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Women play a very vital role in human progress and have a significant place in the society. They are not at all inferior to men. They are capable of sharing all the responsibilities of life. Man and woman have been rightly compared to the wheels of the same carriage.
Islam has accorded an equal position to women in the society. Islam realized the importance of women and granted them a very dignified position equal to man. The main responsibility of a woman is to preserve the human race. As a mother, her position is unique. She brings up the children with extreme care. The first school of a child is the lap of his mother. It is quite true that great man had great mothers.
Napoleon said: "Give me good mothers and I will give you a good nation." The progress of nation depends upon the way the mothers bring up their children. If the mothers are educated, the whole society will progress. Women have always played an important role in the progress of a nation.
In the early days of Islam, women worked side by side with men. In the battlefield, they nursed the injured, kept up the supplies and in certain cases even fought bravely. Florence Nightingale was the woman, who led a very successful campaign for the reforms of hospitals and nursing profession. Women had been great saints, scholars, poets, writers, reformers and administrators. Women should be given proper education and training. They should known what life is and how it should be lived.
Educated women can do much to reform the society. Many disturbances in the society is created by those anti-social persons, who were brought up by wrong hands. In modern age, women are going very well in all the fields of progress. They are demonstrating their talents in best. They are serving as teachers, doctors, Engineers, Administrators and even head of the states. The literacy rate among the women so in Pakistan is very low. The need is to increase this ratio. More education among the women means the more progress of the society.
We believe every woman has a story to share, and that the world will be a better place when women are heard. Read more stories about Women in Leadership like this one .


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Treating (Englishness) as an inherently problematic and distasteful identity is likely only to exacerbate English political discontent: Prof Daniel Wincott
Welcome to English Identity.
This website will serve as a "hub" to research English national identity as a PhD project supervised by the University of Gloucestershire.
It includes:
- The purposes of the research and the values and beliefs that sit behind it.
- An ethical framework for the conduct of the research
- Dicussion groups and boards
- Resources and links to other online media of interest
- A Blog
- A research diary
- Associated social media feeds
The PhD research is framed around 3 key research questions:
- To examine English national identity as a political, personal and cultural phenomenon
- To identify how English national identity is framed in a globalised and cosmopolitan context
- To explore English national identity in relation to UK constitutional change
You can read about the beliefs, values and priorities that underpin this research and the rules of conduct that govern your participation in it in more detail on the Purpose & Values and Ethical Framework pages.
Contact us at: firstname.lastname@example.com.

subset: commoncrawl


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House Forcing Senate Action On Obamacare
(The Intelligencer / Wheeling News-Register 09-21-2013) U.S. Rep. David McKinley said his legislation to keep coal ash from being regulated as a hazardous material could be attached to an "all encompassing bill" next week that would force the Senate to address issues pertaining to Obamacare and extending the nation's debt limit. The House on Friday passed legislation to keep government operations running until Dec. 15, while also defunding the new health care law set to go into effect in 2014.
But McKinley, R-W.Va., said next week, the House will send a second bill to the Senate extending imposition of Obamacare by one year, and also raising the nation's debt limit - issues important to Senate Democrat leaders.
The second bill, though, also will contain a number of amendments pertaining to authorizing construction of the Keystone Pipeline, tax reform and economic development. McKinley said his coal ash bill will be among the amendments.
The intent of two bills is to give the Senate an option on how to proceed with the new health care law, while forcing them to address issues important to House Republicans, he continued.
"This is now going to require a full vote of the Senate, and therein the American public will be more educated about all of this," McKinley said. "If we're going to raise the debt limit, something is going to be attached to it folks. Congress is not going to pass a debt limit (extension) without something. Congress has always used the debt limit to resolve some of the impasse that occurs here politically. So there will be an attachment."
A prospective one-year delay in Obamacare would give states a chance to determine how they can stop the new health care law from costing jobs, according to McKinley.
"When they passed it in 2009, the idea was it was going to decrease premiums," he said. "Now that's been demonstrated to be incorrect. It was supposed to help employers create jobs, and now they're finding it's the reverse. Companies are reducing hours for workers from 40 hours to 29 hours (per week) so they don't have to comply and face additional costs."
In addition, many Americans will seek to save money by not getting the health care insurance required of them under Obamacare, McKinley continued.
"They'll just pay the penalty," he said. "That's not the way it was supposed to work. That's the strength of the delay ... it gives us a chance to work out the bugs before we go another step."
To view original article go to:


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Now In Stores: Shop the Full Banana Republic L'Wren Scott Collection!
The wait is finally over! Celebrity designer L'Wren Scott has brought some serious glamour to Banana Republic, just in time for the holidays. Starting today, the more than 50-piece limited-edition line for women is now available at select Banana Republic stores and bananarepublic.com. Each piece has been designed with a spin of Scott's timeless style that can easily transition from day to night, perfect for a day at the office followed by a festive holiday party."[The line] beautifully combines the ultra-feminine with wearable polish and will bring a sexy confidence to our consumers," Scott said in a statement. And it certainly shows.
What you can expect to find in stores: peony and candy stripe original prints in winter reds and violet hues adorning skirts, blouses and even pajama sets, brocade-printed skinny jeans, sequined and lace party dresses, and faux-fur boleros ranging in price from $39.50 to $165. The collection also features luxe accessories including scarves and statement clutches retailing between $39.50 to $198. Mad Men's Christina Hendricks and Jessica Pare are just two celebs who are already big fans of Scott's covetable pieces. To get a head start on shopping, look through our gallery to see our favorite looks from the line.
• Stars in L'Wren Scott
• How the Stars Are Wearing Issa for Banana Republic
• Banana Republic + Milly


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- Home
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- Blue Houndstooth Lighted LED Collar
Blue Houndstooth Lighted LED Collar
Product Description
Safety and fashion come together in Dog-e-Glow's patented collection of light-up dog collars. The only collar to offer attractive design by day and safety lighting at night, Dog-e-Glow collars are made with custom-designed, high-quality nylon sewn around high-efficiency (100,000 hour) LED lights. Dog-e-Glow collars are lightweight, durable, fully weather-resistant and visible up to 1,000 feet in the dark (in steady or blinking mode). With the touch of a button, you and your dog will be more visible and safer at night. Dog-e-Glow's light-up collars will make your dog the talk of the neighborhood.
- Fashionable design by day; Safety LED lighting at night
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This website is out of date. Please update your links to http://www.climate-guardian.com/avatar.
If you are here looking at this it may be that you saw my avatar at a Wordpress blog where I made a comment. Thanks to Gravatar I get to pick my own avatar, the graphic that appears by my name. When you hover over it you will see a link pointing here promising to tell you about that little blue marble. I will do that. But first let me give you a bit of context...
One of my pet peeves is when one or another "climate skeptic" pretends that the only reason why climatologists expect rising levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) to warm the Earth's climate system is that there exists a correlation between levels of carbon dioxide and global temperature, either in the paleoclimate record or in the instrumental record.
It isn't. And I get a certain satisfaction from being able to remind them otherwise.
The Absorption of Thermal Radiation by CO2
We have known since 1859 that carbon dioxide absorbs thermal radiation. You can actually see it in the video on the left. Iain Stewart places a candle on one end of a tube and a thermal camera on the other end, then gradually puts more carbon dioxide into the tube. The tube remains transparent in visible light. You can still see right through it. But the candle as viewed by the infrared camera gradually fades away.
Now someone could of course point out that Stewart is putting a great deal more carbon dioxide into that tube than what you would normally find in that much air in the atmosphere. Quite right. However what matters isn't so much the amount of carbon dioxide per volume but the amount of carbon dioxide per area cross section of atmopheric column. If you imagine the same volume of carbon dioxide added to a tube of the same width but stretching from the ground to the edge of space he really hasn't added that much carbon dioxide, has he?
We know the absorption spectra of carbon dioxide. Experiments have been performed in laboratories that measure the spectra at different wavelengths, pressures and temperatures. We are virtually able to derive the absorption spectra of carbon dioxide from the first principles of quantum mechanics. And we understand that when you increase carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere you increase the average height where radiation that is absorbed and then emitted by carbon dioxide is emitted for the last time prior to escaping into space.
