Kids – series of short films including Chicken Soup with Rice. Featuring original compositions from Jewish songwriting legend Carole King. (18 min.)
Where the Wild Things Are – based on the popular Caldecott Medal winning children's book, Max sails away to the land of the wild things. Narrated and music by Peter Schickele. (6 min.)
In The Night Kitchen – a little boy dreams of a magical kitchen where bakers make cakes all night long and bread-dough airplanes fly. (8 min.)
Guided Tour
An American Story and The Temple-Tifereth Israel Gallery – Museum's permanent collections.
Film: Molly's Pilgrim
The 1985 Academy Award Winner for Best Live Action Short Film, this movie examines the struggles of a young Russian-Jewish girl as she learns to adapt to life in America. Using humor and drama, the film uncovers the Jewish roots of the holiday of Thanksgiving and teaches a lesson of religious tolerance and friendship. (21 min.)
Guided Tour
Hardship to Hope: African American Art from the Karamu Workshop – the Museum's special exhibition (on display through Sunday, January 1)
Film: Like Father, Like Clown
From Season 3 of The Simpsons this hilarious TV classic follows the story of Krusty the Clown as he tries to reconcile with his rabbi father. Bart and Lisa explore Jewish traditions and study the Talmud as they try to prove to the rabbi that clowning is an honorable profession. Featuring the voice of Jackie Mason as Rabbi Hyman Krustofski. (24 min.)
Compete and test your knowledge of Judaism and Jewish history with this on-line Jewish version of the popular TV show Jeopardy.
Guided Tour
An American Story and The Temple-Tifereth Israel Gallery -the Museum's permanent collections.
Videos: Who Was General Tso? and Chinese Food for Christmas
In anticipation of our next special exhibition Project Mah Jongg, New York Times reporter and best-selling author Jennifer 8. Lee tells the fascinating story of how Chinese cuisine became "as American as Apple Pie." Followed by the hilarious YouTube sensation Chinese Food for Christmas by filmmaker/singer-songwriter Brandon Walker (20 min.)
Film: West Bank Story
A musical comedy set in the past-paced, fast-food world of competing falafel stands in the West Bank. David, an Israeli soldier, falls in love with Fatima, despite the animosity between their families' dueling restaurants. Can the couple's love withstand a century old conflict and their families desire to control the future of the chic pea in the Middle East? (22 min.)
Hanukah Celebration
Join us in our lobby for the candle lighting ceremony – Hanukah blessings, songs, and a brief talk on 20th century Jewish superheroes.


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Arizona's 48 Most Intriguing Women
2013 marked 101 years since Arizona became the 48th state. To celebrate, we selected 48 of the most intriguing women who represent the richness of Arizona's history.
We have stories to share about 48 exceptional women whose vision, leadership and philanthropy are transforming communities for the better throughout Arizona and beyond.
These 48 diverse Arizona residents have been honored in Arizona's Centennial year for their impact on their community, organization or profession.
Learn about the greatness of these women and their individual and collective accomplishments through the Legacy Project Book, Arizona's 48 Most Intriguing Women. You'll be inspired by the courage, passion and tireless energy they've demonstrated in helping to create and shape the richness of Arizona.


text: 0 Chola MS car insurance review Chola MS reviews {{ reviewsOverall }} / 10 Users (0 votes) Overall Satisfaction Rating0 What people say... Leave your rating Order by: Most recent Top score Most helpful Worst score Be the first to leave a review. Verified {{{review.rating_comment | nl2br}}} Show more {{ pageNumber+1 }} Leave your rating Your browser does not support images upload. Please choose a modern one Overall Satisfaction Rating


text: When it comes to sport-fucking fat cocks, Morgan Reigns is a world-class athlete. She loves dicks like she does the men they're attached to: raw, rude, and rough in the muff. The hottest thing about Morgan's on-screen fucking is how natural it is. When she arches her back and screams for her costar to throw it in faster and harder, you can tell it's all for real. Morgan herself admits that there's nowhere she'd rather be working than taking fat cocks on camera. She says, "There is no alter ego here. I am me all the time. Fun, happy, sexual, and goofy." When this sexy Milf isn't needed on set, she blows off steam at the shooting range, and pops off rounds all day long. Tamer activities like golf and baking she saves for those rare days when she needs to take it easy. Best of all, you can tell a real porn-queen like Morgan from her admission that she loves watching porn as much as she enjoys making it.


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You remember this picture?
Like most of us, you probably don't. It was uneventful at the time. But thanks to it, you can post your favorite photos online.
Now we know whom to thank for those pictures people take of themselves through their bathroom mirrors and display for the world to see. (Will that trend ever stop?)
Next week, on July 18, according to Mother Board, the World Wide Web's first photo will be 20 years old.
The 1992 picture was nothing more than a promotion for a girl group based at the CERN laboratory in Switzerland, home of the Web's pioneers. But the story behind it is beyond odd. And, apparently, it involves scientists and a cross-dresser.
See more on Mother Board.


