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Do you need training for your team, fast? Secure your team's skills development over the coming months and save up to 20% with the Firebrand Passport. Whether you know your training plans already, or you want the flexibility to choose courses for your team when it's needed – you can ensure they're always trained, certified and back to work faster.
Depending on your up-front commitment, gain access to exclusive corporate rates. Find out more about the Firebrand Passport by completing the form on the right of this page.
Your team will spend less time out of the office and more time using their new skills – through accelerated courses from the likes of Microsoft, Cisco, CompTIA, Six Sigma, VMware and more.
The Firebrand Passport secures the benefits of all-inclusive Accelerated Learning for your team:
The Firebrand Passport can be applied to courses from Firebrand partners including: APMG, Axelos, BCI, BCS, Cisco, Cloudera, CompTIA, EC-Council, GIAC, ISACA, ISO, ISTQB, ITIL, Six Sigma, Linux, Microsoft, Oracle, PMI, Sarbanes-Oxley, Scrum, The Open Group and VMware.
All training days must be taken within six months of the Firebrand Passport agreement being signed (or 12 months, with a commitment of £100,000+). Firebrand reserves the right to pre-screen all attendees to ensure that prerequisites are met.
Standard terms and conditions can be found here.
Does your staff need professional IT skills and certifications quickly, from the likes of Microsoft and Cisco? Maybe you need to develop your in-house project management skills, or protect your business through improved IT security?
Whatever training your business needs, Firebrand's your fastest way to learn.
Since 2001 we've trained 75029 employees from 1,000s of organisations, saving them more than one million hours in training time. Firebrand works with large and small organisations – from start-ups and SMEs, to more than half of the FTSE 100.
With a Firebrand course, your staff are back at work sooner - qualified with an industry-standard certification. Plus, they learn practical skills, from the instructor's industry experience.
Study with an award-winning training provider: we've won the Learning and Performance Institute's "Training Company of the Year" three times. Our Net Promoter Score of 42% is at the top of any list – compared to Virgin at 27%, BA at 11% and Cisco at 38% for example.
Save up to 20% on Accelerated Learning for your team
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Whether your staff work in technology, IT security or project management – Accelerated Learning will help you bring in the latest skills quickly. Whatever you're looking to develop within your team, we can work with you to get it done fast. This can be via our public schedule, closed courses, custom deliveries - or even through apprenticeship programmes.
The process starts with an initial conversation with your Firebrand Account Manager. Just tell us what you're looking to achieve, and what skills are needed to do so. We'll work within your budget and timescales, and map this against our portfolio of 100s of accelerated courses to develop the fastest way to meet your strategic outcome.
You want your staff in the office, doing what they're paid to do. An issue with training can be that employees can spend more time away from work than necessary, which comes at a cost. Plus there are the travel and accommodation costs, and the time away from work for the exam.
Not with Firebrand's Accelerated Learning. Your employees are out of the office for the minimum amount of time, and you get your staff certified and working on new projects and systems faster.
Take a look at this True Cost of Training Calculator, based on one person attending our MCSA Windows Server course. See the difference made to the bottom line by the reduced time out of the office, and our all-inclusive delivery.
Roll this out across your team and you're saving 100s of hours and £1,000s.
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|Firebrand Training
|Traditional Training
|Courses completed at twice the speed. A Firebrand Microsoft MCSA course – including three exams – takes just nine days and is taken in one sitting. This is 13 less days out of the office than traditional training!
|The same course is actually three separate five-day courses. It can take a year to get the time to take these three courses, and sit the three exams
|Instructor on-site and accessible to discuss course and any problems 8am-8pm
|Instructor only available 9am-5pm - and they may disappear for lunch
|Courseware is brought to life with real-world examples and group discussion
|Students are only taught information contained in the standard courseware
|The certification guarantee allows students who fail to re-take the course for free. The only cost is exam and accommodation fees
|If a student fails they have to pay for the course again. They won't be able to speak to their instructor about the problem exam
|Courses run 12 hours a day, seven days a week. That includes weekends, to minimise time out of work
|Courses run Monday to Friday, 9am - 5pm. Maybe a long lunch and an early finish thrown in...
|On-site accommodation included - no need to waste time travelling to the training centre
|Accommodation needs to be booked separately, and the student needs to travel to the training centre daily
|All food - breakfast, lunch, dinner and snacks - plus soft drinks provided
|Lunch may be provided, all other meals need to be bought and claimed for
|Students can use the Firebrand labs and equipment 24-hours-a-day
|Students have access to training equipment between 9am - 5pm
|Courses taught at the residential training centre, away from distractions
|Courses taught in urban centres or at work, where students can get distracted
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We work directly with IT and training managers at the world's biggest companies. We help them develop their training strategy, to grow their business. Here's what some of them said about training with Firebrand:
Utilita is a prepay gas and electricity supplier. After steady growth for several years, the business has doubled in size over the last two years. When Phil Roberts joined as the Head of IT, he realised that the team didn't have all the skills needed to support and drive the business's rapid growth.
Phil explains: "At Utilita, we know that people are the business's most-valuable asset. We decided immediately to invest in the team's skills development, and we needed to do so quickly."
Phil liked Firebrand's Accelerated Learning model. His team would be able to learn a wide-range of IT skills, while only needing to be out of the office for short bursts of time. This meant he was able to schedule the training alongside his team's projects, and not affect the output of the team.
"I've been on lots of traditional training courses before. The training's generally dragged-out over weeks and months, and I'd lose interest. Training can just be an expensive distraction. I liked Firebrand's business model - the speed and quality, with a mix of both formality and informality," Phil says.
At the start of the project, there were several sets of skills needed within the IT team. It was made-up of three junior technicians, who had previously received no formal training or certifications.
Initially, Luke - Utilita's dedicated Firebrand Enrolment Consultant - met Phil to discuss his vision for the development of the team. He then spent a day with each employee at the Firebrand training centre, to build a training pathway for each of them. Phil explains: "Luke took the pain away from planning the training. It was important that he understood the business – plus, Utilita understood the impact of not doing the training."
This started with each team member confirming their baseline IT knowledge with an accelerated Microsoft MTA course. Firebrand combines official Microsoft courses into certification programmes, which are delivered at twice the speed of traditional training. The Utilita team each gained three Microsoft MTAs in just one week out of the office.
Once the team had learnt the fundamentals, each member went down a different training path. This ensured the team has a broad skills base, which also aligned to each of their strengths. Additional Microsoft skills and certifications gained by the team now include: Azure, Office 365, SharePoint, SQL Server and Windows Server.
The team has widened its knowledge through further training and certification including: CompTIA, Cisco, ITIL VMware and IT security.
Phil concludes: "We now have no IT issues due to lack of knowledge. In fact, we're now fixing issues before the business sees a problem. We recently had a two-minute downtime for a problem that would have caused a week's downtime before. The training has more than paid for itself already."
"We've completely rebuilt Utilita's IT infrastructure. This meant a lot of new skills needed within the team. We could have achieve this through hiring, but wanted to invest in upskilling the team we already had. Everyone's realised the benefit of Firebrand's training."
BT iNet is the networked IT Specialist of BT Business that provides engineering, project management and sales support services across the country. The company came to Firebrand with the need for a bespoke training programme that would satisfy two requirements. One: to provide a refresher for all Cisco Unified Communications engineers and consultants, and two: cross-skill the engineers with Cisco Routing & Switching skills.
Glyn Kennett, Head of Deployment Services, explains: "BT iNet is a flexible group of technical specialists, prepared to respond quickly to handle any project. As a result, we must keep up-to-date with the latest Cisco technologies and trends."
"We're also committed to improving the work-life balance of our engineers and consultants. We sometimes had situations where an engineer would need to drive from southern England to the north – because they were the only person available with the necessary skills. We needed to increase our nationwide spread of skills – to become even more efficient, and even more flexible."
"BT iNet holds a huge range of Cisco certifications, because we see the importance in proving the competence of the skills across our business. In fact, we're Cisco's only partner in the UK to hold Masters certifications in Unified Communications, Security and Data Center"
Glyn knew exactly what training BT iNet required – but it wasn't what you'd find 'off the shelf'. Glyn required flexibility, and provided a list of the elements of Cisco Routing and Switching that his team needed to learn. "The reason we wanted to run bespoke training is two-fold. Firstly, as a refresher to Voice Engineers who didn't get heavily involved in that anymore, and secondly for the guys who have come straight into the Voice side of things, and don't have an R&S background to draw upon" he said.
Glyn discussed his 'wish list' with Marcus Costerton, Firebrand's Cisco Learning Consultant, and Dave Petts, Firebrand's Chief Cisco Instructor. Firebrand then designed a course curriculum that provided all of the required knowledge, in the fastest possible time.
The biggest benefit to BT iNet was the speed at which the training would be delivered. Glyn describes: "The main saving was in the amount of days away from work. Having engineers out of the business for long periods of time is a considerable cost and inconvenience, so Firebrand's approach of keeping this to a minimum was very attractive"
A traditional delivery of this course would have been eight days' training for each of BT iNet's 15 members of staff. With Firebrand, the course was only three days. This meant that the staff were out of the office for a combined 45 days, rather than the alternative of 120.
Glyn explains: "As a result of attending this bespoke training, we now have the opportunity to use our workforce more effectively. We've reduced the amount of travelling time for engineers, because we have the skills we need distributed across the country. A happier workforce, and reduced costs, equals a win-win for us.
He concluded: "Firebrand balanced being incredibly fast with the reassurance that they're an official Cisco Learning Specialized Partner. So everything was official: the labs, courseware and instructor – which made it an even easier decision to make."
Want to download the full case study? Get the PDF here
Save up to 20% on Accelerated Learning for your team
Find out more about Firebrand Passport
5G Communications is a UK-based telecoms provider and consultancy. When they first came to Firebrand, they were relying on external server support. This was both expensive and inefficient.
They made the decision to buy two data centres, upgrade their software and go virtual. By improving their legacy equipment, 5G could remain technology leaders.
They changed the entire network –replacing every single PC in the company. To enable this change, 5G needed to move to internal support. They started by completing a skills gap analysis, to identify key areas for study. It was then time to look at various training providers.
Following consultations with Firebrand's Cisco Learning Consultant Marcus Costerton, it was Firebrand that provided what 5G needed - in the shortest time.
Andre Mellet, Technical Manager at 5G, explains: "We chose Firebrand based on time. Firebrand allowed us to study and certify faster than anywhere else. The hands-on approach meant that we learnt the practical skills in the classroom, which we were able to take straight back to the work place."
5G sent their staff on a variety of courses to fill their skills gap: Microsoft SQL Server, Exchange and Windows Server; and Cisco CCNP. The biggest benefit to 5G was that this training was effectively free.
The training investment meant they were able to halve their monthly external support fees. The money saved in the first year was redirected to training, and now all future savings can be spent developing the business further.
Andre concluded: "It's unbelievable how Firebrand help you learn so quickly. The fact that all courses led to certification meant that we had proof that the students learnt everything they could on the course."
5G is now in the process of hiring two apprentices, through the Firebrand Apprenticeships programme.
Want to download the full case study? Get the PDF here
Save up to 20% on Accelerated Learning for your team
Find out more about Firebrand Passport
"Upgrading and improving our IT skills and knowledge is part of winning and retaining customers for our business. But like many other businesses time is money so we were also looking for training that is fast, includes certification, is intensive and makes people more productive.
The Firebrand Accelerated Learning training is a deep immersive experience, that's faster and has a better success rate, and quickly gets our employees to a point where they can be productive and earning revenue for the business.
We have been very happy with the training, the course trainers have a good knowledge of the subjects and supplement the course with lots of practical problem-solving experience."
Sacha Hauser, Head of FS / SCM, T-Systems
"In the past we have used training where there was no certification included and despite our best plans the trained employees never got around to taking their tests until much later, which resulted in a high test failure rate.
We decided to change our approach and tried Firebrand; With Firebrand's 24/7 immersion, my team can concentrate 100% on the task in hand and we have seen our exam success rates rise.
Additionally because of Firebrands' Accelerated Learning teaching methods we get our support staff back in the workplace quicker than with conventional training."
Andy Skellon, EMEA Product Support Manager, Polycom Ltd
"Towards the end of my military service I started to plan the transition into my next career, and realised that in order to maximise my employment opportunities I needed a mechanism to turn the skills and experience that I developed in the Army into qualifications that civilian employers would recognise and respect.
Whilst serving with the Royal Signals I had attended a CISSP 7-day boot camp with Firebrand during which I enjoyed the training experience and also passed the associated exam. At the end of my career with the Army I returned to Firebrand, but this time paid for the 4-day Certified Information Systems Manager (CISM) course using funding provided by the Enhanced Learning Credits Scheme.
I successfully completed the course and again passed the exam, gaining an industry recognised ISACA CISM certification. By combining my security certifications with my experience gained in the military and my personal qualities, I was able to leave the Army and promptly start a great new career with a London-based 'Big Four' security consultancy."
Howard Skidmore, Information Security and Cyber, e-skills UK
"We are an expanding business and we need a well-motivated and highly-skilled workforce. Investment in this training is showing benefit – in greater efficiency and flexibility – and our Firebrand Training account manager, has been helpful in advising on, and organising, our technical training programme."
Phillip Rudd, Director, Soltec Computer Systems
"Not many training providers offered what we needed – Microsoft Dynamics AX; we were desperate to gain certification quickly. It boils down to cost more than anything – when you factor in accommodation and travel – it's all under one roof."
Alex Davis, IT Manager, Dabs.com
"Firebrand helps CONET to keep up to date on all technological aspects concerning its Microsoft solution portfolio. On this basis CONET's consultants and software engineers are able to achieve high quality results and create innovative solutions for our customers' benefit."
Mario Strüder, Head of Procurement CONET Germany
"We chose Firebrand due to the speed that we could get certified. Their accelerated learning approach meant that we could achieve this within our tight deadlines. Gaining the competency provides evidence of our skill set, capabilities, and expertise to our customers. It also sets us apart from other providers in a very competitive market place."
Shaun Dodson, Senior Technology Officer at consultants Moore Stephens
Save up to 20% on Accelerated Learning for your team
Find out more about Firebrand Passport