In the troposphere temperature falls roughly as a linear function of altitude. The rate at which it falls with altitude is what is known as the lapse rate. So when you raise the altitude from which radiation escapes you lower the temperature. Lowering the temperature means that you reduce the brightness of the radiation that gets emitted -- as brightness is proportional to the absolute temperature raised to the fourth power.
The Atmospheric InfraRed Sounder
My avatar is of course a satellite image. It was made possible by the Aqua satellite [archive] launched in 2002. The data comes from one of its six instruments [archive]: the Atmospheric InfraRed Sounder (AIRS) [archive]. AIRS is capable of viewing 2,378 different infrared channels -- and when it sees the brightness drop in one channel or another this indicates absorption. Given a few channels one is able to make a spectral "fingerprint" identification of the gas that is responsible.
To measure CO2 concentrations in the mid-troposphere the sounder looks at the band around 15 millionths of a meter (15 μm or wavenumber of 667 cm-1). That particular band of absorption is due to the bending mode of the CO2 molecule. This is the mode of vibration that is almost entirely responsible for the enhanced greenhouse effect, at least under Earth conditions. In its ground state CO2 consists of a linear molecule with a carbon atom at the center two oxygen atoms at the end. The molecular bonds give the oxygen atoms a negative charge and the carbon a positive one. Thus the electrical part of the electromagnetic field at the appropriate frequency is able to interact with the CO2 molecule, causing it to enter a state of excitation in which it bends about the middle.
Infrared photons will be absorbed by CO2 in that band. The greater the concentration the greater the absorption. The energy is quickly lost in collisions, mostly with nitrogen and oxygen. In a nitrogen or oxygen pair both atoms have the same net charge and neither are capable of absorbing or emitting the radiation and are invisible to it. But with absorption by greenhouse gasses the atmosphere warms just as food in a microwave oven -- given the absorption of microwave radiation by water molecules.
At a given temperature collisions will also maintain a certain percentage of molecules in an excited state at any given time, thus over a given period a certain number will undergo spontaneous decay, falling back into the ground state and emitting photons in the process. The warmer the atmosphere the higher the rate of emission -- for the same reason a hot iron will glow more brightly the hotter it gets. The main difference is that with a greenhouse gas like CO2 matter is able to emits only in a few bands.
Reduced luminosity at a given wavelength implies a cooler temperature. Since temperature falls with altitude, this implies that photons at that frequency escape only higher up. Thus given the difference in brightness we might try to crudely estimate the small variations in CO2 concentration that are responsible for the variation in the altitude and consequently temperature at which radiation in that wavelength finally escapes.
However, AIRS has thirteen wavelengths in the band around 15 μm that it regularly uses for detecting CO2 where each channel gives it a slightly different perspective on the gas -- a bit like what we get with two eyes. Now when you look at things with only one eye you can't tell how far away something is just by looking at it. But when you have both eyes open your brain is capable of combining the two views to give you a three-dimensional perception of the world. Objects which are closer stand out from the more distant background -- due to the brain's use of triangulation.
In much the same way AIRS' access to so many different channels makes available to it a much richer world than would be possible with just one channel. Using the appropriate weighting function AIRS is able to combine the information from the different channels and estimate CO2 levels at a given altitude in the mid-troposphere independently of temperature. Please see for example M.T. Chahine, et al. (2008) Satellite remote sounding of mid-tropospheric CO2, Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 35, L1707,doi:10.1029/2008GL035022.
Alternatively, if one were to assume that CO2 is "well-mixed" with a distribution estimated according to a model, one might then try to estimate temperature using lines in the CO2 spectra. This approach has actually been used before. However, AIRS is able to estimate temperature indepedently of assumptions regarding the homogeneity gas concentrations through the use of a weighting function employing eight different spectral channels. (Please see: M. Chahine (March 7-10, 2006) AIRS CO2 Retrievals Using the Method of Vanishing Partial Derivatives (VPD), AIRS Science Team Meeting, Caltch-Pasadena, CA.) Undoubtedly a good thing, because while the variation is slight, AIRS has shown that there is greater variation in CO2 concentration than one would expect simply on the basis of model calculations.
Satellite measurements differ considerably in how they are done from the more traditional airborne flask measurements. Among other things a flask is only able to sample air from a specific location, but the analysis can be done in the lab, whereas a satellite image has to peer through the upper layers of the atmosphere if it is to view a specific layer deep within, but it is capable of simultaneously observing a large part of the Earth. Nevertheless, these satellite measurements show close agreement with airborne, better than 2 ppm. (ibid., Chahine, et al. (2008))
In this case the two large regions of dark red represent high concentrations of CO2 coming off of the densely populated, industrialized US coasts at about 8 km. Plumes rising up from our larger cities, already beginning to be whipped around the globe by the jet stream. Another much smaller region of dark red is below them in the shadow. CO2 being released by plant decay in the South American winter prior to being taken up during the growth season of their Spring.
The image is based off of monthly data from July 2003. Deep blue represents about 360 ppm by volume -- but you will see that only around Antarctica, cyan is about 375 ppm, yellow 377, and deep red about 380 ppm. In July of 2003 just about the only places you would see that over large areas were around the coasts of the United States. But by 2010 virtually the whole globe would be deep red -- if you didn't slide the key forward with the general rise in CO2 concentrations. You can read more about the data this image is based off of here: NASA: Aqua/AIRS Global Carbon Dioxide. (2003.07) [archive]
The satellite image demonstrates that just as increasing the levels of CO2 in a tube within a laboratory reduces the amount thermal radiation that is able to make it from one end of the tube to the other, increasing the levels of CO2 in the atmosphere reduces the rate at which radiation escapes to space. Now if you reduce the rate at which radiation escapes to space but keep the rate at which radiation enters the system the same then energy must accumulate in the climate system. This follows from the principle of the conservation of energy, and this is what raises the average temperature of the globe. And the temperature will keep on rising until the increased infrared luminosity compensates for the increased concentrations of CO2 in the atmosphere -- so that the rate at which energy leaves the system is equal to the rate at which energy enters the system.


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Limited Edition iconic photography. Available as framed prints from $139
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Racing in Monaco Grand Prix
17 Surtees in a Ferrari 312 and 12 Stewart in a BRM P26120 Tasman in the Monaco Grand Prix in Monte Carlo, 1966.
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US lab births flexy, stingy solar cells
99 per cent less silicon
A team of US research scientists have made a startling breakthrough in solar-cell development, creating flexible wire-based cell substrates that use just one per cent of the silicon needed for brittle and comparatively heavy conventional cells.
Solar cells made from this material would not only be less expensive than current photovoltaics, but due to their low weight and bendable structure the could be used in a wide variety of applications. Solar curtains, anyone?
The new technique is described in a paper nimbly entitled "Enhanced absorption and carrier collection in Si wire arrays for photovoltaic applications" published in Nature Materials by a team of researches from the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena.
The trick in this new method is to bundle one-micrometer-thick silicon wires and embed the resulting array vertically in a flexible polymer. Thus bundled, the paper claims, the array could capture and transmit up to 96 per cent of light in peak conditions while requiring only one per cent of the silicon needed by conventional cells.
What's more, the wire arrays would have work over "over a broad range of incidence angles," thus capturing light efficiently with less need to be reoriented.
The researchers achieved their best results when coating the ends of the wires with an anti-reflective material, and predict that solar cells built using this technique would achieve efficiencies of around 17 per cent. Today's commercial-grade solar cells are in the 10 to 15 per cent range.
That 17 per cent figure, if achieved, would be impressive for such a flexible, materials-stingy technology. ®
It's been a good few days for solar technology. Just last week, IBM researched announced a new low-cost photovoltaic compound. Perhaps the folks in Armonk and the Pasadena boffins should hold a conference call.
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Google Home
Google Home
Google becomes a part of your home with the Google Home device! Ask it questions, tell it to do things, it is there to help make your life easier.
Get social with us – follow us on Twitter, subscribe to us on YouTube, or sign up for our newsletter to enter this contest.
