text:
The purpose of this course is to prepare healthcare professionals to identify child abuse and maltreatment/neglect and to comply with Pennsylvania mandatory reporting requirements.
After completing this course the learner will be able to:
Violence is an important public health issue. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that nearly 53,000 children are murdered each year and that the prevalence of forced sexual intercourse and other forms of sexual violence involving touch, among boys and girls under 18, is 73 million and 150 million respectively (WHO, 2016).
For 2014, there were a nationally estimated 702,000 victims of abuse and neglect, resulting in a rate of 9.4 victims per 1,000 children in the population. The youngest children are the most vulnerable to maltreatment. In FFY 2014, 52 states reported that more than one-quarter (27.4%) of victims were younger than 3 years. (DHHS, 2014, pg. 21.
The percentages (not shown) of child victims were similar for both boys (48.9) and girls (50.7). African-American children had the highest rate of victimization at 15.3 per 1,000 children in the population of the same race or ethnicity and American Indian or Alaska Native children had the second highest rate at 13.4 per 1,000 children. Hispanic and White children had lower rates of victimization at 8.8 and 8.4 per 1,000 children in the population of the same race or ethnicity (DHHS, 2014, pg. 23).
For FFY 2014, a nationally estimated 1,580 children died from abuse and neglect at a rate of 2.13 per 100,000 children in the population (DHHS, 2014, pg. 51).
In Pennsylvania in 2012, suspected child abuse was reported for about 10 per 1000 children. Those reports were substantiated for about one per 1000 children. 33 children died of abuse in 2012 and parents were the perpetrators in 60% of cases (PA CWS, 2015).
Studies conclude that professionals that have contact with children report only half of the incidents that may be abuse (Research foundation, 2011). The reason for this low report rate was:
The study also found the professionals are often influenced by their professional beliefs, values, and past experiences (Research foundation, 2011).
Protecting Pennsylvania's children from abuse and neglect is a shared responsibility. It requires collaboration from the formal child protective services system, community partners, and our citizens to provide local safety nets for children and families that are facing challenges within our communities and neighborhoods.
Recently, 23 pieces of legislation were enacted, changing how Pennsylvania responds to child abuse. These changes significantly impact the reporting, investigation, assessment, prosecution and judicial handling of child abuse and neglect cases.
These changes:
This website, KeepKidsSafe.pa.gov, is designed to serve as the hub for information related to critical components impacting child protection including a link for mandated reporters to make reports of suspected child abuse electronically, training on child abuse recognition and reporting, information related to clearances and general information related to child protection (Keep Kids Safe PA, 2015, homepage).
The Pennsylvania Child Protective Services Law (CPSL) was signed into law in 1975. It was enacted to protect children from abuse, allow the opportunity for healthy growth and development, and, whenever possible, preserve and stabilize the family.
The primary focus of Pennsylvania's Child Welfare System is the safety, permanency, and well-being of the children we serve. We operate from the assumption that children belong with their own families and should receive necessary services in the community rather than being placed outside of their homes. Although placement away from their families should be the last resort, if it is necessary, children should be placed in the most appropriate setting to meet their needs, preferably, a location that promotes reunification with the family where, and as soon as, possible (Mackereth B., 2013, pg. 2).
The Child Welfare System (CWS) in Pennsylvania is state supervised and county administered.
The Department of Human Services is responsible for (Mackereth B., 2013):
The county children and youth agency is responsible for (Mackereth B., 2013):
Each county's children and youth social service agency is responsible for administering a program of children and youth social services to children and their families. The county children and youth social service program includes services designed to (Mackereth B., 2013, pg. 3):
Reports of child abuse will be made through ChildLine, but for your information the following is the contact information for the regional state CWS agencies.
Southeast Region
Office of Children, Youth and Families
801 Market Street, 6th Floor
Philadelphia, PA 19107
(215) 560-2249 or (215) 560-2823
Raheemah Shamsid-Deen Hampton, Director
Counties Served: Bucks, Chester, Delaware, Montgomery, Philadelphia
Western Region
Office of Children, Youth and Families
11 Stanwix Street, Room 260
Pittsburgh, PA 15222
(412) 565-2339
Elaine Bobick, Director
Counties Served: Allegheny, Armstrong, Beaver, Butler, Cameron,
Clarion, Clearfield, Crawford, Elk, Erie,
Fayette, Forest, Greene, Indiana, Jefferson,
Lawrence, McKean, Mercer, Potter, Venango,
Warren, Washington, Westmoreland
Northeast Region
Office of Children, Youth and Families
Scranton State Office Building
100 Lackawanna Avenue, 3rd Floor
Scranton, PA 18503
(570) 963-4376
Jacquly Maddon, Director
Counties Served: Berks, Bradford, Carbon, Lackawanna,
Lehigh, Luzerne, Monroe, Northampton,
Pike, Schuylkill, Sullivan, Susquehanna,
Tioga, Wayne, Wyoming
Central Region
Office of Children, Youth and Families
Bertolino Building
1401 North Seventh Street, Fourth Floor
Harrisburg, PA 17120
(717) 772-7702
Gabi Williams, Director
Counties Served: Adams, Bedford, Blair, Cambria, Centre,
Clinton, Columbia, Cumberland, Dauphin,
Franklin, Fulton, Huntingdon, Juniata, Lancaster,
Lebanon, Lycoming, Mifflin, Montour,
Northumberland, Perry, Snyder, Somerset,
Union, York
Child Protective Services vs. General Protective Services
General Protective Services: Services and activities that are related to the safety of children including, but not limited to inadequate housing, clothing and supervision.
Child Protective Services: Services and activities that are provided for concerns of child abuse. Ways to identify abuse and the reporting processes are discussed later in this course.
The following are legal definitions that are important to understand in order to identify child abuse.
Child: An individual under 18 years of age.
The definition of perpetrator is used to determine if the case is child abuse. As a mandatory reporter, you should report any situation. If the abuser does not meet the definition of perpetrator, the case will be referred to the appropriate agency or services by the CWS.
Perpetrator of Child Abuse:
Perpetrator of child abuse for failure to act
School Employee: An individual who is employed by a school or who provides a program, activity or service sponsored by a school. The term excludes an individual who has no direct contact with children.
If the alleged perpetrator is a school employee or child-care service employee, the administrator or employer will receive notice of a pending allegation and the final status of the report following the investigation as to whether the report is indicated, founded or unfounded. If the perpetrator is a school employee, the notice of the final status of the report shall be sent to the Department of Education within ten days of the completion of the investigation (Title23. Chapter 63. 23c6303s § 6340 (a)).
Act or failure to act: A perpetrator can cause the abuse (act) or can
§ 6303. Definitions.(a) "Recent act or failure to act." Any act or failure to act committed within two years of the date of the report to the department or county agency.
§ 6303. (b.1) Child abuse.--The term "child abuse" shall mean intentionally, knowingly or recklessly doing any of the following:
(1) Causing bodily injury to a child through any recent act or failure to act.
(2) Fabricating, feigning or intentionally exaggerating or inducing a medical symptom or disease which results in a potentially harmful medical evaluation or treatment to the child through any recent act.
(3) Causing or substantially contributing to serious mental injury to a child through any act or failure to act or a series of such acts or failures to act.
(4) Causing sexual abuse or exploitation of a child through any act or failure to act.
(5) Creating a reasonable likelihood of bodily injury to a child through any recent act or failure to act.
(6) Creating a likelihood of sexual abuse or exploitation of a child through any recent act or failure to act.
(7) Causing serious physical neglect of a child.
(8) Engaging in any of the following recent acts:
(i) Kicking, biting, throwing, burning, stabbing or cutting a child in a manner that endangers the child.
(ii) Unreasonably restraining or confining a child, based on consideration of the method, location or the duration of the restraint or confinement.
(iii) Forcefully shaking a child under one year of age.
(iv) Forcefully slapping or otherwise striking a child under one year of age.
(v) Interfering with the breathing of a child.
(vi) Causing a child to be present at a location while a violation of 18 Pa.C.S. § 7508.2 (relating to operation of methamphetamine laboratory) is occurring, provided that the violation is being investigated by law enforcement.
(vii) Leaving a child unsupervised with an individual, other than the child's parent, who the actor knows or reasonably should have known:
(A) Is required to register as a Tier II or Tier III sexual offender under 42 Pa.C.S. Ch. 97 Subch. H (relating to registration of sexual offenders), where the victim of the sexual offense was under 18 years of age when the crime was committed.
(B) Has been determined to be a sexually violent predator under 42 Pa.C.S. § 9799.24 (relating to assessments) or any of its predecessors.
(C) Has been determined to be a sexually violent delinquent child as defined in 42 Pa.C.S. § 9799.12 (relating to definitions).
(9) Causing the death of the child through any act or failure to act.
Engaging a child in a severe form of trafficking in persons or sex trafficking, as those terms are defined under section 103 of the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000.
Recent act or failure to act: Any act or failure to act committed within two years of the date of the report to the department or county agency.
Serious bodily injury: Bodily injury which creates a substantial risk of death or which causes serious permanent disfigurement or protracted loss or impairment of function of any bodily member or organ.
§ 6303. (b) "Sexual abuse or exploitation." Any of the following:
(1) The employment, use, persuasion, inducement, enticement or coercion of a child to engage in or assist another individual to engage in sexually explicit conduct, which includes, but is not limited to, the following:
(i) Looking at the sexual or other intimate parts of a child or another individual for the purpose of arousing or gratifying sexual desire in any individual.
(ii) Participating in sexually explicit conversation either in person, by telephone, by computer or by a computer-aided device for the purpose of sexual stimulation or gratification of any individual.
(iii) Actual or simulated sexual activity or nudity for the purpose of sexual stimulation or gratification of any individual.
(iv) Actual or simulated sexual activity for the purpose of producing visual depiction, including photographing, videotaping, computer depicting or filming.
This paragraph does not include consensual activities between a child who is 14 years of age or older and another person who is 14 years of age or older and whose age is within four years of the child's age.
(2) Any of the following offenses committed against a child:
(i) Rape as defined in 18 Pa.C.S. § 3121 (relating to rape).
(ii) Statutory sexual assault as defined in 18 Pa.C.S. § 3122.1 (relating to statutory sexual assault).
(iii) Involuntary deviate sexual intercourse as defined in 18 Pa.C.S. § 3123 (relating to involuntary deviate sexual intercourse).
(iv) Sexual assault as defined in 18 Pa.C.S. § 3124.1 (relating to sexual assault).
(v) Institutional sexual assault as defined in 18 Pa.C.S. § 3124.2 (relating to institutional sexual assault).
(vi) Aggravated indecent assault as defined in 18 Pa.C.S. § 3125 (relating to aggravated indecent assault).
