text:
GENEVA – A U.N. panel warned North Korean leader Kim Jong Un on Monday that he may be held accountable for orchestrating widespread crimes against civilians in the secretive Asian nation, ranging from systematic executions to torture, rape and mass starvation.
It is unusual for a U.N. report to directly implicate a nation's leader. But in a letter accompanying a yearlong investigative report, the chairman of a three-member U.N. commission of inquiry, retired Australian judge Michael Kirby, directly warned Kim that international prosecution is needed "to render accountable all those, including possibly yourself, who may be responsible for crimes against humanity."
"Even without being directly involved in crimes against humanity, a military commander may be held responsible for crimes against humanity committed by forces under the commander's effective command and control," Kirby wrote.
He urged Kim to take "all necessary and reasonable measures" to stop crimes against humanity and insure that they are properly investigated and prosecuted. Kirby added, however, there was no indication that North Korea would do so.
The investigative commission's report is a wide-ranging indictment of North Korea for policies including political prison camps with 80,000 to 120,000 people, state-sponsored abductions of North Korean, Japanese and other nationals, and lifelong indoctrination.
"They are wrongs that shock the conscience of humanity," Kirby said, comparing them with Nazi atrocities.
Speaking to reporters after release of the report, Kirby said it was impossible not to include Kim's name in the list of suspects because of what he described as the government's totalitarian nature.
Kirby referred to prison camps, which North Korea says do not exist. "However, the satellite images show the prison camps and we had testimony, which is quoted in the report, which tells the stories of the prison camps" that include starvation and stunted growth in babies, he said.
North Korean officials did not cooperate with the panel's investigation, saying in correspondence last year that the country "totally and categorically rejects" the probe ordered by the U.N.'s 47-nation Human Rights Council, which is based in Geneva.
The commission's three members said the findings are based on testimony from 80 witnesses at four public hearings in Seoul, Tokyo, London and Washington last year plus more than 240 confidential interviews with victims and others.
North Korea is unlikely to face prosecution because China, one of five veto-wielding members of the U.N. Security Council, generally opposes such referrals to the International Criminal Court.
"Too many times in this building there are reports and no action," Kirby said of the United Nations. "Well, now is a time for action. We can't say we didn't know."
Before the report's release, Chinese Foreign Ministry spokeswoman Hua Chunying said her country's position was "very clear."
"We think we should establish a constructive dialogue to solve the disputes over the human rights issues based on equal footing and mutual respect," Hua told reporters in Beijing. "It will not help the situation to bring the issue to an international court."
Kirby also wrote to China's U.N. ambassador in Geneva, saying there's evidence that Chinese officials have in some cases shared with North Korean officials "information about the contacts and conduct" of North Korean nationals subject to repatriation.
The ambassador, Wu Haitao, responded by denying that repatriated North Korean citizens from China face torture in North Korea.
State Department deputy spokeswoman Marie Harf said the report showed that North Korea's human rights situation "is among the world's worst."
The report will create pressure for release of the remaining Japanese, South Korean and other abductees still in North Korea, U.S. Rep. Ed Royce, chairman of the House Foreign Affairs Committee, said Monday in Tokyo.
"I think together the United States and Japan will work to guarantee the return of the abductees to their families and to their homes," Royce told Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, who has worked on the abduction issue for more than a decade.
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Helping Healthy Children and Siblings Cope
"We have been through a lot and I try to help my parents but they say I need to focus on being my own age and doing what kids my own age do. I have to share a room with my sister … she has on her oxygen machine and cries many times at night, and that makes it hard." –Sibling of a PH patient
"I worry about our kids. There's so much weight I feel to keep them from being affected by my wife's PH." –PH caregiver
Jump to a section:
What to Expect
Pulmonary hypertension can affect everyone in the family, including healthy children. When someone in the family is sick, many parents find it difficult to make time for everything and everyone that needs attention. This can leave children feeling stressed, angry or anxious, and parents feeling drained, guilty, and unsure about how to make things better. While there's no magic formula for resolving healthy children's PH-related stress, recognizing their feelings and experiences is an important first step in providing them with the support they need.
Every child responds differently to the stresses and lifestyle changes imposed on a family by PH. Some children will vocalize stress directly. Parents report that some healthy children worry aloud about their sick sibling or parent. Some kids express guilt or distress that they can run and play when the PH patient can't. Others display visible anger or resentment that they need to go to school or help with chores when the PH patient doesn't. Some parents also report that their children pick up on the stress of other family members in the house and ask questions that reflect worries related to "adult" problems like marital arguments, hospitalizations and finances. They may even ask about difficult topics like death.
Depending on personality, age, developmental stage, and a variety of other factors, some children may not be willing or able to vocalize their stress. One mother said that her healthy daughter refused to talk about PH and left the room whenever family conversation turned to doctors' visits. More commonly, children may not articulate specific questions or concerns about PH, illness or the concept of death, even when invited to share their feelings. In such cases, children may present stress through behaviors or physical symptoms. Some children may act younger than their age, falling into old habits they had previously outgrown, such as sleeping with the light on or clinging to you in public. Siblings may compete with one another, vying for a parent's attention. Children who feel everyone is focusing on the PH patient may act out or sulk. The external symptoms of stress can include bad behavior, low moods, stomachaches, headaches or trouble sleeping.
Even children who don't show signs of stress are likely thinking about PH and how it's affecting your family. Sometimes the product of these reflections are remarkably positive. A child growing up in a PH household is likely to absorb a lot about the ways in which family members work together and support one another. Many parents in the PH community are proud to report that their healthy children voluntarily take on responsibilities and roles that allow them to advocate for the PH patient and care for parents and siblings. One sibling shared, "I hope someday to find a cure for PH when I am a doctor and never see anyone go through what my family and PH friends do."While PH can cause stress for parents and children alike, in the context of a loving and attentive family, children have the capacity to learn, grow and flourish.
Adapting and Moving Forward
No matter how busy and overwhelmed you feel, there are things you can do to help your healthy children cope with PH in the family. These are not to-do items to check off a list once and for all, but rather activities to help guide your family's ongoing journey of coping and acceptance. For a non-patient parent in a PH household, there are lots of things you may struggle to accept, from your loved one's diagnosis to the way PH affects your family to your limitations as a parent. Acknowledge to yourself now that you'll never be the "perfect" mother or father. Between caring for a PH patient, paying the bills, getting food on the table, and your own stress, you have a lot on your plate. You can't be everywhere at once, and you can't be everything to everyone.
While there are a limited number of hours in the day, there's no limit to the amount of love you can share with your children. When your intention is to create an inclusive, healthy and supportive home for your family, mistakes and false starts are ok. In fact, they're par for the course. When they happen, remind yourself of your love and intention and begin again. Focus on the aspects of parenting you can control, rather than the many chaotic life factors that you can't predict or influence. Here are a few goals to work towards to provide your healthy kids with the structure and support they need:
Keep healthy children healthy. Kids cope best when they're well rested, eating regular and nutritious meals, and getting plenty of exercise. Siblings of PH patients are sometimes hesitant to run and play when their brother or sister with PH can't do the same. If that's the case in your family, try scheduling in sports and outdoor activities for healthy kids when your child with PH is busy with other activities, like music lessons or art classes.
Tell them you love them. Healthy children sometimes wonder whether their parents care about them as much as the PH patient, so make this an item on your daily to-do list. In addition to telling them through words, you can show your love through frequent hugs, tucking them into bed, leaving notes in their lunch bags, singing them songs, and cooking their favorite meals. While you may not have much extra time, displays of love and affection can go a long way towards showing your healthy children how much you're thinking about them.
Be attentive on your terms. Children need lots of attention. When someone in the family has PH, it's likely that they're not getting as much as they would otherwise. It's common for kids who want to be noticed to act out. Experience has taught them that when they misbehave, parents will stop what they're doing and focus on them. One strategy for showing children you care without reinforcing negative habits is to give them extra attention when they're playing nicely. Give your children small and specific complements throughout the day. For example, "You put your glass in the sink, great," or "I love the way you're concentrating on that homework." While this tactic may not eliminate bad behavior entirely, it will give you the opportunity to actively communicate your love to your children on a more regular basis.