*This is a multi-market contest. Contest ends Nov. 8, 2017
This contest has expired.


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Phone: 201-487-1176
Carpet Cleaning
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Areas We Service
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Should I rent a carpet cleaning machine?
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RECENT Posts
27 Feb, 2018
Receive a FREE gift after work is done if you solve"The mystery of the stain that wasn't there"
I was still a young sprout, 24 years old and still learning my trade: Carpet & Upholstery Cleaning. I received a call from a customer I had done work for the previous day in Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. She mentioned there were still stains on her dining room carpet which she had not noticed after I finished the carpet cleaning. I said I would take a look and be there within the next hour. It was raining when I left my home. It was dark,shadows were everywhere, they engulfed the night like
25 Feb, 2018
The Art of Cleaning
In the carpet cleaning industry there are 4 elements of cleaning of which the public is not aware.They are referred to as TACT. These 4 letters translate into: 1.Time; which allows the cleaning agent to dislodge soil. 2. Agitation; or friction to further dissolve dirt and soil. 3. Chemical; the precise amount and appropriate agent based on fiber content. 4.Temperature;The correct amount of heat; from tepid to hot, again based on fiber content. The truth is, I can
24 Feb, 2018
A Miraculous Stain Remover!
Many stains even with the professional help of people like myself, seem almost impossible to remove. I have had great success with a product called: SPRAY AND WALK AWAY. Please ask me about it.
13 Feb, 2018
Trick & Treat !
For about 15 years every fall and spring, I've cleaned carpets for a wonderful elderly woman now in her mid eighties named Sarah, in Ridgewood NJ. One mid-October day a few years ago, after the carpet cleaning was done,we were having a conversation on various subjects as it seemed we always did right before I would leave. Sarah mentioned that with Halloween coming up in a few days that she would have to bring her MAGIC DOLL HOUSE down from the attic. " What is that?" I asked. Sarah explained
13 Feb, 2018
My 9-11 Experience.
I was cleaning carpets in Ridgewood NJ on this bright and beautiful day, September 11th 2001. My name is John Layton I'm the owner of John's Carpet & Upholstery Cleaning in Hackensack,NJ. After completing our first job of the day,my partner Ron and I were driving cross-town when he got a call from his friend saying that an airplane had crashed into the World Trade Center in New York City.I remember thinking as further reports on the radio confirmed that it may have been a terror attack on our
13 Feb, 2018
A Carpet & Upholstery Cleaning tip.
When attempting to remove a blood stain on your carpet, rug, or upholstery, use ammonia and tepid water mixed with a 5 to 1 ratio. [One part ammonia and 5 parts water]. Apply with a sprayer and blot with a clean white absorbent cloth.
13 Feb, 2018
The Bluebird: His Business is My Business. Leave a comment
My carpet & upholstery cleaning job was located in Palisades Park NJ, not far from the once famous PALISADES AMUSEMENT PARK. I hadn't met my client, all I knew after speaking with him on the phone was that he was a clinical psychologist,specializing in human behavior. He seemed like a mild-mannered agreeable chap. I arrived at 9am,rang the doorbell, and I heard a man's voice from within say, "Are you here to clean the carpets? I replied in the affirmative. He continued, "Please come in, I'll be
13 Feb, 2018
A tip about carpet drying… Leave a comment
An air conditioner is a great asset to have on a hot and humid day for our own comfort, but also to help dry a carpet that has just been cleaned because it will remove moisture from the air. But, if the air is fairly dry an open window is helpful.
12 Aug, 2015
A reminder of extra values for my customer… Leave a comment
While I use an exceptional carpet and upholstery cleaning method to bring back life and beauty to your carpets ,rugs ,and furniture which is in itself an exceptional value,there are other aspects of added value that I give my customer at no additional cost which will prove to be important to your satisfaction with my service. 1.GLIDER WAND… This attachment to the cleaning and creates more airflow thru the carpet fibers thus removing more dirt and soil and dramatically reducing drying time.


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Assessment |
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Educational Psychology: Assessment · Issues · Theory & research · Techniques · Techniques X subject · Special Ed. · Pastoral
Early childhood education (ECE) is a pedagogical approach to cover the education of children from the period from birth to six years of age.
According to NAEYC (National Association for the Education of Young Children), Early Childhood Education spans the human life from birth to age 8. Infants and toddlers experience life more holistically than any other age group. Social, emotional, cognitive, language, and physical lessons are not learned separately by very young children.Adults who are most helpful to young children interact in ways that understand that the child is learning from the whole experience, not just that part of the experience to which the adult gives attention.
Although early childhood education does not have to occur in the absence of the parent or primary caregiver, this term is sometimes used to denote education by someone other than these the parent or primary caregiver. Both research in the field and early childhood educators view the parents as an integral part of the early childhood education process. Early childhood education takes many forms depending on the theoretical and educational beliefs of the educator or parent.
Other terms that are often used interchangeably with "early childhood education" are "early childhood learning," "early care," and "early education." Much of the first two years of life are spent in the creation of a child's first "sense of self" or the building of a first identity. Because this is a crucial part of children's makeup-how they first see themselves, how they think they should function, how they expect others to function in relation to them, early care must ensure that in addition to carefully selected and trained caregivers, links with family, home culture, and home language are a central part of program policy. If care becomes a substitute for, rather than a support of, family, children may develop a less-than-positive sense of who they are and where they come from because of their child care experience.
Early childhood education or learning focus on children learning through play.
Childhood Development(:
There are different developmental domains of children which all relate to each other:
- Physical development - Concerning the physical growth and the development of both gross(eg. walking) and fine motor(eg. finger movement) control of the body.
- Perception and sensory development - How a child functions using the senses and the ability to process the information gained.
- Communication and language development - Using visual and sound stimuli, especially in the acquisition of language, also in the exchange of thoughts and feelings.
- Cognitive development - Concerning how the individual thinks and react.
- Emotional Development - Concerning children's increasing awareness and control of their feelings and how does he react to these feelings in a given situation.
- Social Development - Concerning the child's identity, their relationship with others, and understanding their place within a social environment.
Recent studies on infant brain development show most of a person's neurons are formed from ages 0-8. If a young child doesn't receive sufficient nurturing, nutrition, parental/caregiver interaction, and stimulus during this crucial period, the child may be left with a developmental deficit that hampers his or her success in preschool,kindergarten' and beyond.
Worst-case scenarios such as those found in Russian and Romanian orphanges demonstrate how the lack of proper social interaction and development of attachement affect the developing child.[How to reference and link to summary or text] Children must receive attention and affection from their caregivers to develop in a healthy manner.Template:POV-statement
Theory and curriculumEdit
A wide array of educational philosophies circulate through the field. Some professionals adhere to more of a behaviorist theory as developed by John B. Watson, B. F. Skinner and Edward Thorndike. Others hold to the more unstructured maturationist theory popularized by Jacques Rousseau and Maria Montessori. Additionally, stage theories such as those of Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson are used to look at social and emotional development.
Currently early childhood teacher education programs teach a mix of theories dominated by the constructivism (learning theory) theory as put forth by Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky.
Each philosophy forms the undergirding theory behind its own selection of school curriculum used throughout the world.
Behaviorist ideas dominate direct instruction methods (like DISTAR). Constructivist ideas dominate curricula like High/Scope and The Creative Curriculum.[1] While maturational theory is the underpining for Montessori. A mix of maturationist and constructionist ideas supply the base theory for the Reggio Emilia approach.
The curriculum in a "Head Start" program is designed to meet the needs of each child. One goal is to build self-esteem that is seen as necessary to future success in school. Staff encourage self-confidence, curiosity, and self-discipline. A variety of learning experiences are designed to meet the children's needs in the various areas of development. Staff should work as a team to implement the new government issued curriculum and teach children, based on their interest and in a fun way.Template:POV-statement Parent involvement should be the heart of the program. Preschool children must be provided with early literacy, awareness and intervention in order to perform better during the later years. This will lead the to success once they enter schools, and put them on the right track by being well prepared with the right and appropriate equipment.