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CHICAGO — Robert W. Fogel, a University of Chicago economist whose study of the economics of slavery sparked a furious debate in academia and later helped garner him a Nobel prize, has died. He was 86.
The university announced that Fogel died on Tuesday, reporting that the family said he died after a brief illness.
Fogel wrote 22 books in all — the last one published in April — and, according to the school, was an active faculty member in the Department of Economics and the Booth School of Business who was working on three more books at the time of his death.
Fogel first rose to prominence among economists in the early 1960s when as a Ph.D. student at Johns Hopkins University he conducted a statistical analysis of the impact railroads had on the nation's economy in the 19th century. That led to a book, "Railroads and American Economic Growth: Essays in Economic History," in which he contended that the railroads had a far smaller impact on the economy than was widely believed at the time.
But it was his work on slavery that brought Fogel the most attention. In "Time on the Cross: The Economics of American Negro Slavery," a book published in 1974, Fogel and co-author Stanley Engerman "challenged the long-held assumption, by then taken as fact, that slavery was unprofitable, inefficient and in decline in the years leading up to the Civil War," according to an article released by the school.
Instead, Fogel and Engerman concluded that farms where slaves were used were as productive as those where they weren't.
Fogel spent decades at the University of Chicago, joining the faculty in 1964. After leaving for Harvard University in 1975, he returned to the university for good in 1981.
In 1993, the Royal Swedish Academy awarded Fogel the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences. He shared the award with Douglass North, a professor at Washington University in St. Louis.
In the citation, the academy praised Fogel "for having renewed research in economic history by applying economic theory and quantitative methods in order to explain economic and institutional change."
The academy said his books on the railroad and slavery "forced researchers to reconsider earlier generally accepted results, and few books in economic history have been scrutinized in such detail by critical colleagues." It noted that the book on slavery "aroused great attention and bitter controversies."

subset: commoncrawl


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Dennis Burns
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| December 28, 2013, 6:09 pm
News which could prove useful for parents with younger children, The Electric Company recently relaunched its website with a new redesign and new set of games, including the popular Prankster Planet.
Fans of the 2D side-scrolling game and immersive world will recognize all the hallmarks of Prankster Planet on the redesigned series site: the headquarters, Wordsuckerupinator, the dinership, and Francine's bots.
Playable on all portable devices, the redesigned site includes a "pet bot creator," where kids can customize their own pet bot for use to play in games on the website.
For more information, please visit the website.


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CRB Wholesale - Cheapest Wholesale Swords Online!
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Amazing Gracearr. J. Cameron Law - Grand Mesa Music
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This very simple arrangement really can be played by beginning students. The pentatonic nature of the melody avoids any issues with high or low second fingers, and the open string drones are easy and effective. �The tune is played in both the key of G and the key of D. �This is music they will be able play after only a short while.
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You searched for: Author Golden, Nadine E. Remove constraint Author: Golden, Nadine E. Author J.E. Conrad Remove constraint Author: J.E. Conrad Subject Oceans Remove constraint Subject: Oceans Subject Marine sediments Remove constraint Subject: Marine sediments Place California Remove constraint Place: California Place Pacific Ocean Remove constraint Place: Pacific Ocean Data type Polygon Remove constraint Data type: Polygon Year 2012 Remove constraint Year: 2012
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1. Geology: Offshore of Refugio Beach, California, 2012
2012. S.Y. Johnson, A.C. Ritchie, J.E. Conrad, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center, and Golden, Nadine E. This polygon shapefile contains geological features for the offshore area of Refugio Beach, California. The offshore Refugio Beach map area largely... Geological Survey (U.S.).


