text:
The user assumes all responsibilities for the safe and proper handling and application of chemicals listed and described herein. The author (CDD) assumes no liability relating to the use and effects of these listed chemicals, or any others. Before handling any chemical, users should obtain a Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) and/or International Chemical Safety Card for each chemical from: http://hazard.com/msds/
These sheets should be made available to all users in the laboratory. Before performing experiments, users should carefully follow warnings and instructions on all labeling of consumer products. Mention herein of any product brand names in no way represents the author's favorable or unfavorable endorsement of these products.
Web site: http://www.eeob.iastate.edu/faculty/DrewesC/htdocs
Email: email@example.com
Phone: (515) 294-8061
Toxicology is the study of the adverse effects of chemicals on organisms. Though formal training in toxicology may not begin until professional school, student interest and inquiry in this area may begin much earlier. A motivated high school student, for example, may study toxicity effects for a biology research project or science fair. This student faces an array of important questions. What scientific problem will be studied? Can simple yet meaningful experiments be done? What organism, chemical, materials, methods, and safety precautions will be used? How will experiments be designed and how will results be interpreted?
When undertaking a toxicology project, a student may quickly discover that general biology texts, school and public libraries, or the world wide web provide little practical guidance or tutorial assistance. Faced with this lack of guidance, the result for many students is frustration and haphazard results due to flawed research design. However, student research in toxicology need not be an unguided or haphazard experience.
At the outset, I want to strongly emphasize that my aim is not to popularize and promote toxicology experimentation at pre-college levels. Rather, it is to provide young, ambitious, and careful students -- who have already decided to attempt a toxicology project -- with a "toxicology primer" that contains useful suggestions and practical guidance that enhance the quality, meaningfulness, and safety of their experiments. Hopefully, such information should be valuable to biology teachers and other research mentors, at all educational levels.
Ideas in this booklet derive from my research experience and mentoring activities in ecotoxicology and neurotoxicology, mostly involving aquatic and terrestrial oligochaete worms. So, I admit to a strong "worm bias" and the content of this article reflects that bias. However, I think most toxicologists would agree that these organisms offer good potential for toxicity studies in both science education and professional research. Many other invertebrate species, of course, may be equally or more useful, depending on one's objectives and interests. I hope the ideas here will be of general use, as a conceptual template, regardless of species. Since the vocabulary of toxicology may be alien to students, I have included a glossary of common toxicological terms.
For economic, ethical, and pedagogical reasons I do not recommend that any pre-college student undertake a toxicology project that uses vertebrate animals. Also, I do not recommend that students use hazardous chemicals or attempt a toxicology project unless they have approval and supervision from a qualified teacher/mentor. Maximizing safety and minimizing human health risks are paramount concerns for all toxicology investigations! Nevertheless, given a little creative and careful thinking, I believe that many novel, safe, and scientifically valuable investigations can be done in toxicology by novice researchers, even when faced with limited resources. Above all, research students should remember the "double-K.I.S.S." guidelines:
first: Keep It Scientifically Sound!
second: Keep It Simple and Safe!
Recently, I met with several middle school students and their teacher to discuss their proposed student research project in environmental toxicology. One of these students asked me why anyone would study effects of a toxicant on invertebrate organisms, such as freshwater oligochaete worms. I tried to explain and justify using the old analogy of a "canary in the coal mine." However, based on the group's quizzical reaction, I realized that the analogy was alien and from a by-gone era. Obviously, I needed an updated analogy to emphasize how living organisms are used as "early warning systems," or sentinels, for detecting harmful substances in the environment and for studying their biological effects. One warning device that comes to my mind is a "smoke detector"... thus the title, "Biological Smoke Detectors." When a smoke detector goes off it doesn't necessarily mean there's a fire or that anyone will be harmed, but it does indicate that there is a potential problem that requires close and immediate inspection. The same is true for toxicity tests that signal adverse biological effects on living organisms.
Fig. 1. The canary was once used as sensitive bio-indicator for the presence of poisoness gas in underground mine shafts. Today, the term "canary in a coal mine" is an antiquated metaphor used in reference to many types of "early warning systems."
Toxicity testing involves the discovery and analysis of chemical effects on organisms. Extensive toxicity testing, using many species, is needed to understand the full spectrum of biological effects of chemicals and to decrease the health risks that chemical effects pose for humans and ecosystems. Toxicity testing is crucial for a wide variety of chemicals that are present in drugs, cosmetics, pesticides, food additives, cleansers, solvents, and industrial wastes. Invertebrates are used in toxicity testing for one of two reasons:
(1) Some invertebrate species may have considerable relevance to the environment. For example, earthworms are ecologically beneficial to soil ecosystems and zooplankton are key links in aquatic food chains. Some invertebrates may also have environmental relevance, not because they are beneficial, but because they are pests. In either case, it is important to know if and how the presence of a chemical in the environment might affect any of these organisms. Laboratory testing under controlled experimental conditions is an important approach to understanding and predicting possible effects of chemicals in ecosystems.
(2) Invertebrates may provide useful insights to understanding chemical effects on human health. This is because invertebrates share some of the same biochemical and physiological processes that exist in nearly all animals, including humans. For example, many nerve cell functions are common to worms, insects, fish, rats, humans, etc. Therefore, invertebrate toxicity testing may be a useful tool for understanding and detecting biological effects of chemicals at molecular, cellular, or behavioral levels in many organisms.
Toxicity testing in the past 20 years has moved away from lethality (or LC50) studies and toward studies of sublethal effects (see Glossary). This is because sublethal effects occur at concentrations below those for lethality and thus are more sensitive indicators of toxicity.
Fig. 2. Comparison of lethal and sublethal treatment effects. Treatment with high chemical concentrations may be lethal in some or all treated organisms. Lethal effects are easy to recognize and tabulate. Treatment with lower concentrations may produce sublethal effects which are sometimes difficult to discern but, nevertheless, important from a behavioral or ecological standpoint.
One hurdle for a student toxicology project is deciding what sublethal effects to study. This is a challenge because such effects seldom have been described in invertebrates and there are few standard methods for measuring them. Thus, it is advisable to begin by carefully observing an organism's normal behavior prior to any toxicity testing. Then, during preliminary testing, look for obvious effects, such as changes in an organism's color, posture, or spontaneous movements... or perhaps changes in its reaction to stimuli such as light, touch, or body inversion. Some effects may only be seen under magnification, such as rhythmic movements of the organism's heart or respiratory system. To systematically study behavioral effects, students may need to design and build simple devices for handling, observing, or testing organisms. In addition, they may need to develop criteria for scoring or measuring effects. From such observation and testing, students will likely gain new insights about the biology and behavior of normal as well as treated organisms.
Freshwater organisms, such as aquatic oligochaetes are good choices for toxicity testing because: (1) they are important parts of aquatic ecosystems and food chains, (2) they are exposed to many chemicals that contaminate water and sediments, and (3) certain freshwater species, such as Lumbriculus variegatus (the blackworm or mudworm), have been used previously for studying toxicity effects. Lumbriculus is cheap (commercial or field sources), easily cultured in the lab (asexual reproduction), and simple to handle (Drewes, 1996b). Most important, there are interesting aspects of this worm's biology that may be useful indicators of toxicity (Rogge and Drewes, 1993; Drewes, 1997; Lesiuk and Drewes, 1999).
[Note that the genus Lumbriculus is very different from the mud-dwelling genus Tubifex. Lumbriculus displays unique locomotor behaviors, such as helical swimming and reversal (Drewes, 1999; Drewes and Cain, 1999). Tubifex are much less acrobatic and display neither of these behaviors.]
Fig. 3. The segmented oligochaete, Lumbriculus variegatus, is widely
distributed throughout the
Possible sublethal effects in blackworms include changes in body shape or behaviors such as swelling, coiling, rigidity, convulsions, limpness, paralysis, ataxia, hyperactivity, constrictions, or segment autotomy (body fragmentation). Some chemicals may cause changes in body color due to circulatory effects such as blood pooling or blood loss in different body regions, especially the tail end. Also, there may be important and interesting effects on other body functions that are only evident with more detailed inspection and testing of treated and normal worms.
One function that that may be useful and relevant to both ecological and medical toxicity testing is the pulsation rate of the worm's dorsal blood vessel (Fig. 3A). Just as in humans, pulsation rates in worms may speed up or slow down as a result of toxicant exposure. Lesiuk and Drewes (1999) describe methods for measuring pulsations rates in the dorsal blood vessel before, during, and after exposure to common pharmacological agents such as nicotine and caffeine.
Other functions that may be potentially affected by toxicants include locomotor behaviors such as swimming (Fig. 3B), crawling, and body reversal -- all behaviors that are easily evoked and readily measured (Drewes, 1999; Drewes and Cain, 1999). These functions have special environmental relevance because they relate to the worm's ability to move about within its environment and escape from predators.
Another biological process that is easily studied and measured is regeneration of head and tail segments (Drewes, 1996a). Regeneration of lost segments is a key developmental process that has great adaptive significance to worms. It is a means for restorative growth following loss of segments, which frequently occurs in nature as a result of predatory attack or spontaneous fragmentation; the latter is a normal mechanism for asexual reproduction in these worms.
