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Nutrition in Cancer Care (PDQ®)NCI PDQ Summaries for Patients
Overview of Nutrition in Cancer Care
Nutrition Therapy in Cancer Care
Types of Nutrition Care
Effects of Cancer Treatment on Nutrition
Treatment of Symptoms
Nutrition in Advanced Cancer
Food and Drug Interactions
Nutrition and Lifestyle in Cancer Survivors
Nutrition in Cancer Prevention
To Learn More About Nutrition and Cancer Care
Current Clinical Trials
About This PDQ Summary
Overview of Nutrition in Cancer Care
Good nutrition is important for cancer patients.
Nutrition is a process in which food is taken in and used by the body for growth, to keep the body healthy, and to replace tissue. Good nutrition is important for good health. Eating the right kinds of foods before, during, and after cancer treatment can help the patient feel better and stay stronger. A healthy diet includes eating and drinking enough of the foods and liquids that have the important nutrients (vitamins, minerals, protein, carbohydrates, fat, and water) the body needs.
When the body does not get or cannot absorb the nutrients needed for health, it causes a condition called malnutrition or malnourishment.
This summary is about nutrition in adults with cancer.
Healthy eating habits are important during cancer treatment.
Nutrition therapy is used to help cancer patients get the nutrients they need to keep up their body weight and strength, keep body tissue healthy, and fight infection. Eating habits that are good for cancer patients can be very different from the usual healthy eating guidelines.
Healthy eating habits and good nutrition can help patients deal with the effects of cancer and its treatment. Some cancer treatments work better when the patient is well nourished and gets enough calories and protein in the diet. Patients who are well nourished may have a better prognosis (chance of recovery) and quality of life.
Cancer can change the way the body uses food.
Some tumors make chemicals that change the way the body uses certain nutrients. The body's use of protein, carbohydrates, and fat may be affected, especially by tumors of the stomach or intestines. A patient may seem to be eating enough, but the body may not be able to absorb all the nutrients from the food.
Cancer and cancer treatments may affect nutrition.
For many patients, the effects of cancer and cancer treatments make it hard to eat well. Cancer treatments that affect nutrition include:
When the head, neck, esophagus, stomach, or intestines are affected by the cancer treatment, it is very hard to take in enough nutrients to stay healthy.
The side effects of cancer and cancer treatment that can affect eating include:
- Anorexia (loss of appetite).
- Mouth sores.
- Dry mouth.
- Trouble swallowing.
- Nausea.
- Vomiting.
- Diarrhea.
- Constipation.
- Pain.
- Depression.
- Anxiety.
Cancer and cancer treatments may affect taste, smell, appetite, and the ability to eat enough food or absorb the nutrients from food. This can cause malnutrition (a condition caused by a lack of key nutrients). Malnutrition can cause the patient to be weak, tired, and unable to fight infections or get through cancer treatment. Malnutrition may be made worse if the cancer grows or spreads. Eating too little protein and calories is a very common problem for cancer patients. Having enough protein and calories is important for healing, fighting infection, and having enough energy.
Anorexia and cachexia are common causes of malnutrition in cancer patients.
Anorexia (the loss of appetite or desire to eat) is a common symptom in people with cancer. Anorexia may occur early in the disease or later, if the cancer grows or spreads. Some patients already have anorexia when they are diagnosed with cancer. Almost all patients who have advanced cancer will have anorexia. Anorexia is the most common cause of malnutrition in cancer patients.
Cachexia is a condition marked by a loss of appetite, weight loss, muscle loss, and general weakness. It is common in patients with tumors of the lung, pancreas, and upper gastrointestinal tract. It is important to watch for and treat cachexia early in cancer treatment because it is hard to correct.
Cancer patients may have anorexia and cachexia at the same time. Weight loss can be caused by eating fewer calories, using more calories, or both.
It is important to treat weight loss caused by cancer and its treatment.
It is important that cancer symptoms and side effects that affect eating and cause weight loss are treated early. Both nutrition therapy and medicine can help the patient stay at a healthy weight. Medicine may be used for the following:
- To help increase appetite.
- To help digest food.
- To help the muscles of the stomach and intestines contract (to keep food moving along).
- To prevent or treat nausea and vomiting.
- To prevent or treat diarrhea.
- To prevent or treat constipation.
- To prevent and treat mouth problems (such as dry mouth, infection, pain, and sores).
- To prevent and treat pain.
See the Nutrition Therapy in Cancer Care section and the Treatment of Symptoms section for more information.
Nutrition Therapy in Cancer Care
Screening and assessment are done before cancer treatment begins, and assessment continues during treatment.
Screening is used to look for nutrition risks in a patient who has no symptoms. This can help find out if the patient is likely to become malnourished, so that steps can be taken to prevent it.
Assessment checks the nutritional health of the patient and helps to decide if nutrition therapy is needed to correct a problem.
Screening and assessment may include questions about the following:
- Weight changes over the past year.
- Changes in the amount and type of food eaten compared to what is usual for the patient.
- Problems that have affected eating, such as loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, mouth sores, dry mouth, changes in taste and smell, or pain.
- Ability to walk and do other activities of daily living (dressing, getting into or out of a bed or chair, taking a bath or shower, and using the toilet).
A physical exam is also done to check the body for general health and signs of disease. The doctor will look for loss of weight, fat, and muscle, and for fluid buildup in the body.
Finding and treating nutrition problems early may improve the patient's prognosis (chance of recovery).
Early nutrition screening and assessment help find problems that may affect how well the patient's body can deal with the effects of cancer treatment. Patients who are underweight or malnourished may not be able to get through treatment as well as a well-nourished patient. Finding and treating nutrition problems early can help the patient gain weight or prevent weight loss, decrease problems with the treatment, and help recovery.
A healthcare team of nutrition specialists will continue to watch for nutrition problems.
A nutrition support team will check the patient's nutritional health often during cancer treatment and recovery. The team may include the following specialists:
A patient whose religion doesn't allow eating certain foods may want to talk with a religious advisor about allowing those foods during cancer treatment and recovery.
There are three main goals of nutrition therapy for cancer patients in active treatment and recovery.
The main goals of nutrition therapy for patients in active treatment and recovery are to provide nutrients that are missing, maintain nutritional health, and prevent problems. The health care team will use nutrition therapy to do the following:
- Prevent or treat nutrition problems, including preventing muscle and bone loss.
- Decrease side effects of cancer treatment and problems that affect nutrition.
- Keep up the patient's strength and energy.
- Help the immune system fight infection.
- Help the body recover and heal.
- Keep up or improve the patient's quality of life.
Good nutrition continues to be important for patients who are in remission or whose cancer has been cured.
The goal of nutrition therapy for patients who have advanced cancer is to help with the patient's quality of life.
The goals of nutrition therapy for patients who have advanced cancer include the following:
- Control side effects.
- Lower the risk of infection.
- Keep up strength and energy.
- Improve or maintain quality of life.
See the Nutrition in Advanced Cancer section for more information.
Types of Nutrition Care
Nutrition support gives nutrition to patients who cannot eat or digest normally.
It is best to take in food by mouth whenever possible. Some patients may not be able to take in enough food by mouth because of problems from cancer or cancer treatment. Medicine to increase appetite may be used.
Nutrition support for patients who cannot eat can be given in different ways.
A patient who is not able to take in enough food by mouth may be fed using enteral nutrition (through a tube inserted into the stomach or intestines) or parenteral nutrition (infused into the bloodstream). The nutrients are given in liquid formulas that have water, protein, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, and/or minerals.
Nutrition support can improve a patient's quality of life during cancer treatment, but there are harms that should be considered before making the decision to use it. The patient and health care providers should discuss the harms and benefits of each type of nutrition support. (See the Nutrition in Advanced Cancer section below for more information on deciding whether to use nutrition support.)
Enteral Nutrition
Enteral nutrition is also called tube feeding.
Enteral nutrition is giving the patient nutrients in liquid form (formula) through a tube that is placed into the stomach or small intestine. The following types of feeding tubes may be used:
- A nasogastric tube is inserted through the nose and down the throat into the stomach or small intestine. This kind of tube is used when enteral nutrition is only needed for a few weeks.
- A gastrostomy tube is inserted into the stomach or a jejunostomy tube is inserted into the small intestine through an opening made on the outside of the abdomen. This kind of tube is usually used for long-term enteral feeding or for patients who cannot use a tube in the nose and throat.
The type of formula used is based on the specific needs of the patient. There are formulas for patients who have special health conditions, such as diabetes. Formula may be given through the tube as a constant drip (continuous feeding) or 1 to 2 cups of formula can be given 3 to 6 times a day (bolus feeding).
Enteral nutrition is sometimes used when the patient is able to eat small amounts by mouth, but cannot eat enough for health. Nutrients given through a tube feeding add the calories and nutrients needed for health.
Enteral nutrition may continue after the patient leaves the hospital.
If enteral nutrition is to be part of the patient's care after leaving the hospital, the patient and caregiver will be trained to do the nutrition support care at home.
Parenteral Nutrition
Parenteral nutrition carries nutrients directly into the blood stream.
Parenteral nutrition is used when the patient cannot take food by mouth or by enteral feeding. Parenteral feeding does not use the stomach or intestines to digest food. Nutrients are given to the patient directly into the blood, through a catheter (thin tube) inserted into a vein. These nutrients include proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals.
Parenteral nutrition is used only in patients who need nutrition support for five days or more.
The catheter may be placed into a vein in the chest or in the arm.
A central venous catheter is placed beneath the skin and into a large vein in the upper chest. The catheter is put in place by a surgeon. This type of catheter is used for long-term parenteral feeding.