The philosophy of early childhood education is largely child-centered education. Therefore, there is a focus on the importance of play. Play provides children with the opportunity to actively explore, manipulate, and interact with their environment.
It encourages children to investigate, create, discover and motivate them to take risks and add to their understanding of the world. It challenges children to achieve new levels of understanding of events, people and the environment by interacting with concrete materials.
Hands-on activities create authentic experiences in which children begin to feel a sense of mastery over their world and a sense of belonging and understanding of what is going on in their environment. This philosophy follows with Piaget's ideals that children should actively participate in their world and various environments so as to ensure they are not 'passive' learners but 'little scientists' who are actively engaged.
Play is a very important and special part of childhood. It allows a child to experiment with the world around him and the emotional world inside him. To many it might seem like mere child's play but there is a lot of work going on behind the scene like skill building, problem solving, overcoming physical and mental challenges etc. Playing with products made especially for the preschool children helps a child in building self confidence, encourages independent learning and clears his concepts. For the development of their fine and large or gross motor movements, for the growth of the child's eye-hand coordination, it is extremely important for him to 'play' with the natural things around him. Sand/mud/clay and water play a very important part here.
Giving the child time and playing with him make him a confident human being. We as adults can enter his world of imagination and fantasy and let him control us. This generally helps in building his self confidence and he feels safe and secure with us. We tend to build his self esteem and morale when we give him time and attention. When a child realises that the things of his interest are important to us and that we appreciate his method of play and fun, he tends to get confident of himself. It also allows children to explore new friendships with those they interact with.
Providers Edit
Providers of early childhood education go by many names:
Early Childhood Educational Professional Edit
The teachers of early childhood education often hold the titles of early childhood professional, early childhood teacher, SmartSteps Parent Educator, early childhood educator, early childhood practitioner, early childhood provider, or early childhood caregiver. In addition, there are the following auxiliary positions:
- Aide in the public school system
- Author of children's books
- Child care teachers
- Children's art instructor
- Children's librarian
- Director of preschool or Head Start center
- Family child care providers
- Parenting Coach
- Preschool teacher
- Children's museum
- Elementary School Teacher
- Science Centres/Exploration and Discovery Museums
- Special Needs Educator
- Child care specialist
- Child life specialist
- Childhood Education Specialist
- Children's television broadcasting
- ESL facilitator
- Early interventionists
- Speech pathologists
- Play therapists
- Psychometrist
- Counselor
- Inclusion consultant
- Social worker
- Behavioural specialist
- Integration facilitator
- Guidance counselor
- Nanny
- models
- licensed home day care providers
- Sunday School Teacher
See alsoEdit
- Herr, Judy. "Working with Young Children". Tinley Park, Illinois: The Goodheart-Willcox Company, Inc,2002. ISBN 1-56637822-2
- Meisels, Samuel J. (1995). Performance Assessment in Early Childhood Education: The Work Sampling System. Urbana, Illinois: ERIC Clearinghouse on Elementary and Early Childhood Education.
External linksEdit
- Canadian daycare search and reviews
- DaycareCanada.com
- Sign Language for Babies
- Baby sign language
- http://www.ncrel.org/sdrs/areas/stw_esys/5erly_ch.htm
|Preschool →
|Kindergarten →
|Primary →
|Middle →
|Secondary →
|————— Post-secondary —————
|Vocational education
|—— Higher education ——
|Undergraduate →
|Also: Early childhood education, Alternative education (Homeschooling), Adult education
|This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia (view authors).
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The mission of the Division of Health Statistics is to assure access to timely, comprehensive, population-based health data to support community needs assessments, evidence-based policy and program decisions, and evaluations of health outcomes and services.
collects and disseminates vital records data, conducts research and produces reports which help guide health policy issues affecting the Commonwealth of Virginia. Communicating health information to the public and health officials in a user-friendly and cost effective format is one of our top goals. Our databases contain a wealth of information useful to the researcher in delineating and investigating health trends. For health program managers these data provide a means for planning and evaluating activities, and they also provide a guide for the assignment of resources. Our annual reports and supplements provide detailed information on a range of measures including: population, teenage pregnancies, births, deaths, induced terminations and fetal deaths.
To assure access to timely, comprehensive population-based health data to support community needs assessments, evidence-based policy and program decisions, and evaluations of health outcomes and services. This mission is accomplished through the collection, analysis and dissemination of population-based health data. Our mission to provide appropriate access is balanced with the need to protect the privacy of individuals. Data is collected via vital records, through the use of surveys, and by partnerships with other public and private entities such as the U.S. Census Bureau. Customers for our information include the general public, other legislative and executive branch agencies (both state and federal), local communities and researchers. The Division of Health Statistics works as a partner with the National Center for Health Statistics and with its counterparts in other states.
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This appeal from the New York Suffrage Newsletter of August 1912 spelled out precisely the tasks volunteers needed to do: help out at headquarters and sell the newsletter. My grandmother did everything that was requested. She sent out suffrage leaflets in her correspondence, stamped "Votes for Women" on her checks. She recruited supporters, sold newsletters, gave speeches, participated in local clubs and organizations, marched in parades, and much more. Suffrage campaigners also sold flags, arm bands, leaflets, buttons, place cards, seals, pencils, rubber stamps, drinking cups, posters, blotters, stationary, and baskets. The personalized trinket industry was busy back then, just as it is today!
Don't forget to pledge to support the Kickstarter campaign. Watch the video.


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You can qualify to win your very own iPad2 by doing the following:
- All entries must be received starting 8/27/2011 thru 9/2/2011 only. The drawing will be on 9/3/2011. One entry per person please.
- Send your entry for the drawing to firstname.lastname@example.com. One entry per person please.
- Your entry must include a photograph of you geocaching (favorite hide, point of interest, a geocache you made, etc.)
- Your entry must include a description of how you were geocaching in the photograph.
- Your entry must include your name and contact information
19-Aug 23-Aug COEDMagazine, College Info Geek, Talk Nerdy to Me
20-Aug 24-Aug PuntoGeek, DotPod, Gotta Be Mobile
21-Aug 25-Aug Ciberprensa, Absolutely Windows, Boston Pocket PC
22-Aug 26-Aug The Digital Lifestyle, ActiveWin, Experience Mobility
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24-Aug 28-Aug Gear Live App Store, Kelleys Break Room, Waitinthevan
25-Aug 29-Aug Video Gear Live, Sprocketlink, Platform Nation
26-Aug 30-Aug Motherhood In New York, Mommy Shorts, Vodka Mom
27-Aug 31-Aug Dusty Earth Mother, Mobility Minded , Gamertagradio
28-Aug 01-Sep Gear Live Celebrities, The Bit Bag, Bizzie Mommy
29-Aug 02-Sep Fresh Jess, TechnoRV, Blog is Watching
30-Aug 03-Sep Locker Gnome, Geo Snippits, OSNN, SDRNews
For more information, check out the Vonage website
GeoCache: I'm NOT Obsessed... Right? http://headhardhat-geocache.blogspot.com/
Twitter me at @headhardhat
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Google+ http://gplus.to/headhardhat
Please don't forget to visit our GeoSnippits Geocaching Tutorial Videos Website at http://www.geosnippits.com


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JDO requires the persistence of classes to be defined via Metadata. This Metadata can be provided in the following forms
JDO defines the priority order for metadata as being
So if a class has Metadata defined by API then that will override all other Metadata. If a class has annotations and JDO XML Metadata then the XML Metadata will take precedence over the annotations (or rather be merged on top of the annotations). You can use whichever (or multiple) of the above forms at the same time for a single class.