Keep a routine. Children feel safe and secure when they have a predictable day-to-day life. If every day looks different because of doctors' appointments or your work schedule, make a weekly schedule rather than a daily schedule. Try to build pockets of dependable repetition into an otherwise complicated routine. Saturday morning chores, Sunday Fun Day, and Mexican food Monday can give children things to focus on and look forward to throughout the week.
Set rules and enforce them. While it's a good idea to be patient with some regressive behavior in kids who are struggling to make sense of their emotions, make sure your children know there are repercussions if they hit, scream or bully. Sometimes setting and enforcing rules can be difficult, especially if you're already feeling guilty that you're not giving your kids enough attention. Keep in mind that discipline is as much for them as it is for you. Clearly defined limits can give children a comforting sense of structure in a world in which PH and other curveballs can sometimes make life feel chaotic.
Encourage open conversation about PH and treatment. If PH isn't specifically addressed by a parent, young children will try to make sense of the illness by using their imaginations, while older children may turn to incorrect information from the Internet. Offer children clear, honest and brief explanations. Share more depending on age, capacity for understanding, and interest level. Ask them to explain back to you what is happening to the family member who's sick. This will give you the chance to correct any misunderstandings or misconceptions. Some healthy children will blame themselves for the family member's illness, and if that's the case, they need to be reassured that PH was not caused by anything they said, did or thought. If they're interested, give children the opportunity to take part in the patient's PH care by marking the medication calendar or taking on other simple tasks.
Make time for them. When you can, schedule one-on-one time with each of your kids. Do something you both enjoy, share jokes and stories, and give children the opportunity to talk about whatever they care about most. These can also be good times to talk to your children about any questions or worries they have related to PH. They may need many invitations to talk before they feel comfortable voicing a concern. If kids aren't ready to talk, that's ok too. Some children process and cope best by simply spending time with a parent or doing something fun.
Anticipate potentially stressful situations. Pay attention to when your children exhibit symptoms of stress, and look for patterns. Some healthy children are most prone to moodiness or acting up when the PH patient is sick or hospitalized. Others feel anxious when the time comes for their own doctors' appointments. Talk to children to determine what's at the root of these anxieties, and correct any misconceptions that may be causing undue stress.
Be prepared for difficult conversations. Not all conversations will lend themselves to easy reassurances. It can be unbelievably hard to talk about the concept of death with a child, and even more difficult to talk about the possibility of a loved one's death. But questions and concerns in this vein may present themselves, and if they do, you should be prepared to have an open and honest conversation. Do your best to take your time addressing children's concerns, even if the conversation makes you sad or uncomfortable. Children can pick up on anxiety in adults, and evasive responses may only add to their fears. If your family has spiritual beliefs that you want to share, this can be a good time to do that.
Talk about stress. As children get older, they can become more active participants in managing their stress. In late elementary school you may consider talking to children about stress and what may be causing it. You can work together to come up with strategies for alleviating the stress. Some children around this age enjoy keeping a journal to record their thoughts and feelings.
Turn to a counselor. If a child's stress has become unmanageable, it might be time to talk to a school counselor or therapist. Don't see this as a failure in parenting on your part. In fact, sometimes being a good parent means giving your child the opportunity to talk to a professional who's trained to help them work through problems. Ask your child's teacher or doctor for recommendations, or visit the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (AACAP).
Additional Resources
- Parent-to-parent support
- "Helping Your Healthy Child Cope," an article for parents living with PH
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatrist Finder from the AACAP
- "Where to Find Help for Your Child," from the AACAP
- Resources for parents from KidsHealth
Medically reviewed by Debra Hudock, RN, MSN, CNS, of Akron General Medical Center.


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Best practice guidelines for turbomachinery CFD
From CFD-Wiki
This article contains a summary of the most important knowledge and experience a CFD engineer needs in order to perform CFD simulations of turbomachinery components. The guide is mainly aimed at axial turbomachinery. The goal is to give a CFD engineer, who has just started working with turbomachinery simulations, a head start and avoid some of the most difficult pit-falls. Experienced turbomachinery CFD engineers can also use the guidelines in order to learn what other experts consider best practice. The intended audience is expected to know basic CFD terminology and have a basic turbomachinery knowledge, but no detailed knowledge about CFD for turbomachinery is needed.
Deciding what type of simulation to do
Before starting a new turbomachinery simulation it is wise to think carefully of what it is that should be predicted and what physical phenomena that affect the results. This chapter contains a brief overview of the various types of simulations and some hints of what can be predicted with them.
2D, Quasi-3D or 3D
2D simulations are often used in the early design phase in order to obtain a typical 2D section of a blade. For cases with many long blades or vanes, like low-pressure turbines, a 2D simulation can also provide reasonable results. If the area of the flow-path changes significantly in the axial direction it might be necessary to instead make a quasi-3D simulation. A quasi-3D simulation is a 2D simulation in which extra source terms are used to account for the acceleration/deceleration caused by a changing channel height or growing end-wall boundary layers. Codes focused on turbomachinery applications often have the possibility to perform quasi-3D simulations, but most general purpose CFD codes can not do this type of simulations, or require user coding to implement the correct source terms in the equations. Please contact your software distributor if your code does not have the quasi-3d possibility and you require it. Many codes require special routines or hidden commands to enable this feature.
Full 3D simulations are necessary if a true 3D geometry is needed to obtain correct secondary flows and/or shock locations. For low-aspect-ratio cases with only a few short blades, like for example structurally loaded turbine outlet guide vanes, the secondary flow development is important and a 3D simulation is often necessary in order to obtain reasonable results. For applications where the end-wall boundary layers grow very quickly and interact with a large part of the flow-field it is necessary to perform a full 3D simulation. This is often the case in compressors and fans, where the negative pressure gradients make the boundary layers grow much quicker than what they do in for example turbines. For cases where the shock location is very critical, like in transonic compressors, it is also often necessary to perform a 3D simulation in order to obtain reasonable shock locations.
Inviscid or viscid
For attached flows close to the design point and without any large separations it is often sufficient with an inviscid Euler simulation in order to obtain reasonable blade loadings and pressure distributions. Note that inviscid Euler simulations should only be used if the boundary layers are judged to not have a significant effect on the global flow-field. A viscid Navier-Stokes simulation is necessary in order to predict losses, secondary flows and separations. As soon as separations are of interest it is of course also necessary to do a viscid simulation. Note that with todays computers it is often not time and resources that make users run inviscid Euler simulations. Running viscid Navier-Stokes simulations is now so quick that it is not a time problem any more. Euler simulations are still interesting though, since with an inviscid Euler simulation you don't have to worry about wall resolutions, y+ values, turbulence modeling errors etc.
Transient or Stationary
Most turbomachinery simulations are performed as stationary simulations. Transient simulations are done when some kind of transient flow behaviour has a strong influence on the global flow field. Examples of transient simulations are detailed simulations of rotor-stator interaction effects, simulations of large unsteady separations etc. Sometimes when you perform a steady stationary simulation you can see tendencies of unsteady behaviour like for example periodic vortex shedding behind blunt trailing edges. This is often first seen as periodical variations of the residuals. If the unsteady tendencies are judged to not affect the overall simulation results it might be necessary to coarsen the mesh close to the vortex shedding or run a different turbulence model in order to make the simulation converge. Sometimes you are still forced to run a transient simulation and average the results if you don't obtain a converged steady solution.
In turbomachinery applications structured multi-block hexahedral meshes are most often used for flow-path simulations. In most solvers a structured grid requires less memory, provides superior accuracy and allows a better boundary-layer resolution than an unstructured grid. By having cells with a large aspect ratio around sharp leading and trailing edges a structured grid also provides a better resolution of these areas. Many companies have automatic meshing tools that automatically mesh blade sections with a structured mesh without much user intervention.
Unstructured meshes are used for more complex and odd geometries where a structured mesh is difficult to create. Typical examples where unstructured meshes are often used are blade tip regions, areas involving leakage flows and secondary air systems, film cooling ducts etc.
When meshing avoid to create large jumps in cell sizes. Typically the cell size should not change with more than a factor of 1.25 between neighbouring cells. For structured meshes also try to create fairly continous mesh lines and avoid discontinuities where the cell directions suddenly change. For multi-block structured meshes avoid placing the singular points where blocks meet in regions with strong flow gradients since most schemes have a lower accuracy in these singular points.
Mesh size guidelines
It is difficult to define, a priori, the mesh size. The required mesh size depends on the purpose of the simulation.
If the main goal is to obtain static pressure forces a coarse mesh is often able to obtain a good solution, especially when an accurate resolution of the boundary layers is not required. For 2D inviscid simulations of one blade a mesh with say 3,000 cells is most often sufficient. For 3D inviscid blade simulations a mesh size of about 40,000 cells is usually sufficient. On inviscid Euler simulations the cells should be fairly equal in size and no boundary layer resolution should be present. Avoid having too skewed cells.
For loss predictions and cases where boundary layer development and separation is important the mesh needs to have a boundary layer resolution. The boundary layer resolution can either be coarse and suitable for a wall function simulation or very fine and suitable for a low-Re simulation. For further information about selecting the near-wall turbulence model please see the turbulence modeling section. In 3D single-blade simulations a decent wall-function mesh typically has around 100,000 cells. This type of mesh size is suitable for quick design iterations where it is not essential to resolve all secondary flows and vortices. A good 3D wall-function mesh of a blade section intended to resolve secondary flows well should have at least 400,000 cells . A good low-Re mesh with resolved boundary layers typically has around 1,000,000 cells.
In 2D blade simulations a good wall-function mesh has around 20,000 cells and a good low-Re mesh with resolved boundary layers has around 50,000 cells.
Along the suction and pressure surfaces it is a good use about 100 cells in the streamwise direction. In the radial direction a good first approach is to use something like 30 cells for a wall-function mesh and 100 cells for a low-Re mesh.
It is important to resolve leading and trailing edges well. Typically at least 10 cells, preferably 20 should be used around the leading and trailing edges. For very blunt and large leading edges, like those commonly found on HP turbine blades, 30 or more cells can be necessary.
Cases which are difficult to converge with a steady simulation and which show tendencies of periodic vortex shedding from the trailing edge, can sometimes be "tamed" by using a coarse mesh around the trailing edge. This, of course, reduces the accuracy but can be a trick to obtain a converged solution if time and computer resources does not allow a transient simulation to be performed.
Boundary layer mesh
For design iteration type of simulations where a wall function approach is sufficient y+ for the first cell should be somewhere between 20 and 200. The outer limit is dependent on the actual Re number of the simulations. For cases with fairly low Re numbers make sure to keep the maximum y+ as low as possible. For more accurate simulations with resolved boundary layers the mesh should have a y+ for the first cell which is below 1. Some new codes are now using a hybrid wall treatment that allows a smooth transition from a coarse wall-function mesh to a resolved low-Re mesh. Use some extra care when using this type of hybrid technique since it is still fairly new and unproven.
Outside of the first cell at a wall a good rule of thumb is to use a growth ratio normal to the wall in the boundary layer of maximum 1.25. For a low-Re mesh this usually gives around 40 cells in the boundary layer whereas a wall-function mesh does not require more than 10 cells in the boundary layer. Using a growth ratio of less than 20% and closer to or even less than 10% can also ensure capturing a good y+ value. Though dependent on the Reynolds number of the flow and the geometry, an initial cell height of 0.025 can probably serve as a good reference.
If you are uncertain of which wall distance to mesh with you can use a y+ estimation tool to estitmate the distance needed to obtain the desired y+. These estimation tools are very handy if you have not done any previous similar simulations.
As a rule of thumb a wall-function mesh typically requires areound 5 to 10 cells in the boundary layer whereas a resolved low-Re mesh requires about 40 cells in the boundary layer.
Boundary conditions
Describe different types of boundary conditions and when they should be used:
- Total pressure in, static pressure out
- Absorbing boundary conditions
- ...
There are different types of boundary conditions you can use:
- Mass flow inlet, static pressure outlet.
To put this BC you must allocate inlet surface enough far away from the turbomachine impeller. The velocity distribution is not constant over all the surface. If you put this "lie" away from your problem it works well.
Turbulence inlet conditions
Prescribing realistic turbulence inlet conditions is important and usually difficult. For two-equation turbulence models two different turbulence values need to be specified on the inlet. The most common way of specifying the inlet turbulence variables is to give an inlet turbulence level and length-scale. For simulations where the incoming boundary layers are estimated to not have any significant effect on the secondary flows and global flow-field downstream it is usually sufficient to specify a constant incoming turbulence level and length-scale.
The incoming turbulence level is dependent on which component is analyzed. Best is of course to have measurments from a similar application in order to be able to prescribe a fairly realistic value. Without measurements it is necessary to make an educated guess. Simulations with very complex and turbulence-generating components upstream will have a very high incoming turbulence level. For example, a high-pressure turbine just downstream of a turbulence generating combustor might have incoming turbulence levels up to 20%. Fans and low-pressure compressors with not many components upstream might have as low incoming turbulence level as 1%. For components between these two extreme examples, like high-pressure compressors, low-pressure turbines etc. a turbulence level of around 5% might be realistic. If you do not have any measurements and are unsure about which incoming turbulence level to prescribe it is always a good idea to run a few different simulations with say one half and one double incoming turbulence level in order to estimate how important it is for the simulation results.
The incoming turbulence length-scale is often even more difficult to guess than the incoming turbulence level. Measurements might sometimes include the incoming turbulence level, but very seldom also include the incoming turbulent length-scale. The best way of guessing a realistic incoming length-scale is to use the geometrical properties of the upstream components. The incoming turbulence length-scale can be estimated as say the thickness of upstream blades or somewhere between 2% and 20% of the incoming channel heigth. Fortunately the incoming turbulence length-scale is usually not that important for the end results. However, some k-omega models can have an unrelisticly strong influence on the incoming turbulence length-scale. Hence, be extra carefull about the length-scale when using k-omega models. Note that the SST k-omega model does not have this unrealistic sensitivity to the inlet turbulence length-scale.
Instead of specifying an incoming turbulence length-scale it is sometimes more convenient to specify an incoming eddy viscosity ratio. For low-turbulence cases with no well-specified turbulence generating components upstream it can be difficult to estimate a turbulence length-scale. Specifying an eddy viscosity ratio instead gives a more direct control over how large the effect of the incoming turbulence is. The eddy viscosity ratio describes how large the turbulence viscosity is related to the molecular viscosity. In turbomachinery the eddy viscosity ratio can vary from say 10 in low-turbulence components like fans up to say 1,000 or in rare cases even 10,000 in high-turbulence components like high-pressure turbines. In components between these extremes a typical eddy viscosity ration might be about 200. Even if specifying an inlet turbulence length scale it can still be good to compute what eddy viscosity ratio this corresponds to in order to estimate if it sounds reasonable.
Turbulence modeling
Selecting a suitable turbulence model for turbomachinery simulations can be a challenging task. There is no single model which is suitable for all types of simulations. Which turbulence model CFD engineers use has as much to do with beliefs and traditions as with knowledge and facts. There are many different schools. However, below follows some advices that most CFD engineers in the turbomachinery field tend to agree upon.
For attached flows close to the design point a simple algebraic model like the Baldwin-Lomax model can be used. Another common choice for design-iteration type of simulations is the one-equation model by Spalart-Allmaras. This model has become more popular in the last years due to the many inherent problems in more refined two-equation models. The big advantage with both the Baldwin-Lomax model and the Spalart-Allmaras model over more advanced models is that they are very robust to use and rarely produce completely unphysical results.
In order to accurately predict more difficult cases, like separating flows, rotating flows, flows strongly affected by secondary flows etc. it is often necessary to use a more refined turbulence model. Common choices are two-equation models like the model.
Two-equation models are based on the Boussinesq eddy viscosity assumption and this often leads to an over-production of turbulent energy in regions with strong acceleration or deceleration, like in the leading edge region, regions around shocks and in the suction peak on the suction side of a blade. To reduce this problems it is common to use a special model variant using, for example, Durbin's realizability constraint or the Kato-Launder modification. Note that different two-equation models behave differently in these problematic stagnation and acceleration regions. Worst is probably the standard model. model are slightly better but still do not behave well. More modern variants like Menter's SST k-omega model also has problems, wheras the v2f model by Durbin behaves better.
Near-wall treatment
For on-design simulations without any large separated regions it is often sufficient to use a wall-function model close to the wall, preferably with some form of non-equilibrium wall-function that is sensitised to streamwise pressure gradients.
For off-design simulation, or simulations involving complex secondary flows and separations, it is often necessary to use a low-Re model. There exist many low-Re models that have been used with success in turbomachinery simulations. A robust and often good choice is to use a one-equation model, like for example the Wolfstein model, in the inner parts of the boundary layer. There are also several Low-Re models that work well. Just make sure they don't suffer from the problem with overproduction of turbulent energy in regions with strong acceleration or deceleration. In the last few years Menter's low-Re model has gained increased popularity.
Transition prediction
Transition refers to the process when a laminar boundary layer becomes unstable and transitions to a turbulent boundary layer. There are two types of transition - natural transition, where inherent instabilities in the boundary layer cause the transition and by-pass transition, where convection and diffusion of turbulence from the free-stream into the boundary layer cause the transition. Most transitions in turbomachinery are by-pass transitions caused by free-stream turbulence and other external disturbances like wakes, vortices and surface defects.
Simulating transition in a CFD code accurately is very difficult. Often a separate transition model needs to be solved in order to specify the transition location and length. Predicting natural transition in a pure CFD code is not possible. Predicting by-pass transition in a pure CFD code is almost impossible, although there are people who claim to be able to predict by-pass transition with low-Re two-equation models. However, this is usually on special test cases and with simulations that have been tuned for these special cases, see for example [Saville 2002]. In reality transition is a very complex and sensitive process where disturbances like incoming wakes and vortices from previous stages, surface roughness effects and small steps or gaps in the surfaces play a significant role.
The turbomachinery codes that have transition prediction models often use old ad-hoc models like the Abu-Ghannam and Shaw model [Abu-Ghannam 1980] or the Mayle model [Mayle 1991]. These models can be quite reliable if they have been validated and tuned for a similar application. Do not trust your transition predictions without having some form of experimental validation. Menter has also recently developed a new form of transition model that might work fairly well, but it is still too new and untested.
For some turbomachinery applications, like modern high-lift low-pressure turbines, transition is critical. For these applications a CFD code with a transition model that has been tuned for this type of applications should be used.
Numerical considerations
Use at least a second order accurate scheme for the flow variables. Some codes require a first order scheme for the turbulent variables ( and ) in order to converge well. It might be sufficient with a first order scheme only on the turbulence variables, but a second order scheme is of course preferable.
Convergence criteria
To know when a solution is converged is not always that easy. You need some prior experience of your CFD code and your application to judge when a simulation is converged. For normal pure aero simulations without resolved walls, i.e. with wall functions or inviscid Euler simulations, convergence can most often be estimated just by looking at the residuals. Exactly what the residuals should be is not possible to say, it all depends on how your particular code computes and scales the residuals. Hence, make sure to read the manuals and plot the convergence of a few global parameters before you decide what the residuals should be for a solution to converge. Note also that many manuals for genereal purpose CFD codes list overly aggressive convergence criteria that often produce unconverged results. For simulations with resolved walls it is good to look at the convergence of some global properties, like total pressure losses from the inlet to the outlet. For heat transfer simulations it is even more tricky since the aerodynamic field can look almost converged although the thermal field is not converged at all. If doing heat transfer simulations make sure to plot the heat-transfer, run for some time, and plot it again to make sure that it doesn't change anymore. With very well resolved walls and heat transfer it can sometimes take 10 times longer for the thermal field to converge.
Single or double precision
With todays computers and cheap memory prices it often does not cost much extra to run in double precision. Before using single precision you should first investigate how your software and hardware works with double precision. If the extra time and memory needed for double precision is negligible you should of course always run in double precision. With double precision you never have to worry about round-off errors. Always using double precision is one way of avoiding one type of pit-falls in the complex world of CFD simulations. Use double precision when you have resolved boundary layers (Y+ around 1) and when you use advanced physical models like combustion, free-surface simulations, spray and transient simulations with quick mesh motions.
Multi-stage analysis
Multi-stage analysis can be done in different ways:
- Steady mixing-plane simulations
- Frozen rotor simulations
- Unsteady sliding-mesh stator-rotor simulations
- Hybrid steady-unsteady stator-rotor simulations
- Other advanced multi-stage methods
Steady mixing-plane simulations
Since the mixing-plane method was first introduced in 1979 [Denton & Singh 1979] it has become the industry standard type of rotor-stator simulations. A mixing-plane simulation is steady and only requires one rotor blade and one stator blade per stage. Between the rotating blade passage and the steady vane passage the flow properties are circumferentially averaged in a so-called mixing-plane interface. This will of course remove all transient rotor-stator interactions, but it still gives fairly representative results. In some commercial codes (CFX for example) mixing-plane interfaces are also called stage-interfaces.
Frozen rotor simulations
In a frozen rotor simulation the rotating and the stationary parts have a fixed relative position. A frame transformation is done to include the rotating effect on the rotating sections. This will give a steady flow and no transient effects are included. With a frozen-rotor simulation rotating wakes, secondary flows, leading edge pressure increases etc. will always stay in exactly the same positions. This makes a frozen rotor simulation very dependent on exactly how the rotors and the stators are positioned. Most often a mixing-plane simulation gives better results. Frozen rotor simulations are mainly performed to obtain a good starting flow-field before doing a transient sliding-mesh simulation.
Unsteady sliding-mesh stator-rotor simulations
This is the most complete type of stator-rotor simulation. In most engines the number of stators and rotors do not have a common denominator (to avoid instabilities caused by resonance between different rings). Hence, to make a full unsteady sliding-mesh computation it is necessary to have a mesh which includes the full wheel with all stators vanes and all rotor blades. This is often not possible, instead it is necessary to reduce the number of vanes and blades by finding a denominator that is almost common and then scale the geometry slightly circumferentially. Here is an example:
- Real engine: 36 stator vanes, 41 rotor blades
- Approximated engine: 41 stator vanes, 41 rotor blades, making it possible to simulate only 1 stator vane and 1 rotor blade
- Scaling of stator: All stator vanes are scaled by 36/41 = 0.8780 circumferentially.
Hybrid steady-unsteady stator-rotor simulations
Hybrid steady-unsteady methods have been proposed in literature (Montomoli et al. 2011) in order to have an unsteady simulation embedded in a multistage steady study. There are several advantages related to this method: mainly grid size and number of iterations.
Other advanced multi-stage methods
Time-inclinded, Adamszyk stresses ...
Heat transfer predictions
Besides listing the general heat transfer mechanisms involved (namely conduction, convection, radiation) heat transfer prediction in CFD may be seen as or split into two cases.
Mesh consists of fluid domain(s): you want to know how heat inserted into the fluid domain (e.g. via the flowing medium) changes the temperature field along the flow path. Be it a steady or transient run, a fluid which enters with a given temperature will usually experience temperature variations, for instance, caused by convective boundary conditions, prescribed temperature profiles at flow obstacles etc.
Mesh consists of fluid and solid domain(s): additionally to the above, you want info too wrt the (spatial, temporal or even spectral) temperature field distribution in surrounding, confining or immersed solids like channel walls or heat exchanger tubes. This is also called conjugate heattransfer CHT in the CFD context. CHT requires a good boundary layer resolution, usually the wall mesh needs to be rather refined, to obtain realistic heatflux results at the fluid/solid interface. Flow and heat transfer convergence require different time step settings, to properly capture changes in flow and heat quantities respectively.
In either case, verify (strict necessity depends on CFD code used, CFX for instance checks and assists in regard) that model dimensions, boundary conditions and properties are in consistent units, hold appropriate values. Check temperature-dependence of properties and other numbers before the run.
In heat transfer predictions (depending on the CFD code in use) besides the flow solver, you may have to activate the thermal solver too, as a job specification.
Acoustics and noise
A whole separate research subject, difficult.
Tone noise possible. Often run with linearzised solvers in the frequency domain.
Jet noise possible. Often run with LES or DES simulations that either also resolve the sound waves or couples to a separate acoustic solver.
Turbomachinery broadband noise not possible yet, or at least a great challenge.
Errors and uncertainties
CFD is still a tool which requires that a user has a good understanding of uncertainties and errors that might spoil a CFD similation. There exists no error control in CFD and any CFD simulation must be interpreted by an expirenced user to have some credibility. Without some knowledge about possible errors and how they can be handled a CFD simulation can not be trusted. Errors can occur at different places:
- Definition of the problem - What needs to be analyzed?
- Selection of the solution strategy - What physical models and what numerical tools should be used?
- Development of the computational model - How should the geometry and the numerical tools be set up?
- Analysis and interpretation of the results - How should the model be analyzed and the results be interpreted?
There exists many different definitions on errors. In this guide the errors are classified into four types of errors: problem definition errors, model errors, numerical errors and user and code errors. The chapters below describe these errors and give some guidelines on how to avoid them.
Problem definition errors
Problem definition errors are the most basic form of errors. In order to obtain usefull results a CFD simulation must of course analyze the correct problem, have suitable boundary contions and be based on a relevant geometry.
Wrong type of simulation
It is essential to have an overview of the physics involved and how the problem can best be analyzed. Running a 2D simulation in order to understand secondary flows or running a steady simulation in order to understand transient behaviour is of course no use. When assessing a CFD simulation the first thing to consider is what physical phenomena are important for the results and if the selected type of simulation is suitable to resolve this type of phenomena. For further information about selecting the most suitable type of simulation please see the previous chapter on deciding what type of simulation to perform.
Incorrect or uncertain boundary conditions
A common source of errors is that incorrect boundary conditions are used. The boundary conditions must be specified in enough detail in order to resolve all the important physical features in the problem. For further information about specifying boundary conditions please see the previous chapter on boundary conditions.
Geometrical errors
It is almost always necessary to simplify the geometry in some form. When assessing a CFD simulation one should consider how the geometrical simplifications can affect the interesting physical phenomena. Typical geometrical errors are:
- Simplifications
- Small geometrical features like fillets, small steps or gaps etc. can often be disregarded. When disregarding this type of features one should consider if they might affect the important physics. For example, a very large fillet on the suction-side of a vane might affect corner separations near the end-walls. A large tip-leakage might affect the flow physics significantly in the upper part of a compressor.
- Tolerances and manufacturing discrepancies
- If the geometry has very large tolerances or is manufactured in a way which might produce a non-ideal shape or position it might be necessary to perform additional CFD simulations in order to cover the whole span of possible real geometries.
- Surface conditions - roughness, welds, steps, gaps etc.
- Often CFD simulations assume a perfectly smooth surface. A non-smooth surface which might have welds, steps or even gaps will of course produce different results. If the physical phenomena of interest might depend on the surface conditions these should of course be condidered. Typical phenomena that might be dependent on this type of errors are transition prediction, leakage flows etc.
More recently Uncertainty Quantification techniques have been applied to turbomachinery to model real geometries considering their stochastic variations [Montomoli et al. 2013]
Model errors
Errors related to the computational model.
Wrong physical models
Once the type of simulation has been selected the next step is to select what type of physical models the simulation should use. The following points should be considered:
- Gas data (incompressible/compressible, perfect gas/real gas, ...)
- Turbulence modeling (type of model, type of near-wall treatment, ...)
- Other models (combustion, sprays, ...)
When assessing model related errors it is important to know the features of the selected model and think carefully how these features and possible short comings might affect the predicted physical behaviour. Using the wrong turbulence model or combustion model can completely destroy the results of a CFD simulation.
Numerical errors
Errors related to the numerical solution of the developed model. Typical examples of numerical errors are discretization errors, convergence errors and round-off errors.
Discretization errors
Discretization errors can either be spatial errors in space or temporal errors in time.
Spatial discretization errors are what people normally call discretization errors. These errors are due to the difference between the exact solution and the numerical representation of the solution in space. Describing exactly what discretization different codes use and what errors this might lead to is not possible here. Instead some general rules to avoid these errors can be summarized as:
- Use at least a 2nd order accurate scheme, preferably a 3rd order accurate scheme. Some general purpose codes have a 1st order upwind scheme as default, this is a very diffusives schemes that often gives too smooth results.
- For new applications always run a simulation with a finer mesh to see how grid independent your solution is.
- Be aware of checker-board errors. Checker-board errors occur close to strong shocks and other large discontinuities and can be seen as a wavy pattern with a wavelength of two cells. Some schemes, especially those who behave like central differencing schemes, are more prone to checker-board errors. Upwind schemes are a bit better and schemes like TVD or chock-capturing schemes are even better.
Temporal discretization errors mainly effect transient simulations. However, some codes use a time-marching method also for steady simulations and then a temporal discretization error might affect the final steady solution slightly. The discretization in time can be done with 1st or 2nd order schemes or a Runge-Kutta method, which is more accurate and saves memory. Some codes can adapt the time-step, but often it is necessary to prescribe a time-step in advance. Think of the time-step as your grid in time and make sure that the grid-resolution in time is fine enough to resolve the highest frequencies. To avoid problems with temporal discretization errors the following should be considered:
- Use at least a 2nd order scheme in time.
- Do a physical estimation of the typical frequencies in time of the phenomena that you are interested in and select a time-step which is fine enough to resolve these frequencies well. After the simulation also look at the frequencies captured and make sure that they are well resolved by the chosen time-step.
- For new applications try a finer time-step to ensure that your solution in time is fairly grid independent in time.
Convergence errors
To judge when a CFD simulation is converged is not always that easy. Different codes and different applications behave very differently. For a pure aero-simulation on a fairly coarse grid convergence is easy to judge, but for more complex simulations involving resolved boundary layers, heat transfer, combustion etc. convergence can be very tricky. Aside from looking at residuals one should always also look at how global parameters like static pressure distributions, total pressure losses, skin friction, heat transfer etc. change in time. For more information about how to avoid convergence errors see the previous chapter about #Convergence criteria.
Round-off errors
When using single precision care needs to be taken to avoid round-off errors. Inviscid Euler simulations and simulations using wall-function meshes can most often be performed in single precision. For well resolved boundary layers with Y plus close to 1 it is often necessary to use double precision. If using double precision for very fine mesh resolutions make sure that you also create the mesh in double precision and not just run the solver in double precision. Sometimes a single precision solver converges slower than a double precision solver due to numerical errors caused by round-off errors. When using advanced physical models like combustion, free-surface simulations, spray and transient simulations with quick mesh motions it is also often necessary to use double precision.
User and code errors
Errors related to bugs in the code used or mistakes made by the CFD engineer.
What to trust and what not to trust
CFD is generally quite good at predicting surface static pressure distributions. With care CFD can also be used to predict performance, total-pressure losses and blade turning.
Predicting separation, stall and off-design performance can be a challenge and results with non-attached flows should be interpreted with care.
Heat transfer is often very difficult to predict accurately and it is common to obtain heat-transfer coefficients that are 100% wrong or more. Validation data is critical in order to be able to trust heat transfer simulations.
Transition is almost impossible to predict accurately in general. However, there exist models that have been tuned to predict transition and these tend to give acceptable results for cases close to the ones they were tuned for.
- Abu-Ghannam, B.J. and Shaw, R. (1980), "Natural Transition of Boundary Layers - the Effects of Turbulence, Pressure Gradient, and Flow History", Journal of Mech. Eng. Science, vol. 22, no. 5, pp. 213–228.
- Adamczyk, J. J. (1985), "Model Equation for Simulating Flows in Multistage Turbomachinery", ASME Paper 85-GT-226, also NASA TM-86869.
- Adamczyk, J. J. (1999), "Aerodynamic Analysis of Multistage Turbomachinery Flows in Support of Aerodynamic Design", ASME Paper 99-GT-80..
- Baldwin, B. S. and Lomax, H. (1978), "Thin Layer Approximation and Algebraic Model for Separated Turbulent Flows", AIAA Paper 78-257.
- Chen, J. P. and Barter, J. W. (1998), "Comparison of Time-Accurate Calculations for the Unsteady Interaction in Turbomachinery Stage", AIAA Paper 98-3292.
- Denton, J. and Singh, U. (1979), "Time Marching Methods for Turbomachinery Flow Calculations", VKI Lecture Series 1979-7, von Karman Institute.
- Erdos, J., Alzner, E. and McNally, W. (1977), "Numerical Solution of Periodic Transonic Flow Through a Transonic Fan Stage", AIAA Journal, vol. 15, no. 11, pp. 1559-1568.
