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Thursday, December 04, 2008
The largest saltwater crocodile in the world
When this story was written back in 2008, Cassius was indeed the largest saltwater crocodile in the world that we knew of. But in November 2011 we measured a much larger one called Lolong, and in June 2012 he was officially declared by Guinness to be the largest crocodile in captivity. The full story is in my 23 June 2012 blog post which is here.
[Original post]
How many times I have been asked this question: which is the largest crocodile in the world? Of course I always say that it's a saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) because the evidence we have supports that. But there's not always a lot of actual evidence of large crocodile sizes, just plenty of "big croc" stories. Still, the biggest crocodile ever measured (with a tape measure) was around 6.3 metres long (20.7 feet) from Papua New Guinea.
But what about the largest living crocodile? There may be several huge crocs living in the wild that we don't know about, but the largest living crocodile in captivity has been living on Green Island near Cairns for over 20 years. His caretaker is George Craig, a former crocodile hunter who now runs Marineland Melanesia, a shrine dedicated to crocodiles on the island. It is quite a remarkable place, which is entirely reflective of how remarkable George himself is. You see, George loves crocodiles with the kind of passion that you rarely encounter. He respects them enormously. This is why we were very keen to meet and talk with him on a recent trip to Cairns. The truth is we could have talked for weeks about crocodiles, but we only had a few hours. George was very keen to show us his pride and joy, the largest living saltwater crocodile in captivity. His name is Cassius, and he originally came from the Northern Territory. At the time he was a little under 18 feet (5.5 metres) long, but he's now around 18.5 feet (5.6 metres). Like many extremely large crocodiles, Cassius is as gentle as a lamb around his keeper, unless some food is dangled in front of him. Then, looking remarkably like a dinosaur from a forgotten age, he explodes into action and grabs the food from George. The word "grab" doesn't really do it justice, as the item of food often explodes under the pressure of those jaws. It's a remarkable and sobering sight, and if you ever need reminding how awesome crocodiles really are then a trip to Green Island to see Cassius is essential. Don't forget to talk to George Craig - rarely will you find anyone who knows more about crocodiles and understands them like he does.
42 comments:
- 一花一世界 said...
Do you research Chinese alligator?
- December 4, 2008 at 11:26 AM
- Ted said...
Hey Adam there are two bigger crocs in the US then Cassius and I have seen both of them
- January 4, 2009 at 2:23 AM
- Adam Britton said...
Of course, you can't make such a statement without saying which ones those are, Tom! The largest croc in the US I know about falls almost two feet short of Cassius (in terms of the actual measurement, not what the sign says).
- January 6, 2009 at 1:14 PM
- Adam Britton said...
Oops, sorry Ted - I'm renaming you already.
- January 6, 2009 at 1:14 PM
- Ted said...
Well Adam are we supposed to believe you because you went and saw the croc. Gomek was measured at his death and was almost 18 feet long and I as a novice can tell that Utan and the other one in Miami were longer then Gomek. Next time you get a chance go see these two and make your own conclusion.
- January 7, 2009 at 8:02 AM
- Ted said...
Hey Adam I saw Gomek in person and he was Almost 18 feet long and both of these other two are bigger and longer. You should go see them when you can.
- January 7, 2009 at 11:42 AM
- Adam Britton said...
Hi Ted. Gomek was 17 feet 9 inches long. Cassius was slightly smaller than this when he was captured in 1987, but has continued to grow and was confirmed to exceed 18 feet in length at Green Island. We didn't measure Cassius during our visit, George Craig believes he is "at least 18.5 feet long" but without an actual measurement that can't be confirmed. However, the other two crocodiles you are referring to in Florida are both hybrids - C. porosus crossed with C. siamensis. So for a start they don't count (as we're talking about saltwater crocs here) and secondly I'm aware of their true sizes and they don't measure up to Gomek never mind Cassius.
There isn't another saltwater crocodile in captivity larger than 18 feet that I'm aware of, although I'd love to hear of one that was. I'd need to see some evidence too, because I know quite a few claims out there that aren't true. Although we can't confirm the current size of Cassius he has previously been confirmed as larger than any other saltie living in captivity.
- January 7, 2009 at 11:45 PM
- Wakefield Tolbert said...
HI Dr. Britton.
I'll have you know you and Steve Irwin are an inspiration for my son, who LOVES crocs. He's only 12 but has taught his old man a thing or two about conservation.
Interesting, as am reliable conservative of a chap and never pondered some of these issues before.
Anyhow, there is a supposed "largest" croc named Utan who used to be kept at Alligator Adventure, a touristy kind of place at Myrtle Beach, SC, USA.
Not sure if you're familiar.
He's one big booger. I'll say that. If seen films of this monster eating from people's hands, (but not the keepers),so I guess there goes the whole thing about arguments of nature vs. nurture--though I'd say he's probably not trustworthy with children.
Any more input on this Utan guy, supposedly at 17 plus feet?
Hard to fathom Utan is even indirectly related to the little caiman nippers. But yeah, they all tend to look alike!
(I own a caiman crocodylus/yacare hybird presently. She's small but then I guess that's why she feels she needs to try and have a go at me)
Thought that she'd stay small. More fool me--seems that as with Utan, hybrid robustness could kick in.
- January 8, 2009 at 8:44 AM
- Wakefield Tolbert said...