JDO expects the XML Meta-Data to be specified in a file or files in particular locations in the file system. For example, if you have a class com.mycompany.sample.myexample , JDO will look for any of the following files until it finds one (in the order stated) :-
META-INF/package.jdo WEB-INF/package.jdo package.jdo com/package.jdo com/mycompany/package.jdo com/mycompany/sample/package.jdo com/mycompany/sample/myexample.jdo
In addition, for this example, DataNucleus allows the previous JDO 1.0.0 alternatives of
com.jdo com/mycompany.jdo com/mycompany/sample.jdo
In addition to the above, you can split your MetaData definitions between JDO MetaData files. For example if you have the following classes
com/mycompany/A.java com/mycompany/B.java com/mycompany/C.java com/mycompany/app1/D.java com/mycompany/app1/E.java
You could define the MetaData for these 5 classes in many ways -- for example put all class definitions in com/mycompany/package.jdo , or put the definitions for D and E in com/mycompany/app1/package.jdo and the definitions for A, B, C in com/mycompany/package.jdo , or have some in their class named MetaData files e.g com/mycompany/app1/A.jdo , or a mixture of the above. DataNucleus will always search for the MetaData file containing the class definition for the class that it requires.
By default any XML Metadata will be validated for accuracy when loading it. Obviously XML is defined by a DTD or XSD schema and so should follow that. You can turn off such validations by setting the persistence property datanucleus.metadata.validate to false when creating your PMF. Note that this only turns off the XML strictness validation, and not the checks on inconsistency of specification of relations etc.
You can use ORM metadata to override particular datastore-specific things like table and column names. If your application doesn't make use of ORM metadata then you could turn off the searches for ORM Metadata files when a class is loaded up. You do this with the persistence property datanucleus.metadata.supportORM setting it to false.
JDO provides a mechanism whereby when a class is initialised (by the ClassLoader) any PersistenceManagerFactory is notified of its existence, and its Metadata can be loaded. This is enabled by the enhancement process. If you decided that you maybe only wanted some classes present in one PMF and other classes present in a different PMF then you can disable this and leave it to DataNucleus to discover the Metadata when operations are performed on that PMF. The persistence property to define to disable this is datanucleus.metadata.autoregistration (setting it to false).


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Literary classics come to DVD
Seen any good books lately? A library shelf-worth of literature arrives Sept. 7 on DVD from Twentieth Century Fox and MGM Home Entertainment. The 15 titles range from 1940's "Grapes of Wrath" through 1995's "Richard III" (starring Ian McKellen).
Bold names headlining the literature are Henry Fonda ("Grapes of Wrath"), Gregory Peck ("Moby Dick"), Orson Welles ("Jane Eyre"), Peter O'Toole ("The Lion In Winter"), Spencer Tracy ("Inherit The Wind"), Anthony Hopkins ("The Lion in Winter"), Audrey Hepburn ("The Children's Hour"), Joan Fontaine ("Jane Eyre") and Shirley MacLaine ("The Children's Hour").
The collection also includes Oscar winning performances from Katharine Hepburn ("The Lion In Winter"; Best Actress) and Jane Darwell ("The Grapes of Wrath"; Best Supporting Actress).
The retail prices range from $15-20.
For more information, check out the MGM and Twentieth Century Fox websites.


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Category: Start / Early Dance
- Sites currently sorted by: Date (oldest links listed first)
- Sort links by: Title ( + | - ) Date ( + | - ) Popularity ( + | - )
"TMT's mission is to bring the centuries-old art form of the masque alive for contemporary audiences. TMT presents multimedia performances combining elements of theatre, music, and dance from the Renaissance to today." Visit website for more information. (ed.)
Added on: Apr 13, 2007 | Hits: 3508
"This site originated with the rendance email list. Rendance was founded on April 2nd, 1993, by Andrew Draskóy. The list, as well as this web site, was created to facilitate the study of Renaissance dance. List members collaborated on contributions to an ftp archive, which also contained archives of the list. Resources created this way included a discography and a comprehensive annotated bibliography.
The ftp site was replaced with a web page on July 5th, 1995. http://www.ucs.mun.ca/~andrew/rendance.html received over 123,000 visits. On May 14th, 2001 the single page was reorganized into a site, and moved to www.rendance.org. New introductory material was added, as well as information and links for relevant aspects of Renaissance culture. Other sections were greatly expanded.
What you see now is a transitional design. Coming soon are more specialized bibliographies, as well as articles on dance types and the people who shaped the dance of the Renaissance and our contributed to our knowledge of it. " This site also has an active mailist. See website for more information. (ed.)
Added on: Feb 23, 2008 | Hits: 1739
"SDHS: Society of Dance History Scholars advances the field of dance studies through research, publication, performance, and outreach to audiences across the arts, humanities, and social sciences. As a constituent member of the American Council of Learned Societies, SDHS holds wide-ranging annual conferences; publishes new scholarship through its proceedings and book series; collaborates regularly with peer organizations in the U.S. and abroad; and presents yearly awards for exemplary scholarship, including the de la Torre Bueno Prize®. " See website for more information. (ed.)
Added on: Feb 23, 2008 | Hits: 2063
"When people discover that I take baroque dance classes, there's usually some curiosity, and also some misunderstanding about what it involves (my mother asked "Is it, y'know funny dancing?"). This page is a distillation of conversations in pubs in which I have tried to describe exactly what this uncommon hobby of mine involves.
Baroque dances are historical dances. That is, they are dances which went out of fashion long ago. Today both amateurs and professionals are performing reconstructions of old dances, mainly the social dances, from at least as far back as the 12th century, right though until the early 20th century. There are also new dances being choreographed in old styles. " Visit website for more information. (ed.)
Added on: Mar 08, 2008 | Hits: 1825
" Rose Moresk are a group dedicated to researching and recreating the Moresk to entertain and educate the public. Our first recreation is the courtly Moresk of around 1500.
Our performances are appropriate for both specialist and general audiences. They are entertaining and exciting to watch. The Moresk dances were performed as court entertainment with elements of drama and other dance forms creating a narrative. Rose Moresk strives to recreate this as accurately as possible and in a manner that is entertaining and accessible to modern audiences.
Thus the dances performed by Rose Moresk are drawn from a collection of dances, known as the Gresley Manuscript, originating from a large house in Derbyshire. They are believed to be the aide-memoir of a dancing master around 1500. Although the manuscripts do not specifically state that these are Moresk dances, they contain features that resemble those elements from other sources known to have been part of the Moresk. " Visit website for more information. (ed.)
Added on: Apr 17, 2008 | Hits: 1598
"Concerts, courses, demonstrations, conferences, articles etc. ... All on traditional dance and ancient dance (Baroque, Renaissance and New France)." Visit website for more information. (ed.)
Added on: Apr 17, 2008 | Hits: 2655
"Born in the summer of 2004, thanks to the historical dance courses organised by Alia Music and conducted by Lucio Paul Texts, Alt (r) Dança is a group of ancient dance that seeks the reconstruction of original music and choreography taken by first treated the "masters of dance" (Dominic from Piacenza, William Jew, Antonio Cornazano, Fabrizio Caroso, Cesare Negri, etc.)
Since its inception the group has participated in dinners, events and exhibitions of medieval and Renaissance music, and now works steadily with Alia Music, occupying an important role in the Review devoted to "Music in the places of ancient Via Francigena." (Google translation) Visit website for more information. (ed.)
Added on: May 17, 2008 | Hits: 5849
"It is now 15 years from the establishment of this group, born in the shadow of "Palio of Rhone." After an initial period, considered to be pure entertainment, grew the interest and passion for Renaissance dances, which were both held internal courses taught by professionals of ancient dances. In addition, to continue with greater commitment its activity was thorough study of these dances through the acquisition of the most famous and popular dances of treaties'400 and'500. Over time has strengthened the experience, the staff has increased and resulted in the desire to spread and disseminate the lessons learned through exhibitions at various locations in Northern Italy (participation in parades, historical, animation dinners medieval and Renaissance, in collaboration with some instrumental ensemble) and lessons-performance in some schools in the first and second grade. ... " (Google translation) Visit website for more information. (ed.)
Added on: May 18, 2008 | Hits: 1983
Baroque dance troupe. Visit website for more information. (ed.)
Added on: Aug 04, 2008 | Hits: 2157
"Welcome to a world of music, dance and costume! Earthly Delights is both the name of a wonderful band and the banner under which a cluster of related passions are exercised.
As a band Earthly Delights might be anything from a wandering trio to a full-on five-piece, and might be caught doing anything from garden weddings to grand concerts, playing anything from pavans to tangos and leading anything from a simple 17th century country dance to a snazzy 19th century couples dance.
As a banner, Earthly Delights covers everything from tutoring dance, putting on balls to producing CDs, publishing dance & tune books, making fine historical costumes and as the Earthly Delights Historic Dance Academy is the home of the Bordonian Heritage Dancers. Besides creation and performance, however, Earthly Delights is also about sharing - and hence our intention to develop this web-site into as much of a public resource as possible. " Visit website for more information. (ed.)
Added on: Aug 20, 2008 | Hits: 2809
"early-dance.de is dedicated to early dance. It covers dances from Medieval, Renaissance, Baroque and 19th century Periods.
The mission is to bring lovers of early dance together!"
Visit website for more details. (ed.)
Added on: Aug 20, 2008 | Hits: 3051
"Traditional (XVIIIth and XIXth centuries) dances, games, songs and music from the country of Liège (Belgium) " Visit website for more information. (ed.)
Added on: Sep 05, 2008 | Hits: 2201
"zeitenTANZ is a non-profit association to promote historical dance in Austria. It offers information on historical dance, dance evenings and get-togethers as well as workshops run by experienced teachers. All zeitenTANZ workshops and events can be attended by members and non-members likewise. " Visit website for more information. (ed.)
Added on: Sep 05, 2008 | Hits: 2421
"Ensemble for historical Baroque and Renaissance dance" Visit website for more information. (ed.)
Added on: Sep 06, 2008 | Hits: 2130
"The main objective of the Society is the promotion of understanding in the theory and practice of European dance from the 12th to the 19th century as recorded in the contemporary literature.
The policy of the committee is to achieve this by:
* Conducting and promoting original research into treatises on dancing and other references in the literature, drama and dance music of the various periods.
* The organisation of courses for the education of dancers, teachers, actors, musicians and the general public in historical dance.
* Holding meetings and conferences in which lectures, demonstrations and opportunities to participate in historical dances and their music will be given to members of the Society and others.
* Publishing articles conducive or incidental to the aims of the Society in a Society Journal and any other medium which will bring the information to the attention of scholars in related disciplines and other persons concerned with the performance and teaching of historical dances and their music.
* Developing good practice for teachers and instructors in order to promote skills, understanding and enjoyment of the dances, while incorporating current research.
* Giving and promoting historically informed dance demonstrations with music on the contemporary instruments.
* Fostering the growth of other organisations with similar aims in this country and abroad. "
Visit website for more information. (ed.)
Added on: Sep 06, 2008 | Hits: 1747
"The Early Dance Circle [EDC] was formed in 1984 as an umbrella organisation to promote the enjoyment, performance and study of Early Dance in the UK. Its membership comprises individuals and groups throughout the UK and beyond.
The Circle's recognised objects are to foster knowledge, understanding and appreciation of dance and its context in European society up to and including the twentieth century - and of its music and of other subjects in so far as they affect or are affected by Early Dance. ... "
Visit website for more information. (ed.)
Added on: Sep 06, 2008 | Hits: 1576
"Consort de Danse Baroque is a historical dance company offering performances, lecture-demonstrations, school workshops, and an annual summer school held in Cardiff, South Wales, as well as regular classes in Baroque and historical dance around the UK and abroad. ... " Visit website for more information. (ed.)
Added on: Sep 06, 2008 | Hits: 1583
"Danse Ecosse is an historical dance group based in Inverness, Scotland. The group was established in 2002 and since then has been building a repertoire of Renaissance Dances as danced in the Courts of Scotland and the rest of Europe. The group uses published research based on original source material as well as working directly from surviving dance manuscripts from the 15th to 17th Centuries. The group also conducts research on dance in Renaissance Scotland. Our costumes are based on historical documents and portraits. "
Visit website for more information. (ed.)
Added on: Sep 06, 2008 | Hits: 1884
"I used to make costumes of most periods, up to about 1830 for men, 1900 for women and children, researching in as much detail as possible, using primary sources such as original garments in museums and private collections, and original patterns.
However, as I am virtually retired, and no longer work full time as a costume maker, I only rarely take commissions, usually from previous customers. I no longer take on new customers. I do not make wedding clothes of any kind.
I still give talks and demonstrations about what I did, showing actual garments and materials and drawing on over 40 years' experience working with costume for theatre, including the R.S.C., the Royal National Theatre, Amsterdam Opera, film, T.V., museums, and for static displays, re-enactors, historical dancers and costumed interpreters."
Visit website for more information. (ed.)
Added on: Sep 06, 2008 | Hits: 1945
"Bedford Early Dance and Music organises historical dance workshops and social events in and around Bedford. " Visit website for more information. (ed.)
Added on: Sep 06, 2008 | Hits: 1842
"The Society, founded in 1979, exists to encourage the revival and enjoyment of historical dancing. Classes are held weekly on Tuesday evenings from 1930 - 21:45 in Cambridge, England. All classes include some dances suitable for beginners, who are always welcome. It is not necessary to bring a partner or to wear period dress. What you will need, if you join the class, is shoes that have a soft and flexible sole. Jazz shoes are suitable (but make sure the sole is chrome suede, not plastic or smooth leather), as are Greek sandals and Scottish dance shoes (ghillies).
Teaching is given mainly in Mediæval and Renaissance dancing, as practised at the courts of Europe in the 14th-17th centuries, but some attention is also paid to the dance styles of the 18th and 19th centuries. ... " Visit website for more information. (ed.)
Added on: Sep 06, 2008 | Hits: 1491
"Established in 1994, we are a Devon, England based historical dance group specialising in the performance of 15th, 16th, 17th and 19th century court and country dances from England and the Continent, together with contemporary crafts and social activities.
Our members come from a variety of backgrounds and have varied experience, but all share a desire to help to bring a bit of history alive.
Our repertoire of dance, parade and display has been built up over many years of research and practice. We have learnt many new skills from historical dress making to storytelling.
We are always looking out for new ideas and new members so that we can build on our success and bring our past to life for more people.
We enjoy what we do and we do it well. We hope that you'll participate in the workshops on the day or even join us to become a welcome member of Renaissance. "
Visit website for more information. (ed.)
Added on: Sep 06, 2008 | Hits: 1971
"We are a collection of enthusiasts brought together by a love of the music, costume and dance of past centuries. Our aims are to promote and preserve the knowledge of Early Dance, its place in our cultural heritage, and to enable the enjoyment of such dance by members of the group and the general public.
Using published research, based on original source material, the group has built up a performing repertoire of Mediaeval, Tudor, Eighteenth century and Regency dances. They range from the court dances of the Italian Renaissance, to the pavanes and galliards of Elizabethan England; they show the development of social dancing from the turbulent seventeenth century to the fashionable Assemblies of the Regency.
Costumes are as authentic as possible, and we usually dance to live music played on instruments appropriate to the period of the dance. ... " Visit website for more information. (ed.)
Added on: Sep 06, 2008 | Hits: 1942
"The Leoncello - School and historic dance group was founded in 1983 in Legnano (Milan) as a cultural Association, with the aim of studying and rebuild on original documents, the social dances court XV from the eighteenth century. " Visit website for more information. (ed.)
Added on: Sep 06, 2008 | Hits: 2427
"IHDP is an abbreviation for the " Institute for Historical Dance Practice ". This Institute was founded by Lieven Baert in 1992. Its main objective is to research, preserve and perform social and theatrical dances of Western Europe between 1450 and 1920. We do consider "historical" dance as a serious dance discipline and try to rediscover the old techniques and mould them into a performance for a critical public of today. Therefore we work with professionally trained dancers, musicians and performers who trained hard to understand the style of the different periods. " Visit website for more information. (ed.)
Added on: Sep 06, 2008 | Hits: 1887


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The Foundation is pleased to offer our grantees the opportunity to share information about their grant on our website. We hope it will offer the public increased visibility for your work.
