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Revision as of 16:01, November 14, 2013
This document was written to help you install Funtoo Linux as concisely as possible, with a minimum number of distracting options regarding system configuration.
These docs assume you have a "PC compatible" computer system with a standard PC BIOS. Many new computers support UEFI for booting, which is a new firmware interface that replaces the old-fashioned MBR-based BIOS. If you have a system with UEFI, you will want to use this documentation along with the UEFI Install Guide, which will augment these instructions and explain how to get your system to boot. You may need to change your PC BIOS settings to enable or disable UEFI booting. The UEFI Install Guide has more information on this, and steps on how to determine if your system supports UEFI.
We also offer a ZFS Install Guide, which augment the instructions on this page for those who want to install Funtoo Linux on ZFS. If you are installing Funtoo Linux on ARM architecture, please see Funtoo Linux Installation on ARM for notable differences regarding ARM support. An experimental Funtoo Linux build also exists for SPARC platforms. See Funtoo Linux Installation on SPARC.
If you've had previous experience installing Gentoo Linux then a lot of steps will be familiar, but you should still read through as there are a few differences.
Installation Overview
This is a basic overview of the Funtoo installation process:
- Download and boot the live CD of your choice.
- Prepare your disk.
- Create and mount filesystems.
- Install the Funtoo stage tarball of your choice.
- Chroot into your new system.
- Download the Portage tree.
- Configure your system and network.
- Install a kernel.
- Install a bootloader.
- Complete final steps.
- Reboot and enjoy.
Live CD
Funtoo doesn't provide an "official" Funtoo Live CD, but there are plenty of good ones out there to choose from. A great choice is the Gentoo-based SystemRescueCd as it contains lots of tools and utilities and supports both 32-bit and 64-bit systems.
It is also possible to install Funtoo Linux using many other Linux-based live CDs. Generally, any modern bootable Linux live CD or live USB media will work. See requirements for an overview of what the Live Media must provide to allow a problem-free install of Funtoo Linux.
To begin a Funtoo Linux installation, download SystemRescueCD from:
- Main US mirror: The Oregon State University Open Source Lab
- Main EU mirror: HEAnet or use your preferred live media. Insert it into your disc drive, and boot from it. If using an older version of SystemRescueCD, be sure to select the rescue64 kernel at the boot menu if you are installing a 64-bit system. By default, SystemRescueCD used to boot in 32-bit mode though the latest version attempts to automatically detect 64-bit processors.
Prepare Hard Disk
Funtoo Linux fully supports traditional MBR partitions, as well as newer GPT/GUID partition formats. Funtoo Linux recommends the use of the GPT partitioning scheme, since it is newer and more flexible. Here are the various trade-offs between each partitioning scheme:
GPT Partitions
- Newer, preferred format for Linux systems
- Supports 2 TB+ hard drives for booting
- Supports hundreds of partitions per disk of any size
- Requires legacy BIOS boot partition (~32 MB) to be created if system does not use EFI
- Requires bootloader with support for GPT such as GRUB 2, EXTLINUX, or a patched version of GRUB Legacy
MBR Partitions
- Legacy, DOS partitioning scheme
- Only 4 primary partitions per disk; after that, you must use "logical" partitions
- Does not support 2 TB+ disks for booting
- Compatible with certain problematic systems (such as the HP ProBook 4520)
- Dual-boot with Windows for BIOS systems (Windows handle GPT only on true EFI systems, whatever version it is)
- Multiple boot loader options, e.g. GRUB 2, GRUB Legacy, lilo
If you plan to use partitions of 2 TB or greater, you must partition using the GPT/GUID format. Also note that there are small percentage of PCs that will not boot properly with GPT. For these systems, using MBR partitions or a primary drive with an MBR partition may be required in order to boot.
Partitioning Using gdisk
Notes Before We Begin
These install instructions assume you are installing Funtoo Linux to an empty hard disk using GUID partition tables (GPT). If you are installing Funtoo Linux on a machine where another OS is installed, or there is an existing Linux distribution on your system that you want to keep, then you will need to adapt these instructions to suit your needs.
If you are going to create a legacy MBR partition table instead of GUID/GPT, you will use the fdisk command instead of gdisk, and you will not need to create the GRUB boot loader partition. See the table under Partitioning Recommendations, in particular the MBR Block Device (fdisk) and MBR Code columns. fdisk works just like gdisk, but creates legacy MBR partition tables instead of the newer GPT/GUID partition tables.
Advanced users may be interested in the following topics:
- GUID Booting Guide
- Rootfs over encrypted lvm
- Rootfs over encrypted lvm over raid-1 on GPT
- NEW! ZFS Install Guide (Also contains instructions for Rootfs over Encrypted ZFS!)
Using gdisk
The first step after booting SystemRescueCd is to use gdisk to create GPT (also known as GUID) partitions, specifying the disk you want to use, which is typically /dev/sda, the first disk in the system:
root # gdisk /dev/sda
You should find gdisk very similar to fdisk. Here is the partition table we want to end up with:
Command (? for help): p
Disk /dev/sda: 234441648 sectors, 111.8 GiB
Logical sector size: 512 bytes
Disk identifier (GUID): A4E5208A-CED3-4263-BB25-7147DC426931
Partition table holds up to 128 entries
First usable sector is 34, last usable sector is 234441614
Partitions will be aligned on 2048-sector boundaries
Total free space is 2014 sectors (1007.0 KiB)
Number Start (sector) End (sector) Size Code Name
1 2048 206847 500.0 MiB 8300 Linux filesystem
2 206848 272383 32.0 MiB EF02 BIOS boot partition
3 272384 8660991 4.0 GiB 8200 Linux swap
4 8660992 234441614 107.7 GiB 8300 Linux filesystem
Command (? for help):
Above, you'll see that we have a 500 MiB boot partition, a 32 MiB "BIOS boot partition" (also known as the GRUB boot loader partition), 4 GiB of swap, and the remaining disk used by a 107.7 GiB root partition.
For new gdisk users
These partitions were created using the "n" command from within gdisk. The gdisk commands to create the partition table above are as follows. Adapt sizes as necessary, although these defaults will work for most users. The partition codes entered below can be found in the Partitioning Recommendations table below, in the GPT Code column.
Within gdisk, follow these steps:
Create Partition 1 (boot):
Command: n ↵ Partition Number: 1 ↵ First sector: ↵ Last sector: +500M ↵ Hex Code: ↵
Create Partition 2 (GRUB):
Command: n ↵ Partition Number: 2 ↵ First sector: ↵ Last sector: +32M ↵ Hex Code: EF02 ↵
Create Partition 3 (swap):
Command: n ↵ Partition Number: 3 ↵ First sector: ↵ Last sector: +4G ↵ Hex Code: 8200 ↵
Create Partition 4 (root):
Command: n ↵ Partition Number: 4 ↵ First sector: ↵ Last sector: ↵ (for rest of disk) Hex Code: ↵
Along the way, you can type "p" and hit Enter to view your current partition table. If you make a mistake, you can type "d" to delete an existing partition that you created. When you are satisfied with your partition setup, type "w" to write your configuration to disk:
Write Partition Table To Disk:
Command: w ↵ Do you want to proceed? (Y/N): Y ↵
The partition table will now be written to disk and gdisk will close.
Now, your GPT/GUID partitions have been created, and will show up as the following block devices under Linux:
- /dev/sda1, which will be used to hold the /boot filesystem,
- /dev/sda2, which will be used directly by the new GRUB,
- /dev/sda3, which will be used for swap space, and
- /dev/sda4, which will hold your root filesystem.
For Previous fdisk users
If you have installed Gentoo Linux before, the one thing that is likely new to you here is the GRUB boot loader partition, which is listed as "BIOS boot partition" within gdisk. This partition is required for GRUB 2 to boot GPT/GUID boot disks. What is it? In GRUB-speak, this partition is essentially the location of the meat of GRUB's boot loading code. If you've used GRUB Legacy in the past, this partition is where the new GRUB stores the equivalent of the stage1_5 and stage2 files in legacy GRUB. Since GPT-based partition tables have less dead space at the beginning of the disk than their MBR equivalents, an explicitly defined partition of code EF02 is required to hold the guts of the boot loader.
In all other respects, the partition table is similar to that which you might create for an MBR-based disk during a Gentoo Linux installation. We have a boot and a root partition with code 0700, and a Linux swap partition with code 8200.
Partitioning Recommendations
Below are our partitioning recommendations in table form. For GPT-based partitions, use the GPT Block Device and GPT Code columns with gdisk. For legacy MBR-based partitions, use the MBR Block Device and MBR code columns with fdisk:
|MBR Block Device (fdisk)
|GPT Block Device (gdisk)
|MBR Code
|GPT Code
|GRUB boot loader partition
|not required for MBR
|For GPT/GUID only, skip for MBR - no filesystem.
|2x RAM for low-memory systems and production servers; otherwise 2GB.
|swap (default)
|/ (root)
|Rest of the disk, minimum of 10GB.
|ext4 recommended, alternatively XFS
|/home (optional)
|User storage and media. Typically most of the disk.
|/dev/sda4 (if created)
|/dev/sda5 (if created)
|ext4 recommended, alternatively XFS
|LVM (optional)
|If you want to create an LVM volume.
|/dev/sda4 (PV, if created)
|/dev/sda5 (PV, if created)
Creating filesystems
Before your newly-created partitions can be used, the block devices need to be initialized with filesystem metadata. This process is known as creating a filesystem on the block devices. After filesystems are created on the block devices, they can be mounted and used to store files.
You will not create a filesystem on your swap partition, but will initialize it using the mkswap command so that it can be used as disk-based virtual memory. Then we'll run the swapon command to make your newly-initialized swap space active within the live CD environment, in case it is needed during the rest of the install process.
Note that we will not create a filesystem on the GRUB boot loader partition, as GRUB writes binary data directly to that partition when the boot loader is installed, which we'll do later.
You can see the commands you will need to type below. Like the rest of this document, it assumes that you are using a GPT partitioning scheme. If you are using MBR, your root filesystem will likely be created on /dev/sda3 instead and you will need to adjust the target block devices. If you are following our recommendations, then simply do this:
root # mke2fs -t ext2 /dev/sda1 root # mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda4 root # mkswap /dev/sda3 root # swapon /dev/sda3
XFS filesystem is incompatible with CONFIG_USER_NS config option in kernel (required for LXC) for XFS filesystem:
root # mke2fs -t ext2 /dev/sda1 root # mkfs.xfs /dev/sda4 root # mkswap /dev/sda3 root # swapon /dev/sda3
Mounting filesystems
Mount the newly-created filesystems as follows, creating /mnt/funtoo as the installation mount point:
root # mkdir /mnt/funtoo root # mount /dev/sda4 /mnt/funtoo root # mkdir /mnt/funtoo/boot root # mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/funtoo/boot
Optionally, if you have a separate filesystem for /home or anything else:
root # mkdir /mnt/funtoo/home root # mount /dev/sda5 /mnt/funtoo/home
If you have /tmp or /var/tmp on a separate filesystem, be sure to change the permissions of the mount point to be globally-writeable after mounting, as follows:
root # chmod 1777 /mnt/funtoo/tmp
Installing the Stage 3 tarball
Stage 3 tarball
After creating filesystems, the next step is downloading the initial Stage 3 tarball. The Stage 3 is a pre-compiled system used as a starting point to install Funtoo Linux. Visit the Download page and copy the URL to the Stage 3 tarball you want to use. We will download it soon.
If your system's date and time are too far off (typically by months or years,) then it may prevent Portage from properly downloading source tarballs. This is because some of our sources are downloaded via HTTPS, which use SSL certificates and are marked with an activation and expiration date.
Now is a good time to verify the date and time are correctly set to UTC. Use the date command to verify the date and time:
root # date Fri Jul 15 19:47:18 UTC 2011
If the date and/or time need to be corrected, do so using date MMDDhhmmYYYY, keeping in mind hhmm are in 24-hour format. The example below changes the date and time to "July 16th, 2011 @ 8:00PM" UTC:
root # date 071620002011 Fri Jul 16 20:00:00 UTC 2011
Once you are in your Funtoo Linux root filesystem, use wget to download the Stage 3 tarball you have chosen from the Download page to use as the basis for your new Funtoo Linux system. It should be saved to the /mnt/funtoo directory as follows:
root # cd /mnt/funtoo root # wget http://ftp.osuosl.org/pub/funtoo/funtoo-current/x86-64bit/generic_64/stage3-latest.tar.xz
Note that 64-bit systems can run 32-bit or 64-bit stages, but 32-bit systems can only run 32-bit stages. Make sure that you select a Stage 3 build that is appropriate for your CPU. If you are not certain, it is a safe bet to choose the generic_64 or generic_32 stage. Consult the Download page for more information.
Once the stage is downloaded, extract the contents with the following command, substituting in the actual name of your stage 3 tarball:
root # tar xJpf stage3-latest.tar.xz
It is very important to use tar's "p" option when extracting the Stage 3 tarball - it tells tar to preserve any permissions and ownership that exist within the archive. Without this option, your Funtoo Linux filesystem permissions will be incorrect.
Chroot into Funtoo
Before chrooting into your new system, there's a few things that need to be done first. You will need to mount /proc and /dev inside your new system. Use the following commands:
root # cd /mnt/funtoo root # mount -t proc none proc root # mount --rbind /sys sys root # mount --rbind /dev dev
You'll also want to copy over resolv.conf in order to have proper DNS name resolution from inside the chroot:
root # cp /etc/resolv.conf etc
Now you can chroot into your new system. Use env before chroot to ensure that no environment variables from the installation media are used by your new system:
root # env -i HOME=/root TERM=$TERM chroot . bash -l
Users of live CDs with 64-bit kernels: Some software may use uname -r to check whether the system is 32 or 64-bit. You may want append linux32 to the chroot command as a workaround, but it's generally not needed.
If you receive the error "chroot: failed to run command `/bin/bash': Exec format error", it is probably because you are running a 32-bit kernel and trying to execute 64-bit code. SystemRescueCd boots with a 32-bit kernel by default.
It's also a good idea to change the default command prompt while inside the chroot. This will avoid confusion if you have to change terminals. Use this command:
root # export PS1="(chroot) $PS1"