These are only suggestions for sublethal effects. Many other effects (physiological, biochemical, and behavioral) likely occur which may also be amenable to study, but there has been very little research study or publication of any such effects. This should be viewed as a great opportunity and source of motivation for students to make novel and significant contributions using such toxicity assays.
selecting a chemical for toxicity testing, consider its relative safety in
handling, availability, and relevance to "real-world" ecological or medical
situations. A few chemicals that meet
these criteria are listed below, along with brief descriptions of their use and
relevance. Most are available in either
pure-form or diluted commercial formulations.
A source for pure-form chemicals is Sigma Chemical Company (
When using any chemical, carefully consult and comply with all information given on the MSDS Sheet and International Chemical Safety Card for each chemical. This information is available at the following world wide web sites:
To see a sample MSDS Sheet and a sample International Chemical Safety Card for a compound such as "d-limonene" (one chemical listed below in the "LIST OF POSSIBLE TEST CHEMICALS"), see the following sites:
Fig. 4. Chemical structures of some compounds that cause significant and interesting sublethal effects on Lumbriculus variegatus.
boric acid: An inorganic
salt (H3BO3). An insecticidal powder
used indoors for cockroach and ant control.
Occurs in nature as the mineral, sessolite. Used for weatherproofing wood and fireproofing
fabrics. Used externally on humans as an
antiseptic, eye ointment, and antibacterial agent. Used extensively in industry for cements,
glass, leather products, carpet, soaps, cosmetics, dyeing, printing, painting,
and photography. If ingested by humans,
may cause many toxic effects: vomiting, cramps, skin lesions, circulatory
collapse, speeding up of the heart, and convulsions. Known to cause reproductive and developmental
toxicity effects in mammals. A good
candidate chemical for toxicity effects on worm regeneration. Very soluble in water.
caffeine: An alkaloid that occurs naturally in tea and coffee leaves and cola nuts. Known to stimulate many nervous system functions, heart rate, respiration, and urine flow in mammals. Present in caffeinated soft drinks. Active ingredient in many over-the-counter anti-sleep drugs. Very soluble in water. (cf., Lesiuk and Drewes, 1999).
capsaicin: Main active ingredient in red pepper, or chili pepper (genus Capsicum). Known to affect nervous system functions and development of sensory neurons. Creates stinging, burning sensation on skin or mucus membrane. Used in some cat/dog repellents. Nearly insoluble in water. Freely soluble in ethanol. Example of a commercial source is red pepper powder.
carbonic acid: Dissolved CO2 in water = carbonated water = seltzer water. Toxic to aquatic invertebrates, such as worms. Sometimes used by microscopists to narcotize invertebrates prior to chemical preservation.
chlorinated water: Chlorinated water contains chlorine, a purifying agent for drinking water. Power plant effluents produce high chlorine levels in marine and fresh waters. Chlorine has short-term stability in water (hours or days). Chlorinated water also contains varying amounts of chloramine, formed by the reaction of ammonia with chlorinated water. Chloramine also has disinfectant and sanitizing properties but has longer stability in water than chlorine. Chlorine and chloramine in water are extremely toxic to aquatic organisms, including invertebrates and fish. Data regarding the chlorine concentration (and concentrations of other constituents) in municipal water supplies are normally available to the public from water treatment personnel.
CMA (calcium magnesium acetate): Used for de-icing highways. Believed to be less toxic to aquatic life than NaCl. Effects on many aquatic organisms are unknown. Commercial formulation of CMA is Chevron Ice-B-Gon Deicer. Water soluble.
ginseng: Extracts from roots of ginseng plants (genus Panax) contain ginsenosides (types of saponins). Used in oriental medicine as a tonic. Claimed to enhance circulation, heart contraction and revitalization. Believed to reduce stress and fatigue in humans. Very water soluble. Commercial source: Panax Ginseng Extract, available in oriental food stores, consists of a water extract from red ginseng roots that is nicely packaged as ten separate 10-ml vials intended for full-strength human consumption or dilution in other drinks. This commercial extract, when diluted to 1/50th full strength, appears to be a potent disrupter of locomotor reflexes in Lumbriculus. Ginsenosides, obtained from water extracts from actual ginseng roots, have potent effects on Lumbriculus blood vessel pulsation rates (S. Wong, personal communication).
limonene: A naturally occurring substance in lemon, orange, caraway and dill. Constitutes about 98% of orange peel oil by weight. Used as an insecticide and insect repellent. Widely used for control of fleas, lice, mites and ticks. Virtually non-toxic to warm-blooded animals, but can cause skin sensitivity and irritation. Pleasant lemon-like odor. Practically insoluble in water but miscible with ethanol. Example of commercial source: "Natures Answer Flea and Tick Dip" contains 78.2% d-limonene and the label recommends diluting the product at a ratio of 3 parts product to 256 parts water (= 0.9%) and then applying directly to the pet. Major effects, including neural and behavioral toxicity, rapidly occur in Lumbriculus at 0.009%, or less. This is ≤1/100th of the recommended concentration for pets and serial dilutions can be made from this concentration. (see Karr et al., 1990
nicotine: A highly toxic alkaloid. Principal active ingredient in tobacco products and a controlled substance. Formerly used extensively as an insecticide for home, farm, and orchard. Nicotine in liquid form is readily absorbed through the skin (example = nicotine patch). Effects occur at many sites within the central and peripheral nervous systems of vertebrates and invertebrates. Mimics the action of the neurotransmitter, acetylcholine. Symptoms of toxicity in humans include salivation, abdominal cramping, headache, loss of coordination, and respiratory failure. Very water soluble. An aqueous extract, made by soaking the tobacco contents of one cigarette in 100 ml of water, will provide a potent stock solution from which serial dilutions can be made. Short-term treatment with these solutions will have major effects on Lumbriculus locomotion and blood pulsations (Lesiuk and Drewes, 1999). CAUTION: The aqueous extracts from even one cigar or cigarette may cause serious adverse effects in humans if ingestion or prolonged contact with the skin occurs.
pyrethrum: An extract from flowers of a chrysanthemum grown in Africa and South America that contains several closely related insecticidal compounds (= pyrethrins). Dried and crushed flower heads were used as a louse powder in the Napoleonic Wars. Pyrethrins act on insects and other invertebrates with phenomenal speed, causing temporary paralysis (knock-down) but not always death. Formulated as household insecticidal sprays and dusts for use on vegetables. Considered generally safe to humans and domestic animals. Not very toxic if ingested by humans because pyrethrins are hydrolyzed in the gastrointestinal tract. Skin contact may cause dermatitis. Synthetic pyrethrin-like compounds (= pyrethroids) are used in many commercial insecticide formulations because they may be more stable and more active than natural pyrethrins. Pyrethroids are potent neurotoxins that modify function of voltage-gated sodium channels in neuronal membranes and induce repetitive firing of action potentials. Practically insoluble in water but very soluble in ethanol. Example of commercial source: "Scratchex Power Dip For Dogs and Cats," designed to kill fleas and ticks on contact. Scratchex contains 0.54% pyrethrins. The label recommends diluting 1 part from the bottle with 64 parts of water (= 0.0084%) before application to pets. Major effects on Lumbriculus rapidly occur at 0.000084%, or less. This is ≤1/100th of the recommended concentration for pets.
Obtain and study "Material Safety Data Sheets" (MSDS) and/or International Chemical Safety Cards for all solvents and test chemicals that you will use in testing. MSDS sheets and International Chemical Safety Cards are readily available from the University of Vermont which maintains a huge electronic data base relating to chemical safety. The address is: http://hazard.com/msds/
Learn and follow all safety measures for the laboratory facility in which you will be carrying out your study. Learn and follow all written safety precautions for the chemicals you are using. Handle all volatile or toxic materials in a fume hood. Wear a lab coat, protective vinyl (or latex) gloves and use protective eyewear when opening or handling any chemical storage containers, stock solutions, pipettes, or exposure containers.
Clearly label the contents and concentrations of all chemical solutions in containers. Properly dispose of all used solutions, surplus solutions, or chemically-exposed materials such as pipette tips or filter paper. Use absorbent towel to thoroughly remove any drips or spills of solutions to which humans may come in contact. Thoroughly and carefully scrub and clean all glassware or plasticware that was exposed to chemicals. Use ethanol and then water rinses to clean containers that held water-insoluble chemicals. It is very important not to leave any chemical residues on glassware, thus the emphasis on careful cleaning.
Finally, it is important to begin experiments without any traces of soap residue on glassware. Soap residues are especially toxic to many aquatic invertebrates.
A simple way to expose worms to water-soluble chemicals is by immersion. Worms are placed in individual containers along with a small volume (about 20-30 ml) of test solution of known chemical concentration. The chemical is thus absorbed through the skin (termed contact exposure). Always use just one worm per container, since a dead, decaying worm may be toxic to others.
For water-insoluble (and non-volatile) chemicals, there is a simple and reliable alternative to exposure by immersion. This involves placing the worm in direct contact with wet filter paper that has been uniformly pre-treated with the insoluble test chemical. Pre-treatment is done by placing a dry filter paper disk in the bottom of the glass exposure container. The disk should fit snugly and flatly at the bottom of the container. Then, prepare stock solutions as described in section "E" below. Each solution should contain a known amount of the water-insoluble chemical dissolved in a known volume of suitable solvent, such as ethanol or isopropyl alcohol.
