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Satellite images showed that the mid-October eruption at Lateiki (Metis Shoal) had formed a new and larger island, but by 14 November it had eroded to a size similar to the pre-eruptive size.
Source: Simon Carn
Island present in December 2006; discolored water
On 7 December 2006 the Royal New Zealand Air Force (RNZAF) flew over the Home Reef and Metis Shoal area of Tonga at the request of volcanologists from the Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences (IGNS). At that time an island was present (figure 4), but it is not known if this is a remnant of the island built in 1995 (BGVN 20:06) or the result of later undocumented eruptions. Areas of discolored water were present adjacent to the island, the result of either erosion or fumarolic activity. Discolored water extending about 5 km SW from the location of the island was also observed in an Aqua MODIS satellite image taken on 15 September 2005 (figure 5).
|Figure 5. Satellite image (Aqua MODIS) from 15 September 2005 showing discolored water extending about 5 km SW from Metis Shoal. Image has been color-adjusted to enhance water discoloration. Base image courtesy of NASA Earth Observatory.
Information Contacts: Brad Scott, Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences (IGNS), Wairakei Research Centre, PO Box 2000, Taupo, New Zealand (URL: http://www.geonet.org.nz/, http://www.gns.cri.nz/); NASA Earth Observatory (URL: http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/).
2019: October | November
2006: October
Satellite images showed that the mid-October eruption at Lateiki (Metis Shoal) had formed a new and larger island, but by 14 November it had eroded to a size similar to the pre-eruptive size.
Source: Simon Carn
GeoNet reported that by 1 November the eruption at Metis Shoal (Lateiki) had formed an elongated island, with no visible evidence of the old 1995 dome. According to a news article the new island is about 100 m wide and 400 m long, and had emerged at a location 120 m away from the former island. The article noted that the eruption had ceased.
Sources: GeoNet; Matangi Tonga Online
The Wellington VAAC reported that on 22 October pilots observed intermittent white plumes rising from Metis Shoal (Lateiki) to 3.7 km (12,000 ft) a.s.l. There was no ash signature in the plumes.
Source: Wellington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
According to news articles the Tonga Geological Services Office of the Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources stated that several observations indicating a possible eruption at Metis Shoal, also known as Lateiki, were reported during 13-15 October. Real Tonga pilots flying between Tongatapu and Vava'u observed the intermittent plumes rising to 4.6-5.2 km (15,000-17,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifting N on 15 October. Ash in the plumes was not identifiable according to the Wellington VAAC.
Sources: Wellington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC); Matangi Tonga Online; Matangi Tonga Online
Further information obtained regarding the floating pumice rafts between Tonga and Fiji indicated that the source was Metis Shoal. Mariners in the region were being informed of this activity in early September via "Rag of the Air" radio broadcasts from Fiji. The earliest report found to this point comes from a boat with callsign KB1LSY, noting that "thick pumice" slowed them for 30 minutes during the early morning hours of 28 August as they were approaching the northern islands of the Lau Group in Fiji, about 500 km NW of Metis Shoal. By 15 October yachts sailing between Tonga and Fiji reported no remaining pumice.
Sources: Encore II Crew; KB1LSY Crew; Bob McDavitt's Pacific Weathergrams
Reports are organized chronologically and indexed below by Month/Year (Publication Volume:Number), and include a one-line summary. Click on the index link or scroll down to read the reports.
Submarine eruption breaks the surface on 12 December 1967, building new island
Notification Report (02 January 1968)
Ship reported sighting eruption at 3 a.m. on 12 December 1967. Undersea volcanic eruption building itself above the surface. By January 6th, island had built itself to be 150 feet high and one mile long. no scientific investigation being conducted to date.
The following reports are ordered by report number with the date of the activity in brackets. The date the report was issued is in parentheses.
Information Report 1/1a [12 December 1967] (02 January/21 February 1968) Lava fountains and tephra ejections; plume rising over 1.2 km
Violent eruption throwing lava 1,000 feet into the air with steam and smoke billowing to 4,000 feet and higher. Island is half a mile wide and 100 feet high. Reported from the deck of the Tufoa, 13 miles from eruption.
Flames leaping above horizon. We were 17 miles away. We altered course toward glow. As we approached we saw lumps of lava being hurled into the sky. We went only to about 10 miles from the eruption. It was very spectacular with flames and lava fountaining to about 1,000 feet. The night was clear and clouds of white smoke were quite visible at about 3,000 feet. There was no noise but we could see the flames about two hours after we left the area. We sent out a report to any ships in the vicinity.
Information Report 2 [13 December 1967] (02 January 1968) Continuous intense activity
Continuous violent activity which has increased in intensity, eruptions approximately 90 seconds apart. Report from the deck of the Hifofua, 15 miles away.
Information Contacts:
Notification Report (02 January 1968) Sidney Galler, SI; Washington Post (14 December 1967); Science News (6 January 1968); Tonga Chronicle (15 December 1967).
Information Report 1/1a [12 December 1967] (02 January/21 February 1968) M. Grey, 1st Officer of the Tufoa, Nukualofa, Tonga Islands.
Information Report 2 [13 December 1967] (02 January 1968) Captain Olsen, Captain of the Hifofua, Nukualofa, Tonga Islands.
Activity decreases and island erodes below ocean surface by late February
Information Report 3 [14 December 1967] (01 February 1968) Steady growth of island continues
Spectacular smoke cloud billowing thousands of feet in the air. Steady formation of new island as hundreds of tons of rock are thrown 400-500 feet in the air. Report made from aircraft chartered by the King of Tonga.
Information Report 4/4a [14 December 1967] (02 January/18 February 1968) Explosions and ash plumes; ejecta rising no higher than 90 m
Explosions were throwing rocks and steam clouds straight up in the air to a height of 400-500 feet. They were carrying smoke to the west and up to a height of 2,500 feet. Smoke clouds were over one mile long. Report made by pilot of airline charter aircraft that flew over volcano on second day of eruption.
Flew at about 300 feet. No material from eruption was going any higher than 300 feet. The rocks stuck up about 50 feet. No whirlwinds or similar phenomena were noted. No lightning or unusual static was noted. No other shoals were noticed in the area. Report of personal interview by Dr. Charles Lundquist.
Information Report 5 [25 January 1968] (02 February 1968) Activity declines in late January
Activity reduced scale with rocky outcrops over half-mile area.
Information Report 6 [28 January 1968] (03 February 1968) Sulfur emissions from low rocky island
Area now low elevation very rocky island one mile long and half mile wide. No eruption, but emitting sulfur fumes.
Information Report 7 [02 February 1968] (12 February 1968) Minor emissions but no eruptive activity
Volcanic activity subdued. It ended about three weeks ago. Some smoke is still coming out. Island is now about one-half mile in diameter. It is possible to land a boat on the island.
Information Report 8 [11 December 1967] (05 February 1968) Frequent smoke and steam bursts seen
Smoke and steam at 20-30-second intervals; initial spurts to 500 feet. Smoke rising to 5,000-8,000 feet. Observed at distance of 70 miles. Weather clear. Location of eruption is 0.7 miles N of Metis Shoal. Ship report to Oceanographic Office.
Information Report 9 [11 December 1967] (09 February 1968) Eruptions reported by U.S. Navy ship
Volcanic eruptions have been reported in following positions by USS Fox at 110402Z and CCGD Fourteen at 111841Z: 1) 19°00' S, 171°00' W; 2) 19°15' S, 171°51' W; 3) 19°10'30" S, 174°51'36" W.
Information Report 10 [20 February 1968] (21 February 1968) Island has eroded below the ocean surface
Metis island gone. Recent volcanic rocks collected from shoal.
Information Report 11 [12 December 1967] (21 February 1968) Small island sighted
Relying on sight and radar estimate island 200 feet high and one mile long. Report from deck of Tufoa, 12 miles from eruption.
Information Report 12 [13 December 1967] (21 February 1968) Seismicity detected; no tsunami reported
There appeared to be seismic activity in the area about 2,900 miles SW of Hawaii. There were no immediate indications that a tidal wave [tsunami] had been generated.
Information Report 13 [13 December 1967] (21 February 1968) Island-building analysis
A lava flow did not occur, but lava pillars built up as the cool water hardened it. Once the lava could flow above sea level it hardened into rock. Below this the lava was inclined to break up into scoria and lava cones. The time the newly formed island stays depends on how long the eruption goes on.
Information Report 14 [14 December 1967] (21 February 1968) Continued intense activity; large block ejections
Volcanic blasts continued to spew rocks and steam. Steam belching about 300 feet high and in the center of the smoke and steam were spurts of red flame. There were some big rocks and they were making huge splashes as they fell into the sea. The island was almost entirely obscured by clouds of steam and it was difficult to estimate its size. It is solid rock and well above the surface, about 50 feet high. It was a spectacular sight.
Reported by the air crew of two Royal New Zealand Air Force Orions which flew around the volcanic island for 45 minutes on the afternoon of 14 December 1967. The aircraft circled the island at 700 feet.
Information Report 15 [19 February 1968] (26 February 1968) Island now submerged to a depth of 1-2 m
Island is now submerged. Very high breakers on subsurface rocks. Collected stones at depth of 4 or 5 feet. Black stones on sand bottom. All smal stones moving in currents, back and forth. Saw at least one large black stone about 10 feet by 10 feet horizontal cross-section. Recovered suitcase full of recent lava for analysis. Report on visit to Metis Shoal on 19-20 February 1968; diver was Inoke Fisi of Matuku Island.
Information Report 16 [01 January 1968] (18 February 1968) Plume and floating tephra seen during overflight
Flew around the Metis Island on way from American Samoa to Tonga. There was a long trail of clouds and active eruption at the time. The material coming up was dark. No incandescence or lightning was seen. On the ocean much tephra was floating downwind. Saw rocks sticking up, perhaps more than in photos. Report from personal interview with Charles Lundquist.
Information Report 17 [01 February 1968] (26 February 1968) Water washing across island; minor emissions
Observations before 1 February 1968: Thought cone had built up and that water was no longer reaching vent. Then there seemed to be clear explosions with little steam. Observations on 1 February 1968: Island one-half mile in diameter with jagged rocks and water washing across. Smoke (sulfur) and steam.
Information Contacts:
Information Report 3 [14 December 1967] (01 February 1968) J. Riechelmann, Tonga Chronicle, Nukualofa, Tongatapu, Tonga Islands.
Information Report 4/4a [14 December 1967] (02 January/18 February 1968) Captain Sharer, Fiji Airways Ltd., Nandi, Fiji Islands.
Information Report 5 [25 January 1968] (02 February 1968) J. Riechelmann, Tonga Chronicle, Nukualofa, Tonga Islands.
Information Report 6 [28 January 1968] (03 February 1968) British Consulate, Nukualofa, Tonga Islands.
Information Report 7 [02 February 1968] (12 February 1968) J. Riechelmann, Tonga Chronicle, Nukualofa, Tonga Islands.
Information Report 8 [11 December 1967] (05 February 1968) Mr. Binney, U.S. Navy Oceanographic Office.
Information Report 9 [11 December 1967] (09 February 1968) U.S. Naval Hydrographic Office, HYDROPACK No. 2444-67, issued 161822Z Dec 67.
Information Report 10 [20 February 1968] (21 February 1968) Charles Lundquist, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (in Nukualofa, Tonga Islands).
Information Report 11 [12 December 1967] (21 February 1968) Captain Bennett, Captain of the Tufoa, Nukualofa, Tonga Islands.
Information Report 12 [13 December 1967] (21 February 1968) Lt. Cdr. James Midgely, U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, Honolulu.
Information Report 13 [13 December 1967] (21 February 1968) James Healy, New Zealand Geological Survey, Rotorua, New Zealand.
Information Report 14 [14 December 1967] (21 February 1968) Flight Lt. P.K. Simpson, No. 5 Maritime Squadron, Royal New Zealand Air Force, Aukland, New Zealand.
Information Report 15 [19 February 1968] (26 February 1968) Charles Lundquist, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Information Report 16 [01 January 1968] (18 February 1968) Penisiami Tupouniua, Nukualofa, Tonga Islands.
Information Report 17 [01 February 1968] (26 February 1968) C.H. Hill-Willis, Captain of the Aoniu, Nukualofa, Tonga Islands.
Observations from December 1967 through April 1968
Information Report 18 [31 December 1967] (16 April 1968) Frequent ejections building island in December 1967
Observations made from aircraft at distance of 1-2 miles from eruption at height of 500 feet.
Observations on 24 December 1967. A solid cloud of white steam with a definite black core of lava rock was ejected. Frequency of ejections: about every 20-30 seconds. Height of eruption cloud: 2,000 feet. Length of cloud: approximately 1 mile. Color of eruption cloud: white with darker core of the ejecta. Ejecta was being thrown to a height of about 300-400 feet. The island was made of low black volcanic sand and was about 1/4-1/2 mile long, about 100-150 yards wide, and 50 feet high. Island was a low black sandy shoal with an increasing area of yellow water downwind as sulfurous spoil was deposited.
Observations on 31 December 1967. The island has grown considerably . . . . [Maximum island size was reached about two weeks later.] By this date the solid eruptions had ceased and by late January the island was receeding.
Information Report 19 [20 January 1968] (17 April 1968) Plume and island observations, 19 December-20 January
Observations made from the ship "Aoniu." There was no lightning and very little cloud on any of the three occasions. No water spouts were observed. No electrical disturbance was noted on our broadcast receivers.
Observations on 19 December 1967. The island was 1/3 of a mile long and approximately 80 feet high. It was erupting from a single cone at intervals of roughly 3 minutes with steam vapor rising to some 8,000 feet; the first 5,000 feet was rising strongly and vertical and then the wind took effect and drifted it away to the NNW.
Observations on 28 December 1967. Volcanic action still taking place but at irregular intervals. Smoke instead of steam was rising to 8,000 feet plus. The island did not appear to have increased in size.
Observations on 20 January 1968. An exposed reef of about 1/2 mile in extent with a strong smell of sulfur premeating the atmosphere.
Apparently this disturbance was a great attraction to fish as both tuna and albacore appeared in the area for a period of about a month. They are not there now (17 April 1968).
Information Report 20 [08 January 1968] (17 April 1968) Incandescent ejecta building island on 11 December
Observations were made from the ship "Tufoa."
Observations at 0840 GMT on 11 December 1967. Vessel obtained a very sharp radar echo at a distance of 13 miles which could of course be due to electrical static discharge on turbulent steam clouds ascending with considerable velocity above the island. At the closest approach of 9 miles the volcanic eruption had the appearance of an incandescent island about 1/2 mile long and 150 feet high, glowing cherry red at constant intensity. Above this island a dense pillar of steam and smoke ascended to 3,000 feet and at approximately 1-minute intervals molten lava of boulders in irregular parabolic arcs were observed being ejected to a height of 1,000 feet.
Observations on 8 January 1968. Radar indicated only a small island almost awash and no volcanic activity was observed.
Information Report 21 (29 April 1968) Eruption ends in late December 1967; island gone by mid-February 1968
Observations on 24 Dec 1967, 31 Dec 1967, 7 Jan 1968, 31 Jan 1968, late Feb 1968, 21 April 1968.
"The island, generally kidney-shaped at its best, lay with its longitudinal axis approximately E-W. Steam clouds on that day, 31 December, were blowing in a direction of about 200 degrees true, the surface wind was from the NNE. The island was at a maximum size by about the 7th of Jan 68.
"On Sunday, Dec 24th, violent eruptions were taking place. By Sunday, Dec 31st, these eruptions appeared to have reduced considerably, although still actively steaming. By Sunday, Jan 7th 1968, volcanic activity appeared to have ceased, although steam was still evident. By Sunday, 31 Jan 68, all activity had ceased, volcanic and steaming.
"I would estimate that the island disappeared in the first or the second week of February. By late February I observed the sea washing over the island completely, but with waves first breaking on the edges. The appearance from 8,000 feet was mainly black volcanic sand and rock."
Information Report 22 (29 April 1968) Observations of the submerged island in April 1968
Observation of the island beneath the sea made at 8,000 feet at 2120 hours on April 21st, 1968.
"The island appears to have sunk even more. The sea was calm and the island completely covered without any appearance of breaking waves (it was about low water at Tonga). The color looked more like yellow sand as opposed to black sand, mentioned earlier. The water around about had a definite yellow tinge, suggesting a sulphur content. The coloring effects gave an impression of a discharge in the sea. The size of the island (beneath the sea) was roughly 100 yards across and circular in form.
"Note: The estimate of the height of the island by Flt. Lt. Simpson of the RNZAF compares with my own estimate - 50 feet. But we both appear to be wide of the mark compared with the crew of MV Tofua. Their estimate of 100-200 feet is probably a better one, when judged from the horizontal."
Information Contacts:
Information Report 18 [31 December 1967] (16 April 1968) T.M. Holmes, Polynesian Airlines Ltd., Western Samoa.
Information Report 19 [20 January 1968] (17 April 1968) C.H. Hill-WIllis, Captain of the MV Aoniu, Nukualofa, Tonga Islands.
Information Report 20 [08 January 1968] (17 April 1968) Peter Bennett, Union Steam Ship Company, Auckland, New Zealand.
Information Report 21 (29 April 1968) T.M. Holmes, Polynesian Airlines Ltd., Western Samoa.
Information Report 22 (29 April 1968) T.M. Holmes, Polynesian Airlines Ltd., Western Samoa.
Details of 14 December 1967 observation flight
Information Report 23/23a [14 December 1967] (18 May 1968) Details of 14 December 1967 observation flight
On 14 December 1967, two Orion aircraft of No. 5 Squadron, Royal New Zealand Air Force, flew around Metis Shoal for approximately 30 minutes. The position of the volcano was recorded as 19°09'S, 174°50'W. The recorded weather in the area was scattered to broken strato-cumulus, base 1,500', tops 7,000', with a marked wind shear and temperature inversion at 7,000'. Surface wind was from 090°T, at 13 knots with a light westerly at 10,000'. The smoke and steam from the volcano reached the inversion some 5-10 miles downwind.
At the site of the eruption an island had formed and it was vigorously estimated to be 20-40 feet high and as much as 150-300 yards long. At the eastern (upwind) extremity of the island was a crater guessed to be 10-20 yards across. Its shape was circular with dark gray lips. Inside the gray soon changed to a dark cherry red, becoming brighter and more orange with increasing depth. These details were observed only momentarily when for a few seconds the smoke cleared about the crater. During this brief period the gases shooting from the crater mouth were seen to be clear and transparent. Generally both the crater and island were obscured by smoke and steam.
The aircraft flew underneath the smoke trail at a height of 600' perhaps 4 miles from the site of the eruption. Numerous spots of a thin grayish material up to 1/4" across were deposited on the windscreen and a strong sulfurous smell was noticed.
Lumps of dark-colored matter were being flung several hundred feet into the air. They seemed to be ejected at intervals of 10-20 seconds and they splashed into the sea in all directions out to a distance of 250 yards. This matter was clearly visible from 1/2 to 1 mile away. Occasionally a much larger piece (perhaps 2 or 3 feet across) would be seen to rise to a height of 100-200 feet.
The sea water around the volcano was colored an emerald green streaked with brown. This discoloration extended several hundred yards upwind and 7 nautical miles on a bearing of 240°T from the island.
Information Contacts: D. Rishworth, DSIR, Rotorua, New Zealand.
Large areas of pumice sighted between the Tonga and Fiji islands
A large body of floating pumice was first reported on 10 May by a Soviet vessel, in the area from 17.80-18°S and 176.45-176.67°W. On 14 May, a U.S. Naval Research Laboratory aircraft flew over continuous 30-45 m-wide patches of dirty rust-brown pumice from 17-17.45°S and 174.13-177.60°W. Four days later, the same aircraft flew over Late Island (18.810°S, 174.65°W), last reported to erupt in 1854. White material, apparently ash, covered the cone, and streaks of pumice extended back to the island from the main body of the raft [but see 4:12].
While enroute from Nandi, Fiji NE to Apia, Western Samoa on 22 May, Captain Gallagher of Polynesian Airlines observed pumice extending about 30 km SE from 16.2°S, 178.38°W. On the 24th, Captain Gallagher again observed pumice, in large areas at about 15.8°S, 177.5°W. An Air Pacific plane flew over pumice that extended about 25 km N-S and about 45 km E-W from 16.37°S, 177.63°W on 28 May.
Captain F. R. Sutherland of Polynesian Airlines reported pumice between about 15.58°S, 176.50°W and 16.10°S, 178.18°W on 30 May, as he flew SW from Apia to Nandi. He first saw several long, thin, mustard-brown streaks, then the pumice became more concentrated. The largest area of pumice, about 5 x 1 km, extended NW-SE and tapered to the SE.
During the afternoon of 4 June, Fijian naval vessels collected samples of the pumice from just inside the Tonga entrance to Vanua Balavu (17.3°S, 178.9°W), an island of the Lau Group about 135 km ESE of Vanua Levu, one of the two main Fiji islands. Pumice fragments in this area were greenish-gray, ranged from 2.5-500 cm across, and carried coarse barnacles 0.5-0.7 cm long. There have been no reports of pumice washing ashore at any location but the samples were collected within the reef surrounding Vanua Balavu.