- Gerolymos, G., Vinteler, D., Haugeard, R., Tsange, G. and Vallet, I. (1996), "On the Computation of Unsteady Turbomachinery Flows – Part II – Rotor/Stator Interaction using Euler Equations", AGARD Report CP-571.
- Giles, M. B. (1990), "Stator/Rotor Interaction in a Transonic Turbine", AIAA Journal of Propulsion and Power, vol. 6, no. 5.
- He, L, and Ning, W. (1998), "Efficient Approach for Analysis of Unsteady Viscous Flows in Turbomachines", AIAA Journal, vol. 36, no. 11, pp. 2005-2012.
- Mayle, R. E. (1991), "The Role of Laminar-Turbulent Transition in Gas Turbine Engines", ASME Journal of Turbomachinery, vol. 113, pp. 509-537.
- Menter, F.R. (1994), "Two-equation eddy-viscosity turbulence models for engineering applications", AIAA Journal, vol. 32, pp. 269-289.
- Montomoli, F., Hodson,H.P, Lapworth, L. (2011), "RANS-URANS in axial compressors, a design methodology", Journal of Power and Energy, 225 (A3), pp. 363-374.
- Montomoli, F., D'Ammaro,A., Uchida, S. (2013), "Uncertainty Quantification and Conjugate Heat Transfer: a Stochastic Analysis", Journal of Turbomachinery, 135(3), 031014.
- Savill, M., Dick, E., Hanjalić, K. and Voke, P. (2002), "Synthesis Report of the ERCOFTAC Transition Modeling – TRANSPRETURB Thematic Network Activities 1998-2002", Ecoftac Bulletin 54, September 2002, pp. 5-16.
- Wang, X. and Chen J. (2004), "A Post-Processor to Render Turbomachinery Flows Using Phase-Lag Simulations", AIAA Paper 04-615.


text: Yadav 0 Report post Posted February 8, 2014 Across Continents is a European Voluntary Service (EVS) project, action 2 of the Youth in Action Programme of the European Commission. Across Continents is an enriching experience for the NGOs and volunteers involved. Through volunteering and international cooperation it aims to promote a culture of peace and human rights world-wide. Across Continents in Nepal Youth Human Rights Education Club (YHRE Club): WNSO has been implementing the European Voluntary Services (EVS) program in Kathmandu with coordination of CEIPES. This is a group EVS project which has been managing 4 volunteering placements in Nepal. YHRE Club is one activity carried out with students at higher secondary schools. Volunteers will collaborate in design the activities focusing on different themes each time (human rights, citizenship, youth policy etc), thus helping to give continuity to a project that requires a great participation. They will deal in the implementation of debates, BLOG competitions, workshops, painting, etc. School of disabled: Volunteers will be involved in workshops that involves recreational, educational and cultural activities (debates, festivals, cinema etc) and in mentoring students with disabilities, guiding them in their studies. Leisure activities in an orphanage: Volunteers will be involved in the entertainment activities in an orphanage that hosts children studying in public schools. The main role of the volunteers will be to support the staff of the orphanage for the free time activities with the children. Volunteers will involve the children in various disciplines and practices such as sports, arts workshops, etc. Place: Kathmandu Host organisation: Worldwide Nepalese Students' Organisation - http://www.wnso.org/ Starting date: 1° May 2012 for 5 months Working time: 6 hours a day / 5 days a week Project Webpage : http://www.acrosscontinents.ceipes.org/index.php Quote Share this post Link to post Share on other sites


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"Be who God meant you to be and you will set the world on fire." So said St Catherine of Siena whose festival day it is today. Marriage is intended to be a way in which man and woman help each other to become what God meant each one to be, their deepest and truest selves.
Many are full of fear for the future of the prospects of our world but the message of the celebrations in this country and far beyond its shores is the right one – this is a joyful day! It is good that people in every continent are able to share in these celebrations because this is, as every wedding day should be, a day of hope.
In a sense every wedding is a royal wedding with the bride and the groom as king and queen of creation, making a new life together so that life can flow through them into the future.
William and Catherine, you have chosen to be married in the sight of a generous God who so loved the world that he gave himself to us in the person of Jesus Christ.
And in the Spirit of this generous God, husband and wife are to give themselves to each another.
A spiritual life grows as love finds its centre beyond ourselves. Faithful and committed relationships offer a door into the mystery of spiritual life in which we discover this; the more we give of self, the richer we become in soul; the more we go beyond ourselves in love, the more we become our true selves and our spiritual beauty is more fully revealed. In marriage we are seeking to bring one another into fuller life.
It is of course very hard to wean ourselves away from self-centredness. And people can dream of doing such a thing but the hope should be fulfilled it is necessary a solemn decision that, whatever the difficulties, we are committed to the way of generous love.
You have both made your decision today – "I will" – and by making this new relationship, you have aligned yourselves with what we believe is the way in which life is spiritually evolving, and which will lead to a creative future for the human race.
We stand looking forward to a century which is full of promise and full of peril. Human beings are confronting the question of how to use wisely a power that has been given to us through the discoveries of the last century. We shall not be converted to the promise of the future by more knowledge, but rather by an increase of loving wisdom and reverence, for life, for the earth and for one another.
Marriage should transform, as husband and wife make one another their work of art. It is possible to transform as long as we do not harbour ambitions to reform our partner. There must be no coercion if the Spirit is to flow; each must give the other space and freedom. Chaucer, the London poet, sums it up in a pithy phrase:
"Whan maistrie [mastery] comth, the God of Love anon,
Beteth his wynges, and farewell, he is gon."
As the reality of God has faded from so many lives in the West, there has been a corresponding inflation of expectations that personal relations alone will supply meaning and happiness in life. This is to load our partner with too great a burden. We are all incomplete: we all need the love which is secure, rather than oppressive, we need mutual forgiveness, to thrive.
As we move towards our partner in love, following the example of Jesus Christ, the Holy Spirit is quickened within us and can increasingly fill our lives with light. This leads to a family life which offers the best conditions in which the next generation can practise and exchange those gifts which can overcome fear and division and incubate the coming world of the Spirit, whose fruits are love and joy and peace.
I pray that all of us present and the many millions watching this ceremony and sharing in your joy today, will do everything in our power to support and uphold you in your new life. And I pray that God will bless you in the way of life that you have chosen, that way which is expressed in the prayer that you have composed together in preparation for this day:
God our Father, we thank you for our families; for the love that we share and for the joy of our marriage.
In the busyness of each day keep our eyes fixed on what is real and important in life and help us to be generous with our time and love and energy.
Strengthened by our union help us to serve and comfort those who suffer. We ask this in the Spirit of Jesus Christ. Amen.


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simulate your car or bike at any track
Get Started
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This is a computer generated racing line map for the 911 GT3 RS. To see the simulation video of this lap, download high resolution maps, and more, visit the track page.
Mazda Miata | Porshe 911 GT3 RS | Motorcycle | F1 Car
Oregon Raceway Park - CCW
Oregon Raceway Park - CW
*PLEASE NOTE* The racing lines and simulations shown here are based on a simplified analysis that does not incorporate 3D effects such as camber and elevation, track irregularities, or surface conditions. It assumes perfect grip and perfect pilot control. Always temper your approach to a racetrack with common sense and an awareness of your skill level. Be safe out there!


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Rather than emailing us, we prefer to always speak in person. Our customer service department is available to handle your calls during business hours (between 9:00 a.m. and 5:00 p.m., PST, Monday through Friday, excluding holidays). If you find any expired jobs on our site, or know of any job sources we are missing please contact us immediately at 626-243-1814. We appreciate hearing about new job sources as often as possible. Please feel free to contact us with any issues or concerns that you might have. We look forward to hearing from you.
Job Search
How do I find jobs on the site?
You can use any of the following search features to find jobs:
How do I use search criteria to look for jobs on EmploymentExecutiveSearch.com?
I'm new to EmploymentExecutiveSearch.com. How is the advanced search option beneficial to me?
The advanced search option on EmploymentExecutiveSearch.com tailors your search results to predefined search criteria. You can use a combination of search parameters to list jobs that match your preferences. The advanced search option gives you more specific and realistic results.