Congratulations! You are now chrooted inside a Funtoo Linux system. Now it's time to get Funtoo Linux properly configured so that Funtoo Linux will boot successfully when your system is restarted.
Downloading the Portage tree
For an alternative way to do this, see Installing Portage From Snapshot.
Now it's time to install a copy of the Portage repository, which contains package scripts (ebuilds) that tell portage how to build and install thousands of different software packages. To create the Portage repository, simply run emerge --sync from within the chroot. This will automatically clone the portage tree from GitHub:
(chroot) # emerge --sync
If you receive the error with initial emerge --sync due to git protocol restrictions, change SYNC variable in /etc/portage/make.conf
Configuring your system
As is expected from a Linux distribution, Funtoo Linux has its share of configuration files. The one file you are absolutely required to edit in order to ensure that Funtoo Linux boots successfully is /etc/fstab. The others are optional. Here are a list of files that you should consider editing:
|Do I need to change it?
|YES - required
|Mount points for all filesystems to be used at boot time. This file must reflect your disk partition setup. We'll guide you through modifying this file below.
|Maybe - recommended
|Your timezone, which will default to UTC if not set. This should be a symbolic link to something located under /usr/share/zoneinfo (e.g. /usr/share/zoneinfo/America/Montreal)
/etc/portage/make.conf (new location)
|Maybe - recommended
|Parameters used by gcc (compiler), portage, and make. It's a good idea to set MAKEOPTS. This is covered later in this document.
|Maybe - recommended
|Used to set system hostname. Set to the fully-qualified (with dots) name. Defaults to localhost if not set.
|You no longer need to manually set the hostname in this file. This file is automatically generated by /etc/init.d/hostname.
|Keyboard mapping configuration file (for console pseudo-terminals). Set if you have a non-US keyboard. See Funtoo Linux Localization.
|How the time of the battery-backed hardware clock of the system is interpreted (UTC or local time). Linux uses the battery-backed hardware clock to initialize the system clock when the system is booted.
|Kernel modules to load automatically at system startup. Typically not required. See Additional Kernel Resources for more info.
|Some useful portage settings that may help speed up intial configuration.
If you're installing an English version of Funtoo Linux, you're in luck as most of the configuration files can be used as-is. If you're installing for another locale, don't worry. We will walk you through the necessary configuration steps on the Funtoo Linux Localization page, and if needed, there's always plenty of friendly, helpful support. (See Community)
Let's go ahead and see what we have to do. Use nano -w <name_of_file> to edit files -- the "-w" disables word-wrapping, which is handy when editing configuration files. You can copy and paste from the examples.
It's important to edit your /etc/fstab file before you reboot! You will need to modify both the "fs" and "type" columns to match the settings for your partitions and filesystems that you created with gdisk or fdisk. Skipping this step may prevent Funtoo Linux from booting successfully.
/etc/fstab is used by the mount command which is ran when your system boots. Statements of this file inform mount about partitions to be mounted and how they are mounted. In order for the system to boot properly, you must edit /etc/fstab and ensure that it reflects the partition configuration you used earlier:
(chroot) # nano -w /etc/fstab
You can use arrow keys to move around and hit Control-X to exit. If you want to save your changes, type "Y" when asked if you want to save the modified buffer, or hit Control-O before closing nano. Otherwise your changes will be discarded.
# The root filesystem should have a pass number of either 0 or 1. # All other filesystems should have a pass number of 0 or greater than 1. # # NOTE: If your BOOT partition is ReiserFS, add the notail option to opts. # # See the manpage fstab(5) for more information. # # <fs> <mountpoint> <type> <opts> <dump/pass> /dev/sda1 /boot ext2 noatime 1 2 /dev/sda3 none swap sw 0 0 /dev/sda4 / ext4 noatime 0 1 #/dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom auto noauto,ro 0 0
/etc/localtime is used to specify the timezone that your machine is in, and defaults to UTC. If you would like your Funtoo Linux system to use local time, you should replace /etc/localtime with a symbolic link to the timezone that you wish to use.
(chroot) # ln -sf /usr/share/zoneinfo/America/Montreal /etc/localtime
The above sets the timezone to Eastern Time Canada. Go to /usr/share/zoneinfo to see which values to use.
This file is the symlink to /etc/portage/make.conf, new default location, edit /etc/portage/make.conf.
MAKEOPTS can be used to define how many parallel compilations should occur when you compile a package, which can speed up compilation significantly. A rule of thumb is the number of CPUs (or CPU threads) in your system plus one. If for example you have a dual core processor without hyper-threading, then you would set MAKEOPTS to 3:
If you are unsure about how many processors/threads you have then use /proc/cpuinfo to help you.
(chroot) # grep "processor" /proc/cpuinfo | wc -l
Set MAKEOPTS to this number plus one:
USE flags define what functionality is enabled when packages are built. It is not recommended to add a lot of them during installation; you should wait until you have a working, bootable system before changing your USE flags. A USE flag prefixed with a minus ("-") sign tells Portage not to use the flag when compiling. A Funtoo guide to USE flags will be available in the future. For now, you can find out more information about USE flags in the Gentoo Handbook.
LINGUAS tells Portage which local language to compile the system and applications in (those who use LINGUAS variable like OpenOffice). It is not usually necessary to set this if you use English. If you want another language such as French (fr) or German (de), set LINGUAS appropriately:
If you dual-boot with Windows, you'll need to edit this file and change clock to local, because Windows will set your hardware clock to local time every time you boot Windows. Otherwise you normally wouldn't need to edit this file.
(chroot) # nano -w /etc/conf.d/hwclock
By default, Funtoo Linux is configured with Unicode (UTF-8) enabled, and for the US English locale and keyboard. If you would like to configure your system to use a non-English locale or keyboard, see Funtoo Linux Localization.
Funtoo profiles are used to define defaults for Portage specific to your needs. There are 4 basic profile types: arch, build, flavor, and mix-ins:
- arch
- typically x86-32bit or x86-64bit, this defines the processor type and support of your system. This is defined when your stage was built and should not be changed.
- build
- defines whether your system is a current, stable or experimental build. current systems will have newer packages unmasked than stable systems.
- flavor
- defines the general type of system, such as server or desktop, and will set default USE flags appropriate for your needs.
- mix-ins
- define various optional settings that you may be interested in enabling.
One arch, build and flavor must be set for each Funtoo Linux system, while mix-ins are optional and you can enable more than one if desired.
Remember that profiles can often be inherited. For example, the desktop flavor inherits the workstation flavor settings, which in turn inherits the X and audio mix-ins. You can view this by using eselect:
(chroot) # eselect profile show
Currently set profiles:
arch: gentoo:funtoo/1.0/linux-gnu/arch/x86-64bit
build: gentoo:funtoo/1.0/linux-gnu/build/current
flavor: gentoo:funtoo/1.0/linux-gnu/flavor/desktop
mix-ins: gentoo:funtoo/1.0/linux-gnu/mix-ins/kde
Automatically enabled profiles:
mix-ins: gentoo:funtoo/1.0/linux-gnu/mix-ins/print
mix-ins: gentoo:funtoo/1.0/linux-gnu/mix-ins/X
mix-ins: gentoo:funtoo/1.0/linux-gnu/mix-ins/audio
mix-ins: gentoo:funtoo/1.0/linux-gnu/mix-ins/dvd
mix-ins: gentoo:funtoo/1.0/linux-gnu/mix-ins/media
mix-ins: gentoo:funtoo/1.0/linux-gnu/mix-ins/console-extras
To view installed profiles:
(chroot) # eselect profile list
To change the profile flavor:
(chroot) # eselect profile set-flavor 7
To add a mix-in:
(chroot) # eselect profile add 10
Configuring and installing the Linux kernel
Now it's time to build and install a Linux kernel, which is the heart of any Funtoo Linux system. In the past, the process of creating a kernel that actually booted your system could be time-consuming and require a great deal of trial and error. Fortunately, Funtoo Linux offers an option to automatically build a kernel for you that will boot nearly all systems.
If you are unfamiliar with how to manually configure your own kernel, or you simply want to get your system up and running quickly, you can emerge debian-sources with the binary USE flag set, which will automatically build the kernel and an initrd that will boot nearly all Funtoo Linux systems. This kernel is based on a linux-3.2 LTS official debian kernel package and is an easy way to get your system up and running relatively quickly.
Click here for a list of all architectures the Debian kernel supports.
debian-sources with binary USE flag requires at least 12GB in /var/tmp
cat /proc/mounts > /etc/mtab (chroot) # echo "sys-kernel/debian-sources binary" >> /etc/portage/package.use (chroot) # emerge debian-sources
All done!
NVIDIA card users: the binary USE flag installs the Nouveau drivers which cannot be loaded at the same time as the proprietary drivers, and cannot be unloaded at runtime because of KMS. You need to blacklist it under /etc/modprobe.d/.
For an overview of other kernel options for Funtoo Linux, see Funtoo Linux Kernels. There maybe modules that the Debian kernel doesn't include, a situation where genkernel would be useful. Also be sure to see hardware compatibility information. We have compiled a very good reference for Dell PowerEdge 11G Servers that includes kernel compatibility information as well..
The next step is to configure your boot loader so that your new kernel loads when the system boots.
Installing a Bootloader
Installing Grub
The boot loader is responsible for loading the kernel from disk when your computer boots. For new installations, GRUB 2 and Funtoo's boot-update tool should be used as a boot loader. GRUB supports both GPT/GUID and legacy MBR partitioning schemes.
To use this recommended boot method, first emerge boot-update. This will also cause grub-2 to be merged, since it is a dependency of boot-update.
(chroot) # emerge boot-update
Then, edit /etc/boot.conf and specify "Funtoo Linux genkernel" as the default setting at the top of the file, replacing "Funtoo Linux".
/etc/boot.conf should now look like this:
boot { generate grub default "Funtoo Linux genkernel" timeout 3 } "Funtoo Linux" { kernel bzImage[-v] # params += nomodeset } "Funtoo Linux genkernel" { kernel kernel[-v] initrd initramfs[-v] params += real_root=auto # params += nomodeset }
Please read man boot.conf for further details.
Running grub-install and boot-update
Finally, we will need to actually install the GRUB boot loader to your disk, and also run boot-update which will generate your boot loader configuration file:
(chroot) # grub-install --no-floppy /dev/sda (chroot) # boot-update
You only need to run grub-install when you first install Funtoo Linux, but you need to re-run boot-update every time you modify your /etc/boot.conf file, so your changes are applied on next boot.
OK - your system should be ready to boot! Well, there are a few more loose ends...
Installing Syslinux/Extlinux
An alternate Bootloader is Extlinux, for installing it see the extlinux Guide.
Configuring your network
It's important to ensure that you will be able to connect to your local-area network after you reboot into Funtoo Linux. There are three approaches you can use for configuring your network: NetworkManager, dhcpcd, and the Funtoo Linux Networking scripts. Here's how to choose which one to use based on the type of network you want to set up.
For laptop/mobile systems where you will be using Wi-Fi and connecting to various networks, NetworkManager is strongly recommended. The Funtoo version of NetworkManager is fully functional even from the command-line, so you can use it even without X or without the Network Manager applet. Here are the steps involved in setting up NetworkManager:
root # emerge linux-firmware root # emerge networkmanager root # rc-update add NetworkManager default
Above, we installed linux-firmware which contains a complete collection of available firmware for many hardware devices including Wi-Fi adapters, plus NetworkManager to manage our network connection. Then we added NetworkManager to the default runlevel so it will start when Funtoo Linux boots.
After you reboot into Funtoo Linux, you will be able to add a Wi-Fi connection this way:
root # addwifi -S wpa -K 'wifipassword' mywifinetwork
The addwifi command is used to configure and connect to a WPA/WPA2 Wi-Fi network named mywifinetwork with the password wifipassword. This network configuration entry is stored in /etc/NetworkManager/system-connections so that it will be remembered in the future. You should only need to enter this command once for each Wi-Fi network you connect to.
Desktop (Wired Ethernet)
For a home desktop or workstation with wired Ethernet that will use DHCP, the simplest and most effective option to enable network connectivity is to simply add dhcpcd to the default runlevel:
root # rc-update add dhcpcd default
When you reboot, dhcpcd will run in the background and manage all network interfaces and use DHCP to acquire network addresses from a DHCP server.
Server (Static IP)
For servers, the Funtoo Linux Networking scripts are recommended. They are optimized for static configurations and things like virtual ethernet bridging for virtualization setups. See Funtoo Linux Networking for information on how to use Funtoo Linux's template-based network configuration system.
Finishing Steps
Set your root password
It's imperative that you set your root password before rebooting so that you can log in.
(chroot) # passwd
Restart your system
Now is the time to leave chroot, to unmount Funtoo Linux partitions and files and to restart your computer. When you restart, the GRUB boot loader will start, load the Linux kernel and initramfs, and your system will begin booting.
Leave the chroot, change directory to /, unmount your Funtoo partitions, and reboot.
(chroot) # exit root # cd / root # umount -l /mnt/funtoo/boot /mnt/funtoo/dev /mnt/funtoo/proc /mnt/funtoo root # reboot
You should now see your system reboot, the GRUB boot loader appear for a few seconds, and then see the Linux kernel and initramfs loading. After this, you should see Funtoo Linux itself start to boot, and you should be greeted with a login: prompt. Funtoo Linux has been successfully installed!
Next Steps
If you have not used Portage before, then be sure to check out our quick introduction to Emerge.
To learn how to customize and start using Funtoo Linux, see Funtoo Linux First Steps.
If your system did not boot correctly, see Installation Troubleshooting for steps you can take to resolve the problem.