The rate of drift of the pumice is estimated by Ronald Richmond at about 3 km/day, to the NW. Its source was apparently Late Island (see above), but residents of nearby islands in the Tonga chain did not report an eruption. A thick, odorless haze covering the Tonga and Fiji Islands early in the week beginning 6 May reduced visibility to 3 km or less in Nandi, Fiji. Such haze is very unusual in this area and may have been caused by volcanic activity. On 10 May, what appears to be a volcanic plume could be seen on NOAA weather satellite imagery, drifting SE from about 18°S, 174°W between 1200 and 2100-2200, when the source of the plume was cut off. However, an earlier eruption must be postulated as the source for at least some of the pumice, given the sighting on 10 May.
Information Contacts: R. Richmond, Mineral Resources Dept., Fiji; Capt. Gallagher and T. Sutherland, Polynesian Airlines; N. Cherkis, US Naval Research Lab; A. Krueger, NOAA.
Pumice continues westward drift; source unknown
The pumice . . . continued to drift in a generally westward direction in June. In mid-June, patches of pumice were reported near Vanua Balavu, Katafaga, and Yacata, small islands at the N end of the Lau Ridge (figure 1). The pumice at Yacata formed a strip 5 km long but only about 5 m wide. Large quantities of pumice were seen during the same period around Late Island (18.81°S, 174.65°W), about 400 km ESE of the Lau Group.
|Figure 1. Map showing the distribution of floating pumice between Tonga and Fiji, and the locations of volcanic activity in Tonga, May-June 1979. Historically active volcanic centers are indicated by crosses. Stippled zones delineate water < 1 km deep. Trench depths > 6 and 8 km are indicated by diagonal and cross-ruled patterns. Original map by T. Simkin adapted by Woodhall (1979).
The source of the pumice remains uncertain. In mid-May, streaks of pumice extended back to Late Island from the main raft and the island's cone was covered with white material, which was thought to be fresh ash (04:05). However, activity has been reported at three other sites along the Tonga Arc in May and June.
A Tongan vessel reported a strong eruption between 0700 and 1200 on 19 June at 19.18°S, 174.83°W, in the area of Metis Shoal, a frequently active submarine volcano that last erupted December 1967-January 1968. The vessel's crew observed a mushroom cloud climbing to about 1.5 km and saw the sea steaming. At about the same time, the MV Niuvakai (enroute from Auckland, New Zealand to Samoa) passed Metis Shoal, reporting an eruption column a little less than 200 m high at 0754. Captain Robert Jones of Air Tonga flew over Metis Shoal late the next morning and saw rocks ejected to about 150 m altitude as water boiled vigorously around the center of the eruption. During subsequent flights, Captain Jones observed a growing area of tephra, either an island or a mass of floating pumice, around the eruption site. He estimated its diameter at 3 km on 21 June, 8 km on 22 June, and 16 km on 24 June.
Many moderate seismic events, most shallow, occur each month in the Tonga Arc. Events, in table 1, recorded by the worldwide seismic net (WWSSN) between late April and early June, had epicenters near one of the reported eruption sites. Data are from the USGS-NEIS, published in their Preliminary Determination of Epicenters.
|Time (GMT)
|Focus Depth
|Number of Stations
|28 Apr 1979
|28 Apr 1979
|244 km
|29 Apr 1979
|06 May 1979
|12 May 1979
|282 km
|28 May 1979
|274 km
|30 May 1979
|01 Jun 1979
|01 Jun 1979
A research vessel, carrying geologists from Fiji and Tonga, left Fiji on 3 July. Each of the reported eruption sites along the Tonga Arc will be investigated and pumice floating in the area will be sampled.
Many moderate seismic events, most shallow, occure each month in the Tonga Arc. Nine events between 28 April and 1 June had epicenters near one of the reported eruption sites (table 1).
Further Reference. Woodhall, D., 1979, Cruise of the R.V. Bulikula to Investigate Recent Volcanic Activity in Tonga, July 11-18, 1979; Fiji Ministry of Lands & Mineral Resources, Mineral Resources Division Report 14.
Information Contacts: R. Richmond, Mineral Resources Dept., Fiji; J. Latter, DSIR, Wellington; S. Tongilava, Lands Survey and Natural Resources, Tonga; R. Jones, Air Tonga; USGS/NEIS, Denver; AP
New island grows to 15 m high in mid-July
Geologists aboard the RV Bulikula inspected the volcanoes along the Tonga Arc between 3 and 21 July. A new island, named Late Iki, had formed above Metis Shoal at 19.18°S, 174.85°W, site of strong activity in June. The new island, comprised of tephra ranging in size from ash to large bombs, was ~300 m long, 120 m wide, and 15 m high in mid-July. Emission of hot ash continued from the E end of the island.
Short-lived islands were also formed over Metis Shoal during the eruptions of 1858 and 1967-8. The position determined (by satellite navigation) for the new island is approximately 1 km E of the one formed in 1967-68 (Melson and others, 1970). That island, estimated to have been 700 x 100 m and 15 m high, was eroded away within a month of the eruption's end.
No new pumice was being ejected by any of the volcanoes along the Tonga Arc.
Reference. Melson, W., Jarosewich, E., and Lundquist, C., 1970, Volcanic eruption at Metis Shoal, Tonga, 1967-1968, description and petrology: Smithsonian Contributions to the Earth Sciences, no. 4, 18 p.
Information Contacts: R. Richmond, Mineral Resources Dept., Fiji.
Fumarolic activity on the island during August, pumice washes ashore 1,150 km NW away
Some fumarolic activity continued to take place during August on Late Iki. Geologists do not expect the island to persist for more than a few months. Reports from Rotuma Island (12.5°S, 177.08°E, about 1,150 km NW of Late Iki) state that a thick blanket of pumice washed up on the S side of the island in mid-August. Fish that jumped out of the sea and landed on the pumice were unable to return to the water. No other reports of pumice have been received by the Fiji Mineral Resources Department in August.
Information Contacts: R. Richmond, Mineral Resources Dept., Fiji.
Pumice sighted in Solomons and New Hebrides
Floating pumice, presumably from the recent island-forming eruption of Metis Shoal was reported at two widely separated locations during October. On 6 October, Samuel Iko, aboard the MV Independence, observed a blanket of pumice floating between the islands of Guadalcanal, the Florida Group, and Malaita (Solomon Islands), with the greatest concentration at about 9.5°S, 160.5°E, approximately 3,000 km WNW of Metis Shoal. Other reports indicated that pumice washed ashore at Marau, an islet at 8.5°S, 159.5°E, as the raft moved southward through the Solomons.
On 25 October, John Carney sighted dark friable pumice on the beach on the S coast of Efate Island, New Hebrides (17.8°S, 168.5°E), about 1,850 km W of Metis Shoal. This is the first known observation of pumice from Metis Shoal in Vanuatu, the island that formed over Metis Shoal, were made in early October. At that time, the island had nearly disappeared beneath the ocean's surface.
Information Contacts: D. Tuni, Ministry of Natural Resources, Solomon Islands; J. Carney, A. MacFarlane, Geological Survey, Vanuatu; R. Richmond, Mineral Resources Dept., Fiji.
Additional information on eruptions and pumice drift
Most of the reported eruption sites were investigated during the 11-18 July cruise of the Fijian research vessel RV Bulikula. Deni Tuni reported that pumice arrived at the following Solomon Islands locations (figure 2) on the following dates: Malaita and the N and E shores of Santa Isabel, 1 October; Indispensable Strait and Guadalcanal, 6 October; Savo and the Russells, 18 October; and the SW shore of Rennell, 13 November.
|Figure 2. Sketch map of the Solomon Islands, showing locations and dates of pumice arrivals from Metis Shoal eruption, October-November 1979.
Information Contacts: D. Woodhall and R. Richmond, Mineral Resources Dept., Fiji; D. Tuni, Ministry of Natural Resources, Solomon Islands.
Eruption builds new island
On 6 June the Hydrographic Office in Tonga notified the New Zealand Hydrographic Office that an eruption was in progress at Metis Shoal (figure 3). The NZ Hydrographic Office then issued a Long Range Navigation Warning to all shipping. The ship Obtfriesland reported the shoal in eruption while passing on 9 June at 1050. At least five volcanic ash aircraft advisories were issued by the Wellington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center on 12-13 June. The notices stated that the eruption began early on 12 June, apparently the time of the first plume report by an aircraft. Ash was reported up to 18-24 km. Drift directions of the plume changed in each notice, with estimated speeds of 28-46 km/hour.
|Figure 3. Map of the Tonga Islands, showing the island groups and location of Metis Shoal, which re-emerged as an island in June 1995.
An island breached the surface ~12 June, but the growth of a lava dome above sea level was first observed on 14 June. A video taken on 14 June by a local tour operator (Allan Bowe), ~400-500 m away from the new island, was widely distributed by television news organizations. The video narrator noted that the water around the boat was discolored green. Based on the video and photographs, Brad Scott estimated that the dome was ~30 m high with a diameter of 150-180 m. The volume of the lava dome was estimated at ~1 x 106 m3, giving a daily extrusion rate of ~1 x 105 m3.
Ash-laden eruptions seen on the video discharged from two sources. The first was directed NW, apparently from the dome wall. The second generated stronger explosions vertically from the dome center to heights of 300-500 m. The NNE face of the dome was steaming vigorously from what appeared to be parallel vertical sources, probably fractures in the advancing flow front. The steam plume, originating from the N and S sides of the dome, was rising 500-800 m before being blown downwind for several kilometers.
By 20 June the lava dome was 240 x 280 m in size (67,200 m2) and ~54 m above sea level; the next day it was an estimated 200-500 m across and 50-80 m high. The volume of the dome was estimated at ~2.8 x 106 m3, three times that on 14 June. The daily extrusion rate during 14-21 June was ~4 x 106 m3, a 4-fold increase over the 6-14 June period.
During 20-21 June a white steam plume rose as high as 1-2 km, and occasional small explosions produced ash columns to ~500 m. The active vent was in the SE corner of the island. On the evening of 20 June, the growing NE front of the dome was incandescent, and some observers reported that the summit was pulsing 3-5 m vertically. A small lobe was extruded onto the top of the dome and the NE front of the dome was active. Phreatic explosions occurred at the flow front. The dome changed overnight on 20-21 June, moving downward and NE. The steep-sided lava dome split and subsided between 21 and 25 June. Another aviation volcanic ash advisory on 21 June noted a report of ash below 24 km in the vicinity of the volcano drifting SE at ~18-19 km/hour.
On 23 June the Tongan government asked the New Zealand government for advice on the eruption. As a result, Brad Scott (IGNS) joined a Royal New Zealand Air Force maritime patrol flight on 25 June. He reported that by 25 June the elliptical dome, ~300 x 250 m, elongate NNE, and ~50 m high, had stopped growing.Trending NW was a raised platform ~150 x 80 m, and 2-3 m above sea level. The lobe formerly on top of the dome had been displaced ~40-50 m NE and was lower than the highest point, which then stood on the S side. Blue fume emissions from a depression in the central part of the dome indicated a high SO2 content. A circular lobe of lava to the NE overlay a strongly ribbed flow front. Zones of discolored water (yellow-brown) extending outward from the volcano apparently represented submarine fumarolic discharge.
Scott traveled on a tugboat near the island on 28 June. Steam emissions had decreased appreciably since 21 June, but the dome profile appeared unchanged since the 25th, indicating a significant decline in the eruption rate. Assuming a diameter of 280 m and a height of 43 m on 28 June, the erupted volume was calculated to be ~3 x 106 m3. No pumice has been observed, in contrast with past eruptions. The 1967 and 1979 events erupted dacitic pumice and formed low-angle tuff cones, which were soon eroded away. The current lava dome appeared solid in late June, and may resist erosion for some time.
Two other eruption locations reported by aircraft were investigated, but nothing was found; those sites were apparently the aircraft locations at the time of the observations. The Tongan government was advised to place a restricted access zone around the island, and was briefed about acid rain/fume, explosive outbursts, dome collapse, and the formation of further shoals.
Metis Shoal is located in the Tonga Islands about halfway between Kao and Late, ~50 km NNE of Kao (figure 3). Eight previous episodes of activity are known since 1851; new islands were created on at least three (1858, 1967, and 1979), and possibly five, of those occasions. The 1967-68 island appeared around 11 December 1967, and had submerged again by 19 February 1968 (Melson and others, 1970). In 1979, large pumice rafts were first seen in May between Tonga and Fiji. Metis was seen in strong eruption in June, with ash emission in July, and fumarolic activity in August. The island, named Late Iki by the Tongan government, disappeared in October 1979 (SEAN 04:05-04:08, 04:10, and 04:12; see Woodhall, 1979, for more details).
References. Melson, W.G., Jarosewich, E., and Lundquist, C.A., 1970, Volcanic eruption at Metis Shoal, Tonga, 1967-1968: description and petrology: Smithsonian Institution Press, Smithsonian Contributions to the Earth Sciences, no. 4, 18 p.
Woodhall, D., 1979, Cruise of the R.V. Balikula to investigate recent volcanic activity in Tonga, July 11-18, 1979: Fiji Ministry of Lands & Mineral Resources, Mineral Resources Division Report 14, 13 p.
Information Contacts: Brad Scott, Volcano Surveillance Manager, Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences, New Zealand; Bureau of Meteorology, Northern Territory Regional Office, POB 735, Darwin NT 0801, Australia.
Island present in December 2006; discolored water
On 7 December 2006 the Royal New Zealand Air Force (RNZAF) flew over the Home Reef and Metis Shoal area of Tonga at the request of volcanologists from the Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences (IGNS). At that time an island was present (figure 4), but it is not known if this is a remnant of the island built in 1995 (BGVN 20:06) or the result of later undocumented eruptions. Areas of discolored water were present adjacent to the island, the result of either erosion or fumarolic activity. Discolored water extending about 5 km SW from the location of the island was also observed in an Aqua MODIS satellite image taken on 15 September 2005 (figure 5).
|Figure 5. Satellite image (Aqua MODIS) from 15 September 2005 showing discolored water extending about 5 km SW from Metis Shoal. Image has been color-adjusted to enhance water discoloration. Base image courtesy of NASA Earth Observatory.
Information Contacts: Brad Scott, Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences (IGNS), Wairakei Research Centre, PO Box 2000, Taupo, New Zealand (URL: http://www.geonet.org.nz/, http://www.gns.cri.nz/); NASA Earth Observatory (URL: http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/).
This compilation of synonyms and subsidiary features may not be comprehensive. Features are organized into four major categories: Cones, Craters, Domes, and Thermal Features. Synonyms of features appear indented below the primary name. In some cases additional feature type, elevation, or location details are provided.
|Maurelle Island of 1781 (?) | Wesley Rock | Fonuafooa | Kahekahe Tangata | Metis Shoal
There is data available for 12 Holocene eruptive periods.
|Start Date
|Stop Date
|Eruption Certainty
|Activity Area or Unit
|2019 Oct 13
|2019 Oct 22
|Historical Observations
|1995 Jun 6
|1995 Jun 23 ± 2 days
|Historical Observations
|1991 Jun 24 (in or before)
|Historical Observations
|1979 May 10 (in or before)
|1979 Jul 21 (in or after)
|Historical Observations
|1967 Dec 11 (in or before)
|1968 Jan 4 ± 4 days
|Historical Observations
|[ 1894 (in or before) ]
|[ Unknown ]
|Historical Observations
|1878 Apr (in or before)
|Historical Observations
|Historical Observations
|[ 1852 ]
|[ Unknown ]
|Historical Observations
|1781 (in or before)
|Historical Observations
There is no Deformation History data available for Lateiki.
There is no Emissions History data available for Lateiki.
|Waves break over Metis Shoal on 19 February 1968, more than a month after the end of a submarine eruption that began in December 1967 and produced an ephemeral island. Metis Shoal has produced a series of small islands during eruptions observed since the mid-19th century. An eruption in 1995 produced a lava dome that built up to 43 m above sea level.
Photo by Charles Lundquist, 1968 (Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory).
The maps shown below have been scanned from the GVP map archives and include the volcano on this page. Clicking on the small images will load the full 300 dpi map. Very small-scale maps (such as world maps) are not included. The maps database originated over 30 years ago, but was only recently updated and connected to our main database. We welcome users to tell us if they see incorrect information or other problems with the maps; please use the Contact GVP link at the bottom of the page to send us email.
Title: Fiji, New Caledonia, Tonga
Publisher: DMA Aerospace Center
Country: Fiji
Year: 1986
Series: ONC
Map Type: Topographic
Scale: 1:1,000,000
Title: Tonga Region, Topo of
Publisher: USGS-CCOP/SOPAC S. Pacific Project
Country: Tonga
Year: 1982
Map Type: Bathymetric
Scale: 1:1,800,000
The following 5 samples associated with this volcano can be found in the Smithsonian's NMNH Department of Mineral Sciences collections, and may be availble for research (contact the Rock and Ore Collections Manager). Catalog number links will open a window with more information.
|Catalog Number
|Sample Description
|Lava Source
|Collection Date
|Middle InfraRed Observation of Volcanic Activity (MIROVA) is a near real time volcanic hot-spot detection system based on the analysis of MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) data. In particular, MIROVA uses the Middle InfraRed Radiation (MIR), measured over target volcanoes, in order to detect, locate and measure the heat radiation sourced from volcanic activity.
|MODVOLC Thermal Alerts
|Using infrared satellite Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data, scientists at the Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawai'i, developed an automated system called MODVOLC to map thermal hot-spots in near real time. For each MODIS image, the algorithm automatically scans each 1 km pixel within it to check for high-temperature hot-spots. When one is found the date, time, location, and intensity are recorded. MODIS looks at every square km of the Earth every 48 hours, once during the day and once during the night, and the presence of two MODIS sensors in space allows at least four hot-spot observations every two days. Each day updated global maps are compiled to display the locations of all hot spots detected in the previous 24 hours. There is a drop-down list with volcano names which allow users to 'zoom-in' and examine the distribution of hot-spots at a variety of spatial scales.
Sentinel Hub Playground
Sentinel Hub EO Browser
|The Sentinel Hub Playground provides a quick look at any Sentinel-2 image in any combination of the bands and enhanced with image effects; Landsat 8, DEM and MODIS are also available. Sentinel Hub is an engine for processing of petabytes of satellite data. It is opening the doors for machine learning and helping hundreds of application developers worldwide. It makes Sentinel, Landsat, and other Earth observation imagery easily accessible for browsing, visualization and analysis. Sentinel Hub is operated by Sinergise
|IRIS seismic stations/networks
|Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS) Data Services map showing the location of seismic stations from all available networks (permanent or temporary) within a radius of 0.18° (about 20 km at mid-latitudes) from the given location of Lateiki. Users can customize a variety of filters and options in the left panel. Note that if there are no stations are known the map will default to show the entire world with a "No data matched request" error notice.
|UNAVCO GPS/GNSS stations
|Geodetic Data Services map from UNAVCO showing the location of GPS/GNSS stations from all available networks (permanent or temporary) within a radius of 20 km from the given location of Lateiki. Users can customize the data search based on station or network names, location, and time window. Requires Adobe Flash Player.
|DECADE Data
|The DECADE portal, still in the developmental stage, serves as an example of the proposed interoperability between The Smithsonian Institution's Global Volcanism Program, the Mapping Gas Emissions (MaGa) Database, and the EarthChem Geochemical Portal. The Deep Earth Carbon Degassing (DECADE) initiative seeks to use new and established technologies to determine accurate global fluxes of volcanic CO2 to the atmosphere, but installing CO2 monitoring networks on 20 of the world's 150 most actively degassing volcanoes. The group uses related laboratory-based studies (direct gas sampling and analysis, melt inclusions) to provide new data for direct degassing of deep earth carbon to the atmosphere.
Single Volcano View
Temporal Evolution of Unrest
Side by Side Volcanoes
|WOVOdat is a database of volcanic unrest; instrumentally and visually recorded changes in seismicity, ground deformation, gas emission, and other parameters from their normal baselines. It is sponsored by the World Organization of Volcano Observatories (WOVO) and presently hosted at the Earth Observatory of Singapore.
|Large Eruptions of Lateiki
|Information about large Quaternary eruptions (VEI >= 4) is cataloged in the Large Magnitude Explosive Volcanic Eruptions (LaMEVE) database of the Volcano Global Risk Identification and Analysis Project (VOGRIPA).
|EarthChem develops and maintains databases, software, and services that support the preservation, discovery, access and analysis of geochemical data, and facilitate their integration with the broad array of other available earth science parameters. EarthChem is operated by a joint team of disciplinary scientists, data scientists, data managers and information technology developers who are part of the NSF-funded data facility Integrated Earth Data Applications (IEDA). IEDA is a collaborative effort of EarthChem and the Marine Geoscience Data System (MGDS).