A true maneater of note, the much famed Gustave (apparently harder for humans with guns to find than for him to find gunless prey) is supposedly around 18-20 feet based on photo analysis.
( measuring tape out of the question, one guesses).
- January 8, 2009 at 8:50 AM
- rajeev roy said...
Bhitarkanika on the East coast of India has been home to some of the the largest crocs (not in captivity)
It has found mention in the Guinness book.
There are two verifiable claims.
There is a skeleton measuring 19ft 8 ins.
There is a skull of a croc killed in 1926. Experts are of the opinion that the croc must have been about 25 ft.
- January 13, 2009 at 12:28 PM
- Adam Britton said...
Wakefield - Gustave is reported to be a very large Nile crocodile, but without measurements it's impossible to be accurate. Apparently he is still out there.
Rajeev - The Bhitarkanika crocodile (C. porosus) is indeed in Guinness but apparently he was sighted but never captured nor measured with a tape measure. I've tried to verify this, and it seems he was not measured. This is not the first time Guinness have included an unverified crocodile measurement in there, but perhaps it wouldn't seem so remarkable otherwise. I would love to hear otherwise from the Bhitarkanika rangers though. I'm not sure which skeleton you mean - where is that located? As for the skull, the one you're talking about (from Kanika, right?) was recently measured and, while clearly from a big croc, is too small to have come from a 23 foot crocodile based on the typical head:body ratio. Skull shape and size does vary a lot with bigger crocs, but that one is a little too far from the norm so I'm a little sceptical. However, it's clear we have a lot more to learn about giant crocs.
- January 15, 2009 at 4:54 PM
- Wakefield Tolbert said...
Well this might peak your interest, Dr. Britton.
At this link, and some others, and no doubt due to some local exaggerations we're all prone to, a 23-footer is the new killer du jour.
I'm assuming this is most likely the Saltie (Crocodylus porosus).
While some reports of monstrosity are exaggeration, with reports of deaths ranging from a dozen to thousands a year, sad to say a young girl lost her life on this occasion.
- March 13, 2009 at 6:11 AM
- Adam Britton said...
Wakefield, there's no evidence to indicate the size of the crocodile involved other than it being "a large crocodile". I'm not sure where the 23 feet figure came from but it wasn't verifiable.
- March 21, 2009 at 2:46 PM
- Texan said...
Hi Adam
Wondering have you heard of a crocodile shot in the Staaton river known as the "Magilla Monster". It was supposed to be well over 20 feet.
Also, what are your thoughts on the 28 foot crocodile shot by Krys Poloski in the Norman river?
- April 6, 2009 at 10:25 AM
- Adam Britton said...
The 28 footer reportedly shot by Kris Pawloski relies on the word of the Pawloskis. I have great trouble with this one for several reasons. First, 28 feet is so far outside the "normal distribution" for saltwater crocodile sizes that it would be the equivalent of a 10 foot tall human in terms of believability. Secondly, I have difficulty believing that two crocodile hunters as experienced as the Pawloski's would have made two big mistakes: first, not bringing back the tiniest bit of evidence from the kill, and secondly not securing the crocodile properly so that it was still there when they returned with help.
Of course, without proof either way it could have been accurate, but knowing the vast majority of big fish stories when it comes to crocs I need more than just a story, especially for something so obviously excessive.
- April 6, 2009 at 11:19 AM
- dlal said...
Heya Adam,
Great story on Cassius. I have been to see him 3 times now! And I've spoken to George on my first visit. Top bloke indeed! He really has some awesome Salties at his place. I would like to be a Crocodile expert one day and help conserve them. Can I ask, with large crocs like Gomek, Cassius, why do they look black? Compared to lesser sized ones which have a different variety of skin colour. Is it because the bigger the croc, the black colour helps them to absorb the suns engergy quicker?
- April 22, 2009 at 7:31 PM
- Adam Britton said...
dlal, George is awesome. Cassius is pretty great as well, especially up close. As to why big crocs are black, I think you've at least partly answered your own question. Crocs do change colour a fair bit, even over the course of several minutes, and they certainly get darker when they're cool and need to warm up - for exactly the reason you mentioned. It makes sense that larger crocodiles might benefit from being darker for this reason, although conversely they also benefit from "thermal intertia" - they are large enough that it also takes a long time to cool down, and so on a daily basis they actually maintain a fairly stable body temperature more independent of their behaviour. Quite how much they benefit from thermal inertia isn't known because nobody, as far as I'm aware, has measuring temperate change in such a big crocodile.
There are other reasons for colour change as well, such as mood, stress, even the colour of the environment they're in. It's often said you can tell when a saltie living in shaded freshwater creeks moves into tidal saltwater rivers because it's so much blacker as a result of adapting its body colour to its surroundings. This is one of those "I had no idea that crocs did that" facts that's fascinating.
- April 22, 2009 at 10:13 PM
- dlal said...
Hi again Adam,
Just came across this article,
Again, claims that the crocodile was 22 feet. Similar to the croc that was killed in PNG 2 years ago which they claimed was 7 metres long. And more recently the 28 foot croc that killed a 12 yr old girl in the Philipines.
- May 7, 2009 at 9:59 AM
- Wakefield Tolbert said...
The problem with such estimatations (and that's exactly how the article in questions detailed the size, as no one yet has tape-measured the animal) is that they are notoriously unreliable. No doubt the eye witness acounts are about as emotionally reliable as any of whose who go through such traumatic episodes.