A peripheral venous catheter is placed into a vein in the arm. A peripheral venous catheter is put in place by trained medical staff. This type of catheter is usually used for short-term parenteral feeding.
The patient is checked often for infection or bleeding at the place where the catheter enters the body.
Parenteral nutrition support may continue after the patient leaves the hospital.
If parenteral nutrition is to be part of the patient's care after leaving the hospital, the patient and caregiver will be trained to do the nutrition support care at home.
Ending parenteral nutrition support must be done under medical supervision.
Going off parenteral nutrition support needs to be done slowly and is supervised by a medical team. The parenteral feedings are decreased by small amounts over time until they can be stopped, or as the patient is changed over to enteral or oral feeding.
Effects of Cancer Treatment on Nutrition
Surgery and Nutrition
Surgery increases the body's need for nutrients and energy.
The body needs extra energy and nutrients to heal wounds, fight infection, and recover from surgery. If the patient is malnourished before surgery, it may cause problems during recovery, such as poor healing or infection. For these patients, nutrition care may begin before surgery.
Surgery to the head, neck, esophagus, stomach, or intestines may affect nutrition.
Most cancer patients are treated with surgery. Surgery that removes all or part of certain organs can affect a patient's ability to eat and digest food. The following are nutrition problems caused by specific types of surgery:
- Surgery to the head and neck may cause problems with:
- Chewing.
- Swallowing.
- Tasting or smelling food.
- Making saliva.
- Seeing.
- Surgery that affects the esophagus, stomach, or intestines may keep these organs from working as they should to digest food and absorb nutrients.
All of these can affect the patient's ability to eat normally. Emotional stress about the surgery itself also may affect appetite.
Nutrition therapy can help relieve nutrition problems caused by surgery.
Nutrition therapy can relieve or decrease the side effects of surgery and help cancer patients get the nutrients they need. Nutrition therapy may include the following:
- Nutritional supplement drinks.
- Enteral nutrition (feeding liquid through a tube into the stomach or intestines).
- Parenteral nutrition (feeding through a catheter into the bloodstream).
- Medicines to increase appetite.
It is common for patients to have pain, tiredness, and/or loss of appetite after surgery. For a short time, some patients may not be able to eat what they usually do because of these symptoms. Following certain tips about food may help. These include:
- Stay away from carbonated drinks (such as sodas) and foods that cause gas, such as:
- Beans.
- Peas.
- Broccoli.
- Cabbage.
- Brussels sprouts.
- Green peppers.
- Radishes.
- Cucumbers.
- Increase calories by frying foods and using gravies, mayonnaise, and salad dressings. Supplements high in calories and protein can also be used.
- Choose high-protein and high-calorie foods to increase energy and help wounds heal. Good choices include:
- Eggs.
- Cheese.
- Whole milk.
- Ice cream.
- Nuts.
- Peanut butter.
- Meat.
- Poultry.
- Fish.
- If constipation is a problem, increase fiber by small amounts and drink lots of water. Good sources of fiber include:
- Whole-grain cereals (such as oatmeal and bran).
- Beans.
- Vegetables.
- Fruit.
- Whole-grain breads.
Chemotherapy and Nutrition
Chemotherapy affects cells all through the body.
Chemotherapy affects fast-growing cells and is used to treat cancer because cancer cells grow and divide quickly. Healthy cells that normally grow and divide quickly may also be killed. These include cells in the mouth, digestive tract, and hair follicles.
Chemotherapy may affect nutrition.
Chemotherapy may cause side effects that cause problems with eating and digestion. When more than one anticancer drug is given, more side effects may occur or they may be more severe. The following side effects are common:
- Loss of appetite.
- Inflammation and sores in the mouth.
- Changes in the way food tastes.
- Feeling full after only a small amount of food.
- Nausea.
- Vomiting.
- Diarrhea.
- Constipation. (See the Constipation section for more information.)
Nutrition therapy can help relieve nutrition problems caused by chemotherapy.
Patients who have side effects from chemotherapy may not be able to eat normally and get all the nutrients they need to restore healthy blood counts between treatments. Nutrition therapy can help relieve these side effects, help patients recover from chemotherapy, prevent delays in treatment, prevent weight loss, and maintain general health. Nutrition therapy may include the following:
- Nutrition supplement drinks between meals.
- Enteral nutrition (tube feedings).
- Changes in the diet, such as eating small meals throughout the day.
Radiation Therapy and Nutrition
Radiation therapy can affect cancer cells and healthy cells in the treatment area.
Radiation therapy can kill cancer cells and healthy cells in the treatment area. The amount of damage depends on the following:
Radiation therapy may affect nutrition.
Radiation therapy to any part of the digestive system often has side effects that cause nutrition problems. Most of the side effects begin a few weeks after radiation therapy begins and go away a few weeks after it is finished. Some side effects can continue for months or years after treatment ends.
The following are some of the more common side effects:
- For radiation therapy to the head and neck
- Loss of appetite.
- Changes in the way food tastes.
- Pain when swallowing.
- Dry mouth or thick saliva.
- Sore mouth and gums.
- Narrowing of the upper esophagus, which can cause choking, breathing, and swallowing problems.
- For radiation therapy to the chest
- Infection of the esophagus.
- Trouble swallowing.
- Esophageal reflux (a backward flow of the stomach contents into the esophagus).
- For radiation therapy to the abdomen or pelvis
Radiation therapy may also cause tiredness, which can lead to a decrease in appetite.
Nutrition therapy can help relieve the nutrition problems caused by radiation therapy.
Nutrition therapy during radiation treatment can help the patient get enough protein and calories to get through treatment, prevent weight loss, help wound and skin healing, and maintain general health. Nutrition therapy may include the following:
- Nutritional supplement drinks between meals.
- Enteral nutrition (tube feedings).
- Changes in the diet, such as eating small meals throughout the day.
Patients who receive high-dose radiation therapy to prepare for a bone marrow transplant may have many nutrition problems and should see a dietitian for nutrition support.
See the Stem Cell Transplant and Nutrition section for more information.
Biologic Therapy and Nutrition
Biologic therapy may affect nutrition.
The side effects of biologic therapy are different for each patient and each type of biologic agent. The following nutrition problems are common:
- Fever.
- Nausea.
- Vomiting.
- Diarrhea.
- Loss of appetite.
- Tiredness.
- Weight gain.
Nutrition therapy can help relieve nutrition problems caused by biologic therapy.
The side effects of biologic therapy can cause weight loss and malnutrition if they are not treated. Nutrition therapy can help patients receiving biologic therapy get the nutrients they need to get through treatment, prevent weight loss, and maintain general health.
Stem Cell Transplant and Nutrition
Stem cell transplant patients have special nutrition needs.
Chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and medicines used for a stem cell transplant may cause side effects that keep a patient from eating and digesting food as usual. Common side effects include the following:
- Changes in the way food tastes.
- Dry mouth or thick saliva.
- Mouth and throat sores.
- Nausea.
- Vomiting.
- Diarrhea.
- Constipation.
- Weight loss and loss of appetite.
- Weight gain.
Nutrition therapy is very important for patients who have a stem cell transplant.
Transplant patients have a very high risk of infection. High doses of chemotherapy or radiation therapy decrease the number of white blood cells, which fight infection. It is especially important that transplant patients avoid getting infections.
Patients who have a transplant need plenty of protein and calories to get through and recover from the treatment, prevent weight loss, fight infection, and maintain general health. It is also important to avoid infection from bacteria in food. Nutrition therapy during transplant treatment may include the following:
- A diet of cooked and processed foods only, because raw vegetables and fresh fruit may carry harmful bacteria.
- Guidelines on safe food handling.
- A specific diet based on the type of transplant and the part of the body affected by cancer.
- Parenteral nutrition (feeding through the bloodstream) during the first few weeks after the transplant, to give the patient the calories, protein, vitamins, minerals, and fluids they need to recover.
See the Low White Blood Cell Counts and Infections section for more information.
Treatment of Symptoms
When side effects of cancer or cancer treatment affect normal eating, changes can be made to help the patient get the nutrients needed. Medicines may be given to increase appetite. Eating foods that are high in calories, protein, vitamins, and minerals is usually best. Meals should be planned to meet the patient's nutrition needs and tastes in food. The following are some of the more common symptoms caused by cancer and cancer treatment and ways to treat or control them.
Anorexia (the loss of appetite or desire to eat) is one of the most common problems for cancer patients. Eating in a calm, comfortable place and getting regular exercise may improve appetite. The following may help cancer patients who have a loss of appetite:
- Eat small high-protein and high-calorie meals every 1-2 hours instead of three large meals. The following are high-calorie, high-protein food choices:
- Cheese and crackers.
- Muffins.
- Puddings.
- Nutritional supplements.
- Milkshakes.
- Yogurt.
- Ice cream.
- Powdered milk added to foods such as pudding, milkshakes, or any recipe using milk.
- Finger foods (handy for snacking) such as deviled eggs, deviled ham on crackers, or cream cheese or peanut butter on crackers or celery.
- Chocolate.
- Add extra calories and protein to food by using butter, skim milk powder, honey, or brown sugar.
- Drink liquid supplements (special drinks that have nutrients), soups, milk, juices, shakes, and smoothies, if eating solid food is a problem.
- Eat breakfasts that have one third of the calories and protein needed for the day.
- Eat snacks that have plenty of calories and protein.
- Eat foods that smell good. Strong odors can be avoided in the following ways:
- Use boiling bags or microwave steaming bags.
- Cook outdoors on the grill.
- Use a kitchen fan when cooking.
- Serve cold food instead of hot (since odors are in the rising steam).
- Take off any food covers to release the odors before going into a patient's room.
- Use a small fan to blow food odors away from patients.
- Order take-out food.
- Try new foods and new recipes, flavorings, spices, and foods with a different texture or thickness. Food likes and dislikes may change from day to day.
- Plan menus ahead of time and get help preparing meals.
- Make and store small amounts of favorite foods so they are ready to eat when hungry.
See the NCI website for Eating Hints: Before, During, and After Cancer Treatment, which has recipes such as Lactose-Free Double Chocolate Pudding, Banana Milkshake, and Fruit and Cream. For a free copy of this booklet, call the Cancer Information Service at 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237).
Taste Changes