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This November's presidential election will test if election and military officials can make absentee ballot voting easier for servicemembers after 120,000 troops reported not receiving a requested ballot in the 2010 election.
Absentee military ballots have regained the spotlight as political analysts expect a tight presidential election in which military voters could sway races in key battleground states such as Ohio, Virginia and Florida.
President Barack Obama and Republican presidential nominee Mitt Romney have already traded barbs after Romney accused Obama's campaign of trying to restrict military voting with a lawsuit in Ohio. Obama's supporters have called those claims false, saying Romney has misrepresented the lawsuit aimed at expanding the deadline for absentee ballots to include those from servicemembers.
Even as state election officials across the U.S. have noticed a rise in military voting, a disturbing trend has appeared. The rate active-duty military voters who reported not receiving a requested absentee ballot almost doubled from 16 percent in 2008 to 29 percent in 2010, according to a survey done by the Defense Department's Federal Voter Assistance Program (FVAP).
"It is a very real challenge" to get ballots out to forward operating bases in Afghanistan and other duty stations worldwide, said Paddy McGuire, FVAP's deputy director for Elections Assistance. Mail services must also return those ballots as servicemembers try to keep track of ever-changing voting deadlines and the blizzard of federal, state and local election laws.
The political parties have added to the confusion of who can vote and when. Both Republicans and Democrats have dispatched platoons of lawyers to challenge or defend local election laws as they jockey for advantage.
The parties have clashed recently over an Ohio law that allowed military absentee ballots to be accepted up to the day before the Nov. 6 general election day. The cutoff for civilian absentee ballots is Nov. 2.
The National Guard Association filed a motion backing Republicans seeking to keep the three-day window for the military although Joseph Goheen, an NGA spokesman, said the motion was filed reluctantly.
"Our intent was to ensure that our members had a voice in this," Goheen said. "But it's been twisted in every direction by those seeking to politicize this."
He said he supported the solution of accepting all absentee ballots up to Nov. 5 as requested in the lawsuit filed jointly by the Obama campaign, the Democratic National Committee and Ohio Democratic Party in July.
"We have no problem with that. We're really not taking sides in this," said Goheen, who explained that NGA's main concern is making voting as easy as possible for servicemembers overseas.
McGuire admits a "complexity problem" still exists for troops trying to navigate the absentee ballot process.
The acronyms for the different laws alone can be an obstacle. On the federal level, there is the Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act (UOCAVA), the Military and Overseas Empowerment Act (MOVE), and the Uniformed Military and Overseas Voter Act (UMOVA).
Then, each state has its own election laws and guidelines, and the counties within the states have their own registrars and timelines troops must meet.
Under UMOVA, states can approve voting by e-mail, which McGuire said could help root out a lot of the confusion surrounding the request for and mailing of absentee ballots
UMOVA has only been adopted by the District of Columbia and seven states: Colorado, Nevada, North Carolina, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Utah and Virginia. FVAP itself is not enthusiastic about e-mail voting because of privacy concerns.
Despite the legal and bureaucratic hurdles, registration and voting rates by troops have improved to rates comparable to that of the general population, according to FVAP and the non-profit Overseas Vote Foundation.
"This is despite the fact that military members face more difficulties in voting than the folks at home," McGuire said.
Military voters are also overwhelmingly male and in the 18-24 age group that traditionally has a lower participation rate.
In 2006, the adjusted voting rate for the active-duty military was 43 percent compared to 48 percent for civilians. In the 2008 presidential election year, the military rate was 54 percent and the civilian rate 64 percent, FVAP surveys showed. Two years later, the military rate had drawn even at 46 percent.
The military has voting assistance officers for all units with more than 50 servicemembers, but they sometimes work against a culture in which troops refrain from voting to stay non-partisan.
"There is some tradition, particularly in the officer corps, of choosing not to vote," McGuire said. "We are not trying to turn people who've made a choice not to vote into voters."
Susan Dzieduszycka-Suinat, president of the Overseas Vote Foundation, said "it almost makes you want to cry" to see troops who are defending democracy rejecting the opportunity to participate in elections.
"We don't think it has to do with the system anymore. The system has dramatically improved. The real challenge is not in the process so much as it's in the outreach," Dzieduszycka-Suinat said.
The outreach has deadlines. Pentagon officials recommend that troops mail their absentee ballots from the following countries no later than:
-- Iraq: 22 days before the election;
-- Afghanistan (excluding Airstop locations), Egypt, Kyrgyzstan, Oman and Turkmenistan: 17 days before the election;
-- Germany: 11 days before the election;
-- Afghanistan Airstop locations, Guantanamo Bay, Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates: 10 days before the election.
-- Japan, Korea and the Philippines: seven days before the election.