text: AmyBabyShower-63 By Amy Posted January 18, 2016 In AmyBabyShower-632016-01-182016-01-18http://www.amywithatwist.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/amywithatwist-logo.pngAmy With A Twisthttp://www.amywithatwist.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/amywithatwist-logo.png200px200px 0 0 Amy Amy, the 28 year-old mom boss behind Amy with a Twist. I'm a lifestyle blogger based in Miami, Florida, where the sun is always shining. Aside from sharing my day-to-day lifestyle, my mission is to inspire other moms in finding their inner voices. Be proud of you are, share it, and don't let anyone steal your happiness. I believe in the power of self-love. After all, "self-love is the greatest middle finger of all time." From early on, I always had this immense passion for helping others and changing the world for the better. Following that passion lead me to becoming an educator, the greatest profession in the world. Even though I am a full time stay-at-home mom, I feed the teacher in me through private tutoring. I strongly believe that education is the most powerful weapon in the entire world. Recent PostsDivorce Isn't Failure14 Must Reads For The Overwhelmed MomBuilding A Healthy ToothBrushing Habit For Your ToddlerThe Diva Menstrual Cup Review Leave a Comment Cancel reply

subset: commoncrawl


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Rule #1 - Be Patient - Rule #2 - Don't ask when, if you don't contribute - Rule #3 - You have coding skills - LinuxMCE's small brother is available: http://www.agocontrol.com
Hi Bongowongo,I'm using this program http://x10-hk.com/store/download/PLCBUSUniversalController-v0.50withOCX.zipwhich was written by Kevin Lo in VB6 (I want to get it set up in the windows environment before I even think to tackle in Linux).According to all the docs, you can choose a house code in the range A-P and 1-16 (256 codes).So it seems that I am doing the correct steps for the code and the interface is buzzing when I send a command, so that is also good. The problem now is that when I send an ON or OFF command to the address, the lights themselves won't respond and the software won't acknowledge ('ACK' go green).Is it because my PC is on the power circuit, whereas the lights are on the lights circuit? Can the PLCBus signals communicate across circuits? Anyone from Australia had the same problem?Thanks
HariDo you still have your PLCBUS usb 1411 unit?
I had the same problem when I first set it up. I had the 1411 attached to the core which is under the house on its own circuit. I moved it to the MD in the same room as where I installed the crystal switch and it had no problem. Still on different circuits (one on the powerpoint circuit, one on the lighting circuit) but obviously didn't like our house wiring. We are single phase in Australia (Sydney).Try connecting your 1411 to the power points in the same room as the light you are setting and see if it helps. I guess you could plug it into your light circuit as well with a light socket adapter...I might try and set mine up again over the next few weeks. I have left it for a while as it was flickering teh lights at one point and I didn't have time to look into it so it got unplugged.... If I do, I will double check that the wiki page is up to date and the ruby code still works ( when I last used it I had 7.10)regardsDarren


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The Five Terrors of Warlord Huang
Welcome to your new campaign!
This is your new campaign homepage. The first thing you should do is edit this page and put in the description of your campaign.
After that, take a look at your wiki. There is some more helpful info there.


