text:
Evolution Cruncher Chapter 6
the non-historical dating techniques are not reliable
This chapter is based on
pp. 183-221 of Origin of the Universe (Volume One of our three-volume
Evolution Disproved Series). Not included in this chapter are at least
62 statements by scientists. You will find them, plus much more, in the
3 Volume Encyclopedia on this site.
Several methods for dating
ancient materials have been developed. This is an important topic, for
evolutionists want the history of earth to span long ages in the hopes
that this will make the origin and evolution of life more likely.
Therefore we shall devote
an entire chapter to a discussion of every significant method, used by
scientists today, to date ancient substances.
DATING METHODS—Several
types of dating methods are used today.
among them are:
(1) Uranium-thorium-lead
dating, based on the disintegration of uranium and thorium into
radium, helium, etc., and finally into lead.
(2) Rubidium-strontium
dating, based on the decay of rubidium into strontium.
(3) Potassium-argon
dating, based on potassium into argon and calcium.
In this chapter, we shall
discuss the strengths and weaknesses of each of these dating methods.
There is a basic pattern
that occurs in the decay of radioactive substances. In each of these
disintegration systems, the parent or original radioactive
substance gradually decays into daughter substances. This may
involve long decay chains, with each daughter product decaying
into other daughter substances, until finally only an inert element remains
that has no radioactivity. In some instances, the parent substance may
decay directly into the end product. Sometimes, the radioactive chain
may begin with an element partway down the decay chain.
A somewhat different type
of radioactive dating method is called carbon 14-dating or radiocarbon
dating. It is based on the formation of radioactive elements of
carbon, in the atmosphere by cosmic radiation, and their subsequent
decay to the stable carbon isotope. We will also discuss radiocarbon
dating in this chapter.
INITIAL ASSUMPTIONS—At
the very beginning of this analysis, we need to clearly understand a
basic fact: Each of these special dating methods can only have
accuracy IF
(if!) certain assumptions ALWAYS
(always!) apply to EACH
specimen that is tested.
are seven of these fragile assumptions:
(1) Each
system has to be a closed system; that is, nothing can contaminate any
of the parents or the daughter products while they are going through
their decay process—or the dating will be thrown off. Ideally,
in order to do this, each specimen tested needs to have been sealed in a
jar with thick lead walls for all its previous existence, supposedly
millions of years!
But in actual field
conditions, there is no such thing as a closed system. One piece of rock
cannot for millions of years be sealed off from other rocks, as well as
from water, chemicals, and changing radiations from outer space.
(2) Each system must
initially have contained none of its daughter products. A piece
of uranium 238 must originally have had no lead or other daughter
products in it. If it did, this would give a false date reading.
But this assumption can in
no way be confirmed. It is impossible to know what was initially in a
given piece of radioactive mineral. Was it all of this particular
radioactive substance or were some other indeterminate or final daughter
products mixed in? We do not know; we cannot know. Men can guess; they
can apply their assumptions, come up with some dates, announce the
consistent ones, and hide the rest, which is exactly what evolutionary
scientists do!
(3) The process rate
must always have been the same. The decay rate must never have changed.
Yet we have no way of going
back into past ages and ascertaining whether that assumption is correct.
Every process in nature
operates at a rate that is determined by a number of factors. These
factors can change or vary with a change in certain conditions. Rates
are really statistical averages, not deterministic constants.
The most fundamental of the
initial assumptions is that all radioactive clocks, including carbon 14,
have always had a constant decay rate that is unaffected by external
influences—now and forever in the past. But it is a known fact
among scientists that such changes in decay rates can and do occur.
Laboratory testing has established that such resetting of specimen
clocks does happen. Field evidence reveals that decay rates have
indeed varied in the past.
The decay rate of any
radioactive mineral can be altered
if the mineral is bombarded by high energy particles from space
(such as neutrinos, cosmic rays, etc.); [2] if there
is, for a time, a nearby radioactive mineral emitting radiation;
[3] if physical pressure is brought to bear upon the
radioactive mineral; or [4] if certain chemicals are
brought in contact with it.
(4) One researcher, *John
Joly of Trinity College, Dublin, spent years studying pleochroic halos
emitted by radioactive substances. In his research he found evidence
that the long half-life minerals have varied in their decay rate in
the past!
"His [Joly's]
suggestion of varying rate of disintegration of uranium at various
geological periods would, if correct, set aside all possibilities of age
calculation by radioactive methods."—*A.F. Kovarik,
"Calculating the Age of Minerals from Radioactivity Data and
Principles," in Bulletin 80 of the National Research Council, June
1931, p. 107.
"His [Joly's]
suggestion of varying rate of disintegration of uranium at various
geological periods would, if correct, set aside all possibilities of age
calculation by radioactive methods."—*A.F. Kovarik,
"Calculating the Age of Minerals from Radioactivity Data and
Principles," in Bulletin 80 of the National Research Council, June
1931, p. 107.
(5) If any change
occurred in past ages in the blanket of atmosphere surrounding our
planet, this would greatly affect the clocks in radioactive
Cosmic rays, high-energy
mesons, neutrons, electrons, protons, and
photons enter our atmosphere continually. These are atomic
particles traveling at speeds close to that of the speed of light. Some
of these rays go several hundred feet underground and 1400 meters [1530
yards] into the ocean depths. The blanket of air covering our world is
equivalent to 34 feet [104 dm] of water, or 1 meter [1.093 yd] thickness
of lead. If at some earlier time this blanket of air was more heavily
water-saturated, it would produce a major change—from the present
rate,—in the atomic clocks within radioactive minerals. Prior to
the time of the Flood, there was a much greater amount of water in the
(6) The Van Allen radiation
belt encircles the globe. It is about 450 miles [724 km] above us and is
intensely radioactive. According to *Van Allen, high-altitude tests
revealed that it emits 3000-4000 times as much radiation as the cosmic
rays that continually bombard the earth.
Any change in the Van Allen
belt would powerfully affect
the transformation time of radioactive minerals.
we know next to nothing about this belt—what it is, why it is there,
or whether it has changed in the past. In fact, the belt was only
discovered in 1959. Even small amounts of variation or change in the Van
Allen belt would significantly affect radioactive substances.
(7) A basic assumption
of all radioactive dating methods is that the clock had to start at
the beginning, that is, no daughter products were present, only
those elements at the top of the radioactive chain were in existence.
For example, all the uranium 238 in the world originally had no lead 206
in it, and no lead 206 existed anywhere else. But if either
Creation—or a major worldwide catastrophe (such as the Flood)
occurred, everything would begin thereafter with, what scientists call,
an "appearance of age."
By this we mean
"appearance of maturity." The world would be seen as mature
the moment after Creation. Spread before us would be a scene of
fully grown plants and flowers. Most trees would have their full height.
We would not, instead, see a barren landscape of seeds littering the
ground. We would see full-grown chickens, not unhatched eggs. Radioactive
minerals would be partially through their cycle of half-lives on the
very first day. This factor of initial apparent age would
strongly affect our present reading of the radioactive clocks in
uranium, thorium, etc.
Evolutionary theorists tell
us that originally there was only uranium, and all of its daughter
products (radioactive isotopes farther down its decay chain) developed
later. But "appearance of maturity" at the Creation would mean
that, much of the elements, now classified by evolutionists as
"daughter products," were actually original—not
daughter—products and were already in the ground along with uranium
instead of being produced by it. We already know, from Robert
Gentry's studies, that original (primordial) polonium 218 was
in the granite when that granite initially came into existence suddenly
and in solid form; yet polonium is thought by evolutionists to only
occur as an eventual daughter product of uranium disintegration.
Here are nineteen of them::
(1) Uranium-lead dating
(2) Thorium-lead dating
(3) Lead 210 dating
(4) Helium dating
(5) Rubidium-strontium
(6) Potassium-argon
(7) Potassium-calcium
(8) Strata and fossil
dating, as it relates to radiodating, will be briefly considered,
although we will discuss rock strata dating in much more detail in
chapters 12 and 14 (Fossils and Strata and Effects of the
In addition, there are
three dating methods used to date ancient plant and animal remains:
(9) Radiocarbon (carbon
14) dating
(10) Amino acid
decomposition dating
(11) Racemization dating
Lastly, we will briefly
overview several other supposed "dating methods" which,
although not expected to provide much accuracy in dating, are still used
in an attempt to postulate long ages for earth's history:
(12) Astronomical dating
(13) Paleomagnetic
dating has gained prominence in the past few decades. Because this
present chapter is already quite long, we planned to deal with
paleomagnetic dating in a later chapter (chapter 20); but, for lack of
space in this paperback, that material will be found in chapter 26 on
our website.
(14) Varve dating
(15) Tree ring dating
(16) Buried forest
strata dating
(17) Peat dating
(18) Reef dating
(19) Thermoluminescence
(20) Stalactite dating
In the remainder of this
chapter, we will consider each of these 20 dating methods:
Three main types of
uranium/thorium dating are
included here: are included here:
(1) Uranium 238 decays
to lead 206, with a half-life of 4.5 billion years.
(2) Uranium 235 decays
to lead 207, with a half-life of 0.7 billion years.
(3) Thorium 232 decays
to lead 208, with a half-life of 14.1 billion years.
These three are generally
found together in mixtures, and each one decays into several daughter
products (such as radium) before becoming lead.
(1) Lead could
originally have been mixed in with the uranium or thorium. This
is very possible, and even likely. It is only an assumption that
integral or adjacent lead could only be an end product.
In addition, common
lead (lead 204), which has no radioactive parent, could easily be
mixed into the sample and would seriously affect the dating of
that sample. *Adolph Knopf referred to this important problem (*Scientific
Monthly, November 1957). *Faul, a leading authority in the field,
recognized it also (*Henry Faul, Nuclear Geology, 1954, p. 297).
When a uranium sample is
tested for dating purposes, it is assumed that the entire quantity of
lead in it is "daughter-product lead" (that is, the
end-product of the decayed uranium). The specimen is not carefully and
thoroughly checked for possible common lead content, because it
is such a time-consuming task. Yet it is that very uranium-lead ratio
which is used to date the sample! The same problem applies to thorium
(2) Leaching is another
problem. Part of the uranium and its daughter products could