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Announcing JEB's 2019 Outstanding Paper Prize
Congratulations to all of the authors whose papers were shortlisted for the 2019 JEB Outstanding Paper Prize. This year we had a great selection of papers and the final winners were Kephra Beckett and Anne Roberts, from the University of British Columbia, Canada, for their work on spittlebug breathing in xylem sap foam.
How to turn an organism into a model organism in 10 'easy' steps
Many of the major biological discoveries of the 20th century were made using 'the big 6' model organisms. Based on their own experience with the Aedes aegypti mosquito, Benjamin Matthews and Leslie Vosshall provide a checklist showing how other new species can be added to this roster. All articles in the new Special Issue are now online and free to read.
Travelling Fellowship deadline: 6 March
The next Travelling Fellowship deadline is approaching! Apply by 6 March to take your research abroad. In 2014, Sridhar Ravi did exactly that and earlier this year published a paper about the mechanics of hummingbird flight using data gathered on the trip. Read his full story to find out more.
JEB appoints new Editor-in-Chief
We are delighted to announce that Craig Franklin (University of Queensland, Australia) has been appointed as the next EiC of JEB, starting on 1 August. With research interests in animal ecophysiology and conservation physiology, Craig is already familiar with the journal, having been a Monitoring Editor since 2011. We are looking forward to welcoming him in his new role.
The lowdown on Read & Publish
The Company of Biologists is embracing Open Access with a series of pilot Read & Publish Agreements. But, what exactly are they and what are the benefits? Read the full story to find out more.


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Home birth is not only safe, it also preserves the family unit and the sacredness of the birthing process. It is time to put the sacredness back into the birth process.
Please contact me if you are interested in a free consultation.
Peace on Earth starts with birth.
Peace and Blessings, Ma (Marianna)


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Words that end in ameplanet
Found 1 words that end in ameplanet. Browse our Scrabble Word Finder, Words With Friends cheat dictionary, and WordHub word solver to find words that end with ameplanet. Or use our Unscramble word solver to find your best possible play! Related: Words containing ameplanet
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Is James Harrison playing his final game in a Pittsburgh Steelers uniform?
CBSSports.com's Jason La Canfora reported Sunday that some inside the Steelers' organization do not believe the veteran outside linebacker will be back with the team in 2013.
Relive every game this season online and on-demand with enhanced viewing features, including the "All-22" coaches film. Get NFL Game Rewind.
Harrison, 34, has been a pass-rushing terror in coordinator Dick LeBeau's defense for years, but his dwindling durability and increasing age don't line up with the $6.57 million he's set to make next season.
Harrison will count $10 million against the salary cap in 2013, La Canfora reported, and the Steelers already have handed large extensions to linebackers LaMarr Woodley and Lawrence Timmons. Pittsburgh isn't interested in sinking a fortune into one position, so Harrison might be the odd man out.
Harrison first joined the Steelers in 2002 and became a full-time starter in 2007. The two-time All-Pro registered double-digit sacks three seasons in a row between 2008 and 2010, but he has been slowed by injuries over the past two seasons.
Follow Marc Sessler on Twitter @MarcSesslerNFL.


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Here's a quick update from the Hasbro booth. Beleaguered Rebel fly-boy Wedge Antilles will be coming out on a Return of the Jedi cardback (#26) in a future wave. He will keep the number that he would have in the current collection despite shipping later on. As was revealed at San Diego Comic-Con, the Wedge Antilles figure is being delayed to improve the sculpt.
Wedge Antilles has been released time-and time again improving little by little (from the Power of the Force 2 "buff era", as a kitbashed exclusive for New Force Comics during the Original Trilogy Collection, and at least 9,000 other attempts. This time out for the vaunted Vintage Collection, the crew at Hasbro hopes (fingers crossed) to definitively nail the sculpt. (We wish them lots of luck.)


