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On-line version ISSN 2223-6279
Print version ISSN 0379-8577
Curationis vol.37 n.1 Pretoria Jan. 2014
An integrative review of South African cancer nursing research published from 2002-2012
Johanna Maree; Shelley Schmollgruber
Department of Nursing Education, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa
BACKGROUND: This integrative review aimed to quantify the publication output of South African cancer nursing research conducted between 2002 and 2012 and to identify key trends relevant to cancer nurse researchers.
OBJECTIVES: To describe the publication output of cancer nursing research in terms of the journals of publication, authors, focus, participants and methods used, to explore whether the published work was funded and to assess the quality of the studies published.
METHODS: An integrative review was conducted using the key words South Africa in combination with cancer nursing and oncology nursing to search the databases Pubmed, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Sabinet, Web of Science, Medline and OvidSP. A data extraction sheet was developed to document the required information from each paper and all publications were reviewed independently by the authors.
RESULTS: A total of 181 publications for potential inclusion were identified and 26 papers were included in this review. Cervical cancer, specifically the prevention of this disease, was the most popular diagnostic focus and theme of investigation. Most of the studies were descriptive and none of the studies met the criteria of the highest quality.
CONCLUSION: Nursing added to the body of knowledge regarding the primary and secondary prevention of cancer. There is a need for work on both men and women diagnosed with the most common cancers, as well as the family and care giver. There is also a need for multidisciplinary work using complex interventions focusing on symptom management to improve patient outcomes.
Problem statement
The significance of this article lies in the fact that it is the first review of South African cancer nursing research. South Africa, as a developing country, is an anomaly as it is both developed with a good infrastructure and developing, as it faces huge social and economic challenges, with a large gap between the poor dependent on developing aid and skilled professionals (Layne 1998:183). South Africa therefore faces the health challenges applicable to both the developed and developing world. In addition to primary and secondary cancer prevention, South African nursing research should be able to inform nurses practising in both the private healthcare system and the public sector, as both sectors provide patient services using sophisticated treatment (Abratt & Vorobiof 2003:395). It is not clear how many people are diagnosed with cancer annually as the histological-based National Cancer Registry only reflects data up to 2005 (National Health Laboratory Service 2012). However, it is estimated that one in six South African men and one in seven South African women will develop cancer during their lifetime (health24 2013). According to the Cancer Association of South Africa (CANSA) (CANSA 2012), the most prevalent cancers in women are breast, cervical, unknown primary site, colorectal and uterine cancer. In men, the most prevalent are prostate, unknown primary site, lung, colorectal and oesophagus cancer. Cancer patients experience various symptoms of which pain, fatigue and nausea and vomiting seem to be the most prevalent (Maree & Wright 2008:47).
The first National Oncology Nursing Symposium was held in 1979. During this symposium, Falkson (1979), a medical oncologist, introduced medical oncology as an established, recognised and rapidly-growing speciality and highlighted the dire shortage of oncology nurses. Nurses were asked to join the ranks of their European and American colleagues by completing the diploma in oncology nursing. Intelligence, dedication and a wish to serve humanity were required from such a nurse as it would be expected that she would become a full member of the multiprofessional healthcare team and, in many instances, act as team leader. The nature of cancer has, since this introduction, changed dramatically due to the increase in incidence, new treatments, advances in drugs and technologies, changing care settings and increased survival rates leading to new and varied challenges facing nurses (Mcilfatrick & Keeney 2003:629; Pearce, Kelly & Stevens 2001:372). In addition, the National Department of Health has, as of 1999, developed and adopted the National Cancer Control Policy which includes a cervical screening programme (CANSA 2008). Cervical screening is executed at district health level in primary health clinics (Mojaki et al. 2010:109), tasking nurses with the prevention and detection of cervical cancer. However, the nurse's role is not limited to the prevention of cervical cancer. The Scope of Practice (South African Nursing Council 1984) refers specifically to the prevention of disease and promotion of health through teaching and counselling individuals and groups and thus includes all cancers.
Nursing research not only enlarges the body of knowledge required by any profession (Keogh 1997:303), but also allows nurses to find creative and new approaches to old and new health problems and to design new and innovative programmes which will make a difference to people's health status (LoBiondo-Wood & Haber 2010a:6). Furthermore, nursing research is an essential component for improvement of the care of people living with cancer (Mcilfatrick & Keeney 2003:630). Despite cancer nursing being an established main nursing speciality, when looking to research to provide the evidence base for its practice, cancer nursing research is still a relatively young discipline (Molassiotis et al. 2006:432).
The cornerstone of nursing research in South Africa was laid in 1951 when the first nurse obtained a master's degree in sociology. Nursing research, however, originated in 1996 when a group of six nurses successfully completed a master's programme in nursing. Nursing research then expanded rapidly with 55 postgraduate studies completed between 1969 and 1979 and 248 studies completed between 1980 and 1990. It is not known whether oncology nursing was addressed in these studies as no mention is made of this speciality (Brink 1992). It is, however, possible that oncology nursing could have formed part of the 1.7 and 1.8% of studies focusing on the field of general nursing. In a systematic review of worldwide cancer nursing research between 1994 and 2003, Molassiotis et al. (2006:434) reported only three studies from South Africa listed by CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature), of which one was written in the English language and two in Afrikaans. In addition, infrastructure plays a major role in the progress of cancer nursing research. Quality research can only be conducted when funding is available to support research programmes (Molassiotis et al. 2006:439).
Aims of the study
South African cancer nursing research output and its characteristics have not been evaluated formally. The importance of such an evaluation resides in the identification of trends, uncovering of gaps and the provision of research directions. In addition, many cancer nurses use such findings as a guide for developing future research endeavours (Molassiotis et al. 2006:432). Integrative review is the broadest category of review and can include both qualitative and quantitative work (LoBiondo-Wood & Haber 2010b:212). An integrative review allowed the researchers to examine the literature using a particular lens defined by the objectives of the study to examine critically and evaluate the previous research, provide a clear account of the body of work on the subject and to arrive at specific conclusions (Molassiotis et al. 2006:431). The aim of this integrative review was to quantify the publication output related to South African cancer nursing research conducted between 2002 and 2012 and to identify key trends relevant to cancer nurse researchers. The objectives of the study were to:
- describe the publication output of cancer nursing research in terms of the journals of publication, authors, focus, participants and methods used
- explore whether the published work was funded
- assess the quality of the studies published.
Research method and design
Literature review
A review was conducted of the papers published between the years 2002 and 2012. Publications qualifying for inclusion had to be peer reviewed, conducted in a South African setting and co-authored by a South African nurse. The key words South Africa in combination with cancer nursing and oncology nursing were used. The data bases searched were Pubmed, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Sabinet, Web of Science, Medline and OvidSP.
Research approach and design
Data gathering commenced in April 2012 and regular searches were carried out until April 2013 in order to identify any new studies published, adding them to the main body of the current review. A data-extraction sheet was developed so as to document the required information from each paper including the year of publication, the journal of publication, the authors, affiliation of the authors, title of the study, participants and research methods used. Funding, a key word indicating the focus of the study and four sections dedicated to the judgement of the quality of the papers were also included.
Grade I studies
In order to benchmark the quality of the South African quantitative and qualitative publications against international trends, the same grading system applied by Molassiotis et al. (2006) in the worldwide review of cancer nursing research was used. Quantitative research was assessed by means of the three-point grading system developed by Mann (Molassiotis et al. 2006:433), where Grade I refers to randomised controlled trials. Grade I studies are divided into:
- Grade IA, referring to a randomised controlled trial where the sample size has been calculated and an accurate, standard definition of outcome variables is provided.
- Grade IB, providing only the standard definition of outcome variables .
- Grade IC, which does not include the above criteria.
Grade II studies
Grade II studies refer to prospective studies with a comparison group such as a non-randomised trial or good observational studies or retrospective studies with controls clarifying confounding variables. Grade II studies are divided into:
- Grade IIA, where the sample size has been calculated and an accurate standard definition of outcome variables and adjustment for the effects of important variables are included.
- Grade IIB studies, having at least one of the criteria of a Grade IIA study.
Grade III studies
All other studies are Grade III with:
- Grade IIIA containing a comparison group, calculated sample size and accurate standard definition of outcome variables.
- Grade IIIB studies including at least one of the criteria of Grade IIIA.
- Grade IIIC studies, which do not include any of the above criteria.
Rating system
The rating system developed by Cesario, Morin & Santa-Donato (2002:711) was used to assess the qualitative studies. Five categories applied:
- descriptive vividness
- methodological congruence with subcategories (1) rigour in documentation, (2) procedure and (3) ethics and confirmability
- analytical preciseness
- theoretical connectedness
- heuristic relevance with subcategories intuitive recognition, relationship to the existing body of knowledge and applicability.
A scoring scale of 0 to 3 was used in order to evaluate whether the different criteria were met, with 0 = no evidence, 1 = poor evidence, 2 = fair evidence and 3 = good evidence. The final quality of papers was based on the total scores of each of the categories, with QI referring to good quality studies meeting 75% to 100% of the total criteria (total score of 22.5 to 30); QII referring to studies of fair quality meeting 50% to 74% of the total criteria (score of 15 to 22.4); and QIII referring to poor-quality studies where less than 50% of the criteria were met (less than a total score of 15).