text:
A method and system for reducing storage requirements and speeding up storage operations by reducing the storage of redundant data includes receiving a request that identifies one or more data objects to which to apply a storage operation. For each data object, the storage system determines if the data object contains data that matches another data object to which the storage operation was previously applied. If the data objects do not match, then the storage system performs the storage operation in a usual manner. However, if the data objects do match, then the storage system may avoid performing the storage operation.
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/871,737 (Attorney Docket No. 60692-8036.US00) entitled "SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR STORING REDUNDANT INFORMATION," and filed on Dec. 22, 2006, which is hereby incorporated by reference.
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional patent application Ser. No. ______ (Attorney Docket No. 60692-8036.US01) entitled "SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR STORING REDUNDANT INFORMATION," and filed on Oct. 31, 2007, which is hereby incorporated by reference.BACKGROUND
Computer systems contain large amounts of information. This information includes personal information, such as financial information, customer/client/patient contact information, audio/visual information, and much more. This information also includes information related to the correct operation of the computer system, such as operating system files, application files, user settings, and so on. With the increased reliance on computer systems to store critical information, the importance of protecting information has grown. Traditional storage systems receive an identification of a file to protect, then create one or more secondary copies, such as backup files, containing the contents of the file. These secondary copies can then later be used to restore the original data should anything happen to the original data.
In corporate environments, protecting information is generally part of a routine process that is performed for many computer systems within an organization. For example, a company might back up critical computing systems related to e-commerce such as databases, file servers, web servers, and so on. The company may also protect computing systems used by each of its employees, such as those used by an accounting department, marketing department, engineering, and so forth.
Although each computer system may contain certain unique information, many systems may contain very similar information. For example, although a computing system used by a marketing employee and another computing system used by an engineering employee will generally contain unique information created by each employee in the course of their work, both computing systems will likely have the same operating system installed, with thousands of identical or similar files used by the operating system. Similarly, both computing systems will likely have at least some similar application programs installed, such as a word processor, spreadsheet, Internet browser, and so on. Both systems may also have similar corporate information. For example, each employee may have an electronic copy of an employee manual distributed by the company. Information other than files may also be identical or similar between systems. For example, user settings and preferences may have similar default values on each system and application programs may contain similar templates on each system that are stored as application-specific information. As another example, several employees may have received a copy of the same email, and the email may be stored in each employee's electronic mailbox.
As a result of the amount of redundant information in an organization, secondary copies of an organization's information are often very large and can require the purchase of expensive storage devices and storage media. The restoration of data in the event of data loss is also slowed by the large size of the secondary copies. As the size of secondary copies increase, locating and restoring information requires more actions to be taken to restore information. For example, it may be necessary to search many tapes or other media to find the correct secondary copy. The great quantity of storage media, such as tapes, may mean that some secondary storage media has been moved offsite such that it must first be retrieved before information can be recovered from it. Each of these factors increases the cost of protecting information and the time required to recover information in the event of data loss. Quick recovery of information is often critical to today's businesses, and any additional delay could affect business operations and customers' satisfaction with the business.
There is a need for a system that overcomes the above problems, as well as one that provides additional benefits.
In the drawings, the same reference numbers and acronyms identify elements or acts with the same or similar functionality for ease of understanding and convenience. To easily identify the discussion of any particular element or act, the most significant digit or digits in a reference number refer to the Figure number in which that element is first introduced (e.g., element 604 is first introduced and discussed with respect to
The headings provided herein are for convenience only and do not necessarily affect the scope or meaning of the claimed invention.Overview
A method and system for reducing storage requirements and speeding up storage operations by reducing storage of redundant data, referred to as single instancing, first receives a request that identifies one or more data objects on which to perform a storage operation. A storage operation can include many different types of operations, such as a backup, copy, snapshot, disk image, and so on. For example, one storage operation is a backup of data, and the request may specify the location of data objects to be backed up, such as a directory of files, and a location to store backup data, such as a network file server. A data object can include many different types of data, such as files, email, application-specific data (e.g., documents, spreadsheets, databases, and so on), configuration settings, and so forth. For each data object, the storage system determines if the data object contains data that matches another data object that was the subject of a previous storage operation. For example, if the storage operation is a backup of data files, then the storage system determines if backup data from a previous backup operation already contains a particular file to be backed up by the current operation. If the data objects do not match, then the storage system performs the storage operation in a usual manner. However, if the data objects do match, then the storage system may avoid performing the storage operation. For example, in the case of a backup, the storage system may only store the files that are not already contained in backup data from a previous backup operation. For additional instances of the file, the storage system may store metadata describing the presence of the additional instances without storing the additional instances themselves. For example, if the same file is discovered in two different directories as part of a storage operation, then the first instance of the file may be stored in total and a placeholder or pointer may be stored representing the second instance of the file rather than storing the second instance of the file itself. The data objects may comprise any type of electronic information or object that supports object-level recovery, such as files, emails, attachments, and application data. Thus, the storage system reduces the amount of storage required to perform the storage operation and saves time by reducing the amount of data for which storage operations are performed to satisfy a storage request.
Single instancing presents a number of challenges when using sequential media. Sequential media includes media such as tapes that are typically accessed (e.g., read and written) sequentially. Sequential media is contrasted with random-access media, such as disk drives, flash drives, and optical media, that can be accessed randomly. One difficulty when using sequential media is that seeking to a particular location takes longer than random-access media. For example, while a hard drive may have an access time of several milliseconds, sequential media may have an access time of several seconds to several minutes. Therefore, it is often desirable to lay out data on sequential media in a way that reduces or eliminates dependencies among the data on different parts of the media. Single instancing, on the other hand, creates dependencies between the original instance of a file and additional instances that reference the original instance of the file. Thus, the storage system provides special techniques for storing and retrieving single instance data on sequential media.
The invention will now be described with respect to various embodiments. The following description provides specific details for a thorough understanding of, and enabling description for, these embodiments of the invention. However, one skilled in the art will understand that the invention may be practiced without these details. In other instances, well-known structures and functions have not been shown or described in detail to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the description of the embodiments of the invention.
The terminology used in the description presented below is intended to be interpreted in its broadest reasonable manner, even though it is being used in conjunction with a detailed description of certain specific embodiments of the invention. Certain terms may even be emphasized below; however, any terminology intended to be interpreted in any restricted manner will be overtly and specifically defined as such in this Detailed Description section.Determining Data Object Similarity
Various methods of determining if one data object is similar (e.g., two instances of the same data) to another data object will now be described. However, those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that many other methods besides those described here can be used to achieve similar results.
In some embodiments, the storage system determines if two data objects are similar by performing a binary comparison. For example, a first file can be compared byte by byte with a second file. If each byte of data in each file matches, then the two files are identical and therefore similar. Otherwise, the two files do not match and are not treated as similar.
In some embodiments, the storage system determines if two data objects are similar by creating a digest or fingerprint of the data contained in each data object. For example, as storage operations are performed, the storage system may perform a hash on each file to create a digest of the file. The digest of the file can be compared with stored digests created for other files. If the digest of two files match, then the system may consider the files to be identical. Any suitable hashing algorithm can be used, such as Message Digest version 5 (MD5).
In some embodiments, the storage system may store additional information along with a data object digest. A hash algorithm is generally selected that has a low likelihood of hash collisions, which occur when two data objects containing different data have the same hash value. However, hash collisions do occur and additional information can be used to substantially reduce the likelihood of these collisions. For example, for files the system may store the file size as additional information. When two data objects are compared to determine their similarity, the digests are compared as well as the additional information. If both the digests and the additional information match are the data objects considered identical. For example, for two files if the hash value and size do not match, then the files are not considered identical even though the hash values alone may match. Some information, such as the file name for a file, may not be included in the digest so that the storage system will consider two files having the same data but different names identical. Even though the names of files or other information may differ, the hash value will be the same and the storage system can avoid storing the redundant data. The storage system can also perform other operations after hashing is complete, such as encrypting the data. By hashing the data before encryption or other operations that modify the data are performed, the storage system allows single instancing to be performed at some time later on the modified data. For example, if files are initially copied from a client system to a first copy, then hashed, and then encrypted to create a second copy, it is still possible for the storage system to single instance the second copy and remove redundant instances of data based on the pre-generated hashes without having to first decrypt the data to restore its original content.
In some embodiments, the storage system may operate specially on data objects that are similar, but not identical. For example, many computing systems in an organization may have word processors with similar document templates, but each user may have slightly modified the document templates to match that user's preferences. The storage system may compare the document templates of two users and determine which portions are the same and which portions are different. Then, the system may treat the portions that are the same as described above, avoiding redundant storage of the identical portions, while storing only the portions that are different. As another example, several users may have received an email and replied to the email. The replies may contain some new text, but much of the text may be the contents of the original message. In this example, the storage system may only store the similar text once and store the new text for each user's reply. For example, the system may break the email up into blocks, and compare blocks within the email message to determine which are similar.Single Instancing—Auxiliary Copies
Reducing or eliminating redundant instances of data resulting from a storage operation is sometimes referred to here as "single instancing," because what would traditionally be stored as many instances of the same data is reduced to as few as one. Redundant instances may be detected and reduced at several locations or times throughout the operation of the system that will now be described. These embodiments are provided only as examples, and are not intended to be an exhaustive list of the way in which the system can be implemented.