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Friday, September 27, 2013
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RED DRESS PRODUCTIONS (RDP) creates and disseminates original interdisciplinary performance, and works with/in communities on large-scale, community-engaged public artworks.
Founded in 2005 by Artistic Co-Directors Anna Camilleri and Tristan R. Whiston, RDP is particularly interested in the relationship between community narratives and urban public space.
Anna Camilleri and Tristan R. Whiston
URL reddressproductions.org
FB reddressproductions
TWEET @reddressprod
EMAIL email@example.com
VIDEO vimeo.com/reddressproductions
Promise in the Park: The Winchester Park Public Art Project, a 4-year community engaged permanent and ephemeral public art project.
Katie Yealland
Wy Joung Kou
Sage Willow
Jelani Ade-Lam
Alana McLeod
Ill Nana DiverseCity Dance Company
Syrus Marcus Ware
Heidi Cho
Parker Dirks
Alvis Choi
Shaunga Tagore
Kike Olajumoke
Moynan King
Andrenne Finnikin
Domanique Grant
Henry Campos
Pascal Trudel
Shamila Miller
Andrew Henderson
Jay Stewart
Emily Jones
Dorian Johnson
Everyone. Everwhere., 2013, a community engaged mixed media public artwork project in partnership with Arts Etobicoke, Creative Village Studios, and Amnesty International;
Dwelling, 2012, The Diane Frankling Housing Co-op Memorial Project, a 4'x12' mixed media visual project;
centre, 2012, the CTCHC Community Engaged Public Artwork Project;
Many Hands Make Light Work, 2011, a community engaged public artwork in partnership with the Sherbourne Health Center (18'x 8');
Flux, 2010, The 519 Church Street Community Center, based in the Church/Wellesley neighbourhood, Toronto (27' x 5') ;
untitled, 2009, The Co-operative Housing Federation of Toronto project, based in the St. Lawrence Market neighbourhood, Toronto (4 panels, each 5' x 2.5' high);
Scape, 2007, Bleecker Street Co-operative community, based in the Cabbagetown neighbourhood, Toronto (17' x 5') ;
Tribute, 2006, Bleecker Street Co-operative community, based in the Cabbagetown neighbourhood, Toronto (12' x 8').
Sounds Siren Red, workshop production in December 2004 (Buddies in Bad Times Theatre) : Sounds Siren Red, full professional production in January 2006 (Alchemy Theatre) ; Sounds Siren Red tour: Victoria, Vancouver, Kingston, Boston and Seattle ; The Acting Out Against Violence Project, a multi phase Ontario-wide public education arts initiative in partnership with Toronto Rape Crisis Centre, and the Ontario Coalition of Rape Crisis Centres ; State of the Queer Nation, staged reading in February 2008 (Buddies in Bad Times Theatrre) ; Never Man's Land, full production in February 2008, Alchemy Theatre ; Still Breathing Fire, full production in July 2008, Vancouver's 10th Annual Pride in Art Festival.
Camilleri and Whiston have collaborated on many community art projects since 2004, including Central Toronto Youth Services' Gender Play Theatre Project for 6+ years as Artists in Residence.
Ontario Trillium Foundation, Neighbourhood Arts Network, Canada Council for the Arts, Ontario Arts Council, Ontario Arts Foundation, Toronto Arts Council, Laidlaw Foundation, FADO Performance Centre, New Adventures in Sound Art, Park People, Arts Etobicoke, Amnesty International, Emmanuel College (University of Toronto, The Church Street Murals Project, Sherbourne Health Centre, the 519 Church Street Community Centre, St. Lawrence Community Centre, Central Toronto Youth Services, the Co-operative Housing Federation of Toronto, Diane Frankling Housing Co-operative, OWN Co-operative, the Ontario Coalition of Rape Crisis Centres, Mayworks Festival of Working People and the Arts, Buddies in Bad Times Theatre, Pride in Art Festival, Stone Tile International Inc, and Tile City Inc.


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Home » Art-Historic » TUDOR, DAVID: Music for Piano (Double CD)
TUDOR, DAVID: Music for Piano (Double CD)
A valuable collection that documents an important period (1955-1963) and Tudor's shift from standard piano (albeit played inside and out and both at once) to electronically transformed sounds, though still originating with the piano. The astonishing recording here is of Cage's 'Variations II' (26.30), where Tudor for the first time - it was his decision, not suggested by Cage, or the score - wired the piano with both contact and directional microphones as well as LP cartridges, and worked with the piano guts, incipient feedback loops and noise to realise the score. Instantly recognised as a landmark at the time (1961), it remained for Cage one of his 'most significant productions'. It is a classic, and this CD is worth having for this recording alone. All the recordings on this collection were made for radio and, other than Cage, feature pieces by Morton Feldman (' Piece for Four Pianos' - Tudor, Feldman, Sherman & Hymovitz - a rare recording of Feldman at the piano), Christian Wolff (Duo for Pianists I & II - the second piano played by Cage), and Bussotti (Piano Piece for David Tudor III). Other than both versions of 'Variations' Tudor plays Cage's Music for Piano 21, 22, 26, 27, 29, 32, 35, 36 - in various different interpretations made between 1955 - and Winter Music. There is also a short extract from an interview with Tudor at the close. Double digipack. Usual RZ art quality. Booklet in German and English.
Code: EdRZ1018-19
Price: £21.75


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Important Notice: In 2018, Energy EFT was officially retired and replaced by Modern Energy Tapping, which uses energy tapping without the psychotherapy approach of tapping on negatives or having to delve into trauma. Start with Silvia Hartmann's book, Modern Energy Tapping and find practitioners and training courses at GoE.ac,
Modern Energy Tapping: Engaging The Power Of The Positives For Health, Wealth & Happiness
Do you love Energy EFT? Do you love ENERGY? Then join the GoE - the world's first organisation for MODERN energists! Get access to the GoE Members group, receive our fabulous magazine The Energist and much more.


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This picture was submitted to "Black & White Wednesday", an event created by Susan at "The Well-Seasoned Cook". It will be hosted on the 8th of January by Lynne at "Cafe Lynnylu" (click here in order to see who is hosting the next roundup).
Wednesday, January 8, 2014
This picture was submitted to "Black & White Wednesday", an event created by Susan at "The Well-Seasoned Cook". It will be hosted on the 8th of January by Lynne at "Cafe Lynnylu" (click here in order to see who is hosting the next roundup).
42 comments:
Even in decaying states..nature can be exquiste.. :)ReplyDelete
A beautiful picture. Happy New Year!ReplyDelete
vineyards are pretty year round :-)ReplyDelete
Du vin de glace?ReplyDelete
Magnifique ... comme toujours!
Enchanting pic. This time the black and white contrast is neat and the grape is taking over... Love it.ReplyDelete
Really nice composition and tonality. Thanks.ReplyDelete
Very dramatic! :)ReplyDelete
Absolutely stunning!!ReplyDelete
Nice shot, Rosa. Happy New Year to you too!ReplyDelete
Oh how I'm looking forward to another year of tantalizing shots, Rosa. You have no idea:) Love this one!ReplyDelete
Sad to see such deliciousness left to rot, but wow, it's beautiful!ReplyDelete
just beautiful!!ReplyDelete
those black grapes are delicious! Here in Portugal we call them american grapes and my parents and I actually go picking them and we eat most of what we pick before we get home LOLReplyDelete
I love your choice of subject. A poetic image of decay: gorgeous! Happy New Year!ReplyDelete
Very beautiful!ReplyDelete
Have a wonderful day, Rosa.
G'day and STUNNING as always Rosa and thank you for brightening my day! You have THE eye!ReplyDelete
Cheers! Joanne
The bunch is either rotting or turning into raisins :) Either way, I love it!ReplyDelete
Eiswein oder einfach vergessen ? Jedenfalls schön !ReplyDelete
- Anonymous10:34 AM, January 09, 2014
Beautiful photo in B&W! I would pluck those grapes. :-)ReplyDelete
Have always loved your B&W shots.ReplyDelete
this is a bit dark, in a couple of ways! i like it, though--nice work!ReplyDelete
Elle n'en etait que plus sucree et capiteuse, j'en suis sure.ReplyDelete
Je suis sûre que ces raisins doivent être super:)ReplyDelete
Lovely depth of field in your grape image! Thanks for contributing to BWW#111.ReplyDelete
Another B&W beauty! But also perhaps a little sad....ReplyDelete
A very evocative photo Rosa!!! It speaks volumes...ReplyDelete
I love your black & white shots.ReplyDelete
We have a lot of things rotting here on the cape as it's 7 degrees.
Everything is frozen. Pretty to photograph, but I just don't have the working hands in this temp. to photograph.
Yours looks fabulous!ReplyDelete
GORGEOUSLY CAPTIVATING photo Rosa!ReplyDelete
J'adore!! Comme toujours ma belle Rosa XXReplyDelete
The picture is stunning just like the pictures from rest of your site. Good job!ReplyDelete
- Anonymous9:04 AM, January 10, 2014
such an amazing click...we love viewing your picturesque blog...it is wonderful,thanks for the inspiration :-)ReplyDelete
Magical capture of these lovely grapes! I need to venture back to the vineyards again!ReplyDelete
Sheer beauty!ReplyDelete
Hugs,dear Rosa!
I can almost smell a good wine there! Perfect! :) elaReplyDelete
Good shot. I would have tried to increase shadow details in the grape without getting the highlights washed out, but I have no clue about the result, may have reverted to the original after trying. I like the picture, esp depth of field and composition.ReplyDelete
I love to travel with you thru your lens ….ReplyDelete
Beautiful, this looks like a painting!ReplyDelete


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EEB Graduate Student Association
This organization provides a forum in which all graduate students in the EEB department are welcome to discuss any issues relevant to graduate school. We typically have between two and three meetings a semester, but additional meetings can be called as necessary. The organization is run by a group of student officers. Meetings follow parliamentary procedure, as well as the guidelines specified by our constitution and by-laws. Activities undertaken by the organization include an annual t-shirt design fundraiser, hosting of our own research symposium, and the invitation of a seminar speaker.
All students in the department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology working towards a Ph.D., M.S., of B.S/M.S. are eligible for GSA membership.
Meetings are typically held in the Bamford Room after EEB Department Seminar at 5pm on Thursdays.
The EEB Graduate Student Association advisor is Robin Chazdon.
GSA Officers
Terms of all offices are for one year, typically starting around September 1. Elections are held at the first GSA meeting of the fall semester, when current officers are either re-elected or replaced by another graduate student. Additional GSA officer positions may be created as necessary, and obsolete positions may be disbanded.
Current Officers
GSA President Kasey Pregler
GSA Treasurer: Brigette Zacharczenko
GSA Secretary: Jessie Rack
Graduate Student Senators: Bill Ryerson and Hayley Kilroy
Faculty Representative: Manette Sandor
Grad-Invited Seminar Committee Representative: Bill Ryerson and Jon Velotta
Graduate Research Symposium Committee Representatives: Jessie Rack, Johana Goyes Vallejos, Jon Velotta, James Mickley
Tuesday Evening Seminar: Alyssa Borowske, Brigette Zacharczenko
Welcome Committee: Jessie Rack, Alyssa Borowske
Center for Conservation and Biodiversity (CCB) Representative: Elizabeth Timpe
Fundraising Committee: Brigette Zacharczenko, Lara Ariori, James Mickley
Barn Dance Czarina: Maria Pickering
Green Grads Committee: Maria Pickering, Karolina Fucikova, Alyssa Borowske
Undergraduate Representative: Colin Carlson
Past Officers
GSA Meeting Minutes
8 September 2011
21 April 2011
20 January 2011
09 September 2010


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Folder contains high quality wav and mp3 files.


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Dennis Patterson (Recording engineer)
Katherine Larson (Producer)
Lawrence Wiliford (Singer)
Lucas Harris (Musician)
Cælia, thy bright Angel's face
Cælia, thy bright Angel's face (The Celestiall Mistress)
musical performances
sound recording-musical
Digital files found on the Digital Scholarship Unit site are meant for research and private study used in compliance with copyright legislation. Access to digital images and text found on this website and the technical capacity to download or copy it does not imply permission to re-use. Prior written permission to publish, or otherwise use images and text found on the website must be obtained from copyright holder. Please contact Archives and Special Collections for further information.


text: Lotsa Love I Love You Whether they're your new love, true love or first love, send them Lotsa Love and they'll know just how you feel. Our expert florists will play Cupid for you with a trio of gifts from the heart. An elegant and colorful basket arrangement sets the scene, paired with an adorable felt heart pick. For extra smiles, there's our cuddly plush bear and a bag of delicious candies to tell them they're your sweetheart.


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Profile of the Louisiana Obese Subjects Study recruitment and retention. IMI indicates intensive medical intervention; OGB, Office of Group Benefits; UCC, usual care condition. *The New Orleans clinic closed 3 weeks after initiating screening due to Hurricane Katrina. †The Monroe site was censored because of inability to fulfill the treatment and research requirements. There were no participant visits obtained at year 1 or 2. See the subsection titled "Study Sites and Baseline Population" in the "Results" section.
Weight loss (percentage from baseline over 2 years) among participants in the intensive medical intervention (IMI) group of the Louisiana Obese Subjects Study compared with the usual care condition (UCC) group. The 12-week low-calorie liquid diet phase is indicated by a shaded area. The observed weight loss in both conditions is plotted with measured points indicated by circles. Baseline observation carried forward (BOCF) analysis is indicated by a triangle at year 2 (−0.2 ± 0.3% for the UCC group and −4.9 ± 0.8 for the IMI group; P < .001 for treatment comparison) and last observation carried forward (LOCF) analysis is indicated by a square at year 2 (−0.0 ± 0.4% for UCC and −0.3 ± 0.8 for IMI; P < .001 for treatment comparison).
Percentage of the participants in the Louisiana Obese Subjects Study who met weight loss or gain categories at year 2. The first series is an analysis of all participants who attended the year 2 visit. The second series indicates the prevalence of attaining benchmarks among all enrolled participants. IMI indicates intensive medical intervention; UCC, usual care condition.
Customize your JAMA Network experience by selecting one or more topics from the list below.
Ryan DH, Johnson WD, Myers VH, et al. Nonsurgical Weight Loss for Extreme Obesity in Primary Care Settings: Results of the Louisiana Obese Subjects Study. Arch Intern Med. 2010;170(2):146–154. doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2009.508
© 2023
Effective primary care practice (PCP) treatments are needed for extreme obesity. The Louisiana Obese Subjects Study (LOSS) tested whether, with brief training, PCPs could effectively implement weight loss for individuals with a body mass index (BMI) (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared) of 40 to 60.
The LOSS, a 2-year (July 5, 2005, through January 30, 2008) randomized, controlled, "pragmatic clinical trial" trained 7 PCPs and 1 research clinic in obesity management. Primary outcome measure was year-2 percentage change from baseline weight. Volunteers (597) were screened and randomized to intensive medical intervention (IMI) (n = 200) or usual care condition (UCC) (n = 190). The UCC group had instruction in an Internet weight management program. The IMI group recommendations included a 900-kcal liquid diet for 12 weeks or less, group behavioral counseling, structured diet, and choice of pharmacotherapy (sibutramine hydrochloride, orlistat, or diethylpropion hydrochloride) during months 3 to 7 and continued use of medications and maintenance strategies for months 8 to 24.
The mean age of participants was 47 years; 83% were women, and 75% were white. Retention rates were 51% for the IMI group and 46% for the UCC group (P = .30). After 2 years, the results were as follows: (1) among 390 randomized participants, 31% in the IMI group achieved a 5% or more weight loss and 7% achieved a 20% weight loss or more, compared with 9% and 1% of those in the UCC group. (2) The mean ± SEM baseline observation carried forward analysis showed a weight loss of −4.9% ± 0.8% in IMI and −0.2 ± 0.3% in UCC. (3) Last observation carried forward analysis showed a weight loss of −8.3% ± 0.79% for IMI, whereas UCC was −0.0% ± 0.4%. (4) A total of 101 IMI completers lost −9.7% ± 1.3% (−12.7 ± 1.7 kg), whereas 89 UCC completers lost −0.4% ± 0.7% (−0.5 ± 0.9 kg); (P < .001 for all group differences). Many metabolic parameters improved.
Primary care practices can initiate effective medical management for extreme obesity; future efforts must target improving retention and weight loss maintenance.
Trial Registration
clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00115063
Extreme obesity (body mass index [BMI], calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared, >40) is a criterion for surgery and is remarkably prevalent in the United States, occurring in 2.8% of men and 6.9% of women in 2003 through 2004.1 The number of surgical procedures to treat obesity performed in the United States was reported to be 121 055 in 2004,2 representing only a small fraction of the population with extreme obesity.
Other therapeutic techniques for treating obesity, besides surgery, including diet, exercise, behavior therapy, and pharmacotherapy, might be applied,3 but there are few data on applying them in cases of extreme obesity, despite it being commonly encountered. Furthermore, considerable pessimism exists regarding these persons' ability toachieve and sustain meaningful weight loss with medical, as opposed to surgical, approaches; current obesity guidelines from the National Institutes of Health and National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute3(p1015) state, "Extremely obese persons often do not benefit from the more conservative treatments for weight loss and weight maintenance."
We developed the Louisiana Obese Subjects Study (LOSS) to test the hypothesis that primary care physicians could effectively implement intensive medical management to treat patients with extreme obesity, with a goal of weight loss at year 2 significantly better than usual care.
We chose a practical or pragmatic clinical trial (PCT)4 approach for the LOSS. A PCT (1) compares clinically relevant alternative interventions, (2) includes a diverse study population, (3) recruits participants from heterogeneous practice settings, and (4) collects data on a broad range of health outcomes. To fulfill these requirements, the LOSS recommended evidence- and guidelines-based and US Food and Drug Administration–approved treatments and mimicked real practice, where physicians and patients could negotiate treatment choices. The LOSS included relatively unselected patients with class III obesity according to the guidelines3(p545) and used diverse primary care practice (PCP) sites and practitioners.
The Office of Group Benefits (OGB), insurer for more than 100 000 employees of the State of Louisiana and their dependents, approached Pennington Biomedical Research Center (PBRC) to develop treatments that could be delivered in primary care physicians' offices for class III obesity. The OGB selected 8 population centers (Alexandria, Baton Rouge, Hammond, Lafayette, Lake Charles, Monroe, New Orleans, and Shreveport) and PBRC-identified PCPs. Study coordination was performed by Pennington Management of Clinical Trials (PMCT), which implemented an electronic data capture system and monitored site personnel. The protocol and consent forms were approved by institutional review boards (IRBs) at each of the 8 sites. A data safety monitoring board reviewed and approved the protocol before the start of the study and monitored serious adverse events during the study. The clinical sites provided weight loss management and management of diabetes mellitus (DM) medications during weight loss, but all other medical management was provided by the patients' primary care physicians.
Seven sites were primary care clinics and 1 was an academic research facility (PBRC). Study training and procedures were implemented identically at all sites. Pennington Biomedical Research Center trained a principal investigator (PI), study coordinator, interventionist, and business manager from each site in the first 8-hour session. Study investigators and interventionists received instruction in guidelines-based3 approaches to obesity management, including pharmacotherapy, low-calorie diets, and behavioral intervention. Instructions were given on medication management for participants with DM during weight loss, serious adverse event reporting, and physician sign-off. Study coordinators received training on data entry, medical chart construction and regulatory binders, and laboratory procedures, and the business managers were instructed in contracting and payment issues.
A second 6-hour training session focused on the behavioral group therapy procedures using a participant manual and accompanying guide for interventionists. Training included the following: (1) study protocol review, (2) peer-tutored review of earlier behavioral lectures, (3) small group exercises to practice therapeutic skills, and (4) trainees' observation of the senior interventionist conducting several group sessions. Topics included use of study medication, meal replacements, physical activity, calorie balance, self-monitoring, structured diets, toolbox approaches (see the description of phase 3 in the subsection titled "Intensive Medical Intervention" in this section), and management of weight loss groups. Certification ensured that clinic staff had clear understanding of the LOSS protocol and manual of procedures and lifestyle manuals. To ensure ongoing quality, PMCT conducted monthly monitoring of each site via conference call or site visit and monthly computerized tracking reports.
The goal was to recruit 480 participants, with at least 40 per site, aged 20 to 60 years, with a BMI of 40 or higher, up to and including 60, who were also enrolled in programs of the Louisiana State Employees Group Benefits Office. Women were required to be nonpregnant and agree to avoid pregnancy during the study through use of approved contraception methods. Entry required hematocrit level, white blood cell count and platelet count, and thyrotropin level that were within reference range, and uric acid level lower than 9.0 mg/dL (to convert uric acid to micromoles per liter, multiply by 59.485). Exclusions included history of major depression, suicidal behavior or eating disorder, hospitalization for mental disorder or substance abuse in the previous year, active cancer, cardiovascular or cerebrovascular disease event in the past year, heart failure, and current use of weight loss medications. Volunteers with systolic blood pressure 160 mm Hg or higher or diastolic blood pressure 100 mm Hg or higher averaged over the first 2 visits were excluded, unless they were treated and rescreened. A Duke Activity Status Index score5 of 25 or higher was required for entry.
Most participants were contacted by letter and telephone to encourage attendance; in Shreveport and Alexandria, the IRBs allowed participant contact only at study visits. A $100 gift card rewarded attendance at the year 2 visit.
Figure 1 describes the recruitment, randomization, and retention of participants. The OGB sent a letter to 130 244 enrollees that described the study, height and weight requirements, and major eligibility criteria and invited attendance at informational sessions at 1 of 8 cities. A total of 959 individuals attended information sessions, where they were asked to make an appointment for screening. At screening visit 1, medical history, inclusion and exclusion criteria, and fasting blood samples were obtained. At visit 2, physical examination, electrocardiogram, and questionnaires were obtained. Eligible, consenting participants were randomized using an automated system.
A medical chart marker identified all participants with DM. Sites followed an algorithm for monitoring glycemia and reducing DM medications during weight loss.
At the randomization visit, participants assigned to the usual care condition (UCC) group were instructed in the use of the Mayo Clinic Weight Management Web site (http://mayoclinic.com/health/weightloss/MY00432). The UCC participants were given appointments for annual visits at years 1 and 2.
The intensive medical intervention (IMI) group used evidence-based approaches supported by weight management literature but delivered in a practical manner. The sites were instructed that the protocols provided general treatment guidelines, and deviations were allowed at the participant's request and physician's discretion. The IMI recommended 3 phases.
Phase 1 began with a low-calorie liquid diet plus 10 g of added fat (choice of 2 teaspoons of vegetable oil or ten 1-g fish oil capsules). The study dispensed, at no cost, powdered HealthOne formula (Health and Nutrition Technology Inc, Carmel, California) and recommended consumption of 5 shakes per day, providing 890 kcal/d, 75 g of protein, 15 g of fat, and 110 g of carbohydrates. Electrocardiograms and electrolytes were obtained every 2 weeks during the liquid diet. Phase 1 could continue for 12 weeks, but if participants could not tolerate the liquid diet, they could progress to phase 2 at any time.
Phase 2 took place during the next 4 months: a highly structured diet and medication were recommended along with group behavioral therapy. Group sessions were held weekly for 4 weeks and then every 2 weeks for 3 months. Physician visits occurred monthly. The recommended diet consisted of 2 meal replacements (HealthOne, Slim Fast [Unilever, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey], Glucerna [Abbott Nutrition, Abbott Laboratories, Columbus, Ohio], Boost [Nestlé Health Care, Nutrition Inc, Minneapolis, Minnesota], or other commercial product), along with 2 portion-controlled snacks and 1 structured meal each day. This diet was approximately 1200 to 1600 kcal/d. In addition, sibutramine hydrochloride and orlistat were dispensed to aid weight loss and maintenance, but for some patients, we dispensed diethlypropion hydrochloride (intermittent use). Sibutramine was recommended, preferentially, as first-line therapy and was the most commonly dispensed drug from the central pharmacy. For depression, venlafaxine hydrochloride and bupropion hydrochloride were recommended and for DM, metformin, because these drugs do not promote weight gain. Groups consisted of approximately 15 individuals. The 1-hour group sessions followed a common manual, led by an interventionist from the study site. The behavioral intervention allowed flexibility with individually tailored treatment strategies. Participants received education in weight management, physical activity, and behavioral strategies, including self-monitoring, stimulus control, social support, contingency management, problem solving, and relapse prevention. We incorporated physical activity recommendations (walking, water exercise, and weight training) into group sessions, beginning in phase 2 and continuing through phase 3.
Phase 3 occurred during months 8 to 24. Weight loss medications and 1 daily meal replacement were continued; monthly group sessions were conducted. Phase 3 allowed treatments employed pragmatically as needed, including a repeated low-calorie liquid diet in 4- to 12-week episodes, novel dietary approaches (high-protein/low-carbohydrate diet, the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension [DASH ]6 diet, low glycemic load diet), and physical activity.
Height was measured at baseline with a wall-mounted stadiometer graduated in centimeters. Weight was measured twice at every assessment visit by using a calibrated office scale with a digital display. Weight and height were measured in fasting, postvoiding participants wearing light clothing, without shoes. At every contact, weight was measured to monitor therapy but it was recorded only in the database for assessment visits. Blood pressure was obtained at every contact with an appropriately sized cuff using standard mercury sphygmomanometer or electronic blood pressure monitor. Fasting blood samples for complete blood count and chemistry profile were obtained at baseline, year 1, and year 2. Serum electrolytes were measured every 2 weeks during phase 1. All samples were sent to PBRC's clinical reference laboratory for analysis.
Pennington Management of Clinical Trials served as the coordinating center to manage randomization and data acquisition using an Internet-based data capture system. Sites were trained in the system and periodically monitored for data collection and protocol compliance and to address issues, concerns, and status of the site.
The coordinating center randomly assigned participants to the IMI or UCC groups by applying minimization allocation,7 with stratification by sex, BMI, and age to achieve allocations that were comparable with specified baseline prognostic factors. For the stratification, age and BMI were dichotomized as follows: age (in years) 20 or older but younger than 40, or 40 or older, up to and including 60; and BMI of 40 or higher but less than 45, or 45 or higher, up to and including 60. Enrollment was completed in 8 months.
Categorical variables were summarized as percentages, and χ2 tests were used to test the significance of group differences. Continuous variables were summarized as means and standard errors (SEs). Significance of weight loss from baseline to 2 years was evaluated using 1-sample t test of the hypothesis that the mean percentage change at 2 years was zero.8 Assessment was performed separately within the 2 groups using only data from participants who completed their 2-year visit, for analysis of data for completers. Analogous tests were used to analyze metabolic parameters. For missing data, baseline observations were carried to 2 years for baseline observation carried forward (BOCF) analysis, and last assessment data were carried forward for last observation carried forward (LOCF) analysis. A 2-sample t test or an equivalent F test was used to compare the 2 groups with respect to mean percentage change for completers, BOCF, and LOCF at 2 years. Finally, a mixed model analysis was performed using restricted maximum likelihood using all available data. These different tests require different assumptions about the mechanisms that led to the missing data so a sensitivity analysis was performed to compare the consistency of test results. Tests resulting in P ≤ .05 were considered statistically significant. Data were analyzed using the SAS System for Windows, (version 9.1; SAS Institute, Cary, North Carolina).
Seven of the 8 sites specialized in family medicine, and most physicians had been in practice more than 20 years (Table 1). In 4 of 8 sites, the PI had prior research experience. Four interventionists were dietitians. In August 2005, the New Orleans site was permanently closed owing to Hurricane Katrina, forcing relocation of study staff and participants. Participants were offered treatment in other clinical sites but are censored from this analysis. The site started in Monroe was a newly established clinic and was unable to complete the protocol, providing no observations at year 1 or year 2, and was censored from analysis. Three patients in the UCC group who opted for obesity surgery were also censored from analysis (Figure 1).
Screening, randomization, and retention varied by site (Table 1), with rates of return at year 2 varying from 0% to 72%. Of 597 individuals who were screened at the 8 sites (Figure 1), 465 (78%) met eligibility requirements and were randomized.
Table 2 depicts baseline characteristics of 390 randomized participants. The mean age of the population was 47 years, and they were predominantly white (75%) and female (83%). There were 21% with known type 2 DM, 5.4% who were taking insulin, and 42% with fasting blood glucose levels of 100 mg/dL or higher at study start (to convert glucose levels to millimoles per liter, multiply by 0.0555). There were no group differences in race, sex, age, BMI, and metabolic characteristics at baseline. Attendance at the year 1 visit was greater for the IMI group (60%) than for the UCC group (47%) (P = .01). At the year 2 visit, attendance rates were 51% and 45%, respectively (P = .30).
In the IMI group at year 2, the BOCF analysis showed a mean ± SEM weight loss of −4.9% ± 0.8%, whereas in the UCC group it was −0.2% ± 0.3%; LOCF analysis at year 2 for the IMI group was −8.3% ± 0.8% and −0.0% ± 0.4% for the UCC group (Figure 2). At year 2, among the 51% of attending IMI participants, the mean weight loss was −9.7% ± 1.3%, whereas it was −0.4% ± 0.7% among the 46% of attending UCC participants. The group differences were significant (P < .001) at year 2 for BOCF, LOCF, completers, and mixed models analyses. Thus, sensitivity of the different statistical test results to assumptions about missing data mechanisms was verified to be robust in light of resulting F statistics that ranged from 35.60 (mixed model) to 40.18 (completers), with P < .001 for all comparisons. Weight loss trajectory in the IMI group is depicted in Figure 2, showing a nadir of −15.5% ± 0.8% below baseline at 38 weeks for attendees.
The percentage of all randomized individuals (intention to treat) and of completers achieving weight loss of −5%, −10%, −15%, and −20% from baseline is illustrated in Figure 3. At year 2, 31% of 200 people randomized to IMI sustained a weight loss of 5% or more of their initial body weight, 21% sustained a loss of 10% or more, and 7% sustained a loss of 20% or more, compared with 9%, 3%, and 1% of the 190 individuals in the UCC group who met the criteria for these categories (P < .001). In 101 individuals who completed measurements at year 2, 61%, 41%, and 14% of the IMI group achieved losses of 5% or more, 10% or more, and 20% or more, respectively, compared with 20%, 6%, and 1%, respectively, of the 86 participants in the UCC group who met the criteria for these categories (P < .001) (Figure 3).
The mean fasting glucose level decreased by −5.0 mg/dL in the IMI group and increased by 4.6 mg/dL in the UCC group at year 1 (P < .001) (Table 3). At year 2, changes were not statistically significant (2.4 mg/dL and 6.7 mg/dL, respectively; P = .16). The prevalence of fasting plasma glucose levels of 126 mg/dL or higher or 100 to 125 mg/dL showed significant improvements in the IMI group at year 1 but not at year 2. The mean high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level increased at year 1 by 2.5 ± 0.8 mg/dL in the IMI completers group compared with −1.0 ± 0.9 mg/dL in the UCC group (P = .003) (data not shown) (to convert HDL-C to millimoles per liter, multiply by 0.0259). At year 2, those changes were 3.1 ± 0.9 mg/dL and −0.2 ± 0.8 mg/dL (P = .01). As seen in Table 3, the percentage change in HDL-C was significant at both years. There was a decrease in serum triglyceride level in the IMI group of −13.2% ± 4.1% at year 1 compared with increases of −1.6% ± 4.1% and 11.8% in the UCC group (P = .002); however, the year 2 results for the IMI group were not significant compared with the results for the UCC group. Uric acid and alanine aminotransferase levels were both improved at year 1 and year 2 in the IMI group compared with those in the UCC group, but the GGT comparison was improved only at year 1 and not at year 2. In contrast, there were no significant group differences in mean values for blood pressure or low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) level at either time point (Table 3).
There were no problems with electrolyte imbalance during the liquid diet. There were 20 serious adverse events reported in the IMI group and 8 for the UCC group, but none was related to treatment:
There was 1 death from a myocardial infarction in a 48-year-old male patient who had a history of hypertension, bipolar disorder, and asthma, who had lost 22.9 kg but was not taking sibutramine or other weight loss medication.
Recently, the SOS study9 demonstrated that surgery for obesity is associated with reduction in mortality. Still, surgery is currently not an option for most patients with extreme obesity because of reimbursement issues and individual preference. In fact, even less costly medical interventions, such as counseling, weight loss medications, and meal replacements are almost never reimbursed for patients with extreme obesity. There is a need for guidance for primary care physicians in more effective management of this commonly encountered condition and a need for evidence to support the effectiveness of medical approaches so that reimbursement might occur. The LOSS used a PCT4 as a research model to inform real-world medical approaches to extreme obesity. The LOSS's central hypothesis was that primary care clinics in the real-world setting could implement an approach wherein meaningful weight loss could be achieved and sustained at 2 years. Not all practices were successful; one clinic closed because of a natural disaster and in another, the newly established physician and staff could not perform the study while burdened with the myriad duties of establishing a practice. Certainly, not all patients benefited, but for all those offered the IMI, 31% achieved a loss of 5% or more of their body weight and 21% achieved a loss of 10% or more. This would indicate that physicians with a modicum of training can deliver an intervention with benefit for about a third of those they see.
The issue of poor retention in weight loss studies is well known,10 and it takes special efforts to produce the excellent retention rates of the Diabetes Prevention Program11 (92.5% at 1.8-4.6 years) and the Look AHEAD11 (96% at 1 year) trials and even the POUNDS Lost12 trial (80% at 2 years). Participant retention in 2-year medication-based weight loss studies ranges from 45% to 52%,13-17 similar to the LOSS's retention rate. In the study by Apfelbaum et al,18 which had a design like that of the LOSS, the retention rate was 53% at 1 year, if liquid diet dropouts are considered. The lesson for primary care physicians is that only half of those who are offered a weight loss intervention may stay in the program. However, the results for those who do may be quite encouraging. For those in the IMI group who were seen at year 2, perhaps spurred by a gift card, 61% and 41% achieved weight losses of 5% or more and 10% or more, respectively. This would indicate that roughly 3 in 5 who are active in such a program will achieve clinically significant benefit.
The LOSS does not propose that the IMI replaces the need for bariatric surgery. A meta-analysis of obesity surgery reports weight losses of 20 to 30 kg, durable for 10 years.19 Furthermore, weight regain with bariatric surgery is not as pronounced as in the LOSS, in which weight gain was demonstrated beginning at year 1. However, for most patients seen in daily practice who do not have access to bariatric surgery, our study suggests that physicians should not be pessimistic about helping them lose weight.
There are only a few studies of nonsurgical weight loss approaches with very heavy patients with which we might compare our results. Andersen et al20 randomized 60 patients to gastroplasty or diet. At the end of year 1, the diet group had lost 22 kg, or nearly 20% of their median baseline weight of 115 kg. However, during the next 18 months they regained almost all of the lost weight. In contrast, the LOSS trial demonstrated success at 2 years for a subgroup. In a second trial21 of diet intervention, patients with a median weight of 129 kg had a median weight loss of 10 kg at 18 months. An observational report22 of 80 patients with a BMI of 40 or higher showed a mean weight loss of 19.7 kg in 79% of patients at their 2-year follow-up. A final comparison of surgery and diet produced a 2-year weight loss of 21.6% in the group treated with surgery and 5.5% in the group treated with diet.23
It is generally accepted that weight losses of 5% or more are associated with improved health outcomes.24 The LOSS was not designed to test the effect of sustained modest weight loss in extreme obesity. In the LOSS, at year 1, improvements were mostly demonstrable, but at year 2, many were no longer evident. This almost certainly represents the impact of weight regain. At neither year was there improvement in LDL-C level, which requires a larger amount of weight loss.25
Weight regain is of concern in the LOSS. This is common in long-term obesity trials, whether they use lifestyle intervention or medications. Recently, strategies to promote maintenance with lifestyle and behavioral approaches have been explored, using telephone and Internet methods to improve counselor contacts, with modest success.26 The longest reported trial with medication, the Xenical in the Prevention of Diabetes in Obese Subjects (XENDOS) study,27 used orlistat over 4 years. For those receiving orlistat, 52% completed year 4, and their average weight was −6.9 kg below their baseline compared with a loss of −4.1 kg and a 34% completion rate for the placebo-treated group (P < .001). The XENDOS study demonstrates that long-term weight loss studies are possible. An active comparator should make long-term study of intensive approaches to weight management more feasible.
There are several caveats about the LOSS. The treatment paradigm did not always mimic medical practices. Medications and liquid formula diets were dispensed by the primary care clinics. The weight loss program was delivered by the physicians and their staff who were managing obesity as a referral model. The treatment program was devised by physicians and scientists experienced in obesity treatment and research, and the treatment strategy was based on well-established behavioral programs10,28,29 and on experience with obesity medications.30-32 Last, retention in the LOSS probably mimics real-world weight loss behavior, but it was less than desired.33 Year 2 follow-up rates, although not significantly different at 51% and 45% (P = .30), leave ample room for improvement.
In the United States, physicians should not ignore those patients with class III obesity who cannot undergo bariatric surgery. Research is needed to guide primary care approaches that are safe, efficacious, and cost-effective. The LOSS pragmatic clinical trial demonstrates that this research can be done in the real-world setting, mimicking real-life clinical practices. The issues of retention and weight loss maintenance require further study, for they are not seen only in studies of class III obesity but in many obesity interventions. Finally, less complex and less costly interventions (eg, weight loss medications combined with monthly visits or delivery of counseling by call centers) need to be tested in this population to increase their uptake in PCPs.
Correspondence: Donna H. Ryan, MD, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Rd, Baton Rouge, LA 70808 (firstname.lastname@example.com).
Accepted for Publication: September 9, 2009.
Author Contributions: Dr Ryan was principal investigator of the study, had full access to all of the data in the study, and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. Study concept and design: Ryan, Myers, Brantley, Bray, Brock, Datz, McKnight, Stenlof, and Sjöström. Acquisition of data: Myers, Prather, Gupta, Broussard, Barootes, Elkins, Gaudin, Savory, Brock, Datz, Pothakamuri, and Sjöström. Analysis and interpretation of data: Ryan, Johnson, Myers, Prather, McGlone, Rood, Brantley, Pothakamuri, Stenlof, and Sjöström. Drafting of the manuscript: Ryan, Myers, Prather, Bray, Brock, Pothakamuri, and Stenlof. Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Ryan, Johnson, McGlone, Rood, Brantley, Bray, Gupta, Broussard, Barootes, Elkins, Gaudin, Savory, Datz, McKnight, Stenlof, and Sjöström. Statistical analysis: Johnson and McGlone. Obtained funding: Ryan, Brantley, Datz, McKnight, and Stenlof. Administrative, technical, and material support: Ryan, Myers, Prather, Rood, Brantley, Gupta, Barootes, Elkins, Savory, Brock, Datz, Pothakamuri, McKnight, Stenlof, and Sjöström. Study supervision: Ryan, Myers, Gaudin, Datz, Stenlof, and Sjöström.
Financial Disclosure:Institutional Conflict of Interest: The PBRC was the primary contractee with the OGB. All employees of this institution obtain health insurance from the OGB. The PBRC has received research funding from pharmaceutical companies who manufacture or market drugs or who are developing drugs for the treatment of obesity. Those companies include Abbott Laboratories (maker of sibutramine and venlafaxine), Roche, and GSK (makers of orlistat and over-the-counter orlistat), Amylin (exenatide) and Johnson & Johnson (topiramate) and Arena, Hollis Eden, Eli Lilly and Co, Merck & Co, Pfizer, Sanofi-Aventis, Shionogi, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co, and Vivus. Conflict of Interest for Authors: The following authors receive, have received in the past 5 years, or will receive health insurance from the OGB: Drs Ryan, Johnson, Myers, Rood, Brantley, Bray, Gupta, Broussard, Barootes, Elkins, Savory, and Datz, Ms Prather, and Mssrs Brock and Pothakamuri. The following authors had part of their salary derived from the OGB-sponsored project: Ms Prather, Drs Gaudin, Savory, and Stenlof, and Mssrs Brock and Mr Pothakamuri. Since January 2008, Dr Ryan has refused any remuneration from makers or developers of drugs, devices, or products for obesity or any other health-related uses. She expects to maintain that posture for the foreseeable future. However, prior to that time over the previous 5 years, she received funding for consultation and for services on scientific advisory boards for Abbott Laboratories, Arena, Johnson & Johnson, Merck & Co, NutriSystem, Sanofi-Aventis, Shionogi, and Vivus. Dr Bray has had the following relationships over the past 5 years with makers or developers of drugs, services, or devices for treatment of obesity (he has no stock ownerships or corporate employment): he has been a consultant to Amylin Pharmaceuticals, Orexigen Pharmaceuticals, GlaxoSmithKline, and Merck & Co and has received clinical trial support from Merck & Co and Takeda Pharmaceutical Co. Dr McKnight received financial remuneration within the past 5 years or in the future for services provided to the OGB, a funder of the study. Dr Stenlof was an employee of PMCT when the study was initiated. He has received funding for consultation and for services on scientific advisory boards for Johnson & Johnson, Sanofi-Aventis, Bristol-Myers Squibb, GlaxoSmithKline, AstraZeneca, and Abbott Laboratories. Dr Sjöström has obtained research grants from Hoffmann-La Roche, AstraZeneca, Sanofi-Aventis, and Ethicon, and lecture and consulting fees from AstraZeneca, Biovitrum, BMS, GlaxoSmithKline, Global Health Partners, Johnson & Johnson, Lenimen, Merck & Co, NovoNordisk, Hoffmann La Roche, and Sanofi-Aventis. He holds stocks in Lenimen and Global Health Partners.
Funding/Support: The LOSS was funded by the OGB for the State of Louisiana. The data used in this study were collected independently of the OGB and the PI. Some of the sibutramine used in the study was donated by Abbott Laboratories.
Additional Contributions: Francine Juneau Kalt, Tommy Teague, JD, and Kip Wall, JD, of the OGB provided assistance in identifying cities for locating the clinical sites and in communicating with potential participants and enrolled participants. The following Data Safety Monitoring Board members and the teams of personnel participated in the study at each of the sites: George Blackburn, MD (Boston, Massachusetts), Holly Wyatt, MD (Denver, Colorado), G. Tipton McKnight, MD (Baton Rouge, Louisiana). Site Personnel: Alexandria, Louisiana: Brian Elkins, MD, Crystal Horn, LPN, Sandy Couvillon; Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Alok Gupta, MD, Dawn Rachal, MPA, Susan Thomas, RD, Cindy Puckett, RD; Hammond, Louisiana: David Gaudin, MD, Beth Gaudin, ANP, Gail Kazan, Norma Webb, LPC; Lafayette, Louisiana: Alan Broussard, MD, Kristi Anderson, MS, Charles St. Romain, LCSW; Lake Charles, Louisiana: Bryan Barootes, MD, Norma Fusilier, RD, Brandy Sensat, RN, Lisa Thornton; Shreveport, Louisiana: Robert Savory, MD, Lisa Austin, Susan Straub, LPN, Linda De La Cerda, RD.


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Bad financial situations always call for immediate solutions – like payday loans. With unforeseen expenses staring down at you, you've got no other choice but to seek help from a financial institution. The good thing is that credit companies have flexible requirements for you to secure payday loans in Sulligent.
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Payday loans in Sulligent, AL, can help you solve an immediate financial problem. There are times you find yourself in situations that need extra cash. When this happens, the only available solution is to get payday loans.
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When struggling to pay your bills, such as rent, groceries, and utilities, quick payday loans can help you settle them fast. A lot of people, about 70%, get small cash advances to cover daily expenses. It's much easier to obtain payday loans to cover some expenditures than wait for a month or year to get a bank loan.
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No credit check to apply.


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The Internet of Things…Internet of What?
You may have heard of the concept "The Internet of Things." Or, like many people, you may see that term and think, "The Internet of What?" In my mind, this concept moved from the edge closer to mainstream this month as Qualcomm, Samsung, and Sony launched smart watches. Additionally, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) sanctioned a wireless webcam maker for not taking adequate measures to secure the owner's privacy.
Dominic Venturo, U.S. Bank
The Internet of Things is a concept that basically covers devices that can connect together and communicate. A smart watch, for example, is able to connect to the Android phone and interact with specially designed apps. A Nike+ shoe monitor is placed inside the running shoe to communicate information to the Nike+ running app on the user's mobile device. A Jawbone Up communicates all activities for a user during the day (steps taken, miles walked, etc.) and also can monitor sleep patterns at night. The results of which are viewed on the user's mobile device. These all fall into the concept called Wearable Computing, which is a subset of Internet of Things. Less sophisticated devices might include a wireless webcam that allows a user to access it via a special URL and password or a small device that can be attached to an item to track its location.
[Register for Interop here and check out the "Mobile Devices — Technologies and Trends" session on October 2 in NYC.]
What does this have to do with banking and technology? It depends. As devices become more connected and are able to communicate with each other, it seems reasonable to expect that we will need to develop ways to participate in this new technology. For example, a new company just announced a wristband that is able to use the heartbeat of the owner as a biometric authentication, or password. That is great, in theory, but in practice it means any company that currently relies on ID and password will need to re-engineer their authentication processes for this new device to accept the user ID and this biometric password, instead of, or in addition to, the typed password A simpler example might be enabling customers to receive alerts and basic information on their smart watch, smart glasses, etc.
The advent of connected, "smart" devices means that there will be an entirely new set of implications for customer privacy, disclosures, and, it appears, regulation. At the same time the FTC announced sanctions against the webcam maker, it announced that it would begin taking up the topic of Internet of Things and begin developing a framework for future regulation and guidelines.
Most importantly, it will open up an entirely new area for potential customer interaction and convenience. Imagine being able to glance at your watch and immediately see if your account is in a "green", "yellow", or "red" status. Or, being able to receive a reminder to pick up a prescription while driving near the pharmacy or something as simple as having your car recognize you when you get near and immediately adjust the radio presets, mirrors, seat, and climate control.
[Related: Innovation in Banking: What does the Future Hold?]
The opportunities are many and with that will be new interfaces, policies, agreements, and more. And that's all right with me.
Dominic Venturo is chief innovation officer, payment services for U.S. Bank


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While Firefox and Internet Explorer earn most of the news and publicity, smaller browsers like Google Chrome and Opera are quietly earning more marketshare. Norwegian-based Opera recently debuted a new browser, Opera 10, which brought improved speed compatibility, and some innovative built-in features.
Among the most popular of the new browser's features is Opera Turbo. The feature uses server-side compression to deliver webpages faster on slow connections. It can compress webpages 3 to 4 times, reducing transfer size by up to 80 percent in some cases. Turbo is located in the lower left-hand corner of Opera 10 and is turned on with a click.
In the first month after Opera 10's release, Opera reports that almost 3 million users worldwide tried the new feature. They used it to view 668 million compressed Web pages, numbers that indicate that the feature is gaining significant traction.
Users cited a variety of reasons for using the feature. Some users, forced to use slower connections like dialup or slower DSL conections, used the Turbo mode to help make navigating these slow lines less of a headache. Other customers who used mobile internet cards or other metered/pay-as-you-go plans turned on Turbo to reduce their data transfer and lower their monthly bills or prevent overages.
Looking forward, Opera is providing support for AT&T's fall smart phone browser lineup (other than the iPhone). The new "att.net" features Opera Mini, Opera's popular smart phone browser. DailyTech recently took Opera Mini 5 for a test drive on the Blackberry Storm, and found the latest version to be vastly improved, and much faster than the native browser. Opera's mobile browsers use many of the same compression techniques that power its PC Turbo Mode.
Source: DailyTech


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