Assessment of quality
To assess the quality of the mixed-methods study, the criteria outlined by O'Cathain, Murphy & Nicholl (2008) were used and six categories, each containing specific criteria, were assessed. The categories are the:
- success of the study
- mixed-methods design
- qualitative component
- quantitative component
- integration
- inferences made.
Stake's instrument for assessing the quality of case reports as outlined by Crowe et al. (2011) was used to evaluate the quality of the case studies. This instrument contains 20 criteria, including the readability of the report, conceptual structure, definition and description of the case, attention paid to the various contexts, presentation of the raw data and possible risks to the individual. A scoring system of yes = 2; yes, but = 1; no OR not enough information = 0 applied (O'Cathain et al. 2008) to both the mixed methods and case study. Where the appropriate answer was no, no = 2; no, but = 1 and yes = 0. The final quality of the studies was based on the total scores of each of the categories or criteria for the case study, with good-quality studies (QI) meeting at least 75% of the total criteria, fair-quality studies (QII) meeting between 50% and 74% of the total criteria and poor-quality studies (QIII) less than 50%.
Data analysis
Content analyses (Burns & Grove 2010:528) were used to identify categories according to the focus of the study and to group the categories into themes.
All publications identified during the searches were reviewed independently by the authors. Both authors received formal training in the management, assessment and review of information and conducting reviews. Disagreements were resolved by means of discussion. A senior nurse researcher, not involved in the study, had the role of arbitrator in case of disagreement. Lists of publications obtained from the databases were first reviewed to exclude literature reviews, letters to the editor, editorials, clinical reports, dissertations, work published in non-accredited South African journals, discussion papers, comments on research published and grey literature. Only the output of published research was captured.
Abstracts of all papers not excluded were obtained and titles were first reviewed to determine whether some aspect of cancer was the focus of the study; the abstracts were used where titles did not provide clear answers. Thereafter, full-text papers were used to review the study using the data-extraction sheet.
A total of 181 publications for potential inclusion in this review were identified. Most (73) were found in Sabinet, 27 in Pubmed, 31 in Web of Science, 21 in CINAHL, 15 in PsycINFO, 14 in Medline and none in OVIDSP (list available on request). All publications identified were written in the English language. Of the 181 publications, 155 were excluded as they either did not meet the inclusion criteria or were duplicated. Twenty-six papers were included in this review (Addendum 1); only two papers (7.7%) were published between 2002 and 2006, whilst 24 (92.3%) were published between 2007 and 2012 (Figure 1). This equates to 1.95 publications per million of the population based on a population of 50.586 million (South African Statistics 2012) and 0.47 per thousand people diagnosed with cancer during 2002 to 2012 estimated according to the National Cancer Registry data (National Health Laboratory Service 2012).
Papers were published in nine journals including journals dedicated to nursing and midwifery issues in general, subject-specific journals as well as journals with a multi-professional focus. Most papers (65.4%) were published in journals focusing on research conducted in the South African and African context with two journals publishing 50% of the papers. However, 23.1% of the papers were published in international journals specifically dedicated to cancer. The year 2007 seems to be a defining moment as the first paper co-authored by South African nurses was published outside the borders of Africa, with a further eight published up to 2012 (Table 1).
It was difficult to evaluate the impact factor of the journals selected for the publication of the work as journals reported their impact using different assessment measures. However, 25.9% of studies were published in journals with a 2011 impact factor ranging from 1.171 to 1.410, whilst 22.2% of the studies were published in journals having a 2011 SCImago Journal Rank ranging from 0.13 to 0.21 (European Journal oof Cancer Care 2013; European Journal oof Oncology Nursing 2013; SCImago, 2007-2013).
Most of the studies (42.3%) were conducted in a community setting; only 26.9% of the studies settings included cancer wards and cancer clinics (Table 2). The participants were primarily female as 50% of the studies targeted women. Nurses comprised the second most-studied group (19.2%), followed by people of both genders (11.5%). Less than a third (30.8%) of the participants were people suffering from cancer. It seems that the families of people diagnosed with cancer were not investigated at all, as no evidence could be found (Table 3).
Only one study (3.8%) resulted from collaborative research between researchers from South Africa and other countries, namely Sweden and the UK; the rest (96.2%) were written by authors affiliated with South African institutions, mainly universities. Authors not affiliated to universities contributed to one (3.8%) of the papers and represented CANSA and the South African Database for Functional Medicine. South African inter-university collaboration resulted in the publication of six papers (23.1%). Thirty-seven South African authors contributed to the papers with 33 (89.2%) contributing to only one paper; three authors contributed to two papers, one to three, one to 10 and one to 16. Evidence of multi-disciplinary team research could not be found.
When investigating the diagnostic focus of the papers it was found that the majority of papers (53.8%) focused on cervical cancer whilst 34.6% focused on cancer in general, 11.5% on breast cancer and 3.8% on oral cancer. A comparison between the number of papers and prevalence of the specific cancers investigated is presented in Figure 2.
Studies investigated four themes, primary and secondary prevention of cancer (46.2%), cancer care (26.9%), nurses and nursing practice (15.4%) and experiencing the signs of cancer (11.5%). No evidence of work on symptom management could be found and no study investigated any aspect of the family or the care-giver. A detailed description is provided in Table 4.
A variety of research designs were used and nine (34.6%) of the studies were qualitative; a further nine (34.6%) were surveys and two (7.7%) were pilot studies. Each of the remaining six studies used a different research design. A total of 30 samples were selected as two studies selected two samples and one study three.
A non-probability sampling approach was used for the selection of most of the samples (50%) whilst 7.7% used a probability sampling and 19.2% did not state which approach was used. Sample sizes varied from one to 980 participants. The mean sample size for quantitative work was 228 and for qualitative work 13. Interviews were the most common method of collecting data and were used in 73.1% of the studies. Focus groups were used in 15.4% of the studies and questionnaires in 11.5%. The details of the research methods used in the studies are outlined in Table 5.
Nine studies (32.1%) reported funding; seven (26.9%) were funded by a local university, one (3.8%) was funded by CANSA and one study (3.8%) was funded by a university in the UK and the Swedish Children's Cancer Foundation. As indicated in Table 6, most studies (96.2%) did not meet the criteria to be regarded as good quality. Quantitative studies were either descriptive or surveys and no evidence could be found of any study using a calculated sample size, comparison group and control group. However, all studies included clear definitions of outcome variables. The quality of the qualitative work seemed to be better as 77.8% of the studies met at least 50% of the evaluation criteria to be regarded as fair quality. Theoretical connectedness and procedural rigour scored the lowest with relationship to the existing body of knowledge and intuitive recognition the highest. The quality of the studies is depicted in Table 6.
This study is the first assessment of South African cancer nursing research to date. The study provided evidence that 26 papers focusing on cancer nursing were published over a period of 10 years. When comparing the annual output reported in the current review with the output of other countries included in the worldwide review (Molassiotis et al. 2006), South Africa would be fifth in terms of the total number of work, published slightly more than Australia (2.4 papers per year) and less than Canada (4.6 per year). In terms of the number of publications per million of the population, South Africa is on a par with the UK, publishing 1.9 papers per million of the population. However, it should be remembered that eight years have passed since the world review and it would be interesting to see how South Africa performs in the next world review.
Whether the publication of 2.6 articles per year is commendable is debatable. It seems as if this review was the first assessing research output in any specialist field of nursing in South Africa. Country reviews of cancer nursing also seem to be unavailable and not having comparators complicates definite conclusions. When comparing the number of papers included in this review to the total of three included in the worldwide review (Molassiotis et al. 2006:434), it would be quite reasonable to say that oncology nursing research has progressed since the international review. In contrast, when considering the number of public and private cancer care providers, supportive and palliative care services rendered by CANSA, the Hospice and Palliative Association of South Africa and other non-governmental organisations where cancer nurses practise, the research output cannot be justified. It was primarily community members without cancer who were investigated and no evidence of nursing's attempt to improve the outcomes of patients receiving anti-cancer treatment could be found.
The finding that less than a third of the studies were funded and that the academic institutions were the primary funders was not surprising. Cancer and subsequently cancer research is not a national priority and the Medical Research Council and other stake holders awards 'extremely low funding' to cancer research (Albrecht 2006:36). It would, however, be interesting to determine whether primary investigators not reporting funding approached funders like CANSA, the Medical Research Council, National Research Foundation and Technology and Human Resources for Industry Programme applied for financial support and what the outcomes of such applications were. Funding reported in this review compared negatively with world trends, where 48.8% of the total (n = 619) reported funding (Molassiotis et al. 2006:434).
What is of great concern is finding that the majority of authors contributed to only a single paper. Cancer nursing research therefore seems to be a mere 'fact-finding' academic exercise not directed toward improving the health outcomes of communities and patients living with cancer, their caregivers and their families. Conducting small-scale research as part of a postgraduate degree in all probability adds to this situation. In addition, no author was affiliated with a clinical setting and almost all the work derived from academic settings. This is also of great concern and questions the development of cancer nursing as specialist field in the past 10 years as research forms the basis of the development of nursing (Retsas 2000:599). Holyoake (2011) is of the opinion that the gap between the nursing 'elite' and everyday majority is wider than ever. However, Molassiotis et al.(2006:438), finding a similar trend in the world review, are pragmatic about this reality and are of the opinion that this might change with joint posts between the academic and clinical settings - something yet to be implemented in South Africa.