previously have leached out. This would drastically affect the
dating of the sample. Lead, in particular, can be leached out by weak
acid solutions.
(3) There can be
inaccurate lead ratio comparisons, due to different types of lead within
the sample. Correlations of various kinds of lead (lead 206,
207, etc.) in the specimen is done to improve dating accuracy. But
errors can and do occur here also.
Thus, we have here
astounding evidence of the marvelous unreliability of radiodating
techniques. Rock known to be less than 300 years old is variously
dated between 50 million and 14.5 billion years of age! That is a
14-billion year error in dating! Yet such radiodating techniques
continue to be used in order to prove long ages of earth's existence.
A chimpanzee typing numbers at random could do as well.
Sample datings from a
single uranium deposit in the Colorado Caribou Mine yielded an error
spread of 700 million years.
(4) Yet a fourth problem
concerns that of neutron capture. *Melvin Cooke
suggests that the radiogenic lead isotope 207 (normally
thought to have been formed only by the decay of uranium 235) could
actually have been formed from lead 206, simply by having captured free
neutrons from neighboring rock. In the same manner, lead 208
(normally theorized as formed only by thorium 232 decay) could have been
formed by the capture of free neutrons from lead 207. Cooke checked out
this possibility by extensive investigation and came up with a sizeable
quantity of data indicating that practically all radiogenic lead
in the earth's crust could have been produced in this way instead of
by uranium or thorium decay! This point alone totally
invalidates uranium and thorium dating methods!
(5) A fifth problem
deals with the origin of the rocks containing these radioactive
minerals. According to evolutionary theory, the earth was originally
molten. But, if true, molten rocks would produce a wild variation
in clock settings in radioactive materials.
"Why do the
radioactive ages of lava beds, laid down within a few weeks of each
other, differ by millions of years?"—*Glen R. Morton,
Electromagnetics and the Appearance of Age.
It is a well-known fact, by
nuclear researchers, that intense heat damages radiodating clock
settings; yet the public is solemnly presented with dates of
rocks indicating long ages of time when, in fact, the evolutionary
theory of the origin of rocks would render those dates totally useless.
The half-lives of uranium
238, 235, and thorium 232 are supposedly known, having been theorized.
But whenever dates are computed using thorium,—they always
widely disagree with uranium dates! No one can point to a single
reason for this. We probably have here a cluster of several major
contamination factors; and all of these contamination factors are beyond
our ability to identify, much less calculate. To make matters
worse, contaminating factors common to both may cause different
reactions in the thorium than in the uranium! (*Henry Faul, Nuclear
Geology, p. 295).
"The two uranium-lead
ages often differ from each other markedly, and the thorium-lead age on
the same mineral is almost always drastically lower than either of the
others."—*L.T. Aldrich, "Measurement of Radioactive Ages
of Rocks," in Science, May 18, 1956, p. 872.
210 AND HELIUM DATING—Two
other methods of dating uranium and thorium specimens should be
First, there is uranium-lead
210 dating. Lead 210 is frequently used to date uranium.
Second is the uranium-helium
method. Helium produced by uranium decay is also used for the
same dating purpose.
But the lead 210
method is subject to the very same entry or leaching problems mentioned
earlier. Helium leakage is so notorious as to render it unfit
for dating purposes.
Uranium and thorium are
only rarely found in fossil-bearing rocks; so recent attention has
been given to rubidium dating and two types of potassium dating, all of
which are radioactive isotopes of alkali metals and are found in fossil
rocks. Let us now consider both of these:
DATING—Rubidium 87
gradually decays into strontium 87.
All aside from leaching and other contamination, the experts have
so far been unable to agree on the length of a rubidium half-life.
This renders it useless for dating purposes. This is because the
samples vary so widely. *Abrams compiled a list of rubidium half-lives
suggested by various research specialists. Estimates, by the experts,
of the half-life of rubidium varied between 48 and 120 billion years!
That is a variation spread of 72 billion years: a number so
inconceivably large as to render Rb-Sr dating worthless.
addition, only a very small amount of strontium results from the decay;
and much of the strontium may be non-radiogenic, that is, not
caused by the decay process. This is due to the fact that strontium
87 is easily leached from one mineral to another, thus producing
highly contaminated dating test results.
Granite from the Black
Hills gave strontium/rubidium and various lead system dates varying from
1.16 to 2.55 billion years.
potassium decays into calcium and argon gas. Great hopes were initially
pinned on this, for potassium occurs widely in fossil-bearing
strata! But they were greatly disappointed to discover: (1) Because
of such wide dating variations, they could not agree on potassium
half-life. (2) The rare gas, argon, quickly left the
mineral and escaped into other rocks and into the atmosphere (*G.W.
Wetherill, "Radioactivity of Potassium and Geologic
Time," Science, September 20, 1957, p. 545).
Since it is a gas, argon 40
can easily migrate in and out of potassium rocks (*J.F. Evernden, et.
al., "K/A Dates and the Cenozoic Mammalian Chronology of North
America," American Journal of Science, February 1964, p. 154).
Not only is argon an
unstable gas, but potassium itself can easily be leached out of the
rock. *Rancitelli and *Fisher explain that 60 percent of the potassium
can be leached out of an iron meteorite by distilled water in 4.5 hours (*Planetary
Science Abstracts, 48th Annual Meeting of the American Geophysical
Union, 1967, p. 167).
Rainwater is distilled
water. In heavy downpours, fairly pure rainwater can occasionally
trickle down into deeper rock areas. When it does, rainwater
transfers potassium from one location to another.
Another problem is that potassium-argon
dating must be calculated by uranium-lead dating methods! This greatly
adds to the problem, for we have already seen that uranium dating is
itself extremely unreliable! This is something like the blind
leading the blind.
In view of such
information, it is a seemingly unbelievable—but true—fact that
K/A (potassium-argon) dating is, at the present time, a key dating
method used in developing and verifying advanced evolutionary theories.
(See Paleomagnetism, on our website.) The long ages
applied to the major new theory of "seafloor spreading" is
based entirely on potassium-argon dates in basalts (lava) taken from the
ocean bottom. You will frequently read articles about
potassium-argon dating projects.
Submerged volcanic rocks,
produced by lava flows off the coast of Hawaii near Hualalai, in the
years 1800-1801, were dated using potassium-argon. The lava forming
those rocks is clearly known to be less than 200 years old; yet the
potassium-argon dating of the rocks yielded great ages, ranging from
1.60 million to 2.96 billion years! (See *Science, October 11,
1968; *Journal of Geophysical Research, July 15, 1968).
Potassium is found in most
igneous (lava), and some sedimentary (fossil-bearing), rocks.
In spite of its notorious inaccuracy, to this day potassium-argon dating
continues to be the most common method of radioactive dating of
fossil-bearing rock strata.
Only those radioactive
dates are retained, which agree with the 19th-century geologic column
dating theories. Research
workers are told just that! (*L.R. Stieff, *T.W. Stern and *R.N.
Eichler, "Evaluating Discordant Lead-Isotope Ages," U.S.
Geological Survey Professional Papers, 1963, No. 414-E).
DATING—If possible, the
situation is even worse for dating with this method. Radioactive
potassium decays to both argon and calcium (calcium 40). But the
problem here is that researchers cannot distinguish between calcium
40 and other calciums because the two are so commonly and thoroughly
intermixed. The argon is of little help, since it so rapidly leaches out.
WITH ALL RADIODATING METHODS —The
rocks brought back from the moon provided an outstanding test for the
various dating methods—because all those techniques were used on them.
The results were a disaster.
The age spread of certain
moon rocks varied from 2 million to 28 billion years!
Now scientists are arguing over the results.
Some say the moon is 2 million years old while others say it is 28
billion years old. We have here a weighty scientific problem. (For more
on this, see *Proceedings of the Second, Third and Fourth Lunar
Conferences; Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Volumes 14 and 17.)
Yet there is clear-cut non-radiogenic
evidence that the moon is less than 10,000 years old. (See chapter 4, Age
of the Earth). In contrast with these inaccurate dating methods, scientific
facts, such as the almost total lack of moon dust, lunar soil
mixing, presence of short half-life U-236 and Th-230 in moon rocks, low
level of inert gases, and lunar recession,—provide strong evidence
that the moon is less than 10,000 years old. (See chapter 4, Age of
the Earth.)
RESEARCH—In order for a
radioactive clock to be usable, it has to run without variation.
But *G.T. Emery has done
careful research on radiohalos (pleochroic halos) and found that they do
not show constant decay rates. When the long half-life
radiohalos (made by uranium, thorium, etc.) are examined, the time spans
involved show inaccuracies in the decay rates.
CATASTROPHE—As *Jeaneman
explains so well, just one major catastrophe—such as a worldwide
Flood—would have ruined the usefulness of all our radiodating clocks.
Why would a single
worldwide catastrophe reset all the atomic clocks? First, there
would be massive contamination problems, as fluids, chemicals,
and radioactive substances flowed or were carried from one place to
another. Second, there would be major radioactive
rate-changing activities (atmospheric, radioative, and magnetic
changes) which would tend to reset the clocks directly. Third,
a major shifting and redistribution of rock pressure occurring
above radiogenic rocks would reset their clocks. Fourth, there
would be reversals of earth's magnetic core, which was
caused by the shock-wave vibrations through that fluid core from what
was happening closer to the surface (volcanoes, earthquakes, gigantic
geysers, seafloor sinking, and massive mountain building—see chapter
14 (Effects of the Flood), and chapter 20 (Tectonics and
Now read
TO CHANGE THE RATES—Careful
laboratory tests by *H.C. Dudley revealed that external
influences can very definitely affect decay rates. He
CHANGED (!) the decay rates
of 14 different radioisotopes by means of pressure, temperature,
electric and magnetic fields, stress in monomolecular layers, etc. The
implications of this are momentous, even astounding! (see *H.C.
Dudley, "Radioactivity Re-Examined," Chemical and Engineering
News, April 7, 1975, p. 2). The sedimentary rock strata were laid
down under massive pressure. This involved great stress. (See chapter
12, Fossils and Strata, for more on both points.) Dramatic
temperature changes occurred shortly after the strata were laid down;
and Earth's iron core was disturbed to such an extent, that
magnetic reversals occurred at the poles (see Paleomagnetism, on
our website). Yet *Dudley showed that each of these forces would have
dramatically affected the clocks within radioactive rocks.
Immense forces were at
work, during and just after the Flood, that could and did affect the
constancy of radioactive half-lives—which, in turn, are the only basis
for radiodating methods!
The consequence is
inaccurate dating results which are not reliable and which cannot be
reset—since their earlier settings are not now known.