Changes in how foods taste may be caused by radiation treatment, dental problems, mouth sores and infections, or some medicines. Many cancer patients who receive chemotherapy notice a bitter taste or other changes in their sense of taste. A sudden dislike for certain foods may occur. This can cause a loss of appetite, weight loss, and a decreased quality of life. Some or all of a normal sense of taste may return, but it may take up to a year after treatment ends. The following may help cancer patients who have taste changes:
- Eat small meals and healthy snacks several times a day.
- Eat meals when hungry rather than at set mealtimes.
- Eat favorite foods and try new foods when feeling best.
- Eat poultry, fish, eggs, and cheese instead of red meat.
- Eat citrus fruits (oranges, tangerines, lemons, grapefruit) unless mouth sores are present.
- Add spices and sauces to foods.
- Eat meat with something sweet, such as cranberry sauce, jelly, or applesauce.
- Find nonmeat, high-protein recipes in a vegetarian or Chinese cookbook.
- Use sugar-free lemon drops, gum, or mints if there is a metallic or bitter taste in the mouth.
- Rinse mouth with water before eating.
- Eat with family and friends.
- Have others prepare the meal.
- Use plastic utensils if foods have a metal taste.
Taking zinc sulfate tablets during radiation therapy to the head and neck may help a normal sense of taste come back faster after treatment.
Dry Mouth
Dry mouth is often caused by radiation therapy to the head and neck and by certain medicines. Dry mouth may affect speech, taste, and the ability to swallow or to use dentures or braces. There is also an increased risk of cavities and gum disease because less saliva is made to wash the teeth and gums.
The main treatment for dry mouth is drinking plenty of liquids. Other ways to help relieve dry mouth include the following:
- Keep water handy at all times to moisten the mouth.
- Eat moist foods with extra sauces, gravies, butter, or margarine.
- Eat foods and drinks that are very sweet or tart (to increase saliva).
- Eat ice chips or frozen desserts (such as frozen grapes and ice pops).
- Drink fruit nectar instead of juice.
- Suck on hard candy or chew gum.
- Use a straw to drink liquids.
- Clean teeth (including dentures) and rinse mouth at least four times a day (after eating and at bedtime). Don't use mouth rinses that contain alcohol.
See the Dry Mouth section of the PDQ summary on Oral Complications of Chemotherapy and Head/Neck Radiation for more information.
Mouth Sores and Infections
Mouth sores can be caused by chemotherapy and radiation therapy. These treatments affect fast-growing cells, such as cancer cells. Normal cells inside the mouth also grow quickly and may be damaged by these cancer treatments. Mouth sores can be painful and become infected or bleed and make it hard to eat. By choosing certain foods and taking good care of their mouths, patients can usually make eating easier. The following can help patients who have mouth sores and infections:
- Eat soft foods that are easy to chew and swallow, such as the following:
- Soft fruits, including bananas, applesauce, and watermelon.
- Peach, pear, and apricot nectars.
- Cottage cheese.
- Mashed potatoes.
- Macaroni and cheese.
- Custards and puddings.
- Gelatin.
- Milkshakes.
- Scrambled eggs.
- Oatmeal or other cooked cereals.
- Stay away from the following:
- Citrus fruits and juices, (such as oranges, tangerines, lemons, and grapefruit).
- Spicy or salty foods.
- Rough, coarse, or dry foods, including raw vegetables, granola, toast, and crackers.
- Use a blender to make vegetables (such as potatoes, peas, and carrots) and meats smooth.
- Add gravy, broth, or sauces to food.
- Drink high-calorie, high-protein drinks in addition to meals.
- Cook foods until soft and tender.
- Eat foods cold or at room temperature. Hot and warm foods can irritate a tender mouth.
- Cut foods into small pieces.
- Use a straw to drink liquids.
- Numb the mouth with ice chips or flavored ice pops before eating.
- Clean teeth (including dentures) and rinse mouth at least four times a day (after eating and at bedtime).
See the Oral Mucositis and Infection sections of the PDQ summary on Oral Complications of Chemotherapy and Head/Neck Radiation for more information on mouth sores and infections.
Nausea caused by cancer treatment can affect the amount and kinds of food eaten. The following may help cancer patients control nausea:
- Eat before cancer treatments.
- Rinse out the mouth before and after eating.
- Eat foods that are bland, soft, and easy-to-digest, rather than heavy meals. Eat small meals several times a day.
- Eat dry foods such as crackers, bread sticks, or toast throughout the day.
- Slowly sip fluids throughout the day.
- Suck on hard candies such as peppermints or lemon drops if the mouth has a bad taste.
- Stay away from foods that are likely to cause nausea. For some patients, this includes spicy foods, greasy foods, and foods that have strong odors.
- Sit up or lie with the upper body raised for one hour after eating.
- Don't eat in a room that has cooking odors or that is very warm. Keep the living space at a comfortable temperature with plenty of fresh air.
See the PDQ summary on Nausea and Vomiting for more information.
Diarrhea may be caused by cancer treatments, surgery on the stomach or intestines, or by emotional stress. Long-term diarrhea may lead to dehydration (lack of water in the body) or low levels of salt and potassium, which are important minerals needed by the body.
The following may help cancer patients control diarrhea:
- Eat broth, soups, bananas, and canned fruits to help replace salt and potassium lost by diarrhea. Sports drinks can also help.
- Drink plenty of fluids during the day. Liquids at room temperature may cause fewer problems than hot or cold liquids.
- Drink at least one cup of liquid after each loose bowel movement.
- Stay away from the following:
- Greasy foods, hot or cold liquids, or caffeine.
- High-fiber foods—especially dried beans and cruciferous vegetables (such as broccoli, cauliflower, and cabbage).
- Milk and milk products, until the cause of the diarrhea is known.
- Foods and beverages that cause gas (such as peas, lentils, cruciferous vegetables, chewing gum, and soda).
- Sugar-free candies or gum made with sorbitol (sugar alcohol).
See the Dehydration (Lack of Fluid) section for more information.
Low White Blood Cell Counts and Infections
A low white blood cell count may be caused by radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or the cancer itself. Patients who have a low white blood cell count have an increased risk of infection. The following may help cancer patients prevent infections when white blood cell counts are low:
- Stay away from:
- Raw eggs or raw fish.
- Old, moldy, or damaged fruits and vegetables.
- Food sold in open bins or containers.
- Salad bars and buffets when eating out.
- Wash hands often to prevent the spread of bacteria.
- Thaw foods in the refrigerator or microwave. Never thaw foods at room temperature. Cook foods immediately after thawing.
- Keep hot foods hot and cold foods cold.
- Cook all meat, poultry, and fish until well done.
- Refrigerate all leftovers within 2 hours of cooking and eat them within 24 hours.
- Buy foods packed as single servings, to avoid leftovers.
- Do not buy or eat food that is out of date.
- Do not buy or eat food in cans that are swollen, dented, or damaged.
Dehydration (Lack of Fluid)
The body needs plenty of water to replace the fluids lost every day. Nausea, vomiting, and pain may keep the patient from drinking and eating enough to get the amount of water the body needs. Long-term diarrhea causes a loss of fluid from the body. One of the first signs of dehydration (lack of water in the body) is feeling very tired. The following may help cancer patients prevent dehydration:
- Drink 8 to 12 cups of liquids a day. This can be water, juice, milk, or foods that have a lot of liquid in them, such as ice pops, flavored ices, and gelatins.
- Stay away from drinks that have caffeine in them, such as sodas, coffee, and tea (both hot and cold).
- Take a water bottle whenever leaving home. It is important to drink even if not thirsty.
- Drink most liquids between meals.
- Use medicines that help prevent and treat nausea and vomiting.
It is very common for cancer patients to have constipation (fewer than three bowel movements a week). Constipation may be caused by the following:
- Too little water or fiber in the diet.
- Not being active.
- Cancer treatment, such as chemotherapy.
- Certain medicines used to treat the side effects of chemotherapy, such as nausea and pain.
Preventing and treating constipation is a part of cancer care.
To prevent constipation:
- Eat more fiber-containing foods. Twenty-five to 35 grams of fiber a day is best. Food labels show the amount of fiber in a serving. (Some sources of fiber are listed below.) Add a little more fiber each day and drink plenty of fluids at the same time to keep the fiber moving through the intestines.
- Drink 8 to 12 cups of fluid each day. Water, prune juice, warm juices, lemonade, and teas without caffeine can be very helpful.
- Take walks and exercise regularly. Wear shoes made for exercise.
To treat constipation:
- Continue to eat high-fiber foods and drink plenty of fluids. Try adding wheat bran to the diet; begin with 2 heaping tablespoons each day for 3 days, then increase by 1 tablespoon each day until constipation is relieved. Do not take more than 6 tablespoons a day.
- Stay physically active.
- Use over-the-counter constipation treatments, if needed. These include:
- Bulk-forming products (such as Citrucel, Metamucil, Fiberall, and Fiber-Lax).
- Stimulants (such as Dulcolax and Senokot).
- Stool softeners (such as Colace and Surfak).
- Osmotics (such as milk of magnesia).
- Cottonseed and aerosol enemas can also help. Do not use lubricants such as mineral oil because they may keep the body from using important nutrients the way it should.
Good food sources of fiber include the following:
- Legumes (beans and lentils).
- Vegetables.
- Cold cereals (whole grain or bran).
- Hot cereals.
- Fruit.
- Whole-grain breads.
See the Constipation section of the PDQ summary on Gastrointestinal Complications for more information.
Nutrition in Advanced Cancer
Palliative care helps relieve symptoms that bother the patient and helps improve the patient's quality of life.
The goal of palliative care is to improve the quality of life of patients who have a serious or life-threatening disease. Palliative care is meant to prevent or treat symptoms, side effects, and psychological, social, and spiritual problems caused by a disease or its treatment.
Palliative care for patients with advanced cancer includes nutrition therapy (see the Treatment of Symptoms section) and/or drug therapy.
Nutrition needs are different for patients with advanced cancer.
It is common for patients with advanced cancer to want less food. Patients usually prefer soft foods and clear liquids. Those who have problems swallowing may do better with thick liquids than with thin liquids. Patients often do not feel much hunger at all and may need very little food.
In patients with advanced cancer, most foods are allowed. During this time, eating can be focused on pleasure rather than getting enough nutrients. Patients usually cannot eat enough of any food that might cause a problem. However, some patients may need to stay on a special diet. For example, patients with cancer that affects the abdomen may need a soft diet to keep the bowel from getting blocked.
The benefits and harms of nutrition support are different for each patient.
Answering the following questions may help to make decisions about using nutrition support:
- What are the wishes and needs of the patient and family?
- Will the patient's quality of life be improved?
- Do the possible benefits outweigh the risks and costs?
- Is there an advance directive? An advance directive is a legal document that states the treatment or care a person wishes to receive or not receive if he or she becomes unable to make medical decisions. One type of advance directive is a living will.
Cancer patients and their caregivers have the right to make informed decisions. The healthcare team and a registered dietitian can explain the benefits and risks of using nutrition support for patients with advanced cancer. In most cases, there are more harms than benefits, especially with parenteral nutrition support. However, for someone who still has good quality of life but is unable to get enough food and water by mouth, enteral feedings may be best. The benefits and risks of enteral nutrition during advanced cancer include the following:
- Benefits
- May make the patient more alert.
- May be a comfort to the family.
- May relieve nausea.
- May make the patient feel more hopeful.
- Harms
- Surgery may be needed to place a tube through the abdomen.
- May increase the amount of saliva in the mouth and throat. This may cause choking or pneumonia.
- May cause diarrhea or constipation.
- May cause nausea.
- May cause infection.
- Makes patient care harder for caregiver.
Food and Drug Interactions
Some foods do not mix safely with certain drugs.
Cancer patients may be treated with a number of drugs. Taking certain foods and drugs together may decrease or change how well the drugs work or cause life-threatening side effects. The following table lists some of the food and drug interactions that may occur with certain anticancer drugs:
|Grapefruit juice may increase the drug's effects.
|Alcohol may cause liver damage.
|Supplements of calcium and vitamin D may decrease the drug's effect.
|Alcohol may cause headache, trouble breathing, flushed skin, nausea, or vomiting, Caffeine may raise blood pressure.
|Food may slow or decrease the drug's effect.
Talk with your doctor about possible food and drug interactions.
Some herbal supplements do not mix safely with certain drugs or foods.
Taking some herbal supplements with certain foods and drugs may change how well cancer treatment works or cause life-threatening side effects. Talk with your doctor about how herbal supplements may affect your cancer treatment.
Nutrition and Lifestyle in Cancer Survivors
Cancer survivors have special nutrition needs.
Everyone needs a healthy diet and exercise for good health and to help prevent disease. Cancer survivors have special health needs, especially because of the risks of late effects and the cancer coming back. Studies have shown that a healthy diet helps to prevent late effects such as obesity, heart disease, and metabolic syndrome. Researchers are also studying whether certain diet and exercise habits in cancer survivors can keep cancer from coming back or keep new cancers from forming.
Healthy diet and lifestyle habits can improve the quality of life for cancer survivors.
Surveys show that many cancer survivors do not follow cancer prevention guidelines and have lifestyle behaviors that may increase their risk for late effects or make late effects worse. Education programs can help cancer survivors learn how to make behavior changes that keep them healthier. Programs that cover diet, exercise, and stress management are more likely to help cancer survivors make lasting changes.
The effects of diet and lifestyle on cancer continue to be studied.
Nutrition in Cancer Prevention
Following certain dietary guidelines may help prevent cancer.
The American Cancer Society and the American Institute for Cancer Research both have dietary guidelines that may help prevent cancer. Their guidelines are a lot alike and include the following:
- Eat a plant-based diet with a large variety of fruits and vegetables.
- Eat foods low in fat.
- Eat foods low in salt.
- Get to and stay at a healthy weight.
- Be active for 30 minutes on most days of the week.
- Drink few alcoholic drinks or don't drink at all.
- Prepare and store food safely.
- Do not use tobacco in any form.
The effect of soy on breast cancer and breast cancer prevention is being studied.
Study results include the following:
- Some studies show that eating soy may decrease the risk of having breast cancer.
- Taking soy supplements in the form of powders or pills has not been shown to prevent breast cancer.
- Adding soy foods to the diet after being diagnosed with breast cancer has not been shown to keep the breast cancer from coming back.
Soy has substances in it that act like estrogen in the body. Studies were done to find out how soy affects breast cancer in patients who have tumors that need estrogen to grow. Some studies have shown that soy foods are safe for women with breast cancer when eaten in moderate amounts as part of a healthy diet.
If you are a breast cancer survivor be sure to check the most up-to-date information when deciding whether to include soy in your diet.
To Learn More About Nutrition and Cancer Care
National Cancer Institute
For information from the National Cancer Institute (NCI) about nutrition and cancer treatment, see Side Effects.
For information from NCI about nutrition and cancer prevention, see the following PDQ summaries:
- Cancer Prevention Overview
- Breast Cancer Prevention
- Colorectal Cancer Prevention
- Esophageal Cancer Prevention
- Lung Cancer Prevention
- Stomach (Gastric) Cancer Prevention
For general nutrition information and other resources, see the following:
- United States Department of Agriculture
- Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics
- 800-877-1600
- www.eatright.org
- American Botanical Council
- 800-373-7105
- abc.herbalgram.org
- American Cancer Society
- 800-227-2345
- www.cancer.org
- American Institute for Cancer Research
- 800-843-8114
- www.aicr.org
- American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition
- 301-587-6315
- www.nutritioncare.org
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH)
- 888-644-6226 (NCCIH Clearinghouse)
- 866-464-3615 (toll free TTY)
- nccih.nih.gov
Office of Dietary Supplements
- 301-435-2920
- ods.od.nih.gov
- American Cancer Society's Healthy Eating Cookbook: a Celebration of Food, Friends, and Healthy Living. 3rd ed. Atlanta, GA: The American Cancer Society, 2005.
- Bloch A, Cassileth BR, Holmes MD, Thomson CA, eds.: Eating Well, Staying Well During and After Cancer. Atlanta, GA: American Cancer Society, 2004.
- Ghosh K, Carson L, and Cohen E: Betty Crocker's Living With Cancer Cookbook: Easy Recipes and Tips Through Treatment and Beyond. New York, NY: Hungry Minds, 2002.
- Weihofen DL, Robbins J, Sullivan PA: Easy-to-Swallow, Easy-to-Chew Cookbook: over 150 Tasty and Nutritious Recipes for People Who Have Difficulty Swallowing. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2002.
- Wilson JR: I-Can't-Chew Cookbook: Delicious Soft-Diet Recipes for People With Chewing, Swallowing, or Dry-Mouth Disorders. Alameda, Calif: Hunter House Inc., 2003.
Current Clinical Trials
Check the list of NCI-supported cancer clinical trials for supportive and palliative care trials about malnutrition, nutritional support and nutritional therapy that are now accepting participants. For more specific results, refine the search by using other search features, such as the location of the trial, the type of treatment, or the name of the drug.
General information about clinical trials is also available from the NCI website.
About This PDQ Summary
About PDQ
Physician Data Query (PDQ) is the National Cancer Institute's (NCI's) comprehensive cancer information database. The PDQ database contains summaries of the latest published information on cancer prevention, detection, genetics, treatment, supportive care, and complementary and alternative medicine. Most summaries come in two versions. The health professional versions have detailed information written in technical language. The patient versions are written in easy-to-understand, nontechnical language. Both versions have cancer information that is accurate and up to date and most versions are also available in Spanish.
PDQ is a service of the NCI. The NCI is part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). NIH is the federal government's center of biomedical research. The PDQ summaries are based on an independent review of the medical literature. They are not policy statements of the NCI or the NIH.
Purpose of This Summary
This PDQ cancer information summary has current information about nutrition before, during, and after cancer treatment. It is meant to inform and help patients, families, and caregivers. It does not give formal guidelines or recommendations for making decisions about health care.
Reviewers and Updates
Editorial Boards write the PDQ cancer information summaries and keep them up to date. These Boards are made up of experts in cancer treatment and other specialties related to cancer. The summaries are reviewed regularly and changes are made when there is new information. The date on each summary ("Date Last Modified") is the date of the most recent change.
The information in this patient summary was taken from the health professional version, which is reviewed regularly and updated as needed, by the PDQ Supportive and Palliative Care Editorial Board.
Clinical Trial Information
A clinical trial is a study to answer a scientific question, such as whether one treatment is better than another. Trials are based on past studies and what has been learned in the laboratory. Each trial answers certain scientific questions in order to find new and better ways to help cancer patients. During treatment clinical trials, information is collected about the effects of a new treatment and how well it works. If a clinical trial shows that a new treatment is better than one currently being used, the new treatment may become "standard." Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial. Some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment.
Clinical trials are listed in PDQ and can be found online at NCI's website. Many cancer doctors who take part in clinical trials are also listed in PDQ. For more information, call the Cancer Information Service 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237).
Permission to Use This Summary
PDQ is a registered trademark. The content of PDQ documents can be used freely as text. It cannot be identified as an NCI PDQ cancer information summary unless the whole summary is shown and it is updated regularly. However, a user would be allowed to write a sentence such as "NCI's PDQ cancer information summary about breast cancer prevention states the risks in the following way: [include excerpt from the summary]."
The best way to cite this PDQ summary is:
PDQ® Supportive and Palliative Care Editorial Board. PDQ Nutrition in Cancer Care. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. Updated <MM/DD/YYYY>. Available at: https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/side-effects/appetite-loss/nutrition-pdq. Accessed <MM/DD/YYYY>. [PMID: 26389440]
Images in this summary are used with permission of the author(s), artist, and/or publisher for use in the PDQ summaries only. If you want to use an image from a PDQ summary and you are not using the whole summary, you must get permission from the owner. It cannot be given by the National Cancer Institute. Information about using the images in this summary, along with many other images related to cancer can be found in Visuals Online. Visuals Online is a collection of more than 2,000 scientific images.
The information in these summaries should not be used to make decisions about insurance reimbursement. More information on insurance coverage is available on Cancer.gov on the Managing Cancer Care page.
Contact Us
More information about contacting us or receiving help with the Cancer.gov website can be found on our Contact Us for Help page. Questions can also be submitted to Cancer.gov through the website's E-mail Us.Date last modified: 2017-04-19


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In case you missed it, Penny Arcade's first foray into the game-making world, On the Rain-Slick Precipice of Darkness, is out now. I've been playing it all day. It's great. Notsomuch for the gameplay, which is standard stuff, but definitely for the charm. If you're not the type to trust my recommendation, however, (though really, you should, I'm a nice guy) anyone with a PC (Linux included) or Mac can grab a demo of the first episode, take it for a spin, see how it feels. Even if you hate smashing item boxes and turn-based combat, it should at least put a smile on your face.
On the Rain-Slick Precipice of Darkness Demo [Windows, Linux, Mac]

subset: commoncrawl


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Pharma R&D Today
Ideas and Insight supporting all stages of Drug Discovery & Development
Is a new Alzheimer's disease drug in the offing?
Posted on September 23rd, 2016 by Patrick C. May, PH.D. in Pharma R&D
A high profile paper describing a prospective new therapy for Alzheimer's disease (AD) was being shared around the internet recently. The paper, "The antibody aducanumab reduces Ab plaques in Alzheimer's disease," authored by Sevigny et al., was published on-line in Nature (Sevigny et al., 2016) and describes the preclinical and early clinical development of aducanumab, (more…)


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'Mystery' aircraft reportedly spotted flying over Texas raises speculation
- Image 1 of 2
- Image 2 of 2
It's difficult to determine, but a group of aviation enthusiasts say they caught a glimpse of a mystery aircraft earlier this month flying slowly across the Amarillo, Texas sky.
"We looked southwest and there they were," Steve Douglass, a journalist and member of the group, told FoxNews.com. "We thought they were B-2s, but when we studied our pictures, we ruled that out."
Douglass and his group, armed with cameras and binoculars, met on March 10 at the Rick Husband Amarillo International Airport. The airport is a perfect venue because it offers expansive views of Texas' big sky and a steady stream of military air traffic. On a good day, the group can see various military jets, and even the elusive F-22 Raptor.
It was a clear day, and the group was alerted to three aircraft flying across the southwest skies. Douglass estimated that the planes got within 20 miles of the group and they started taking pictures with their 300mm zoom cameras. They looked at the photos, and saw that one appeared to be a silver-grey B-2 bomber.
The prospects of spotting a B-2 bomber was exciting, and Douglass said he got home to observe his photos when he noticed the aircraft in his picture had a smooth backside. The B-2 bomber has a distinct "W"-shaped back.
"The trailing edge is wrong," Douglass shouted, according to his March 28 blog post.
Few items provoke public interest like an unidentified flying object. These stories are often attached to other theories about hidden testing bases or alien life forms. But these images have prompted some interest in the industry.
"The photos tell us more about what the mysterious stranger isn't than what it is," Bill Sweetman writes in Aviation Week, which first reported on the story. The report said that Douglass picked up some apparently related voice signals, which would indicate the aircraft had a pilot. Editors at Aviation Week reportedly say the images appear to be "something real."
"If I had to guess, I'd say we took a picture of a stealthy transport aircraft," Douglass said.
Douglass writes that he reached out to Whiteman Air Force Base in Missouri, which houses B-2s, to see if it flew any planes over Texas on that day and did not get a response.
Fox News' Edmund DeMarche contributed to this report


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I am trying to do the connection between my pc client and the fortigate 50B company firewall. I dont know how many parameters are required in the firewall configuration to do it.
I enable ipsec, I create the rules, and the phases 1 and 2.
someone can give me some guide?
Many thanks.


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The same day as the tragic Newtown, Connecticut, school shooting, a Chinese man stabbed 22 children in China's central province of Henan. The attack yielded almost no news coverage in the United States.
Although no fatalities have been reported in this particular Chinese stabbing incident, China — which has strict gun control laws — has had a spate of school stabbing massacres in recent years with many fatalities. In September, an ax-wielding Chinese man killed three school children and wounded another 13. And NBC News reported December 15 that "there was a particular string of knife attacks against schoolchildren across the country in early 2010 that killed nearly 20 and wounded more than 50."
Also largely unreported by the national press was a would-be massacre stopped in a Portland-area mall by an armed citizen with a concealed-carry permit. 22-year-old Nick Meli was carrying his Glock 22 at the Clackamas Town Center, a mall in a town outside of Portland, Oregon, on December 11, three days before the Newtown massacre. The contrast between the unarmed victims in Newtown and the Clackamas shooting was stark. Meli, seeing suspect 22-year-old Jacob Tyler Roberts shooting random shoppers with his AR-15, pulled his gun as Roberts' gun jammed. Meli never even had to fire his gun to stop the shooting spree, which ended in the death of two innocents and the shooter himself. Meli held his fire because of the risk of shooting an innocent person. "As I was going down to pull, I saw someone in the back of the Charlotte move, and I knew if I fired and missed, I could hit them," Meli told the local television station. "I know that after he saw me, I think that the last shot he fired was the one he used on himself."
While the message of gun control proponents is that massive deaths in lone shooter incidents would end if strict gun control laws are passed, Meli's example is that deaths would be minimized by instead ending "no gun zones." Meli's anecdote is backed up by data from the U.S. Justice Department's Bureau of Justice Statistics, which reports that some 82,500 crimes across the nation are stopped by law-abiding gun owners annually, while only about 270 incidents involve the law-abiding citizen killing the criminal perpetrator (police also kill an average of 400 violent criminal suspects annually). The BJS also noted that law-abiding citizens were also far less likely to be injured in crimes while using firearms defending themselves. "A fifth of the victims defending themselves with a firearm suffered an injury, compared to almost half of those who defended themselves with weapons other than a firearm or who had no weapon."
Professor John R. Lott, interviewed on CNN after the Newtown massacre, noted,
Every place in the world that we have crime data, both before and after a gun ban has gone into effect, every single place has seen an increase in murders after the ban has been put in place. And many times it's been a several-fold or more increase. And there's a simple reason for that, and that is, when you ban guns, it's basically the most-law-abiding citizens who turn in their guns, not the criminals. And rather than making it more difficult for criminals to commit crime, you actually make it easier.
Meanwhile, gun control advocates claim that U.S. crime rates are higher because of access to guns, citing deceptively selective statistics. Gun control advocates typically cite only murders where a firearm is used, not overall murder rates, and claim that the U.S. death rate is several multiples of other developed nations. But the reality is that availability of guns in the United States has led to an overall murder rate no higher than other developed nations, if one accounts for age and race. While the overall U.S. homicide rate is higher than most European nations, if one measures European-Americans to Europeans of the same age group, the rates are virtually identical. The U.S. murder rate among whites is 3.3 per 100,000, just a bit higher than most developed European nations. But European nations such as Germany are highly gentrified, comprised largely of older people who are far less likely to commit crimes, whereas the United States has a far younger average age for its population and far more youth. Likewise, Asian-American murder rates are lower than Caucasian-American murder rates, though higher than murder rates in most developed Asian nations such as Japan. But Japan also has a highly gentrified society, and like most of Europe is not producing enough children to replace the existing population. Once gentrification is factored in, the murder rates are virtually identical. Likewise, African-American murder rates — which are very high at 22 per 100,000 — are somewhat lower than murder rates in South Africa, the most developed nation on that continent.
Related articles:
Gun-free Zones Called "Magnet for Mass Shooters"
Gunman Forced Way Into School, Shot 26 Victims Multiple Times


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Verse: Romans 13:13 – 14
Quote: "Thou hast made us for thyself, and our hearts are restless till they find their rest in Thee." (Augustine, Confessions)
Augustine of Hippo (354 – 430) is one of the giants of church history. In the fifteen-hundred-year span between the apostle Paul and Martin Luther, no one looms larger in the minds of most Protestants. With the possible exception of Thomas Aquinas and John Calvin, his influence as a theologian is unparalleled. And his memoir, Confessions, is given a place in literature as the first recorded memoir. Augustine was an African, and it is fitting that this man of such great stature is still read and debated today, when the African church, having come full circle, is again a center of vibrancy and scholarship.
As a sexually charged youth, Augustine finds himself in "the thorny branches of sex and temptation." He also sows his wild oats for several years as an adherent of Manichaeism, a dualistic religion in which the spiritual realm is manifested in conflict between light and darkness, spirit and body. There is no good God who reigns supreme; individuals are essentially on their own, seeking knowledge to save themselves.
Manichaeism eventually proves to be intellectually unsatisfying for Augustine, who turns to skepticism and then to Neo-Platonism, a philosophy extolling truth, goodness, and beauty. This intellectual shift parallels a geographical move from Carthage to Rome. From Rome he moves to Milan, where his mother joins him and soon becomes enamored with Ambrose and influences her son to attend his sermons. All the while, Augustine is moving away from a philosophical worldview toward orthodox Christianity.
His "garden conversion" is the spiritual climax of his memoir. While weeping in a garden, Augustine overhears a child's voice calling, "Take up and read." Augustine takes this as a sign from God, and reaches for a manuscript of Paul. There his eyes fall on these words: "Not in rioting and drunkenness, not in chambering and wantonness, not in strife and envying: but put ye on the Lord Jesus Christ, and make not provision for the flesh in concupiscence" (Rom. 13:13 – 14).
"Instantly at the end of this sentence," he writes, "by a light of serenity infused into my heart, all darkness of doubt fled away." Biographers and historians have pointed out that this was a conversion to a celibate monastic life as much as a recommitment to the Christian faith of his heritage and that it had been some time in coming.
On Easter Sunday 387, Ambrose baptizes Augustine, who leaves behind his teaching position to immerse himself in Scripture. He then returns to Africa to live quietly in his hometown as a monk, but the locals recognize his capabilities and elect him to be their priest. Then, in 395, only eight years after his baptism, he is elected bishop of Hippo. Unlike many bishops of the era, he seeks to retain a monastic way of life while preaching several times a week and writing more than a thousand treatises in addition to extensive correspondence.
During the course of his bishopric, several controversies arise between Augustine and other sects. One of these is with the Donatists, a sect arising in the aftermath of the Great Persecution of Emperor Diocletian. When Imperial officials demand that Christians hand over the Scriptures under penalty of death, some Christians surrender their manuscripts and are considered traditors by the Donatists.
The Donatists regard denial of the faith to be the ultimate crime against the church and against God; traditors are no longer part of the church. If someone is baptized by a traditor bishop, that baptism is invalid. In defense of priests and bishops who had surrendered the Scriptures, Augustine argues that the sacrament is valid irrespective of the sinfulness of the priest who administers it. The grace of Christ is operative in the sacrament; thus the worthiness of the priest is irrelevant. Grace is conferred through the sacrament.
Augustine's most bitter theological controversies involve Pelagius, a devout and stout British monk, who teaches that individuals are responsible for their sins, even as they are for their good deeds. That humans inherit original sin from Adam he deems patently false; whether one sins or not is a matter of self-control and free will rather than determinism. Augustine, emphasizing God's sovereignty and election, counters that our sinful nature propels us to sin and that no one has the innate capability to do good.
Yet Augustine knows above all else that God is entangled with mystery. "Since it is God we are speaking of," he cautions, "you do not understand it. If you could understand it, it would not be God."
– Bible Gateway.Com


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Getting started
Using your machine
Using the tools
Learn how to make the most of the tools included with your Dyson vacuum cleaner.
Switching from carpets to hard floors
See how to change the settings on your machine for different floor coverings.
Maintaining your machine
Fixing a machine that won't stand upright
Follow our simple video to troubleshoot problems where your vacuum won't stay upright when you come to a standstill.
Clearing a jammed brush bar
We demonstrate how to access the brush bar so it can be cleared of tangles.
Releasing a jammed wand
If your machine's wand is jammed in place, our quick video could help you solve the problem.
Useful tips
Safely store tools
Clip accessories onto the storage posts on the side of the vacuum, so you've always got them to hand.
Wash the filter regularly
Rinse under a cold tap until the water runs clear – you don't need any detergents. Leave to dry fully (at least 24 hours) before refitting.
Don't overfill it
Keep one eye on the bin and empty it as soon as debris reaches the MAX marker to maintain suction.
Why Register? More perks.
Registration doesn't just give you Dyson's 2 or 5 year parts and labor warranty. Being a Dyson registered owner has even more perks:
Exclusive Savings Events
Registered owners save on future purchases. Receive up to 20% off purchases during 12 Owner Rewards Savings Events throughout the year.
Free Health Check
Reminders for free preventative maintenance checks at a Dyson Service Center near you.
First to know
Registered owners receive exclusive events and sneak peeks at our latest technology before anyone else.
VIP Hotline
Assistance from our U.S.-based team of Dyson experts, who are on hand to help through a dedicated VIP hotline, and online support 7 days a week.
Reviewer Program
Experience the latest technology in our invitation-only reviewer program.
Machine Information
Helpful tips to get the most out of your machine and keep it working at its best.
We don't stop caring about our machines once they're yours. Activating your parts and labor warranty allows us to give you a tailored, complementary, direct service for your machine. Even after your warranty has ended, we'll still be on hand to help.
Home Cleaning Kit
Part No. 912772-05
Three tool combination to help deep clean around your home.
Soft dusting brush
Part No. 908896-02
Soft bristles gently remove dust from flat surfaces and furniture.
Flexi crevice tool
Part No. 917633-01
Extends and bends. For hard-to-reach places around your home and car.
Solve a problem
Our step-by-step tool helps you get your machine working again.
Frequently asked questions
How often do the filters on this machine need washing?
It is recommended that you clean both of the filters at least once every 3 months. Filter maintenance instructions can be found in the machine's User Guide.
Can I use this machine with an extension cable?
No, the use of an extension cable is not recommended.
Can I use this machine to pick up liquids?
No. Do not pick up water or other liquids with your machine.


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Category - Ética
«Hay tantas realidades como puntos de vista. El punto de vista crea el panorama» Ortega y Gasset[avatar user="zalosilio" size="original" align="center" /]
«Hay tantas realidades como puntos de vista. El punto de vista crea el panorama» Ortega y Gasset[avatar user="zalosilio" size="original" align="center" /]
A breakdown of the Houston Texans 2017 draft class and its progress after two weeks of training camp:
Deshaun Watson, QB, first round (No. 12 overall): Watson has impressed the Texans' coaching staff since he stepped into the building in Houston, and that continued in the Texans' preseason opener, where he went 15-of-25 for 179 yards passing and had a 15-yard rushing touchdown. Head coach Bill O'Brien said Watson was right about the offensive scheme about half the time -- "to be expected with a rookie" -- but he also liked Watson's "poise and demeanor and the way that he sees the game." Tom Savage is still the Texans' starting quarterback and will likely start Week 1, but Watson is pushing him during training camp for that starting job.Zach Cunningham, ILB, second round (No. 57): Cunningham won't be a starter right away for the Texans, but O'Brien said he was happy with what he did in his NFL debut on Wednesday against the Carolina Panthers. The rookie had a team-high seven tackles in the game, a few which came right on the spot after a completed pass. DeAndre Hopkins JerseysThe Texans don't have a lot of depth at linebacker, Jadeveon Clowney Jerseysand Cunningham could be the eventual replacement for veteran Brian Cushing.
D'Onta Foreman, RB, third round (No. 89): The Texans have a lot of competition of running back, J.J. Watt Jerseysbut Foreman could come out of training camp as Lamar Miller's backup. O'Brien said he hopes to manage Miller's carries this season, Lamar Miller Jerseysso Foreman should see quite a bit of playing time. The rookie had a few good carries in Houston's preseason opener, including a 41-yard run, and O'Brien said he liked what Foreman did on special teams as well.
Julien Davenport, OT, fourth round (No. 130): The Texans had a need at right tackle entering the draft but waited until the fourth round to address it. Houston drafted Davenport of Bucknell knowing he needed time to develop into an NFL tackle. Brian Cushing JerseysThe Texans like his athleticism and hope eventually he will be able to see time at tackle.


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About writing custom search commands
You can extend the Splunk Search Processing Language (SPL) by customizing the built-in commands, or by writing your own search commands for custom processing or calculations.
If you use Splunk Cloud, you do not have filesystem access to your Splunk deployment. If you want to create custom search commands, file a Support ticket.
The following table describes the protocols, formats, and SDKs that you can use to create custom search commands.
|Supported protocols
|Supported executable formats
|Custom Search Command protocol, Version 2
|Use to create custom commands for a wide range of platforms and executable formats.
|.bat, .cmd, .exe, .js, .pl, .py, .sh
|Splunk SDK for Python
|Custom Search Command protocol, Version 1
|Use with the Splunk SDK for Python to create custom commands for Python.
Use with the Intersplunk.py SDK only to support existing custom commands.
|.pl, .py
Splunk SDK for Python
Custom search commands that use Version 2 of the Custom Search Command protocol can be implemented in a variety of programming languages. These custom commands can even be implemented as platform-specific binary files.
By contrast, custom search commands that use the Version 1 protocol can be implemented only in Python. Custom commands that use the Version 1 protocol can only run using the Python interpreter that is included with the Splunk software.
About the SDKs
Use the Splunk SDK for Python to create custom search commands. The Splunk SDK for Python includes several templates that you can use to build new custom search commands.
Intersplunk.py is an older SDK and should only be used to support existing custom search commands that were built using the Version 1 protocol. You should not use the Intersplunk.py SDK for new custom search commands.
About the protocols
Version 2 protocol
There are significant advantages to using the Version 2 of the Custom Search Command protocol.
- With the Version 2 protocol, external programs process through an entire set of Splunk search results in one invocation. The external program is invoked once for the entire search, greatly reducing runtime overhead.
- The Version 2 protocol requires fewer configuration attributes than the Version 1 protocol.
- Supports non-Python custom search commands, for example C++, Go, Java and JavaScript (Node.js).
- Support for platform-specific executable files and binaries. You can write custom search commands in compiled languages, such as C++, on multiple platforms.
Version 1 protocol
The Version 1 of the Custom Search Command protocol processes events in groups, using 50,000 events for each group. The external program is invoked and terminated multiple times for large result sets.
See also
Forward data to third-party systems
Write a custom search command
This documentation applies to the following versions of Splunk® Enterprise: 6.4.0, 6.4.1, 6.4.2, 6.4.3, 6.4.4, 6.4.5, 6.4.6, 6.4.7, 6.4.8, 6.4.9, 6.4.10, 6.4.11, 6.5.0, 6.5.1, 6.5.1612 (Splunk Cloud only), 6.5.2, 6.5.3, 6.5.4, 6.5.5, 6.5.6, 6.5.7, 6.5.8, 6.5.9, 6.5.10, 6.6.0, 6.6.1, 6.6.2, 6.6.3, 6.6.4, 6.6.5, 6.6.6, 6.6.7, 6.6.8, 6.6.9, 6.6.10, 6.6.11, 6.6.12, 7.0.0, 7.0.1, 7.0.2, 7.0.3, 7.0.4, 7.0.5, 7.0.6, 7.0.7, 7.0.8, 7.0.9, 7.0.10, 7.0.11, 7.0.13, 7.1.0, 7.1.1, 7.1.2, 7.1.3, 7.1.4, 7.1.5, 7.1.6, 7.1.7, 7.1.8, 7.1.9, 7.1.10, 7.2.0, 7.2.1, 7.2.2, 7.2.3, 7.2.4, 7.2.5, 7.2.6, 7.2.7, 7.2.8, 7.2.9, 7.3.0, 7.3.1, 7.3.2, 7.3.3, 7.3.4, 8.0.0, 8.0.1, 8.0.2
Thanks DUThibault, fixed :-)
"Custom Search Command protocol, can be implemented" should be "Custom Search Command protocol can be implemented"
Ww9rivers -
Thank you for your comment. Looking at this series of topics, I see that there are no links between them, so I added several links (in the See also sections at the bottom of the pages) between the topics.
Here are a few key links:
Write a custom search command - http://docs.splunk.com/Documentation/Splunk/7.0.0/Search/Writeasearchcommand
Select a location for your custom search command - http://docs.splunk.com/Documentation/Splunk/7.0.0/Search/Customcommandlocation
Security responsibilities with custom search commands - http://docs.splunk.com/Documentation/Splunk/7.0.0/Search/Securityresponsibilities
Where may I find more details about the version 2 / version 1 protocols? Links to relevant spots in splunk>docs would be much appreciated!
Thanks for the clarification! I have updated the documentation.
Note: "golang" is not a language. Go is a language that lives at https://golang.org and people often Google for "golang" since Go is such a universal word.


text:
Here's what you need
With these Apple devices and software versions, you can use iWork collaboration with Box:
- A Mac with macOS Mojave and Pages 8.2, Numbers 6.2, or Keynote 9.2 or later
- An iPhone or iPod touch with iOS 12 and Pages 5.2, Numbers 5.2, or Keynote 5.2 or later
- An iPad with iOS 12 or iPadOS and Pages 5.2, Numbers 5.2, or Keynote 5.2 or later
- Box Drive for Mac 1.10 or later or Box Edit for Mac 4.0 or later, or Box 4.3.0 or later for your iPhone or iPad
With these browser versions, you can collaborate online:
- Safari 9 or later, or Google Chrome 50 or later for Mac
- Internet Explorer 11 or later or Google Chrome 50 or later for Windows PC
Get started
- Visit box.com and sign up for a personal1 Box account. Already have one? If so, go to the next step.
- If you have a personal account, sign in, then click or tap your initials in the top-right corner of the browser. Select Account Settings, then choose Integrations.
For enterprise accounts, Box Enterprise Admins can access Integrations settings in the Admin Console > Settings > Apps.
- To turn on iWork collaboration, select iWork Collaboration.
- To preview iWork documents online in Box, select iWork Previews.
1 To use iWork collaboration with a Box enterprise account, iWork collaboration must be turned on by your organization.
Collaborate on a Document
Once you set up Box and turn on iWork collaboration, you can automatically edit with others in real time on any iWork document that's already stored in Box.
- To start collaborating on a new document, move or save your document into Box:
- On Mac, drag your document to the Box folder in the Finder sidebar. If Box isn't in the Finder sidebar, open the Box app from the Applications folder.
- On iPhone or iPad, move or copy your document into Box using either the document manager in Pages, Numbers, or Keynote or the Files app.2
- Online in your Box account, sign in to your account, then drag the document to the All Files screen. Or, click Upload, choose File, then choose the document.
- To invite others, open your document from the Box folder, click or tap the Collaboration button , then invite people via box.com.
- After you've started collaborating, you can manage the document:
- To see who is currently editing the document, click or tap the Collaboration button .
- To set restrictions for who can view and make changes to your document, click or tap the Collaboration button , then tap
- Share Settings.
2 Make sure you've added Box to your Locations on your iPhone or iPad. Once you've added Box, you can move and copy documents into Box with the document manager and the Files app.
Edit when you're offline
On your Mac, if you go offline when the document is open, you can continue to edit. When you reconnect, your edits are automatically incorporated into the document. If other participants have edited the document while you're offline, a copy of the document might be created in the same folder as the original.
On your iPhone or iPad, you can't edit collaborative documents while you're offline. If you go offline, you'll be prompted to save a copy locally on your device. When you are back online, you can either upload the local copy to Box or copy the changes from the local copy and paste them into the original document.
Preview, edit, and create iWork documents online in Box
You can preview, edit, and create new iWork documents within a browser when signed in to your Box account.3 From the Files and Folders screen, here's what you can do:
- To preview an iWork document online in Box, select the document.
- To edit an iWork document online in Box, select the document, select Open in the toolbar, then choose Pages, Numbers, or Keynote on the Web.
- To create a new iWork document online in Box, click New. Then, choose a Pages document, Numbers spreadsheet, or Keynote presentation.
3 You can open a document of up to 1 GB on box.com. If your document is larger than 1 GB, use Pages, Numbers, or Keynote on iPhone, iPad, or Mac to reduce its size before trying to open it on box.com.
Terms and privacy
While using iWork collaboration or viewing an iWork preview or document on the web, your files will be temporarily stored on secure Apple servers.
Your use of the iWork applications is subject to Apple's iWork on the Web Terms of Service and Privacy Policy.
If you have a personal Box account, you can turn off Box collaboration and previews on the Integrations tab of your Account Settings. If you have a Box enterprise account, please contact your organization.


text:
Does anyone use BobCAD CAM Software to program their cnc machines?
BobCAM Team Leader
Does anyone use BobCAD CAM Software to program their cnc machines?
BobCAM Team Leader
This video walks through the steps of opening a DXF file and moving the part to zero.
This video walks you through the steps of cleaning up geometry and using layers to organize your part.
This video walks you through the steps of drilling and tapping the holes for this sample drawing.
This video walks you through the steps of cutting the slots for this drawing. We are using the profile feature and contour ramping, which will ramp down to cut the slot out.
This video walks through the steps of cutting the pockets. I show how you can use top of job to change where the tool starts cutting from. Using top of part settings is great for when you are cutting a pocket inside a pocket. This way you don't cut air.
This video walks through the steps of cleaning up the walls of the pockets. I use the profile feature with side roughing. This allows the tool to walk into the wall and clear any extra stock that might have been left over.
This video walks through the steps of simulating your program and posting code.
Question: If my simulation show the tools cutting in the wrong order, how do I change that?
Answer: The machining order can be set to " individual tool " or " individual Feature"
Watch this video to learn more: http://screencast.com/t/PA4z4205
Question: Why does the software call more than one tool when drilling a hole. What if I only want to call a drill, instead of a center drill, a drill and a chamfer tool?
Answer: We use tool patters to optimize hole making processes. The idea is to call and program all the tools need to make the kind of hole you want to make. You can customize the patters to fit your needs. Watch this video to learn how: http://screencast.com/t/0vkwZ8WgFd
Please let me know if anyone has questions or comments.
Al DePoalo
BobCAM Team Leader
Hi Al, a couple years back we picked up CAMv23 & Bob Art for a Hass TM. One of the machinist took your class and apparently it went right over his head. Now I'm a Geopath fan myself from way back but a guess I will watch all and try to pick this up. If not do you know when the next class's are scheduled for the Bay Area.
Thanks, Bob
About BobCAD-CAM Seminars
Becoming a 100% professional BobCAD-CAM software operator has just been made easier to achieve! Each Training Seminar includes 3-days of complete CAD/CAM training. Every manufacturer that attends a Training Seminar is recognized and awarded with a "BobCAD-CAM Software Operator" certificate, after completing the class training instruction. Because we want your training experience to be the best that we can make it, we ask that you reserve your seats in advance as seating is limited.
The price includes training only. All flights, hotel, food and miscellaneous expenses are the responsibility of the attendee.
Information on local hotels, car rentals and restaurants are available as needed upon request. Discounted hotel rates are usually available when BobCAD-CAM is mentioned during reservation.
We offer 3-Day CAD-CAM Training Seminars at various locations around America.
Course Objective
This is to provide our BobCAD-CAM customers with an effective way to learn the software and become more knowledgeable and proficient in its use.
Course Contents
Training on Version 24 CAD/CAM Mill software. Optional training on Lathe and Art for an additional fee per class, per night or per person.
Meeting Place
The Training Seminar will be held in the conference room at a hotel near your city.
3-Days from 8:30 AM to approximately 5:00 PM on days 1 & 2 and 7:30 AM to approximately 4:00 PM on day 3. Optional, additional Lathe & Art Classes available on the 1st & 2nd evenings
Professional BobCAD-CAM software operator certificates are issued at the end of the 3-day training class.
For large scale plant wide training, consider our on-site training solutions.
Additional Information
Schedule a Training Seminar in a different location or request more information.
Sign up for a seminar contact the training department directly at 877.262.2231 ext 127
I posted some information on the seminars above. Please let me know if you have more information.
We purchased our BobCad software last year from a high pressure sales call. Promisses of ease of use and support abounded and that it would work with our Anilam controller. We quickly found that for some reason the software would not work on our XP computers. BobCad's response was that the problem resides with our computers. We have loaded several cad/cam programs since, all without issue. We requested several times for a post processor. Never received. BobCad contacted several times requesting a refund...no reply. We even filed a complaint with BBB and they did not even reply to the BBB.
My opinion is that this is a high pressure selling scheme as I continue to receive email from BobCad requesting me to purchase additional services. I don't think so!
jameshickman (08-14-12)
You know I am sorry to hear that about your account. If you PM me your information I can look into your account and sort things out.
1) BobCAD is supported on XP Vista & 7 , we are currently testing for 8
2) Post processors are free and can be downloaded off our website. If we do not have a post for your machine we will build your one. Also all users can edit the post for changes they may want.
About Post Processors
BobCAD-CAM provides standard Post Processors free of charge. Modified or Customized Post Processors are covered under our Technical Support Memberships. To view the available options please click here.
A Post Processor is a unique "driver" specific to the CNC controller it's intended to work with. The Post Processor controls the format of the G-code produced by BobCAD-CAM.
For BobCAD-CAM to effectively run your CNC machine you must choose the proper post. Use the menu below to choose the correct post for the version of BobCAD-CAM software you have, and the machine controller you want to post to.
BobCAD-CAM provides free Post Processors to all of it's customers. There is no limit to the number of post you may download and use with your BobCAD-CAM software. We have many post configurations ready for download.
I do not know who called from BobCad yesterday, but true to the experiences I have had with this company, no return phone number and the message was that I would receive a call back yesterday. It is the end of the day on Tuesday and no call!
This is apparently the BobCad way of customer support! This has happened in the past.
But...I have received several emails soliciting from BobCad soliciting the purchase of more products. A marketing scheme?
No marketing scheme,
I called you yesterday and you were not available. I did leave a message that I called and why I was calling.
Like I said I want to sort out your account. I am going to call your office today, what is the best time to reach you?
Al DePoalo
BobCAM Team Leader
Al, I just started a job where they use bobcad V18. I have never used bobcad, and was looking for some learning aids. Checked the videos on youtube and they look very good. Problem is those videos are V24 and way differant than V18. Any ideas?
We don't offer training videos for the V18. What you would want to do is use the V21 instead. I am sure you could get a free upgrade to V21 if you purchased the training videos for the V21.
Any idea what that would cost?
PM me your contact information and I'll call you to talk about it.
If there is anything I can do to help you make the transition to the V24 please let me know.
Is there something "topic" that you are really stuck on with the V24?
I have been a GibbsCam user for about 12 years and about 3 years ago my brother gave me a seat of BobCad V23 (a legal seat I might add). I have tried on several occasions to learn to use it but it just seems way too cumbersone compared to GibbsCam. Is the on line training for V23 like you show above for V24?
Yes you can get on line training for the V23. The BobCAD CAM software is different from the Gibbs cam in many ways, so I understand why you would need the training. Also I would recommend trying the new V25 you might find it easier to work with. We changed the work flow and added a stock wizard and surface picking for 2D machining. You also can pick depths of pockets and profiles off the surface, kinda like Gibbs.
Just give our training department a call and I am sure they can help you out.
When it comes to BobCAD-CAM training, what better way than a training schedule that works for you; using your own parts, in the comfort of your own office, and extremely affordable for anyone.
Conveniently done in hourly increments around your schedule to minimize disruption of production
Live instruction on the computer and via telephone
Dedicated curriculum, customizable to focus on exact areas of the software to maximize efficiency
Available for BobCAD-CAM & BobCAM for SolidWorks™
Standard Cost: $150.00 per hour, and first time introductory rate's available
I have been looking for a free soft that will do simply sign designs like text and simply graphic to get started with we just purchased and cnc machine with cabinet making as the main output but would like to be able to create a few signs and send the info to the cnc machine. Everything I have found that had a free down load even if it was a trail it would not sent file to cnc machine. Help Please.
i am currently using bobcad cam v24 and im trying to draw hole patterns but it wont recognize it as a profile i have a mazak L1 control that has been upgraded to a turbo 510need easier way to draw and convert to gcode
and send to controller
Have used BobCAD since the good ol' DOS days up to V19 but these newer versions are heading way off into the 3D market that our company just doesn't mess with. Afraid we're just going to have to let it go. Besides, pricing for it has headed up and has ran right outside our market limit.
Well, I have been using it on and off for years now.
Has Bob sobered up yet?
Good morning Al,
Here in Adelaide, Australia, I've recently purchased V25 with a 4th axis add-on, to run with Anilam600M. I have been using Licom and Delcam software in the UK. I've been having trouble Cad-ing Augers to be done on the 4th axis, and I haven't been able to work out the unwrapping for machining. Some advice would welcomed.
i have v21, trying to donwload dxf files from internet, i have no trouble unless its in a zip file, which many are, bobcad doesnt recognize it in cad, even if i open zip, then try to save dxf or dwg from there , no dice
Larry, I am not sure what the file being zipped has to do with BobCAD not opening the file. There could be some un supported geometry type in the file which would have nothing to do with it being a zipped file. I would have to get my hands on a file to know more about what is going on.
Other than that, be sure to subscribe to my YouTube channel for the most up to date information on BobCAD.


text:
Private schemes and operators are playing a growing role in pension systems. This trend is likely to intensify in future years as governments come to face the consequences of ageing populations on their public pension systems. Already in most OECD countries private schemes play an important role as complements to the public system, whether in the form of occupational or personal pension plans.
The Insurance Committee has discussed private pensions issues for years. This is not surprising in consideration of the role of insurance companies in the second and third pillars. Recently, the Committee decided to strengthen substantially its work in this area. In this respect, a new Working Party composed from regulatory and supervisory authorities in charge of private pensions, as well as representatives from the pensions industry, was created in 1998.
A huge programme of work was approved in June 1999. The OECD is expected to considerably expand its activities in the private pensions field, thanks also to several voluntary contributions provided by Member countries. The Group of governmental experts on insurance solvency will supplement this work with an analysis of related solvency systems. The Joint group CMIT/Insurance Committee also recently addressed the issue of investment abroad by insurance companies and pension funds.
The Working Party on private pensions will conduct its work in close co-operation with:
the Committee on Financial Markets through a follow-up project "pension reform and financial markets" launched in relation with the OECD horizontal project on ageing populations.
the Directorate for Education, Employment, Labour and Social Affairs, which whom a Joint project on "retirement income systems" is ongoing.
The Working Party has also undertaken policy dialogue with Non-Member countries on private pension issues. As part of this effort, the First OECD Forum on Private Pensions was organised in Prague in April 2000. At this occasion, representatives from regulatory agencies and relevant ministries from member and non-member countries participating in the meeting agreed to establish an International Network of Pensions Regulators and Supervisors. The aim of this Network will be to serve as a forum for policy dialogue and cooperation on regulatory and financial issues related to pensions.
Related Documents


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Speaking briefly at PortMiami on Friday afternoon, President Barack Obama proposed new ways for governments to secure private dollars for big-ticket highway, bridge and other public works projects to boost the economy and create new construction jobs.
Among the president's proposals will be raising caps on certain state and local bonds to lower financing costs and make them available for more types of projects; exempting foreign pension funds from taxes when they want to invest in U.S. infrastructure, as is already done for American pension funds, and spending an additional $4 billion for two programs that provide loans and grants to public-works projects — all intended to gin up private investment for the upgrades, according to a senior White House official who spoke on background before Obama's announcement.
Said Obama at Port Miami: "No workers were hammered harder by the recession than construction workers."
In his State of the Union address last month, Obama made public-works spending a crucial portion of his economic agenda for the year, proposing a program that would spend $40 billion in public money on needed fixes to the country's aging roads and bridges. Republicans in Congress, however, have opposed new spending that grows the deficit and is not paid for by tax cuts or other budget savings.
A smaller part of the plan, which the administration calls the "Rebuild America Partnership," centers on drawing private investment. That was Obama's focus Friday, when he talked about renewing a proposal from his first term to create a $10 billion national infrastructure bank. All the proposals would require congressional approval.
Obama's economic plan has been somewhat lost in the shuffle since the State of the Union, with Washington's attention centered on gun-control, immigration and automatic federal budget cuts known as the sequester. The White House, which said it could not estimate how many jobs the president's proposals would create because that would depend on the interest of private investors. It also did not release details on how much Obama's latest plan would cost. That information will be included in the president's budget, which will be released in April, the White House official said.
Friday was Obama's first visit to South Florida since being elected to a second term last November. He was joined by Florida Sen. Bill Nelson, U.S. Reps. Debbie Wasserman Schultz, Frederica Wilson and Joe Garcia, all of whom are Democrats. Other local politicians included Miami-Dade Mayor Carlos Gimenez and Miami Mayor Tomas Regalado.
As his stage, Obama used the seaport, a major economic engine which is undergoing significant projects, including a $1 billion tunnel under Biscayne Bay to ease cargo truck traffic on roads and a planned $180 million port dredging to accommodate larger vessels after the widening of the Panama Canal. PortMiami Director has said the dredging will create some 33,000 direct and indirect new jobs.
But Miami is also a fitting location for the president's speech for other projects that won't be captured by television cameras. Miami-Dade County has drawn up a $1.5 billion plan to repair its antiquated, spill-plagued water-and-sewer system, under pressure from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The causeway to Key Biscayne has been partly shut down as county administrators consider a more than $30 million rehabilitation of the Bear Cut and West bridges' corroding steel beams.
Gimenez has repeatedly warned county commissioners that they should not count on federal money to finance the projects.
On Thursday, Republican Florida Gov. Rick Scott called on Obama to reimburse the state for the $77 million Florida invested in the port dredging. For years, port officials unsuccessfully lobbied the federal government for the funds. The White House was quick to respond that the federal government provided a $340 million loan to help finance the tunnel project, and a $23 million grant to restore freight rail service between PortMiami and the Florida East Coast Railway.
Scott repeated the request in a statement released Friday during the president's visit.
"While we're happy to host the President, we hoped to hear a commitment to reimburse Florida taxpayers the millions of dollars the state invested for the federal portion of port projects in Miami and Jacksonville," he said. "We hope this reimbursement will be included in the President's budget proposal next week."
In a Miami Herald op-ed piece Friday, Sen. Marco Rubio, a Florida Republican, criticized the Obama administration's "failed game plan of tax hikes and spending increases" and urged the president to consider small-government policies to help Miami's small businesses.
"It's time to fix the nation's economy by putting the ball back in the hands of the real playmakers: the hardworking Americans that drive our private economy," Rubio wrote.
McClatchy White House correspondent Lesley Clark contributed to this report from Washington.
Patricia Mazzei
Miami Herald


text:
Whale Puzzle
Made by Maple Landmark Inc. in Middlebury, VT
This Whale puzzle has 11 large interlocking pieces cut from 1/8" hardwood plywood. Each puzzle measures about 11" high and 12" long. Brightly colored and detailed designs are printed right on the wood so the images don't scratch off with lots and lots of play. Each puzzle comes shrink wrapped with a drawstring pouch for easy storage.
Item # 904
Related Items:


text:
Rio Rancho bank robber still on the loose.
Gunmen shoot up Phillu bus.
Mark Zuckerberg's sister leaves Facebook.
Officials kidnap babies in China.
Head of India's Congress Party had surgery in the United States.
Juno to Jupiter!
Perhaps Obama didn't lose to GOP.
A seven-year-old kid's prehistoric blog.
South American weasel-like animals plan for the future.


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