The croc might as well be listed as 35 feet for all that matters.
I once saw a documentary where Dr. Britton and some others like Rom Whitaker tried to establish a more scientific way of determining size by studying the photos of large crocs and using a numeric formula based on average proportions of average crocs, etc, to determine length. I forget the name of the episode. Maybe Dr. Britton can fill in the details as that was some time ago.
I did not see the end of the documentary so I was not able to see if they came to any conclusions about which croc out there has the biggest rep.
In any case, it was fascinating.
I still think the largest maneater might be a non-saltie: A virtual dino named Gustave. (He's a Nile croc). Often estimated to be at or near between 18-20 feet, and possibly 60-80 years of age. Almost certainly he's all of 6 meters.
Apparently a clever lad of a croc, this guy actually stalks humans more so than being an opportunistic eater, and the problem is that anyone whose been close to him has generally never been left around to tell much about his length.
- June 1, 2009 at 3:18 AM
- Vancatu said...
Hi Dr. Britton,
I'm a great shark/croc enthusiast from the Netherlands, and I'm currently investigating the lenght of these magnificent animals.
During my search on the web I found two big crocodiles in captivity: Yai and Utan. Both are listed at 20 feet in lenght, and it seems the lenght of Yai is verified. I've seen both pictures and video's of these specimens, and in my opinion Utan seems larger.
You've mentioned in this blog that you're aware of the true size of Utan. I'm wondering what you meant with that respond? You don't think he's 20 feet in lenght?
I'm also curious about what you know about the size of the very large salty skeleton at the Palawan Crocodile farm in the Philippines. This specimen was apparently 6 meters in lenght.
- September 6, 2009 at 4:01 AM
- Adam Britton said...
Hi Vancatu, there is one big problem with both Utan and Yai. They are not saltwater crocodiles. They are both hydrids: F1 progeny of a saltwater x siamese cross.
There's no doubt that Yai is larger than Cassius, but I'm interested in the largest saltwater crocodile in the world and consider Yai to be a bit of a cheat due to hybrid vigor. Utan is also a hybrid from the same crocodile farm, although I've been told by more than one person "in the know" that he's not as large as advertised (not even Cassius-large).
- September 6, 2009 at 9:32 AM
- Adam Britton said...
*hydrids = hybrids, of course. Curse my typing!
- September 6, 2009 at 9:34 AM
- Wakefield Tolbert said...
Looks like anything over about 18 ft for any species of croc is just darn rare at all.
Gustave is not the biggest Niley, but he's a notorius maneater large and stealthy in his own right due no doubt to being clever.
He's estimated at 6 mtrs on visual comparisons and a forumla to that effect.
That's plenty big for the full monty effect to take place!!
No doubt the the big Salties are just as nasty to humans if given the chance and once we get a flourishing due to changes in the laws.
I love crocs, but when it comes to anything over a few mere feet, you're dealing with something that is difficult to comprehend in strength and power.
- September 6, 2009 at 1:01 PM
- Vancatu said...
Of course I know about Gustave, in fact, he's one of the reasons I'm so interested in big crocs. I've watched his video multiple times, and calculated his length. When you see him lying next to the hippo's, you see only half of it's body. A Hippopotamus is over 3 meters long on average, so that makes Gustave almost certainly 6 meters long.
For as far as I know, the largest 'officially' recognized Nile crocodile was caught in the 1950s and measured 5.94 in length. There are also non-verified big fish stories of larger Nile Crocs, like one who was caught in 1905 and measured 6.6 meters. But where's the proof? So there's a good change that Gustave is probably the largest Nile Croc ever documented.
Dr. Britton:
It's interesting to know that Utan probably isn't the size he's advertised. He seems larger then Yai. It's funny how video's and pictures can be so illusive. But Yai is indeed kind of a cheat, and off the record: also a very ugly crocodile.
And btw, there are also two other big Salty's in captivity in the Philippines: "Lapu-Lapu" and "Pangil". Do you also know what their real sizes are?
- September 6, 2009 at 11:58 PM
- Wakefield Tolbert said...
As time goes on, and if conservation holds firm, we might very well see the tipping of all kinds of records and scales for many species of crocs.
Of course the info I had on Gustave was likely someone's "guestimation" about ultimate sizes.
He's noteworthy for his penchant for going after humans more so than his size.
But whatever the case, he IS a big guy. I'm supposing this is the reason for some researchers wanting a closer look at him and to have a live capture, to find out the behaviors and physical traits that have apparently set him apart to even reach this age and size in the first place.
Course....easier said than done.
- September 8, 2009 at 2:14 AM
- dlal said...
Hi Adam, I read the story on Errol and his trip to texas on ntnews.com.au
I was wondering, how big is he? The article didn't mention his length. It must be an awesome experience handling a croc that big.
- November 22, 2009 at 12:21 PM
- Vancatu said...
If he's only 650 kg, he probably isn't more than 15 feet in lenght. But if you look at the picture, he seems a few feet larger.
- December 16, 2009 at 2:22 AM
- Jason Amigo said...
Hi Dr. Britton!