*Time magazine
(June 19, 1964) reported an intriguing item which was overlooked
by much of the scientific community. Although scientists generally
consider that no known force can change the rate of atomic
disintegration of radioactive elements,—researchers at Westinghouse
laboratories have actually done it. How did they do it? Simply
by placing inactive "dead" iron next to radioactive iron. The
result was that the disintegration rate was altered!
Radioactive iron will give
off particles for a time and then lapse into an inactive state. When the
researchers placed radioactive iron next to inactive iron, the inactive
iron gradually became active. In this way the apparent age of the
radioactive iron was changed by about 3 percent while the clock of the
previously inactive iron was returned to its original radioactive mass.
Its clock was set back to zero!
If so much variation can be
accomplished in small lab samples, think what has been taking place out
in the field. All that, in this case, would be required would be for
radioactive lead solutions to flow by and coat inactive lead.
AND FOSSIL DATING—In
two later chapters (Fossils and Strata and Effects of the
Flood), we will discuss the strata dating method in detail. We will
here discuss only its relationship to radioactive dating methods—and
learn that there are no relationships!
There are only two primary
methods of long-ages dating: (1) fossil-bearing rock strata, (2) radioactive
dating, plus carbon-14 dating.
In the chapter on Fossils,
we will discover that dating rocks by their fossils is based
on circular reasoning: (1) Each strata is a certain age
because of certain key fossils in it; (2) the fossils in the
strata are a certain age because evolutionary theory says they should be
that certain age, and also because they are in rock strata said
to be that age. Thus, fossil/strata-dating methods are hopelessly
Yet fossil/strata dating is
crucial to the evolutionary theory! Without it, the whole thing
collapses! (1) None of the other
dating methods (the twelve methods discussed in this present chapter)
are reliable either, but instead are in continual conflict with one
another and with fossil/strata dating conclusions. (2) The
19th-century dating theory was applied to the fossils and strata, and
evolutionists in later decades are required to bring their dates into
alignment with those dates theorized over a century ago! Yet it
cannot be done. This is a most serious problem.
In chapter 12 (Fossils
and Strata), we shall discuss in detail the problems associated with
fossil and strata dating. But let us right now put to rest a
frequently stated misconception: that radiodating methods have
successfully dated and positively established as reliable the dating
system conjectures in the so-called "geologic column" of rock
strata. That is not true!
USEABLE TEST RESULTS—In
reality, it is impossible to date sedimentary rock strata and the
fossils within it by radioactive mineral dating. In fact, radiodating is
so conflicting in its results, that, out of hundreds of thousands of
tests,—ONLY THREE
test results have agreed sufficiently with evolutionary theory to be
used as "norms." Each of these, of course, could only apply to
a single stratumtest results have agreed sufficiently with evolutionary theory to be
used as "norms." Each of these, of course, could only apply to
a single stratum.
Out of tens of thousands of
tests only three radioactive samples have been found to be near enough
to rock strata age theories to be usable,—and
two of them are just interpolated guesses based on "strata
thickness." Evolutionists use but three undiscarded radiodatings
to vindicate the reliability of the hundred-year-old strata and fossil
dating theory!
IMAGININGS—A brief
historical review will help explain the situation:
(1) Early in the 19th
century, evolutionists decided that fossils in certain rock strata
should be such-and-such an age.
(2) So they gave the strata
containing those fossils dates which would match their fossil age
(3) Then they announced
that they had thought up the dates by peering at so-called "index
(4) They declared that they
could now prove the ages of the fossils in the rocks—by the rock
strata they were in. Thus, they started out by dating the strata
by imagined dates for fossils, and they ended up dating the fossils by
applying those imagined dates to the strata!
This circular reasoning
pattern has continued on down to the present day
regard to the dating of fossils and strata.
But then as the 20th
century began, radioactive mineral dating began to be discovered. Repeatedly,
scientists have tried to correlate radioactive dating with the dates
they applied to fossils and strata a century before radiodating was
known. But they have not been able to do so. Out of literally thousands
of tests, they have been able to correlate only three of them (the
Colorado, Bohemian, and Swedish dates given in the *Knopf quotation [a
lengthy statement we did not have room to include in this paperback]. The
evolutionists decided that three successes out of hundreds of thousands
of test failures were enough to make their fossil/strata theory
"scientific," by matching radiodating. It is on this
basis that evolutionary scientists now grandly proclaim that the
fossiliferous strata have been dated by radioactive minerals! See
chapter 12, Fossils and Strata, for much, much more on this.
conclude this section on radiodating problems, here are a few dating
samples. Many, many, many more could have been cited!
"Sunset Crater, an
Arizona Volcano, is known from tree-ring dating to be about 1000 years
old. But potassium-argon put it at over 200,000 years [*G.B.
Dalrymple, '40 Ar/36 Ar Analyses of Historical Lava Flows,' Earth
and Planetary Science Letters 6, 1969, pp. 47-55].
"For the volcanic
island of Rangitoto in New Zealand, potassium-argon dated the lava flows
as 145,000 to 465,000 years old, but the journal of the Geochemical
Society noted that 'the radiocarbon, geological and botanical evidence
unequivocally shows that it was active and was probably built during the
last 1000 years.' In fact, wood buried underneath its lava has been
carbon-dated as less than 350 years old [*Ian McDougall, *H.A. Polach,
and *J.J. Stipp, "Excess Radiogenic Argon in Young Subaerial
Basalts from Auckland Volcanic Field, New Zealand," Geochimica et
Cosmochimica Acta, December 1969, pp. 1485, 1499].
"Even the [1980] lava
dome of Mount St. Helens has been radiometrically dated at 2.8 million
years [H.M Morris, Radiometric Dating," Back to Genesis, 1997]."—James
Perloff, Tornado in a Junkyard (1999), p. 146.
"Sunset Crater, an
Arizona Volcano, is known from tree-ring dating to be about 1000 years
old. But potassium-argon put it at over 200,000 years [*G.B.
Dalrymple, '40 Ar/36 Ar Analyses of Historical Lava Flows,' Earth
and Planetary Science Letters 6, 1969, pp. 47-55].
"For the volcanic
island of Rangitoto in New Zealand, potassium-argon dated the lava flows
as 145,000 to 465,000 years old, but the journal of the Geochemical
Society noted that 'the radiocarbon, geological and botanical evidence
unequivocally shows that it was active and was probably built during the
last 1000 years.' In fact, wood buried underneath its lava has been
carbon-dated as less than 350 years old [*Ian McDougall, *H.A. Polach,
and *J.J. Stipp, "Excess Radiogenic Argon in Young Subaerial
Basalts from Auckland Volcanic Field, New Zealand," Geochimica et
Cosmochimica Acta, December 1969, pp. 1485, 1499].
"Even the [1980] lava
dome of Mount St. Helens has been radiometrically dated at 2.8 million
years [H.M Morris, Radiometric Dating," Back to Genesis, 1997]."—James
Perloff, Tornado in a Junkyard (1999), p. 146.
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according to Analogy angle appear Art of Sight Behold Chief Circle Chromatistes Circular Color Revolt Constitution of Flatland Contralto course creature cried Cube cut-throat dimness discern distinguish Dodecahedron dream eight terminal Points Equilateral Triangle existence extremities feel Female Figure Fourth Dimension Geometrical Progression Gospel of Three Grandson half henceforth Hexagon higher classes hundred sides husband infer inside intel Irregular Isosceles King Land of Three Law of Nature Lineland listen look Lord Lordship Male marriage mean Monarch motion moving mysteries Northward offspring omnividence once Pentagon perfect perfect Circle Perimeter Plane Polygon Priests Readers recognize Regular replied Royal Highness Sedition sense of sight sides equal Sight Recognition sion Soldier Space Spaceland speak Sphere Square Straight Line Stranger tablets Third Dimension thou thought Three Dimensions three inches tion truth Universal Color Bill Upward utterance voice whence whole Wife Woman Women words World
Popular passages
Page 11 - Imagine a vast sheet of paper on which straight Lines, Triangles, Squares, Pentagons, Hexagons, and other figures, instead of remaining fixed in their places, move freely about, on or in the surface, but without the power of rising above or sinking below it...
Page 98 - World. Out of your Space. For your Space is not the true Space. True Space is a Plane; but your Space is only a Line. KING If you cannot indicate this motion from left to right by yourself moving in it, then I beg you to describe it to me in words, i...
Page 16 - I, the sole possessor of the truths of Space and of the theory of the introduction of Light from the world of Three Dimensions — as if I were the maddest of the mad! But a truce to these painful digressions: let me return to our houses. The most common form for the construction of a house is five-sided or pentagonal, as in the annexed figure. The two Northern sides RO, OF, constitute the roof, and for the most part have no doors; on the East is a small door for the Women; on the West a much larger...
Page 154 - Yet I exist in the hope that these memoirs, in some manner, I know not how, may find their way to the minds of humanity in Some Dimension, and may stir up a race of rebels who shall refuse to be confined to limited Dimensionality.
Page 98 - Well, yes. Out of your World. Out of your Space. For your Space is not the true Space. True Space is a Plane; but your Space is only a Line. King. If you cannot indicate this motion from left to right by yourself moving in it, then I beg you to describe it to me in words.
Page 109 - Southward. Stranger. I mean nothing of the kind. I mean a direction in which you cannot look, because you have no eye in your side. /. Pardon me, my Lord, a moment's inspection will convince your Lordship that I have a perfect luminary at the juncture of two of my sides. Stranger. Yes: but in order to see into Space you ought to have an eye, not on your Perimeter, but on your side, that is, on what you would probably call your inside; but we in Spaceland should call it your side.
Page 148 - Northward,' for that would be such nonsense, you know. How could a thing move Upward, and not Northward? Upward and not Northward! Even if I were a baby, I could not be so absurd as that. How silly it is! Ha! ha! ha!
Page 11 - I CALL our world Flatland, not because we call it so, but to make its nature clearer to you, my happy readers, who are privileged to live in Space.
Page 85 - Women) interspersed with other Beings still smaller and of the nature of lustrous Points — all moving to and fro in one and the same Straight Line, and, as nearly as I could judge, with the same velocity.
Page 48 - ... equal. The size of the sides would of course depend upon the age of the individual. A Female at birth would be about an inch long, while a tall adult Woman might extend to a foot. As to the Males of every class, it may be roughly said that the length of an adult's sides, when added together, is two feet or a little more. But the size of our sides is not under consideration. I am speaking of the equality of sides, and it does not need much reflection to see that the whole of the social life in...