In some embodiments, the storage system performs single instancing of data at the system containing or originally generating the data, such as a client system. For example, a client system that is the source of data that is the subject of a storage operation may receive a request from the storage system to provide a hash value of each file to be included in the storage operation. The client uses a hashing algorithm to produce a hash of the files or other data objects requested by the storage system. Alternatively, the client may generate hash values itself for each file that is stored on the client system on an ongoing or other basis. When a storage operation is requested, the storage system receives the hash values from the client and determines if it is already aware of a file with a hash value matching that of one provided by the client system. For example, the storage system may check an index of hashes received from client systems and look for matches with the hash value or values received from the client. If the storage system is already aware of a similar file or matching file, then the client system does not even need to send the redundant file to the secondary storage location or destination. Thus, the storage system may send a follow up request to the client system that specifies a list of files that are new to the storage system. Then, the client sends the full content of the specified files.
In some embodiments, the storage system performs single instancing of data at the subject system of a storage operation. In the example of a storage operation, the storage system may request that a client system send one or more files stored on the client system to a server system (e.g., a media agent). Then, the server system checks each file (e.g., by comparing a hash of the data) received from the client system to determine if an instance of the received file has already been stored on the server system. Additional instances of a received file that the storage system has already stored on the server system can be discarded, whereas new files can be stored for the first time and can be indexed on or tracked by the server system. This alternative method eliminates the resources used by the client system for computing digests or hash values, and does not require the client system to be modified from the configuration used for a traditional storage operation. However, additional network resources may be consumed by the extra copying, and the work of computing digests or hash values is shifted to the server system.
In some embodiments, the storage system performs single instancing on a copy of data created by a previously performed storage operation. For example, the storage system may copy data from a primary location to a secondary location, and then perform single instancing on the secondary copy of the data. The storage system may create many copies of data, sometimes referred to as secondary or auxiliary copies, as part of an organization's data handling plan, and single instancing may be performed at any stage of the process on any of the copies. The storage system may process the copied data, determine which files or other data objects are redundant with other data in the copy or with other copies of the data, and then save a new copy of the data that does not contain the redundant information. In this way, a backup server or other system need not be modified to reduce storage requirements, but the organization still benefits from single instancing by reducing the storage requirements later in the process, such as before backup data is stored on tape or shipped offsite for storage. As another example, the system may be configured to receive backup data created by another system and create a single instanced copy of the data that is smaller in size. For example, the system may be configured to process copies of data from popular data storage applications and reduce the size of the copies of data. For example, the data from the other system may be in a different format. The system may contain agents capable of parsing the data in its original format and processing it into a more usable format, and then single instancing the data. This allows an organization to reduce the storage requirements for data that may have been copied or backed up a long time ago.
In some embodiments, the storage system or other system performs additional operations on the data after single instancing has occurred. For example, backup data being stored offsite may be encrypted to prevent unauthorized parties from accessing the data. The data may also be compressed to further reduce its size. In this way, the storage system performs the additional operations more efficiently, because there is less data on which to perform the operation after redundant data has been reduced or eliminated.Storing Single Instance Data
Single instance data may be stored in a variety of different ways. In some embodiments, single instance data may be stored in folders and files just like other, non-single instanced or file system data. When a first folder contains a file that is already present in another folder, the first folder may contain a reference, pointer, or path to the file, or a stub file that contains information about where the file containing the actual data can be located. For example, two folders A and B may each contain a file X. Folder A may contain the actual file X, while folder B may contain a stub of file X with file attributes or other supplemental information that indicates that the stub is a reference to the instance of file X located in folder A. The fact that the file in folder B is a stub may be transparent to an application. For example, a file system filter driver may detect the stub and provide the actual file data from folder A to any application that attempts to access the file in folder B. Thus, the storage system preserves the organization of the data, but eliminates the redundant instances of the data, thus saving storage space and time consumed performing additional storage operations on the data.
In some embodiments, the single instance of the file may contain a reference count or other count to track the number of other instances that are referring to the file. Alternatively, an index of files stored by the storage system may track the references to any particular single instanced file. In the example above, the file X in folder A may contain a reference count of two indicating that the file belongs in two locations, folder A and folder B. The storage system may use the reference count to prevent the file from being deleted or otherwise made unavailable while there are still outstanding references to the file.Single Instancing—Sequential Media
Tapes and other sequential or removable media are often used for backup and other storage operations. Sequential media present special challenges for storage systems because the drawbacks of accessing data out of sequence are often much higher than accessing the data in sequence. For example, with tape media it can be very fast to read data from the beginning of the tape, then the middle, then the end (i.e., sequentially), but much slower to read data first from the end, then the middle, then the beginning (i.e., randomly or out of sequence). Therefore, it is often a goal of storage systems to structure data stored to sequential media in such a way that the data can be accessed sequentially.
In some embodiments, the storage system prepares single instance copies of data destined for sequential media using intermediate (e.g., random access) media. For example, the storage system may perform a single instance backup to a hard drive, and then process the data stored on the hard drive to prepare it for writing to tape. The data may be structured so that the first instance of each file contains the file data and is stored earlier on the tape than redundant references of the file that reference the first instance (e.g., through a stub or pointer to the first instance). This allows any redundant instances of the file to be read after the actual instance of the file using a sequential read operation. The redundant instances may contain information needed to locate the first instance such as the offset on the current tape, or the identifier of another tape if the backup data set spans multiple tapes.
In some embodiments, the storage system uses a similar technique when restoring data. For example, the storage system may restore data first to an intermediate, random access media, such as a hard drive, where the data can be recreated in its original form, including resolving references to redundant instances of the data, before being copied to a subject system. Alternatively, the storage system may maintain the data in its single instanced form and handle requests for the data by deinstancing the data upon request. For example, the system may copy the first instance of the file to a first directory, and then when a second directory references the file the system copies the file from the first directory based on information stored in a pointer or stub describing the contents of second directory. These and other techniques for storing single instance data to sequential media are described further below with reference to the figures.FIGURES
The details of the storage system described above will now be illustrated with reference to the figures. Unless described otherwise below, aspects of the invention may be practiced with conventional data processing systems. Thus, the construction and operation of the various blocks shown in
The single instance database component 140 is a data store that contains entries identifying data objects managed by the storage system 100, and may also contain supplemental information such as a digest, path, location, reference count, or file size. The restored file cache component 150 optionally provides an intermediate location used by the system 100 during a restore operation to hold instances of files for which additional references may need to be restored. For example, during a restore operation, the storage system may restore files to the cache and then transfer the files to a subject location of the restore operation. When the storage system encounters a reference to a single instance copy of a data object, the system may consult the restored file cache component 150 or an index to determine if the data object is present in the cache before attempting to restore the data object from another location, such as a tape. The storage operation manager component 160 coordinates storage operations and invokes the other components of the storage system 100 as needed to perform requested storage operations. For example, the storage manager component 160 may include an application used by an administrator to manage the system. The storage manager component 160 may also maintain indexes of the data objects and each of the references to those data objects through the system, as well as pending operations on the data objects that are part of an organization's data management plan.
Aspects of the invention can be embodied in a special purpose computer or data processor that is specifically programmed, configured, or constructed to perform one or more of the computer-executable instructions explained in detail herein. Aspects of the invention can also be practiced in distributed computing environments where tasks or modules are performed by remote processing devices, which are linked through a communications network, such as a Local Area Network (LAN), Wide Area Network (WAN), or the Internet. In a distributed computing environment, program modules may be located in both local and remote memory storage devices.
Aspects of the invention may be stored or distributed on computer-readable media, including magnetically or optically readable computer discs, hard-wired or preprogrammed chips (e.g., EEPROM semiconductor chips), nanotechnology memory, biological memory, or other data storage media. Indeed, computer implemented instructions, data structures, screen displays, and other data under aspects of the invention may be distributed over the Internet or over other networks (including wireless networks), on a propagated signal on a propagation medium (e.g., an electromagnetic wave(s), a sound wave, etc.) over a period of time, or they may be provided on any analog or digital network (packet switched, circuit switched, or other scheme). Those skilled in the relevant art will recognize that portions of the invention may reside on a server computer, while corresponding portions reside on a client computer such as a mobile or portable device, and thus, while certain hardware platforms are described herein, aspects of the invention are equally applicable to nodes on a network.
A media agent 240 is generally a software module that conducts data, as directed by the storage operation manager 160, between a client computer and one or more storage devices such as a tape library, a magnetic media storage device, an optical media storage device, or other storage device. The media agent 240 is communicatively coupled with and controls the storage device. For example, the media agent 240 might instruct the storage device to use a robotic arm or other means to load or eject a media cartridge, and to archive, migrate, or restore application specific data. The media agent 240 generally communicates with the storage device via a local bus such as a SCSI adaptor. In some embodiments, the storage device is communicatively coupled to the media agent 240 via a Storage Area Network ("SAN").
Each media agent 240 maintains an index cache which stores index data the system generates during backup, migration, and restore storage operations. For example, storage operations for Microsoft Exchange data generate index data. Index data provides the system with an efficient mechanism for locating user files for recovery operations. This index data is generally stored with the data backed up to the storage device, and the media agent 240 that controls the storage operation also writes an additional copy of the index data to its index cache. The data in the media agent 240 index cache is thus readily available to the system for use in storage operations and other activities without having to be first retrieved from the storage device.
A storage policy 220 is generally a data structure or other information which includes a set of preferences and other storage criteria for performing a storage operation. The preferences and storage criteria may include, but are not limited to: a storage location, relationships between system components, network pathway to utilize, retention policies, data characteristics, compression or encryption requirements, preferred system components to utilize in a storage operation, and other criteria relating to a storage operation. A storage policy 220 may be stored to a media agent index, to archive media as metadata for use in restore operations or other storage operations, or to other locations or components of the system.