Terms and Conditions. This form is intended for those who have received a Puffin Foundation grant. By filling out this form, you will be requesting Puffin to post information about your granted project on our web site. Please fill out the form carefully. It includes the option to provide an email address for the public to contact you, as well as providing an email address for the Foundation to use internally that would not be made public. Note that if you include personally identifiable information in your public content, it can be used and viewed by others. We are not responsible for the information you choose to include in public content. The Foundation reserves the right to edit any submissions for size and appropriate content. If you wish to give photo, audio or video credit for submissions, such credit should be included in your text under the description of your project.
June, 2018
Written by: Melissa
( Blog Pages /News)
Tue, 05 Jun 2018 20:21:29 -0700
Word count: 118
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PER: Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad
On-line version ISSN 1727-3781
PER vol.16 n.4 Potchefstroom Apr. 2013
Managing family justice in diverse societies*
C Rautenbach
BIuris (cum iaude) LLB (cum iaude) LLM LLD (PU for CHE). Professor of law, Faculty of Law, North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus), South Africa. Email: email@example.com
1 Introduction
The "management" of family justice in diverse cultural and religious societies remains a highly topical and vibrant theme. Formerly homogenous societies are increasingly diversifying as a result of globalisation, especially in Europe, where governments are progressively faced with the challenges migrant cultural and religious groups pose to existing legal frameworks. Contrariwise, to assume that historically diverse communities know all the answers because of their exposure to cultural and religious differences over a longer period of time is a misconception. The failure of many governments to effectively "manage" family justice in those societies is testament to the fact that existing policies and legal frameworks do not necessarily work. There is no one size that fits all and this book succeeds in exploring "what response the law has or should have to different family practices arising from cultural and religious beliefs" by discussing "management" strategies from a legal viewpoint in various jurisdictions.1
There is no apparent link between the jurisdictions discussed (Israel, South Africa, England, Spain, Poland, France, Wales, Botswana, Iran and Bangladesh) besides the fact that they are all more or less confronted with the challenges family diversity brings to the fore, especially within a legal context.
A reader looking for solutions and strategies to "manage" family diversity will, however, be disappointed. As explained by the editors2 the contributions in the book are a collection of studies intended to contribute to academic debate, which certainly also forms part of the general democratic debate, and the discussions are relevant at least for that reason. This having been said, it would have been helpful if the editors had conceptualised some of the issues associated with their debates, especially those appearing in the title of the book, namely "family justice", "managing" and "diverse societies", because of their fluidity and the contestation surrounding their meanings.
This contribution reviews the contents of the 17 chapters that make up the bulk of the book Managing Family Justice in Diverse Societies recently published by Hart Publishing in the Oñati International Series in Law and Society.
2 The contents of the book
Structurally, the book is divided into four parts. Part I deals with "Theories, Ideologies and Strategies" and contains four chapters. In Chapter 1 entitled "Law and Community Practices", John Eekelaar cautions against the clothing of family norms with the force of law, because families are groups within which power structures exist which are not and should not be regulated by state laws. In addition, he argues that laws cannot or should not cater for the nuances in personal relationships, and neither should they impose dominant ideologies upon the personal lives of individuals. He refers to three models of state regulation of family behaviour, viz. the "authorisation" model, the "delegation" model and the "purposive abstention" model. The model that he prefers is one of "purposive abstention", which means that "moral and social obligations within families are not normally given the force of law unless their failure threatens community interests, or to achieve justice when families fall apart".3
A critique against Eekelaar's Eurocentric approach is voiced by Prakash Shah in Chapter Three entitled "Shadow Boxing with Community Practices: A Response to Eekelaar". According to him Eekelaar's preference of the "purposive abstention" vis-à-vis the "cultural voluntarism" model is reflective of the status quo in many jurisdictions. Such a viewpoint gives no recognition to the fact that cultural differences are in need of legal protection and recognition, and also blatantly ignores social realities in Europe and elsewhere.
The idea that family justice should remain within the personal sphere through the application of Religious Alternative Dispute Resolution (RADRs) mechanisms is explored by Farrah Ahmed in Chapter 2, which is entitled "Religious Norms in Family Law: Implications for Group and Personal Autonomy". By RADR she means "arbitration, mediation or reconciliation in accordance with religious norms, agreed to by the parties in a contract and recognised and (if appropriate) enforced by the state".4 She challenges the idea that group autonomy necessarily restricts individual autonomy and argues that RADR has the potential to enhance individual autonomy, because it protects an individual's freedom of religion and may even provide opportunities for an individual to influence the decision of the RADR body. In addition, she contends that the fact that RADR allows group norms and leaders to be chosen and developed by the groups means that RADR has the potential to enhance personal autonomy because individuals would have greater political influence over the doings of the RADR bodies.
In a similar vein, Samia Bano discusses RADR in the context of family law in Chapter 4, which is entitled "Muslim Dispute Resolution in Britain: Towards a New Framework of Family Law Governance?". She points out there are many unofficial Muslim bodies applying Muslim family law in Britain.5 These bodies are neither unified nor do they represent a specific school of thought, and their orders are binding only inter partes. Part II of the book illustrates how "Regulating the Interaction between Religious and Secular Norms in Different Jurisdictions" takes place, and consists of six chapters. It describes how states deal with or should deal with cultural and religious diversity within their borders.
Pascale Fournier, Pascal McDougall and Merissa Lichtsztral wrote Chapter 5, which is entitled "A 'Deviant' Solution: The Israeli Agunah and the Religious Sanctions Law". They describe the situation where a Jewish husband keeps his wife chained to him by refusing to grant her a religious divorce (the get). In order to prevent this from happening, Israel enacted the 1995 Rabbinical Courts Law (Enforcement of Divorce Judgments) 5755-1995 which grants rabbinical courts the power to adjudicate Jewish divorces by issuing certain sanctions compelling the husband to issue the get to his wife. Sanctions would include the prevention of a husband from travelling abroad, the refusal to issue the husband with a driving licence or passport, or even the imprisonment of the husband until he issues a get releasing his wife.6 Their research demonstrates that, although the application of this legislation has been inconsistent and fuzzy, it has given women considerably more bargaining powers in the negotiation process to obtain a divorce.7
Waheeda Amien authored Chapter 6, which is entitled "The Gendered Benefits and Costs of Legal Pluralism for Muslim Family Law in South Africa" and argues in favour of legislative recognition for Muslim family law in South Africa. She argues convincingly that the current unrecognised status of Muslim marriages is not favourable to women because their marriages fall outside the realm of the mainstream legal systems in South Africa (the common and the customary law). She continues to discuss two Bills in various stages of evolution that have the potential to cater for the future recognition of Muslim marriages. The first one, namely the "Muslim Marriages Bill", was introduced into cabinet and published for comments in 2011 but does not, according to Amien, satisfy the needs of Muslims in their entirety. The second one is a joint effort of the Commission for Gender Equality and the State Law Advisor's Office and is referred to as the "Recognition of Religious Marriages Bill". The Bill is fairly unknown and has not yet reached the stage where public participation has been invited. Amien contends that the absence of regulation of certain aspects of Muslim family law in the Bill opens the possibility for the Muslim community to continue regulating their own family law in a discriminatory manner. She argues in favour of legislative regulation of Muslim family law but cautions against a mere codification of discriminatory Muslim rules and asks that codification must be done within a human rights framework.8
In Chapter 7, which is entitled "Assessing the Impact of Legislating for Diversity: The Forced Marriage (Civil Protection) Act 2007", Mavis MacLean examines the impact of a statute aimed at the prevention of forced marriages in the United Kingdom, especially where custom or religion allows for such practices to be performed. To her surprise and the surprise of many others, the provisions of the Act have been invoked much more often than initially suspected, and have been instrumental in the protection of many young people against human rights abuses.9 She also discusses future legalisation to criminalise forced marriages and warns that such steps must be taken with caution, because they could easily backfire and negate the good effect the Forced Marriage (Civil Protection) Act 2007 has had so far.