subset: commoncrawl


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Nicolae Corneanu, born in 1923, is the Romanian Orthodox Archbishop of Timisoara and Metropolitan of the Banat, one of six Romanian Metropolitanates.
Timisoara is known for its good relations between different confessional groups. Besides the Romanian Orthodox, the city's population includes people of the Serbian Orthodox, Roman Catholic and Greek Catholic faiths, as well as a few Jews.
Corneanu came to Timisoara in 1948; in 1962 he became archbishop and metropolitan.
Right after the fall of communism, he returned ownership of the cathedral of Lugoj to the Greek Catholic Church. (The communist regime, having banned the Greek Catholic Church, had handed the cathedral over to the Romanian Orthodox Church.) Corneanu is also on good terms with the Roman Catholic Bishop of Timisoara, Martin Roos, and counted among his friends the late Ernest Neumann, the last Rabbi of Timisoara.
Nicolae Corneanu made headlines when he admitted to having been an informer of the Securitate – the Communist secret police – for 41 years. It started in 1948, when he was caught sheltering a German fugitive.
"Almost every month I was visited by Securitate agents who wanted statements from me about people so they could arrest them. I always tried to pass on only information that I assumed would not harm anybody. What weighed on my conscience, however, was the fact that I had to remain in contact with the people from the Securitate. Because there were those who said: 'No, I will have nothing to do with you,' and who were then sentenced to imprisonment."
Many people, also among the clergy, had been Securitate informers. Estimates put the figure at above 400,000. But Nicolae Corneanu stands out in having publicly admitted his relationship with the Securitate.
"I seized the first opportunity after the revolution, which was a newspaper interview, to talk about the incidents which had happened to me regarding the Securitate.
"I feel relieved, in some way it was liberating [to be] freed from guilt, to put it another way… my conscience was clean again."
September 2008
Kristof Bender


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Fashion and beauty deals of the week: Coats for kids, socks for Mom, shoes for Dad
As the temps start to dip and we get our first flurries of fall, it's time to swap out our summer clothes and accessories for cold-weather styles. Here are eight fashion and beauty deals to warm you up without leaving your bank account cold.
Kids coats sale: Take up to 40 percent off select outerwear and cold weather accessories at The Children's Place. Free shipping when you spend $75 or more.
Garbarini "Socktoberfest": Buy three pairs of socks, and get the fourth pair free at Garbarini, 239 Detroit St., now through Oct. 31.
Shopbop, East Dane friends and family sale: Enter the code INTHEFAMILY25 at checkout to receive 25 percent off during the retailer's event through Oct. 17. And, for the guys, enter the same code at the store's brother site, East Dane, for 25 percent off through Oct. 20.
Piperlime fall sale: Enter the code FALL at checkout through Oct. 18 to score 30 percent off select styles.
Shoe discount: Snag up to 30 percent off select fall shoes for men and women and handbags and up to 60 percent off summer clearance items during the sale at Donald J. Pliner.
Ulta coupon: Save $3.50 on any $10 purchase in stores and online at Ulta, through Oct. 26. Print this coupon or enter the code 109901 at checkout.
Uggs on sale: Save up to 30 percent on Ugg slip-ons, flats, sneakers and clogs at uggaustralia.com.
Stila fall beauty bash: Take up to 80 percent off more than 50 items through Oct. 22 at stila.com.
Lesley Kennedy writes for ShopAtHome.com. Email her at firstname.lastname@example.com.


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What does climate change hold for the Himalayas? Help find out by examining pollinators and the crops that need them.
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Flowering plants and their pollinators are declining in Himalayan orchards. Research can help determine the best way to manage these changes to support traditional sustainable agriculture.
India's Kullu Valley in the Himalayan Mountains is famous for its apple orchards and farms. But flowering plants are disappearing, and the numbers of pollinators such as bees and butterflies are declining. Crops are suffering, and farmers must "hire out" bees to ensure pollination. These changes are threatening the region's traditional agriculture and its financial stability.
Earthwatch, with the Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and Development, is studying the impact of climate change on fragile plant species and the effect of decreased plant biodiversity on the numbers of pollinators in orchards and fields. This research will provide critical information about pollinators and which types of crops will grow well under new climatic circumstances and will also help farmers to select crops and wild plants that can attract pollinators.
You'll work outdoors in the magnificent Himalayas, collecting vital data about plants growing at different elevations and the activities of butterflies and bees. Your findings will help to develop policies for agricultural management in the Indian Himalayan region.
Data from these three locations will form the basis of a regional plan for managing sustainable agriculture in a changing climate.
Your observations of bees and butterflies will help provide key information about the effect of declining plant diversity on crop pollinators.
Because of its remarkable plant diversity, the Himalayan region is one of 34 official Global Biodiversity hotspots. The Kullu Valley, a major agricultural center, is located in this hotspot. Agriculture in the region is largely sustainable, but its success depends upon the pollination of crop plants by animals such as bees and butterflies.
Few studies have focused on the plant species of the region or on the effect of declining Himalayan plant biodiversity on pollinators. This lack of knowledge limits the ability of the Indian government to make meaningful policy decisions relative to sustainable agriculture and farming practices.
This Earthwatch project is part of a larger study of pollinators in the Indian Himalayas. Two additional studies in the Sikkim and Uttarakhand areas will explore the status of pollinators of cucumbers, mustard, and cardamom, which are major sustainable crops in the region. Data from these three locations will form the basis of a regional plan for managing sustainable agriculture in a changing climate.
Assess biodiversity in the Kullu Valley, with a focus on "bee flora".
As an Earthwatch participant, you'll assess bees and butterflies in apple orchards. You'll also record diversity of tree, shrub and herb; flowering, leafing and fruiting on marked apple trees; and identify and record bee flora to create a floral calendar for the region. In the lab, you'll analyze soil samples and record and input data.
The Kullu Valley, a delightful region in the northwest Indian Himalayas, is known as the Valley of the Gods. The valley spreads its charm on either side of the upper reaches of the River Beas. Kullu is also known for its historic Buddhist monasteries and temples, religious festivals, and hot springs.
When Spring arrives in April, the whole Kullu valley will be in blossom due to flowering of Apple flowers. Kullu is at its most colorful, with pink and white flowers in the valley while the higher slopes are shining with gorgeous red rhododendrons.
As the summer hits and most of India is going through extreme heat, the climate in Kullu is pleasant with daytime temperatures barely reaching 30 degrees Celsius (86 degrees Fahrenheit). Wild and garden plants are flowering at this time.
As summer winds down in August, apples are in fruiting. It's rainy season, but Kullu falls in rain shadow areas, so there's not much rain. In October, the leaves fall, with Diwali (festival of color) and Dushera as exciting festivals.
This is a summary:
You'll spend most of your days with scientists collecting data in the forests and orchards. You'll help:
In the evenings you'll visit local places of interest, such as Naggar Castle, Kais Monastery, temples, Kullu market, and the Roerich Museum, or visit with local farmers. On one day, you'll visit the historic town of Manali, about 12 miles (19 kilometers) away. On the way, you'll visit a fruit growers' association to learn about how the region's farmer federation works and the difficulties that local farmers face. On the final day, the scientists will give a presentation on how the data you've collected will be used, and you'll visit a handicraft workshop.
Assess species diversity by recording tree, shrub, and herb leafing, flowering, and fruiting.
This project is a partnership between Earthwatch and the Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and Development.
Dr. Dhyani studies the relationship between plants and their environment, and his work has helped develop practices for restoring and conserving natural landscapes. He has three decades of experience researching plants in the Himalayas.
You'll stay in the Hotel Soham Chateaue de Naggar located in the peaceful village of Naggar in Kullu, Himachal Pradesh. You'll have a comfortable room featuring a balcony with a panoramic view of the Himalayas and the River Beas.
In the morning, you'll be served tea in bed. You'll eat breakfast and a buffet dinner in the hotel while enjoying a view of the Himalayas and the Kullu Valley. Depending on the distance to the research site and changes in the research schedule, you'll eat lunch at the hotel or take a packed lunch to the research site. You'll enjoy local vegetarian cuisine, which may include Indian breads, fruits, rice, vegetable dishes, dals (lentils), curries, salad, and pickles.
Please write a testimonial for this expedition. You may only write testimonials for expeditions you have been on.
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Have you been on this expedition?
Anne Schepp | Monday, December 11, 2017
True teamwork and cultural awareness opportunities abound in a peaceful setting with amazing views of mountains, temples and manual industries.
Mr Lukasz Jankowski | Wednesday, November30, 2016
I really recommend everyone to participate on Butterflies and Bees in the Indian Himalayas project. The view and surroundings were magnificent. Everyday morning we had a walk around our camp, additionally food was great. Recommend to everyone
Karen McCarthy | Monday, May23, 2016
Butterflies and Bees in the Indian Himalayas was my second EarthWatch expedition and I hope to return for more. It was a terrific experience that allowed me to feel immersed in the local culture as well as meaningful science research. The expedition far exceeded all expectations. Dr. Mehta and his team were terrific hosts and shared their knowledge and expertise with passion. I highly recommend this expedition!
Bernard Johnpulle | Friday, May 22, 2015
My recent butterflies and bees expedition did go very well. Our seven member team got along well. Our hotel had the best view of the snow capped mountains. Every morning we wake up to the birds songs, and the stunning sun rise. Hotel staffs were very friendly. Food at the hotel was wonderful. Our two directors from India Pranam and Pradeep both are very knowledgable and very friendly. I would highly recommend this project to any one who is interested travelling abroad. I should also mention that the high light of the project was when we visited the villages. These villages are made out of hard wood and beautifully build. These homes should have been declared as heritage homes.People in the villages are very warm, happy and beautiful people.
Leslie Uppinghouse | Monday, May 18, 2015
This was my first time volunteering for Earthwatch and to India. The India Earthwatch team helped guide me through the region and the deep cultural traditions and practices. I give that team credit for making this trip so worthwhile. The accommodations were fantastic and the food was the best Indian food I had ever had. I never felt like a tourist and I do feel that again the Indian Earthwatch teams special attention to detail help immerse me into both the culture and my surroundings.
I would encourage anyone who has had no experience with surveys to give this one a shot. The researchers at the GB Pant Institute are patient and take the time to work with you on methods and results. They were good with helping me to understand the purpose of the research and what my and my team mates involvement adds to the study. It's definitely a team effort and again this helped me to feel useful and included. I came away inspired by what I saw in the orchards and forests. This is a complex area for climate study. It has a wide variety of plant and animal species and is an area where natural resources are highly valued and cared for by the people who live there. We all can gain from their experience in how well they have tended their land. It is unique in that this is a region that has not been decimated by consumption. There is great care by the people of Kullu to not over stress what they have. Seeing this has given me a scalable sense of hope in a difficult time.
Amy Kvalseth | Saturday, May 16, 2015
The experience requires more that 1500 characters to review properly, but the highlight was the combination of scientific work with interaction with the villagers and experiencing the countryside. it was not a strenuous expedition with hiking, in fact, we were driven to the various sites,but it was an intense experience watching for, identifying, and counting certain pollinators; counting blossoms, buds and leaves on specified parts of apple tree branches; and identifying and counting plants on a forest floor. Identification of pollinators and flora was a joint effort as we learned in the field.
Accommodations were adequate with fabulous views, but cold in April, as rooms were not heated, except for a small space heater. Food was good Indian food, with an occasional nod to Western tastes with fish, French fries, or pizza.
The scientists, who accompanied us in the field, and the Earthwatch representative, with very accommodating. All were more than ready to educate and to answer all questions, including detailed ones on flora and pollinators posed to the scientists and ones on Indian culture and customs that the Earthwatch representative enthusiastically answered.
Flexibility is required as travel from Delhi to the Kullu Valley is weather and flight dependent, but for us, the change in plans that involved a lengthy drive and an extra overnight before reaching our goal only added to our experience of India. Obtaining the visa: frustrating, but well worth it! Try it!
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Join Earthwatch in South Africa to help protect the second largest colony of African penguins on the planet.
How much can the lowly caterpillar tell us about the world we live in? More than you might imagine.
Climb aboard a motorboat and sail a tropical "inner sea" in search of endangered dolphins and whales in Costa Rica.
How can we conserve one of the most species-rich rainforests on the planet?