What do I do if I have problems with the advanced search function?
A. If you're experiencing technical problems, it's likely because your browser settings aren't compatible. In order to use the advanced search function on EmploymentExecutiveSearch.com, you need to make sure your PC's Java script is enabled. To do so, follow the steps below:
1. Go to the "Tools" menu.
2. Click "Internet Options."
3. Select the "Security" tab.
4. Click the "Custom Level" button.
5. Scroll down to the "Scripting" option.
6. Ensure that the check box labeled "Active Scripting" is set to "Enable."
7. Click "OK" to return to the "Security" tab.
8. Click "OK" again to close the window.
You may need to restart your browser for these settings to take effect.
B. In order to do a simple search, select your criteria and click the button that says "Search Now."
C. If you wish to save your search, go to the option "Save this search as," name your search, and click the "Search Now and Save Search" button.
Are all of these jobs current?
Yes. Although there are huge numbers of jobs available on the site, we are constantly referring to the original source of each job opportunity to make sure it is still open. This means there's no need to worry about whether you're applying for a job that has already been filled. We remove filled positions very quickly. To confirm how long it has been since a job was last verified, there is a "date last verified" notice on each job posting.
How many times per day are your job listings updated?
What EmploymentExecutiveSearch.com does is very different from what other job boards do. The moment a job becomes available, it is added to our site. Our researchers work 24/7 to keep track of developments in the job market and ensure that new positions are immediately included in our database. We monitor the hiring needs of 250,000 employers, scour more than 10,000 employer websites, and pore over numerous publications to find every current job opening. We don't wait for jobs to be advertised. We hunt them down.
Why don't all of the job listings contain salary information?
Many employers prefer to wait until they have met you to discuss salary information. If a company lists a salary, we include it in the job description.
How can I differentiate between jobs posted by recruiters and jobs posted by companies?
Jobs that recruiters post are clearly marked as "recruiter jobs" by a special icon (a small red "R") on the search-results pages and a special box on the job's details page. While searching, you can choose not to include jobs posted by recruiters if you want to go through employers only. We are very strict about preventing recruiters from posting jobs under the guise of being employers. If you apply for a position that says a particular corporation is hiring, your information will be sent directly to the hiring contact at that organization.
How can I get more updates on jobs and job search-related areas?
Subscribe to The Job Researcher, EmploymentExecutiveSearch.com's free weekly newsletter to get a ringside view of all the latest trends, happenings and insights on the job search industry. Tune into a forum that is packed with resources to help you plan your career. Plus, you also get a chance to win a new 2010 BMW 328i sedan in Employment Research Institute's annual car giveaway.
Anytime you want to stop receiving it, simply unsubscribe from the newsletter. All unsubscribe details will be sent to you in your confirmation message.
Subscribe to The Job Researcher today and enter the BMW contest.
Members Section
How do I apply for jobs?
You have two options:
You decide which of the two application methods is best for you. Be sure to check the "Additional Information" for specific requests from the employer. Someone who specifically says "mail only" will not appreciate a fax or an email.
Should I copy and paste my resume, or should I upload it?
We strongly recommend uploading your resume. This is the only way to guarantee that it will look exactly as you intend it to. Additionally, once you have copied and pasted your resume, there will be no way to edit it on the site.
How do I edit my resumes/cover letters?
There is no way to edit a resume that you have uploaded to the site. The easiest way to make changes is to keep a copy of your resume on your computer, make changes to it as needed, and upload it again. You can have as many resumes and cover letters on the site as you want, and you can delete old copies that you are not likely to use again.
Once you choose to apply for a certain position online, you will have a chance to edit your cover letter. The cover letter you have uploaded or typed onto our site will appear in the body of the email that the employer receives. You can change this to suit the job that you are applying for before the email goes out. Also, when you are applying online, be sure to create a subject line that will draw attention to your resume submission.
If I enter more than one resume, which one will I be able to use to apply for jobs?
You will be able to use all of your resumes to apply for jobs. Keeping separate resumes for applying to different types of jobs (e.g., account executive, media consultant, etc.) is a good idea because you can tailor different resumes to different job searches and choose which one best fits the job in question when you apply.
Can recruiters and employers search for my resume?
No. Very few employers would take the time to go through a database and search for candidates, and those who choose to do so often do not offer the types of jobs we are . Large corporations and organizations would prefer that quality candidates come to them.
What is a job alert, and how do I create one?
If you would like to be emailed about jobs that might be relevant to your search, then you can click on "job alert." Every time we post a new job, you will be notified and sent a description of the job to view. You can make the alert function send you jobs in a category that is very narrow or very broad. The positions will be sent to you in real time as we update the board all day long. If a position becomes available on Saturday at midnight, you can expect an email a few seconds later.
How do I edit or delete my job alert?
If you would not like to receive emails about jobs anymore, simply go to your homepage. All job alerts will be displayed on this page. If you want to delete a job alert, check the one you wish to delete and press the "delete" link. If you would like to change the types of positions being sent to you, click "edit." You will immediately start receiving jobs from the new search you requested.
What if I forgot my username/password?
Just click here and fill in your email address. We will send you an email with the username and password assigned to that address.
How can I see what jobs I have applied for already?
In the "My Outbox" section, there are two different areas where the jobs you have applied for will appear. If you click on the "Online Job Applications" link, you will see all of the jobs that you have applied for through the site's "Apply Online" feature. If you click on the "My Mail Merge" link, you can see all of the jobs you have applied for by mail. It might be a good idea to look over these lists before you start applying for jobs. Although we have made it impossible to apply for the same position more than once, you will want to make sure you are not applying to the same branch office of a company more than once. In general, your resume will come across the desks of the same people, and the more they see of the same applicant, the less likely they are to consider that person.
What do I do with my mail merge file?
We provide you with a mail merge file that comes as a TXT file. In order for the mail merge to be useful, there are several steps you will have to follow:
First, download the mail merge file and save it in a place where you can easily find it later. All of the lines in the first row should match the corresponding contact information in the rows beneath them. For instance, "fname" is the field with the contact person's first name, if available. Everywhere on your cover letter where you want the first name of the contact person to appear, go (in Microsoft Word) to "Insert Field." Under "Categories," select "Mail Merge," and under "Field Names," select "MergeField." A text box marked "Field Name" will appear after you have made these selections. Type in the name of the field in the mail merge file. A box will appear at this point in your document (in this case, "fname"). Keep doing this for all fields you would like to show in your cover letter or on your envelopes.
When you have added all the fields you would like to add, click on the "Open Data Source" icon and find the mail merge file (from wherever you have saved it). Once you have opened it, go to the "Merge to New Document" icon. This will provide you with a mail merge document with all of the contact information for all of the jobs you chose to apply for.
How can I bookmark a job so I can apply for it later, and what is "My Hotlist"?
If you are considering applying for a job you have seen but do not want to do so immediately, click "Add this job to my hotlist." This will save the job so that you can apply for it later in a bulk application, if you wish. The hotlist is easily accessible from any page once you are signed in.
If a job has been on your site for 90 days and you have verified that it still needs to be filled, is there a reason for this?
Occasionally, employers will have job openings that remain vacant for more than 90 days. We are constantly communicating with these organizations to ensure that the positions listed are, in fact, still available and that the organizations are still hiring for them. While it is impossible to generalize about these situations, in some cases, the hiring organization has ongoing hiring for a particular position or it simply hasn't found the right candidate yet.
I saw a job that I was interested in a couple of weeks ago, and it has an "X" in the box, which means you can't apply there. If you still have it listed, is it available? Where do I apply for it?
The black "X" symbol indicates that you cannot apply online for the job of your choice because the employer does not wish to receive online applications for the job opening. Please see "Employer's Contact Details" to submit your resume.
What are the benefits of using EmploymentExecutiveSearch.com as opposed to competitor sites?
There are many advantages to using EmploymentExecutiveSearch.com. For one, it is the only free site on the Internet for employers. Posting on other sites and in newspapers can be a waste of hundreds of dollars unless you get the perfect candidate. While it is certainly possible to find him or her, the cons far outweigh the pros if you do not. EmploymentExecutiveSearch.com, meanwhile, offers:
How do I find the candidates that I want?