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Atlas of Highly Reflective Clouds for the Global Tropics: 1971-1985
Oswaldo Garcia
Environmental Sciences Group
Climate Research Program
December 1985 (Revised October 1998)
U.S. Department of Commerce
Malcolm Baldrige, Secretary
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Environmental Research Laboratories
Boulder, Colorado
Vernon E. Derr, Director
- Acknowledgments
- Introduction
- Data Sources
- Analysis Procedures
- Cautionary Notes
- Effects of the 24-hour cycle of convection
- Consequences of subjective interpretation of data
- The average density of HRC
- The "edge" effect
- Consequences of subjective interpretation of data
- References
- Part I. Location and Frequency of Highly Reflective
Clouds: Means of Monthly Data
- Part II. Coefficients of Variation of the Number of Days With Highly Reflective Clouds for Each Month
- Part III. Location and Frequency of Highly Reflective Clouds: Normalized Monthly Data
- Part II. Coefficients of Variation of the Number of Days With Highly Reflective Clouds for Each Month
Funding for the HRC project has been provided since 1979 by the Equatorial Pacific Ocean Climate Studies (EPOCS) program of NOAA's Environmental Research Laboratories. Initial work on the project was conducted at the joint Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research (NOAA-University of Hawaii) in Honolulu. Since 1981, HRC data have been gathered at the Cooperative Institute for Research in the Environmental Sciences (NOAA-University of Colorado) in Boulder.
Many people have contributed to this project. Special thanks are due to Colin Ramage of the University of Hawaii and Joseph Fletcher of NOAA for their support, guidance, and encouragement. Bernard Kilonsky, Steven Thomas, Steven Lyons, S. J. S. Khalsa, and Arnold Hori were instrumental in setting up and streamlining the original data extraction procedures at the University of Hawaii. The author also thanks his colleagues in the Climate Research Program, especially George Kiladis, Richard Keen, Henry Diaz, and Robert Grossman for their helpful comments and critical evaluations of the HRC data set.
At the University of Colorado, Vincent Troisi was responsible for writing and implementing the digitizing and data storage and retrieval procedures. Mark Anderson, John Watkins, and Robert Crane spent countless hours analyzing thousands of satellite picture mosaics. Stuart Naegele was invaluable in helping organize and improve the quality of the material presented. Of great importance was the contribution of the digitizers: Michael Roberts, Elizabeth Bridges, Stacy Michaels, John Rife, and John Harbor. Their patience and perseverance are greatly appreciated. Joseph Thorn assisted in preparing material for publication. Editorial Services of the Environmental Research Laboratories in Boulder provided editing and design, and coordinated production of the Atlas.
More than 25 years have passed since the first meteorological satellite, TIROS-1, was launched. Among the many benefits of the satellite era in meteorology has been the development of a record of satellite images covering the entire tropical belt, including the oceans and other remote areas not accessible by previous methods of observation. The record is now sufficiently extensive to have value for climatological work.
The polar-orbiting satellites operated by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) record images over a strip approximately 15 longitudinal degrees wide. Because the satellites are placed in sun-synchronous orbits, specific points in the global tropics are sampled twice a day, 12 hours apart, at approximately the same local times every day. However, these local times have changed over the period of record as a result of changes in the orbital parameters of the satellites.
In 1970, NOAA began producing computer-generated mosaics of these satellite images, using Mercator projections (Conlan, 1973). The mosaics contain a wealth of information on cloud conditions around the global tropics. Unfortunately, the quality of the mosaics has varied considerably with respect to background brightness, resolution, and contrast. Even individual mosaics show significant changes in brightness levels, such as those apparent within individual orbit passes in the mosaic shown in Figure 1; therefore, they must be carefully interpreted. Any summary of cloud information from the mosaics for a specific period of time, using a simple, objective criterion such as the mean brightness level, will contain many errors.
Figure 1. Sample Mercator projection mosaics composed of visible-range imagery obtained from NOAA's TIROS-N polar-orbiting satellite on 6 March 1979. The width of one orbit pass in indicated. Swaths of missing data are evident, as are changes in background brightness within a single orbit pass. Satellite pass time for points along the Equator is approximately 1530 LT. Samples of the following cloud types are identified: (A) stratus; (B) cumulonimbus (small convective clouds); (C) cumulonimbus (HRCs); (D) thick cirrostratus; (E) thin cirrostratus. Sunglint is the sun's reflection on unclouded ocean surface.
The data presented here are the record of subjectively identified areas of large-scale organized convection over the global tropics on the daily daytime Mercator projection mosaics for a 15-year period from 1971 to 1985. These convection areas appear as highly reflective clouds in the visible-range mosaics and as white areas in the infrared (IR) range. Highly reflective cloud (HRC) is defined here as a deep, organized tropical convection system extending at least 200 km horizontally. HRCs are composed of many individual convective cells embedded within a common cirrostratus canopy. These cloud systems, commonly known as cloud clusters, have been extensively studied in recent years (e.g., Houze, 1982); they are responsible for most tropical rainfall and are important components in the general circulation of the atmosphere.
Until now, the most widely used indicator of large-scale convection over the global tropics has been the outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) data set (Gruber and Krueger, 1984). OLR data for 9 years were recently summarized in NOAA Atlas No. 6 (Janowiak et al., 1985). In the tropics, low values of OLR are found over areas covered by high clouds with low cloud-top temperatures. In most cases, such clouds are convective. However, low OLR values are also associated with nonconvective clouds such as cirrostratus plumes. In contrast to the OLR data, the HRC data presented here deliberately exclude nonconvective cold clouds.
The original idea for the creation of the HRC data set came from a study conducted at the University of Hawaii by Kilonsky and Ramage (1976). The study was based on the assumption that most tropical rainfall occurs in organized convective systems (cloud clusters), which appear as HRC in the polar-orbiting satellite picture mosaics. Kilonsky and Ramage (KR) obtained monthly rainfall data for Pacific atoll stations assumed to be representative of open ocean conditions. They correlated these data with the number of days per month having HRC. The presence of HRC was noted in grid squares of the satellite picture mosaics. KR assumed a linear relationship between the number of days with HRC at a particular location and the amount of rainfall recorded there; a linear regression equation was thus derived, linking the number of days with HRC cover (the independent variable) to the observed rainfall (the dependent variable). The correlation coefficient between the two variables was 0.75. Both the regression relationship and the correlation between the two variables were found to be significant at the 1% level.
Subsequent to the original work of Kilonsky and Ramage, Garcia (1981) used HRC data and the KR technique to produce rainfall estimates for the tropical Atlantic Ocean. The estimates proved to be reasonably close to those obtained by using more sophisticated geostationary satellite techniques and to those estimated from shipboard radar data. These results provided the impetus for extending the HRC data set to the entire tropical belt, including land areas, and for updating the HRC data continually.
Note that the validity of using HRC data from the daytime visible and IR Mercator projection mosaics as a means of estimating monthly rainfall amounts is greatly affected by the mean diurnal cycle of convection over different regions of the tropics. There is some evidence (e.g., Griffith et al., 1980) that convection over land areas has a fairly pronounced maximum during the late evening hours, whereas convection over oceans is more evenly distributed throughout the 24-hour cycle. Thus, a rainfall estimation scheme (such as the KR technique) that samples conditions only once a day during daylight hours will tend to underestimate rainfall over land areas. In addition, changes in the time of passage of polar-orbiting satellites can significantly change cumulative amounts of convection observed in a given area.
The sampling problems presented by the 24-hour cycle of convection will be greatly mitigated once worldwide geostationary satellite coverage becomes available, because frequent round-the-clock sampling of cloud conditions will then be feasible. If a substantial portion of the diurnal variation of convection could be explained by sampling cloud conditions once a day, then HRC data could prove useful in obtaining reasonably accurate estimates of rainfall over both land and ocean.
The purpose of this Atlas is to present a summary of largescale daytime convective activity, as revealed by HRC, over the global tropics for 1971-1985. Included are data for 180 months, and the monthly means and coefficients of variation derived from those data. Actual HRC observations are shown, rather than rainfall estimates derived from these observations. During the 15 years of record, large changes have occurred in the distribution of tropical convection, the most notable associated with the 1982-1983 El Niño-Southern Oscillation event (Rasmusson and Wallace, 1983).
Maps of HRC activity for each month from January 1971 to December 1985 are presented in Part III. The 15-year means for each month are presented in Part I, and the variabilities of HRC for each month in Part II. All HRC data are divided into two "hemispheres" (different from the hemispheres of the satellite picture mosaics): Even-numbered pages display data for the Atlantic and Indian Ocean basins (60° W to 120° E); odd-numbered pages display data for the entire Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea (120° E to 60° W).
The coefficient of variation (standard derivation /mean x 100) was chosen to represent year-to-year variability. Areas with relatively low mean values of HRC tend to have proportionally the largest year-to-year variability in the number of days with HRC. For instance, one location, away from the major centers of convection, might have a mean of 2 days with HRC and a standard deviation of 2, whereas another location might have a mean of 8 days with HRC and a standard deviation of 2. Therefore, a map of the standard deviations would show very diffuse patterns, but a map of the coefficients of variation shows more sharply delineated patterns as well as the strong inverse relationship between mean HRC values and their year-to-year variability.
Data Sources
The Mercator projection mosaics used as the basic source in deriving the HRC data set are available in microfilm from the National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service. In the creation of the mosaics, digital data from the various orbits of the satellites during a 24-hour period are Earth-located and repositioned according to the map projection used. In addition, latitude-longitude lines and coastal outlines are added by the computer. Overlaps between successive orbits are eliminated by retaining only the later data.
Starting in 1974, three mosaics per day were usually produced: two mosaics (visible and IR images) from the daytime passes and one (IR images only) from the nighttime passes of the satellite. Prior to 1974, only one or two mosaics per day were produced: either one daytime visible image or one daytime visible and/or one nighttime IR image. Figures 1 and 2 show sample visible-range mosaics and IR mosaics for the same period. Through the years, different satellites have crossed the Equator at different local times (LT), ranging from 0900 and 2100 to 0330 and 1530. Table 1 lists the satellites that have been used to obtain the mosaic collection, and their local pass times.
Figure 2. Sample Mercator projection mosaics of the IR-range satellite imagery (details as given in Fig. 1). All areas with highly reflective cloud cover, subjectively identified, are outlined.
There was a gap in the NOAA polar-orbiting satellite record between March 1978 and January 1979. That gap was filled by using satellite image mosaics from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) archived at the World Data Center-A for Glaciology (Snow and Ice) in Boulder, Colorado. Those mosaics are Mercator projections at a scale of 1:15,000,000, covering 90° of latitude from 45° N to 45° S and averaging 52° of longitude. Twenty-one DMSP mosaics (seven each of visible, day IR, and night IR) are available for each 24-hour period. The larger scale for DMSP mosaics, compared with that for NOAA satellite mosaics (approximately 1:55,000,000), gives better resolution of cloud features.
Table 1. Satellites that produced the Mercator projection mosaics used as the basic source in deriving the HRC data set
Equator Period Number Satellite crossing of record of months (local time) -------------------------------------------------------------------------- ITOS-1, ESSA-9, NOAA-1 0900, 2100 1/71 - 5/74 41 NOAA-SR series 0900, 2100 6/74 - 2/78 45 (NOAA-2, -3, -4, -5) DMSP series Variable 3/78 - 1/79 11 TIROS-N 0330, 1530 2/79 - 1/80 12 NOAA-6 0730, 1930 2/80 - 8/81 19 NOAA-7 0230, 1430 9/81 - 1/85 41 NOAA-9 0230, 1430 2/85 - 12/85 11 -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 180 Total
Analysis Procedures
The HRC data were analyzed to identify subjectively the location and extent of areas of organized convection by using daytime images from the polar-orbiting satellites. Whenever available, both visible and IR mosaics were used. Figure 3 depicts some of the common cloud types that can be observed in the mosaics and that are identified in Figures 1 and 2.
- Type A: Low-level stratus clouds that can appear bright in the
visible-range mosaics, but are easily identified as nonconvective because
they are gray in the IR mosaics (indicating a warm cloud top). They are
large, persistent, and usually located near the west coast of a continent
adjacent to a region of oceanic upwelling.
- Types D and E: Middle- to upper-level clouds generally associated with
middle-latitude baroclinic zones and jetstreams that can frequently extend
into the tropics, especially in the winter-season hemisphere. Type D clouds
are thick cirrostratus; they appear bright in both the visible and IR
mosaics, but they can be distinguished from HRC by their size, shape,
texture, and location. Type E clouds are thin cirrostratus; they usually
appear bright in the IR but gray in the visible.
- Types B and C: Cumulonimbus, true convective clouds that tend to produce copious rainfall when located in moist tropical environments. Both cloud types tend to have rather well-defined boundaries and appear bright in the visible and in the IR mosaics. Convective areas smaller than 200 km (type B) are considered too small to be coded as HRC for inclusion in the Atlas. True HRCs (type C) are highly reflective organized convective systems Of cumulonimbus clouds having a common cirrostratus shield extending more than 200 km horizontally; these HRCs are the subject of the Atlas.
Figure 3. Cloud types illustrated in Figures 1 and 2, shown as vertical cross sections.
During the analysis procedure, a trained observer projects a microfilm image of a visible or an IR mosaic on a sheet of paper and outlines HRC areas (Fig. 2). The analyst takes into account factors such as the cloud size, appearance, and texture, variable background brightness, and local climatology, and applies overall knowledge of satellite meteorology. In general, an observer's experience constitutes a set of skills that is still virtually impossible to reproduce with computer algorithms, although developments in the field of expert systems may eventually change this.
After the HRC areas are analyzed for one day, the resulting data are digitized. The output of the digitizing procedure is a 51 x 360 array of grid squares of 1° latitude by 1° longitude, centered at the whole-degree intersections and extending from 25.5° N to 25.5° S around the globe. Grid squares covered by HRC are coded as 1 and all others as 0. No provision is made for different degrees of intensity of convective areas; each grid square is either covered by HRC (=1) or not covered (=0). After the daily data are digitized, the information is compressed into a packed binary format and stored in a cumulative computer file containing all the HRC data since January 1971.
There are frequent data gaps in the mosaic records (e.g., see Fig. 1). These gaps must be taken into account in any description of the frequency of occurrence of HRCs; consequently, areas without data were digitally recorded in a companion computer file.
Cautionary Notes
Effects of the 24-hour cycle of convection
The data presented in this Atlas reveal a tendency toward fewer days with HRC over land areas. This is especially noticeable in the difference between HRC over the large islands of Australasia and over the surrounding ocean areas. Presumably, these differences are mostly due to the 24-hour cycle of convection over land, where peak convective activity probably occurs during evening hours.
Consequences of subjective interpretation of data
Since the beginning of the project, different interpreters have subjectively analyzed HRC areas on the picture mosaics. In an effort to produce uniformity of analysis criteria, substantial portions of the data set were reanalyzed for this Atlas. Unfortunately, it is impossible to eliminate all subtle biases of a subjective analysis procedure. These biases, when accumulated over a month, can become significant. Systematic biases introduced by different analysts might also contribute to an increase in the monthly fields of coefficients of variation shown in Part II.
The average density of HRC
The maps of HRC presented in Part III show that the average amount of HRC present over the entire tropical belt varies considerably on a month-to-month basis. In fact, the general range of HRC coverage is 3% to 6%. Several factors may be responsible for this apparent variability, including the various satellite passage times over the years, regional differences in the 24-hour cycle of convection, systematic biases in the analysis of data, and possibly actual variability in the total amount of convection over the tropics. In view of this, changes in the patterns of HRC values from month to month should be considered more meaningful than changes in the average density.
The "edge" effect
The Mercator projection satellite picture mosaics from which the HRC data were derived are composed of two sections, each containing a hemisphere bounded by the dateline and the Greenwich meridian. HRC areas that straddle these two meridians are often broken into two sections in the analysis and digitizing procedures. As a result, there is a tendency to undercount HRC values in the grid squares immediately adjacent to these two meridians. This effect is especially noticeable in Parts I and II, and is purely an artifact of the processing of the data.
Conlan, E. F., 1973. Operational products from ITOS scanning radiometer data. NOAA Tech. Memo. NESS-52, NOAA National Environmental Satellite Service, Washington, D.C., 57 pp.
Garcia, 0., 1981. A comparison of two satellite rainfall estimates for GATE. J. Appl. Meteorol. 20:430-438.
Griffith, C. G., W. L. Woodley, J. S. Griffin, and S. C. Stromatt, 1980. Satellite-Derived Precipitation Atlas for GATE. NOAA Environmental Research Laboratories, Boulder, Colo., 280 pp.
Gruber, A., and A. F. Krueger, 1984. The status of the NOAA outgoing longwave radiation data set. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 65:958-962.
Houze, R. A., Jr., 1982. Cloud clusters and large-scale vertical motion in the tropics. J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan 60:396-410.
Janowiak, J. E., A. F. Krueger, P. A. Arkin, and A. Gruber, 1985. Atlas of Outgoing Longwave Radiation Derived from NOAA Satellite Data. NOAA Atlas No. 6, NOAA National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service, Silver Spring, Md., 44 pp.
Kilonsky, B. J., and C. S. Ramage, 1976. A technique for estimating tropical open-ocean rainfall from satellite observations. J. Appl. Meteorol. 15:912-975.
Rasmusson, E. M., and J. M. Wallace, 1983. Meteorological aspects of the El Niño/Southern Oscillation. Science 222:1195-1202.
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RODANTHE, N.C. — Last August, when Hurricane Irene sliced across the Outer Banks, it cut Highway 12, Hatteras Island's lifeline, in two places. Engineers rushed to repair the damage, filling and repaving a washed-out stretch of roadway here and building a bridge over a newly formed inlet a few miles to the north.
The road reopened on Oct. 11, to the cheers of anglers, would-be vacationers and the innkeepers, restaurateurs and merchants whose livelihoods had taken a huge blow.
But the winds and waves that shape the coast were already gnawing at the new bridge. By January, engineers were reinforcing its southern approach with sandbags and rock trucked in from the mainland, in hopes of keeping the road open until a more permanent fix could be designed and built.
The Outer Banks are home to some of the nation's most celebrated beach communities. The road that links them, also called N.C. 12, offers an extreme example of the difficulty of maintaining houses, condos, roads and other infrastructure in the face of a climate-driven rise in sea level.
By some estimates, at least 70 percent of the ocean coastline of the lower 48 states is threatened by erosion. But the outlook here is unusually gloomy. In 2009, a federal report on erosion in the Middle Atlantic states predicted that if the sea level rises two feet this century — an estimate that many experts call optimistic — "it is likely that some barrier islands in this region will cross a threshold" and begin to break up. The report, produced by the Environmental Protection Agency, the United States Geological Survey and other agencies, said the Outer Banks were particularly threatened.
Already, Highway 12 floods repeatedly and is often cut by storms. Maintaining it "is totally a lost cause," said Stanley R. Riggs, a coastal scientist at East Carolina University who is an author of a new book, "The Battle for North Carolina's Coast," which describes in depressing detail the difficulties of keeping the road open. "It will bankrupt the state," he said.
But people who live and work on the Outer Banks say abandoning the road would make life impossible.
"You would see people with nothing left," said Eddie Williams, who was born and raised on Hatteras Island. He manages the Paint Box, a gift shop in the village of Hatteras. "It would be devastating," he said.
Beth Smyre, an engineer for the State Department of Transportation who is leading the planning effort, acknowledged the pessimism coastal geologists bring to the issue. "We try to take into account all these different opinions," she said. But she added: "There are people living out there, there are tourists visiting out there. We have to provide a reliable and safe transportation system out there."
According to a 2011 state report, coastal tourism brought $2.6 billion to the state's economy in 2009, supporting 50,000 jobs.
"We have an obligation to keep this access in place," Jerry Jennings, a district engineer with the transportation department who had overall charge of the road repairs, said in October, as he watched crews put the finishing touches on the $11 million-plus repair projects he described as temporary fixes.
He added, "Our employees, fortunately or unfortunately, have a lot of experience dealing with Highway 12."
Irene's attack on Highway 12 came as North Carolina was already confronting a number of issues relating to the fate of the Outer Banks.
Last summer, the state confronted what engineers called "advanced deterioration" of the Herbert C. Bonner Bridge, which carries the highway from Nags Head to the Pea Island National Wildlife Refuge, on the north end of Hatteras Island.
Some geologists suggested replacing the bridge with a system of ferries from the mainland. Others suggested maintaining a road link with a causeway or "long bridge," looping into Pamlico Sound, an idea that the federal Fish and Wildlife Service endorsed as the best long-term option.
The state opted for a replacement bridge that will run right alongside the existing span; planning is under way.
Robert S. Young, a coastal geologist who is head of the Program for the Study of Developed Shorelines at Western Carolina University, calls the project "our own little bridge to nowhere."
"They can engineer that bridge so well that it can withstand a Category 3 or 4 hurricane," Dr. Young said in a telephone interview. "The barrier island it is connected to cannot."
North Carolina has long been a leader in coastal protection through its ban on coastal armor — like seawalls and revetments — which, while it may protect a particular house or condo, almost inevitably degrades or even destroys sandy beaches. But last summer the State Legislature voted to loosen that prohibition, allowing owners of threatened buildings to protect them with "terminal groins," structures built out into the surf to trap sand.
Dr. Young said he feared that the move was the beginning of the end for the armor ban. Meanwhile, he is among the coastal scientists who have been recruited to help assess beach damage caused by the groins, a prospect he said was "just so depressing."
Efforts continue to maintain beaches by dredging up sand and pumping it onshore, a chronic activity on the Banks and elsewhere on the coast. When Irene struck, a project was under way in Nags Head, where houses routinely end up in the surf when a storm passes. As expected, Irene washed some of the new sand away.
Barrier islands like the Outer Banks are inherently unstable. Waves typically strike these islands at a slight angle, creating currents that pick up sand and carry it along the coast. The wave energy along the Outer Banks is unusually strong; by some estimates 700,000 cubic yards of sand, enough to fill 70,000 average-size dump trucks, moves along that stretch of coast every year.
At the new bridge, evidence of this process appeared even on opening day, in the form of long-necked black water birds called cormorants perching on a spit of sand that had formed near the north side of the bridge. That spit had not been there a few days before, said Pablo Hernandez, the transportation department engineer who managed the bridge work.
"It's very difficult," he said. "This whole thing has been constantly moving and shifting."
As he spoke, waves were already starting to cut sharply into the sand at the bridge's southern flank, an area the engineers later reinforced. In nature, barrier islands respond to rising seas by gradually moving inland. They erode on the ocean side but expand on the bay side, as storms wash sand across them or as inlets form and the current carries sand toward the bay.
Since the middle of the 20th century, though, people here have done a lot to thwart this process.
During the Depression, the Civilian Conservation Corps built an artificial dune that survives today along much of the length of the Banks, blocking the overwash of sand. When the islands do wash over, leaving Highway 12 covered in sand, people bulldoze the sand back to the beach. When inlets form, they fill them.
The results have been predictable: Eroding on the ocean side and unable to move inland, Hatteras Island has narrowed. "Every year and every storm, the vulnerability just increases," Dr. Young said.
Andrew S. Coburn, associate director of the shoreline program at Western Carolina University, noted in an interview that Irene was barely hurricane strength when it struck the Banks. "It was a pretty weak storm, but that's not discussed," he said. "You don't hear that. Nobody talks about the fact."
A weak storm — or even an unusually high tide — can cause big trouble for Hatteras Island, where Highway 12 is a two-lane road usually only a few feet above sea level. The reconstruction job in Rodanthe (pronounced roe-DAN-thee) is the second here in two years; a stretch was similarly repaired in 2009 when surging waves stranded oceanfront houses in the surf, including the house featured in the movie "Nights in Rodanthe." The house was moved.
The state has moved the highway itself four times since the 1950s, said Dr. Riggs of East Carolina University. His book offers a "minimal estimate" of $93 million for the cost of maintaining it since 1983, a figure that does not include the new work.
Replacing the Bonner Bridge will leave the state "locked into trying to protect that highway for 60 to 70 miles," he said. "They cannot do that. It will not last."
The inlet spanned by the new bridge is not the first at that site. And in 2003, Hurricane Isabel cut still another inlet across the southern end of Hatteras Island; the Army Corps of Engineers filled that one.
In the coming decades, Dr. Riggs predicted, major storms will turn many parts of the Banks into underwater shoals or flats that are above water only at low tide. If Highway 12 were abandoned and the islands allowed to find their natural equilibrium, he writes, the resulting villages would be "situated like a string of pearls on a vast network of inlet and shoal environments."
They could be reached by ferries, as are two other islands on the Banks, Ocracoke and Bald Head.
Dr. Young noted that until Bonner Bridge opened in the 1960s, all travel to Hatteras Island was by boat. "Martha's Vineyard, Nantucket, Block Island, Puget Sound — people love to ride the ferry," he said.
Not everyone agrees. NC-20, an organization of public officials and businesspeople from 20 waterfront counties, acknowledges that sea level has risen about 7 inches in the last 100 years, but rejects the idea that the situation is worsening. And it says that altering road or other infrastructure plans would be "unscientific" and "portends financial disaster."
In 2010, however, a panel of experts convened by the North Carolina Coastal Resources Commission concluded that a sea level rise of about three feet is likely and should be "adopted as the amount of anticipated rise by 2100, for policy development and planning purposes."
But people do not like to hear that message, especially after a storm, said Mr. Coburn, also a ferry advocate. "Are we at the point where we cannot sustain it? With Highway 12, I don't think we are there yet. But there will come a day."