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About Zion
Zion Lutheran Church's mission is to be a welcoming home for all by sharing God's word and blessings.
A bilingual congregation of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA), Zion offers an international perspective alongside a local ministry at the heart of Baltimore city. All are invited to attend any of our services.
Founded in 1755, Zion Church of the City of Baltimore is the mother church of Lutheranism in the Baltimore metro region. Over the years it has evolved into much more than just "the German Church in Baltimore." Zion has proven a steady presence to Lutherans in Maryland and to people of all backgrounds in the city, with its worship and music traditions, a dynamic educational program, and a flair for hospitality.
Zion Church is a "Reconciling in Christ Congregation" and adopted the following Affirmation of Welcome: At Zion Church of the City of Baltimore, all who have been baptized in the name of the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, are welcome within the membership upon transfer or affirmation of faith regardless of race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, educational level, economic status, ability, health, or geographic distance.
Explore Zion's heritage and activities in our virtual tour, history, archives and library, music, and photo gallery pages. Also see our favorite links.


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Exner Petguard treatment is the first and only ecological flea & tick treatment for pets that works without using chemicals or toxic substances. It is an environmentally and animal-friendly alternative which is chemical-free and not only eliminates fleas, ticks, lice, mites, etc., it also helps to keep skin and fur healthy.
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- After spraying leave for approx. 20 minutes so that the spray can work and has dried out.
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Save your seats with Fia seat protector seat covers. These car, minivan, and pickup truck seat covers are available for both front and rear rows in a variety of configurations to fit virtually any seat. Fia uses commercial grade poly cotton fabric to provide a wrap around, form-fit design that molds to your factory seats and offers years of protection. The Fia gives you the choice of black, grey, or taupe color seat covers to go with any vehicle interior color scheme. The easy on and off quick release buckles are hidden and the super-grip™ attachment system make it simple for anyone to install these seat saver seat covers. Fia has made the seat protectors easy to take off so you can wash them as often as you like. The double stitched seams and premium design make for a great fitting seat cover. If applicable, the seat covers are made to fit around seat belt openings, center consoles and more. These covers are custom designed to fit your factory seats like a glove. Seat protector seat covers are available for any number of seating rows your vehicle is equipped with and headrest covers are included with each set. Protect and extend the life of your ride's upholstery with a set of quality Fia seat protector covers.
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Not too much to say about this one. My trip home was for a quick turnaround before heading back to the ABAC site visit meeting at Lynn and Lee Highway. It was the first time in a while that I've really felt comfortable on the bike (the first time since changing my tires, actually), so I guess I'm getting accustomed to them. Or maybe I'm getting better at managing my expectations on how fast I believe that I'm riding. Or something. I don't really know.
Saw a guy on 34th riding a baby blue Brompton. I told him that I liked his Brompton and he said thank you. He was wearing a bow tie, which I believe is required for all male Brompton owners.
Cyclists, I've noticed lately, are far to cavalier about making a left on the bridge from M. There was four of us attempting to do so. Two rode way past to the stop line and cut across the oncoming traffic lane, which was thankfully absent cars. The other guy sort of rode in the far right travel lane, which wasn't good since it had a green light and he was blocking the drivers behind him. I stopped at the light and waited for the green turn arrow before making my left onto the bridge side path and thereafter caught up to the two guys who jumped the gun. One might or might not have been totally hairless. I've seen him before, but I can't remember if I've blogged him.
I spotted a Galt/Taggart 2012 bumper sticker. I think it says a lot that even in the delusional fantasy world of an Ayn Rand devotee, a woman still can't be at the top of the ticket.
Stopped at the Teeter, which still has terrible bike parking. Managed to get home sushi in my pannier without incident, which is something of a first for me.
I managed to ride back to the meeting without incident, though with haste and perhaps not as law abidingly as possible.Clarendon has about the same level of perma-volume all the time and the pinch-points for bicyclists are almost always the same. Upon arriving at the meeting, I managed to safely cross Lynn Street, which means I think I won.
Unbeknownst to me (because I was aloof or whatever and was trying to tweet about it), there were a number of people who I follow on the twitter and who might even read this blog. I'd like to give a special shout out to friend of the blog, L., whose life-long dream, with this very mention, has now been accomplished and without having to wear funny socks. To anyone else who was there with whom I failed to converse, I can assure you that I feel unlucky to have missed that opportunity and at the next occasion at which outraged citizens gather with pitchforks to yell at public servants, I'll certainly be more social. And perhaps baleful.


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I never thought in a million years that I would be into a particular saga when the first movie came out. Twilight has become such a blockbuster hit that millions and millions of people became almost instant fans before the movie even hit the theater screens. This lesson is going to show you "how to draw chibi Edward Cullen", step by step. I have to admit, after seeing New Moon, I too became a fan of the Twilight saga. I absolutely love the way Edward came out, and if you are any kind of fan at all, I know you will flip when you set your eyes on this lesson. Drawing chibi Edward was so fun, and it inspired me to do two more chibi characters today. I can't tell you who they are going to be on, but when you see them, you will definitely wig out. Even though chibi Edward looks a bit complex, he is really quite easy to draw. I plan on doing a lesson on some other characters from Twilight, but I won't be starting on those until tomorrow some time. Anyway, I hope you guys draw your hearts out with this submission, it's probably one of my favorite chibis I have drawn to date. I think I will be the first to do a lesson on chibi Edward, which is pretty cool. Adios mi amigos, and have a happy drawing Friday!
DragoArt members upload artwork and drawing tutorials! They are also allowed to leave comments on tutorials, profiles, etc. Many more features, as well; it's way better than just being a boring guest! Register Now!


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A high quality drum lampshade, handmade with a navy cotton fabric. The interior of the lampshade has also been lined with metallic champagne.
• Professionally rolled edge and lined with a rigid flame retardant materials,
• Available as either a ceiling light shade or a standing lamp shade,
• Supplied with a 40mm EU fitting plus a 29mm converter disc for the UK fittings,
• Use of a maximum 60w bulb recommended.
Available in the following sizes:
• 20cm diameter x 20cm height. Suitable for bedside lamps, small table lamps or a ceiling light shade for a small room,
• 25cm diameter x 21cm height. Suitable for table lamps or a ceiling light shade for a small to medium sized room,
• 30cm diameter x 21cm height. Suitable for most table lamps and floor lamps or as a ceiling light shade in a medium sized room,
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All lampshades are handmade to order; please allow 2 - 3 business days for your order to be processed. Your order will then be securely packaged and dispatched via Royal Mail Tracked 48 or Parcel Force services, size and weight dependent.


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O'Connor and the Crimson are set for another successful year (photo courtesy Robert A. Migliaccio)
The Harvard sailing team's fall season is underway, and the team is young but ready to compete with the region's top teams.
The Crimson is set to compete in its second weekend of the fall, sending competitors to the Nevins Trophy at Kings Point and the Women's Mrs. Hurst Bowl at Dartmouth. Harvard will also compete locally in the Hatch Brown Trophy and Central Series Two regattas.
With a new set of All-Americans graduating each year recently, the Crimson is left with a young squad that is short on experience but has the talent and leadership to compete.
"We have some very young players who we'll be counting on to sail at the intersectional level," says head coach Mike O'Connor. "The fall season will be an invaluable opportunity to gain experience."
It's not all about experience, however. O'Connor expects his squad to be competitive as usual. The Crimson begins the season ranked seventh nationally on the coed side and eighth in women's racing.
Harvard will compete at several events every weekend, leading up to the Atlantic Coast Championships Nov. 14-15. The women's ACC will be held at Brown, while the Crimson will host the coed ACC on the Charles River. Harvard is not necessarily planning on being a kind host, at least when it comes to the racing.
"Any time we're hosting a championship on the River, we feel we have the capability to win it," says O'Connor. "The ACCs are always the regatta in the fall where everyone wants to give their best performance."
To make the ACC regatta, the Crimson coeds will first need a top-seven finish at the Schell Trophy, hosted by MIT. The women need a top-eight finish in the Victorian Coffee Urn, which they will host. Both qualifying regattas will take place Oct. 31-Nov. 1.
As with any young team, one key to success will be leadership, and O'Connor says his team's leaders are doing a great job so far. The women's team is captained by Liz Powers, while junior Alan Palmer is the captain and top skipper on the coed side. They will rely on the rest of the senior class, including crew Michelle Konstadt, to help keep the younger athletes on track for success.
Palmer and classmate Grace Charles are the Crimson's starting tandem in the coed A division. They placed eighth last weekend at Yale's Harry Anderson Trophy, racing in a 20-school field that featured most of the nation's top teams. Palmer is coming off an All-New England season.
In the B division, junior Tedd Himler and Konstadt, Harvard's representatives last weekend at Yale, figure to remain key players. Sophomore Annie DeAngelo will also sail alongside Himler this fall.
Palmer, Charles, Himler, Konstadt and senior Winston Yan all contributed to Harvard's sixth-place finish at the Inter-Collegiate Sailing Association/APS Team Race National Championship in the spring. Three other members of that team will rejoin the Crimson this spring after studying abroad in the fall.
The fall season also features singlehanded racing. Jason Michas, one of several talented freshmen joining the Harvard roster this fall, will sail in the singlehanded C division at this weekend's Nevins Trophy. He could be among the Crimson competitors at the New England Men's Singlehanded Championship Oct. 10-11. Himler has also competed at the event in the past. Top finishers will qualify for the national regatta Nov. 6-8 in Corpus Christi, Texas.
The Crimson women got off to a good start to the fall, placing fourth at the inaugural Antonia Schuman Trophy last weekend. Sophomores Emily Lambert and Alexandra Jumper took fourth in the A division, while Powers and sophomore Marie Appel took fourth in the B division.
Harvard qualified for the Inter-Collegiate Sailing Association Women's National Championship last season, placing 10th. The Crimson women are set for another good year, despite their youth.
"We feel like we can win any weekend that we execute well," O'Connor says. "When our players start well, they're hard to beat."
With a full fall season of racing under its belt and its full roster intact, the Crimson figures to be even better this spring. Harvard qualified for the coed dinghy, team racing and women's national regattas last season, placing in the top 10 in each discipline.
The Crimson will look to repeat that feat in 2009-10, challenging for New England titles along the way and continuing its tradition as one of the top programs in college sailing.


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(Russian) Опасные астероиды и космические «экспрессы»
Sorry, this entry is only available in Russian.
Probability collision of 2013 TV135 with Earth is very low, but still remains
UPDATE: with my recent observations at ISON-NM and measurements by Peter Lake at ITelescope Net (H06) I updated my calculation with 10000 virtual objects, instead 1000. Result – impact probability (2032 Aug. 26) is 0.03% It's consistent with SENRY JPL. This asteroid will be observable by small telescopes till New Year and of course we will improve our calculation of impact probability. I bet what it will be 0.0%!
New hysteria about asteroid which "falling" to us
A new round of hysteria – recently discovered asteroid 2013 TV135. First – orbit of this object still very poor. You can see distibution of 1000 virtual particles in ecliptic plane for epoch 2032 08 26. How we can seriously talk about impact?? My calculation with two different integrators, showed that we don't have any objects with approach, closer than 0.0077 AU or 1 150 000 km!
Prometheus transit Saturn. View from Pandora
Interesting real events in our Solar System. Small moon Prometheus transit across Saturn disk on August 3 2013. View from another small Saturn's moon – Pandora. Created in Space Engine 0.97


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Cathie Crawford - Artist / Relief Printmaker
Lovely Legs (24"X36")
Current & Recent Exhibitions, Periodicals & Reviews
ImMigration A Collaborative Print Project of the Los Angeles Printmakers Society
30th Small Prints International Exhibition at Chicago Printmakers Collaborative.
2019 Small Prints International Artists at CPC in Chicago.
A Life in Print
Press and Release Exhibition
ACPS Fall Show
This is Me Exhibition
Under Pressure Exhibit of the CA Printmakers
Luminosity at the Peoria Public Library Gallery
Perception of Place at Pacific Grove Art Center, Pacific Grove, CA.
Hot CIAO VI Exhibition
2019 PRINT EXPLOSION: Exhibition & Symposium; Cheltenham Center for the Arts, Cheltenham PA
Monotype Guild of New England's 2019 juried members exhibtion
American Color Print Society's Summer Exhibition
Recent Exhibitions
Traditional Techniques: Contemporary Prints
River Meets the Rails, CIAO exhibition at the Galesburg Civic Art Center
Between the Lines Exhibition at San Francisco State University, Martin Wong Gallery
LUMINOSITY; one person exhibition at Decatur Area Arts Council
Sweet Earth/Bitter Earth; juried national exhibition of the Los Angeles Printmakers Society, Center for the Arts Eagle Rock, Los Angeles, CA
ImMigration Print Project; a collaboration of the LA Printmakers
ImMigration close up of Bereshit II & III (bottom two)
Immigration Project video
Print It Exhibition
Small Prints International Show at the Chicago Printmakers' Collaborative
Small Prints International at the Chicago Printmakers Collaborative
Review of Monsieur Blanc woodcut in Piedmont Post 9/26
Los Angeles Holiday Print Show
Los Angeles Holiday Print Show
Stand Out Prints 2018 International Juried Exhibition; Highpoint Center for Printmaking, Minneapolis, MN
Slide show of Stand Out Prints Exhibition
2018 Climate Action Exhibit in San Francisco
105th Exhibition of the California Society of Printmakers
American Color Print Society's Annual Fall Exhibition
2018 Four Rivers Print Biennial Catalogue
My studio is featured on p. 84 of Show Me Your Print Shop edition of the journal on the MAPC website and Blurb.
Review of Star 82 2018 by Denise Hill on New Pages
2018 Four Rivers Print Biennial
Star 82 Review Issue 6.2
Visual Voices:CIAO Group Exhibition
LUNACY: A Group Exhibition
LUNACY: A Group Exhibition
CIAO Celebrates at CAC Exhibition
Great Hope Exhibtion and Print Exchange
For the Love of Printmaking at Rubber City Prints
American Color Print Society Exhibition
Emergence: The National Arts of Central Illinois
Emergence: The National Arts of Central Illinois
Bliss of Being: 30 years of woodcuts
Dog & Pony Art Gallery
Ann Metzger Memorial National All Media Exhibit; St Louis Artists' Guild
Landscape 2017 Art Exhibition
Art Space & Time Online Gallery
Monorpint Monotype & Strappo Winter 2016
Arts Plus Journal Star
One Person Exhibition at Bradley University
Artscope Magazine's Featured Exhibition: A 2016 State of Mind
The Boston Printmakers' A 2016 State of Mind Exhibition
My Process
My Process
Woodcut Printing Matrix and Runs for Kaibab
Color Reduction Woodcut Galleries
Water Gardens
Aerial Views
How I print a reduction woodcut run by run
In progress runs for Breaking
In progress runs for Serendipity
In progress runs for Spectrum
In progress runs for Homage to Hokusia
In progresss runs for Serenity
In progress runs for Mystic
In progress runs for Samsara
In progress runs for Luna Sea
In progress runs for Serenity II
In progress runs for Noumena
In progress runs for Samsara II
In progress runs for Moontide
Nonobjective Monoprints
About Monoprints
Nonobjective Monoprints
Mokulito Monoprints
Monoprint Monotypes & Strappo Winter 2016
Mokulito (lithography on wood)
What is Mokulito
First Mokulito
Second Mokulito
About the Artist
Artist Statement
Big Moments in Exotic Places
A Life in Print
Other Links
International Print Center New York
Society of American Graphic Artists
Boston Printmakers
Los Angeles Printmakers Society
California Society of Printmakers
Monotype Guild of New England
Monoprint and Monotype
American Color Print Society
Contemporary Art Center of Peoria
Playing Peoria
Schuster Art Consultancy
Galesburg Civic Art Center
Shop Amazon
Happy Mileurs blog


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This product ships directly from vendor, please allow 2 to 4 weeks for processing and shipping. Ready for a game of flag football or a trip to the farmers market, the Tackle Hoodie offers great cool weather coverage and casual style. This long sleeve pullover hoodie features CB DryTec moisture wicking French terry fabric, heathered fabric on the V neck, hood, sleeve, and back, and a pass through pocket to warm your hands. Imported.
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Hannibal in the Alps
Season 17 Episode 2 | 55m 11s
Follow a team of experts as they solve the enduring mystery of exactly where Hannibal and his troops crossed the Alps to launch a surprise attack on Rome.
Aired: 04/10/18
Expires: 04/30/20Video has closed captioning.
Buy Now:
Problems Playing Video?
SECRETS OF THE DEAD is made possible, in part, by the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, and by public television viewers.


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A preacher
African Hero.
The ultimate
A boy who grew,
Into a very wise man
One who follows scriptures
Bringing peace to our land.
Even with peace
He was wrongly convicted
Stole my sons life
Gave him to the prison system.
No longer free and home
Even after he had witnesses to attest;
Folks who knew nothing of my son
But he still was placed under arrest.
A strong individual
His dreams caress the sky
Bible study during lock down
Still praising the most high.
So wise
He understands this is just a journey
Caged up and still into his scriptures
From sun rise to the following morning.
Even behind bars
His family is still first
And though I hurt inside
He says; Mom, it could be worst.
My son
Has the faith of a mustard seed
Sign my petition
Set this innocent man free!
Marion Fulmore-Crawford
This petition closed 8 months ago
Innocent people are being incarcerated for crimes they have not commit. It has been happening for several years and needs to stop!


text: Golden Slumbers song Once, there was a way to get back homeward. Once, there was a way to get back home. Sleep, pretty darling, do not cry. And I will sing a lullaby. Golden slumbers fill your eyes. Smiles awake you when you rise; Sleep, pretty darling, do not cry, And I will sing a lullaby. Once, there was a way to get back homeward. Once, there was a way to get back home. Sleep, pretty darling, do not cry, And I will sing a lullaby. "Golden Slumbers" Song by the Beatles from the album Abbey Road Released 26 September 1969 Recorded 2 July – 15 August 1969EMI Studios, London Genre Rock Length 1:31 Label Apple Records Writer Lennon–McCartney Producer George Martin Abbey Road track listing 17 tracks Side one "Come Together" "Something" "Maxwell's Silver Hammer" "Oh! Darling" "Octopus's Garden" "I Want You (She's So Heavy)" Side two "Here Comes the Sun" "Because" "You Never Give Me Your Money" "Sun King" "Mean Mr. Mustard" "Polythene Pam" "She Came In Through the Bathroom Window" "Golden Slumbers" "Carry That Weight" "The End" "Her Majesty" "Golden Slumbers" is a song by the Beatles, part of the climactic medley on their 1969 album Abbey Road. The song begins the progression that leads to the end of the album and is followed by "Carry That Weight." The two songs were recorded together as a single piece, and both were written by Paul McCartney (credited to Lennon–McCartney), strings and brass arranged and scored by producer George Martin. Please note the text from Wikipedia is imported without editing or authentication. Golden Slumbers (Abbey) ©1969 Sony/ATV Music Publishing LLC. All rights reserved. Used by permission.


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It's hard to resist buying those giant iconic summer watermelons, but it's even harder to actually finish them. This cocktail was designed to use up your melon leftovers. Instead of chucking them in the compost, purée them with a touch of cherry liqueur and top it with some beer for a refreshing drink that screams summer.
What to buy: Maraschino liqueur is a relatively dry liqueur with a subtle bitter-almond flavor; it can be found at any well-stocked liquor store.
This drink was featured as part of our slideshow of beer cocktail recipes.


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North Korean Media Reports On Historic Summit
There may be more meetings in the works following the Singapore Summit.
North Korean state media says President Trump accepted an invitation from Kim Jong-un to visit the North. There's no word when such a trip could take place. Earlier, Trump said Kim accepted his invitation to visit the White House when the time is right. North Korea's media also reported that both Kim and Trump shared the view of a phased plan for peace.
Photo: Getty


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vBeers – Amsterdam (Thursday, 30th of March 2017)
The next vBeers will be held on the 30th of March in Amsterdam!
vBeers is an informal event to network with other virtualization experts, share knowledge and just have some fun!
Location: Cafe de Omval
Address: Weesperzijde 250 (hoek Omval) – 1097 EB Amsterdam (Next to the Amsterdam Amstel Station)
Date: Thursday 30th of March 2017
Time: From 17.30 onwards
Like vBeers on Facebook
Join the vBeers Community on Google Plus


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The Course Search portlet allows you to search the course catalog.
+ To search for a course
1. Navigate to an instance of the Course Search portlet.
2. Enter search criteria in at least one of the following fields:
o Course Title
o Course Code
o Faculty Last Name
o Term
o Course Description
3. If you want the search results to include the description of each course, select the Show Course Descriptions check box.
4. Click Search.
For each course that meets your search criteria, the portlet will list the following:
· The course code
· The name of the course, which also serves as a link to the course context
· The faculty member, with a blue "i" icon that can be used to display the instructor's My Info pop-up.
· Meeting times for the course


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Scratch that, I have no sanity, I just need a breather :) Things usually get very busy this time of year with classes about to start back, so my attention has been split a dozen different ways and I've been put to scheduling classes, designing instructor pages, writing software guides, juggling clients and coworkers, and looking at the strategic plans for the department, rather than doing all that stuff for raids and druidly things.
The raids and druidly things are much more fun.
That said, here're some druid spec tips for dealing with the start of a new school year when working for a university:
University Employee Druid Spec:
- Ignore things like Gift of the Earthmother, because in your haste, you will probably forget something. Or misstype something. Heaven forbid.
- Take full Imp Barkskin, Subtlety, and Natural Perfection. These will help manage your aggro from students and/or instructors, or students' parents. If you can reroll Night Elf, do it, as shadowmeld will dump aggro to your next coworker.
- Take Imp Tranquility in the form of boxes of donuts or other sweet foods that you will bring in to share with your coworkers, as your party will then be much happier and easier to co-operate with.
- Ignore Genesis in favor of full Starlight Wrath. It's therapeutic, and a good quick-cast wrath to the face will deter those who've aggroed on you. At the very least, it's a pretty ball of light that can serve as a momentary distraction.
- Living Spirit, cuz that's what universities do. You'll need a healthy dose of it to keep from being overwhelmed by the amount of school spirit permeating the campus. It's an osmosis thing, beware being hypertonic or they'll just sap you... chain sap you, with no DR.
- Revitalize, innervate, and intensity are also known as caffiene. Share the sugar-candy procs, coffee, and soda.
- Dual-spec into Feral and be ready to switch at a moment's notice. Feral Instinct is useful, along with Survival Instincts, Thick Hide, Feral Swiftness, and Survival of the Fittest. Brutal Impact will help buy time. Just avoid Berserk and Mangle... they may be counter-productive. Infected Wounds may also create a panic on a university campus, so close on the back of the swine flu scare.


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Welcome to Access Association Services, Inc.
Access Association Services is a member of the Executive Council of Homeowners (ECHO) since 1997 supporting their mission in building stronger community associations.
Access Association Services, Inc. is a professional management company specializing in association management of condominiums, homeowners and property owners associations. Since 1997 we have been successfully managing common interest developments throughout Northern California.
Access recognizes the challenges of serving on a board of directors, and has proven programs in place to assist board members in their commitment to serving their community. Our programs range from full management and accounting for larger associations, to consulting and/or accounting only solutions for smaller communities. Access has the experience to offer a custom management program tailored to your community. A few of the benefits Access provides are in-house accounting services, professional property inspections, association web portal and mailing lists. Access provides 24 hours, 7 days a week customer service with an association manager for all after hour emergency calls.
Contact us today to "Raise the level of your association management" by partnering with Access to meet your community needs and goals and improve your bottom line.
Main OfficeAccess Association Services, Inc. 16264 Church Street, Suite 102 Morgan Hill, CA 95037 Office 408-782-1222 FAX 408-782-1226


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Welcome to the Center for Counseling and Psychological Services (C-CAPS).
To talk with a counselor or psychologist just call (973) 596-3414 or stop-by Campbell Hall, Room 205 for an appointment.
The NJIT Center for Counseling and Psychological Services (C-CAPS) is committed to assisting students in the achievement of their academic goals as well as benefiting from their personal experience on campus.
College life can be personally challenging and stressful at times. We believe that the educational process is an important component of the development of the individual as a whole person.
Our goal is to optimize the college experience and improve the quality of the lives of our students by promoting their mental health and facilitating students' personal, academic and professional growth.
C-CAPS is a department in the Division of Academic Support and Student Affairs