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I wonder about illogical switch placement sometimes. People tend to think they know where buttons should go and wonder why automakers decide to put them in seemingly stupid places. It's the whole window switches on the door battle that I've lost.
Jason brought up a notable placement of the emergency call button in the SRT Viper and I agree, it's a bad place. Like, dangerously bad. Like, go to jail because you placed a fake 9-1-1 call bad.
Or is it bad? As 04S60R pointed out, maybe Chrysler's engineers think it's a great crime-stopping feature there:
"Is it supposed to mimic a bank teller's silent alarm button? That's natural."
Carjacker: Get out of the Viper!
Driver: Sure let me just adjust the mirror for you...
The Viper just became the car to have to avoid getting carjacked. They'll sell millions now, and you'll never question the button placement ever again.
Photo: Jason Torchinsky


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Telerik has announced that its RadControls for ASP.NET AJAX now supports the Mono runtime environment. Mono is an open source .NET framework sponsored by Novell, tailored for development of Linux applications.
Mono 2.4 powers the recently announced SUSE Linux Enterprise Mono Extension. SUSE Linux Enterprise is the first commercial support offering for the Mono project's application platform, enabling enterprises to seamlessly run .NET applications on Linux without having to recompile. Demos that introduce the capabilities of RadControls for ASP.NET AJAX under SUSE Linux Enterprise and Mono 2.4 can be viewed here.
"This has been a long-awaited feature, which we have been quietly working on for quite some time. Over the past few months, we have been actively testing the compatibility of our RadControls for ASP.NET AJAX offering with Mono", said Hristo Kosev, Telerik CTO. "We are extremely happy that our joint work with Novell will allow customers to build compelling high-performance ASP.NET AJAX-based applications and run them on Linux using Mono 2.4."


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Thompson Dag
Moffat County High Class of 1988
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Designer merry go round
Stefano Pilati was out at Yves Saint Laurent and in at Ermenegildo Zegna. Versus, Azzaro and Vionnet lost their designers, and Jil Sander was back in at Jil Sander, after Raf Simons left that label for Dior. Nicolas Ghesquière exited Balenciaga, the house he helped relaunch practically from the ashes after he took the helm as creative director in 1997. Less than a month later, Alexander Wang was named to replace him. Betsey Johnson went out of business in April — and now is reinventing herself under new parent company Steve Madden. (A yearlong whirlwind)
The scenery at runway shows now rivals that of Hollywood blockbuster productions. In 2010, Karl Lagerfeld set the bar high when he brought in a 265-ton iceberg from Sweden to use as a set for his Chanel runway show at Paris' Grand Palais. Since then, it seems as if designers have been trying to top that stunt (Lagerfeld included). In January, the pony-tailed designer built a life-size airplane to house his Chanel couture show in Paris. And in March, Louis Vuitton's Marc Jacobs countered with an $8-million steam train that rolled into a tent in front of Paris' Louvre. In September, Kaiser Karl was at it again, with an installation of 13 wind turbines that Jacobs quickly topped with a four-escalator, site-specific installation by French conceptual artist Daniel Buren, which created a graphic — and, dare we say, quite moving — fashion spectacle. (January, March, October)
Pop inspiration
Jean Paul Gaultier's couture collection, inspired by the recently deceased Amy Winehouse, came down the runway too soon — January — for still-grieving fans and family. Gaultier continued to mine the pop music theme with his ready-to-wear show in October, an ode to 1980s juke box heroes complete with models decked out like Madonna, Grace Jones and other music stars. (January and October)
English remix
For New York Fashion Week's resident patrician, Ralph Lauren, "Downton Abbey"-as-inspiration was a natural. Not only was the designer's fall 2012 collection inspired by the hit drama, Lauren signed on as national corporate sponsor for the long-running "Masterpiece" series. (February)
Juicy sequel
Pamela Skaist-Levy and Gela Nash-Taylor, who brought the world the Juicy Couture velour tracksuit, debuted their new collection Skaist Taylor, which they described as "California eccentric," in a garage underneath Lincoln Center at New York Fashion Week. (February)
Eye candy
Celebrities are all-important for attracting attention nowadays. Say what you will about Kanye West and Kim Kardashian — and goodness knows we've all said something — but there's no denying that the two are one of the world's most fashion-conscious couples. Both have done design work or at least lent their name to fashion lines, and they made front-row appearances at runway shows throughout the year. West seems content to be sitting on the sidelines for now, having scaled back his ambitions to be a designer himself. Although he showed his collection on the Paris runways in March to an audience that included Anna Wintour and the Olsen twins, West did not stage a repeat performance in September. (March, September)
Life after Cruise
Katie Holmes tried to move beyond her divorce from Tom Cruise by unveiling her Holmes & Yang collection at New York Fashion Week for the first time. Co-created with stylist Jeanne Yang, the collection was about elevating casual dress. (September)
Virtual runway
Google co-founder Sergey Brin walked the runway with designer Diane von Furstenberg, using the platform to launch Glass by Google, a head-mounted, augmented reality technology. (September)
Runway revenge
Hollywood wife Liberty Ross walked tall on the runway at Alexander Wang's high-profile New York Fashion Week show, proving to her wandering husband, director Rupert Sanders, actress Kristen Stewart (with whom he had his fling) and a universe of scandal-gawkers that there's life after infidelity. Intrigue with the mess continued the following month, when the chastened Stewart attended the Balenciaga runway show in Paris, as the new face of the house's Florabotanica perfume. (September and October)
The slap heard 'round the world
When New York Fire Marshals ordered the removal of 60 seats at the Zac Posen runway show, tensions were running high. So high, in fact, that while Lynn Tesoro, the co-founder of Posen's PR firm HL Group, was trying to reorganize the seating arrangement, she was slapped by Jennifer Eymere, Jalouse Magazine's fashion editor. Tesoro has since filed a $1-million suit against Eymere, her sister and mother (who were allegedly also involved in the altercation). (September)
Battle for the future of French fashion
This year's October Paris Fashion Week saw ready-to-wear debuts at two storied French fashion houses, Raf Simons for Dior and Hedi Slimane for Yves Saint Laurent. And the two designers' approaches couldn't have been more different. Simons rewrote the codes of French design for a new generation with a collection that was all about color, movement, lightness and legs. And Slimane paid homage to Saint Laurent's rich hippie look with a collection that was more like a greatest-hits album than a revolutionary new sound. (October)
Never-ending runway
A new Guinness World Record was set in Hong Kong for the longest runway: two miles. The show, a collaboration between the Danish Fashion Institute and the Hong Kong Designer's Assn., featured 346 models who had to walk 45 minutes to complete the trek down the pink catwalk next to Victoria Harbour. (December)
Michael Darling contributed to this report.


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Archive for Friday, January 31, 2014
Kansas: Feds allowing last part of Medicaid overhaul
January 31, 2014
Topeka Kansas officials say they'll move ahead with the last part of an overhaul of the state's Medicaid program after receiving permission from the federal government.
Gov. Sam Brownback announced Thursday that in-home services for 8,500 developmentally disabled Kansans will become part of the overhauled program, known as KanCare. The changes will take effect Saturday.
The $3 billion-a-year Medicaid program provides medical coverage for about 345,000 poor and disabled Kansans. Last year, the state turned administration of most of the program over to three private health insurance companies.
Advocates for the developmentally disabled have been vocal critics of the overhaul, and their concerns led the state to delay including their services in the overhaul until this year.
The plan had been do that in January, but federal officials delayed it.
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By Caroline McGraw May 09, 2012 0
"Normal People Scare Me": Learning to LIsten Louder
Keri Bowers and her son, Taylor Cross, are on a mission to destroy society's definition of "normal." In the process of co-producing their groundbreaking documentary film "Normal People Scare Me," Cross, a young man on the autism spectrum, interviewed 65 individuals with autism. Bowers, who created Normal Films and continues to produce, is also a public speaker, workshop leader, and nonprofit advisor. The interviews in "Normal People Scare Me" are a portal to greater understanding of how individuals on the spectrum view the world. (And yes, unanimously, individuals with autism agreed that normal people do, on occasion, scare them.) Autism After 16 talked with Bowers to learn more about the making of this unique film.
AA16: What led you and Taylor to make "Normal People Scare Me"? Whose idea was it?
KB: The film was Taylor's idea. I had always used the arts to encourage Taylor to emerge. When he was eight or nine, I put him into community service, thinking that that would help him. At first, he was too involved in himself and his own needs to see other people and their needs, but every year, as he did more, he became more able.
When Taylor was 14, he said, "This year, I want to pay for a gift for families who are less fortunate at holiday time." And I said, "OK, great. What can you do to earn money? You can clean the swimming pool." And he said, " No. I want to make videos and sell them." So that began the conversation. I tried to convince him of all the reasons why it wouldn't work [to make a film], I said no … and then I thought: This is my son, the one they said might never walk or talk. So I said, "I'm sorry, Taylor, everything I just said was a lie. Let's make a film."
["Normal People Scare Me"] began as a 10-minute student film [with mentorship from Joey Travolta, who Cross met through Travolta's workshop on filmmaking for individuals with special needs] and later turned into full-length feature. The 10-minute short received attention from major publications and from the Internet; people wanted to buy it. From there we decided to make the full-length film [with Joey's technical assistance and mentorship]. I asked Taylor, "You interviewed five people [for the short film] … what if you could interview more people and get a more in-depth perspective?" And he wanted to do that. In the end, he interviewed 65 people.
AA16: How did you and Taylor select interview subjects for the film?
KB: We definitely had to do outreach for our subjects; I probably knew 10 of the subjects. We put [a request] out on the Internet, saying, "We want to hear your stories." What was really hard—and this is the one negative comment we've received—is that there aren't enough people [represented in the film] who have no language. There was a reason for that: We didn't have the skill set to communicate effectively. The film features a half-dozen people who are nonverbal. It was something Taylor didn't feel he was able to do. And, since this was a joint venture, he had to agree and I had to agree.
AA16: In an interview about Taylor's early years, you say, "I thought I was just somehow a bad mother." How did you move past the self-blame?
KB: Well, the early blame was fed to me, in writing: "Mother's failure to bond caused deep psychological distress." Taylor wasn't diagnosed until he was six; the DSM-IV had been rewritten so he could be diagnosed. I had been widowed prior to Taylor being born, and I'd had a childhood without a lot of maternal support. I had issues as a young girl of self-esteem, and so when these doctors told me that I wasn't bonding with my son, it was my biggest fear come to life. My biggest fear was that I wouldn't bond with my son the way my mother hadn't bonded with me.
How did I overcome it? There was no Internet, no listing in the newspaper for "a group for moms with unusual children," so I began to make things up in art. I began to use paint, photography, filming, and dance. I'd been an artist my whole life.
For the first year, it was hard for me to fall in love with [Taylor]. I loved him, but I didn't feel those "pink fuzzies" because something was "wrong with him." I had fears of him dying, and getting too close was just too unbearable for me.
One day, a neurologist said to me, "I can't tell you if Taylor will walk or talk." That night, I was ... crying in my pillow. I asked God, "Why me?" The answer came back, "Why not you?" And when I woke up in the morning, I felt madly, wildly, crazy in love with [Taylor]. And I said to myself, "If this is our life, then I accept that, and I'll do anything and everything I can to make this work." I realized I had to work on my self-esteem issues, my fears, my guilt … all the things we take on when we're attempting to overcome the death of a dream.
AA16: Was it challenging to work with Taylor on this film? Were there times of frustration in the creative process?
KB: There definitely were times of creative frustration! When we did the 10-minute film with Joey, it was more Taylor's gig than it was mine. I was there every step of the way supporting him, but once we decided to make the feature film, I had to pay Joey! I had to explain to [Taylor], "Once you're in you're in. Mom's putting money into this." It became a contract with us!
There are examples of [moments where Taylor struggles to continue] in the film, when he's sitting and sifting sand, not wanting to interview people. There were times when he didn't understand what people were telling him, and how to have patience with the process. It was all part of his story.
AA16: In the film, when Taylor talks about all you've done for him, the first thing he mentions is his freedom to go out and interact with his community. Can you tell us about this decision to allow Taylor the dignity of risk?
KB: It was very methodical, and it was very scary at times. When Taylor was about 10, he met his friend Vince; he was introduced by his coordinator. And this young boy had a single father, and [the father] started to go along with my ideas [about the dignity of risk].
[The father and I] would sit on the porch, and say, "OK, boys, to the corner and back." And we would watch them. And once they had done that so many times, we'd say, "To the corner, around to the stop sign and back." And once they'd mastered those small things, we began to give them independence on par with their neurotypical peers. For example, we would drop them off at the movies and wait outside. It took four years of little by little by little letting them go out of our sight.
Again, it wasn't always easy. Once [Taylor] lost track of time, and he had five police cars looking for him. It came with very scary moments, but it's so important to let [individuals] fall down and get up.
This does not apply to every child. There are children who don't understand dangers. However, even children who have fine motor skill issues or no language, it doesn't mean they can't help make the PB and J, hand over hand. Even if the laundry turns pink, they can take some personal responsibility for the chores of daily life. We're a fast society, we want results now, and it takes time.
AA16: In the film, you mention that it's more difficult for adults with autism to go out into a world that isn't as accepting of their idiosyncrasies as it is when they are children. How can parents help their children prepare for this change?
KB: When they're young, there's more of that "Aha Moment" [when strangers realize that a child has autism]. They see the meltdown, the lack of verbal skills. But when the kids go out in the community and appear as normal adults, there's no "Aha moment." [People] form an opinion after seeing bizarre behavior, and it's a more negative opinion. Taylor is 6' 10" … people have a higher expectation of him!
Some people think we shouldn't tell our kids that they have autism. Here's how I see it: The world is going to tell them eventually anyway. Our children need to go through those stages of grief and recovery. Our children find acceptance when we teach them this lesson: All kids are different. And these things can make life harder, but you need to know that's you being uniquely and beautifully you.
Once, I asked Taylor, "Do you think people see the autism when they look at you?" And he said, "Mom, they can't get over how tall I am."
AA16: As a sibling of a young man with autism, I loved that you included an interview with Jace, your younger son and Taylor's younger brother. What do you think has been the most challenging aspect of their relationship?
KB: They could not be in the room together for nine years, before they bonded. Jace is very talkative, and his brother couldn't talk to him, and for years felt like Taylor dismissed him, and decided that he hated him. But when Jace was nine and Taylor was 14, Taylor handed him some Yu-Gi-Oh! cards and taught him how to play. Taylor began to open up a little more, and Jace began to understand more.
I don't like to see it as a burden, but Jace understands that after I'm gone, he's it. He's Taylor's family. Siblings are often the [autistic person's] most long-lasting relationship, and so we have to nurture [those siblings'] souls and foster their understanding. We have to understand that they go through a lot of pain, and they internalize it more often than not. We have to be purposeful with siblings. We have to accentuate that they matter as much. Their needs are different, but they matter as much.
AA16: When asked the question, "Do normal people scare you?" the young adults with autism say, "Yes." If you could give one piece of advice to neurotypical individuals in interacting with adults with autism, what would it be?
KB: I think the main advice would be to listen louder. To remind themselves that nobody's great at everything, and equate your challenges in some small way to what others [with autism] face.
I have a one-minute staring exercise I do with audiences, during which I ask, "How many of you are uncomfortable?" Most find it uncomfortable. Next, I say, "Imagine if your minute was never up. Imagine if every day of your life, you had to be in a situation where the world is coming at you and you can't just look away." I try to help people feel what special needs feel like, what autism feels like. Remember a situation where you felt vulnerable or unsure of yourself, a time when you couldn't communicate and got frustrated … and see [a person with autism] as a person who experiences that all the time.
I think that if everybody put their children into community service—into some giving toward others that have unfortunate circumstances—I think that we would become more compassionate human beings. And we find a greater level of acceptance when we are compassionate human beings.


text: Korean Job Discussion Forums :: View topic - EPA finds Hyundai, Kia overstated gas mileage Speak Korean Now! Korean Job Discussion Forums"The Internet's Meeting Place for ESL/EFL Teachers from Around the World!" FAQ Search Memberlist Usergroups Register Profile Log in to check your private messages Log in EPA finds Hyundai, Kia overstated gas mileage Korean Job Discussion Forums Forum Index -> Off-Topic Forum View previous topic :: View next topic Author Message flakfizerJoined: 12 Nov 2004Location: scaling the Cliffs of Insanity with a frayed rope. Posted: Sun Nov 04, 2012 5:27 am Post subject: EPA finds Hyundai, Kia overstated gas mileage http://t.news.msn.com/us/epa-finds-hyundai-kia-overstated-gas-mileage Quote: The EPA's inquiry into the overstated figures is continuing, and the agency would not comment when asked if the companies will be fined or if a criminal investigation is under way. But the agency said it's the first case in which erroneous test results were uncovered in such a large number of vehicles from the same manufacturer. Only two similar cases have been discovered since 2000, and those involved single models. Hyundai and Kia executives said the higher figures were unintentional errors. Quote: The EPA said it began looking at Hyundai and Kia when it received a dozen complaints from consumers that the mileage of their 2012 Hyundai Elantra cars fell short of numbers on the window stickers Back to top flakfizerJoined: 12 Nov 2004Location: scaling the Cliffs of Insanity with a frayed rope. Posted: Thu Nov 08, 2012 2:26 pm Post subject: This is now becoming a big story with lawsuits emerging from the US and Canada and Hyundai/Kia stock taking a big hit. Back to top Display posts from previous: All Posts1 Day7 Days2 Weeks1 Month3 Months6 Months1 Year Oldest FirstNewest First Korean Job Discussion Forums Forum Index -> Off-Topic Forum All times are GMT - 8 Hours Page 1 of 1 Jump to: Select a forum Forums:----------------FAQJob-related Discussion ForumGeneral Discussion ForumOff-Topic ForumTravel ForumCurrent Events ForumTechnology ForumBuy/Sell/Trade Forum You cannot post new topics in this forumYou cannot reply to topics in this forumYou cannot edit your posts in this forumYou cannot delete your posts in this forumYou cannot vote in polls in this forum This page is maintained by the one and only Dave Sperling. Contact Dave's ESL Cafe Copyright © 2018 Dave Sperling. All Rights Reserved. Powered by phpBB © 2001, 2002 phpBB Group TEFL International Supports Dave's ESL Cafe


text:
We bring high quality design and build to each website we create. We have completed web design projects from multinationals to startups.
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text: I first put my hand on a computer in 1978....well, to be honest, I never touched the computer, but only the card punch that I needed to use to generate umpteen thousand cards for the program I was writing. Since that time I have always been able to keep my fingers in the IT pie. But there is one thing that is just making me scratch my head - maybe I missed something? Isn't the use of the "Cloud" or whatever people are calling their service a huge potential breach in security - even a threat to national security? The debate about centralized vs. distributed computer processing has been raging since the first printers printed snoopy calendars using x's and o's. It seems that distributed is loosing? "ohhhhh", I hear, "but it is safe. There are experts who are protecting the date". Like the Pentagon doesn't have experts working for them, and they seem to have a sign on their digital butts that says "hack me"!!


text:
Montana Military Records
This entry was originally written by Dwight A. Radford for Red Book: American State, County, and Town Sources.
Many original military records for the state of Montana are on file at the Montana Historical Society archives in Helena. These include the Spanish American War, World War I and World War II, records and early National Guard enlistment records. These records are filed on 60,000 cards arranged alphabetically by surname. The information on these cards includes name, service number, place of enlistment and date, age at entrance, rate, home address, service record history, remarks, and discharge information.
The Montana GenWeb Project website includes indexes for soldiers in the Spanish American War and the 1940 Montana National Guard. Additional sources are continually added.


text: January 27, 2014Screen Shot 2014-01-17 at 7.09.07 PM By Ana & Jon 6 years ago Comment There is no comment on this post. Be the first one. Leave a comment or Cancel ReplyName Email Website Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Submit!


text:
User interface is pretty noisy
Terrifically responsive dial pad
Hard, plastic case is not conducive to a ruggedized device
ReviewGist helps you find the best products to buy by making sense of online reviews.
We are currently aggregating 376,500 reviews
covering over 29,474 products.
© 2020 ReviewGist.com. All Rights Reserved.


text:
|Dear Customers, We have released New Whistle (3.0) / New KidsZone (5.0) / New Trendy Travel (4.0) / New Kidslife (3.0) / New Dreamspa (3.0) version (demo contents using Visual composer), please do not upload the new version of kidslife / dreamspa theme or plugin files to your existing Kidslife old version / Dreamspa old version( old page builder demo contents), since the site will crash. If you need to continue with your old version, we have provided the old version whistle-old.zip (2.6) / kidszone-old.zip (4.1) / trendytravel-old.zip (3.8) / kidslife-old.zip (2.3) / dreamspa-old.zip (2.4) separately please use those files. If you need to go with the new visual composer version, you need to install it in a fresh site.
|Please follow this KB steps for old theme update Click here »
|Please follow this KB steps for installing the New version Click here »


text:
LMHS (LMHS) Class of 2016 Alumni List
Help us Update the LMHS 2016 Class List by adding any names missing from the list below:
Registered Alumni
2016 Class List
Know LMHS Class of 2016 graduates that are NOT on this List? Help us Update the 2016 Class List by adding missing names.
Reunions and Line Mountain High School News
More 2016 alumni from Line Mountain HS have posted profiles on Classmates.com®. Click here to register for free at Classmates.com® and view other 2016 alumni.
The Line Mountain High class of '16 alumni are listed below. These are former students from Line Mountain HS in Herndon, PA who graduated in 2016. Alumni listings below have either been searched for or they registered as members of this directory.
You can also find out what other graduates are doing now, share memories with other alumn, upload pictures from Line Mountain High and find other alumni.


text:
2020 Dates
Trip Starts
Trip Ends
Sep 24, 2020
Oct 1, 2020
Do you have questions about the dates of this ride? Are you wondering about the best time of year to go? Or are you ready to book? Please call or email the experienced and friendly ride consultants at Equitours for more detailed information about the trip.


text:
CompTIA Project+ Online Course
CompTIA Project+ Online Course in South Africa
2KO South Africa offers online CompTIA's Project+ courses in South Africa. We also offer full time Project+ courses in Cape Town for groups of four or more delegates. 2KO South Africa's CompTIA's Project+ PK0-003 course is offered to our international and local students. 2KO International delivers consulting services, in the IT and Business space, as well as being a training provider for IT certification and user level courses. Training can be any blend of bespoke, classroom and online learning, to ensure students have access to the best Project+ training in South Africa. CompTIA's Project+ course from 2KO South Africa measures the necessary competencies for all project managers, particularly in the IT industry. Students will learn the knowledge and skills necessary to complete projects on time and within budget, and and learn a common project management terminology used throughout the industry. This course also includes curriculum for the PMP Certification. 2KO Africa's Project+ courseware follows the CompTIA objectives, ensuring you receive the training and knowledge needed to succeed.
Register for an Online CompTIA Course Here
CompTIA Project+ PK0-003
Module 1 - Definitions and Integration Management
Introduction to Project Management
Determine Feasibility
Module 2: Project Scope Management
Initiating Scope Plan
Module 3: Project Time Management
Processes of Time Management
Module 4: Project Cost Management
Processes of Cost Management
Earned Value Management
Module 5: Risk Management
Processes and Sources
Module 6: Project Quality Management
Processes of Quality Management
Module 7: Resource Management
Human Resources
Module 8: Communications Management
Processes of Communication Management
Module 9: Change Management
Planning Project Strategy
Module 10: Procurement and Contract Management
Procurements and Contracts
Module 11: The Close Out Plan
Plan to Close the Project
Module 12: Microsoft Project 2007
General Features
Module 13: Methodology
Project Templates


text:
Old Maury Clip Of The Week: Wild Teens - Sex For A Hair Weave! (2008)
"The infamous Maury episode in which two misguided teenage sisters proudly admit to having had sex for hair weaves, sneakers, and hamburgers."
Please click the "Report" button below if the video on this page is not working properly.
Comments will only be displayed by verified emails. No Spamming or Racism.


text:
Forms Jobs
For Emergencies, Dial "911"
The City of Winston-Salem has 19 fire stations strategically located throughout the city. The stations are located to provide maximum coverage with minimum response time. We currently have an average response time of under 4 minutes. Staffing at the various stations is determined by the number of apparatus that is assigned to that station.
The city is divided into three fire districts/battalions. Each has a command unit with a battalion chief that oversees all fire department activity within their respective district. Each district has six or seven fire stations.
The following map shows the fire districts and station locations across ward lines in the City of Winston-Station.
Battalion One: Stations 1-2-6-7-10-16
Square Mileage of Battalion 1's Territory: 38.04 sq. mi.
Battalion Two: Stations 4-5-11-12-17-19
Square Mileage of Battalion 2's Territory: 45.10 sq. mi.
Battalion Three: Stations 3-8-9-14-15-18-20
Square Mileage of Battalion 3's Territory: 50.79 sq. mi.
Total Fire Territory Command: 133.93 sq. mi.
Receive E-Mail Notification When New Information is Posted on this PageAs a member, enjoy the benefits of MyCityofWS, including your choice of newsletters, and notifications about events and site updates. Login and Manage Your Subscriptions Now.


text:
Industrially proven and at any workplace in no time? _It's iisy.
The LBR iisy masters diverse worlds of production.
Thanks to its industry-proven technology, it can be integrated into predefined production processes in no time at all. In equal measure, the new lightweight robot also excels ad hoc in open, unstructured work environments with unpredictable and volatile conditions from one job to the next.


text:
The ultimate football party night
It's finally here! Support Australia in the football World Cup by doing what we Aussies do best... play and drink. Here is your guide to hosting the best football party.
Best dressed
Gear up and prepare yourself for a crazy night. A jersey is a must to represent your team and stay super comfortable. Add some style with a cool Nike outfit.
Pictured, left to right: Nike 2018 Australia Stadium Home shirt, Nike 2018 Australia Stadium Away shirt, Nike FFF Crest shirt, Nike track jacket, Nike pants.
Games and activities
This may be the most important part of the night, aside from the match, of course. Some classic mini games are essential to keep the night light and fun while you wait for the big game to start.
Pictured: Beer Pong Game from Typo.
Pictured, left to right: Large Foosball Game from Typo, MacGregor Folding Soccer Goal from Rebel, Nike Premier FIFA Soccer Ball from Rebel.
Pictured: Fifa 18 from EB Games.


text:
Today's feature from the LDN Spring
Is this the farm bill that we wanted? Is it what agriculture needs?
By Nila
Send a link to a friend
[April 10, 2014]
In August of 2012, U.S. Rep. Aaron Schock visited Logan County and
conducted an agricultural summit at Lincoln College.
At that time, the current farm bill was on the verge of
expiration and a new farm bill was being stalled in Washington.
When he came to Lincoln, Schock brought with him U.S. Rep. Frank
Lucas, who was the chairman of the House Agriculture Committee.
Lucas was happy to speak about the farm bill, saying he was
satisfied that what his committee sent to the House was what the
American farmer needed.
During the discussions by Lucas and Shock, the congressmen
outlined the important aspects of the bill:
A reduction in food stamps and a change in how food
stamps are approved for low-income households.
The need for changes in revenue and price protection for
agricultural crops.
During discussions, one farmer in the audience spoke up saying
that local farmers didn't want handouts from the government. They
didn't want subsidies on crops not raised and automatic payments for
yields not realized.
When the farm bill passed early this year, for at least one
farmer, his wish came true. In the new bill there are no automatic
payments that would have an effect on Logan County farmers. There
will still be some direct payments in 2014 and 2015 for cotton
What there will be from July forward is a much more complex crop
insurance program with multiple ways of insuring crops. Below is an
excerpt from the bill, describing the insurance that is available.
Direct payments are repealed except for reduced transition
payments to cotton for the 2014 crop and even smaller payments for
the 2015 crop under specified, limited conditions.
Programs authorized for the 2014-2018 crop years and through
December 31, 2018 for dairy.
A crop farm has a one-time, irrevocable opportunity to elect
either Price Loss Coverage (PLC) or county Agricultural Risk
Coverage (ARC) on a crop by crop basis. The producer may also elect
individual farm ARC, but this election applies to the entire farm.
If no choice is made, the farm defaults to PLC. All producers on a
farm must make the same election or face potential loss of payments
for the 2014 crop.
PLC payments occur if U.S. average market price for the crop year
is less than the crop's reference price. Reference prices are:
wheat, $5.50/bushel; corn, $3.70/bushel; grain sorghum,
$3.95/bushel; barley, $4.95/bushel; oats, $2.40/bushel; long grain
rice, $14.00/hundredweight (cwt).; medium grain rice, $14.00/cwt.;
soybeans, $8.40/bushel; other oilseeds, $20.15/cwt.; peanuts
$535.00/ton; dry peas, $11.00/cwt.; lentils, $19.97/cwt.; small
chickpeas, $19.04/cwt.; and large chickpeas, $21.54/cwt.
County ARC payments occur when actual crop revenue is below the
ARC revenue guarantee for a crop year. County ARC guarantee is 86%
of county ARC benchmark revenue. Coverage is capped at 10%, meaning
coverage is between 76% and 86% of the county ARC benchmark revenue.
County ARC benchmark revenue is based on the Olympic average
(removes high and low values) of county yields and U.S. crop year
average prices for the 5 preceding crop years.
Individual farm ARC is a whole farm, not individual crop,
program. In essence, it is based on the average covered commodity
experience on the farm.
For both PLC and county ARC, payment acres for a crop are 85% of
the farm's base acres for the crop plus any generic base acres
(former cotton base acres) planted to the crop. Individual ARC
payments acres are 65% of the sum of the farm's total base acres and
any generic base acres planted to covered crops on the farm.
Total base acres on a farm are the same as current base acres.
However a farm can elect to reallocate base acres among the farm's
covered crops according to each covered crop's share of the farm's
total acres planted to covered crops over the 2009-2012 crop years.
The Secretary of Agriculture is to develop procedures for
identifying and eliminating base acres on land that has been
subdivided and developed for multiple residential units or
non-farming uses and is unlikely to return to agriculture uses.
PLC payment yields can be updated to 90% of the farm's average
planted yield over the 2008-2012 crop years.
The new farm bill also created a new type of coverage:
shallow-loss crop insurance. This will be referred to in the future
as a supplemental coverage option, or SCO. To date, the complete
details of how this policy will work have not been outlined.
One part of the bill that experts feel may be confusing is that
this particular insurance is not in effect for the 2014 insurance
period. Producers who wish to take advantage of the SCO will have
the opportunity to do so in 2015.
This delay may be a good thing because the changes in insurance
are complicated and intricate in the collection of data. Producers
are going to need time to research all that is available and
understand thoroughly what they have to supply in order to receive
their coverage.
Since the passage of the farm bill, U.S. Rep. Steven Fincher, a
Tennessee Republican and the only row-crop farmer in Congress, has
been traveling the Southern states to discuss the new legislation
with producers.
In one such meeting he told the group: "You are going to have to
sit down and figure out what has been working best on your acres and
your farm to make this thing work. It's going to be all on you." He
added, "These programs are not great. They are just not."
On the other side of the coin, Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack
called the farm bill an "investment in rural America." He agrees
that the crop insurance programs are complex and will need careful
consideration by farmers, but he said they add a "farm safety net"
that has been missing for producers.
He also noted that the farm bill adds a nutrition safety net that
will ensure nutrition programs for children of hardworking families
who are going through tough times.
[to top of second column]
In his USDA blog, Vilsack wrote: "I am struck by the myriad ways
the new farm bill also makes small, yet critical, investments that
help foster the potential in our rural communities, long
underappreciated and under-realized. It provides resources that give
us the opportunity to restructure and revitalize the rural economy
in ways that, without a farm bill, were out of reach."
He goes on to explain that the farm bill will open doors for
organic, locally and regionally grown foods, will expand the
potential for job creation in small rural businesses, will support
private sector research and will expand the potential for rural
manufacturing of products made from renewable materials.
Vilsack wrapped up his comments by saying: "We are fortunate as a
nation because we have the ability to grow and create virtually
everything we need to survive. Our farmers, ranchers and foresters,
and those in supporting industries, give us the freedom to be
whoever and accomplish whatever we want because we don't have to
worry about where our food comes from. Indirectly, the products of
their livelihoods — our food, fiber and forest products — ensure a
brighter, more stable future for all of us."
During the two-year stall in the passage of the farm bill, one
bone of contention between House Republicans and the Democratic
Senate was the proposed cuts to the food stamp program. Republicans
maintained that the $80 billion-a-year food stamp program had
spiraled out of control. They pointed at states that were using the
Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program, known as LIHEAP, as a
catalyst for issuing food stamps too generously. In their examples,
the legislators discussed how anyone who qualifies for LIHEAP is
automatically eligible for food stamps. In many cases, even if the
LIHEAP award was as small as $1, the client still received a full
benefit of food stamps.
In the end, what the Republicans got out of this may have been
somewhat of a compromise. The new farm bill still allows for
automatic eligibility for food stamps based on LIHEAP, but it adds a
minimum benefit requirement. With the bill, today's LIHEAP
recipients will only be enrolled automatically in the food stamp
program if their LIHEAP benefit is no less than $20.
The total farm bill calls for a budget of $956 billion. Eighty
percent of that goes to food and nutrition programs, with only 20
percent going to support of farms and farmers. The change in the
relationship between food stamps and LIHEAP helped to cut only $8
billion from the bulky budget — not nearly enough in the opinion of
some legislators.
So is the ag industry happy with the farm bill? Did farmers get
what they needed? It really depends on where you are, what you grow
and whom you ask.
John Block, a journalist for AgWeb, noted that the meat industry
is perhaps more unhappy than most.
Block said: "The meat industry is very unhappy that country of
origin labeling (COOL) was not fixed. Farmers and meat processors
face the costly and inefficient possibility that the labeling of
meat will become almost impossible to accomplish — trying to
separate animals depending on where they were born, raised and
fattened for market is crazy. Canada and Mexico are ready to take
this issue to the World Trade Organization. We haven't heard the
last of this mess."
Fincher appears to be sitting on the fence, saying at some points
that the bill is no good, then later saying that it has its
benefits, but at the same time it is not a bill for the American
"There's not any room for error anymore," Fincher said. "When
you're dealing with Mother Nature, and outside, and all of the
things we deal with, and farmers deal with, that's hard. It's not
like making one thing on the assembly line. The bottom line to this
is a safe and sustainable food supply for the country. … This is not
about farmers. It's about products for the consumer."
And what about Frank Lucas? After the passing of the bill, he
wrote in his blog: "As our federal government continues to face high
deficits, it is crucial that we find ways to cut spending in a
responsible way. While this bill contains comprehensive reforms and
saves taxpayers $23 billion, it was particularly challenging to pass
in the current political environment. In the past, the farm bill has
been an across-the-aisle consensus-builder — throughout the process,
this proved to be an immense challenge. Ultimately, we were able to
accomplish our goals of reform and produce a bill that provides
certainty for every region of the country."
[By NILA SMITH]
2014 Farm Bill Summary: Key Farm Safety Net Provisions
Farm Bill Provides Safety Net for Producers and Consumers
Fincher Outlines 'Complicated' Farm Bill Details
Secretary's Column: New Farm Bill is an Investment in Rural
John Block Reports from Washington:
A Farm Bill At Last
2014 Farm Bill Authorizes New Crop Insurance
Congressman Aaron Schock hosts ag summit at Lincoln College
Part 1:
Overview of the day
Part 2:
Lucas speaks on the development of a new farm
Part 3:
Schock responds to questions about the farm bill
Part 4:
Riemenschneider offers brief overview of foreign
2014 Spring FARM OUTLOOK
2013 year in review
Corn: When a good harvest may not
be so good
The big squeeze
Will Russia become a new world
leader in agriculture?
Proposed ethanol reduction: a
triple threat
Wild plant to super seed
A new chapter in crop production
Are GM seeds hurting the market?
Walking your crop out of the field
Drones fly into agriculture
Is this the farm bill that we
Is it what agriculture needs?
Here's your peek at the weather,
and a little 'dirt' talk
Chamber awards eight ag
scholarships for 2014
University of Illinois Extension
celebrating 100th anniversary
2013 county crop yields
Recent articles
Back to top


text: This year, Stanford Housing found a new way to screw up the draw! They forgot that staff members in row houses get singles, so they overbooked the singles in almost every row house. The result is mayhem in most of the row houses that will result in either staff members losing their singles (which would be absurd – staff members should quit if they try and force this to happen) or people who got premium rooms in a row house getting doubles or moving to a different house. It's just a terrible situation in general, and every year I'm amazed at how housing finds a new way to blow it.


text:
This module adds 24h filter to Sales, Inventory and Accounting
Creates a Whitelist for Two Factor Authentication
Correção de erros na aplicação do AO97
Módulo para API de integração Trustcode
User Can Access His Account Only From Specified IP Address
Report of selected products with selected fields
Hide analytics lines and disable
their generation from a move line.
1. Use the live chat to ask your questions.
2. The operator answers within a few minutes.


text:
Superior Performance for Multimedia Networking
SparkLAN WPEA-129N is an 802.11n Dual-Band Mini Card based on Atheros AR9390-AL1A chipset. It takes Atheors Signal-Sustain Technology 3 (SST3) and supports 3T3R (3x3 MIMO radios), which provides maximum data rate up to 450Mbps and improves the overall Wi-Fi coverage area.
Wide Temperature Range
The wireless 11n pcie card is able to function under extended temperature weather condition (-20 ~ 70°C), which is ideal for manufacturers to integrate with their devices that are designed for wide-temperature range.


text:
Over 65 years of capacitor history and the continuous efforts to raise the technology standards and quality to the highest level are the foundation that makes Hitachi the leading manufacturer. Key to this strength and fundamental is, that Hitachi holds the key technology of anode foil development and production in its own hands.
Sales and Marketing in Europe of HITACHI AIC Components
The benchmark is 100%. With the lowest field failure rate in the market, there is measured reliability behind these words.
This position, which has been developed over decades, is the result of the combination of a Japanese mentality and, especially, the philosophy of Hitachi which is based upon the pursuit of the highest quality and 100% reliability. The resulting longest product live possible accompanies this mentality, as does our zero tolerance of failures.
The field failure rate of <0.5 FIT is the lowest in the market for aluminium electrolytic capacitors and expresses this continuous pursuit of quality at the highest level.
A pioneer in the development of new technologies
In addition to the focus on quality and reliability, Hitachi pursues the vision of stretching the technical boundaries and setting new standards. Both the development of technology for nominal voltages in the range of 550 and 600 VDC as well as the combination of 400V nominal voltage and 50mF in a single case are milestones which are attributed to Hitachi.
This manufacturer lives up to its position as a pioneer while setting new standards for the future.


text:
"First Date"
Season 4 Episode 7 | 7m 30s
Two women retreat to their office restroom to recap a disastrous date, unaware that that someone else is listening in. Directed by Janella Lacson.
Aired: 12/07/16Video has closed captioning.
Problems Playing Video?
Film School Shorts is made possible by a grant from Maurice Kanbar, celebrating the vitality and power of the moving image, and by the members of KQED.


text:
Does anyone know more about this series? I think its based on a manga but I'm not sure. Anyway, the first episode is finally out- subbed by Anime-Keep - they always do a great job. Its sort of like a fairy-tale type story with an ordinary girl who finds out she's (of course) not who she thought she was which leads to mystery, intrigue, etc. Its hard to summarize from the first episode but it looks really intriguing. The background art is simply gorgeous and I hope they keep up the high quality!
yup it's based on the manga which is relatively new. it's got great art, but most probably this series will follow the manga to a certain point and branches off into a new conclusion as the manga is nowhere near the end yet.
hmm I like such stories gotta download that later ^^
Cool~~ I'll check it out However the dl speed sucks >___< I'm going with 5-10 kb~ Why on earth is it so slow when there are like more seeders than leechers? Sometimes I just cant figure bittorrent out... anyway been dl it for two days now.. almost there <____<_________________Thanx to Joanne Kuang for the awesome avatar!
i've finally caught up and seen the first 5 episodes! i find this series a little odd does anyone feel the same way?- on one hand the art is gorgeous and the storyline is really intriguing with some really interesting mysteries but it gets so cheesy and melodramatic too...not to mention random HUGE breasts here and there. LOL. But its pretty funny when they poke fun at yuri/yaoi pairings- so i dunno- i still really like it but its sort of a strange show.
Really? I think it was odd in ep1 already and I didn't feel hooked at all... so I'm skipping out on this one *got more urgent things to do ^^*_________________Thanx to Joanne Kuang for the awesome avatar!
Yeah I also really think it's odd xD, but I don't think it's that bad, though that pic of to be continued is a bit...uh...Roux looks like a girl O.o
I haven't see ep 5 yet, have to watch TsubasaRC first xD
I am bored. Want to get new anime.
Is this series nice ??
5-10k d/l rate is quite common over here.
You need to complain to the ISP before it goes up... then...
down to 1~2 k again.
@aurumice: I liked it in the beginning but then it got weirder and weirder so I stopped watching it ^^;;