text: Dave's ESL Cafe's Student Discussion Forums :: View topic - My family Dave's ESL Cafe's Student Discussion Forums"The Internet's Meeting Place for ESL/EFL Students and Teachers from Around the World!" FAQ Search Memberlist Usergroups Register Profile Log in to check your private messages Log in My family Dave's ESL Cafe's Student Discussion Forums Forum Index -> Family View previous topic :: View next topic Author Message KellyJoined: 31 Aug 2003Posts: 2 Posted: Sun Aug 31, 2003 2:25 pm Post subject: My family My family have six people, have father,mather,sister and two brothers. My father is government functionary, I think he is very busy. He need enough sleep, becauce he get up is5:30 everyday! My mother is slender,she dosn't eat junkfood. She is very tough to me, she hope we workhard. My sister very heavy. She like reading novel, I have hard she will for me help. She favorite cartoon and money, she collecting pretty card, she save very money, about five thousand. My elder brother is not active in the school, but, he active in the home. He like sports and play game. My younger brother is elementary, he is very short, he like potato chips and ice. My tow brother is a genius. I very very love this home, I very very love my family too Back to top iceenjoyJoined: 16 Dec 2003Posts: 1 Posted: Tue Dec 16, 2003 10:05 pm Post subject: I LOVE MY FAMILY I remember when I was a child ,my father very love me ,until now.And my mother is also. Besides, I have two sisters, the one is cute and the other is kindness. Therefore, I usually play video games with them. My family is proud of me, because I am perfect person.You know? Yes, you know .I am a really wonderful daughter . Back to top baron chenJoined: 16 Dec 2003Posts: 2 Posted: Tue Dec 30, 2003 8:12 am Post subject: well... my family have five people,my dad,mam,older sister,and olderbrother. my father is a busy worker.my mother is a housewife. my sister is very beautiful and has a very handsome boyfriend.her boyfriend is very kind to her. and my borther is very tall and thin. his girlfriend is a hairstyler. i love my family very much!!! Back to top yishan hongJoined: 04 Nov 2003Posts: 3 Posted: Tue Dec 30, 2003 7:12 pm Post subject: my family... My family has seven people. there are grandmorther,father, mother, I, younger sister and two younger brother. I am a Unirversity School student. My sister is high student. One of my brother is three grade of Elementary School, the other is one grade of Elementary School. My brothers are so cute. I love my family very much. Back to top Ruben ZepedaJoined: 13 May 2004Posts: 1 Posted: Thu May 13, 2004 7:26 am Post subject: HELL0 KELLY!!! My name is Ruben I read what you writte about. I liked what you wrote because I think family is the most inmportant thing in the world. I think we have to love our parents because they are the most presious treasure. Back to top JunkoJoined: 17 May 2004Posts: 1 Posted: Mon May 17, 2004 5:43 pm Post subject: Hello. My family has five people, father, mother, old brother and sisiter. When I was child, they took take care of me. My family is friendly. I love my family. Back to top pingpongJoined: 17 May 2004Posts: 14 Posted: Mon May 17, 2004 6:18 pm Post subject: Hi, there are so many people in your families. I'm the only child, no brothers, no sisters. Oh, I'm sad. You make me cry. oaoaoa Back to top FrankCruiseJoined: 13 May 2004Posts: 3Location: BeiJing Posted: Tue May 18, 2004 12:50 am Post subject: My family There's four people in m family including my mother whick is a person that I wanna communicate with, my elder brother who makes a big success in his career ,and my father ,in some extent ,which ,I feel, has huge generation gap between us.Basically I am believing that owning a perfect family is not an easy thing,but owning nothing could be even worst thing in the world when it comes to a concept of family. Back to top Display posts from previous: All Posts1 Day7 Days2 Weeks1 Month3 Months6 Months1 Year Oldest FirstNewest First Dave's ESL Cafe's Student Discussion Forums Forum Index -> Family All times are GMT - 8 Hours Page 1 of 1 Jump to: Select a forum Student Forums----------------ComputersCurrent NewsCultureEnglish SchoolsFamilyFilm and CinemaFoodHealth and FitnessHelp CenterHobbiesHolidaysLearning EnglishLiteratureMaking FriendsMusicOpinionsPetsScienceSportsThe Strange and MysteriousTOEFL and Other English ExamsTravel You cannot post new topics in this forumYou cannot reply to topics in this forumYou cannot edit your posts in this forumYou cannot delete your posts in this forumYou cannot vote in polls in this forum Dave's ESL Cafe is maintained by the one and only Dave Sperling. Banner Advertising | Bookstore / Alta Books | FAQs | Articles | Interview with Dave Copyright © 2018 Dave's ESL Cafe | All Rights Reserved | Contact Dave's ESL Cafe | Site Map Teachers College, Columbia University: Train to Teach English Here or Abroad Powered by phpBB © 2001, 2002 phpBB Group