Chapter 8, entitled "Religious Freedom and Protection of the Rights to Life in Minors: A Case Study", is authored by Teresa Picontó-Novales. She discusses the well-known situation where someone's life, especially that of a minor, is threatened because, in the particular scenario she discusses, the religious principles of the Jehovah Witnesses prohibit a blood transfusion. The author makes it clear that the conflict between apparent self-same values and rights such as the right of individuals to exercise their rights and freedoms as they please, the right to life and health, and children's rights, on the one hand, and cultural and religious rights and parental rights on the other, is not easily resolved. In this particular case the boy died because of his and his parents' refusal to allow a blood transfusion to save his life. The parents were subsequently prosecuted for the offence of homicide by omission but the different opinions reached in the three judicial decisions that followed are a clear indication of the difficulties of the case. Although the constitutional court eventually found that the parents were not guilty, the author is of the opinion that the state authority's sensitive response to the religious beliefs of the family contributed to the eventual demise of the young boy which could have been prevented if it had intervened at a much earlier stage.10
"Cultural Norms, National Laws and Human Rights: How do we Balance Respect for Diversity and the Rights of the Vulnerable? The Case of Under Age Marriage of Roma Girls and Boys in Europe" is the title of Chapter 9 by Jacek Kurczewski and Malgorzata Fuszara. They discuss the conflict situations where state laws prescribe a certain age for marriage and sexual intercourse whilst certain Roma traditions allow for marriage and intercourse at a much younger age.
Yasmine Debarge and Benoit Bastard are the authors of Chapter 10, which has the title "Child Access Services in France: A Universal Service serving Diverse Clients". The chapter evaluates the situation in France, where historical developments have led to a total aversion against anything (culturally) different. They explain that the Child Access Services is a welfare service operating in a secular state intended to reestablish the relationship between a parent and a child. Most of the people serviced by these services come, however, from families with different cultural and religious backgrounds, which complicates the parent-child bonding process, especially if culture and religion are being ignored.
Part III of the book focuses on community behaviour or, as the editors describe it, "Non-state Responses to the Interpretation of Social Norms between Communities". It consists of five contributions commencing with Chapter 11, which is authored by four authors11 and entitled "Accommodating Religious Divorce in the Secular State: A Case Analysis". The authors conducted an empirical research into the doings of three unofficial religious tribunals (a Shariah council, a Jewish Beth Din and a Catholic tribunal) in England and Wales and come to the conclusion that such tribunals generally do not have a problem with being unrecognised by the states, because they understand and accept the demarcation between religious and secular authority - in other words the separation between church and state. The authors see their existence and operation outside the mainstream legal system as "no more than a passive tolerance of religious practice undertaken without expectation of state recognition".12 As a result of the differences between English law and religious laws, they also do not foresee the future recognition of any of these tribunals.
Jagbir Jhutti-Johal wrote Chapter 12, which is entitled "How Parties to Sikh Marriages use and are Influenced by the Norms of their Religion and Culture when engaging with Mediation". He explains how modernity has influenced the development of cultural practices within the Sikh community, especially when a marriage breaks down and issues of mediation and divorce come to the fore. Although certain religions and cultures show resilience against change, the Sikh community has realised that change is inevitable and they are applying a parallel system where they try to mend the broken marriage first through family mediation and, if that does not succeed, permitting the couple to obtain a secular divorce.
Focusing on a postcolonial country, namely Botswana, Anne Griffiths wrote Chapter 13 entitled "Managing Expectations: Negotiating Succession under Plural Legal Orders in Botswana". She empirically investigates the "shifting norms that have brought about women having greater access to resources and property"13 and illustrates how societal changes have brought about a change to the customary law of succession to include women who have previously been excluded from succession to property. Her ethnological approach to matters of law provides us with valuable information and insight into socio-legal realities and should be followed in other pluralistic post-colonial countries where customary law exist alongside the mainstream legal system.
Chapter 14, entitled "Rights, Women and Human Rights Change in Iran", was authored by Nazila Ghanea. It discusses examples of notable changes in Iranian family law as a result of female activism. However, the few developments that have taken place over the last few years are in danger of regressing again as a result of the influence on state policy of powerful and repressive elite groups.
Farah Deeba Chowdhury wrote Chapter 15, entitled "Muslim Family Law in Bangladesh: Resistance to Secularism", and illustrates how civil society in Bangladesh is resisting secular changes imposed by the state, in favour of Muslim law. She comes to the conclusion that although there are instances of gender discrimination in Bangladesh, any reforms will be accepted only if they occur within an Islamic framework. The reason is the composition of the Bangladeshi people; they are predominantly Muslim and will thus resist a secular approach to a large extent.
The books ends with Part IV with the heading "Reflections" and returns to the question of how much family conduct needs to be regulated by the law. In other words, what should be kept in the family and what should be regulated by the state? The first contribution in this part is Chapter 16, authored by Jordi Ribot, with the title "How much Family Conduct do we need to Regulate through Family Law?" In his contribution Ribot echoes Eekelaar's sentiments when he says that the involvement of the state in family law should be limited, especially in the case of cultural and religious minorities "who are willing to settle conflicts arising in family matters according to their non-state ethnic, cultural or religious norms".14 Ribot proposes a hybrid approach of the law and social practices which will not "jeopardise individual self-determination or result in gender-discrimination".15
The final chapter of the book, Chapter 17, written by Marjorie Smith and Ann Phoenix, is entitled "Variation and Change in Normative Parental Discipline: Persuasion or Legislation". They discuss the controversial issue of the corporal punishment of children by their parents and come to the conclusion that a variety of complex norms are at play for which no uniform response in law exists or should exist.
3 Concluding remarks
The contributions in this book investigate some of the responses the law has or should have to families with different "lifestyles, ways of living together, value systems, traditions and beliefs" in a variety of legal systems. It is evident from the discussions that family diversity issues are not unique but are shared by many jurisdictions. The only difference is the way the jurisdictions deal with the issue. This book contributes to a greater awareness of the challenges family diversity brings to the fore and sets out what it proposes to do, namely not "to propose a single definite strategy that should be adopted" to deal with family diversity, but to provide "material on which researchers, advocates and policy makers can draw in furthering their understanding of and seeking solutions to the problems raised by this significance social development".16 It is indeed the first and the last categories of persons that are encouraged to make use of the valuable information contained in the book, as it contributes to our understanding of the modern day impact of cultural and religious diversity and the demands such diversity makes on contemporary governments.
* Maclean M and Eekelaar J (eds) Managing Family Justice in Diverse Societies (Hart Publishing Oxford and Portland Oregon 2013). ISBN 978-1-84946-400-0. The publication forms part of the Oñati International Series in Law and Society.
1 See the preface to the book.
2 Maclean and Eekelaar "Introduction" 2.
3 Eekelaar "Law and Community Practices" 16-17.
4 Ahmed "Religious Norms in Family Law" 34.
5 Bano "Muslim Dispute Resolution in Britain" 65-69.
6 Fournier, McDougall and Lichtsztral "A 'Deviant' Solution" 92-93.
7 Fournier, McDougall and Lichtsztral "A 'Deviant' Solution" 91-100.
8 Amien "Muslim Family Law in South Africa" 122.
9 Maclean "Forced Marriage" 134.
10 Picontó-Novales "Religious Freedom and Protection of Minors" 149-150.
11 Gillian Douglas with Norman Doe, Russell Sandberg, Sophie Gilliat-Ray and Asma Khan.
12 Douglas et al "Accommodating Religious Divorce" 198.
13 Griffiths "Negotiating Succession in Botswana" 222.
14 Ribot "How much Family Conduct do we need to Regulate?" 274.
15 Ribot "How much Family Conduct do we need to Regulate?" 290.
16 See preamble to the book.


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IFPI Complains That Canada's New Copyright Bill Not Draconian Enough
from the make-it-worse! deptPerhaps not a surprise, but Michael Geist points us to the news that the IFPI is complaining that Canada's new copyright bill doesn't go far enough in protecting its obsolete business model:
"The publishing of this bill is only the beginning of a process, and some of its provisions must be amended in order to bring Canada in line with its international treaty obligations as well as evolving international norms. As it is, it simply does not go far enough to protect creators and producers in the digital environment."This is despite the fact that Canada already has numerous draconian copyright provisions, extremely limited exceptions and a blank media tax that already assumes most Canadians are criminals. But, this is the recording industry we're talking about. They won't be satisfied until absolutely everything it doesn't control is locked down.