Similarly to the work included in the world review, the diagnostic focus of the research seemed inconsistent to the disease profile. Where the focus of international studies was generic issues of patients with mixed diagnosis (Molassiotis et al. 2006), cervical cancer was the diagnostic focus of the majority of the South African work. Breast cancer as the most common cancer in females (National Health Laboratory Service 2012) received only limited exposure. Cervical cancer is, however, the most common cancer in Black women (National Health Laboratory Service 2012) and a preventable disease. In addition, the National Department of Health has been focusing on the prevention of cervical cancer with the screening programme introduced in 2000 (Department of Health 2000). The screening programme has not achieved the desired outcome due to low screening uptake (Gakidou, Nordhagen & Obermeyer 2008), adding to the disease's high mortality rate of nearly 60% (Denny 2010:71). Preventing cervical cancer remains a challenge and it thus seems quite reasonable to focus on this disease.
There is an absence of work focusing on prevalent cancers in men (such as prostate and bladder cancer) and prevalent cancers affecting both men and women (such as cancer of an unknown primary, oesophageal, colorectal and lung cancer, melanoma and Kaposi sarcoma). Similarly to breast cancer, childhood cancers received minimal exposure and lacked focus by including children with a range of diagnosis. Although childhood cancer is a rare disease affecting approximately 800 to 1500 children annually (CANSA 2013), this field of specialist nursing warrants nursing research. Work focusing on haematological cancers was also absent and, as non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is one of the most prevalent cancers in both men and women (CANSA 2012), this needs to be investigated.
Primary and secondary prevention of cancer was the focus of nearly half of the work resulting in community members being the majority of the participants. This trend does not concur with world trends where nurses and other health professionals were the participants in half of the studies and nursing issues and nursing roles the most common research focus (Molassiotis et al. 2006:436). It seems as if South African nurses, in terms of the prevention and early detection of cancer, have no role concerns or confusion as suggested in the world review.
The same disappointing trend in terms of the absence of multi-disciplinary work reported in the world review (Molassiotis et al. 2006:438) was found in this review. According to Richardson (2004:299), professional isolationism is not conducive to positive patient outcomes and mutual partnerships, valuing and shared working are the only way of improving cancer care. Research should be conducted using a team approach, involving researchers from a range of disciplines who can investigate problems from diverse perspectives and using a range of methodological approaches.
The majority of the work (two out of three studies) was quantitative, with surveys and descriptive designs being the most popular. More complicated research designs were only used in a minority of studies. Most of the qualitative work was descriptive. Both the quantitative and qualitative studies did not receive high scores in terms of quality. The quality of the qualitative work was better than the quantitative work. A similar trend was found in the international review. However, international quantitative work included approximately 10% good and 10% fair quality papers, but a higher percentage of poor quality qualitative work as compared with this review.
It is possible that the key words used in this review may be a limitation as it could have excluded nurse-led work not appearing in the literature research under the keyword 'nursing'. In addition, international collaborative work could also have been excluded if 'South Africa' was not included in the key words. Despite these limitations, it is still believed that the article provides a fair representation of cancer nursing research conducted in South Africa as the review covers the three South African-based journals publishing nursing research.
Conclusions and recommendations
Nursing added to the body of knowledge of the primary and secondary prevention of cancer. It seems as if the research investigating this field of cancer care has reached maturity and there is thus an urgent need for more innovative and influential work to find effective solutions to the identified problems.
There is a gap in terms of research focusing on the patient diagnosed with cancer, the family and care-giver. More studies are needed on the most prevalent cancers like prostate and breast cancer and cancer of an unknown primary site. Work on haematological and cancer in children and adolescents are also needed. To join the international drive toward evidence-based practice, symptom management using complex interventions should be the priority of nurses practising in cancer care settings. This should preferably be done in a programmatic way in collaboration with other members of the multidisciplinary team to ensure that patient problems are addressed in a holistic culturally-sensitive manner. A need for work on symptoms like breathlessness, fatigue, cachexia and depression has been identified internationally (Molassiotis et al. 2006:439). However, pain remains an unrelieved symptom of South African cancer patients (Maree & Wright 2008:45), therefore pain management also needs urgent attention. Unique to developing countries is the high prevalence of cervical cancer and problems related to this disease and its treatment, such as sexual functioning and vaginal stenosis, should also be addressed.
Lack of infrastructure will continue to hamper the progression of cancer nursing research and nurses should be empowered to apply for research grants. Lastly, it is essential to combine our efforts with international expertise to build on current evidence to find tailor-made solutions to the problems unique to people living with cancer in a developing country, their caregivers and families.
The authors would like to express their appreciation to Prof Alex Molassiotis, Honorary Professor in the Department of Nursing Education at the University of the Witwatersrand, for his guidance and support with conducting of this review.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no financial or personal relationships which may have inappropriately influenced them in writing this article.
Authors' contributions
J.M. (University of the Witwatersrand) was the project leader and wrote the manuscript. S.S. (University of the Witwatersrand) reviewed the manuscript. Both authors reviewed the publications identified during the searches.
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Maree, J.E., 2010, '"No condom no sex": easy to say but not possible for all South African women', Health SA Gesondheid, 15(1), Art. #506, 8 pages. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/hsag.v15i1.506 [ Links ]
Maree, J.E., 2011, 'Yes, breast cancer related lymphoedema can be managed', Health SA Gesondheid, 16(1), Art. #578, 7 pages. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/hsag.v16i1.578 [ Links ]
Maree, J.E., Combrink, M.J., De Lange, T., Toerien, A.S. & Bedeker, M., 2011, 'Incidence, severity and management of cancer chemotherapy related oral mucositis in Eastern Cape and Western Cape', Health SA Gesondheid, 17(1), 7 pages. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/hsag.v17i1.632 [ Links ]
Maree, J.E., Lu, X., Mosalo, A., & Wright, S.C., 2009, 'Cervical screening in Tshwane, South Africa: women's knowledge of cervical cancer, acceptance of visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) and practical lessons learnt', Africa Journal of Nursing and
Maree, J.E., Lu, X.M. & Wright, S.C., 2012, 'Combining breast and cervical screening in an attempt to increase cervical screening uptake. An intervention study in a South African context' European Journal of Cancer Care, 21(1), 78-86. [ Links ]
Maree, J.E., Lu, X.M. & Wright, S.C., 2012, 'Cervical cancer: South African women's knowledge, lifestyle risks and screening practices', Africa Journal of Nursing and Midwifery, 14(2), 104-115. [ Links ]
Maree, J.E. & Wright, S.C., 2007, 'Sexual and menstrual practices: risks for cervix cancer' Health SA Gesondheid, 12(3), 55-56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/hsag.v12i3.265 [ Links ]
Maree, J.E. & Wright, S.C., 2008, 'Palliative care: a positive outcome for cancer patients?' Curationis, 31(3), 43-49. PMid:19006957 [ Links ]
Maree, J. E. & Wright, S.C., 2010, 'How would early detection be possible? An enquiry into cancer related knowledge, understanding and health seeking behaviour of urban black women in Tshwane, South Africa', European Journal of Oncology Nursing, 14(3), 190-196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016Zj.ejon.2009.10.009, PMid:19944646 [ Links ]
Maree, J.E. & Wright, S.C., 2011, 'Cervical cancer: Does our message promote screening? A pilot study in a South African context', European Journal of Oncology Nursing, 15(2), 118-123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejon.2010.06.008, PMid:20675189 [ Links ]
Maree, J.E., Wright, S.C. & Makua, T.P., 2011, 'Men's lack of knowledge adds to the cervical cancer burden in South Africa', European Journal of Cancer Care, 20(5), 662-668. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2354.2011.01250.x, PMid:21501266 [ Links ]
Mcilfatrick, S.J. & Keeney, S., 2003, 'Identifying cancer nursing research priorities using the Delphi technique' Journal of Advanced Nursing, 42(6), 629-636. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2648.2003.02666.x, PMid:12787236 [ Links ]
Mdondolo, N., De Villiers, L. & Ehlers, V., 2003, 'Cultural factors associated with the management of breast lumps amongst Xhosa women', Health SA Gesondheid, 8(3), 86--97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/hsag.v8i3.138 [ Links ]
Mojaki, M., Basu, D., Letskokgohka, M. & Govender, M., 2010, 'Referral steps in district health system are side-stepped', SAMJ, 101(2), 109. [ Links ]
Mokgadi, S. & Mulaudzi, F.M., 2008, 'The perceptions of traditional healers of cervical cancer care at Ga Mothapo village in Limpopo Province', Indilinga: African Journal of Indigenous Knowledge Systems, 7(1), 103-116. [ Links ]
Molassiotis, A., Gibson, F., Kelly, D., Richardson, A., Dabbour, R., Ahmad, A.M., et al., 2006, 'A systematic review of worldwide cancer nursing research: 1994 to 2003', Cancer Nursing, 29(6), 431-140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002820-200611000-00001, PMid:17135815 [ Links ]
Mookeng, M.J., Mavundla, T.R., & McFarlane, D.M., 2010, 'Barriers to cervical cancer screening within private medical practices in Soshanguve, South Africa' Africa Journal of Nursing and Midwifery, 12(1), 27-38. [ Links ]
Mugivhi, N.H., Maree, J.E. & Wright, S.C., 2009, 'Rural women's knowledge of prevention and care related to breast cancer' Curationis, 32(2), 38-45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/curationis.v32i2.928 [ Links ]
National Health Laboratory Service, 2012, 'Cancer Statistics', viewed 1 June 2013, from http://www.nioh.ac.za/?page=cancer_statistics&id=163 [ Links ]
Oberholzer, A.E., Nel, E., Myburgh, C.P. & Poggenpoel, M., 2011, 'Exploring the needs and resources of children in a haematology-oncology unit: original research' Health SA Gesondheid, 16(1). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/hsag.v16i1.565 [ Links ]
O'Cathain, A., Murphy, E. & Nicholl, J, 2008, 'The quality of mixed methods studies in health services research', Journal of Health Services Research & Policy, 13(2), 92-98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/jhsrp.2007.007074, PMid:18416914 [ Links ]
Pearce, S., Kelly, D. & Stevens, W., 2001, '"More than just money"- widening the understanding of the costs involved in cancer care', Journal of Advanced Nursing, 33(3), 371-379. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2648.2001.01673.x, PMid:11251724, [ Links ]
Reproductive Health Matters, 2013, 'Aims and scope', viewed 14 January 2013, from http://www.journals.elsevier.com/reproductive-health-matters/ [ Links ]
Retsas, A., 2000, 'Barriers to using research evidence in nursing practice', Journal of Advanced Nursing, 31(3), 599-606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2648.2000.01315.x, PMid:10718879 [ Links ]
Richardson, A., 2004, 'Creating a culture of compassion: developing supportive care for people with cancer', European Journal of Oncology Nursing, 8(4), 293-305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016Zj.ejon.2004.07.004, PMid:15550359 [ Links ]
Rwamugira, J. & Maree, J.E., 2012, 'The findings of a nurse-lead intervention for detection and prevention of oral cancer. A pilot study' European Journal of Cancer Care, 21(2), 266-273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2354.2011.01310.x, PMid:22111655 [ Links ]
SCIMago, 2007-2013, 'Journal & Country Rank', viewed 22 May 2013, from http://www.scimagojr.com [ Links ]
Sibiya, M.N. & Grainger, L., 2007, 'An assessment of the implementation of the provincial cervical screening programme in selected primary health care clinics in the Ilembe region, KwaZulu-Natal' Curationis, 30(1), 48-55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/curationis.v30i1.1050, PMid:17515316 [ Links ]
Sibiya, N. & Grainger, L., 2010, 'Registered nurses' perceptions of the cervical screening programme in Primary Health Care clinics in the KwaZulu-Natal province of South Africa', Africa Journal of Nursing and Midwifery, 12(1), 15-26. [ Links ]
South African Nursing Council, 1984, 'Regulations relating to the scope of practice of persons who are registered or enrolled under the Nursing Act, 1978', viewed 30 April 2013, from http://www.sanc.co.za/regulat/Reg-scp.htm [ Links ]
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Van Schalkwyk, S.L., Maree, J.E. & Wright, S.C., 2008, 'Cervical cancer: the route from signs and symptoms to treatment in South Africa' Reproductive Health Matters, 16(32), 9-17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0968-8080(08)32399-4 [ Links ]
Johanna Maree
Department of Nursing Education
University of the Witwatersrand
7 York Road
Parktown 2193
South Africa
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Received: 20 Jun. 2013
Accepted: 09 Oct. 2013
Published: 10 June 2014

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Monday, April 9, 2012
How to Grow a Rainbow
40 comments:
Omg thats awesome! Such a good idea, I definately want to try it!ReplyDelete
Oh my amazing!!!!!!! Can't wait to try this!!! I hope you had a fabulous Easter! XoxoReplyDelete
I think I may have to try this. How pretty!!ReplyDelete
Someone buy me some roses so I can try this!!!ReplyDelete
WOW that is super cool!!! xoxo A-ReplyDelete
Amazing.......I used to do this with carnations...but roses are much more stunning!ReplyDelete
thats. awesome.ReplyDelete
Those are amazing!!!ReplyDelete
Ohhh that is pretty cool! yay for Dutch people ;)ReplyDelete
I bet if all the high schoolers found out about this, it would be the new prom trend!ReplyDeleteReplies
we sell these at our flower shop in southern Indiana and Girls ARE ordering these for their proms :) we love them!Delete
This was in a scholastic handout my daughter brought home on Friday. We are going to make some this week. She has been begging and it was the best idea they ever sent home. How funny!ReplyDelete
Sounds amazing - is it really working? :DReplyDelete
WOW totally unexpected!ReplyDelete
So cool - just pinned it!ReplyDelete
Oh my goodness. I MUST try this. Thank you for posting!!ReplyDelete
Oh wow. These are amazing. Just like in The Wizard of Oz! :)ReplyDelete
Love this! Might have to do a science experiment with the preschoolers! They'd be amazed :)ReplyDelete
This is soo clever. As a kid I used to dye them one color, but never thought of cutting the stem into different sections. I would love to try this. :)ReplyDelete
So cool!ReplyDelete
Et tu, tutu?
Oh my goodness, I can't believe these are real! So cool!ReplyDelete
- AnonymousApril 12, 2012 at 7:23 PM
I don't understand how it can be different colors. I understand you cut the stem in different places, but how do you separate the colors for one flower? I would love to do this.ReplyDelete
- AnonymousApril 12, 2012 at 7:25 PM
I guess if I had read further, I would not need to ask the question. Thanks! I can't wait to try this!ReplyDelete
haha thats okay anonymous...if you have any other questions let me know!ReplyDelete
I actually tried this a few weeks ago! It was not nearly this bright, but still turned out really neat! I did it for my sister in law who loves all things tie dye, and she FLIPPED! It was a ton of fun! I did 4 different sections of the stem and put them into little plastic tubes I had. Within about 24 hours the rose had absorbed the colors. Next time I think I'll saturate the water with more color though, I think it would've been a little brighter that way.ReplyDelete
My mom showed me how to do this with a Peony when I was a kid. I have been doing this ever since.ReplyDelete
- AnonymousApril 16, 2012 at 6:25 AM
What color water works the best?ReplyDelete
we sell these at our flower shop in southern indiana... they are a HUGE hit! check us out on facebook little crazy daisy!ReplyDelete
- AnonymousMay 31, 2012 at 8:13 AM
do you atart with rred rosesReplyDelete
- AnonymousMay 31, 2012 at 8:14 AM
do you start with white roses?ReplyDelete
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I have thinking of doing this for my weddingReplyDelete
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text:
Nolan holds no bitterness toward his former team
Mike Nolan knows a thing or two about the San Francisco 49ers.
His father coached the team.
He did, too.
Now, he'll try to keep the 49ers out of the Super Bowl.
These days, Nolan runs the defense for the Atlanta Falcons, who will host San Francisco in the NFC championship game Sunday. He still has fond memories of his first head coaching job, even though he wound up getting fired by the 49ers in the middle of his fourth season.
''A lot of good things happened there,'' Nolan said, pausing briefly before adding, ''Obviously, getting fired is not a good thing.''
Despite the ugly ending, he insists that beating a team he knows so well won't provide any extra satisfaction.
Nolan, like everyone in the Falcons' organization, has his eyes on the Super Bowl. The 49ers just happen to be the ones standing in the way.
''It doesn't change the competitive nature of the game and what we're doing,'' Nolan said Tuesday. ''I don't want to sit here and tell you it makes it any sweeter or not whether we win or lose. It really doesn't.''
His father, Dick Nolan, coached the 49ers for eight seasons, making back-to-back trips to the NFC championship game in the early 1970s. Both times, they were turned back by the Dallas Cowboys.
Of course, San Francisco went on to capture five Super Bowl titles, but that glorious era had long since passed when a second Nolan took over the team in 2005. The 49ers were coming off a 2-14 season, matching the worst in franchise history, and faced a massive rebuilding job.
Nolan made plenty of missteps, most notably in his very first draft when he chose quarterback Alex Smith with the top pick over a local kid who turned out to be pretty good, Aaron Rodgers. The 49ers went through a parade of offensive coordinators, none of whom was able to transform Smith into a competent starter.
San Francisco improved to 4-12 and 7-9 in Nolan's first two seasons, but slipped back to 5-11 in 2007. When they started the next season 2-5, he was let go.
But Nolan's influence is still felt on a team that is one win from the Super Bowl for the second year in a row. Where would the defense be without linebacker Patrick Willis, safety Dashon Goldson and tackle Justin Smith, all picked up during the Nolan era? Likewise, imagine the offense without three more of his players: running back Frank Gore, tight end Vernon Davis and left tackle Joe Staley.
''He helped me out,'' Goldson said of his former coach. ''He helped form me into a good football player.''
Nolan stays in contact with some of the players he coached in San Francisco, and he takes pride in the success of the team since Jim Harbaugh took over in 2011.
''I just wish it had worked out a little better for me at the end,'' Nolan said. ''There was a lot of work to be done, but they're reaping the benefits of it now, which is great. I enjoy watching those guys.''
Nolan will be on the hot seat Sunday, facing a quarterback coming off one of the greatest performances in playoff history.
Colin Kaepernick, who took over the job from Smith late in the season in a much-debated move, erased all doubts that he's the right man for the job in a 45-31 demolition of the Green Bay Packers in the divisional round. He passed for 263 yards and two touchdowns. More dazzling, he set a quarterback playoff record by rushing for 181 yards and a pair of scores.
The Falcons' defense has struggled against similarly skilled quarterbacks, which will likely mean a lot of late nights for Nolan this week as he tries to come up with a scheme that will at least slow Kaepernick.
''Lately, we've faced a lot of these young guys who have great legs,'' Nolan said. ''Everybody faces the same problems when facing those guys. You have to be very disciplined in what you do because it adds a player to the scheme that you're trying to stop. Usually, the quarterback takes the ball and gives it to somebody. That's a guy you don't have to account for. But, if all of a sudden he's got the option to keep the ball ... now you're in trouble.''
Kaepernick has been compared to Carolina's Cam Newton, who had two of his better games against the Falcons.
In the first meeting between the division rivals, Newton passed for 215 yards and two touchdowns, while rushing for 86 yards and another score. When the teams met again last month, Newton was even better. He put up Kaepernick-like numbers - 287 yards and two touchdowns passing; 116 yards rushing, including a 72-yard TD - in a 30-20 upset of the Falcons, one of only three losses for the NFC's top-seeded team.
Last week, in Atlanta's opening playoff game, another duel-threat quarterback, Seattle's Russell Wilson, gave the Falcons fits. He passed for 385 yards and led the Seahawks in rushing with 60 yards, accounting for three TDs and leading his team back from a 20-point deficit in the fourth quarter. The Falcons needed an improbable rally of their own to pull out a 30-28 victory.
''These young guys, they are athletic and they can run,'' Nolan moaned. ''That creates a whole new set of problems.''
That said, Nolan has worked wonders masking Atlanta's weaknesses on defense, confusing opponents with a variety of formations, blitzes and stunts. For instance, he might blitz his safeties and drop the linemen into pass coverage - anything to cause the offense some uncertainty.
From a personnel standpoint, he lost perhaps his best cornerback, Brent Grimes, to a season-ending injury in the very first game, and had to come up with new ways to get pressure on the quarterback after underperforming defensive end Ray Edwards was released. Now, in the biggest game yet, he might have to get by without his top defensive end, John Abraham, who is hobbled by an ankle injury.
Nolan looks forward to the challenge.
Sure, he would like another shot at being a head coach - and already met with the Eagles about their opening - but he insists that being a coordinator is the best job in football.
''Being a head coach might be great, but there's a tremendous amount of headaches and stuff that doesn't even involve football,'' Nolan said. ''As a coordinator, you get to call a game and you get to coach guys. That's it.''
Follow Paul Newberry on Twitter at www.twitter.com/pnewberry1963
Online: http://pro32.ap.org and http://twitter.com/AP-NFL


text:
Thanks for checking out our class schedules. Members – PLEASE remember that advance registration is required for ALL group fitness classes. You can sign up by logging onto EME. Also, please note that schedules are subject to change at anytime. For the most up-to-date listings, including last minute cancellations and substitute instructors, visit your EME dashboard. You may also CLICK HERE to access PDF copies of a schedules you can save to your device. Guests – we invite you to try a CLASS FOR FREE. Contact us and we'd be happy to register you for the class of your choice.
- This class has passed.
Silver Sneakers – Wednesday, 12:00pm
August 9 @ 12:00 pm - 12:45 pm
Have fun and move to the music through a variety of exercises designed to increase muscular strength, range of movement and activities for daily living. Hand-held weights, elastic tubing with handles and a Silver Sneakers ball are offered for resistance. A chair is available if needed for seated or standing support.
Instructor: Richarda Dinkins


text:
Descrizione del prodotto
1. Specification:
- Item Name: Polycabonate solid sheet
- Thickness: 1.2-12mm
- Size: Max width: 2.1m, no limit on length
- Color: Clear, Bronze, Blue, Green, White, etc.
- Packing: both sides covered with PE protective film.
- MOQ: 1000m2 / color / thickness for production.
- Delivery time: within 10-15 days.
2. Advantage:
- Material: Makrolon PC resin from Bayer in Germany & Lexan resin from Sabic.
- Machine: UV-PC coextrusion lines from OMIPA in Italy.
- Certificate: 1) China Well-Known Trademark.
3) the standards for Russian building.
4) ASTM & UL in USA.
5) ROHS certificate from SGS, etc.
- UV protection: UV co-extrusion.
- Capability: 18,000.00 tons/year.
- Guarantee: 10 Years guarantee.
3. Features:
- High transparency
- UV-Protection
- Light Weight
- Impact Strength
- Inhibiting Condensation
- Thermal Insulation
- Sound Insulation
- Flame Resistance
- Easy Installation
- Enviromental Friendly
4. Applications:
- Sky light system.
- Roof light for buildins, hotel, villa, stadium, school,hospital,etc.
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- Subway exits, parking lots, garage tents, bus-stops, rain tents, hallway tents,etc.
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- Sign boards for advertisement, Sky-lighting cover.
- Housing glasses, indoor partitions, sight window, terraces and shower doors.
- Equipment cover, LED display, Lighting, Basketball backboard, Sightseeing Elevator.
- Using for control panel for Electronic operation control, Touch pad, Electric water heaters, Electric touched heaters, etc.
5. Installation:
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- Cut off protective films for 5 to 10mm before inserting sheets to the support frame, because the protective film would cause inefficient adhesive between tamping and PC sheets.
- Since the expansion and contraction degree of PC sheets, are different from that of medal frames, as well as PC sheets are flexible and taking air pressure, therefore, appropriate insertion, reserving space for expansion and shrink because of temperature changes, and choosing suitable thickness of PC sheets are necessary.
General sheet should be inserted into fixed frame for over 25mm, with at least 2 ribs installed into the fixed zone. 3mm place will be reserved for expansion or shrinkage. (Expansion ratio: 0.065mm/m)
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- When installed with screw, all rivet holes should be larger to reserve space for expansion and contraction. Usually, the holes should be larger than that of the bolt or rivet stems by 50%" so as to avoid expansion or shrinkage.
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text:
Center for the Human-Animal Bond
About the Center for the Human-Animal Bond
The Center is committed to expanding our knowledge of the interrelationships between people, animals, and their environment. The Center is concerned with all aspects of human-animal interaction including companion, farmed domestic species, and wildlife. The major objective of the Center is to foster interdisciplinary activities in the University by serving as a focal point for the exchange of ideas and development of new information related to animal-human interactions.
What is the Human-Animal Bond?
The Human-Animal Bond is the dynamic relationship between people and animals in that each influences the psychological and physiological state of the other. Human-animal interaction has profound physiological consequences. People, in the contact with animals experience a decrease in blood pressure, reduced anxiety, and a general feeling of well being. By observing the behavior of animals, children learn to be more nurturing and perhaps better parents to their own children. The therapeutic value of animals for socially isolated individuals in nursing homes, hospitals, hospices, and prisons has been documented. People in the presence of animals are often perceived to be more happy and healthy.
History of the Center
The Center for Applied Ethology and Human-Animal Interaction was established in 1982 at Purdue University to study these relationships and to communicate its findings to scientists and the public. In 1997, the name was changed to Center for the Human-Animal Bond to reflect the relationship that exists between people and the animals that share this earth.
HABRI Central is an online platform for open research and collaboration into the relationships between humans and animals, specifically companion animals. HABRI Central uses a combination of library resources to facilitate the discovery, access, production, and preservation of human-animal interaction research.
HABRI Central is the result of a joint effort between Purdue University's College of Veterinary Medicine and Purdue University Libraries.


text:
Difference between revisions of "Belfield"
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Revision as of 20:51, August 17, 2018
Belfield was the country retreat of the artist, naturalist, inventor, and museum impresario Charles Willson Peale. Peale transformed the 104 acres that comprised the original site into a ferme ornée, blending ornamental gardens with a working farm.
Alternate Names: Farm Persevere
Site Dates: 1800–26
Site Owner(s): Charles Willson Peale (1800–26); William Logan Fisher (1826); Sarah Fisher Wister and descendents (1826–1984); La Salle University (1984–present)[1]
Location: Germantown, PA
Condition: altered
View on Google maps
When Charles Willson Peale retired in 1810 to his country retreat outside Philadelphia, he did not relinquish his interests in art or science. Between 1810 and 1821 he worked to bend the natural world around Belfield—104 acres of meadow, orchards, streams, and mature trees—according to aesthetic and scientific principles [Fig. 1]. He saw it, in some ways, as a continuation of his efforts at the Philadelphia Museum, writing to Thomas Jefferson, "Your garden must be a Museum to you."[2] At Belfield, much like at his museum, Peale worked to integrate his aesthetic sensibility and scientific acumen, this time in the creation of a landscape that evoked the traditions of 18th-century picturesque gardening, while also highlighting 19th-century scientific achievements in agriculture.[3]
Like many landscape designers and gardeners of the early republic, Peale's taste was informed by the work of English landscape theorists, who advocated a more natural style.[4] Although Belfield was more rigidly plotted near the house, with tidy flower beds and boxwood hedges, it followed a less formal arrangement further out, featuring serpentine, shrub-lined walks, a manmade grotto topped by a greenhouse, a fountain, an obelisk, a Chinese summerhouse, and other structures nestled into the landscape [Fig. 2]. In the letters and paintings describing his country retreat, Peale often highlighted these monuments, which were influenced by European garden design but were typically adapted to express an American character.[5] In a letter dated August 2, 1813, for instance, Peale described a domed garden temple, built by his son Franklin, which featured a hexagonal base with six pillars.[6] Although such a temple would not have been out of place in a European landscape garden, Peale gave it a wholly American tenor by crowning it with a portrait bust of George Washington. A similar structure was Peale's Pedestal of Memorable Events: an obelisk on which he inscribed dates of significance to the history of North America, beginning with its initial discovery and ending with the battle of New Orleans.[7]
Belfield was not just a decorative landscape but a ferme ornée—an ornamental farm—that was intended to be functional as well as beautiful.[8] Alongside his creation of serpentine paths and installation of monuments and decorative structures, Peale engaged in a prodigious effort to transform the site into a working farm; indeed, he had originally named it "Farm Persevere" before changing the name to Belfield [Figs. 3, 4]. To this end, Peale's country retreat also featured barns, stables, a springhouse, and a mill. Using his knowledge of botany and mechanical sciences, Peale endeavored to make manifest Jefferson's idealized view of the United States as a country of yeoman farmers. He cultivated wheat, oats, rye, corn, and fruit at Belfield, working to create more efficient and productive methods of farming through the incorporation of machinery in the planting and processing of crops, as well as new methods of crop rotation. His correspondence with Jefferson and his reading of such key agricultural texts as Maison Rustique and Bernard M'Mahon's American Gardener shaped his approach to agriculture. Yet, as David C. Ward points out, the enterprise was not entirely successful; Peale's note-keeping lagged after 1814, suggesting a growing frustration or lack of interest in the endeavor.[9] After falling seriously ill in September 1821—an illness that killed his wife, Hannah—Peale moved back to Philadelphia, where he remained following his convalescence. He sold Belfield in January 1826 to William Logan Fisher.[10]
In the ten years Charles Willson Peale lived at Belfield, the country retreat may be understood as a self-conscious expression of his character as much as any of his painted self-portraits. In justifying the detailed account of his garden in his autobiography, Peale wrote: "As the object of this work is to make the portrait of the man, it is proper to give all his fripperies and follies, more properly, as all these things were made of wood and paint, which could only last a few years."[11] Recognizing Belfield as an important statement of his worldview, Peale recorded its ephemeral details in his letters, sketches, and paintings. In many ways, the statement that Peale made about his full-length self-portrait, The Artist in His Museum [Fig. 6], is also appropriate to the creation of Belfield: "I think it important that I should not only make it a lasting monument of my art . . . but also that the Design should be expressive that I bring forth into public view, the beauties of Nature and Art. . . ."[12]
—Therese O'Malley
- Peale, Charles Willson, 1810, describing Belfield (quoted in Miller and Ward 1991: 54, fig. 87)[13]
- "In this view imagine that you see a beautiful Meadow on the right. The Tennants House seems to terminate the lane, from thence it turns up a Gentle declivity to the Mansian, of which you see the Top of a Red roof on the left over the hill. formerly a road went over this hill at the dotted lines. . . . The Common water course is on the edge of the Meadow on the right and the doted [sic] line is a ditch to which I have a flood-gate to let water on the Meadow at Pleasure." [Fig. 1]
- Peale, Charles Willson, July 22, 1810, describing Belfield (Miller, Hart, and Ward, eds., 1991: 3:51, 54–55)[14]
- "I am often pleased with the solemn groves skirting meadows in majestic silence and cool appearance. . . .
- "I have marked the ends of some Joice between the windows, from these I intend to make a Piazer extending round the south End. at the X is a fine spring runing out of a Rock—at this I shall make a spring House & perhaps a Mill."
- Peale, Charles Willson, July 29, 1810, describing Belfield (Miller, Hart, and Ward, eds., 1991: 3:53)[14]
- "This ground plot is made by recollection, but I think it near anough [sic] the truth to give you a more precise Idea of the place & the other Sketches which I intend to annex to my letters." [Fig. 2]
- Peale, Charles Willson, July 29, 1810, in a letter to his son, Rembrandt Peale, describing Belfield (Miller, Hart, and Ward, eds., 1991: 3:55)[14]
- "This View is taken at a point [from] the Tennants house a small distance, by which you see the Roof of the Mantion over the Garden fence which are of boards on a Stone Wall."
- Peale, Charles Willson, July 29, 1810, in a letter to his son, Rembrandt Peale, describing Belfield (Miller, Hart, and Ward, eds., 1991: 3:55–56)[14]
- "The Barn and one of the Barracks on the West, the Coach-House near the Center, Springhouse on the East side and the Bath House below it. There is 4 large Popplers (Tulip Tree) which crosses the Road, and the Lumbardy Poppler a row of them on your right hand. Just above the bath-House is a small fish pond with about 200 Catfish which I brought from the falls of Schulkill. . . .
- "& beneath rose bushes, [along the stone wall] you may discover a long Roof which has shelves for Bee hives conveniently situated to get their food from the flowers of the Garden."
- Peale, Charles Willson, July 29, 1810, in a letter to his son, Rembrandt Peale, describing Belfield (Miller, Hart, and Ward, eds., 1991: 3:56)[14]
- "In this view the stone steps at the End of the house is seen, which lead to the yard in front of the Garden, the Garden pails are on a stone wall on which grows Creepers now in full bloom they are a fine crimosen [sic] bell flowers in Clusters and an abundance of humming birds are daily sucking the honey. Green Gages, Damsons & quinces are along this wall."
- Peale, Charles Willson, August 2, 1813, in a letter to his daughter, Angelica Peale Robinson, describing Belfield (Miller, Hart, and Ward, eds., 1991: 3:202)[14]
- "We are now beginning to ornament about the House Our Garden is much admired, Franklin is shewing his taste in neat workmanship. He has built an Elligant Summer House on that commanding spot which you may remember being pointed out to you. It is a hexicon base with 6 well turned Pillars supporting a circular Top & dome on which is placed a bust of Genl. Washington, it would have been more appopriate [sic] to have had 13 pillars, but I did not want so large a building, and it was work enough for Franklin to turn those 6 pillars which he was able to execute will [with] the layth in the mill."
- Peale, Rubens, September 27, 1813, in a letter to Sybilla Miriam Peale Summers, describing Belfield (Miller, Hart, and Ward, eds., 1991: 3:206)[14]
- "Franklin has finished the Fountain, it is a very handsome thing and gives very general pleasure. the get is about 10 feet in height from the surface of the Pond, a Gilt Ball is thrown about 5 high and there suspinded [sic] by the force of the Water. Spiral fountain Triaes &c."
- Peale, Charles Willson, November 12, 1813, in a letter to his daughter, Angelica Peale Robinson, describing Belfield (Miller, Hart, and Ward, eds., 1991: 3:216)[14]
- "I have made an Oblisk to terminate a Walk in the Garden, read in Dictionary of Arts for description of them. I made it of rough boards & white washed it with lime & allum—The allum It is said will convert the lime in time to Stone. I have put the following motto on it—on one side 'Never return an Injury, It is a noble Triumph to overcome Evil by Good.' another, 'Labour while you are able it will give health to the Body—peaceful content to the mind.' another, 'He that will live in peace & Rest, must hear, and see, and say the best & in french 'y voy, & te tas, si tu veux vivre en paix.' and on another 'Neglect no Duty.' The distick which I have adopted is claimed by several Nations, I have put the french because it is more concise & equally expressive."
- Peale, Charles Willson, March 15, 27, 29, 1814, in a letter to his sons, Benjamin Franklin Peale and Titian Ramsey Peale, describing Belfield (Miller, Hart, and Ward, eds., 1991: 3:239)[14]
- "when my leasure and I can spare a man to hall dirt I will raise the water in the fish Pond which will encrease its surfaces considerably raising the water to the stone wall at the head of the Pond, deeper, and more water, will be better for fish & will raise the get at the fountain considerably."
- Peale, Charles Willson, March 15, 27, 29, 1814, in a letter to his sons, Benjamin Franklin Peale and Titian Ramsey Peale, describing Belfield (Miller, Hart, and Ward, eds., 1991: 3:239)[14]
- "The stone and ground is remooved at the Bottom of the Garden but the Wall is not as high and access into the Garden is not so easey as it used to be, even before any wall is made."
- Peale, Charles Willson, March 15, 27, 29, 1814, describing Belfield (Miller, Hart, and Ward, eds., 1991: 3:239)[14]
- "As soon as the weather becomes settled & warm, I will have the Bason walled up with a proper morter, and when that is doing I shall put a Cock to the Leaden pipe to let the water pass out untill the Bason is prepaired to receive it."
- Peale, Charles Willson, September 6, 1814, in a letter to his son, Rembrandt Peale, describing Belfield (Miller, Hart, and Ward, eds., 1991: 3:263)[14]
- "I have finished my fountain and . . . the Bason holds the water after much labour to make so having raised the Fish-pond it gives a jet of 12 feet high. . . . Rubens has place all his Pots round the fountain B[a]son and it makes a very handsome display, The Bason being 13 feet long & 10 wide."
- Peale, Charles Willson, September 14, 1814, describing Belfield (Miller, Hart, and Ward, eds., 1991: 3:266)[14]
- "The fountain Bason now holds water completly, and the jet is 12 feet high, and is kept continually playing; Day & night, Rubens has placed all his plants round the Bason, and it is very handsome."
- Peale, Charles Willson, October 30, 1814, describing Belfield (Miller, Hart, and Ward, eds., 2000: 5:380–83)[15]
- "The proprietor made summer houses (so called) roofs to ward off the Sunbeams with seats of rest. one made of the chinease [sic] taste, dedicated to medieation [sic], with the following sentiments round within it:
- "Mediate on the Creation of Worlds, which perform their evolutions in proscribed periods!. . . .
- "He wanted a place to keep the garden seeds & Tools, and in a part of the Garden where a seat in the shade was often wanted, he built a shed or small room, and to hide that Salt-like-box, and to try his art of Painting, he made the front like [a] Gate way with a step to form a seat, and above, steps painted as representing a passage through an Arch beyond on which was represented a western sky, and to ornament the upper part over the arch, he painted several figures on boards cut the outlines of said figures as representing statues in sculpture. And [so that] his design of those figures might be fully understood [by] visitors, he painted two pedestals ornamented with a ball to crown each. and the die of the Pedestals, on one the expla[na]tion of the figures vizt. America with an even ballance—as justifying her acts. The Fassie, emblematical of the several state[s], are bound together, incircled by a Rattle-snake, as inocent if not meddled with, but terrible if molested. This emblem of Congress is placed upright as that body ought to be, with wisdom its base, designed by the owl; the beehive and children; industry an increase the effects of good government, supported on one side, Truth and Temperance, on the other Industry, with her distaf, resting on the cornucopia— consequence a wise Policy will do away with wars. hence Mars is fallen." The figure of Mars was made on the end of shed roof to hide it. The making of this is rather of the Political cast, yet he had long given over being active in Politicks, but choose by it to shew his dislike of War. . . .
- "Having a good spring-house the water from it supplied a small fish-pond, in which he put many cat-fish brought from the Schulkill and although they lived and perhaps might be breed there yet being petts never was served at his table[.] The same with Pidgeons, they had commodious house, and once a pr. of squabs was taken to the Kitchen, but the Parent came after them and alighting on the Kitchen window, Mrs. Peale's delicate feelings could not suffer them to be killed and accordingly they were returned to the Pidgeon-house.
- "finding a spring stream in the Garden he followed it up the side of the hill, untill it become [sic] of some debth and among large Stones—and having at this place made a considerable cavity in the bank round the sourse of the Spring, to wall it up this hollow and arch it over, it was thought that it might be an excellent place to keep cabbage and Turnups &c during the winter season, but on tryal it was found to[o] moist and warm. . . . This tryal gave the Idea of building a greenhouse jouining to the arched cave—and that Green house keepted all exotic plants perfectly well without the aid of stoves in the severest winters.
- "below the Green house he made a round bason to receive the Water from the cave back of it—and from the fish-pond near the spring-house, to this bason in the Garden is a fall of 15 feet, and in order to have a fountain in the Bason he put log-pipes under ground, and thus had a jet of 13 feet high but of small diameter, in order that it might constantly [be] rising. but unfortunately he make the bore of his logs only of one Inch diameter, the consequence was that Frogs in two instances got into the bore of the logs and not being able to pass through all the joints, stopped the water, of course to free the passage of the logs, gave much labour. had these things been foreseen, trouble might have been prevented, by making the bore of the logs of a greater diameter, with other provisions to keep the passage free [Fig. 7]."
- Peale, Charles Willson, November 22, 1815, in a letter to his daughter, Angelica Peale Robinson, describing Belfield (quoted in Rudnytzky 1986: 43)[16]
- "The objects in sight, are the road ascending to the Dwelling, Stone wall & Thorn hedge on it inclosing the Garden, The Garden Gate at the Fountain, Green House, Summer house a doom supported by 6 Pillars, and bust of Washington crowning it—beyond that an Obelisk; the Hay barracks; Barn with the wind-mill on top of it to pump water for the stock, stables; Mantion-House, Wash-House and connecting Piaza; Carriage House; Spring House, Bath-House and cover of the Ice-house."
- Peale, Charles Willson, August 4, 1816, describing Belfield (quoted in Rudnytzky 1986: 44)[16]
- "I have been so long neglecting the view I am about in [the] garden that the trees & shrubbery have grown so high that I cannot represent them truly without almost totally hiding the walk]s, therefore I shall prefer leaving out many of them—and also make them smaller."
- Peale, Charles Willson, October 13, 1816, describing Belfield (Miller, Hart, and Ward, eds., 1991: 3:452)[14]
- "Other parts of my farm excited the curiousity of the Public—a wind-mill for pumping Water for the Cattle &c.—A falling Garden, fountain, fish Pond, common Sewers &c Machines to add [aid] the dairy and carriages of various uses—all these things employed the whole of my time to emprove & to keep them in proper order."
- Peale, Charles Willson, January 14, 1824, in a letter to his son, Charles Linnaeus Peale, describing Belfield (quoted in Rudnytzky 1986: 32)[16]
- "Dear Linnius I wish you to consider whether it is not better to avoid these expenses by burying your Child in the Garden on the south side of the Oblisk, a place which if I hold the farm untill my decease, I shall desire to have my body deposited. This has been my determination ever since I painted those inscriptions."
Charles Willson Peale, Sketches of Belfield, 1810.
Charles Willson Peale, Ground plot of Belfield, 1810.
Charles Willson Peale, Letter to Angelica Peale describing his garden at Belfield, November 12, 1813.
Charles Willson Peale, Letter to Angelica Peale describing his garden at Belfield, November 22, 1815.
Charles Willson Peale, Cabbage Patch, The Gardens of Belfield, Pennsylvania, c. 1815–16.
Charles Willson Peale, Belfield Farm, c. 1816.
Charles Willson Peale, View of the garden at Belfield, 1816.
Anna Peale Sellers, after Charles Willson Peale, Belfield Farm, Germantown, PA, Late 19th century.
Other Resources
- ↑ For a complete history of the site, both before and after Charles Willson Peale′s ownership, see James A. Butler, Charles Willson Peale's "Belfield": A History of a National Historic Landmark, 1684–1984 (Philadelphia: La Salle University Art Museum, 2009), view on Zotero.
- ↑ Charles Willson Peale to Thomas Jefferson, March 2, 1812, quoted in Charles Coleman Sellers, Charles Willson Peale (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1969), 366, view on Zotero.
- ↑ Kateryna A. Rudnytzky, "The Union of Landscape and Art: Peale's Garden at Belfield" (Honor's Essay, La Salle University, 1986), 8–10, view on Zotero.
- ↑ Therese O'Malley, "Belfield in American Garden History," in New Perspectives on Charles Willson Peale, ed. Lillian B. Miller and David C. Ward (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1991), 268–69, view on Zotero.
- ↑ O'Malley 1991, 272–73, view on Zotero.
- ↑ Charles Willson Peale to Angelica Peale Robinson, August 2, 1813, Peale-Sellers Papers, Peale-Sellers Papers, American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia.
- ↑ O'Malley 1991, 272–73, view on Zotero.
- ↑ O'Malley 1991, 269, view on Zotero, and David C. Ward, "Charles Willson Peale's Farm Belfield: Enlightened Agriculture in the Early Republic," in New Perspectives on Charles Willson Peale, ed. Lillian B. Miller and David C. Ward (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1991), 284, 292–93, view on Zotero.
- ↑ Ward 1991, 292–93, view on Zotero.
- ↑ Sellers 1969, 400–1, 425, view on Zotero.
- ↑ Horace Wells Sellers's transcript of Charles Willson Peale, Autobiography, 392–93, Peale-Sellers Papers, American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia.
- ↑ Charles Willson Peale to Rembrandt Peale, July 23, 1822, Peale-Sellers Papers, American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia.
- ↑ Lillian B.Miller and David C. Ward, eds., New Perspectives on Charles Willson Peale (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press for the Smithsonian Institution, 1991), view on Zotero.
- ↑ 14.00 14.01 14.02 14.03 14.04 14.05 14.06 14.07 14.08 14.09 14.10 14.11 14.12 14.13 Lillian B. Miller, Sidney Hart, and David C. Ward, eds., The Selected Papers of Charles Willson Peale and His Family, vol. 3 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1991), view on Zotero.
- ↑ Lillian B. Miller, Sidney Hart, and David C. Ward, eds., The Selected Papers of Charles Willson Peale and His Family, vol. 5 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000), view on Zotero.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Rudnytzky 1986, view on Zotero.


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Amaka Ubaka clickorlando.com HARMONY, Fla. - The mother of an 8-year-old Central Florida boy is fighting back after her son was suspended from school for using his finger as a play gun. Bonnie Bennett said her son, Jordan, was suspended Friday at Harmony Community School in Osceola County after playing cops and robbers with another student. "There was nothing in his hand. He used his thumb and index finger," said Bennett. "It was a game. He made no threatening advances or threats to harm anyone. No words were said." Bennett said she would have been satisfied with some form of punishment but is worried now that since he's been suspended, her son will be seen as a violent child. "They took a child that has never been in trouble before and went to the extreme," said Bennett. "A child that has no history of violence is now classified as a violent offender." But the Osceola County School District said it wasn't just a simple game. A school representative said the district can't comment on the specifics of what happened because of confidentiality, but after reviewing the entire incident, Jordan's actions showed to have violated the code of student conduct. Bennett said she'll continue to fight, hoping the principal will remove the suspension from her son's school record. "I'm prepared to go to court if I have to because this is wrong. It's wrong for my son and any other child if they're faced with the same thing because of a game," Bennett said. According to Bennett's son, the other boy involved was also sent home because of the incident.
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Cool spaces like these remind me that I should seriously get out of Manhattan more often!
Jan 24, 2012
A peek inside fort reno provisions
Cool spaces like these remind me that I should seriously get out of Manhattan more often!
12 comments :
Love the rich, almost chocolate, tones. Makes the place even more inviting.ReplyDelete
gorgeous, especially love the wine(?) glass photoReplyDelete
Love the b&w, and the one right below on the right. Cant keep up with all the cool places :)ReplyDelete
so lovely! and so lucky to spend time with Erin!! I worked with her last summer. she's so greatReplyDelete
guhhhh... the light! and the fact that you are pretty much had the space to yourself to take pics galore? so awesome.ReplyDelete
looks awesome!ReplyDelete
It looks amazing, great photos!ReplyDelete
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I love the mason jar lights. That is seriously one stylish little place!!ReplyDelete
Oh wow, what a pretty spot! Love the photos, the light is beautiful inside and those mason jars are way cool.ReplyDelete


text:
- Press Release
- Oct 3, 2023
NASA Awards University of Montana Grant to Search for Earth-like Exoplanets
NASA recently awarded researchers at the University of Montana a grant to support a $1.125 million project to build a dedicated observatory to detect Earth-like exoplanets.
Are we alone? Is Earth the sole example of life in the Universe, or are there others? To find out, researchers at UM, together with partner institutions Harvard, the California Institute of Technology and Pennsylvania State University are building Project Minerva.
On the cutting edge of the search for new planets, Minerva is an array of four telescopes and a purpose-built, state-of-the-art spectrometer capable of detecting small, rocky planets in orbit around nearby stars. The goal of Minerva is to detect and characterize nearby exoplanets in the "habitable zone" – the region around a star where conditions are suitable for the presence of liquid water, which is the most basic building block of life as we know it.
The team is led by UM astrophysicist Nate McCrady, an associate professor in UM's Department of Physics and Astronomy and a co-principal investigator for the project. Co-investigators on the grant are UM Associate Professor Dan Reisenfeld, also from the Department of Physics and Astronomy, and Adam Bolton, assistant professor of astrophysics at the University of Utah.
The NASA award will enable UM to purchase one of the four 0.7-meter telescopes that, when used in conjunction with the others in the Minerva array, will allow astronomers to search the skies with innovative precision. It's the only exoplanet project of its kind.
"This award is a tremendous boost for astrophysics at the University of Montana, as it will place our students and faculty on the forefront of exoplanet research," said Scott Whittenburg, UM vice president for research and creative scholarship.
The team currently is evaluating host sites for the telescope and plans to select one this coming fall. Once in place, UM students and faculty will be able to operate the telescope from a remote observing control room on UM's mountain campus in Missoula.
"This project will establish world-class exoplanet research in Montana," McCrady said. The NASA Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research provides seed funding to build infrastructure for nationally-competitive research in NASA research areas of interest.
For more information visit http://cas.umt.edu/physics/minerva/, call McCrady at 406-243-2041 or email [email protected].


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text:
The Mother of all Monads
But suppose someone stole do-notation leaving you with a version that only supported one type of monad. Which one would you choose? Rolling your own Haskell syntax is hard so you really want to choose wisely. Is there a universal monad that encompasses the functionality of all other monads?
I often find I learn more computer science by trying to decode random isolated sentences than from reading entire papers. About a year ago I must have skimmed this post because the line "the continuation monad is in some sense the mother of all monads" became stuck in my head. So maybe Cont is the monad we should choose. This post is my investigation of why exactly it's the best choice. Along the way I'll also try to give some insight into how you can make practical use the continuation monad. I'm deliberately going to avoid discussing the underlying mechanism that makes continuations work.
So let's start with this simple piece of code
> import Control.Monad.Cont
> ex1 = do
> a <- return 1
> b <- return 10
> return $ a+b
I haven't specified the monad but in almost every case we'd expect the result to have something to do with the number 11. For the list monad we get [11], for the Maybe monad we get Just 11 and so on. For the Cont monad we get something that takes a function, and applies it to 11. Here's an example of its use:
> test1 = runCont ex1 show
ex1 is just a function that takes as argument show and applies it to 11 to give the string "11". Cont and runCont are just wrapping and unwrapping functions that we can mostly ignore.
We could have done that without continuations. So what exactly does the Cont monad give us here? Well let's make a 'hole' in the code above:
Whatever integer we place in the hole, the value of test1 will be the result of adding one and applying show. So we can think of that picture as being a function whose argument we shove in the hole. Now Haskell is a functional programming language so we expect that we can somehow reify that function and get our hands on it. That's exactly what the continuation monad Cont does. Let's call the function we're talking about by the name fred. How can we get our hands on it? It's with this piece code:
ex1 = do
a <- return 1
b <- Cont (\fred -> ...)
return $ a+b
The ... is a context in which fred represents "the entire surrounding computation". Such a computaton is known as a "continuation". It's a bit hard to get your head around but the Cont monad allows you to write subexpressions that are able to "capture" the entirety of the code around them, as far as the function provided to runCont. To show that this is the case let's apply fred to the number 10:
> ex2 = do
> a <- return 1
> b <- Cont (\fred -> fred 10)
> return $ a+b
> test2 = runCont ex2 show
The entire computation is applied to 10 and we get "11". Now you know what return does in this monad. But that's a convoluted way of doing things. What other advantages do we get? Well the expression for b can do whatever it wants with fred as long as it returns the same type, ie. a string. So we can write this:
> ex3 = do
> a <- return 1
> b <- Cont (\fred -> "escape")
> return $ a+b
> test3 = runCont ex3 show
fred is completely ignored. The entire computation is thrown away and instead of applying show to a number, we simply return "escape". In other words, we have a mechanism for throwing values out of a computation. So continuations provide, among other things, an exception handling mechanism. But that's curious, because that's exactly what the Maybe monad provides. It looks like we might be able to simulate Maybe this way. But rather than do that, let's do something even more radical.
> ex4 = do
> a <- return 1
> b <- Cont (\fred -> fred 10 ++ fred 20)
> return $ a+b
> test4 = runCont ex4 show
We've used fred twice. We've made the code around our "hole" run twice, each time executing with a different starting value. Continuations allow mere subexpressions to take complete control of the expressions within which they lie. That should remind you of something. It's just like the list monad. The above code is a lot like
> test5 = do
> a <- return 1
> b <- [10,20]
> return $ a+b
So can we emulate the list monad? Well instead of converting our integer to a string at the end we want to convert it to a list. So this will work:
> ex6 = do
> a <- return 1
> b <- Cont (\fred -> fred 10 ++ fred 20)
> return $ a+b
> test6 = runCont ex6 (\x -> [x])
We can avoid those ++ operators by using concat:
> ex7 = do
> a <- return 1
> b <- Cont (\fred -> concat [fred 10,fred 20])
> return $ a+b
> test7 = runCont ex7 (\x -> [x])
But now you may notice we can remove almost every depepndence on the list type to get:
> ex8 = do
> a <- return 1
> b <- Cont (\fred -> [10,20] >>= fred)
> return $ a+b
> test8 = runCont ex8 return
Note, we're using monad related functions, but when we do so we're not using do-notation. We can now do one last thing to tidy this up:
> i x = Cont (\fred -> x >>= fred)
> run m = runCont m return
And now we have something close to do-notation for the list monad at our disposal again:
> test9 = run $ do
> a <- i [1,2]
> b <- i [10,20]
> return $ a+b
I hope you can see how this works. i x says that the continuation should be applied to x, not as an ordinary function, but with >>=. But that's just business as usual for monads. So the above should work for any monad.
> test10 = run $ do
> i $ print "What is your name?"
> name <- i getLine
> i $ print $ "Merry Xmas " ++ name
The Grinch has been foiled and we see that the continuation monad really is the mother of all monads.
There are some interesting consequences of this beyond Haskell. Many languages with support for continuations should be extensible to support monads. In particular, if there is an elegant notation for continuations, there should be one for monads too. This is why I didn't want to talk about the underlying mechanism of the Cont monad. Different languages can implement continuations in different ways. An extreme example is (non-portable) C where you can reify continuations by literally flushing out all registers to memory and grabbing the stack. In fact, I've used this to implement something like the list monad for searching in C. (Just for fun, not for real work.) Scheme has call-with-current-continuation which can be used similarly. And even Python's yield does something a little like reifying a continuation and might be usable this way. (Is that's what's going on here? I haven't read that yet.).
This post was also inspired by this paper by Filinski. I haven't followed the details yet (it's tricky) but the gist is similar. I was actually looking at Filinski's paper because of something I'll mention in my next post.


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