When client 3 stores its copies of File 2 and File 3, the media agent determines that both files have already been stored, and two stub files are stored in the Chunk 3 folder. The first stub represents File 2 and points back to the data in Chunk 1. The second stub represents File 3 and points back to the data in Chunk 2. At some point, an administrator or scheduled process determines that the data from the random access media should be stored to sequential media. For example, this process could take place as part of a nightly data storage routine. The system stores the data for each of the chunks to the sequential media, one after the other. Optionally, the system may store index information on the sequential media that identifies which data (e.g., files) is stored in which chunk. The chunks may be large and thus span multiple sequential media, and the index may contain information about the sequential media on which it is stored as well as other sequential media that contain data for the data set.
Alternatively or additionally, the index data may remain at the media agent and be protected separately as part of a data protection process used by the media agent. It should be noted that the index data is not needed to restore data from the chunks stored on the sequential media. To the contrary, the stub information stored within each chunk is sufficient to recreate the index data from sequential media, and can serve as an additional copy for protecting the index data.
In some embodiments, the process described in
As described above, in some embodiments restored data is cached on random access media, and the system may check the cache before restoring any particular item from sequential media. This allows the system to save accesses to sequential media which may be slower than random access media or cause more seeking of the sequential media based on the current position of the sequential media. The lifetime of sequential media may depend on the number of seeks that occur, so saving these accesses by first accessing the cache can have reliability benefits in addition to any speed benefits.
Because the format of data stored on sequential media is type and hardware component independent, the system can single instance data sets across heterogeneous storage media. For example, the system can single instance data across different storage media (tapes, disks, and so on) or file systems (Windows, UNIX, and so on). The system can then create archive copies of data without data redundancies using heterogeneous media. Additionally, the system can then restore and provide data to users across heterogeneous systems, because the system does not depend on the applications or file systems that created the data. For example, data originally created in a UNIX environment may be stored as an archive file that is independent of typical UNIX data types. Years later, the system may receive a request to recover this data from a Windows-based device. Being data type independent, the systems is able to retrieve the file (in the archive file format), and recreate the file as a Windows based file for recovery within the Windows environment. Similarly, the system can also recover files created by different environment versions (such as recovering a Windows 95 file for a Window 2003 system).CONCLUSION
From the foregoing, it will be appreciated that specific embodiments of the storage system have been described herein for purposes of illustration, but that various modifications may be made without deviating from the spirit and scope of the invention. For example, although backup operations have been described, the system may be used to reduce many types of redundant storage operations. As one example, the storage system may be employed by an Internet proxy server to reduce downloading of redundant files over the Internet by tracking a digest of each downloaded file and the location of a downloaded instance of the file behind the proxy server such that subsequent requests for the file can be serviced from the previously downloaded instance without accessing the file over the Internet. Similarly, the storage system could be used by a file system to reduce storage space by storing a single copy of data placed in multiple locations throughout the file system. Accordingly, the invention is not limited except as by the appended claims.
Unless the context clearly requires otherwise, throughout the description and the claims, the words "comprise," "comprising," and the like are to be construed in an inclusive sense, as opposed to an exclusive or exhaustive sense; that is to say, in the sense of "including, but not limited to." The word "coupled", as generally used herein, refers to two or more elements that may be either directly connected, or connected by way of one or more intermediate elements. Additionally, the words "herein," "above," "below," and words of similar import, when used in this application, shall refer to this application as a whole and not to any particular portions of this application. Where the context permits, words in the above Detailed Description using the singular or plural number may also include the plural or singular number respectively. The word "or" in reference to a list of two or more items, that word covers all of the following interpretations of the word: any of the items in the list, all of the items in the list, and any combination of the items in the list.
The above detailed description of embodiments of the invention is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed above. While specific embodiments of, and examples for, the invention are described above for illustrative purposes, various equivalent modifications are possible within the scope of the invention, as those skilled in the relevant art will recognize. For example, while processes or blocks are presented in a given order, alternative embodiments may perform routines having steps, or employ systems having blocks, in a different order, and some processes or blocks may be deleted, moved, added, subdivided, combined, and/or modified. Each of these processes or blocks may be implemented in a variety of different ways. Also, while processes or blocks are at times shown as being performed in series, these processes or blocks may instead be performed in parallel, or may be performed at different times.
The teachings of the invention provided herein can be applied to other systems, not necessarily the system described above. The elements and acts of the various embodiments described above can be combined to provide further embodiments.
These and other changes can be made to the invention in light of the above Detailed Description. While the above description details certain embodiments of the invention and describes the best mode contemplated, no matter how detailed the above appears in text, the invention can be practiced in many ways. Details of the system may vary considerably in implementation details, while still being encompassed by the invention disclosed herein. As noted above, particular terminology used when describing certain features or aspects of the invention should not be taken to imply that the terminology is being redefined herein to be restricted to any specific characteristics, features, or aspects of the invention with which that terminology is associated. In general, the terms used in the following claims should not be construed to limit the invention to the specific embodiments disclosed in the specification, unless the above Detailed Description section explicitly defines such terms. Accordingly, the actual scope of the invention encompasses not only the disclosed embodiments, but also all equivalent ways of practicing or implementing the invention under the claims.
While certain aspects of the invention are presented below in certain claim forms, the inventors contemplate the various aspects of the invention in any number of claim forms. For example, while only one aspect of the invention is recited as embodied in a computer-readable medium, other aspects may likewise be embodied in a computer-readable medium. Accordingly, the inventors reserve the right to add additional claims after filing the application to pursue such additional claim forms for other aspects of the invention.
1. A method in a computer system for storing a data object to sequential media, comprising:
- receiving a request to store in a destination location a copy of a data object, wherein the data object is stored at a source location on random access media and the destination location is on sequential media;
- determining if a copy of the data object is already stored in a location associated with the sequential media; and
- if the data object is already stored in a location associated with the sequential media, storing a reference to the data object in the destination location, and not storing at least a portion of the data object at the destination location.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the determining comprises:
- computing a hash value of the data object; and
- comparing the computed hash value to another hash value of a data object previously stored by the system.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein the location associated with the sequential media is a tape that is part of a tape library that includes the destination location.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein storing a reference comprises storing index information containing at least a hash value of the data and a reference count indicating the number of references to the data.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein the reference comprises an address that points to the location different from the source location where the data object is already stored.
6. The method of claim 1 wherein the source location comprises a disk of a client computer system and the destination location comprises a tape library associated with a storage server.
7. The method of claim 1 wherein the source location is a first non-production copy of the data object and the destination location is a secondary non-production copy of the data object.
8. The method of claim 1 wherein the source location is backup data containing multiple instances of the data object.
9. A system for reducing redundant copies of files in a storage environment having sequential media, the system comprising:
- a storage operation request component configured to receive requests to perform storage operations;
- a digest generation component configured to compute a digest that provides summary of a file that distinguishes it from other files referred to by storage operation requests;
- a digest comparison component configured to compare computed digests with previously stored digests to determine if a copy of a file already exists; and
- a single instance data store configured to store computed digests and files on sequential media such that only one instance of the same file is stored in a set of sequential media that contains multiple references to the same file.
10. The system of claim 9 wherein the storage operation request component comprises a media agent component that stores an index of each of the files and computed digests associated with requests received by the storage operation request component.
11. The system of claim 9 wherein the digest generation computes digests using an MD5 hash algorithm.
12. The system of claim 9 wherein the digest comparison component compares the digest of a file being copied with a digest stored in the single instance data store.
13. The system of claim 9 wherein the single instance data store contains a reference count for each file indicating how many different locations tracked by the single instance data store refer to the file.
14. A computer-readable medium containing instructions for controlling a computer system to recover data, by a method comprising:
- retrieving a backup object identifying a data object;
- determining whether the backup object contains a reference to the data object or contains the data object instelf;
- if the backup object refers to the data object stored in a location outside of the backup object, then locating the data object at the location outside of the backup object and copying the data object to a recovery location; and
- if the backup object contains the data object, copying the data object from the backup object to the recovery location,
- wherein a first instance of each data object is stored as a first backup object and each additional instance is stored as a reference to the first backup object.
15. The computer-readable medium of claim 14 wherein the backup object is a data structure containing header information identifying whether the object contains a data object or a reference.
16. The computer-readable medium of claim 14 wherein copying the data object to the recovery location comprises first copying the data object to an intermediate restored file cache, wherein the restored file cache contains a copy of the data object with any references to other data objects resolved.
17. The computer-readable medium of claim 14 wherein retrieving a backup object comprises retrieving the backup object from a tape, and wherein the backup object contains information for building an index of each of the backup objects and references to backup objects maintained by the computer system.
18. A system for storing data, comprising:
- means for receiving a request to store on a destination sequential storage device a copy of a file stored on a source non-sequential data storage device;
- means for determining if a copy of the file is already stored on the destination sequential storage device; and
- means for storing a reference to the file on the destination sequential storage device if the file is already stored on the destination sequential storage device.
19. The system of claim 18 wherein the means for storing a reference stores a reference to data at one location on the destination storage device at a different location on the destination storage device.
20. The system of claim 18 wherein the means for a reference increments a reference count for the file if the file is already stored on the destination storage device.
21-80. (canceled)
Type: Application
Filed: Dec 21, 2007
Publication Date: Oct 2, 2008
Patent Grant number: 7840537
Inventors: Parag Gokhale (Ocean, NJ), Rajiv Kottomtharayil (Marlboro, NJ)
Application Number: 11/963,623
International Classification: G06F 17/30 (20060101);


text: A good pan is the essential tool for any tasty meal. Whatever the recipe or occasion, Le Creuset has it covered with an extensive selection of saucepans and frying pans. Boil, poach, sauté, stew – you'll be reaching for a Le Creuset pan time and time again. Take from the kitchen to the table for stylish home entertaining.


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SEATTLE — Gary Greenwood has an ear for trouble. The Ridgefield, Wash.-based rotating equipment technician can tell when machines are sick by listening to their sound.
What he didn't foresee when he left his old employer to launch his own business is that having diabetes would nearly derail his dream.
Because of his pre-existing condition, he was unable to get individual health insurance, and the health care costs were too high for him to stay in business.
"Health care providers told me no," he said. "It was a mountain I couldn't climb."
Small business' growing pain
For millions of small-business owners across America like Greenwood, health care coverage for themselves and employees is a pain they find increasingly hard to ignore. In a recent survey conducted by the National Federation of Independent Business, a small-business lobbying group, business owners say cost is the single biggest problem facing the health system today.
Even for small-business owners healthy enough to get insurance, the premiums for them and their employees are much higher then those for big corporations, because small firms have fewer people and their insurance risks are hard to spread.
Premiums are also increasing faster for small firms, at about 9 percent last year, comparing to 7 percent for larger firms, a Kaiser Family Foundation report found.
Greenwood said he wouldn't still be in business today except for the help he got from Costco Wholesale Co., one of the nation's biggest discount retailers. As an executive member of the warehouse store, he got his insurance through a Costco program that sets one rate for everybody and promises to turn down nobody in Washington state.
Discount health insurance
Costco now offers small-business health insurance plans in Nevada, Oregon, Hawaii, Washington and California. Offers in each state are different depending on which insurance company the retailer partners with, but the company promises to offer a better value then business owners can get by themselves.
By combining numerous small businesses together into one health care pool, Costco is able to get better insurance rates. The company also tries to negotiate cheaper high-deductible insurance policies that carry enough benefits to be feasible. The discount is also due to lower commission to Costco and lower administrative costs. Unlike other insurance brokers, who manage a large number of plans, Costco only manages one or two in every state — the same way the company runs its warehouse stores.
"(It's) all about high volume, low margins and driving value back to members," said John Conlon, Costco's vice president for the insurance unit.
The insurance service is not a profit driver for Costco, but the company says it fits perfectly into serving its most important customer base, small-business owners, who make up one-third of its members and contribute two-thirds of its revenue.
"It's important to work with small businesses, and small group health insurance was a natural fit," said Conlon.
The company says most of its insurance service customers are micro businesses with fewer than five employees, and about 45 percent of them had no previous coverage.
Few nationwide implications
But expanding the program into new states has been slow going. That is partly because Costco doesn't have a solid customer base in every state to support such group synergy, and partly because some markets are too fragmented for the company to find a partner who can offer competitive rates across the board.
Some state governments are also experimenting with insurance-pooling ideas to support small-business owners. Most recently, Oklahoma expanded a program under which the state pays 60 percent of the insurance costs for small businesses by moving some Medicaid dollars that were used to pick up the bills for the uninsured.
But one problem with most state-sponsored insurance pools is that they often experience low enrollment and higher administrative costs. Minnesota installed a public-administered program in 1993 but discontinued it five years later due to lack of financial viability.
Innovations from corporate America can mean life-saving opportunities for small-business workers.
A store manager in a Mattress Depot U.S.A franchise store in Seattle, Jim Carlson was not covered until his store enrolled in the Costco program two and half years ago. He went for a physical right after, and a blood test found he had cancer.
He said he probably would not have had the physical if not for the coverage.
"You think a physical would cost $200 to $300, then you keep putting it off and putting it off," he said. "It's a possibility I could be dead."
Just like for Carlson, health care coverage for America's small businesses can't come a moment too soon.
The Associated Press contributed to this report.