Using a calibrated, hand-held pipette, transfer just enough of the desired stock solution to completely saturate the filter paper disk. Allow the solvent to evaporate completely in a fume hood. This leaves behind a known and nearly uniform residue of the test chemical on the paper (assuming that the test chemical is not volatile). Next, add a known volume of spring water into the container so that the paper is immersed in shallow water. Use enough water volume so that the worm could be easily drawn up into a disposable pipet if later transfer is needed. For example, 5 ml of water is adequate for a 6 cm diameter plastic petri dish. Next, add a worm.
All toxicity tests should include a control group in which the paper in test containers is initially wetted with an identical volume of solvent (but no chemical in it). Once the solvent evaporates, water and a worm are added, just as in treated groups.
Sublethal effects of some chemicals may occur within a narrow range of concentrations. High concentrations may rapidly kill organisms while lower ones may cause no effect. Since concentration ranges for sublethal effects differ among chemicals, an important step in toxicity testing for a chemical is to determine its threshold concentration, NOEL, and dose-response relationship (see Glossary). This requires preliminary range-finding experiments which are time-consuming but lead to more meaningful results during final stages of toxicity testing.
To make a stock solution, dissolve a known amount of pure chemical (liquid or solid) in a small, known volume of water or other suitable solvent (such as, ethanol or isopropyl alcohol for non-water soluble chemical). Typically, a few milligrams or milliliters of the chemical are dissolved in 100-1000 ml of solvent. The concentration should be expressed as: mg of chemical per liter of solvent if the chemical is a solid. This is the same as "parts per million" (see Glossary). If the chemical is a liquid, then concentrations will be in milliliters of chemical per liter of solvent. This concentrated stock solution is used to make a series of weaker stock solutions by serial dilution (see Glossary). Each concentration step may be several times weaker than the preceding one, such as 25, 5, and 1 ppm.
Sometimes the exact amount of chemical may be unknown because it is present in an unpurified, crude form. In this case, the volume or weight of crude material should still be measured and recorded in making a stock solution. Then, dilutions of stock solution are used for range-finding experiments, with concentrations expressed as percentages of the original stock solution.
Preliminary experiments should provide an indication of concentration range and duration of exposure for final stages of testing. The following are essential considerations in this testing.
Concentrations in treated groups. Try to use at least 2-4 concentrations which, based on preliminary testing, will likely cause sublethal effects. Also, try to use at least one slightly lower concentration that causes no effects. A minimum of 5-6 worms should be used for each concentration, although 8-10 provide even more statistical power. Select worms of similar size for all groups. Use a separate container for each worm.
Controls. In addition to groups of treated worms, it is essential to have a control group (see Glossary). The purpose of the control group is to verify that effects in exposed groups are, in fact, due to the chemical itself rather than to some other aspect of the procedure. Therefore, the number of organisms, handling procedures, temperature, lighting, testing methods, use of solvents to distribute chemicals, exposure times, etc. should all be identical to those used in treated groups. If control conditions cause effects, then these must be subtracted from effects in treated groups in order to obtain true measure of the chemical's effects.
Effects. Results from preliminary experiments often provide clues regarding expected types of sublethal effects and expected timing for appearance and disappearance of effects.
Exposure duration and frequency of testing. One strategy for toxicity testing is to make a single set of short-term observations or tests of organisms after exposure to the chemical for a fixed time period, such as 24 or 48 hours. This minimizes handling of organisms and provides a standardized basis for comparing results between different researchers and laboratories.
Another testing strategy is to perform a series of repeated tests and measurements that better describe the sequence and time-table of symptoms and effects caused by a chemical. This may be especially important for chemicals that rapidly cause neurotoxicity effects that, in turn, lead to other effects. So, if worms are not observed or tested frequently, important effects may be missed.. There are no standard procedures for doing this and the experimenter should exercise his/her own judgment based on results from preliminary experiments.
Ideally, effects should be determined while worms are still in their original exposure container. However, this may not always be practical or desirable, especially if filter paper is used in the container, because it may obscure viewing or interfere with testing. In such instances, a worm may be very carefully removed from the test solution with a disposable pipet so that it may be briefly examined or tested while in another container without the chemical. Before doing this, however, worms should be briefly and quickly rinsed in spring water and then transferred to the new container for viewing and/or testing.
After testing, the worm should be replaced into the original test solution if further exposure is desired. Use a disposable plastic pipette for transferring worms. Special care should be taken to avoid cross-contamination of containers or implements that are used to handle treated worms or fluids. Repeated observations and testing may be done at any desired interval, but the frequency of testing should be the same in all groups, including a control.
Reversibility and rescue. If chemical effects on an organism are truly "sublethal," then organisms should survive if exposure is promptly stopped. But survival does not always mean full or immediate recovery from effects. Study the persistency or reversibility of toxicity effects (recovery) by simply placing organisms into chemical-free conditions and continuing observations and testing. Effects may disappear in minutes, hours, or days.
Here is a list of materials and equipment that may
be used for toxicity testing in freshwater or terrestrial oligochaetes. Check with instructor/mentor for approval or
modification of the list.
1) Calibrated pipetter (e.g., Pipetman) for measuring milliliter or microliter quantities of chemicals that are fluids
2) Balance for measuring milligram or sub-milligram quantities of chemicals that are solids
3) Uncontaminated glassware for making serial dilutions and storing chemical stock solutions
4) Large supply of identical covered dishes or jars (such as clean, dry baby food jars with covers; jars should thoroughly cleaned but must not contain any soap residues since these will kill many aquatic invertebrates); containers must not be prone to spills and should be easy to handle; one organism recommended per container (such as, 6 organisms/group x 5 groups = 30 containers)
5) Filter paper discs that easily fit into the bottom of the exposure dish or jar (some trimming may be necessary)
6) Sturdy box or tray for storage and transfer of treatment dishes or jars
7) Counter space covered with clean, absorbent, disposable material, such as paper towel
8) Safe storage location for all stock solutions, solvents, and all experimental containers (fume hood, if possible)
9) Disposable vinyl (or latex) gloves
10) Protective eyewear and lab coat (as advised and needed)
11) Spring water (Note: Freshwater organisms survive and perform best in spring water. Examples of brand names of "worm-friendly" spring water are Evian, Poland Spring, Naya, and many others). Aqueous stock solutions of chemicals and serial dilutions of stock solutions all should be made with this water and stored in separate, clearly labeled containers. Chlorinated water, directly from the tap, is highly toxic to freshwater invertebrates. However, tap water that has been aged in a open container for at least a week is often just as safe to worms as spring water.)
12) Ethanol, or other solvent (needed only if chemical is not water-soluble)
13) Capped or covered containers for storage of stock solutions (approximately 100-500 ml volume)
14) Scientific calculator
15) Paper towels
16) Adhesive labels or colored labeling tape for labeling test dishes and containers with stock solutions
17) Permanent marking pen
18) Experimental organisms with appropriate maintenance or culture containers (large dishes, aquaria. etc.)
19) Supplies for handling, feeding, and care of organisms (such as air pump for aquatic species)
20) Thermometer (to document temperature of all experiments)
21) Test chemical, along with MSDS sheets and/or International Chemical Safety Card with pertinent technical information about density, solubility, formula weight, handling instructions, hazards, safety, storage, etc.
22) Bound notebook and pen for record keeping
23) Dissecting or compound microscope with light source
24) Recording/monitoring devices (e.g., camera, camcorder, video camera, etc.), if desired for documentation of behavioral effects (optional)
25) Blackworms (Lumbriculus variegatus); commercial sources may be found at:
In environmental toxicology the selection of an invertebrate test organism and test chemical are often closely inter-related. Chemicals that are relevant to terrestrial/soil ecosystems, for example, might be tested using commonly available invertebrates such as earthworms, pillbugs, insect larvae, or nematodes. Tests with chemicals that are relevant to freshwater ecosystems might utilize aquatic invertebrates such as water fleas, ostracods, copepods, hydra, planaria, snails, or amphipods (scud). The effect that is tested might have special ecological relevance to predator avoidance, food acquisition, ability to react to stimuli, or ability to locomote. Behavioral effects could be quantified using some defined scoring system, or effects could be analyzed using videotape playback.
Another approach to environmental toxicity is collection and testing of soil or water samples from real-world sites where contamination is suspected. Water samples from a site may be used in laboratory toxicity tests and effects may be compared to those in control groups as well as to groups treated with concentrations of a pure chemical which is the suspected contaminant in the water samples. Such experiments utilize invertebrates as a true "bioassay" organisms (see Glossary). In cases of soil samples, organisms could be exposed to water extractions (leachates) derived from soil samples.
For toxicity testing relatING to human health concerns, attempts should be made to match the kinds of effects that might be expected in humans (say, neurotoxicity effects or developmental effects) with organisms in which similar effects might be present and readily testable.
If possible, locate general texts in toxicology which may contain more helpful or specialized information. Recommended reference books include: Kamrin (1988), National Research Council (1991), Viccellio (1993), Ware (1996), Hodgson and Levi (1997), Ottoboni (1997). Additional reference books that are likely to have key technical information are: "CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics" and "Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals."