First and foremost, I am a VERY big fan of yours and am very fond of your articles and documentaries concerning crocs. In regards to the world's largest croc,I have recently read an article posted some time back in 2008 by Rom Whitaker concerning the ratios between croc skull length and body length. He mentioned that the "traditional" skull to body length ratio was 1:7, with the skull measured from from the tip of the nose to the back of the occipital platform. This surprised me as from what I know, the 1:7 ratio is the ratio between the body length and the length of the skull measured from the tip of the nose to the HINGE JOINT OF THE UPPER SKULL (quadrate I think is what you call that)not the occipital platform! As for the ratio from nose to occipital platform, the ratio that I know of is 1:8. Dr. Brady Barr even confirmed this 1:8 ratio by measuring a Nile crocodile and later using this information to seek out and capture an 18 footer. But then again, this 1:8 ratio applies only to Niles not salties.
Also, I originally thought that the Kanika skull was around 40 inches long from the nose to the hinge joint, but later realized it was much smaller. On the saltwater crocodile vs great white shark episode of Animal Face-Off, it was mentioned that the robo-croc had a 40 inch skull based on the largest skull in record. If it is not the Kanika skull that was used as a mold, then what was (if there even is a skull that big)? Possibly the Paris Museum specimen?
All these facts about crocodile skulls is well...boring a hole through mine. I would really appreciate if you would help me out.
P.S.I made a saltie skull replica,that took me a year to finish. It was around 40 inches long (not including the mandible)and was based on this information. Finding out that I had been chasing a "big fish" story really made me realize even more how annoying they can be. I share your burden Dr.Britton. ;)
Regards, Jason Amigo
- January 18, 2010 at 12:25 AM
- Hanna Eats Dinosaurs said...
yea i heard there was one that was like 28 feet long!
- March 18, 2011 at 12:53 PM
- Adam Britton said...
Hi Jason,
Thanks for the comments and sorry for the long delay replying. The measurement Rom used is the standard in published literature: anterior tip of premaxilla to midpoint of the posterior margin of the cranial platform. This has generally always been used for research purposes because it's easy to measure on an intact animal, whereas trying to find the quadrate hinge on a crocodile covered in skin and muscle is bound to be inaccurate. Skulls, on the other hand, are often measured to that point because it's the most obvious "total length" but it leads to considerable confusion and over-estimation of total length compared with the standard nose-cranial length.
1:7 is certainly correct for C. porosus (it does vary slightly esp. in larger animals) but as Rom points out the ratio differs between species because the proportion of head length to body length can be very different. C. niloticus has a shorter head relative to body length compared with C. porosus, and Brady's correct that it's closer to 1:8. Gharials, on the other hand, are closer to 1:6.
The Animal Face-Off skull that was used in that episode was actually a smaller cast that was scaled up to fit the bill. It wasn't a particularly remarkable skull, almost certainly a full or long-term captive given its terrible dentition. It was sufficient for the purposes of the show, but don't read too much into it. We ended up using it to illustrate known facts, rather than testing bite force (which would have been pointless).
- March 18, 2011 at 2:08 PM
- Adam Britton said...
dlal, Errol is 4.7 metres long (nearly 15.5 feet). So yes, he's a big boy! Apparently he's doing great at Fort Worth Zoo, they're working him a bit harder than he's used to. To be honest his 650 kg weight is fairly high for a croc of his size, a wild croc of similar size would generally be under 600 kg.
- March 18, 2011 at 2:13 PM
- Cairn Post said...
Check out a video of the record Breaking Croc at:
- September 2, 2011 at 3:46 PM
- CHRIS said...
check this out: http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/53601/giant-croc-captured-in-agusan-sur-creek
- September 6, 2011 at 5:03 PM
- Angelo said...
Dr. Adam and Wakefield
In response to your (Wakefield) post dated March 13, 2009 regarding exaggeration of size of the salt water croc that attacked the poor girl check the link below to verify what the fox news said and estimation of some locals in the area regarding the size of the monstrous croc.
- September 6, 2011 at 6:51 PM
- Angelo said...
well try to search the croc that was caught here in the philippines, it is a salt water crocodile and said that it might be the largest crocodile caught alive about 21 ft in length.. the villagers saw the crocodile eating a water buffalo..how about that?
- September 7, 2011 at 2:47 AM
- Vancatu said...
Dr Britton,
I see someone already posted it and you obviously are already aware of it. Forget about Cassius. We have a new king: Lolong.
After all those years there's finally a specimen that is not only documented on film but also the biggest one ever captured. Even the biggest one 'scientifially' documented, won't you agree?
I think it's hard not to acknowledge its size. I hope you're as excited as I am. :)
In case you haven't already seen them, here are some great pictures:
Best wishes,
PS. it's great and sad at the same time a specimen like this is captured, but at least they captured him alive. I hope he's in a healthy condition and is being treated well. Truly a beautiful animal.
- September 7, 2011 at 5:04 AM
- Adam Britton said...
Hi Angelo, well this is a new report since this blog post was written so it may turn out to be quite a bit bigger than Cassius. However, the first thing is to get some independent verification of its size, because I have a habit of not believing what I see in media releases. It certainly looks big enough from the photographs, but it's hard to certain without solid proof. I know this is being sought, so let's see.
- September 7, 2011 at 7:52 AM
- dlal said...
Haha all I can say is the NT News must be fuming they don't have the biggest croc in the world story to report on. Haha not territory related..so no tourism attraction. Hmm I think I will go to the Phillipines for my next holiday!
- September 7, 2011 at 8:31 AM
- Angelo said...