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within Malaysia only
Adamson Hotel Kuala Lumpur is a 3-star hotel located at Chow Kit, a walking distance from the Chow Kit monorail station.
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Named after the famous 16th century Portuguese fortifications of Melaka, A'Famosa Resort is surrounded by rolling hills and lush countryside and is rated one of the region's foremost leisure and holiday destinations.
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Aldy Hotel Melaka is a 3-star boutique hotel tucked away in the heart of historic Melaka. We are situated in the "Red Centre" where famous landmarks like the Stadhuys, Clock Tower and Christ Church - all painted in distinctive ochre red and built during the Dutch occupation in the 17th century - are just a stone's throw away from us.
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This beautiful resort, is only 90 minutes away from Kuala Lumpur City Centre and 60 minutes away from the Kuala Lumpur International Airport at Sepang. The quaint town of Port Dickson is a mere 10 minutes away. The hustle and bustle of Seremban town can be experienced in a half an hour journey.
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Nestled between an ancient rainforest and a pristine private beach, this stylish oasis is home to rare fauna, flora, and a coral reef.
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A four-star deluxe boutique hotel that combines history and culture with 21st century lifestyle, located in the heart of Kuala Lumpur.
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Strategically located within the Golden Triangle along the famous Bintang Walk, the Ansa Kuala Lumpur (formerly known as Piccolo Hotel Kuala Lumpur) is indeed the urban choice at the heart of the city. Hop out the main lobby area and you will find yourself in an ultimate haven for shopping, dining and entertainment. Equally near are the business districts within the Golden Triangle which is easily accessible via monorail. The hotel represents a benchmark for new generation hotels that offers subtle sophisticated styles that are chic and contemporary, redefining hospitality.
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"Anum" in Arabic means "Gift of God". Our goal is to provide exclusive accommodation which reflects the highest standards of service. All interior design materials, furniture and experts have been specially flow in from Pakistan.
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These luxurious and prestigious serviced accommodations cater to the discerning executives and expatriates. Ascott Kuala Lumpur boasts of spacious and elegant apartments, personalised services and extensive business and recreational facilities. Ideal for overseas assignments, leisure vacation and relocation, the residence offers an exclusive city retreat while being just across the street from the famous Petronas Twin Towers, KLCC Putra Line (Light Rail Transit), KLCC Park and a wide variety of dining and entertainment options.
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First Horse Warriors Preview
Preview: Season 46 Episode 9 | 28s
Horse riding played a key role in human expansion and civilization. But when and how did people first master these animals? Scientists use archeology and genetics to uncover clues about the first horse riders and how they shaped the world.
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Easy to Install
- Familiarity: I've put it through the wringer
These guys are a breeze with Thule's rack system. They hold snug and contour your roofline really well which is confidence inspiring. If you ever have any questions about what set you need check https://www.thule.com/en-us/us/fit-my-car and you'll be able to get your set up dialed in.
Have Roof Rack Will Haul
- Familiarity: I've used it once or twice and have initial impressions
Yay! Now I have a roof rack on my little crv. Looking forward to hauling my paddle-board to the lake when the weather is warm!
easy to install
- Familiarity: I've used it several times
They fit and hold well on my Subaru
Work great!
- Familiarity: I've put it through the wringer
These work really well. Make sure to install the provided endcaps or else they can start to rust a bit, as they are not stainless. They support my bike and ski rack and give me more room on the inside of my car.
Watch the Youtube video!
- Familiarity: I've put it through the wringer
Maybe it was just me... But i struggled with the install until I watched a youtube video of someone installing all the parts. It was incredibly easy after that! I struggled at first with getting the front two pieces to sit flush with my car, but it just took a little elbow grease.
I should've known...
I should've known that modern fit kits were incompatible with previous generations of Thule's towers but I bought these anyway in hopes I'd get lucky. Turns out I'll have to buy an updated Traverse pack. Just a PSA for those of you trying to use old school parts.
These are awesome!
- Familiarity: I've used it several times
These are awesome! They fit perfectly and can support the weight of my bike and ski racks.
It puts the bars on the truck or else...
- Familiarity: I've used it several times
I ordered Kit 1511 for my 2014 Tacoma and they work great. The recommended weight limit is only 110 lbs total but that's plenty. This kit performs exactly as expected. This kit was used to install the bars on the cab, not the shell.
Works like its s'posed to!
- Familiarity: I've used it several times
Went over to Thule's site to use their fit guide, which will show you the exact parts you need for your whip, and concluded that I'd need the part #1596 to go with the Traverse foot pack, (Backcountry.com item #THU0271) on my '99 Volvo S70. They fit just the way they should and even held up perfectly on a 12 hour mountain pass snowstorm maiden voyage. As long as you get the correct parts, everything should work relatively seamlessly!
Great for a 2006 Subaru wrx
- Familiarity: I've used it several times
the 1210 is the correct foot bed for a 06 WRX without a factory rack(there isn't one for that year btw). These and the Traverse Foot Pack will give you a great base to put a box or a set of ski racks on. It even looks great too.
Will this fit pack fit my Traverse 450R...
Will this fit pack fit my Traverse 450R towers?
Yes this fit kit is intended to be used with the Traverse 450R