(vii) Indecent assault as defined in 18 Pa.C.S. § 3126 (relating to indecent assault).
(viii) Indecent exposure as defined in 18 Pa.C.S. § 3127 (relating to indecent exposure).
(ix) Incest as defined in 18 Pa.C.S. § 4302 (relating to incest).
(x) Prostitution as defined in 18 Pa.C.S. § 5902 (relating to prostitution and related offenses).
(xi) Sexual abuse as defined in 18 Pa.C.S. § 6312 (relating to sexual abuse of children).
(xii) Unlawful contact with a minor as defined in 18 Pa.C.S. § 6318 (relating to unlawful contact with minor).
(xiii) Sexual exploitation as defined in 18 Pa.C.S. § 6320 (relating to sexual exploitation of children).
Human Trafficking: The recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision or obtaining of a child for labor or services through the use of force, fraud, or coercion. Under federal law, sex trafficking (such as prostitution, pornography, exotic dancing, etc.) does not require there be force, fraud or coercion if the victim is under 18.
Sex Trafficking in which a commercial sex act is induced by force, fraud, or coercion,
Commercial sex act: means any sex act on account of which anything of value is given to or received by any person.
At risk youth population for human trafficking
Victim identification/warning signs are but not limited to"
"Serious mental injury." A psychological condition, as diagnosed by a physician or licensed psychologist, including the refusal of appropriate treatment, that:
(1) renders a child chronically and severely anxious, agitated, depressed, socially withdrawn, psychotic or in reasonable fear that the child's life or safety is threatened; or
(2) seriously interferes with a child's ability to accomplish age-appropriate developmental and social tasks.
"Serious physical neglect." Any of the following when committed by a perpetrator that endangers a child's life or health, threatens a child's well-being, causes bodily injury or impairs a child's health, development or functioning:
(1) A repeated, prolonged or egregious failure to supervise a child in a manner that is appropriate considering the child's developmental age and abilities.
(2) The failure to provide a child with adequate essentials of life, including food, shelter or medical care.
Exclusions to Child Abuse (Title23. Chapter 63. 23c6303s
§ 6303, 2015).
***It is NOT a reporter's responsibility to determine if the person who allegedly committed child abuse or harm to a child is a perpetrator. Exclusions will be applied when substantiating a report, not when making a report.
§ 6304. Exclusions from child abuse.
(a) Environmental factors.--No child shall be deemed to be physically or mentally abused based on injuries that result solely from environmental factors, such as inadequate housing, furnishings, income, clothing and medical care, that are beyond the control of the parent or person responsible for the child's welfare with whom the child resides. This subsection shall not apply to any child-care service as defined in this chapter, excluding an adoptive parent.
(b) Practice of religious beliefs.--If, upon investigation, the county agency determines that a child has not been provided needed medical or surgical care because of sincerely held religious beliefs of the child's parents or relative within the third degree of consanguinity and with whom the child resides, which beliefs are consistent with those of a bona fide religion, the child shall not be deemed to be physically or mentally abused. In such cases the following shall apply:
(1) The county agency shall closely monitor the child and the child's family and shall seek court-ordered medical intervention when the lack of medical or surgical care threatens the child's life or long-term health.
(2) All correspondence with a subject of the report and the records of the department and the county agency shall not reference child abuse and shall acknowledge the religious basis for the child's condition.
(3) The family shall be referred for general protective services, if appropriate.
(4) This subsection shall not apply if the failure to provide needed medical or surgical care causes the death of the child.
(5) This subsection shall not apply to any child-care service as defined in this chapter, excluding an adoptive parent.
(c) Use of force for supervision, control and safety purposes.--Subject to subsection (d), the use of reasonable force on or against a child by the child's own parent or person responsible for the child's welfare shall not be considered child abuse if any of the following conditions apply:
(1) The use of reasonable force constitutes incidental, minor or reasonable physical contact with the child or other actions that are designed to maintain order and control.
(2) The use of reasonable force is necessary:
(i) to quell a disturbance or remove the child from the scene of a disturbance that threatens physical injury to persons or damage to property;
(ii) to prevent the child from self-inflicted physical harm;
(iii) for self-defense or the defense of another individual; or
(iv) to obtain possession of weapons or other dangerous objects or controlled substances or paraphernalia that are on the child or within the control of the child.
(d) Rights of parents.--Nothing in this chapter shall be construed to restrict the generally recognized existing rights of parents to use reasonable force on or against their children for the purposes of supervision, control and discipline of their children. Such reasonable force shall not constitute child abuse.
(e) Participation in events that involve physical contact with child.--An individual participating in a practice or competition in an interscholastic sport, physical education, a recreational activity or an extracurricular activity that involves physical contact with a child does not, in itself, constitute contact that is subject to the reporting requirements of this chapter.
(f) Child-on-child contact.--
(1) Harm or injury to a child that results from the act of another child shall not constitute child abuse unless the child who caused the harm or injury is a perpetrator.
(2) Notwithstanding paragraph (1), the following shall apply:
(i) Acts constituting any of the following crimes against a child shall be subject to the reporting requirements of this chapter:
(A) rape as defined in 18 Pa.C.S. § 3121 (relating to rape);
(B) involuntary deviate sexual intercourse as defined in 18 Pa.C.S. § 3123 (relating to involuntary deviate sexual intercourse);
(C) sexual assault as defined in 18 Pa.C.S. § 3124.1 (relating to sexual assault);
(D) aggravated indecent assault as defined in 18 Pa.C.S. § 3125 (relating to aggravated indecent assault);
(E) indecent assault as defined in 18 Pa.C.S. § 3126 (relating to indecent assault); and
(F) indecent exposure as defined in 18 Pa.C.S. § 3127 (relating to indecent exposure).
(ii) No child shall be deemed to be a perpetrator of child abuse based solely on physical or mental injuries caused to another child in the course of a dispute, fight or scuffle entered into by mutual consent.
(iii) A law enforcement official who receives a report of suspected child abuse is not required to make a report to the department under section 6334(a) (relating to disposition of complaints received), if the person allegedly responsible for the child abuse is a non-perpetrator child.
(g) Defensive force.--Reasonable force for self-defense or the defense of another individual, shall not be considered child abuse. 23c6304v
Exclusions are used when evaluating a case in order to substantiate the report. However, a mandatory reporter's responsibility is to report suspected abuse. If the mandatory reporter is unsure, a report should be filed. The CWS will conduct an investigation and determine that child abuse did not occur if the case meets exclusion criteria.
Senate Bill 1311 was signed by Governor Wolf on October 28, 2016, and is now known as Act 115 of 2016. Act 115 was immediately effective and amends Titles 23 (Domestic Relations) and 42 (Judiciary and Judicial Procedure) of the Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes by: providing for additional grounds for involuntary termination of parental rights; providing for an additional grounds for aggravated circumstances; allowing for release of information in confidential reports to law enforcement when investigating cases of severe forms of trafficking in persons of sex trafficking; adding a category of child abuse to include: engaging a child in a severe form of trafficking in persons or sex trafficking, as those terms are defined under section 103 of the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000; and adding a category of perpetrator to include: an individual 18 years of age or older who engages a child in severe forms of trafficking in persons or sex trafficking, as those terms are defined under section 103 of the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000.
Anyone (permissive reporter) may report suspected abuse at any time and are encouraged to do so.
However, Title23. Chapter 63. 23c6303s
§ 6311 (a) requires the following adults are mandated to report suspension of child abuse:
A person licensed or certified to practice in any health-related field under the jurisdiction of the Department of State.
A medical examiner, coroner or funeral director.
An employee of a health care facility or provider licensed by the Department of Health, who is engaged in the admission, examination, care or treatment of individuals.
A school employee.
An employee of a child-care service who has direct contact with children in the course of employment.
A clergyman, priest, rabbi, minister, Christian Science practitioner, religious healer or spiritual leader of any regularly established church or other religious organization.
An individual paid or unpaid, who, on the basis of the individual's role as an integral part of a regularly scheduled program, activity or service, is a person responsible for the child's welfare or has direct contact with children.
An employee of a social services agency who has direct contact with children in the course of employment.
A peace officer or law enforcement official.
An emergency medical services provider certified by the Department of Health.
An employee of a public library who has direct contact with children in the course of employment.
An individual supervised or managed by a person listed under paragraphs 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 13, who has direct contact with children in the course of employment.
An independent contractor who has direct contact with children.
An attorney is a mandated reporter if he/she is affiliated with an agency, institution, organization or other entity, including a school or regularly established religious organization that is responsible for the care, supervision, guidance or control of children.
A foster parent.
An adult family member who is a person responsible for the child's welfare and provides services to a child in a family living home, community home for individuals with an intellectual disability or host home for children which are subject to supervision or licensure by the department under Articles IX and X of the act of June 13, 1967 (P.L. 31, No. 21), known as the Human Services Code.
Privileged/confidential communications
Many mandated reporters feel there is a conflict between their legal obligation to report and their legal obligation to maintain client or patient confidentiality. Title23. Chapter 63. 23c6303s
§ 6311 (a) states that privileged communications does not apply to a situation involving child abuse. Additionally, privileged communication between a mandated reporter and a client does not relieve the mandated reporter of the duty to make a report of suspected child abuse.
Exceptions are (Title23. Chapter 63. 23c6303s
§ 6311 (b), 2015).
Confidential communications made to a member of the clergy are protected under 42 PA.C.C §5943
Confidential communications made to an attorney are protected so long as they are within the scope of 42 PA.C.S. §§ 5916 (relating to confidential communications to attorney) and 5928 (relating to confidential communications to attorney), the attorney work product doctrine or the rules of professional conduct for attorneys.
If a child is in immediate danger, call 911.
The mandated reporter is required to report even if their knowledge is incomplete. The role of the mandated reporter is to assess for reasonable cause to suspect abuse. The mandated reporter identifies reasonable cause and leaves the investigation to specially trained workers in the CWS.
The mandated reporter does not:
When talking with children to establish reasonable cause, find a private place and remain calm. Be honest, opening, and up front with the child. Be supportive. Listen to the child and stress that it's not the child's fault. Do not overreact, make judgments, make promises, nor interrogate or investigate.
There is no legal requirement to inform the parent or other persons legally responsible for the child care that you are making a report to ChildLine. In fact, informing the parents of the report may place the child for the risk of harm. Do not assume that the parent will support the child.
In the case of suspected sexual abuse, avoid talking in detail with the child about the incident. There are special guidelines that apply to the case of suspected sexual abuse. Usually CWS and law enforcement work together to interview the child same time using specially trained professionals
Mandated reporters are required to make a report of suspected child abuse if they have reasonable cause to suspect that a child is a victim of child abuse under any of the following circumstances:
It is not required that the child come before the mandated reporter in order to make a report of suspected child abuse.
Crimes committed against the child should be reported directly to law enforcement. If the child is in imminent danger, contact law enforcement immediately. Imminent danger is when the child is placed at immediate risk or a substantial risk of harm. In other words how direct is the threat to the child the danger must be immediate or nearly immediate (Research foundation, 2011).
1. Reports must be made immediately upon development of reasonable cause to suspect child abuse. Reports should be made by the person with knowledge of the reasonable cause.
2. The person in charge of the institution, school, facility or agency or the designated agent of the person in charge should be notified of the report immediately after making the report to ChildLine.
No more than one report from any institution school or agency is required, but the report should include names and contact information of everyone who has knowledge of the situation.
Reports of child abuse may be reported to ChildLine electronically at www.compass.state.pa.us/cwis if the situation does not require an emergency response.
You should call the Child Abuse Hotline, ChildLine at 1-800-932-0313 for the following situations:
If an oral report is made to ChildLine, a report of suspected child abuse, form CY 47, must also be completed and forwarded to the county children and youth agency within 48 hours after making the report. This form can be obtained at www.KeepKidsSafe.pa.gov under the forms tab or from the children and youth agency.
If a report is made electronically, no CY-47 is required to be completed (PA CWS, FAQ, 2015).
Specific case studies are presented later in this course.
Be prepared to articulate your concerns in a clear and concise manner when you call ChildLine. The following is a list of information the mandated reporter is asked to provide if known (Title23. Chapter 63. 23c6303s
§ 6311 (a), 2015):
The law requires that the mandated reporter identify themselves and where they can be reached. This information is helpful if the caseworker needs additional information. However, the identity of the person making the report is kept confidential with the exception of being released to law enforcement officials or the district attorney's office (PA, CWS, 2015).
Mandatory reporting and postmortem investigation of deaths (Title23. Chapter 63. 23c6303s
§ 6317, 2015).
A person or official required to report cases of suspected child abuse, including employees of a county agency, who has reasonable cause to suspect that a child died as a result of child abuse shall report that suspicion to the appropriate coroner or medical examiner. The coroner or medical examiner shall accept the report for investigation and shall report his finding to the police, the district attorney, the appropriate county agency and, if the report is made by a hospital, the hospital.
ChildLine forwards the report of suspected child abuse to the local county children and youth agency, which investigates the report to determine if the allegations can be substantiated as child abuse/neglect and also arranges for or provides the services that are needed to prevent the further maltreatment of the child and to preserve the family unit (PA CWS, FAQ, 2015). Services that are available include (Mackereth B., 2013):
The county children and youth agency must begin an investigation within 24 hours. The 24 hour deadline to begin investigation applies only to CPS cases. As it is NOT the reporter's responsibility to determine if the alleged perpetrator meets the definition of a perpetrator as per the Child Protective Services Law, the reporter will be calling in some reports that could be GPS reports. This deadline does not apply to a GPS case. A thorough inquiry is conducted to determine if the child was abused and what services are appropriate for the child and family. This must be completed within 30 days unless the agency provides justification as to why the investigation cannot be completed, including attempts being made to obtain medical records or interview subjects of the report (PA CWS, FAQ, 2015).
If the alleged perpetrator report does not meet the definition of perpetrator, but does suggest the need for investigation, ChildLine will forward the information to the district attorney's office in the respective county (PA CWS, 2015).
Mandated reporters are immune from any criminal or civil liability if the report was made in good faith. Good faith for mandated reporter is presumed. This means if someone accuses you of making a false report that they have to prove to you acted with gross negligence or willful misconduct (Research foundation, 2011).
A mandated reporter who willfully fails report can be found guilty of a misdemeanor of the second degree up to a felony of the first degree or higher. Failing to report may also result in a lawsuit in civil court for monetary damages for any harm that was caused by the mandated reporter's failure to make a report ChildLine, including wrongful death (Research foundation, 2011).
Mandated reporters will receive information from the Department regarding the final status of the report, whether it was unfounded, indicated or founded, and the services planned or provided to protect the child (PA CWS, 2015).
Indicators of abuse warn the mandated reporter to pay more attention to a particular situation. Sometimes there are no indicators even though the child is being abused. There are three types of indicators of abuse or maltreatment/neglect:
Indicators should not be viewed in isolation they must be considered in relationship to the child's condition. Indicators should be considered in the overall context of the child's physical appearance and behavior. Sometimes a single indicator is self-evident or points to abuse or maltreatment/neglect. Often several indicators must be pulled together or clusters of indicators used to develop reasonable cause (Research foundation, 2011).
Some mandated reporters see a child only once, or very infrequently others see them more often. In looking for reasonable cause you need to consider what you know about the child's normal behavior. No two children will respond the same way to the same situation.
Common physical indicators are severe unexplained or suspicious bruises and welts, fractures, burns, lacerations, or abrasions. Specific physical indicators are (Research foundation, 2011, participant's guide pg. 6; NYOFS, 2016):
Handprint Injury
(AbuseWatch.net, 2012)
(AbuseWatch.net, 2012)
Spiral Fracture
(AbuseWatch.net, 2012)
Cigarette burn
(AbuseWatch.net, 2012)
Glove like burn
(AbuseWatch.net, 2012)
Sock like burn
AbuseWatch.net, 2012)
Steam Iron Injury
(AbuseWatch.net, 2012)
Looped cord injury (AbuseWatch.net, 2012)
Accidental injuries usually involve injury on a bony prominence of the body such as elbows and knees and shins. Suspicious injuries usually occur in areas not susceptible to accidental age-appropriate areas. The following pictures indicate areas where children would normally bruises, and suspicious bruising areas, as well as other suspicious areas of injury.
Bruising Areas
(AbuseWatch.net, 2012)
Suspicious areas of bruising
(AbuseWatch.net, 2012)
Clues to the mechanism of injury
(AbuseWatch.net, 2012)
Consider the size and shape of the injury, as well as the location of injury (Research foundation, 2011). Consider the relationship of the mechanism of injury (explanation of how injury occurred) to the child's developmental stage. For example toddlers fall when they learn to walk and young children scrape their knees when learning to ride a bicycle. Consider if the story that was given as an explanation for an injury would produce the physical indicators that are present. For instance a toddler falls to the floor while walking, not striking anything when he fell. That toddler has bruises on the back of his legs. One would expect that from a fall, while walking, the toddler would have bruises and scrapes on his hands, knees, and shins; not bruises on the back of his legs.
Child behavioral indicators of physical abuse may be (Research foundation, 2011, participant's guide pg. 6; NYOFS, 2016):
Parent behavioral indicators of physical abuse may be (Research foundation, 2011, participant's guide pg. 6; NYOFS, 2016):
Child physical indicators of emotional abuse, maltreatment, or neglect may be (Research foundation, 2011, pg. 7)(NYOFS, 2016):
(AbuseWatch.net, 2012)
Child behavioral indicators of emotional abuse, maltreatment, or neglect may be (Research oundation, 2011, pg. 7)(NYOFS, 2016):
Child physical indicators of sexual abuse may be (Research foundation, 2011, pg. 8):
Child behavioral indicators of sexual abuse may be (Research foundation, 2011, pg. 8)(NYOFS, 2016):
Parent behavioral indicators of sexual abuse may be (Research foundation, 2011, pg. 8)(NYOFS, 2016):
A. Female, age 15, has comes to the ER with burning upon urination. She discloses she has been engaging in sexual intercourse with her mother's 38-year-old boyfriend for the past two months. The boyfriend has resided in the house with the child and her mother for the past five years and is responsible for the care of the child when the mother is at work (Research foundation, 2011, pg. 15)..
B. Seven-year-old Chris came to the doctor's office for a physical. He has a bruise on the right side of his face with scrapes along his right arm. The child claimed he fell off his bike. The child lives with his mother, a single parent. She says Chris is a very active child and at times can present challenging behaviors at school (Research foundation, 2011, pg. 16).
C. A mother delivers a baby that has neonatal drug withdrawal. When talking to the mother, you learned she has not prepared for baby to come home (Research foundation, 2011, pg. 17).
D. Eight-year-old Jason comes to the ER with a broken arm. His mother says he fell off the bed. When Jason Jason's arm is x-rayed there's a spiral fracture to his humorous (Research foundation, 2011, pg. 18).
Case Study A
Case Study B
Case Study C
Case Study D
AbuseWatch.net (2012). Prevention Resources for the Community and Professionals. Retrieved May 5, 2013.
Keep Kids Safe PA (2015) Retrieved on 5/13/15.
Mackereth B. (2013) Department of Public Welfare. Overview of Pennsylvania's Child Welfare System, Joint Hearing of the Senate Aging and Youth and the Senate Public Health and Welfare Committee April 9, 2013. Retrieved 5/11/15.
New York Office of Children and Family Services. (2016). Mandated Reporter Training Online. Retrieved 5/26/16.
Pennsylvania Child Welfare System (2015). Frequently Asked Questions About Child Abuse and Neglect retrieved 5/6/15.
Pennsylvania Child Welfare System (2015) Mandated Reporter Frequently Asked Questions Retrieved 5/6/15.
Pennsylvania Child Welfare System (2015) retrieved 5/11/15.
Pennsylvania Child Welfare Information Solution. (2015) retrieved 5/11/15
Research foundation for SUNY (2011). Mandated reporter trainer's resource guide; identifying and reporting child abuse and maltreatment/neglect. Buffalo State College, Center for development of human services, 2011.
Title 23. CHAPTER 63 (2015) Child Protective Services. Pennsylvania general assembly retrieved on 2/6/15.
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Administration on Children, Youth and Families, Children's Bureau, 2015. Child Maltreatment 2013, retrieved May 1, 2015.
World Health Organization, 2013. Prevention of Child Maltreatment, retrieved May 31, 2013.


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In 2005 a small group of bmx riders started to race under the East Kent BMX name. These riders knew that the Herne & Broomfield council were looking to build a bmx track for the local community. This would then give East Kent BMX riders a home.
In 2006 work started on an old landfill site in Broomfield, Kent to provide a woodland walk and a BMX track. Work on the BMX track was completed in November of 2007, but the whole site was still under construction at that time.
The following year East Kent BMX received Lottery Funding which allowed them to buy the equipment they needed to start a full BMX racing club. A date was set in May of 2008 for the official opening and the inaugural race meeting at the Broomfield Track.
In 2010 Herne & Broomfield council funded the resurfacing of the track and tarmacing of one berm. This was followed by the modifying of the rest of the berms being resurfaced with tarmac in 2011, bringing the track up to the very highest standard.
During the autumn of 2011 the club was restructured and a full committee was appointed. The committee have agreed to work hard to bring a full program of events to the club, starting with the East Kent BMX Winter Series in November.

subset: commoncrawl


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Former New England Patriots cornerback Malcolm Butler has no hard feelings about his benching in Super Bowl LII. Butler — now a member of the Tennessee Titans — was asked about the incident Thursday.
The 29-year-old responded with a joke.
Malcolm Butler on SB: "I have no regrets at all. I graded out at 99 percent, one punt return rep. It was great. … I enjoyed my time there and everything happens for a reason. I am happy I am still in the NFL. I have a great relationship with those guys. It's all good."— Ryan Hannable (@RyanHannable) August 15, 2019
As Butler said, he only received one snap during the contest. He believes that snap went well, and joked that he graded out at 99 percent during the game.
The move came as a huge surprise at the time. Butler started all but one of the team's regular season games.
When asked why he was suddenly benched for the Super Bowl, Butler said he was the wrong person to ask.
Butler asked if he has gotten any answers on the SB benching.— Kevin Duffy (@KevinRDuffy) August 15, 2019
"Where's the Hoodie at? You gotta ask him"
Butler is referring to Patriots coach Bill Belichick when he tells reporters to ask "the Hoodie."
While that makes it sound like there's still bad blood between Butler and the Patriots, that doesn't appear to be the case. Butler said he has a "great relationship" with the team, and that "it's all good."
If Butler is still frustrated, he hasn't taken that out on his former team as the Patriots and Titans have held joint practices this week. At least one of his Titans teammates can't say the same.
Chris Cwik is a writer for Yahoo Sports. Have a tip? Email him at firstname.lastname@example.com or follow him on Twitter! Follow @Chris_Cwik
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- New Class schedule for Stretch & Flex. This is now a class offered Monthly. Classes will be Monday, Wednesday and Friday @ 5:15- 5:45 p.m., perfect for after the 5p.m. Class or right before the 6p.m. Class. Tuesday and Thursday @ 9:45- 10:15 a.m., perfect for right before the 10:30 Class. And Sundays @ 12:15- 12:45 p.m., your perfect active recovery day. Cost is $40 a month for All Access Members and $60 a month for Non and Open Gym Members.
- April Challenge! Calories Rowed! Row calories before-after class or during warm-up to accumulate the most calories and win prizes. Prizes will be given on a weekly and monthly basis. Add your name to the giant white board and update your calorie total as needed! May the most dedicated win!
- The Havoc Games "Gym Olympics"! April 29th @ 12 pm. Get ready to have fun! BYOB!
Warm up: 400 Meter Run, 2 Rounds: 45 Sec Handstand Hold, 10 Back Extensions
- Every 90 Sec for 6 Sets:
2 Strict Press + 3 Push Press
2. For Time:
30 Glute Ham Sit ups
30 Burpees
30 Deadlifts
30 Push ups on Barbell
30 Toes to bar


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I wanted to share today's entry of "The Daily Encouragement" by Doctor Ikeda with you.
"Practicing Buddhism means being victorious. In advancing one step at a time amid the realities of our daily lives, in showing concrete actual proof, in becoming victors and successes, we are demonstrating with our very beings the validity of Nichiren Daishonin's Buddhism and serving as a source of hope and inspiration for those who will follow us on the path of faith."
Daisaku Ikeda
(Me? Been celebrating and mulling over the significance of a choice made two decades ago. That albeit hardscrabble and oftentimes disappointing results may seem, their bleakness can be the catalyst to said victories. And that perhaps in my own individual case, victory can be as simple as being able to continue my search for validity and purpose – as the search itself yields gleanings of a future self better suited to dispense of the weakness)
Also: sometimes to merely put into perspective that, much like in the movie 'Gladiator' the fact that our struggles take place in front of a different audience – from that colony in the desert where General Maximus finds his new career to it clearly making sense as he comes full circle and is able to purge the insults to him and his family as the post gives him access to such a stark settlement, the fact that we no longer struggle in places where worsening situations are oft conveyed on daily postings by family and friends, but that our search for meaning and purpose is now taking place at a bigger arena with much higher stakes – what's not to like?
(As unlike Maximus our starting point was not Rome, but that humble outpost at the edge of civilization)
#Assimilation… in a new #Nation, yeah!
(Illustration brought forth from a 'message-to-myself' dated April of '96)


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It's Like Pulling Teeth – Understanding a Simple Tooth Extraction
When someone mentions pulling teeth, it usually has a negative connotation, but tooth extraction is a simple, routine procedure that can end pain and prevent more serious problems. The most common cause for an extraction is the presence of an impacted wisdom tooth. Dentists also routinely remove teeth that are badly injured or severely decayed. In some cases, a tooth may be extracted when it threatens the health of adjacent teeth or causes overcrowding. It's best to save natural teeth when possible, but sometimes it's not practical.
Tooth Extraction Cost
Before a tooth extraction, it's important to discuss cost. The price of an extraction depends on a variety of factors, including the location and condition of the tooth and the patient's overall health. In general, a wisdom tooth extraction costs more than a routine extraction of a loose or damaged tooth. Patients without dental insurance can discuss financing options with their dentists. Many clinics offer reasonable payment plans.
Pain and the Tooth Extraction Procedure
It's perfectly normal to be anxious about experiencing pain during an extraction. In most cases, pain can be eliminated or reduced. A local anesthetic will be administered to numb the tooth and surrounding tissues. Conscious sedation is a possible solution for patients experiencing extreme anxiety. To prepare the tooth for extraction, the dentist will rock it back and forth and rotate it to widen the socket. When the tooth becomes detached from its connecting tissues, the dentist will remove it, and place gauze over the exposed gum.
Aftercare Tips
After the procedure is complete, the dentist will give specific instructions that will help facilitate healing. These may include applying ice to reduce swelling or taking an antibiotic. After wisdom tooth removal, certain foods may be off limits for several days. Strenuous exercise may also be prohibited for a short time. Complete healing may take several weeks.
To get the dental care you deserve from an affordable dentist in South Bend, call The Dental Center of South Bend today at (574) 367-7000 or make an appointment.
The Dental Center offers affordable family dentistry and gentle, compassionate dental care in South Bend. With 4 affiliated practices throughout Indiana, our offices are conveniently located with extended hours to meet your needs. At The Dental Center of South Bend, we provide most dental services, from basic preventative care and general dentistry to specialized procedures and complete dental reconstruction. We accept most dental insurance plans and offer affordable financial solutions for any budget. Patient satisfaction is our top priority and we strive to provide the exceptional, affordable dental care and personal touch that lead to lasting relationships. A smiling patient is our greatest reward and we look forward to keeping those smiles healthy, beautiful, and bright. Discover an affordable dentist who truly cares at The Dental Center of South Bend.