Hi dlal, I don't know about NT vs FNQ regarding the baddest and biggest croc, but well I guess both of them were amaze that they don't have the biggest croc and I think both of them are scratching their heads too (sorry guys hahahaha).. well hope to see you in my home country.
- September 7, 2011 at 1:22 PM
- Uzumaki said...
Hello wazzup everyone. I'm a Filipino and an avid fan of the NatGeo Channel and I love watching wildlife documentaries, including crocs. I've watched videos about the biggest crocs either in captivity or in the wild in different countries in the world, which includes Cassius, the title holder. But I have never imagined that one day the Philippines will be in the headlines around the world for catching the said largest crocodile ever caught (although not yet confirmed) here in our country. I know that there are some species of crocodiles living here in the Philippines. But I never thought that a crocodile here would grow this big, which can be compared to the giant crocs that I have watched in Nat Geo. Well, I'm just amazed with such fact. And we must be very thankful that Lolong wasn't killed during the hunt. Like what Angelo said, see you in our home country. ^_^
- September 8, 2011 at 1:21 AM
- Vancatu said...
These are the latest pictures of Lolong:
Latest reports state that around September 27 a team of Guinness and National Geographic will visit the crocodile to verify its length.
Having seen all the pictures I could find from all different angles plus a bunch of videos, I'm pretty sure the crocodile is indeed about 6 metres, although I'm sceptical if he really is 6.4 metres. I think the 21 feet number is misinterpreted (intentional or accidental) as the original reports stated the croc was "20.1" feet, which I think is about right.
In one of the videos I saw it looked like the croc was being properly measured. Whether it will indeed turn out to be a 20 footer we'll probably know within a few weeks.
I have no doubt he will be larger than Cassius though.
- September 20, 2011 at 5:33 AM
- portstephens said...
So Lolong RIP.
- February 11, 2013 at 9:44 AM


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Jimmy Buffet and Mass Data
Being somewhat of a closet Parrot Head (a fan of easygoing singer-songwriter Jimmy Buffett), I find it amazing where my brain takes me. In a recent focus group of accounts receivables managers, while they discussed the pain associated with cash application, my brain suddenly retrieved a line in Buffett's song, "Fruitcakes," which goes: "Tell me what's goin on; I don't gotta a clue."
Meeting participants recounted their daily difficulty with making sense of the vast amount of data and the efforts to update their accounts receivables systems. They talked about possessing no control over the manner in which buyers send the remittance data associated with their payments.
How does that relate to this article? My previous article, "Data, Data Everywhere…Where Do Banks Start?", highlighted the challenges that completely unstructured and random transaction data spark when banks' analytic engines are designed. The challenge is easily aggregating the data and then applying big data once it's captured. This requires justifying the expense to solve both customer and internal data problems and address regulatory compliance requirements when budget dollars are scarce. This situation only can be resolved if a bank's internal data needs are tied with those of the customer.
Polar Opposites Attract
A customer's data needs start with the underlying bank transactions. A bank's internal data needs begin with the aggregation of the data into meaningful information (i.e., total transactions processed to determine a customer's bill; aggregated data for developing a product-pricing model; payments trends of customers for either lending or compliance needs; etc.). And these needs couldn't be more opposite.
What practical examples emerge of spanning the data needs of customers and a bank's data needs? How do you serve both masters to generate the funding required for the necessary investments?
A Journey Starts with One Step
Continuing the accounts receivable example, practical automation tools exist that a bank can provide its customers to reduce some of the manual effort associated with organizing and applying their data to an A/R system. For one thing, the data can be aggregated for deeper analysis to address some of the systemic issues, including sources of poor data, which arise. This analysis can yield opportunities for the customer to improve its receivables process.
Consider drawing meaningful insights from such measures as the percentage of payments by payment type seem rather rudimentary. But deeper value begins to emerge when compared to the performance of other companies within their industry. This greater insight derives when comparing remitters' (buyers') payment patterns with each customer (seller) to that of other bank customers. This delivers an actionable benefit to the customer to prod them to negotiate better payment terms with their buyers.
In the process some interesting insights are learned and the banker/client relationship is fundamentally changed. Envision this conversation from a banker with their manufacturing customer:
"As a result of analyzing your payments, we looked at your top ten remitters. When we compare your payments versus our other clients from the same remitters, we see that on average you are being paid two days later."
This is the type of insight that on its face alone is potentially transformative for the client but opens the door for discussions by the banker to directly pinpoint solutions that benefit the customer. The effort to achieve this level of transaction data abstraction through mass data technology sets the foundation for further benefits to the bank.
Climbing the Hill
Corporate lending, especially asset-based lending, relies heavily on a company's financial statements to determine the loan-commitment amounts. In secured-receivables financing, it's common that a lender request that the company have its receivables transactions processed by the bank, ostensibly to increase the bank's visibility to the borrower's payment flows. Beyond the comfort of the deposit being made with the bank, little is done with the transaction data unless the receivable is discounted.
As secured-receivables financing has matured into supply-chain financing, transaction data possess new value. Harvesting a customer's underlying transaction data provides the ability to identify receivables investment pools to provide financing alternatives. As an example, segregating the receivables data by the investment grade of the buyer provides the seller the ability to reduce the cost of receivables financing by using the credit rating of their buyer. The underlying data continues to be harvested as it replenishes syndication pools or auction sites.
Again back to our banker/client conversation:
"In addition to noticing the days sales outstanding improvement we uncovered, we noticed you have a large concentration of receivables from buyers with attractive credit ratings. I think we should explore how this can be turned to your advantage and improve your funding costs."
This type of conversation is directly juxtaposed to an open ended dialogue initiated by the banker which has no fact-based direction.
Reaching the Top
In these rather focused examples, the development of a data strategy highlights the ability for each of the stakeholders to receive incremental value with each investment. The customer initially gains insight into their current receivables patterns and deeper insight as investment alternatives are defined. And, while no bank is sitting back eating cheeseburgers in paradise, a well-defined data strategy moves the bank from a pure transaction processing provider to a value-added partner.
Lawrence F. Buettner is a senior vice president at Wausau Financial Systems, which provides receivables technology for financial institutions. He has 30 year of experience in financial treasury management, and was an SVP at First Chicago.
[Check out ways companies are Navigating the Big Spectrum of Big Data's Solutions at Interop, which runs from September 30 through October 4 in NYC.]

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Twitter says hackers compromise 250K accounts
Twitter confirmed Friday that it had become the latest victim in a number of high-profile cyber-attacks against media companies, saying that hackers may have gained access to information on 250,000 of its more than 200 million active users.
The social media giant said in a blog posting that earlier this week it detected attempts to gain access to its user data. It shut down one attack moments after it was detected.
But it discovered that the attackers may have stolen user names, email addresses and encrypted passwords belonging to 250,000 users. Twitter reset the pilfered passwords and sent emails advising affected users.
The online attack comes on the heels of recent hacks into the computer systems of U.S. media and technology companies, including The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal. Both American newspapers reported this week that their computer systems had been infiltrated by China-based hackers, likely to monitor media coverage the Chinese government deems important.
China has been accused of mounting a widespread, aggressive cyber-spying campaign for several years, trying to steal classified information and corporate secrets and to intimidate critics. The Chinese foreign ministry could not be reached for comment Saturday, but the Chinese government has said those accusations are baseless and that China itself is a victim of cyber-attacks.
"Chinese law forbids hacking and any other actions that damage Internet security," the Chinese Defense Ministry recently said. "The Chinese military has never supported any hacking activities."
Although Twitter said in its blog that the attack "was not the work of amateurs, and we do not believe it was an isolated incident."
"The attackers were extremely sophisticated, and we believe other companies and organizations have also been recently similarly attacked," the blog said. "For that reason we felt that it was important to publicize this attack while we still gather information, and we are helping government and federal law enforcement in their effort to find and prosecute these attackers to make the Internet safer for all users."
One expert said that the Twitter hack probably happened after an employee's home or work computer was compromised through vulnerabilities in Java, a commonly used computing language whose weaknesses have been well publicized.
Ashkan Soltani, an independent privacy and security researcher, said such a move would give attackers "a toehold" in Twitter's internal network, potentially allowing them either to sniff out user information as it traveled across the company's system or break into specific areas, such as the authentication servers that process users' passwords.
In a telephone interview Friday, Soltani said that the relatively small number of users affected suggested either that attackers weren't on the network long or that they were only able to compromise a subset of the company's servers.
Twitter is generally used to broadcast messages to the public, so the hacking might not immediately have yielded any important secrets. But the stolen credentials could be used to eavesdrop on private messages or track which Internet address a user is posting from.
That might be useful, for example, for an authoritarian regime trying to keep tabs on a journalist's movements.
"More realistically, someone could use that as an entry point into another service," Soltani said, noting that since few people bother using different passwords for different services, a password stolen from Twitter might be just as handy for reading a journalist's emails.
Copyright 2013 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


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By The Open Group Conference Team
Yesterday concluded The Open Group Conference San Francisco. Key themes that stood out on Day 3, as well as throughout the conference, included the need for a better understanding of business expectations and existing structures.
Jason Bloomberg, president of ZapThink, began his presentation by using an illustration of a plate of spaghetti and drawing an analogy to Cloud Computing. He compared spaghetti to legacy applications and displayed the way that enterprises are currently moving to the Cloud – by taking the plate of spaghetti and physically putting it in the Cloud.
A lot of companies that have adopted Cloud Computing have done so without a comprehensive understanding of their current organization and enterprise assets, according to Mr. Bloomberg. A legacy application that is not engineered to operate in the Cloud will not yield the hyped benefits of elasticity and infinite scalability. And Cloud adoption without well thought-out objectives will never reach the vague goals of "better ROI" or "reduced costs."
Mr. Bloomberg urged the audience to start with the business problem in order to understand what the right adoption will be for your enterprise. He argued that it's crucial to think about the question "What does your application require?" Do you require Scalability? Elasticity? A private, public or hybrid Cloud? Without knowing a business's expected outcomes, enterprise architects will be hard pressed to help them achieve their goals.
Understand your environment
Chris Lockhart, consultant at Working Title Management & Technology Consultants, shared his experiences helping a Fortune 25 company with an outdated technology model support Cloud-centric services. Lockhart noted that for many large companies, Cloud has been the fix-it solution for poorly architected enterprises. But often times after the business tells architects to build a model for cloud adoption, the plan presented and the business expectations do not align.
After working on this project Mr. Lockhart learned that the greatest problem for architects is "people with unset and unmanaged expectations." After the Enterprise Architecture team realized that they had limited power with their recommendations and strategic roadmaps, they acted as negotiators, often facilitating communication between different departments within the business. This is where architects began to display their true value to the organization, illustrated by the following statement made by a business executive within the organization: "Architects are seen as being balanced and rounded individuals who combine a creative approach with a caring, thoughtful disposition."
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- Recognize the limitations
- Use the same language
- Work within existing structures
- Frameworks and models are important to a certain extent
- Don't talk products
- Leave architectural purity in the ivory tower
- Don't dictate – low threat level works better
- Recognize that EA doesn't know everything
- Most of the work was dealing with people, not technology
Understand your Cloud Perspective
Steve Bennett, senior enterprise architect at Oracle, discussed the best way to approach Cloud Computing in his session, entitled "A Pragmatic Approach to Cloud Computing." While architects understand and create value driven approaches, most customers simply don't think this way, Mr. Bennett said. Often the business side of the enterprise hears about the revolutionary benefits of the Cloud, but they usually don't take a pragmatic approach to implementing it.
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Global Aircraft Dismantling Market Status, Trends and COVID-19 Impact Report 2021 , Covid 19 Outbreak Impact research report added by Report Ocean, is an in-depth analysis of market characteristics, size and growth, segmentation, regional and country breakdowns, competitive landscape, market shares, trends and strategies for this market. It traces the market's historic and forecast market growth by geography. It places the market within the context of the wider Aircraft Dismantling market, and compares it with other markets., market definition, regional market opportunity, sales and revenue by region, manufacturing cost analysis, Industrial Chain, market effect factors analysis, Aircraft Dismantling market size forecast, market data & Graphs and Statistics, Tables, Bar &Pie Charts, and many more for business intelligence. Get complete Report (Including Full TOC, 100+ Tables & Figures, and Chart). – In-depth Analysis Pre & Post COVID-19 Market Outbreak Impact Analysis & Situation by Region
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Manufacturer Detail
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Global Aircraft Dismantling Market Research Report
Section 1: Global Aircraft Dismantling Industry Overview
Section 2: Global Economic Impact on Aircraft Dismantling Industry
Section 3: Global Market Competition by Industry Producers
Section 4: Global Productions, Revenue (Value), according to Regions
Section 5: Global Supplies (Production), Consumption, Export, Import, geographically
Section 6: Global Productions, Revenue (Value), Price Trend, Product Type
Section 7: Global Market Analysis, on the basis of Application
Section 8: Aircraft Dismantling Market Pricing Analysis
Section 9: Market Chain, Sourcing Strategy, and Downstream Buyers
Section 10: Strategies and key policies by Distributors/Suppliers/Traders
Section 11: Key Marketing Strategy Analysis, by Market Vendors
Section 12: Market Effect Factors Analysis
Section 13: Global Aircraft Dismantling Market Forecast
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[total] => 0.016187191009521
[t1 - t2] => 0.0045411586761475
[t2 - t3] => 0.0040440559387207
[t3 - t4] => 8.8214874267578E-6
[t4 - t5] => 1.8119812011719E-5
[t5 - t6] => 1.9073486328125E-6
[t6 - t7] => 0.007573127746582
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Don Mills is bounded by the Canadian Pacific Railway to the south, Leslie Street to the west, York Mills Road to the north and Victoria Park Avenue to the east. It is located in the district of North York and was initially developed to be a self-supporting 'new town'.
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European Commission launches infringement procedures against two Member States over agreements with Russia on equal treatment of EU airlines and Siberian overflights
On 6 April 2011 the European Commission has launched infringement procedures against Bulgaria and the Czech Republic over their bilateral air service agreements with Russia, sending each of these Member States a formal request for information known as a 'letter of formal notice'. The Commission is concerned that the agreements may hinder equal treatment of EU airlines and competition between European airlines and provide the basis for Siberian overflight charges that may be illegal under EU anti-trust rules. Similar letters of formal notice have already been sent to 23 other Member States in recent months, and the Commission is now assessing the compliance with EU law of the remaining two Member States' bilateral aviation agreements with Russia. The fact that European Union airlines have to pay to fly over Siberia on their way to Asian destinations can not only make the flights more expensive, but can also lead to unfair competition between EU and non-EU airlines.
The view of the European Commission is that air transport agreements must treat all EU airlines equally, and respect antitrust rules. Otherwise some EU airlines may be treated less favourably than their direct competitors or face paying unreasonable additional charges which can get passed on to consumers in higher air fares.
The infringement procedure addresses two main issues:
1. Freedom of establishment
Bilateral air service agreements between an individual Member State and a non-EU country have to include an "EU designation clause" recognising that the terms apply equally to all EU airlines, and not just the airlines of that Member State. This is an essential part of the Single European Aviation Market which was created in the early 1990s, guaranteeing that airlines are entitled to operate under the same conditions anywhere in the EU. The requirement to have an "EU designation clause" was confirmed in the "Open Skies rulings" of the Court of Justice in 2002 (see IP/02/1609). The Court stated that provisions limiting the benefits of air service agreements to nationals of the Member State concerned are in breach of EU rules on freedom of establishment (now laid down in Article 49 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the EU).