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2012 Grant Announcement
FY 2012 Grant Requirements and Program Guidelines
FY 2012 Applications
FY 2012 NEPA Guidance
Construction is very limited per the Grant Program Guidance. Please do not apply for projects that may entail construction without first discussing these plans with the Grants Management Unit to alleviate efforts that may result in an ineligible application.
FY 2012 Frequently Asked Questions
Grant Assistance Help
The "Enhancing Grant Writing Skills" online version is a cooperative effort between the North American Fire Training Directors, the Department of Homeland Security and the Illinois Fire Service Institute. This course will help prepare you to write a successful grant application. This information is time tested, and can give you an advantage over others who have not taken the time to read, understand, and follow the grant application process.
The course is presented in six learning modules which can be taken as many times as needed to assist you with the development of your AFG grant. Enhanced Grant Writing Skills online is a self directed course. You set the pace. Our team hopes this effort gives you the insight needed to write a winning application.
There is no fee for this course. The link provided will direct you to a registration page and provide you with the necessary directions for taking the course.
Adobe Acrobat Reader format. You can download a free reader from Adobe.
Microsoft Excel format. Here is a list of apps that can open Excel files.
Microsoft Word format. Here is a list of apps that can open Word files.


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|I Want It That Way
|As Long as You Love Me
|Quit Playing Games (With My Heart)
|Larger Than Life
|Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely
May 2019 • 1 song
Jan 2019 • 12 songs
Jan 2019 • 1 song
The Backstreet Boys were, in many ways, a contradictory band. Comprised entirely of white middle-class Americans, the group sang a hybrid of new jack balladry, hip-hop, R&B, and dance club pop that originally found its greatest success in Canada and Europe, with their 1996 debut album charting in the Top Ten in nearly every country on the Continent. Ironically, success in their native land did not follow until nearly two years later, when teen pop enjoyed a commercial explosion in America. Along with such artists as *NSYNC and Britney Spears, the Backstreet Boys rose to the fo... Read more