The most reliable and up-to-date information about toxicity effects of chemicals on invertebrates and other organisms is found in primary references -- namely, original articles that are published in scientific journals. References to such journal articles can be located in many college, university, or medical libraries using several different electronic data bases for scientific literature. Three of the most useful for toxicology purposes are: AGRICOLA, MEDLINE, AND BIOLOGICAL AND AGRICULTURAL INDEX (BIAG).
A very limited amount of credible and relevant information about effects of specific toxicants may be available on the world wide web. Considerable caution should be exercised in evaluating any web-derived information relating to chemicals or chemical effects.
[ NOTE: Upon request, I will gladly send copies of detailed background information about Lumbriculus biology, or reprints of any research papers below, to students or teachers. ]
I thank G. Atchison, F. Bahls, K. Cain, and J. Coats for suggestions and comments. Supported in part by Howard Hughes Medical Institute Funding to Iowa State University for educational initiatives in biology.
Drewes, C.D. 1996a. Head or tails? Patterns of segmental regeneration in a freshwater oligochaete, Tested Studies for Laboratory Teaching, Volume 17, Association for Biology Laboratory Education (ABLE), New Haven, CT, pp. 23-34.
Drewes, C.D. 1996b. Those wonderful worms. Carolina Tips,Vol. 59, pp. 17-20.
Drewes, C.D. 1997. Sublethal effects of environmental toxicants on oligochaete escape reflexes, American Zoologist. Vol. 37, pp. 346-353.
Drewes, C.D. 1999. Helical swimming and body reversal behaviors in Lumbriculus variegatus (Family Lumbriculidae), Hydrobiologia (in press).
Drewes, C.D. & Cain, K. 1999. As the worm turns, American Biology Teacher, Vol. 61, (In press).
Hodgson, E. & Levi, P.E. 1997. A Textbook of Modern Toxicology, 2nd Ed., Appleton and Lange, Stamford, CT, 496 pp.
Kamrin, M.A. 1988. Toxicology: A Primer of Toxicology Principles and Applications, Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, MI., 145 pp.
Karr, L.L., C.D. Drewes & Coats, J.R. 1990. Toxic effects of d-limonene in the earthworm, Eisenia foetida (Savigny), Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, Vol. 36, pp. 175-186.
Lesiuk, N. & Drewes, C.D. 1999. Blackworms, blood pulsations, and drug effects. American Biology Teacher, Vol. 61, pp. 48-53.
National Research Council. 1991. Animals as Sentinels of Environmental Health Hazards, National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 160 pp.
Ottoboni, M.A. 1997. The Dose Makes the Poison: A Plain Language Guide to Toxicology, 2nd Ed., Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, NY, 244 pp.
Rogge, R. & C.D. Drewes. 1993. Assessing sublethal neurotoxicity effects in the freshwater oligochaete, Lumbriculus variegatus, Aquatic Toxicology, Vol. 26, pp. 73-90.
Viccellio, P. (Ed.) 1993. Handbook of Medical Toxicology, Little, Brown and Company, Boston, MA, 812 pp.
Ware, G.W. 1996. Complete Guide to Pest Control - With and Without Chemicals, Thomson Publications, Fresno, CA., 388 pp.
absorption. Entry of a
chemical into the body through a surface such as the skin, digestive tract, or
respiratory tract.
acute toxicity. Adverse effects of a chemical on an organism after brief exposure to a relatively large amount of the chemical. Often, acute effects occur a few minutes or hours after exposure begins. [compare to chronic toxicity]
ataxia. Inability to produce coordinated movements or locomotion due to neurotoxicity effects or neurological disorder.
behavioral toxicology. Study of the disruptive effects of chemicals on the behavior of organisms.
bioassay. Strict definition: Use of a living organism to estimate the amount of a chemical in a test sample. In toxicology, this is done by comparing the toxicity effects produced by a test sample, which contains an unknown amount of a chemical, to the toxicity effects produced by known amounts of the chemical. Loose definition: The use of an organism to investigate or test for toxicity effects of chemicals.
chronic toxicity. Adverse effects of a chemical on an organism as a result of long-term exposure to a relatively small amount of the chemical. Often, chronic effects become evident only many days or weeks of repeated or continuous exposure. [compare to acute toxicity]
contaminant. A chemical that taints or corrupts soil, water, food, or air, thus making it impure. [compare to toxicant and toxin and pesticide.
control group. A group of organisms that has not been exposed to the test chemical but which has, in every other way, been subjected to conditions and procedures that are identical to those in groups exposed to the test chemical.
contact exposure. Exposure of an organism to a chemical by direct contact with a surface of the body, such as skin.
dose. The total amount of a chemical given to an organism at one specific time. [compare to dosage]
dosage. The rate of administration of a chemical or drug to an organism. A stated dosage includes the dose, dose frequency, and total period of time that a chemical is administered to the organism. [compare to dose].
dose-response relationship. A quantitative relationship between the amount of chemical given to (or taken in) by organisms in a group and the measured effect of the chemical in the organisms, as determined by some type of toxicity test. In a dose-response graph, the amount of chemical is shown on the x-axis.
EC50. In a dose-response relationship showing sublethal effects, the EC50 is the concentration that produces a level of effect = 50% of the maximum effect. For example, the EC50 may be the concentration that causes a particular behavioral effect in 50% of the organisms that are tested. [compare to LC50]
effect. Any observable or measurable biological response of an organism to chemical exposure. The measured effect in a toxicity test may be lethality -- that is, death caused by chemical exposure -- or the measured effect may be sublethal, such as a change in an organism's behavior, physiology, and/or biochemistry.
environmental toxicology. A subdivision of toxicology that deals with the presence, movement, chemical fate, and biological effects of chemical contaminants within air, land, or water environments, especially in relation to individual organisms, populations of organisms, food chains, or habitats.
exposure. Contact of an organism with a chemical. [see chronic toxicity and acute toxicity]
hazard. A danger or threat that a chemical poses in terms of some toxicity effect(s) [compare to risk]
LC50. In a dose-response relationship, the LC50 is the concentration of chemical that is expected to produce death in 50% of the organisms that are exposed to that concentration. [compare to EC50]
lethality. Death of an organism caused by chemical effects.
lipid soluble/lipophilic. Refers to chemicals that tend to be soluble in lipids but not water. Lipophilic substances tend to easily cross cell membranes and enter the body. [compare to hydrophilic]
mode of action. Refers to the biological/biochemical mechanism (or mechanisms) by which a toxicant is known to (or is believed to) exert its effects on an organism.
mortality. The frequency of deaths in a group of organisms exposed to a chemical. [compare to moribund]
moribund. Describing a state in which an organism is beginning to die or is near death. [Compare to mortality]
MSDS. Material Safety Data Sheet. [Source for MSDS: http://hazard.com/msds/ ]
neurotoxicology. Study of the adverse effects of chemicals on the structure or function of the nervous system; neurotoxicity effects often cause behavioral effects. [see behavioral toxicology]
neurotransmitter. A chemical (such as acetylcholine) that is released by a nerve cell at a chemically transmitting synapse.
no observed effect level (NOEL). In a dose-response relationship, the NOEL is the highest concentration of a chemical that causes no observable effect in a group of organisms. [compare to threshold concentration/dose]
non-target organism. An organism that is exposed to, but is not the intended target for, an applied pesticide.
paralysis. Inability to move the body or body parts due to effects of disease or toxicity.
parts per million (ppm). A unit of chemical concentration. The concentration of a chemical is 1 ppm if one weight unit of chemical (for example, 1 milligram) is dissolved in one million weight units of water (1,000,000 milligrams of water = 1 liter). Very low concentrations of chemicals may be expressed in parts per billion or high concentrations in parts per thousand.
pesticide. A chemical used to kill organisms that are considered pests. [see non-target organism]
poison. Synonym = toxicant. Any chemical that causes harmful biological effects.
recovery. The disappearance of toxicity effects in an organism and return to normal function and behavior. If this occurs, it often occurs at some point in time after sublethal exposure to a chemical has ended.
risk. The probability that adverse effects will occur if an organism is exposed to a chemical under a specific conditions.
serial dilution. Creation of a series of separate solutions with concentrations that differ in a regular, step-wise fashion, such as a series of concentrations that decrease by a factor of five: 50, 10, 2, 0.4 ppm. Serial dilutions may be used for both range-finding and final stages of toxicity testing.
solvent. A liquid that is capable of dissolving other chemicals.
sublethal concentration. A concentration of chemical that does not kill an organism.
sublethal effect. A biological effect caused by chemical exposure at a concentration below that which causes death.
threshold concentration/dose. In reference to a dose-response relationship, the threshold dose/threshold concentration is the minimum amount of a chemical that just causes an observable effect in a group of organisms. [compare to no observed effect level]
toxic. Synonym = harmful or poisonous.
toxicant. Synonym = poison. Any chemical that causes harmful biological effects.
toxicity. The capacity of a chemical to produce harmful effects.
toxicity test. A controlled test in which the effects of a toxicant are studied on living cells, tissues, or organisms.
toxin. A toxicant produced by a living organism. [compare to toxicant and contaminant]
toxicology. The study of the adverse effects of chemicals on living organisms.
voltage-gated channel: A membrane channel protein, usually in nerve and muscle, that opens (or closes) in response to membrane depolarization. Voltage-gated channels generate electrical impulses (= action potentials).
water soluble/hydrophilic. Refers to chemicals that are soluble in water but not in lipids. [compare to lipid soluble]
xenobiotic. Any chemical that does not occur in the normal biochemical pathways of an organism; a xenobiotic compound is a compound that is "foreign" to the organism.


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May 17, 2010
Agents can play to win at PIA's Joint Annual Conference
Northeasts largest industry conference to offer CE, networking and more
GLENMONT, N.Y.–The Professional Insurance Agents of New Jersey and Professional Insurance Agents of New York State Inc. will convene for their Joint Annual Conference, the Northeasts largest gathering of insurance industry professionals, June 13-15 at the Trump Taj Mahal, Atlantic City, N.J. Some 2,000 agents, company representatives, exhibitors and other insurance industry professionals attended the event last year.
"The joint annual conference is the must-attend event of the year for all industry professionals throughout the region," said William R. Vowteras, CPIA, PIANJ president. "The conference offers attendees the opportunity to participate in educational seminars; attend social events; and view the latest insurance products and services available during the expanded trade show, which has sold out for the past nine years."
The event also features nine continuing-education sessions for industry professionals to maintain licenses and stay abreast of important issues themselves and their clients. All of the courses approved for both New Jersey and New York state CE credits.
"Insurance professionals face a wide variety of issues in todays marketplace," said Kevin M. Ryan, CIC, PIANY president. "The conference will provide ample opportunity for agents to obtain the cutting-edge knowledge they need to enhance their businesses."
The education sessions will open Sunday, June 13, with the timely session Navigating generational gaps in your agency and in the insurance marketplace, led by PIANY President-elect Donna Chiapperino, from 1-4 p.m. The course will give attendees a look at how generational differences impact todays Main Street agent.
On Monday, June 14, participants can choose from three concurrent education sessions in the morning, as well as four different seminars in the afternoon. The Monday morning schedule
(8-11 a.m. unless otherwise noted) is as follows:
- Exploring business income (8-10 a.m.), hosted by Steven D. Lyon, CPCU, CIC, CRM, AAI, ARM, AIS, CRIS
- Current economic trends and their effect on the insurance industry, taught by Sheldon Hansen, CIC, CRM
- So, you want to go paperless!, presented by Jack Monahan, CIC, CLU, ChFC, CPIA, AAM
The Monday afternoon schedule (2-4:45 p.m. unless otherwise noted) is as follows:
- Data breach–privacy compliance and coverage, hosted by Cathy Trischan, CPCU, CIC, AU, AAI, CRM, CRIS
- Issues in insuring coastal properties, presented by Sheldon Hansen
- Insurance to value and adequate liability limits, taught by Steven D. Lyon
- Economics of customer service: retention, referrals and E&O (2:30-4:30 p.m.), hosted by Jack Monahan
The education sessions will conclude Tuesday, June 15, with Cathy Trischans session Ethical issues in E&O, from 9:30 a.m.-12:30 p.m.
PIA will also present its 2010 Distinction of Professionalism awards, honoring the industrys most dedicated professionals. Attendees also have access to the expansive industry trade show, featuring more than 150 exhibitors. The event will conclude Tuesday with the 26th annual Fun Run to benefit Special Olympics New Jersey along the boardwalk, hosted by the New Jersey Young Insurance Professionals.
For more information, or to register, for the PIANJ/PIANY Joint Annual Conference, visit the event Web site at www.pia.org/events/conf/nynj/index.shtml; or contact the PIA Education and Conference Department at (800) 424-4244 or firstname.lastname@example.com.
PIANJ and PIANY are trade associations representing professional, independent insurance agencies, brokerages and their employees throughout their respective states.

subset: commoncrawl


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City is known for basketball players.
Peoria is known for its high school basketball. Everyone gets that. Yet this fall, college recruiters have kept an eye on the Peoria metro area. "Now we've got some football players,'' said Washington's Isaac Fisher, a talented quarterback and defensive back.
A senior who started varsity as a freshman and took over at quarterback early in his sophomore year, Fisher doesn't have a major-college offer, but he's on the radar. Among other stops, he attended the one-day Illinois football camp in New Lenox last summer and accepted an invitation to visit Camp Rantoul in late August.
He will head to Memorial Stadium when No. 24 Illinois (4-0) hosts Northwestern (2-1) in the Big Ten Conference opener for both schools Saturday (11 a.m., ESPN2). Fisher won't be the only Peoria-area prep star at the game. Richwoods junior running back Kendrick Foster and senior wide receiver Clayton Glasper will also attend the game on invitation from the Illini.
Dunlap senior linebacker-tight end Nick Mangieri already gave a verbal commitment to Indiana. Peoria Central junior defensive end/tight end Josh Augusta also has attracted attention from college recruiters, and his size (6-5, 277 pounds) and athleticism could make him marketable to high-major recruiters.
With 899 yards rushing, Foster is on pace to rewrite the Peoria city career rushing record book. He's already scored 12 touchdowns this season -- 10 of them while rushing. Like Foster, Glasper is a speedster.
"You know how the (college) coaches like those stopwatches,'' said Richwoods coach Roland Brown. Illini recruiter Mike Gillhamer made a swing through Peoria Friday.Although Chicago-based recruiting analyst "Edgy'' Tim O'Halloran said size might hold him back, Foster has time on his side. The 5-foot-8, 180-pound Foster gained interest from Illinois, Northwestern, Wisconsin, Iowa, Michigan State from the Big Ten, plus Notre Dame, UCLA and Cincinnati, Brown said. Thus far, Foster's only offer came from Illinois State.
"The longer it goes, the more he'll get,'' Brown said.
Foster turned heads with his speed at the one-day Illinois camp. He also attended single-day camps at Notre Dame and Northwestern and hit combines held by Nike and Under Armour. As a junior, he has time to attract attention from big-time programs.
For Fisher and Glasper, the clock is ticking to land a scholarship offer from a major-college program. Fisher's lone offer is from McKendree. Southern Illinois, Western Illinois, Illinois State and Indiana State are also showing interest in Fisher, who has 1,078 yards passing with 10 TDs and three interceptions but isn't locked into playing quarterback in college.
Glasper finished second in the 110-meter high hurdles at the Class 2A state track finals last May. He also attended the camps at Illinois, Notre Dame and Northwestern. For a senior with no major-college offers this late in the season, it's hard to figure it out.
"You don't know where you stand on the priority list,'' O'Halloran said.
Illinois hasn't had a letterwinner from a Peoria metro school since Carlos Lattimore of Peoria Central from 1999 to 2001.
FOOTBALL: Illinois senior placekicker Derek Dimke and freshman running back Donovonn Young earned weekly Big Ten Conference honors following the 23-20 win over Western Michigan Saturday.
Dimke, a Rockford Boylan graduate, kicked the 21-yard game-winning field goal with 8 minutes 14 seconds, converted on his two other field-goal attempts from 39 and 35 yards and made both extra-point kicks to earn special teams player of the week. He's the school field-goal percentage leader at 87.5 percent and hasn't missed an extra point in 70 tries in his career.
Named the Big Ten's freshman of the week, Young rushed for a career-high 100 yards and scored a touchdown. His 59-yard run was Young's longest this season.
On Oct. 8, Illinois plays at Indiana in a 1:30 p.m. game with broadcast on BTN.
VOLLEYBALL: For the first time in school history, Illinois is ranked No. 1 in the national coaches poll. One of just three undefeated teams, Illinois (13-0 overall, 2-0 in the Big Ten) moved up two spots after victories over then-No. 9 Minnesota and Wisconsin.
Illinois received 55 of possible 60 first-place votes. The Big Ten has seven teams in the top 25. A ticket stub from the Illinois-Northwestern football game gets free admission to Illinois vs. No. 12 Purdue in a key Big Ten volleyball match Saturday (7 p.m.) at Huff Hall. The Illini also host Indiana Friday.
The Illini had never been ranked higher than the No. 2 spot in the preseason poll in 1988.
"We appreciate the recognition,'' said Illinois coach Kevin Hambly. "However, our focus is on being there at the end of the season. The Big Ten is loaded with great teams, and we want to continue the process of getting better each week.''John Supinie can be reached at email@example.com. Follow him on Twitter @JohnSupinie.


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Category:Animutations starring Whopper
From FanimutationWiki
This is the Animutation List category for Whopper. It lists animutations starring this character. If you know of an animutation that stars Whopper but is not listed here, go to its page, creating it if necessary, and include {{character|Whopper}} in the Cast section.
Pages in category "Animutations starring Whopper"
The following 3 pages are in this category, out of 3 total.


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Posts Tagged 'Lazy Cow'
Which Cow are You?!
Cowshed is a luxurious range of bath, body and skincare products which are true to their British Heritage. If you are looking for honest and natural products which do as they say on the label, smell divine and make you feel amazing then this is the range for you. As Nicola Moulton, Beauty Director of Vogue UK says: "Cowshed is such a quintessentially British brand; it's cool and laid back, doesn't take itself too seriously, but beneath it all there's the most amazingly effective treatments and products. I can see it becoming our biggest beauty export!"
Cowshed is part of the Soho House Group which was founded in 1995 by Nick Jones. Soho House started as a private members' club in central London, and now boasts Clubs all over the world including, Berlin, Miami, New York and of course its flagship Spa, Babbington House in Somerset. Babbington House was purchased in 1998 and has become a luxury spa hotel and club. It was here that Cowshed was born. The idea to create the Cowshed range came about when sourcing natural products to use in the hotel. To this day, there continues to be a little bit of Babbington in every single bottle in the form of a special herbal infusion sourced from the walled garden.
The Cowshed Philosophy – only 100% pure premium essential oils used, made from sustainable sources, no nasty preservatives or synthetics, suitable for vegetarians and Made in England.
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We have testers in store so pop in and try. Go on indulge yourself or your friends. This stylish spa range makes a great gift and generates a giggle or two at the quirky names!


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It was a turn back the clock night at the Estadio Cuscatlan for the Houston Dynamo, who notched a 3-1 win over C.D. FAS in their 2012-13 CONCACAF Champions League opener in San Salvador.
Trotting out the 4-4-2 for the first time since June, head coach Dominic Kinnear got exactly as he wanted as his team thumped home three headers to tie C.D. Olimpia – who have a 3-0 win over FAS already in the books - atop their group
The first two goals were crossing and finishing 101 as the Dynamo, who started just two players who started Sunday's draw vs. Columbus - Bobby Boswell and Adam Moffat - exploited space on the flanks to serve balls up to towering center forwards Brian Ching and Cam Weaver.
It was Ching who got on the board first, heading home in the 12th minute after some nifty combination play on the left side. Interplay between Je-Vaughn Watson, Colin Clark and Warren Creavalle gave Clark plenty of time to chip to an unmarked Ching, and the Dynamo captain parked it in the net for his sixth continental tally.
After some back and forth play, Weaver doubled Houston's lead in the 19th minute, this time on service coming from the opposite side. Watson was once again involved, springing right back Kofi Sarkodie to cross unimpeded for a waiting Weaver. FAS goalkeeper Luis Contreras had no chance as his team went 2-0 down.
While Houston had the better of the play FAS did not sit by idly and allow the visitors to nurse their lead.
Led by Alexander Larin, an exciting 20-year-old left midfielder, FAS pushed the game and took their chances. In the first half, the hosts took eight shots. But the difference between the teams was finishing as seven of those shots never came close to testing Houston goalkeeper Tyler Deric.
FAS came out with life in the second half, once again led by Larin. Within the first 12 minutes he had two well-taken chances, the first from 25 yards which was smothered by a diving Deric and the second flashing just wide of the far post.
But it was Houston who got the third goal of the game, this time with Watson – again unmarked – heading home a Nathan Sturgis corner from six yards out.
FAS were able to pull one back thanks to an immediate spark from their league-leading goal scorer Jonathan Aguila. The second-half sub took advantage of a failed clearance by the Dynamo and converted on a back-to-goal flick to make it 3-1.
Despitean onslaught of FAS pressure down the stretch - they finished with 22 shots - the home side was unable to tally again.
Houston return to MLS play Saturday when they host Toronto FC, then travel to Honduras to take on group co-leaders CD Olimpia August 30.
C.D. FAS (0-2-0) vs. Houston Dynamo (1-0-0)
August 22, 2012 Estadio Cuscatlan, San Salvador, El Salvador
CONCACAF Champions League Group Stage
Scoring Summary:
HOU: Brian Ching 1 (Colin Clark 1) 12
HOU: Cam Weaver 1 (Kofi Sarkodie 1) 19
HOU: Je-Vaughn Watson 1 (Nate Sturgis) 60
FAS: Jonathan Aguila 1 (unassisted) 64
Houston Dynamo: Tyler Deric; Kofi Sarkodie, Bobby Boswell, Nate Sturgis, Warren Creavalle (Brian Ownby 70); Je-Vaughn Watson, Adam Moffat, Luiz Camargo (Brad Davis 81), Colin Clark (Josue Soto 86); Brian Ching, Cam Weaver
Substitutes not used: Tally Hall, Ricardo Clark, Macoumba Kandji, Will Bruin
FAS: Luis Contreras; Jose Granadino, Carlos Carrillo, Alexander Mendoza, Juan Carlos Moscoso; Emerson Reis (Edwin Sanchez 75), Alexander Larin, Cristiam Alvarez (Williams Reyes 85), Elder Figueroa; Ricardo Ulloa, Alejandro de la Cruz (Jonathan Aguila 64)
Substitues not used: Oscar Arroyo, Jorge Moran, Ramon Flores, Dony Valle
Misconduct Summary:
FAS: Carlos Carrillo (caution) 44
HOU: Warren Creavalle (caution) 50
HOU: Adam Moffat (caution) 75
HOU: Tyler Deric (time wasting) 84
Referee: Marcos Brea
Referee's Assistants: Hiran Dopico, Jose Rodrigues
4th Official: David Rubalcaba
Attendance: 2.510


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Does not compute: Is it those Dell interns again?
Two weeks ago, I covered Kay Slaughter's go-round with Dell Computer, about which, after almost 10 months of problems with her Inspiron 4100 laptop and multiple efforts to solve the problem over the phone and by mail, she contacted me. I called Dell consumer public relations, and overnight a new laptop– this time an Inspiron 5100– was on its way to Slaughter. The story, I assumed, ended there. Alas, it didn't: seems the 5100 came complete with bugs.
"I hate to report this," Slaughter emailed Dell on Sunday, August 3, "but as soon as I got the 5100 set up (with no software other than what Dell had pre-loaded), I got into problems with Word. When I did some simple word processing, the message 'abnormal program termination' popped up, just as it did on the 4100." She then transcribed the four-line error box that would pop up, and described the aftermath: "Word then closes and when reopened, shows it has saved the document and named it." When Slaughter attempted to open the "saved" file, however, "the computer said it could not find it." This happened twice.
That wasn't all. She tried to exit Word, which led to another error message; that message, in turn, "led to the message that Microsoft had no information on this problem at this time."
"I present this much detail," Slaughter added, "only because of the experience on the 4100, and I am distressed to see [the same problems] occurring anew, especially since I have no such problems with Word on my office computer." I can second that, by the way; I'm on a Dell computer at my day job, and have never had problems with Word.
There were other issues that hadn't been addressed during the exchange. First, Slaughter claims there's no sign of a warranty for the 5100; she had an extended, three-year warranty on the 4100. "Especially given my past experience," she wrote, the same warranty would be essential.
Second, according to Slaughter, the 5100 lacks a parallel port; her HP 820 printer lacks a USB connection. Finally, the 4100 had Norton AntiVirus, but, according to Norton, because Norton was pre-installed by Dell on the old laptop, Dell would have to transfer it to the new– another issue that, in hindsight, probably should have been anticipated during the replacement process.
Even with this new round of problems, however, Slaughter closed her message on a hopeful note: "I appreciate Dell's willingness to resolve the laptop problems, and I trust that we will find a solution" to the new crop.
Jennifer Jones, in Dell's customer support, emailed Slaughter on Monday, August 4, to say that she was working to resolve the problems. For starters, the three-year warranty would be transferred to the replacement laptop as soon as the original had been returned to Dell.
That was a bit tricky, of course, since Slaughter was using the first computer's parallel port to print. Accordingly, Jones reported, she had shipped an adapter at no charge. Finally, she said that a Dell senior technician would work with Slaughter to resolve the Word problems, and Slaughter, who would be traveling on business the week of August 4 and on vacation the week of August 11, tentatively set up a time slot on August 18.
Jones didn't mention the Norton AntiVirus that had gone AWOL, so I called to make sure that that gap would also be closed. Jennifer Davis, of consumer public relations, assured me it would.
I've got my fingers crossed that Slaughter will finally have a laptop that works. If not, I'll revisit the situation.
Do you have a consumer problem or question? Email the Fearless Consumer, write her at 100 Second Street NW, 22902, or call 295-8700 ext. 406.


text:
November, cookies, needles, football and the author.
Steve Russell, Staff Photographer
We welcomed the begining of the month in the grips of H1N1 vaccination fever.
It was such a news item that on the first full day of vaccinations Rene Johnston and I were assigned to cover five locations across the city each starting at 6 am. We filed pictures and a brief video/interview from each of the locations.
Location One - Ten-year-old Erika Anderson and her mother Helen are at the front of the line. The line up started at 4:30 am at the H1N1 vaccination clinic at East York Civic Centre - Lower Level 850 Coxwell Avenue in Toronto
Location 2 - Adair Roberts is the first in line so she can secure an appointment for her three and four-year-olds. She has been in line since 6 am at the H1N1 vaccination clinic at North Toronto Memorial Community Centre 200 Eglinton Avenue West in Toronto
Location 3 - The line up started at 5 am at the H1N1 vaccination clinic at the H1N1 vaccination clinic at North York Civic Centre - 5100 Yonge Street in Toronto.
Location 4 - Staff prepare to perform vaccinations. There was no line up to be found, just a pair of nurses handing out appointment slips at the H1N1 vaccination clinic at the Timothy Eaton Business and Technical Institute - Cafeteria, 1251 Bridletowne Circle in Toronto
Final Location - Even though Things got off to an early start people still faced a wait at the H1N1 vaccination clinic at Scarborough Civic Centre - Rotunda 150 Borough Drive in Toronto
I'll add a couple football pictures that did not make the paper or the website.
Birchmount Park's Trevor Harvey is tracked down by Etobicoke CI 's Marc Santos at the Toronto District High School Senior football semifinals at Etobicoke Centennial Stadium.
Don Bosco's Aeden Petros #57 is consoled by a teammate after they lost to Northern at the Toronto District High School Senior football semifinals.
One of the wierd things about our job, at night we are covering the Giller Prize Gala and then less than 12 hours later we are struggling for an idea and location to make a portrait of the winner.
Linden MacIntyre author of the book "Bishop's Man" is the winner of 2009 Scotiabank Giller Prize held at the Four Seasons.
"Bishop's Man" won the Giller Prize for author Linden MacIntyre in Toronto. The situation is never ideal, you show up at the book publisher's office and have about 5 to 10 minutes to conceve and execute a portrait. Getting to this portrait here I changed my mind about location and concept about three time before trying to mimic the book cover in the board room.
Finally something sweet,
Toronto Star tested (and photographer tested) still warm Almond Spritz Cookies. All recipes that appear in the Star are tested in the building before publication, so we get these babies into the studio while they are still warm!


text:
Summer Dinner Party
Episode 24 | 23m 15s
Host Julia Collin Davison goes into the test kitchen with test cook Dan Souza to learn how to make Grill-Roasted Beef Tenderloin. Then, test cook Erin McMurrer shows host Bridget Lancaster how to make Pear-Walnut Upside-Down Cake.
Aired: 06/05/19
Expires: 12/31/21Video has closed captioning.


text:
Propped upon a mountain of satin pillows amid rumpled bed linens, Helene Devernay surveyed his bronzed, muscular torso with an appreciative smile as Stephen David Elliott Westmoreland, Earl of Langford, Baron of Ellingwood, Fifth Viscount Hargrove, Viscount Ashbourne, shrugged into the frilled shirt he'd tossed over the foot of the bed last night. "Are we still attending the theatre next week?" she asked.Stephen glanced at her in surprise as he picked up his neckcloth. "Of course." Turning to the mirror above the fireplace, he met her gaze in it while he deftly wrapped the fine white silk into intricate folds around his neck. "Why did you need to ask?""Because the Season begins next week, and Monica Fitzwaring is coming to town. I heard it from my dressmaker, who is also hers.""And?" he said, looking steadily at her in the mirror, his expression betraying not even a flicker of reaction.With a sigh, Helene rolled onto her side and leaned on an elbow, her tone regretful but frank. "And gossip has it that you're finally going to make her the offer she and her father have been waiting for these three years past.""Is that what the gossips are saying?" he asked casually, but he lifted his brows slightly, in a gesture that silently, and very effectively, managed to convey his displeasure with Helene for introducing a topic that he clearly felt was none of her concern.Helene noted the unspoken reprimand and the warning it carried, but she took advantage of what had been a remarkably open -- and highly pleasurable -- affair for both of them for several years. "In the past, there have been dozens of rumors that you were on the verge of offering for one aspiring female or another," she pointed out quietly, "and, until now, I have never asked you to verify or deny any of them."Without answering, Stephen turned from the mirror and picked up his evening jacket from the flowered chaise longue. He shoved his arms into the sleeves, then he walked over to the side of the bed and finally directed all his attention to the woman in it. Standing there, looking down at her, he felt his annoyance diminish considerably. Propped up on her elbow, with her golden hair spilling over her naked back and breasts, Helene Devernay was a delectable sight. She was also intelligent, direct, and sophisticated, all of which made her a thoroughly delightful mistress both in and out of bed. He knew she was too practical to nurture any secret hopes of a marriage offer from him, which was absolutely out of the question for a woman in her circumstances, and she was too independent to have any real desire to tie herself to someone for life -- traits that further solidified their relationship. Or so he had thought. "But now you are asking me to confirm or deny that I intend to offer for Monica Fitzwaring?" he asked quietly.Helene gave him a warm, seductive smile that normally made his body respond. "I am."Brushing back the sides of his jacket, Stephen put his hands on his hips and regarded her coolly. "And if I said yes?""Then, my lord, I would say that you are making a great mistake. You have a fondness for her, but not a great love nor even a great passion. All she has to offer you is her beauty, her bloodlines, and the prospect of an heir. She hasn't your strength of will, nor your intelligence, and although she may care for you, she will never understand you. She will bore you in bed and out of it, and you will intimidate, hurt, and anger her.""Thank you, Helene. I must count myself fortunate that you take such an interest in my personal life and that you are so willing to share your expertise on how I ought to live it."The stinging setdown caused her smile to fade a little but not disappear. "There, you see?" she asked softly. "I am duly chastened and forewarned by that tone of yours, but Monica Fitzwaring would be either completely crushed or mortally offended."She watched his expressionMcNaught, Judith is the author of 'Until You', published 1995 under ISBN 9780671880606 and ISBN 0671880608.[read more]
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Authors and Artists :: Dan DiPaolo
Most of Dan's days are spent on his farm in Burlington, Wisconsin. From his studio window he can watch the corn grow, leaves fall, snowflakes flurry, and all the critters that find their home on the farm. Dan is inspired by his farm and his friends. Dan's characters often begin as a doodle and develop drawing by drawing. He believes laughter conquers all fears and brings people together. Dan hopes that his art makes you giggle just a little!
Examples of Blue Mountain Arts products by Dan DiPaolo
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text:
I am wondering, is there any research or just reasoning over whether a human perceives text easier if it is in questions and answers format or if it is structured with headings and sub-headings.
Questions and answers is close to the natural dialogue communication between two people, which is what we have been accustomed to for ages. One sided communication - text-to-reader is a very recent novelty, evolutionary speaking.
At the same time, I have this obscure gut feeling, that Q&A format, even if combined with headings, does not look "authoritative" enough. I cannot explain why, this is just the way I am feeling it.
The specific occasion for coming up with this whole question is that I am writing a job ad. And I have the feeling that if I use Q&A format, it won't look serious, won't be memorable, or something like that.


text:
The following standard assurances are most commonly required by all federal agencies. Assurance forms are generally included in the funding agency's application materials. A standard form can be provided by the Office of Sponsored Programs if your funding application does not include these.
Drug Free Workplace
All grants or contracts made by a federal agency after March 18, 1989 require that applicant organizations assure the federal government that all work on these projects will occur in a drug-free workplace. As part of the certification process, Western Kentucky University is required by law to develop a drug-free workplace policy which applies to all personnel engaged in the performance of a grant or contract funded with money from a federal source. This policy also applies to undergraduate students and graduate students paid from funds acquired directly from a federal agency.
The policy states in part 1) that the unlawful manufacture, distribution, dispensation, possession, or use of a controlled substance is prohibited in the workplace; 2) that as a condition of employment employees must abide by the terms of the statement; and 3) that any employee convicted of a drug violation occurring in the workplace is required to notify his/her immediate supervisor no later than 5 days after the conviction. The policy outlines the sanctions which may be taken if an employee violates the policy. Such sanctions may include termination of employment, satisfactory completion of a rehabilitation program, or suspension. Employees paid from funds granted from the U.S. Department of Defense are subject to requirements of a more comprehensive policy. The Department of Human Resources retains copies of the policy and informs all new employees of this policy. All project directors and principal investigators should obtain a copy of the policy and inform their employees of its contents.
Public Law 101-121 states that applicants for federal funding must provide the following information on any grant, contract or cooperative agreement exceeding $100,000: 1) certification that no federally appropriated funds have been paid or will be paid to any person influencing or attempting to influence a federal employee in connection with the appropriation of federal funds; 2) submission of standard form LLL ("Disclosure Form to Report Lobbying") if non-federal funds are used to pay any person for influencing or attempting to influence a federal employee in connection with the appropriation of federal funds.
Debarment, Suspention, and Other Responsibility Matters
Applicants for federal funding are required to certify that they and their principals, including consultants and subcontractors, are not presently debarred, suspended, or declared ineligible from covered transactions by any Federal agency; are not nor have within a three-year period been convicted or had a civil judgment rendered against them for commission of fraud or a criminal offense in connection with a (Federal, State or local) transaction or violation of Federal or State antitrust statutes; and have not within a three-year period had one or more public transactions terminated for cause or default.
Federalwide Assurances (FWAs)
The Federalwide Assurance (FWA) is the only type of assurance currently accepted and approved by OHRP. Through the FWA, an institution commits to HHS that it will comply with the requirements in the HHS Protection of Human Subjects regulations at 45 CFR part 46.
Federal Policy for the Protection of Human Subjects ('Common Rule')
The current U.S. system of protection for human research subjects is heavily influenced by the Belmont Report, written in 1979 by the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research. The Belmont Report outlines the basic ethical principles in research involving human subjects. In 1981, with this report as foundational background, HHS and the Food and Drug Administration revised, and made as compatible as possible under their respective statutory authorities, their existing human subjects regulations.
The Federal Policy for the Protection of Human Subjects or the "Common Rule" was published in 1991 and codified in separate regulations by 15 Federal departments and agencies, as listed below. The HHS regulations, 45 CFR part 46, include four subparts: subpart A, also known as the Federal Policy or the "Common Rule"; subpart B, additional protections for pregnant women, human fetuses, and neonates; subpart C, additional protections for prisoners; and subpart D, additional protections for children. Each agency includes in its chapter of the Code of Federal Regulations [CFR] section numbers and language that are identical to those of the HHS codification at 45 CFR part 46, subpart A. For all participating departments and agencies the Common Rule outlines the basic provisions for IRBs, informed consent, and Assurances of Compliance. Human subject research conducted or supported by each federal department/agency is governed by the regulations of that department/agency. The head of that department/agency retains final judgment as to whether a particular activity it conducts or supports is covered by the Common Rule. If an institution seeks guidance on implementation of the Common Rule and other applicable federal regulations, the institution should contact the department/agency conducting or supporting the research.
Belmont Report (Belmont Report)
All Principal Investigators and Co-Investigators using human subjects as research participants are required to read and adhere to the principles contained in the Belmont Report, "Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects of Research."
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text:
Last season's love of the midi dress has stayed with me this Autumn. I just love the long, lean and sophisticated silhouette that a midi paired with heels creates.
This dress is one of my favourite recent purchases, so much so that I chose to wear it for a celebratory brunch with the in laws-to-be. The soft cowl neck draping creates some beautiful curves to an otherwise well structured dress. I also love the contrast of the angular double buckle belt against the fluid colour palette.
Are you a fan of the midi trend? What have been your favourite pieces this Autumn? xxx


text:
The NCAA Playing Rules Oversight Panel during a conference call on Wednesday approved an experimental rule in women's lacrosse for the 2014 fall non-traditional season that requires the attacking team to keep the ball below or inside the 30-yard restraining line.
If the attacking team carries or passes the ball outside or above the restraining line, possession will be awarded to the closest defensive player who is below or inside the line. The closest attack player from below or inside the line will be placed 4 meters away to either side at a 45-degree angle.
Currently, attack teams are allowed to carry or pass the ball back over the restraining line.
The Women's Lacrosse Rules Committee proposed the experimental rule at its June meeting to see if it will increase the pace of play, reduce the area for stalling and create more balance between offense and defense.
Committee members hope to get feedback and data from teams around the country to see if this will eventually develop into a permanent rule.


text:
On Tuesday, Nov. 5, county residents will go to the polls to elect a new governor and other top Virginia officials, as well as a new sheriff and vote on a school bond referendum. On Wednesday, Oct. 30 at 1 p.m., Fairfax County General Registrar Cameron Quinn will be available to answer your questions about voting, going to the polls and more. Please note that questions for the online chat will not be answered until Oct.30 and any questions regarding voting that need immediate attention should go to email@example.com or call 703-222-0776 (TTY 711).
Cameron Quinn
Hi, I'm Cameron Quinn, General Registrar, and I'm here to answer your questions about Election Day and voting.
Anonymous User
Can I vote at any in-person absentee satellite polling location? Where can I find the satellite polling locations?
Cameron Quinn
Yes, those eligible to vote absentee can vote at any in-person satellite polling location. You can find polling locations and hours online at http://www.fairfaxcounty.gov/elections/absentee.htm. The deadline to vote in-person absentee is Saturday, Nov. 2 at 5 p.m. As long as you are in line by 5 p.m. on Saturday, you will be able to vote. To determine if you are eligible to vote absentee (and many voters are eligible), check online at http://www.fairfaxcounty.gov/elections/absentee.htm#AmIEligibletoVoteAbsentee or call 703-222-0776, TTY: 711.
Anonymous User
Does Virginia count absentee ballots if the race is not close?
Cameron Quinn
Yes. While some states/localities do not, Virginia has always counted absentee ballots on Election night, like all other ballots, and absentee results are a part of the total count. Some localities, such as Fairfax, create a "central absentee" precinct (CAP). Others mostly smaller Virginia localities outside of Northern Virginia, count absentee ballots within the precinct where a voter lives.
Anonymous User
What is the difference between absentee and early voting?
Cameron Quinn
Absentee voting is permitted when a voter is unable to vote on Election Day. There are over a dozen reasons that a voter may vote absentee in Virginia. These reasons include exemptions for military, police, firefighters and other emergency responders, those who will be out of Fairfax County on Election Day, voters with disabilities and their primary caregiver, and most importantly for many Northern Virginia voters, the possibility that between 6 a.m. and 7 p.m., the hours you spend commuting and working exceed 11 of those hours. For a list of all the reasons for which you can qualify in Virginia, check here: http://www.fairfaxcounty.gov/elections/absentee.htm#AmIEligibletoVoteAbsentee At this point, it is too late to request an absentee ballot by mail, but you may still vote in person absentee. For more information, please visit http://www.fairfaxcounty.gov/elections/absentee.htm or call 703-222-0776, TTY:711.
Early voting, typically, is used to refer to voting in advance of Election Day in states where no excuse or reason is required to vote absentee. Virginia does not allow early voting.
Anonymous User
Why in the Commonwealth of Virginia we can't have early voting?
Cameron Quinn
Any decision to allow "early voting" is made by the legislature. To date, the Virginia General Assembly has not authorized early voting. The Fairfax County Board of Supervisors is on record as advocating for early voting. If you have an opinion, you should speak to your elected state legislators, as only they can make this change.
What's the website where I can find information about who will be on my ballot and the text of any referendums that will be voted on? I want to know exactly what I will be seeing on the voting screen before I arrive.
Cameron Quinn
Check here: http://www.fairfaxcounty.gov/elections/sample_ballots.htm for sample ballots for this election. For more information on the only bond referendum this year, for the Fairfax County Public Schools, including the text in multiple languages, please visit this Web page: http://www.fairfaxcounty.gov/bond/
Do I have to vote at my local polling place? I work and live in Fairfax but my polling place is still listed as a previous address in Loudoun since I'm a new resident.
Cameron Quinn
If you moved within Virginia before this Election Day and after November 6, 2012, you may vote in your old precinct where your name appears on the pollbook. You will be required to complete and sign a new voter registration application at that time to correct the record for the next election. All voters, except those who meet the "moved voters rules," MUST vote in the precinct in which they live. This is required by the state constitution. If voters wish to check where they are currently registered according to the voting rolls, they have several options: 1) check the state Board of Elections website at www.vote.virginia.gov; 2) download the Fairfax County mobile app at http://www.fairfaxcounty.gov/news/mobile/ and use the "vote" icon to double check where you are registered (and get driving directions on your smartphone) or 3) call 703-222-0776, TTY: 711 and either use the automated response to check your registration, or during business hours, speak to a staff member.
Being an IT guy I really like using the touch voting machines, today I see that I am urged to NOT use the touch machines but to use the electronically scanned ballot.... HELLLOOO, isn't this the dark ages?? Was there a problem with the touch machines that didn't count my vote?
Cameron Quinn
Virginia law now requires all localities to use voting equipment that provides a "voter verified paper audit trail," such as optical scan equipment. Our old equipment was grandfathered in, but we now are planning to purchase new equipment this next year, since the Board of Supervisors has allocated funding for this purchase. As a result, we are encouraging, but not requiring, voters to use the optical scan ballots, also called electronically scanned ballots, to become more comfortable with the new technology. The new equipment purchase will include some kind of an ADA accessible device, but the exact technology will depend on which vendor we select. More information will be coming out after the election on ways that those interested can participate in the selection process.
In Fairfax there has not been a specific instance where touch screens were a problem, but there have been reports in other parts of the country of problems, which is what prompted the legislature to require a "voter verified paper audit trail."
GMU Student
I just called your office and was told that I could not vote in person absentee even though I am a full time student at GMU Fairfax, work at Fairfax Corners and now I have to go back to Alexandria, past Ft. Belvoir to vote? I thought there was a commuter exemption.
Cameron Quinn
If your work and commute is at least 11 hours of the 13 hours that the polls are open, you qualify to vote absentee, but being in school full time does not yet qualify under Virginia law. Again, please consult the following page to see if anything else qualifies you to vote absentee: http://www.fairfaxcounty.gov/elections/absentee.htm#AmIEligibletoVoteAbsentee
I know the lines won't be as long next week as a presidential election, but will that issue be fixed in time for 2016? Thanks.
Cameron Quinn
We are diligently working to improve the elections processes and procedures to avoid long lines in time for 2016. The county was fortunate to have a number of citizens serve on a bipartisan commission to make recommendations, which we are working to implement (for more information, click http://www.fairfaxcounty.gov/electioncommission/). In addition, the Board of Supervisors has taken voter concerns seriously and has provided some additional funding to the Office of Elections that is allowing us to do such things as provide electronic pollbooks in all precincts, which will improve the situation. One piece of advice: if you can avoid going to the polls until after 9 a.m. any November election, you are much less likely to find a long line.
Cameron Quinn
Thank you for joining me today. Please if you have any further questions, call our office at 703-222-0776, TTY: 711. You can even get answers to frequently asked questions on the automated line after hours. You can also visit our website at http://www.fairfaxcounty.gov/elections/ or get there through our mobile app. Don't forget to vote Tuesday, Nov. 5!
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