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Argentina shows Brazil the way to restore confidence
Brazil in turmoil
The political situation in Brazil is highly febrile, to the extent that within our three days in the country, former president Lula went from political ruin, to revival, to ruin again, amidst political manoeuvring that should provide rich inspiration for the next series of the TV show House of Cards.
We will therefore refrain from offering any kind of political prediction for Brazil.
However, one point of consensus amongst all we met was that the country's economic crisis – GDP this year is forecast to contract by a similar, if not greater, extent compared to in 2015 – is inextricably linked to its political turmoil.
Resolution of the political crisis is universally regarded as a pre-condition for a return to growth, though opinions varied on the likely timescale.
Another apparent consensus was on the need for fiscal reform. With a fiscal deficit running at around 10% of GDP, Brazil's government debt is scheduled to climb rapidly over this presidential term, and reductions to that deficit are complicated by the fact that much government spending is mandated by law and so not subject to cuts.
For market confidence to be restored, and if Brazil is ever to regain investment grade status, these laws will have to change.
Reforms needed
Key amongst them is social security, a ruinously expensive item driving a huge part of the deficit.
That reforms to this popular plank of government spending appear to have broad political support is encouraging, but it was also clear that no reforms would be forthcoming under a Dilma presidency.
Indeed, there is relatively limited ambition on reform throughout the economy and this is the area we are most concerned about, even assuming a successful impeachment process.
Our overriding impression was that once fiscal reform was accomplished, political will for further changes would be limited, yet Brazil has labour and product markets in dire need of reform, and creaking infrastructure crying out for investment.
We worry that vice president Michel Temer, should he be elected president, would not be able to deliver on this front, and worse, that by the 2018 elections the popular anger and desire for change that is driving the push for impeachment will have cooled, and further, painful, reforms will be shunned by the electorate.
The consequences for Brazilian growth potential in an environment of weak commodity prices are not to be underestimated.
Optimism for Argentina
Meanwhile, in Argentina, we find greater reason for optimism, with the country further along the reform path. The new government has an ambitious and wide ranging reform platform, and a popular mandate to back it.
Progress has already been made on the issue of the bond holdouts1, and importantly, the legislation received support across the spectrum.
Fiscal and inflation targets are next, and to us strike the right balance between bold and credible. Officials are frank, but confident about the challenges faced.
The year ahead will be an important one as the government seeks to make progress and build popular support ahead of the 2017 elections which could give it the majority it needs in the upper and lower houses.
This, to us, is the key risk; without a majority, it is uncertain whether the reform agenda can be implemented in full. With the holdout legislation, everyone stood to gain.
The same cannot be said of domestic economic reform. All the same, Argentina helps set an example for Brazil of what is needed to truly restore domestic and international confidence, although after twelve years of disastrous policies.
We hope that it does not take Brazil the same length of time to get there.
1. A holdout occurs when a bondholder does not give their consent to the restructuring of debt from an issuer that is defaulting, or nearing default. The bondholder "holds out" in order to reserve the legal right to demand repayment of the bond at face value.↩
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text:
Artist description:
These little pests are all over my kitchen counter! I have tried everything but they just keep on coming! So now you all know, LOL! Reference used.
Java Draw Created Mar 21, 2012 470 x 338px Unless noted Copyright 2012 Whitemorn.
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sorry to hear the problem you had with ants I watch an amazing programme about them last night but these where different ones out in the jungle like fav
Really nice 5/5
Great drawing Looks amazing ! LOL@your description I hope they are not as big as this one you have drawn,lol. 5♥s
Very nice detail ^_^
Excellent draw, there pesky buggers but they do have a place here, there's just so many of them. ;-}
this is absolutely incredible wowwwwww.5/5.
I sometime have ant problems in my house too! Great drawing, looks so real! :)5/5
great draw! 5h
Well, if you must endure their invasion, here's a classic to enjoy while you watch them: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nZInmx5Z_j0 I'm so helpful, aren't I? XD Great drawing! 5h
excellent !


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text:
You will need to build React Native from source if you want to work on a new feature/bug fix, try out the latest features which are not released yet, or maintain your own fork with patches that cannot be merged to the core.
Assuming you have the Android SDK installed, run
android to open the Android SDK Manager.
Make sure you have the following installed:
- Android SDK version 26 (compileSdkVersion in
- SDK build tools version 26.0.3 (buildToolsVersion in
- Android Support Repository >= 26 (for Android Support Library)
- Android NDK (download links and installation instructions below)
Point Gradle to your Android SDK:
Step 1: Set environment variables through your local shell.
Note: Files may vary based on shell flavor. See below for examples from common shells.
- bash:
- zsh:
- ksh:
export ANDROID_SDK=/Users/your_unix_name/android-sdk-macosx
export ANDROID_NDK=/Users/your_unix_name/android-ndk/android-ndk-r10e
Step 2: Create a
local.properties file in the
android directory of your react-native app with the following contents:
Download links for Android NDK
- Mac OS (64-bit) - http://dl.google.com/android/repository/android-ndk-r17b-darwin-x86_64.zip
- Linux (64-bit) - http://dl.google.com/android/repository/android-ndk-r17b-linux-x86_64.zip
- Windows (64-bit) - http://dl.google.com/android/repository/android-ndk-r17b-windows-x86_64.zip
- Windows (32-bit) - http://dl.google.com/android/repository/android-ndk-r17b-windows-x86.zip
You can find further instructions on the official page.
Building the source
1. Installing the fork
First, you need to install
react-native from your fork. For example, to install the master branch from the official repo, run the following:
npm install --save github:facebook/react-native#master
Alternatively, you can clone the repo to your
node_modules directory and run
npm install inside the cloned repo.
2. Adding gradle dependencies
gradle-download-task as dependency in
dependencies {
classpath 'com.android.tools.build:gradle:2.3.3'
classpath 'de.undercouch:gradle-download-task:3.1.2'
// NOTE: Do not place your application dependencies here; they belong
// in the individual module build.gradle files
3. Adding the
:ReactAndroid project
Add the
:ReactAndroid project in
include ':ReactAndroid'
project(':ReactAndroid').projectDir = new File(
rootProject.projectDir, '../node_modules/react-native/ReactAndroid')
Modify your
android/app/build.gradle to use the
:ReactAndroid project instead of the pre-compiled library, e.g. - replace
implementation 'com.facebook.react:react-native:+' with
implementation project(':ReactAndroid'):
dependencies {
implementation fileTree(dir: 'libs', include: ['*.jar'])
implementation 'com.android.support:appcompat-v7:26.0.2'
implementation project(':ReactAndroid')
4. Making 3rd-party modules use your fork
If you use 3rd-party React Native modules, you need to override their dependencies so that they don't bundle the pre-compiled library. Otherwise you'll get an error while compiling -
Error: more than one library with package name 'com.facebook.react'.
Modify your
android/app/build.gradle, and add:
configurations.all {
exclude group: 'com.facebook.react', module: 'react-native'
Building from Android Studio
From the Welcome screen of Android Studio choose "Import project" and select the
android folder of your app.
You should be able to use the Run button to run your app on a device. Android Studio won't start the packager automatically, you'll need to start it by running
npm start on the command line.
Additional notes
Building from source can take a long time, especially for the first build, as it needs to download ~200 MB of artifacts and compile the native code. Every time you update the
react-native version from your repo, the build directory may get deleted, and all the files are re-downloaded. To avoid this, you might want to change your build directory path by editing the
~/.gradle/init.gradle file:
gradle.projectsLoaded {
rootProject.allprojects {
buildDir = "/path/to/build/directory/${rootProject.name}/${project.name}"
Building for Maven/Nexus deployment
If you find that you need to push up a locally compiled React Native .aar and related files to a remote Nexus repository, you can.
Start by following the
Point Gradle to your Android SDK section of this page. Once you do this, assuming you have Gradle configured properly, you can then run the following command from the root of your React Native checkout to build and package all required files:
./gradlew ReactAndroid:installArchives
This will package everything that would typically be included in the
android directory of your
node_modules/react-native/ installation in the root directory of your React Native checkout.
Gradle build fails in
ndk-build. See the section about
local.properties file above.
Testing your Changes
If you made changes to React Native and submit a pull request, all tests will run on your pull request automatically. To run the tests locally, see Testing your Changes.