Most agreements with non-EU countries have since been adapted to the Court ruling. Russia is one of the few countries in the world that fails to recognise that all EU carriers must be treated equally, and that the terms of any bilateral agreement must include an "EU designation" clause and apply to all. This creates serious practical problems, putting at risk traffic rights, for example, for airlines taken over by a carrier from another EU Member State.
2. Siberian overflight charges
Designated EU airlines are obliged to pay Siberian overflight charges for routes to many Asian destinations. It is estimated that in 2008 alone, the EU carriers concerned paid around USD 420 million in charges – most of it directly to the Russian airline Aeroflot. The Commission is concerned that this is in breach of EU antitrust law whereby airlines should not be forced into concluding a commercial agreement with a direct competitor. The Commission is also concerned that this is in breach of international law (Chicago Convention). These bilateral agreements also impose different conditions on EU airlines depending on the country they are based in, which creates an additional distortion of competition. In the end, passengers risk having to pay more for their flights than they would otherwise need to.
Next steps
Member States have two months to respond to the letters of formal notice. If they fail to react satisfactorily the Commission will send a reasoned opinion requesting the Member States in question to amend their bilateral air service agreements with Russia.
Letters of formal notice were already sent in October 2010 to Austria, Finland, France and Germany (see IP/10/1425), in January 2011 to Belgium, Denmark, Italy, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Sweden and the UK (see IP/11/74), in February 2011 to Cyprus, Ireland, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia and Spain and in March 2011 to Estonia, Greece, Hungary, Lithuania, Malta and Slovenia (see IP/11/298).
The Commission is actively assessing the compliance with EU law of the bilateral air service agreements that the remaining two Member States have with Russia.
For more information on EU infringement procedures, see MEMO/11/220
Source: DG Mobility and Transport


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Global Wireless Audio Speakers Industry Market Research Report
- 108 Pages
- Region: Global
The Wireless Audio Speakers market revenue was xx.xx Million USD in 2017, grew to xx.xx Million USD in 2021, and will reach xx.xx Million USD in 2027, with a CAGR of x.x% during 2022-2027. Based on the Wireless Audio Speakers industrial chain, this report mainly elaborates the definition, types, applications and major players of Wireless Audio Speakers market in details. Deep analysis about market status (2017-2022), enterprise competition pattern, advantages and disadvantages of enterprise products, industry development trends (2022-2027), regional industrial layout characteristics and macroeconomic policies, industrial policy has also be included. From raw materials to downstream buyers of this industry will be analyzed scientifically, the feature of product circulation and sales channel will be presented as well. In a word, this report will help you to establish a panorama of industrial development and characteristics of the Wireless Audio Speakers market.
The Wireless Audio Speakers market can be split based on product types, major applications, and important regions.
Major Players in Wireless Audio Speakers market are:
DEI Holdings, Inc.
Sony Corporation
Ossic Corporation
HARMAN International Industries Inc.
Sennheiser Electronic GmbH & Co. KG
Apple Inc.
Trüsound Audio
VIZIO, Inc.
Bose Corporation
Sonos Inc.
Plantronics Inc.
VOXX International Corporation
Major Regions that plays a vital role in Wireless Audio Speakers market are:
North America
Middle East & Africa
South America
Most important types of Wireless Audio Speakers products covered in this report are:
Most widely used downstream fields of Wireless Audio Speakers market covered in this report are:
Home Audio
There are 13 Chapters to thoroughly display the Wireless Audio Speakers market. This report included the analysis of market overview, market characteristics, industry chain, competition landscape, historical and future data by types, applications and regions.
Chapter 1: Wireless Audio Speakers Market Overview, Product Overview, Market Segmentation, Market Overview of Regions, Market Dynamics, Limitations, Opportunities and Industry News and Policies.
Chapter 2: Wireless Audio Speakers Industry Chain Analysis, Upstream Raw Material Suppliers, Major Players, Production Process Analysis, Cost Analysis, Market Channels and Major Downstream Buyers.
Chapter 3: Value Analysis, Production, Growth Rate and Price Analysis by Type of Wireless Audio Speakers.
Chapter 4: Downstream Characteristics, Consumption and Market Share by Application of Wireless Audio Speakers.
Chapter 5: Production Volume, Price, Gross Margin, and Revenue ($) of Wireless Audio Speakers by Regions (2017-2022).
Chapter 6: Wireless Audio Speakers Production, Consumption, Export and Import by Regions (2017-2022).
Chapter 7: Wireless Audio Speakers Market Status and SWOT Analysis by Regions.
Chapter 8: Competitive Landscape, Product Introduction, Company Profiles, Market Distribution Status by Players of Wireless Audio Speakers.
Chapter 9: Wireless Audio Speakers Market Analysis and Forecast by Type and Application (2022-2027).
Chapter 10: Market Analysis and Forecast by Regions (2022-2027).
Chapter 11: Industry Characteristics, Key Factors, New Entrants SWOT Analysis, Investment Feasibility Analysis.
Chapter 12: Market Conclusion of the Whole Report.
Chapter 13: Appendix Such as Methodology and Data Resources of This Research.
Wireless Audio Speakers Market Research Report is about Wireless Audio Speakers Industry study. Get complete Wireless Audio Speakers market research report published after Market Study, Industrial Analysis with Trends & Statistics. Wireless Audio Speakers Market Report is a syndicated report for Investors and Manufacturer to understand Market Demand, Growth, trends and Factor Influencing market in upcoming years.


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