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Posts Tagged Comandante Zero
Lucky Gallery Hosts a Pierogi Party
Lucky Gallery and collective members of "E.T." are hosting a Pierogi Party at 136 Lawrence Street in Downtown Brooklyn, on Saturday, May 12, 2012, 2 – 6pm. "E.T." is an art collective, formed by Laura Arena, artist and director of Lucky Gallery, comprised of eight multidisciplinary artists from New York City, Berlin, Guadalajara, London, and Antwerp, who have united forces 'to take over the art scene' in Berlin, Germany for a short moment of time. "E.T." will be hosting numerous events in Berlin as part of Performance Month in May. Øh1Øm1ke, TJ Hospodar, and Michael Loverich (Bittertang) are three NYC-based artists from the collective participating in the Pierogi Party. For more information on "E.T." exhibition read the press release.
"The preparation and cooking of the the pierogi is a collective effort between myself and the artists" say Amy Weng of Lucky Gallery. "The audience experience each participant's unique interpretation of the pierogi in this performance."
The Pierogi Party will feature live preparation of handmade fresh pierogi, live music and art, a silent auction of artwork and gifts from local Brooklyn businesses and artists. Øh1Øm1ke, TJ Hospodar, Michael Loverich, and Amy Weng of Lucky Gallery, will each produce fresh pierogi of different fillings at designated stations on site. Meat and vegetarian pierogi will be available for purchase. Music will be provided by Timothy Shipman, Marshall Moran, and Comandante Zero along with other musical guests yet to be announced.
The collective at 136 Lawrence Street has generously opened its doors to us to host the Pierogi Party. This special space emanates creativity and is easily accessible from anywhere in the City. The seven writers, musicians, innovative thinkers, and mind, body & heart healers, who live there cooperatively own and run a bed and breakfast out of their home called 3B. For more information, check out www.3bbrooklyn.com.
Please join us on Saturday, May 12 for a day full of festivities from 2-6pm. Tickets can be purchased at the event for samplings from the different pierogi stations. Drinks and food will be available.
All funds raised will help support travel expenses for "E.T." participating artists to Berlin and gallery support. More information about this exhibition and performances can be found at www.luckygallery.com.


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Joyce Bellotti
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Did you ever see the Cameron Crowe film about a 1970s band, Almost Famous? There's a scene in which the entire band, while traveling on a bus during a tour of the country, start singing Elton John's "Tiny Dancer."
It worked in the movie. It did not work as well when California Assembly Democrats tried to recreate it in the above video. These folks need to keep their day jobs, until the term limits kick in.
U.S. & World
News from around the country and around the globe
What does this video tell us? Well, it's almost enough to make this observer reconsider his support for replacing the 2/3 vote for raising taxes and fees with a majority vote.
One other telling thing: while there are only 80 California Assembly members in a state of 38 million, no one knows who they are. (The only member in this video who might be at all recognizable to the average Californian is Assembly Speaker John Perez). That's another sign that California needs a new election system that produces real competition throughout the state. We don't know who we're voting for right now because it doesn't matter.


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By at July 09 2019 11:04:27
When designing forms make sure the response mechanism is appropriate to each question. Having gone to all the trouble of filling in your form, the least you can do is provide users with information about what happens next. Customer communication is key, and since you have made the form so easy to fill in and return, processing it could also be a breeze!
Make the form sections visually distinct by setting the section name in bigger and bolder type, and consider including a contents list on the first page or screen to help people navigate their way through the form. Also make sure that you make good use of features like running headers and footers on every page to remind people what the form is, where they are, and what page number they are on.


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Welcome to the I Hate Critics Movie Review Podcast Bonus episode. We've got three new movies in "Lucy," "Hercules" and "And So It Goes." All of which are sort of dumb, but "And So It Goes" takes the cake. But Sean checks out "Begin Again" and claims that Josh undersold it last week. Best movie of the year? Maybe.
This weeks Undisputed Classic "Melancholia." Lars Van Trier is an interesting man and director. You don't have to like his films, but for the most part you're going find his films fascinating.
In 1984 Prince came out with the musical masterpiece "Purple Rain." He's almost as electrifying as the Rock according to Sean. Yes music/artistic royalty was compared to pro wrestling royalty. Sean doesn't read these. Then two other movies came out but who gives a shit.
Tweet our friends at @awesome80spod and let them know you want them to talk about #PurpleRain from @h8critics.
Miss Julie
Another Me
Young Ones
Fifty Shades of Grey
The Death of Superman Lives
Hot Tub Time Machine 2


text: Paramount has, since some time in May, started going after anything that infringes on its Trek IP rights. Kitbashers on Ebay, fan sites "archiving" old out of print RPG material, etc. Has their gaze turned to any of the fan films yet? We have several high-profile productions like Phase II that could be adversely affected, depending on how far Paramount is willing to take this.