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FRIDAY, Aug. 31 (HealthDay News) -- Smoking through a hookah or bong is as harmful to the lungs as smoking cigarettes, a new study finds.
Iranian researchers identified similar effects on lung function and respiratory symptoms -- including wheeze, cough and chest tightness -- in both water pipe smokers and deep inhalation cigarette smokers.
The study, published in the August issue of the journal Respirology, challenges the widely held belief that smoking through these types of water pipes filters out the toxic components of tobacco.
"Our findings reveal that there were profound effects of water-pipe smoking on lung function values, which were similar to the effects observed in deep-inhalation cigarette smokers," said Dr. Mohammad Hossein Boskabady, of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, and colleagues in a journal news release.
Researchers compared the lung function of three groups of smokers -- 57 water-pipe smokers, 30 deep-inhalation cigarette smokers and 51 normal-inhalation cigarette smokers -- and a fourth group of 44 nonsmokers.
Wheezing was found in 23 percent of water-pipe smokers, 30 percent of deep-inhalation cigarette smokers and about 22 percent of normal-inhalation cigarette smokers.
Chest tightness was present in nearly 37 percent of water-pipe smokers, 40 percent of deep-inhalation cigarette smokers and about 29 percent of normal-inhalation cigarette smokers. Cough was present in 21 percent of water-pipe smokers, about 37 percent of deep-inhalation cigarette smokers and almost 20 percent of normal-inhalation cigarette smokers.
Nonsmokers displayed far fewer symptoms. Wheezing, chest tightness and cough were present in about 9 percent, 13 percent and 7 percent, respectively, of nonsmokers.
Water pipes, often used by young people for smoking flavored tobacco, draw the smoke through water to cool it before inhalation. The term "hookah" generally refers to a multi-stemmed device that allows several people to smoke simultaneously.
In the United States, hookah bars are on the rise, especially near college campuses.
More information
The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has more about water pipes.
-- Robert Preidt
SOURCE: Respirology, news release, Aug. 30, 2012
|Copyright©2012 ScoutNews,LLC.
All rights reserved


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Add vehicles to compare. You can compare up to 3 vehicles at a time.
Price includes rebates, incentives, and dealer discounts. Tax, title, license & dealer fees are not included. While great effort is made to ensure the information listed on our website is correct and accurate, there may be instance where OEM rebates, incentives, dealer added options, dealer discounts or vehicle features may be listed incorrectly as we get information from multiple data providers. Advertised prices and availability are subject to change without notice. Please call and verify the details and availability of the vehicle. Tax, title, license (unless itemized above) are extra. Not available with special finance, lease and some other offers.
Your used Audi A3 Vehicle Resource Serving Round Rock
Feel free to browse our online inventory for the best deals on new and used cars, trucks, and SUVs in Austin, TX. As the area's premier auto dealership serving Round Rock, Cedar Park or Lakeway Buick GMC customers, we're committed to saving our customers money on your next vehicle purchase or lease. Contact us online or give us a call at (512) 371-6075 and we'll help you find your next vehicle. Visit Covert Buick GMC from Corpus Christi, San Antonio, Houston, or anywhere in the Central Texas area today.
Customer Reviews (2059Reviews)
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Alex was great!
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The customer service has been great and the continue update is appreciated.
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I expected to spend 1.5 - 2 hours at the dealership for an oil change. It took over two hours.
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The rep was attentive and explained everything well.
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Bill P. SPICEWOOD
Excellent customer service....
Excellent customer service. Complimentary car was well done; vaccum was not detailed.
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This was the first time having a smooth...
This was the first time having a smooth transaction and the paperwork was flawless and swift as well. Staff members were very courteous and knowledgea...
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Robert M. HUTTO
nice people very organized
nice people very organized
Chad D. AUSTIN


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Sponsored Links
Sponsored Links
|Free Technical and Computer Books
May 12 2013, 11:08 PM
Post #1
Advanced Member
Group: Members 2
Posts: 63
Joined: 24-July 09
Member No.: 32,736
Picking the Right Green Coffee Bean Extract Supplement
The final step you have to take is to choose the best green coffee bean extract pureunfortunately they are not all made the same way. Dr. Oz has some recommendations for picking the best brand that will help you obtain the best results. We suggest following these guidelines. Heres a look at the most important things to look out for so that you can avoid expired or low-quality ingredients and even dangerous additives:
Trademarked Green Coffee Bean Extract
Produced in FDA Certified Lab
Chlorogenic Acid 45% or higher (may be listed as GCA [green coffee antioxidant] or Svetol)
Verified Fresh
Money-Back Guarantee
Made in the USA
Vegetarian Capsule
Watch this video about green coffee: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ptpnJY1Kaks
|Lo-Fi Version
|Time is now: 28th February 2020 - 09:46 AM


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Dairy processing plant cuts maintenance costs by over 40% with SKF sealing solution
The challenge
The SKF solutionSKF sealing engineers developed an optimized solution to help the dairy processing, seal service life extend beyond 3-4 weeks. Featuring a new seal that was compatible with the existing housing and provided improved seal functionality, the solution employed food grade materials with excellent resistance to cleaning chemicals.
The resultsThe SKF sealing solution provided reliable service for 12 months on the dairy homogenizer. Seals are now replaced once a year when systems are shut down for annual maintenance. The dairy processing plant has significantly increased productivity and cut costs related to maintenance and contaminated products.
Summary over 12 months:
- Reduced maintenance: €129 000
- Savings in unspoiled milk: €137 000
- Savings in seal replacement (180 seals): €14 700
- Total savings: €280 700
Note: All numbers are rounded off and based on customer estimates. Your particular cost savings may vary.


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TTC Challenger - Glen Green - 1979 Ford F350
Big Loud And Rowdy
Jeremy CookPhotographerAgustin JimenezPhotographer, Writer
Glen Green's 1979 Ford F350 was pretty mysterious lurking under a tree when we first arrived at Top Truck Challenge. Once we heard its 540 c.i. stroker V8 light off, it definitely got everyone's attention in camp. The big Ford features a pair of dual NP205 Transfer-cases to get the massive 54-inch Interco Super Swamper TSLs to claw their way up the trails in Hollister Hills. Check out the pictures bellow to see more of Glen's fire breathing Ford!


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New York City Unveils an App to Track Trains
America's largest subway system launched a smartphone application that will reveal train-arrival times on seven of the city's 24 lines-a leap forward for a service that has lagged behind its peers both at home and abroad in adopting new technologies. WSJ Greater New York reporter Ted Mann has the scoop.
This transcript has been automatically generated and may not be 100% accurate.
... the the ... welcome to the New Saab on Jethro go ... to his destiny to talk about the latest app on your I phone device ... is a subway happen which will tell you is when you were to New York City subway train is going to ... do when you're enjoying a stock ... is a stupid in the hands of a Wall Street Journal What is the sap and I inquiries and today is or ... is Ardi out aam and this is an app that will affect the subway riders on seven of the routes and in York City subway system of twenty four total ... aam and what will show use information is Ardi appearing on countdown clocks on those lines which means the number of minutes until the next number to three train arrives at the station ... distinctive given there's no subway services or cell service ... within the subway is the study of aspect uses that to get more face more sense if you're ... not have the last cup of coffee before going in the shadows cast into exactly for now until the the subways are wired for sell signals and when white Fiat which is not expected to be completed for a few years this is an above ground convenience ... but it is a major leap forward for the MTA their other ... transit agencies around the country in and around the world the party develop systems that are like this ... but New York as an older signal system that they have to keep running and so that's when the reasons is limited for now ... on to that of roughly a third of the subway system where they have a more modern ... signal ... capability that can send this information out to clocks an hour to smartphones but this is the main landmark in that it is is the largest most complicated subway system in the United States yet and are forever sewer system's little easier to navigate that don't have those ... in Europe to successfully can potentially see ... other cities take a blueprint for the time I think it really is going the other way on and that's in part because some of these other systems were built later and their signal systems and that's where essentially the information out where each train is ... that's coming back to a central location in Washington on sentences go ... here was built before that technology existed in decades and decades before hand ... ALM so really were catching up in one respect but it is in terms of the number of riders a huge step forward because there's so many more were riding transit systems in the bow wow this is wonderful like most things in your doesn't come without cost and all this to complain about ... the two dollars and higher and rising ... a subway ticket to weaken the gazes what's the costs of this and ... that a potential down the road to impact you might use ... well the app is free and they would tell you that this is something that is being developed within the available resources of what the MTA has now course their schedule to raise fares and starting in the spring again two years from now ... aam but the greater cost will come later if ... the system is can it continue to improve on in ways that will broaden technology like this to cover the entire route map of the MTS the MTA's subway system ... and that means essentially finding new money for capital investment in this old infrastructure and some of that is more than eighty or so and and this is that they have the mother's second Avenue subway with the subways themselves ... they're going through a lot of major changes here ... across the lines and they're just as the SEC is ... catching up with a wee seen other major cities ... that's right the aam and the scale of it is so much different in New York that that just keeping the subways running and sometimes with this very date equipment is such a huge job and so expensive ... that there's almost nothing to compare it to him that they would argue there is nothing to compare to in the United States ... aam at the same time they don't wanna be left out of these other conveniences that you can now use in sentences go in use in Boston and so for about forty percent of the writers they can now use those on on seventh on seniors ... Festival thank you so much now the new Orkut sources on is what is going ... to learn a little more patient


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Azodin Kaos & Blitz 3 Firing and Review
Azodin Blitz 3 Paintball Gun – Shooting
Azodin Zenith II Paintball Gun Blue Sky ZephyrPaintball.com 360 View- azdn-2010-zii-blusky
2011 Proto Rail PMR Paintball Gun – Review
Full Spectrum-Move Around!
Azodin Kaos Unboxing
BLITZ combines the revolutionary "FEATHER Striker System" with the feature-laden "ZEN" Circuit Board to give players an unparalleled edge.
The new "Feather Striker System" is 30% lighter that traditional striker design. This breakthrough reduces the mechanical recoil. This recoil reduction gives players a smoother shooting marker. The "ZEN" Circuit Board comes standard with advanced modes that comply with the regulation of major circuits. Players can take the BLITZ out of the box and hit the fields across the world and dominate the competitions.
BLITZ also features Autococker barrel thread, ION feedneck thread, Dovetail rail and standard ASA mounting screw placements. Players can be sure that BLITZ will allow you to utilize the broadest range of aftermarket accessories to customize the marker to you individuality.
Product Details
- Shipping Weight: 2.8 pounds