Just sit back, and they will come to you. That's the beauty of our system. Tell us about your jobs, and you will receive submissions from qualified applicants.
How do I post a job?
On the EmploymentExecutiveSearch.com homepage, there is a button that says "Post a Job." Click on it, and a new window will appear asking for the job information you would like posted. You can even post multiple job openings that you may have. Once we have verified that the jobs are not already in our database and are coming from a valid source, they will appear on the site.
What kind of information should I include in a job posting?
While you can include anything you want (that is, if it is relevant — we will be looking at your job advertisements before they are posted), there are certain things that should be included and just as many that should be left out.
Do include:
Do not include:
While it is up to you what is ultimately included in the job posting, if you are as specific as possible — without limiting yourself with harsh boundaries and off-putting details — more qualified applicants will knock on your door.
What kind of information is not allowed in a job posting?
We do not allow profanity, irrelevant advertisements, or anything else that is not job-related. Our job posts advertise jobs, and the integrity of the site will be compromised if we allow anything but jobs to be posted in this section. Any user attempting to pass himself or herself off as an employer and post a job that does not exist — or anything else other than an actual job — may have his or her membership revoked and be blocked from using the site in the future.
How will the candidates be presented to me? Is there a way to tell which job a candidate is applying for if there are many options?
You will receive an email package from every user who applies for a position. This will include a resume and, possibly, a cover letter, personal statement, and/or list of references. Users can also choose to mail or fax their resumes to you, provided you have given us the appropriate contact information when telling us about your job.
Is there a special employer membership?
No. There is only one membership type: a job-seeker membership. If you would like to view all of the jobs posted in the database, you are required to gain access through membership. Asking us to post your jobs, however, does not require membership.
What should I do if my job is not showing up?
It is possible that we have withheld your job because it has already been posted on the site by other means. It is also possible that the job does not fit our criteria for what makes a good posting. If you don't believe either of these reasons to be the case, email us at email@example.com or call us at 626-243-1814, and we can discuss what happened to the posting.
Can I edit, delete, or refresh my job posting?
Once you have asked us to enter a job into our database, the job will be maintained by us, which means it will be refreshed by our verification methods and will be deleted once it has been filled. If you would like a job to be deleted, refreshed, or changed immediately, feel free to email us at firstname.lastname@example.com with the pertinent job information and what you would like us to do.
What kinds of jobs am I allowed to post?
We encourage you to post all the job opportunities that you have available. Any -related job is acceptable. professionals come here to look for all kinds of positions.
Why am I not getting many responses?
There could be several reasons why a post does not get responses, but here are some suggestions addressing the most common reasons:
Perhaps you were too specific in your description of the ideal candidate and people did not feel that they would be able to meet the requirements. If this is the case, you can either search our database for candidates who match your needs using the search function or reword your posting to make it more appealing to candidates.
Because there are many jobs posted on EmploymentExecutiveSearch.com, your job may have gotten lost in the shuffle, especially if it was posted a long time ago. Refresh your job by choosing it in your profile and then clicking "edit" and "save." That way, it will show up as having been posted on the day you refreshed it. You can do this as many times as you want.
How many jobs can I tell you about?
We encourage you to tell us about every job you have available. We will not repost the same job (we will most likely refresh the original if asked to do so), but other than that restriction, there are no limits on how many job listings any one employer can have on the site.
As a recruiter, why should I choose EmploymentExecutiveSearch.com rather than one of the other job boards when posting my jobs?
The main reason to choose EmploymentExecutiveSearch.com is that there are no costs associated with posting jobs on our site. We only ask you to inform us that the job has come from a recruiter when you post it. There isn't another job board on the Internet that provides this kind of free service.
How can I post jobs?
On the EmploymentExecutiveSearch.com homepage, there is a button that says "Post a Job." Click on it, and a new window will appear that will ask for the job information you would like posted. You can even post multiple job openings that you may have. Once we have verified that a job is not already in our database and is coming from a valid source, it will appear on the site.
Why should I sign up for a membership with EmploymentExecutiveSearch.com?
Candidates come to you because they believe that you have the time and resources to locate every position that might be suitable for them. For only $49.95 a month, you can be sure that you are not missing anything. We go out and find more jobs for you than anyone else so that you don't have to go hunting.
What if I forgot my username/password?
Just click here and type in your email address. We will send you an email with the username and password assigned to that address.
What is a company profile?
You can create a company profile for your recruiting agency. This will describe where you are, what you focus on, what separates you from the pack, etc. It will also collect all the available jobs that you are posting in one place. That way, candidates who already know they want to work with your agency can bypass openings from other sources.
How do I create a company profile?
When you sign up as a recruiter, you will be given the option to create a company profile. Simply click on "My Profile" after you have logged on to your recruiter page. This will allow you to enter information about your company and whether or not you want your organization to be searchable by job seekers. Any job you post will automatically be linked to your profile.
What should I do if my post is not showing up?
It is possible that we have withheld your job because it has already been posted on the site by other means. It is also possible that the job does not fit our criteria for what makes a good posting. If you don't believe either of these reasons to be the case, email us at firstname.lastname@example.com or call us at 626-243-1814, and we can discuss what happened to the posting.
Can I edit, delete, or refresh my job posting?
Once you have asked us to enter a job into our database, the job will be maintained by us, which means it will be refreshed by our verification methods and will be deleted once it has been filled. If you would like a job to be deleted, feel free to email us at email@example.com with the pertinent job information.
What kinds of jobs am I allowed to post?
We encourage you to post all the job opportunities that you have available. Any job is acceptable. professionals come here to look for all kinds of positions. Job postings will be judged on a case-by-case basis as they are submitted. If you have job you need to get filled, as long as it's professional, we will most likely allow it to be posted.
Why am I not getting many responses?
There could be several reasons why a post does not get responses, but here are some suggestions addressing the most common reasons:
How do I find the candidates that I want?
Just sit back, and they will come to you. That's the beauty of our system. Tell us about your jobs, and you will receive submissions from qualified applicants.


text:
Welcome to our interactive map relating to Gujarat Elections 2012.
LIVE Results will provide live updates of the results as the counting takes place on 20th December 2012. Once counting is complete, it will display the final results.
Rediff Sentimeter is a projection of the results based on the performance of each constituency in previous assembly elections. For more details of the Rediff Sentimeter click here
In both LIVE Results and Rediff Sentimeter besides the overall view, clicking on each constituency will provide constituency level details.
Gujarat Election 2012: The Rediff Sentimeter
Welcome to our interactive map showing which way Gujarat will vote in 2012. The Rediff Sentimeter is based on the performance of each constituency in previous assembly elections and gives you the overall forecast, as well as down to each constituency as you click on it.
How it's done
- The Rediff Sentimeter is based on past assembly election results after factoring in delimitation, and takes into account the impact Keshubhai Patel's Gujarat Parivartan Party will have on the BJP's fortunes.
- What the Rediff Sentimeter's legends mean:
BJP - means a strong BJP win
Slide and See the Change
The Rediff Sentimeter's slider is set at our forecast point (as you can see, it is not a shoo-in for anyone). You don't agree with the numbers? So move the slider to the BJP or Congress side to see how a swing to either side can change the outcome.


text:
Escape from Planet Earth2013 Action/Adventure | Animation | Comedy | Family | SciFi/Fantasy
Astronaut Scorch Supernova is a national hero to the blue alien population. A master of daring rescues, Scorch pulls off astonishing feats with the quiet aid of his nerdy, by-the-rules brother, Gary, head of mission control at BASA. When BASA's no-nonsense chief Lena informs the brothers of an SOS from a notoriously dangerous planet, Scorch rejects Gary's warnings and bounds off for yet another exciting mission. But when Scorch finds himself caught in a fiendish trap set by the evil Shanker it's up to scrawny, risk-adverse Gary to do the real rescuing. As the interplanetary stakes rise to new heights, Gary is left to save his brother, his planet, his beloved wife Kira and their adventure hungry son Kip.


text:
Soświński, Wawrzyniec (1799–1850)
Faculty of Law and Administration of the UJ
st. Gołębia 24
31-007 Krakow
+48 12 663 1210
The software of the project "IURA. Sources of Law from the Past" was financed from the resources of the
Faculty of Law and Administration of the Jagiellonian University in Krakow.
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