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The latest Nike Air Jordan to be released as part of the brand's 30th anniversary celebrations is this OG "Insignia Blue" colour-way of the 2002 Air Jordan 6 Low. Remastered with tumbled leather overlays sitting over perforated Nubuck uppers, a Ghost Green hit is applied to the embroidered Jumpman lace cover and heel tab. The midsole is brought to life with speckled sections sitting against translucent Ice Blue sections that wrap around the outsole.
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Dear readers,
The folks at LJ/SLJ just informed all of the resident bloggers of the news that our sites are migrating to a new server. Yeah! This will mean our back-end, old server woes will be resolved.
This will also mean that the whole blogging crew will not likely be posting till the end of the year. And it means that your incoming comments will not be posted.
Let me take this opportunity to wish all of you a peaceful holiday and a happy new year.


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Phil K Spriggs - Senior Pastor
Phil holds a master's degree in Pastoral Leadership from Wesley Seminary and has served in district leadership in the areas of evangelism and church growth. Since 1992 Phil has served as senior pastor of five wonderful congregations. He has a tremendous passion to see the lost saved and believers grow in their relationship with Christ.
Phil and Crystal Spriggs are partners in ministry and want God to be honored and lifted up in this new church venture. They are devoted to seeing lives changed through Christ in a life-giving way.
Crystal Spriggs - Associate Pastor (Administration)
Pastor Devon "Dee" Davis - Associate Pastor
Pastor Devon "Dee" Davis joined Lighthouse in September of 2017. Dee holds a Master's degree in Pastoral Care and Counseling, and is ordained by CCCU. She served in the Nazarene church as an Associate Pastor in outreach and also as a senior pastor and church planter. She has been instrumental in helping churches establish detailed programs and systems to care effectively for the church body and new attendees. Dee has been married to Steve for 36 years and has 3 grown children. She currently serves as a medical chaplain. Dee teaches the new believers class at Lighthouse and leads prayer emphasis services throughout the year. She also preaches on occasion. We are very blessed to have Pastor Dee on our staff.


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NHK's Decline into Propaganda
SNA (Tokyo) — When NHK was founded in 1926, it was quite consciously modelled on the BBC of the United Kingdom. In that spirit, visitors to the English-language section of the NHK webpage will find its self-description as follows: "NHK delivers a wide range of impartial, high-quality programs, both at home and abroad."
The truth, however, is that NHK never developed an international reputation for objectivity and news sense that would make anyone outside of Japan really want to tune in to its programs. NHK World, the English-language arm of the organization, is regarded by no journalist that we know of as a particularly useful source for coverage of Japanese politics and society.
But if we were to look only at the bright side, we could, without reservation, praise NHK for its weather forecasts and its coverage of natural phenomena. If there is any portion of NHK which can be described as truly world class, it would definitely be its weather department. Free of any social controversy or political sensitivity, NHK does a fantastic job relating the latest news about typhoons and earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.
But once NHK returns from the natural realm back to the human realm, all of its mighty resources fall flat. To foreign eyes, most of its political coverage seems colorless and stale. In other words, it is simply uninteresting most of the time.
NHK has long had a reputation among foreign journalists for shying away from any political or social controversy. Lately, however, NHK's reputation has been falling sharply even from that level.
The reason is not far in looking: foreign journalists are watching NHK emerge (or reemerge if you count the Tokyo Rose era) as a broadcaster noted more for Japanese nationalist political propaganda than as a source of genuine insight about happenings in this nation.
The most devastating single blow to NHK's international reputation was the appointment of Katsuto Momii as chairman of the organization, and especially the outrageous comments that he made in his inaugural press conference in January. In particular, his comment that, "When the government is saying, 'Right,' we can't say, 'Left'" is understood by the rest of the world as a declaration that NHK broadcasts should be viewed merely as Japanese government propaganda, and therefore are not to be taken seriously.
Indeed, it is difficult to conceive of any possible remark that Mr. Momii could have made about his intentions that could have been more damaging to international perceptions of NHK. The fact that such a statement did not result in his immediate dismissal is taken by foreign journalists as representing the Abe government's tacit approval of turning NHK into a propaganda organ for its rightwing ideology, especially in regard to historical revisionism surrounding the Pacific War.
The foreign media is now pursuing the "NHK story," and a recent episode is a scoop by Richard Lloyd Parry of The Times, the venerable newspaper of London. A copy of an internal NHK document was leaked to Mr. Parry in which reporters and editors at NHK were instructed exactly what terms to use and to avoid when referring to sensitive matters such as Yasukuni Shrine, the Nanjing Massacre, or island disputes with China.
Mr. Parry's article declares that the overall effect of the leaked document is that it "is seen as a surrender of editorial independence by Japan's public broadcaster." It appears to ban any sort of independent thought or opinion by NHK journalists; instead commanding them to parrot the diplomatic and political line of the Abe administration.
NHK is still not viewed quite in the same light as China Central Television, but Prime Minister Abe and Chairman Momii seem determined to move its international reputation quite some way in that direction.
A Japanese-language version of this article appeared in the November 7 issue of Shukan Kinyobi.


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Once considered taboo, something mostly for sailors or rebels, tattoos are now seemingly everywhere.
You might see one poking through on the arm of a businessman when he rolls up his sleeves. Or maybe you see a beautiful design on the shoulder of a mom holding her baby while her other children play at the park. At church, you might see a grandmother with a tribute to her growing family etched on her forearm. A runner might jet by on the sidewalk with a tally of all the difficult races he's run etched on his body. While out to eat, tattoos can be seen on the bartender who hands you your drink and the barista who makes your latte.
Yes, tattoos have gone mainstream. Just ask the many tattoo artists in Centre County, who seem to always be busy with customers. They are ready to help you find the perfect art to fit your skin.
'I was right all along'
Tim Sellers got into tattooing as a punk-rocking teenager in the 1980s. He has been a tattoo artist in State College for more than 25 years and now owns King Cobra Tattoo at 127 East Beaver Avenue with his brother Justin.
Sellers remembers a time in study hall after he got his first tattoo. Teachers gathered around him and asked him if he needed to see the school psychologist, because they felt there must be something wrong with him.
"It was all a completely different era and I loved that. I loved that there was so much shock," he says. "That was part of punk rock, too. It was shock. I mean, it was like, are you seriously getting bent out of shape over something so trivial? So flash forward to now and it is mainstream. And I made a career out of it. And I put myself through college doing it. I am tattooing (the kids) of all the people that were in my classes. See what I am saying? So I won, I was right all along."
After starting at a community college, Sellers worked his way to Penn State, tattooing all along the way to support himself. Now, here he is after all these years, still at it and still looking as punk rock as ever, running the shop with his brother.
The shop feels and looks almost as cool as Sellers. It is a throwback, a classic tattoo shop with a swinging wooden door that leads visitors back from the counter area to the chairs, where the needles always seem to be buzzing. The walls are covered with classic tattoo designs like the king cobra after which the shop is named, along with such images as tigers, dragons, and skulls. And while Sellers likes classic-style tattoos, he wants the customer to find the design that they love. After 25 years, he can handle just about all of it.
A matter of trust
Adam Zimmer was working as a graphic designer when he had an epiphany, realizing his hard work could be deleted with a single keystroke.
"I wanted to do something so that if I was going to put all this time into it, it was going to stick around for a while," says Zimmer. A friend mentioned tattooing, and it stuck. After 10 years as a full-time tattoo artist, he has become one of the most sought-after tattooers in the area, specializing in watercolor, abstract, illustrative color, and black and gray tattoos.
"I would do this job every day for free if I could. I don't do this for the money," says Zimmer.
Zimmer found his match in Jordan Haines. While studying fine art at Penn State, Haines took her brother to get tattooed by Zimmer and she couldn't stop asking questions. Soon, she was getting tattooed herself, sharing her art with Zimmer and still asking questions. One day Zimmer offered her a job. At first she thought he was joking, but after a week to think it over, she came back and asked if he really meant it. He sure did, and she started as his apprentice.
Apprenticeships are how most tattoo artists learn the trade, because no matter how good the artist is on paper, tattooing something permanent on a person's skin is a big deal. Haines learned quickly and their bond grew strong. Zimmer describes Haines as a daughter, and he has been amazed watching her art grow, as she develops her own unique style.
"Adam gave me a life. He gave me a purpose and an opportunity to provide art to other people and influence their lives, something that you wouldn't imagine that you could do with paper or canvas, but tattooing is beyond that," Haines says. "You are bringing joy to somebody's life through their own body, and that is a very rare opportunity, especially from a female perspective. To have that chance to make somebody love themselves a little bit more is the biggest gift I have ever been given,"
Eventually, the pair started their own shop, Paper Moon Tattoo Company, at 125 South Push Street. They take the time to get to know each person and provide an atmosphere that will leave a positive impression every time that person looks at their body art.
"You are trusting a stranger to completely change your appearance forever … that person will look at their tattoo and remember who did it and how they felt during it, not the pain, but the atmosphere," says Haines. "We want to set up a safe place that shows that we care about how you feel, not only about the tattoo and the design. That people can trust us."
One big family
As a single mother of four, manager Stephanie Hutton can't help but feel motherly toward all the people who come into Ikonic Ink Tattoo and Piercing Studio at111 West Beaver Avenue. She offers suggestions and feedback, making sure people understand exactly what they want. And, boy, do they come in. The shop has at least four artists working at all times and offers a wide variety of body jewelry, so there always seems to be a line of people waiting for a piercing or a free tattoo consultation.
"We are like one big family; we care about each other. I would go to anyone here if I needed something and I am pretty sure the feeling is mutual. And I think that carries over to the way we feel about our customers," Hutton says.
Artist Joshua Kunkel agrees. He says that with four skilled artists with different specialties on hand, the results turn out great.
As tattoos become increasingly popular, more people are taking up the craft, but is important to go to somebody you trust, somebody who knows what he or she is doing, Kunkel says. After all, he understands what it means to have something you are not thrilled about on your body. He is currently undergoing the process of having an old tattoo on his arm removed. He got the sleeve work done when he was younger and it was not the best job. For someone who tattoos for a living, it was "almost embarrassing."
He is ready to redo the sleeve with his favorite comic-book characters when he was growing up, Deadpool and Gambit.
Hutton says she sees a variety of people come in to get work done, including moms and dads getting their first tattoos, college students, and regulars who keep coming back for more.
"Not all tattoos have a special meaning, but they all mean something to someone," says Hutton.
Some people cover scars with ink. A few times a year, the shop offers tattoos that have special meaning, such as the semicolon that symbolizes moving on from a suicide attempt or ribbons for cancer survivors. During these specials, the shop puts any profits from the day toward nonprofits in support of those causes.
One day, an older old man walked in, asking about a tattoo for a "friend." He was asking how tattoos would look on stretched or wrinkled skin, and when Hutton finally asked him if the tattoo was for him, he admitted it was. His tattoo was the number 78 with a box and a check mark, and the words "Get a tattoo." Item No. 78 on his bucket list was checked off.
Just a 'hot scratch'
Tucked away in a little cove at 411 East Calder Way, 814 Tattoo Co. is an old shop with new name. Tony Campbell has been working as a tattoo artist in State College for 24 years and he has seen it all. After working at the location when it was Evolution Tattoos for four years, he took over the shop last year and renamed it.
Business is good for the heavily tattooed Campbell. He is 70 percent covered in tattoos, including on his face and neck. Campbell loves to draw and is confident as he works the needle.
"The old stigma is gone; everyone has them now," he says.
Getting a good tattoo is an investment, costing anywhere from $100 to $300 per hour, and while some pieces can be finished in a half-hour, others require a person sitting in the chair for hours and coming back for multiple sessions.
Technology has helped artists sketch their work on electronic pads and adjust their work to a client's liking. Most artists then print out the design and transfer it on the skin, following the sketch with the needle.
"It think it feels like just a hot scratch, like someone taking a toothpick over your skin a little hard, not too bad," Campbell says
Artists won't copy another tattoo, and Campbell says that when people come into the shop with a picture of something they like, the artist will use the image to make a similar original design. Each artist has his or her own favorite style, but should be able to do any type of tattoo, he says.
"In this business, you shouldn't specialize in anything; you should be able to do it all, but if I were made to pick a favorite, it would be black and gray work," says Campbell, who enjoys the depth of gray shading.
Water-color tattoos that show the vibrancy of paintings are huge right now. Old standards like quotes and different tribal designs are always popular, and in this town there are always people looking for Penn State tattoos, he says.
Branching out
While walking down the street in Bellefonte a few years back, Gab Yunis saw the perfect little location tucked away beneath an old building and she got an idea: her own tattoo shop.
After the shop in State College where she started tattooing closed, she decided to move on her idea, but she learned that tattoo shops were not allowed per a Bellefonte zoning ordinance forbidding them as "adult use" businesses.
In a sign of the changing times, the ordinance was amended to allow tattoo shops, and Yunis was surprised at how helpful the borough was and how quickly it all went. It's all part of the progressive changes Bellefonte has made to become a destination for younger people while maintaining its Victorian charm, says Yunis.
Now, the intrepid young lady with an art history degree from Penn State is an extremely busy small business owner. She opened High Street Tattoo, at 203 West High Street, in a town that embraces it.
Her small studio offers a one-to-one client-artist interaction without the distractions and possible discomfort of a busier shop. She loves the personal nature of creating pieces of art for her customers that will be with them wherever they go.
Yunis says the tattoo culture in Bellefonte is thriving and she is often booked solid with people who love her work. Yunis loves the uniqueness of each tattoo, and is glad she gets to share it with the world.
"It is cool to see people collect art from all different kinds of tattooers. It is cool to see people who appreciate that each artist is different and that every piece is its own little work of art," says Yunis. "Tattoos are really just a different way of applying art to everyday life."
Vincent Corso is a staff writer for Town&Gown and The Centre County Gazette.


text: How You Can Help Minimize the Heat Leaving Your Home Posted December 22, 2017 As the temps continue to get cooler, the last thing you need to be concerned about is maintaining a comfortable home. Preferably, you would be spending the winter enjoying the comfort of your home and not thinking twice about what's taking place outside. Of course, it may not be that easy, and there are a few issues that could be taking place in your home that might result in a need for furnace repair or a higher than normal energy bill. There are several causes for higher utility bills, but we are highlighting a few of the more common ones we encounter. Heat is getting out through the glass of your windows – when hot air comes in to contact with cold glass on your windows, it impacts the indoor air by reducing some of the heat. An option to help minimize that impact is to make sure you're closing your drapes during the evening hours and make sure that your windows are receiving light during the day before opening them. Lack of attic insulation – with older homes there's a likelihood that it doesn't have enough insulation. This means you could be losing heat through your attic, which forces your furnace to work harder to keep up, and might eventually harm your furnace. It's not hard to determine if you have enough insulation, take a look and see if the insulation is below or even with the joists. If it is, you likely need more insulation. Gaps in windows and doors – as you are taking a look to see if there are any gaps around your doors or windows, keep in mind that they aren't always easy to notice. Be sure to thoroughly look at all of your windows and doors to determine whether you need to add weather stripping to take care of those gaps. Just like it is with attic insulation, window and door gaps can require your heating system to work harder, increasing the chance of furnace repair down the line. We hope these three tips can help you identify any problem-spaces in your home that could be inhibiting the comfort of your home. Our experts are available to answer any of your questions about furnaces, repair or indoor comfort, give us a call at 724-425-5852. Back To Blog


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By Lynne Ide
We are six weeks into the legislative session and there is no cohesive health care agenda in sight. The tendency to "not see the forest for the trees" is prevailing for the moment.
There are certainly many tough health care issues to deal with, including:
- What do we do about growing consolidation in the hospital and health care industry? What impact will it have on patient care and out-of-pocket costs?
- How do we pay for the over 700,000 state residents who have access to health coverage through Medicaid?
- How do we increase transparency and accountability in our health care delivery system to better protect consumer pocketbooks and improve patient care?
- How do we make sure health plans provide access to quality care at a cost we can afford?
There are a number of proposed bills and budget responses that take on bits and pieces of these tough issues. Sadly, even if you laid out all the pieces on a table like a puzzle and tried to fit them together to create a quality, sustainable health care system — there would still be LOTS of missing puzzle pieces.
Why do we continue to grapple with these complex health care issues in an incomplete way? It seems almost crazy, and is certainly costly, for our health and our bottom line to set policy this way.
There is too much money at stake from household, business and taxpayer-funded coffers. There is too much inequity in who gets good care based on income, racial, ethnic, health coverage and geographic factors. There are too many vested interests steering policy to their benefit to the detriment of everyday people.
Today the Governor released his budget proposal, which includes shifting some health care costs out of the state budget and back to individuals and the community at-large. There's more to come on this as the state budget is debated.
I go back to my Big Wish for the legislative session, "Can we please set up an inclusive process for a thoughtful analysis of what we truly need from our health care system long-term – and then design a blueprint to get there?"


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Trade stand registration
If you would like to apply to attend one of Battersea's events as a trader, please complete the form below. Please provide us with as much detail as you can about your stand. Once submitted, we will be in touch within three working days. If you have any questions, please email firstname.lastname@example.com.


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If you are a collector, chances are that you wouldn't mind having one of these replica gadgets from your favourite game, TV show, or movie show up under the tree (or in the driveway) this holiday. Unfortunately, getting your hands on one is easier said than done. Limited availability and obscene price tags are going to be major obstacles in scoring these geeky holy grails, but not to worry, once you're done drooling, there's another gallery of more affordable replicas after the break.
If the items featured above were a little to rich for your blood, you can still get a piece of the action with a few of these gadgets—most priced well under $300:


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Tiki Room in Miniature: Interior
leute aus bremen kennenlernen I recently received a salesman's sample set of Paul Frankl rattan furniture for my birthday/Christmas. Of course, it needs a proper display setting.
one arm dating sites After building the tiny tiki room's shell, I installed the floor. I couldn't find ready-made 1:6 flooring, so I bought wide basswood strips from the craft store instead. I scored them to look like floorboards, drew on tiny little "nail holes" with a pen, and glued them in place. When the glue dried, I stained the floor. (I used a mix of two very different stains – golden pecan and Jacobean oak – to make the floor look old and unevenly aged.)
http://emilymarchblog.com/maglayd/4739 Professional miniaturists will tell you that it's best to work on interior walls as flat boards, then glue them in place. I'm only an amateur, but I can tell you it's true.
visit our website I cut a piece of matting board to fit the back wall, checked to ensure it would fit, then added tropical wallpaper. The bottom half of the wall is made out of a bamboo placemat from IKEA. I took it apart, discarded any pieces that were warped or splintered, and cut the bamboo to fit. The mat's end pieces made perfect baseboards. As you can see, I painted the bottom half of the wall black first to ensure the white mat board beneath didn't show.
cleocin prescription I didn't want to do matting on the walls because I really want the furniture to pop. Unfortunately, I have no talent for painting. So, for color contrast, I bought some Sophistatiki wallpaper on Spoonflower. (Three 2×1′ samples were enough for this project.) I also bought matching fabric for new cushions, but I'll get to that later.
I did, however, go with matting for the ceiling – sort of. Real matting would have been completely out of scale. So, I took a picture of lauhala matting, scaled it down and cleaned it up in Word, and copy-pasted it until it filled a page. I had to print that page 12 times to get enough "matting", but I'm happy with the result.
Next time: making tiny tiki lights!


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April 24, 2007
Good good good....probably won't happen
This is not only a stunningly good idea, but a fascinating psychological test. I bet you could show this to 100 Bush-haters, and not one of them would say, "Hmmm, maybe I'm a bit off about this guy." And you could show it to a hundred NRO-type conservatives, and none would say, "Hmm. This is a profoundly conservative idea." When it comes to Bush, minds are closed!
[IHT]....It was here in Kansas City, at the 2005 food aid conference, that the Bush administration pushed for a fundamental change that would have diminished profits to domestic agribusiness and shipping companies. It proposed allowing a quarter of the Food for Peace budget to be used to buy food in poor countries near hunger crises, rather than buying only U.S.-grown food that had to be shipped across oceans.
And Secretary of Agriculture Mike Johanns spoke at the conference on Wednesday to make the administration's case for the same idea, contending that such a policy would speed delivery, improve efficiency and save many lives.
Congress in each of the past two years killed the proposal, which was opposed by agribusiness and shipping interests who stood to lose business, even as it won support from liberal Democrats like Representatives Barney Frank of Massachusetts and Earl Blumenauer of Oregon....
Of course a "conservative idea" that appeals to Barney Frank sounds a wee bit paradoxical. That's because the traditional conservative position would be that we should not be giving charity to poor countries or people at all, because it will weaken them and make them dependent. Which is true, and it's likely that one of the reasons Africa needs so much food aid is because it gets so much. [Good read: For God's Sake, Please Stop the Aid! by Kenyan economist James Shikwati.]
BUT, we are not going to stop giving food aid as long as there are horrible famines in the world. It ain't gonna happen. So the next best thing is to buy food in Uganda for the famine in Kenya. That makes agriculture in Uganda more profitable, keeps prices up, which leads to investments that make future famines less likely. It rewards productive farmers, rather than penalizing them by dumping cheap food on the market.
By the way, there is no place in the world that suffers famines because it is overpopulated. That is a lie spread by the Culture of Death. The world has enough arable land to feed far more than its present population. If I had more time it would be fun to find the average output of farmland in the US, and then find out the total acreage of farmland on the planet, and extrapolate how many people the world could feed, at present levels of farming technology. I bet it would be surprisingly large.
As for my own feelings about Bush, I just want to scream because he isn't doing more! Especially, asking the American people to realize that we are in an information war, and that they should be making sacrifices in wartime—not in this case material sacrifices, but the psychological sacrifice of swimming against the current of lefty defeatism, and against the torrent of falsehoods that the news media broadcast. BUT, on the other hand, there is hardly a month goes by that I don't see some story like this one, of transformative things being tried by this administration. Ideas that, if they take hold, will bear fruit over generations.
Which is the real reason that brain-dead lefties and Quakers hate Bush. The tectonic plates are shifting under their feet, and Bush is the symbol of change. They have no beliefs that will give them traction when the floor starts tilting, so they turn their angry bewilderment on a symbol...Posted by John Weidner at April 24, 2007 12:08 PM


text: Digital Tucker Carlson Dubs Politico the 'Rich Kids Camp in Meatballs' By Betsy Rothstein|July 17, 2013 Share By Betsy Rothstein|July 17, 2013 Share After Politico wrote a story highlighting a 16-year-old intern from The Daily Caller posing a question at a White House briefing to White House Spokesman Jay Carney, the Washington Twittersphere went wild. And oh, the outrage that followed. Politico reporters, in particular, had condescending reactions and couldn't fathom why The Daily Caller would allow a 16-year-old kid preposterously named Gabe Finger to be its White House reporter for the day. In a story by Politico's Jennifer Epstein, she wrote that it's "rare" for interns attending the White House briefings to ask questions and rarer still for them to be called on. Finger, who had been standing in a reserved area in the briefing room where he was not supposed to be standing, asked about George Zimmerman receiving death threats and then followed up by asking if the family was on their own. Carney snapped, "You can editorialize all you want, and I'm sure that you will, but that's a ridiculous statement." Pissing off the White House Press Secretary. Score?! "The conservative blog Daily Caller sent a high school junior to the White House briefing today," cracked Politico congressional reporter Jake Sherman on Twitter. The Daily Caller is not a "blog" any more than Politico is a "a liberal blog based in Virginia," which is what Daily Caller's Editor-in-Chief Tucker Carlson calls it. Politico's White House Correspondent Glenn Thrush also reacted to the teen's question, writing on Twitter, "Daily Caller guy who asked @PressSec adolescent question about Zimmerman? He's a junior in high school." Politico's Ben White replied facetiously, "Yeah, but they have more traffic than us so you know." Earlier in the week, The Daily Caller put out a statement and story declaring that they had surpassed Politico in traffic. FishbowlDC spoke with Carlson Wednesday afternoon by phone. He referred to Politico as "the rich kids camp in Meatballs" and explained, "They've spent tens of millions of dollars, they have hundreds of employees and they're still losing. They're looking down their noses at us and chortling, but in the end we're going to crush them in the hot dog eating contest." Finger stepped in for The Daily Caller's usual White House reporter Neil Munro, who had someplace else to be this afternoon. "We had a good question," said Carlson. "Here's our journalism strategy: We try to ask questions, that's kind of what we do. That's our top secret strategy for reporting." Taking a stab at Politico's Playbook by Mike Allen, he continued, "It's not just about chronicling the birthdays of West Wing employees." When asked to respond to the condescension of Politico reporters to The Daily Caller, he said, "Whatever. In the end, we're beating them because we're doing traditional journalism and they're not." While Politico reporters seemed unnerved by the 16-year-old's balls, other journalists around town and in New York seemed awed by it. "I never did anything in high school half as cool as being called ridiculous by a WH spokesman," wrote HuffPost's Elise Foley on Twitter. BuzzFeed's Political Editor McKay Coppins replied, "Seriously." Meanwhile, the Washington Examiner's Justin Green had this simple wish: "I'd like to watch a drinking competition between @DailyCaller and @politico interns." Carlson called Finger "just a particularly spirited intern. We don't care where you're from or where you went to school or how old you are. We don't care about pedigree and I'm being 100 percent sincere about that. We have a ton of people who didn't go to college. What's interesting to me is whether you can do the job. Our 16-year-old intern is more effective in the briefing than those who went to Columbia Journalism School. It's a completely legitimate question. Why is he the first person to ask it? Who cares who he is? Our job is to get answers to obvious and important questions. Is it rude or disruptive to ask a question Jay doesn't feel like answering?" Asked if he would hire Finger, Carlson replied, "In a second, but I don't think his parents will allow it." Share http://adweek.it/2kplFUE copy Adweek Adweek


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Although he is died at very early age, he is still very popular and perhaps thats the reason people still love to buy his posters with his quotes printed on it. Bob Marley Quotes posters are in huge demand. One of the best things about bob Marley quotes posters is that they inspire us to be like him. They motivate us and encourage us to get into the music world and perform like him. His posters give us quick insight of his way of thinking.
Quotes about love can also make a strong bond in marriage. Couple can always learn from these quotes, find favorite lines about how to be more loving, patient and appreciative of one another. Their relationship can than grow and prosper.
There are times when we find it extremely difficult to express our love in our own words. In these situations love quotations are truly very useful. They can make you romantic if you are not one. They help us impress loved ones and make them feel special, write Valentines Day card and show our true love and affection in the best possible way. They are known to bring a smile on the face of the person reading it.
Other excitement is from former Commodores and pop soloist Lionel Richie, whose aim to pay honor to his southern roots and upbringing is found in Tuskegee, an album that features him performing some of his best loved songs with a bevy of countrys favorite performers. Duets on Tuskegee include Dancing On The Ceiling with Rascal Flatts, Sail On with Tim McGraw, Hello with Sugarlands Jennifer Nettles, My Love with Kenny Chesney, Easy with Willie Nelson, Lady with Kenny Rogers, Just For You with Billy Currington and Endless Love with Shania Twain.
The written words hold secrets inside them. This is the secret of changing your mood to a positive one. It is like music, when you feel down and can really lift you up. And if it doesnt works than you need to go further and even dance! Yes I never saw a dancing person that is sad. The same thing is with quotes. When you are reading sad quotes you might think that you will be sadder after it. But the true is really surprising - it helps you to get over the end of the relationship.
Many people who keep up with country music news, though, are celebrating a change of season with springs inclusion of numerous country album releases. Radio deejays and scores of fans alike are excited about current and upcoming releases from shining stars Kenny Chesney, Alan Jackson, Carrie Underwood, Rascal Flatts, Faith Hill and Josh Turner, along with getting-there Lee Brice and newcomer Kip Moore.
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In the Charest campaign's war room at Quebec Liberal headquarters in Montreal, there stood a life-size cardboard cut-out of a woman and her young daughter.
The cut-out bore a name tag, Stephanie, and had a question framed in a comic-book bubble: "What do you have to say to me today, Mr. Charest?"
"The Stephanies," as the Liberals dubbed them, were the key demographic group targeted by the Liberals in the campaign. The Stephanies were working women, married and single moms, the parents of daycare and school kids.
"Turned out, we didn't have much to say to the Stephanies," one senior Liberal organizer said ruefully after the election that produced Quebec's first minority government in more than a century and a quarter.
The Liberals finished third among francophones, with only 25 per cent of their vote. The Stephanies voted for Mario Dumont, which is how the ADQ won two Liberal seats on the suburban south shore, one at the foot of the Champlain bridge and the other at the end of the Lafontaine tunnel.
On Wednesday, Jean Charest began a serious bid to win back the Stephanies.
In naming nine women to a downsized cabinet of 18 members, Charest became the first head of a Canadian government to achieve gender parity in cabinet.
It's an historic breakthrough from which there can, and should, be no turning back in Quebec, which now becomes the benchmark for gender equality in politics.
The Liberals nominated 44 women in the campaign, and elected 16 - exactly one-third of their caucus in the minority legislature.
Nine out of those female MNAs will now sit around the cabinet table of 18 ministers. It isn't just the numbers that are striking, it's the importance of their cabinet posts, beginning with Monique Jerome-Forget, as finance minister and president of the Treasury Board.
This makes her the chief operating officer of the government in all but name. Charest likes to call her his boss, and he's not really kidding. The finance minister decides how much money to raise, and the treasury board president determines how it's spent. For good measure, she's also minister of government services.
Having achieved pay equity for women in the public service in the last government, she will be the driving force behind Charest's campaign promise that women will comprise half the members of all government boards, corporations and agencies by the end of the next one.
Among six women holdovers in the cabinet, Michelle Courchesne and Line Beauchamp have been given the biggest promotions, to Education and the Environment respectively. Courchesne got her marching orders in Charest's speech of instructions to cabinet - to move ahead with a longer school day and a thaw on Quebec's ridiculous 13-year-old freeze on university tuition fees. Beauchamp gets the climate change and Kyoto files, the hottest media dossiers in town.
And three new female ministers - Christine Saint-Pierre, Marguerite Blais and Yolande James will also be counted on for the ability to stay on message in the portfolios of Culture and Communications, Seniors, and Immigration and Cultural Communities.
The appointment of James, only 29, as the first black member of a Quebec cabinet, is instructive in the kind of choices Charest faced in making this cabinet.
If she was going to be the ninth women in an 18-member cabinet, one of the guys had to go. And since she's a West Island anglophone, Geoff Kelley became the victim of gender as well as geography and language. Equally, there wasn't a place for former revenue minister Lawrence Bergman, leaving the Jewish community without a representative at the cabinet table.
But there was nothing to prevent Charest from naming a 20-member cabinet, with Kelley and former Bank of Montreal VP Nicole Menard, for example, as the 19th and 20th members. In naming the smallest cabinet since Jean Lesage in 1960, Charest is sending a good message on reducing the size of government - there will be seven fewer ministers' offices and seven fewer Chrysler 300s in the government fleet. But in doubling and in some cases tripling the responsibilities of ministers, Charest also runs of the risk of their being overburdened, overworked and stuck in Quebec City when the politics of a minority legislature dictates a permanent campaign.
Kelley did such an admirable in the ever-sensitive aboriginal affairs portfolio that it didn't make any bad news in nearly three years. Charest might yet have reason to recall Kelley, and name another woman, to cabinet at an early opportunity.
For the moment, the main story is gender parity at the big table of government. The Stephanies don't need to ask what Charest has to say to them today.


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Aly Wane, an undocumented immigrant from Senegal, comes out in a 2012 press conference at All Saints Church, Lancaster Ave., Syracuse.
A Syracuse man today joined a group of undocumented immigrants who are stepping out of the shadows to ask President Obama to include them, and millions more people like them, in any executive order that stops deportation proceedings.
Aly Wane, 37, has been living in the U.S. since he was 8 years old. He came from Senegal as the son of a diplomat who worked at the U.N. He traded his diplomatic visa for a student visa and earned a political science degree from LeMoyne College.
Wane missed the age cut-off for the president's Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals program. Today he filed for deferred action. In doing that, Wane created an immigration case for himself and dramatically increased his risk of being deported.
But that risk is worth it to draw attention to himself and the 11 million others like him who deserve to be legal residents of the U.S., Wane said.
Wane was asked to take part in the national event by Define American, an organization founded by Jose Antonio Vargas. Vargas, a journalist, has written for The Washington Post and The New Yorker. He was on the team of Washington Post reporters that won a Pulitzer Prize for their coverage of the Virginia Tech shooting rampage.
Vargas' family sent him to the U.S. at age 12 from the Philippines. He lived with his grandparents and didn't know he was undocumented until he was 16 years old. Vargas had made his status public in recent years, but it didn't present a problem until he was recently detained at the border.
The National Immigration Law Center is partnering with Vargas' organization.
Contact Marnie Eisenstadt anytime: email | twitter | 315-470-2246.


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Having a video monitor is very useful – in the sense that you can see whether you need to go to your baby before you do. On the other hand, I find myself,?many a time, watching it as if it's tv. Especially these last few weeks, there has been too many sleepless nights and early mornings.
I think between the two kids, we monitor Z's sleep patterns more than V's. Eversince being sick the 2nd time this year, he has been waking at night and getting up really early – like 4:30 am, or in case of today, 3:30 am. Normally when she's not sick, I am able to put her down awake and she'll go right back to sleep without much fuss. But with teething and a cold, that's a tall order from a baby, I'd say.
I was so relieved to see that he's still asleep even if he is in this position. It's his "I'm too sexy for my bed." pose. He does from time to time and it always makes me smile.
This was V, 30 minutes ago, after I fed and changed her. Happily sucking on her hands and talking to herself, I thought she might fall asleep on her own after. Not a fat chance! She got frustrated and started crying out so in comes mommy to the rescue. Now she is nursing and I'm hoping to put her back in the crib for a couple of hours.
V has been sleeping in the carseat almost all might so I thought to give a break.
Poor girl is getting 2 needles on her birthday. Happy birthday, V!


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Tubes4ever wrote:sKiZo wrote:I don't imagine anything we can do to a KT120 on one of these amps can hurt them.
I do remember Bob mentioning he'd run his up to 90mV with no issues. Also, no discernible improvement in audio.
A 5U4GB would give you the needed extra current to run at 60mA. Even better would be 5V3 or better yet a 5V3A which takes 3 amps heater current. The 5V3 and 5V3A will have lower voltage drop at 250mA than a 5U4GB will have since they are rated at 350mA and are easy to find on Ebay. You can run the 5V3 which takes 3.8A easily with the uprated 5V transformer windings. I verified this with Bob.
Re: sKiZo > I have run the Tung-Sol KT120's up to 75 milliamps each tube (.750 VDC bias voltage) for hours as a test with my own VTA ST-120. The KT120 tubes will take this no problem but the power transformer will run warmer. I never went up to the .900 VDC bias voltage point for each output tube that sKiZo mentioned above nor do I recommend doing so.
Re: Tubes4ever > The VTA ST-120 has a 5 volt @ 5 amp bias line. Technically you can plug in any 5 volt octal rectifier tube in there and it will work. That is not to say that it will work "well". A 5U4 will work fine in the ST-120 but there will be a very slight power loss due to a lowered B+. I have never used a 5V3 in these amps so I can't say how well they might work. If someone does try or has tried a 5V3, let us know in this thread how it worked out ..
Re: Biasing KT88's and/or KT120's in a VTA ST-120 - The .550 VDC bias point (for each output tube) for the ST-120 is a nice compromise for good sound and good tube life. If you want to bump the bias up a little higher, you are welcome to do so but the amp won't really sound any better and tube life will go down.