text:
Later this afternoon we went to a show at the Contemporary Art Museum which had an exhibit by current Japanese artists, a change in pace from our immersion in Yiddish. En route we encountered a Hare Krishna procession with chanting and tinkling bells that felt like a time warp. Afterwards we found yet another charming restaurant. Many of our classmates are vegetarians and we have learned that it is very easy to follow a satisfying vegetarian diet here. Our geographical community is small enough that we frequently encounter our classmates studying at outdoor cafes. There are also many bicyclists in Vilnius and clearly marked bike paths on city streets. One of our classmates even purchased a bicycle which he will use during his stay and has arranged to sell it back to the store when he leaves. Another of our classmates is using her transit pass to take the different trolley cars to the end of each line as a way of exploring the city.
We also encountered another group of students in a creative writing program through SLS (Summer Literary Seminars: http://www.sumlitsem.org/lithuania/program.html) They were just concluding their time here. We are surprised at the number of tourist groups that we see here. We are in the heart of the Old Town and our street is a photographic mecca. This seems to be a hot area for travel as it is relatively inexpensive and has well preserved older sections to the city. Both Riga and Vilnius are designated UNESCO Heritage Sites.
In addition to classes and cultural activities we also deal with the more mundane aspects of our daily life in Vilnius. Our trek to the grocery store is across the main square. We buy as if we lived in NY, enough for short periods as we have to carry it back on foot. Everything takes more time to do, but we've begun to settle into new routines.
Activities such as washing clothes seem complex. We had our landlady come over to show us the trick with the washer/dryer which operates within one machine. While we had it set properly, we were unable to get it to run. She gave it an expert 'zetz' which set it in motion. Several hours later we removed the sopping wet clothes. Combined washer/dryers have not become popular for a reason.
In the afternoon we frequently meet at one of our two cafes outside our door. Often we start at one and end at the other. One of our favorite restaurants is Fiorentino, an Italian restaurant down our street with an open courtyard. It is across from the Ministry of Italian Culture which may account for the quality of the food. Across the street is the Stikliai Hotel, a very expensive hotel with Bentleys, Jaguars, Ferraris and Rolls in front. They have an outdoor café which is quite lovely and less expensive where we often enjoy aubergines stuffed with cheeses and spinach or fresh grilled vegetables. We've been pleasantly surprised by the culinary options; however, we seldom eat traditional Lithuanian cuisine.
Tomorrow we look forward to attending one of several concerts that are occurring at a variety of venues. In addition to our studies we are finding that there are many cultural opportunities in the city.


text:
I've been passing this graffiti for months now, and I finally decided to take a picture:
It's on a building at 2nd & Main, (coincidentally?) just around the corner from Bikestation, and only a short walk from Metro's main office. I guess not everyone is planning to attend the 2007 Seattle Auto Show.


text:
The following terms and conditions refer to the ratemydrawings competition located at http://www.ratemydrawings.com/.
This ratemydrawings drawing competition themed "PETS" was opened on June 30, 2008 and closes at midnight on July 31, 2008 PDT. All drawings must have been created by this date. The competition is open to all RateMyDrawings members from any country. This month's competition drawings may only be rated by members who are logged in - any ratings submitted by non-logged in users will be deleted.
(2 x WINNERS) will win one (1) prize of a $50 electronic Amazon Gift Certificate provided via the Amazon.com store nearest your country of residence, delivered via email. Prizes cannot be exchanged for cash or any other prizes. Prizes can be donated to another ratemydrawings user as a gift. An entrant is defined by their email address. A valid email address is required, and the winner will be notified by email. If a response is not received from this email address within 14 days of the date the winner is selected, that prize and winner will be forfeited.
All drawings are bound to the general terms and conditions of the ratemydrawings website and bound to the terms and conditions of submitting a drawing. Users may submit as many drawings as they wish into the competition. Ratemydrawings.com will choose the winner at random from all drawings in this category that have received 5 or more ratings. You will need to register to submit a drawing and have a valid email address to make your drawing visible on our website. We will not use any of your registration details for any other means than internal communications at www.ratemydrawings.com. Depending on the prize, winners may be required to submit personal information such as their shipping address and contact information for shipping of their prize in the case of competitions with a physical prize. Users and or drawings that have been deemed by RateMyDrawings staff as being rated unfairly may have ratings adjusted and users may be banned if they are responsible for any unfair ratings. The terms and conditions of this competition are subject to change. Each time you submit a drawing for this competition you are agreeing that you have accepted the most recent terms and conditions.
To be a valid entry, all content submitted must adhere to the Terms and Conditions of this website and this competition. Drawings must have been created manually and not by an automated script or software. Drawings must be original and not violate any copyright laws. RateMyDrawings reserves the right to disqualify any entry from the competition should their drawing contain inappropriate content, not on-theme, or infringe copyright. If a winner does not recieve the initial email and follow-up emails regarding claiming their prize due to means outside our control such as your email client spam filters, you will forfeit your prize. We suggest adding ratemydrawings.com to your allowed senders in your email application. Winners can post questions in our HELP Forum if they need assistance and a RMD staff member will reply/contact you. At times should the RateMyDrawings website become unavailable due to technical issues or maintenance, we will not adjust any dates or terms of this competition and the competition will continue as normal when these issues are resolved.
The winners will be announced on the ratemydrawings.com website within 2 days of the competition closing date or as soon as possible.


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text:
Artist description:
To my Lovely friend ,Wishing you a very Happy Birthday Lizzie,ps..save me some cake please. lol.* Hugs *
Java Draw Created Aug 13, 2011 640 x 460px Unless noted Copyright 2011 tink8.
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I admire again, very, very very lovely gift for Liz!
so beautiful draw!
A lovely card for a wonderful lady ! Clearly Liz loves it very much too! Wonderful gift on her Birthday! Happy Birthday Liz!!!!!...fav
Great gift and idea and of course i love the butterfly's (: +5
So delicate and wonderful coloured... a lovely gift for your good friend and ours too , I think :)
I love your signature the most! ;) Lovely gift for Liz, I'm sure she kept all the beautiful butterflies to watch them dance again..!! 5 hrts!!
very nice gift for spring!! i love it :) 5/5
Awww ... lovely, happy butterflies doing a little birthday dance for Liz :) Delightful drawing, Pam! 5 ♥s and fav
what a Pretty Draw! & a belated haPPy B-Day spring~ full ♥s & favs~


text:
I just purchased HP G7-1310US and tried to install Natty but ran into two problems.
1) I boot from liveCD and Ubuntu runs fine no video problem what so ever ( I had to close the lid and open and then disply would show up). After that I used install option and then screen becomes blank after a while. I read the other thread,( Is It Possible to Install 11.10 on an HP Pavilion g7 Notebook? )setting nomodeset kernel option but it did not help to resolve black screen. I also tried wubi installation method but the same result with the same problem. I tried installing 12.04 from LiveCD as well as wubi but no go.
2) I tried to install from liveCD (non-wubi method) but I can not create extended partition as HD already has 4 primaray partitions: came with preinstalled Win7, HPRecovery, HP Tools and the other primary partiton. How can I install using this pre-existing 4 primary partition? Any suggestion.
Here is the display of the video card display that does not tell me anything as far as manufacturer goes:
ubuntu@ubuntu:~$ sudo lshw -C display; lsb_release -a; uname -a
description: VGA compatible controller product: 2nd Generation Core Processor Family Integrated Graphics Controller vendor: Intel Corporation physical id: 2 bus info: pci@0000:00:02.0 version: 09 width: 64 bits clock: 33MHz capabilities: msi pm vga_controller bus_master cap_list rom configuration: driver=i915 latency=0 resources: irq:42 memory:c0000000-c03fffff memory:b0000000-bfffffff ioport:4000(size=64) No LSB modules are available. Distributor ID: Ubuntu Description: Ubuntu precise (development branch) Release: 12.04 Codename: precise Linux ubuntu 3.2.0-17-generic #26-Ubuntu SMP Fri Feb 17 21:35:49 UTC 2012 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux