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A step-by-step guide to this simple way to repair wounds in which local tissue is not available for closure.
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Visit dvm360.com/StripSkinGraftsto view a video of Dr. Swaim performing this technique.
Strip skin grafting is a simple wound repair procedure that requires no special instrumentation. The grafts are strips of full-thickness skin that are about 5 mm wide, placed in 2-mm-deep parallel grooves that have been incised in a granulation tissue wound bed. Strip skin grafts provide coverage for wounds in which local tissue or local flaps cannot be used for wound closure or in which excessive tension would be created by placing presutures or adjustable horizontal mattress sutures or by making multiple punctate relaxing incisions. (For more information on these wound closure techniques, go todvm360.com/WoundRepair.)
These grafts are usually placed on wounds on the mid- to lower limb areas. Wounds that run parallel to the long axis of the limb lend themselves nicely to strip grafting, although this technique can be used in wounds of any orientation.
Dogs have an abundance of thin well-haired, loose skin on the lower craniolateral thoracic area, which makes it ideal for harvesting skin grafts. There is also sufficient skin for primary closure of the defect after obtaining a graft.
Pre-graft wound treatment
Strip skin grafting is a delayed grafting technique in that the wound must be treated as an open wound until a healthy granulation tissue bed has formed. Treatment of the wound should consist of daily lavage with either physiologic saline solution or a 1:40 dilution of 2% chlorhexidine diacetate or gluconate in sterile water and staged débridement in which definitely nonviable tissue is removed. Such tissue is either white, dark, or not attached with no blood supply. Leave tissue that is of questionable viability in place, and reevaluate it the next day when lavage and débridement are repeated. Bandage the wound between treatments.
Topical antibacterial medications (e.g. silver sulfadiazine or nitrofurazone) can be applied to the wound if the surgeon thinks they are needed to control infection. However, they are not always needed or indicated. Although some topical medications can have a negative effect on certain stages of healing, such as the negative effect nitrofurazone can have on epithelialization, the primary concern at this point is controlling infection. In addition, wound-healing stimulants can be applied topically. These stimulate the repair process to include early appearance of granulation tissue. Stimulants include an acemannan-containing gel (Carravet Acemannan Wound Gel-Carravet), a maltodextrin NF D-glucose polysaccharide (Intracell-Macleod Pharmaceuticals), and a tripeptide copper complex (Iamin Hydrating Gel Wound Dressing-Folica). Systemic antibiotics may also be indicated to treat infected wounds.
Treat the wound until a bed of healthy granulation tissue is present over the entire wound. Epithelium starting to grow from the wound edge over the granulation tissue is an indication the wound is healthy enough to graft. However, it is important that the entire wound surface be covered by granulation tissue since epithelium can start growing over granulation tissue at the wound edge before the center of the wound is covered by granulation tissue. (Since the grafting procedure in this article was demonstrated on a canine cadaver specimen, no bed of granulation tissue is present. However, the muscle tissue of the forelimb responded similar to granulation tissue during the procedure.)
To decrease the risk of an infection interfering with graft healing, the wound can be bandaged the day before surgery with mesh gauze coated with 0.1% gentamicin sulfate antibiotic ointment. An absorbent secondary wrap and tertiary adhesive wrap are applied over this gauze.
Advantages and disadvantages
Major advantages of strip grafting are that no special equipment is needed and the procedure is easily accomplished. Strip grafts also have an advantage in healing because of the design of the grafts. They can revascularize quickly because they are placed down in grooves.
Thus, vessels can grow into the grafts from not only the bottom of the groove but also from the sides of the groove (A in figure above). Because of their presence in grooves, strip grafts are subject to less damage from bandage movement on the wound surface than sheet grafts are. The open nature of these grafts allows fluid to drain from the wound surface for absorption into the bandage. As the grafts heal, epithelium from the graft edges grows outward to cover the intervening granulation tissue between the grafts (B in figure above). In addition, myofibroblasts in the granulation tissue attach to the edges of the grafts. As they contract, they widen the grafts to help cover the wound.
A disadvantage of these grafts is that bandaging beyond the time of healing (about three weeks) may be necessary to allow for more maturation of the healing process. Also, a study by the author has shown that strip grafts may not be as cosmetically pleasing as mesh grafts or flap reconstructions are.1 The hair regrowth on strip grafts may not be as good as it is on other procedures.
How to place strip skin grafts
After induction and maintenance of general anesthesia, place the dog in lateral recumbency with the affected limb uppermost, unless the wound is on the medial aspect of the limb, in which case, it is easier to place the dog in lateral recumbency with the affected limb down. Prepare the skin around the wound and skin in the cranial, lower lateral, thoracic area for aseptic surgery. Sterile lubricant (Surgilube-Savage Laboratories) and a protective gauze can be placed over the wound to protect it from hair clippings and preparation solutions. The skin in the thoracic area should be prepared wide enough that unprepared skin is not pulled from under the surgical drapes when the graft donor site is closed. Drape the limb wound (recipient site) and the thoracic area (donor site) separately.
Step 1
Figure 1
At the recipient site, incise the granulation tissue parallel to the long axis of the wound using a No. 15 scalpel blade. Make the incisions about 2 mm deep and 3 mm apart. Because of the cutting of the collagen fibers in the granulation tissue, the sides of the incisions usually retract enough to form a groove, which will accommodate a 5-mm-wide strip graft. Having an assistant surgeon press on the wound surface may help you attain hemostasis while the grafts are being harvested.In this case, four parallel incisions were made in the muscle of the wound (Figure 1) to simulate granulation tissue. The tips of the forceps indicate the end of each incision.
Step 2
Figure 2A
Figure 2B
At the graft donor site, using a skin marking pen and ruler, draw parallel lines that are 5 mm apart and the length of the wound (Figures 2A & 2B). To contribute to the cosmetics of the final result, the incisions should be made parallel to the direction of hair growth as much as possible. This is usually parallel to the long axis of the body. Draw one more line than the number of grooves you have cut in the granulation tissue at the recipient site.
Step 3
Figure 3
Using a No. 15 scalpel blade, incise the drawn lines (Figure 3). Incisions should begin with the bottom line and progress dorsally. Thus, blood is not running over inked lines to obliterate them before they are incised. This creates the necessary number of strip grafts.
Step 4
Figure 4
Remove subcutaneous fascia, fat, and cutaneous trunci muscle from the grafts. Cut one end of a graft free, leaving the other end attached. Using thumb forceps, grasp the free end of the graft and pull tension on it. Then run scissors down the dermal side of the graft to remove the fascia, fat, and cutaneous trunci muscle (Figure 4).
Step 5
Figure 5
Cut free the remaining attached end of the graft, and trim the graft to the length of one of the grooves in the granulation tissue. By looking carefully at the graft, determine the direction of the angle of the hair shafts. Then place the graft in one of the grooves such that the direction of hair growth on the graft is the same as the direction of hair growth on the skin around the wound (Figure 5; arrow).
Step 6
Figure 6
Place a simple interrupted 3-0 monofilament polypropylene or nylon suture at each end of the graft to anchor it in place (Figure 6; arrows). If you think further immobilization of the graft in the groove is necessary, place similar sutures at intervals along the graft's length. Tie these sutures loosely since they can cut through the granulation tissue and be ineffective if they are tight. Use the minimal number of sutures to ensure graft immobilization.
Step 7
Figure 7
Repeat steps 4 through 6 for each strip graft. The result is a strip graft anchored in each of the granulation tissue grooves (Figure 7).
Step 8
Figure 8A
Suture the graft donor site, which is basically a rectangle surrounded by the loose mobile skin of the thoracic area. Close with simple interrupted 3-0 monofilament polypropylene or nylon sutures. Begin suturing at one corner of the rectangle and proceed from corner to corner in a clockwise fashion. When a V-shaped suture line is present at either end of the defect (Figure 8A), close the remaining defect between the two Vs.
Step 8 cont'd
Figure 8B
The resulting suture line is in the shape of a double Y (Figure 8B).
Postoperative care
Bandage the grafted wound and the donor area. Place a thin, almost imperceptible coating of 0.1% gentamicin sulfate antibiotic ointment on a sterile absorbent nonadherent primary dressing pad. The thin coating allows fluid absorption from the area and provides antibacterial protection for the grafts. Place an absorbent secondary wrap over the primary dressing, followed by a tertiary wrap of 2-in-wide adhesive tape or elastic bandage tape. Use a splint (e.g. a Mason-meta splint) in the bandage to help immobilize the grafted area, especially if the graft has been placed over or near a mobile area. The splint is usually discontinued 10 to 14 days after grafting when the grafts are well advanced in the healing process. A guideline for graft healing is the presence of epithelium growing from the grafts' edges over intervening granulation tissue. This indicates the graft has a blood supply and is well advanced in the healing process.
Change the bandages every day or every other day for the first week. In the early postoperative period, more frequent bandage changes (daily or every other day) may be indicated. This would be if there is considerable fluid production by the wound and danger of graft maceration or the potential for infection. As the grafts heal, as indicated by decreasing fluid production and increasing epithelialization of the granulation tissue between grafts, bandage changes can be less often-every third or fourth day. Clinical judgment should be used in deciding on bandage change frequency. The grafts may appear ischemic for the first two days after placement, progressing to an edematous and cyanotic appearance. As healing occurs, a deep-red-to-pink color replaces the cyanotic color, and the edema regresses.
Sutures can usually be removed seven to 10 days after grafting, and the grafts have usually healed by 21 days after placement. Because of the need for maturation of the healed tissues, bandaging should be continued for another week or two after the grafts have healed for wound protection. However, bandage changes are infrequent (once or twice) during this time. Antibiotic application may be discontinued once the area between the grafts has epithelialized.
Restricted exercise is necessary during healing-cage rest with leashed periodic excursions during the day for elimination, for example. Limited exercise is especially important during the early postoperative period to allow vascular and connective tissue attachments to develop.
< Back
Potential complications
Because of the open nature of this grafting procedure, infection is uncommon. However, when it does occur, the drainage from the wound is tenacious exudate rather than serous drainage. Areas of the graft may be white and lack normal turgor. If an infection is noticed, perform a bacterial culture and antimicrobial sensitivity test, and at bandage changes remove exudate by blotting the graft site with a 1:40 dilution of 2% chlorhexidine diacetate or gluconate solution. Do not scrub the area. Débride any black or white, nonviable portions of the grafts that are not attached. Continue gentamicin topical treatment; however, place it on a more absorbent surgical sponge. The remainder of the bandaging is as previously described. Change the bandages daily until the grafts appear healthy and the exudate has subsided. When the results of the bacterial culture and sensitivity test become available, change the topical antibiotic accordingly.
If the grafts are completely lost, treat the wound as an open wound, allowing it to heal as far as it can by contraction and epithelialization. If healing is insufficient, grafting can be performed again once a healthy, noninfected granulation bed is in place again.
If the dog has a tendency to molest the graft donor site, bandage the site. Place surgical sponges over the suture line, and wrap the thorax with an absorbent bandage wrap from just behind the forelimbs to the level of the last rib. At the cranial edge of the bandage, crisscross two wraps over the cranial shoulder areas and between the forelimbs to form straps that keep the bandage from slipping caudally. Place a tertiary layer of 2-in-wide adhesive tape or elastic tape. Since there is little or no wound drainage, leave the bandage in place for seven days, removing it when the skin sutures are removed.
1. Swaim SF, Lee AH, Newton JC, et al. Evaluation of strip skin grafts in dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1987;23:115.
1. Bohling MW, Swaim SF. Skin grafts. In: Tobias KM, Johnston SA, eds. Veterinary surgery: small animal. St. Louis, Mo: Elsevier/Saunders, 2012;1271-1290.
2. Swaim SF, Henderson RA. Small animal wound management. 2nd ed. Baltimore, Md: Williams & Wilkins, 1997;295-370.
3. Swaim SF, Welch J, Gillette RL. Management of small animal distal limb injuries. Jackson, Wyo.: Teton New Media, in press.
4. Swaim SF, Renberg WC, Shike KM. Small animal bandaging, casting, and splinting techniques. Ames, Iowa: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011;43-109.


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It's Thankful Thursday hosted by Brian of Brian's Home. He wants us to post what we're thankful for.
I think it's a good thing to do each week. Focus on the positive things in our lives.
Make sure you link up to the Blog Hop at Brian's Home and get the code to put on your blog. Then visit all the participants.
Today I'm thankful for my central heat. It's cold outside and it's a comfort to be warm.
I'm thankful that hubby and I read with each other every afternoon. It's something we look forward to. No phones or any other electronics, just the quiet of us reading our current book.
I'm thankful for another holiday season to enjoy with family and friends.
I'm thankful for all the birds that come to eat from the feeders we provide and love watching them take their baths in our fountain. If they require anything they will sit on our fence outside our great room and sing to us. They never sing to us if all is well.
What are you thankful for today?


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I'm sitting on the train heading from Seattle to Portland today. I live in Portland, but spend a significant amount of time in the beautiful Emerald City. The time on the train is immensely useful to think about concepts, thoughts, introspect, code and generally be uninterrupted in focus. All the while it makes the 3 plus hour trip productive for me. I don't waste a single minute fidgeting about uselessly in a car. It's win, win, win and win on all accounts. But enough about the trip and these pleasantries, I've got some ranting to do! I want to tell you what is being doen wrong in business, in software and in general in the community around software developers.
1. Stop Listening to PR (Public Relations) when speaking to Developer Communities
PR can serve an important purpose for certain things, but if you're speaking through PR to the software developers' community you've screwed up. You've screwed up big time. I'll step into dangerous waters and say it is often a good idea to either get advocates (or evangelists) or marketers to speak to developers but the second PR is involved – you're going to be dead in the water.
In the case of marketing & advocates, they need to know where and how to interact well with the developer community. Developers can smell crappy marketing lines a thousand miles away, so when delivering messaging to the community, it needs to be on point, informative, without the buzz word bingo. Take for instance this gem I heard recently:
Vertically integrated incentivized synergies.
A simple response to that is, "WTF, unfollow, unsubscribe, get outta here."
Conversations have to be real and honest, if there isn't any experience, skills or knowledge in the marketing or advocacy team, it's best to own up to that ASAP and ask the community what information they'd like to receive from X company.
Let's take a few great examples – and yes, I'm going to outline real companies doing things right. I'm not going to harp on companies doing things wrong, because the developer community knows painfully well who these companies are. Those companies can consider this a PSA.
Full disclosure, I provide consulting, development how-to & blog entries as a consultant.
New Relic takes several avenues in messages to developers. They're really good at this and it shows in their honesty, integrity and reputation among the community itself.
Blogging: New Relic has a blog (yes, I write there also) that is informative on many levels. Not just a blog that churns out marketing things about their own products, but instead a blog full of useful information about events, products, other company's that partner with New Relic, community coding and hackathon events and all sorts of additional articles. The key here, is the New Relic Blog is actually useful to the developer community. Two great example here are the "Nerd Economy" which was just a fun entry, and the "Rails Rumble" involvement New Relic had. This is what makes it an extremely valuable asset to the community, to New Relic itself, and to individual programmers & operations people as well!
Full disclosure, I'm friends with a number of people here now thanks to RICON and because of their excellent interactions in the developer community, see here and here for more on RICON.
Blogging: Basho is another company that is doing this well. They're focused primarily on partners, events related to OSS and Basho (such as Riak) and has a fair breadth of topics overall. This keeps people coming back, and makes the articles useful to the community. A great example is their activity around the Rails Rumble and the Basho Docs Update. Again, that recurring theme, the articles must be useful. No one should ever just stick marketing spiel into a blog entry and post it.
2. Do NOT waste our time (or yours), we're overbooked already!
Try to connect events together with other companies and provide them as such. Give multiple reasons to come to conferences, meet ups or otherwise get out the door. If there isn't reasonable reason to physically be somewhere, make it an online event, chat or some other type of communication. Better yet, in many cases, write up some documentation and let us developers RTFM! But whatever marketing departments advocates and evangelists are doing, please coordinate a bit more so us developers (especially those that are writing a ton of app code) don't spin our wheels getting value out of events.
From my personal perspective, I make it a point to help as many community members that organize meet ups and all to bring additional value – and if there isn't enough value to merge with other groups. Bringing diverse backgrounds and polyglot ideals to a group isn't a bad idea. Stay mono-lingual is a sure way when language priorities shift you won't lose your community base. Now I'm going to harp on some groups that destroyed themselves, but eventually transformed by merging into other groups.
In Seattle & the Redmond area there used to be 3 (and I even have heard rumors of 4) .NET User Groups. With the advent of the extremely high value and dominance of the polyglot programmer (not that they were ever under-valued or anything). They all have since disappeared, but in very different ways. One lost because of a lack of content, then decreasing number of speakers, and eventually it died – completely. Another one actually ceased to exist because it merged into a group fo people that got involved in a number of other meetups that bridged development with a lot of other interests the attendees had. The last group actually polymorphed (eh, see what I did there with that programming term!) into a completely new group that is more open, more polyglot and fairly interesting. This is a perfect case of dropping a single tie to a single thing and branching out – or fading into nothing.
3. Don't tell us not to communicate with our community!
Oh dear there is no better way to stifle innovation and favorable reputation of your software and products than to disallow your own company's developers to publicly talk about it. It is absurd to kill this. The only company that I know, in the history of software, that has done this successfully is Amazon. But even Amazon only does it strategically. The companies that have done this completely are either dead or on their way to dying. To some degree Apple does this a little, but even in a tight lipped ship like Apple have developers talk about how or why they build things the way they do. They're very proud of what they've built and they want to tell people.
The developers in a company are the absolutely best advocates for the products out of everybody. They may not be able to get out in the public, or even go out in public, but when they do and when they communicate if you're running a good ship, that has proud developers, the community will know. Don't forget either, there's a few million us, that's a force to be reckoned with in the market.
3.14159265359 Developers are indeed the king makers, don't treat us like pawns!
RedMonk pointed out a while ago that "Meet the New King Makers: Same as the Old Kingmakers". They're on message, on target and very accurate as usual. If you want advice, information and a better understanding of the developer community, RedMonk is the analyst firm to check out for software development, you can forget the others.
I know there are dev shops out there that are amazing. There are dev shops out there that are atrocious. However those bad shops often suffer from heavy turnover, bad recruitment practices and even outright lying sometimes. It's a bad situation, but just know if you hone your skills, communication skills and related abilities you as a developer won't have to deal with those companies once you've cut your teeth in the industry.
To those dev shops that are meat grinders. You pay a heavy price, heavier than you might realize. Here's why.
- Turnover is ridiculously expensive. Many estimates range from 0.25x as much to 60x more expensive than maintain a solid team, good environment and positive conditions. Use google, read about it, turnover is a bad thing in many, many ways. (the rule of moderation does apply here)
- A company with bad practices will NEVER, forget what you THINK you get, but the company will never achieve any type of competitive speed, quality or velocity of development compared to a dev shop that treats their developers well.
- You will continuously create poorly designed interfaces, user experience and generally create a negative environment in which to operate, the company will never acheive its true potential. Developers are notorious for telling it like it is, if you make them unhappy, trust me when I say your entier company and the company's reputation will be known very quickly among the developer community. Not only will you have to hire from outside of the area, you likely won't be able to get A Game coders ever. They simply will not exist for a meat grinder shop.
There are ways for this to be remedied, but it is a very hard road to travel, far harder than any technical challenge to face. This challenge also takes, at minimum, years to truly fix once it has happened. So fix it, stop hiring warm bodies and work at being a good place for human beings to work.


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Tension Growing Over Role Of PTSD Service Dogs For Veterans
Stories like Jim Stanek's are common and quickly multiplying: An Iraqi war veteran with post-traumatic stress disorder and traumatic brain injury, he says his life was saved by a dog that gave him the confidence to do seemingly simple things, like go out to dinner and look his wife in the eye rather than watch his own back.
But the growing list of small nonprofits involved in training affordable assistance dogs for vets like Stanek has created a Wild West-type atmosphere in the service dog world, creating tension between mom-and-pop groups trying to fill what they call a crucial void and the Veterans Administration and more traditional service dog groups.
Exacerbating the situation are several recent actions by the VA, including a decision against covering the cost of service dogs for PTSD and traumatic brain injuries until a study on the scientific benefits can be completed — a study that has itself been plagued with potential delays and problems, including issues with aggression of some of the participating dogs.
At the same time, the VA refused to loosen its requirement that service dogs it covers be trained by groups accredited by either Assistance Dogs International or the International Guide Dog Federation.
The actions are frustrating to people like Stanek, who was unable to obtain his own service dog through traditional channels.
"I tried like nine different times to get a service dog through organizations," he said. "The door kept closing. I didn't have the money. They can cost $10,000 to $30,000 to $60,000."
So he and his wife, Lindsey, a former veterinary clinic worker, decided to train their own rescue dog, Sarge, to be his service dog. That led to the creation of Paws and Stripes, which in nearly two years has matched almost 50 veterans with shelter dogs.
The owners select their adult dog from a group of pre-screened shelter dogs. The dogs go home immediately with the veteran, then the pair goes through six months of training so the dogs can learn to assist their owners, whether it's to help them physically or just to provide that back-watching peace of mind that many Iraqi and Afghan war veterans need to do simple things like go into a shopping mall, or sit down to dinner in a restaurant and relax, knowing strangers are behind them.
Paws and Stripes has a waiting list of 600 vets from around the country. But like a number of similar operations around the country, it is not affiliated with one of the major service dog accreditation groups, although it is working on its application to join ADI.
Because of its lack of affiliation and accreditation, Stanek said he had to fight to get his dogs approved for admittance to VA facilities. "A lot of people are trying to get away with bringing their pet with them to the hospital," said his wife, Lindsey. "That bad apple is ruining it for everyone."
Still, the wide variance in training standards among groups like Paws and Stripes is raising questions in the traditional service dog world.
Using shelter dogs, most of whose background and true temperament is unknown, is "like playing Russian Roulette," said Corey Hudson, secretary of ADI and CEO of Canine Companions for Independence in Santa Rosa, Calif.
Hudson notes that his group uses only dogs bred specifically for training to be guide dogs or service dogs, and still "only about 45 percent graduate."
"We want to place a dog that makes them more independent, not dependent," he said. "Accreditation is a safeguard."
Sharon Wilson, executive director of Freedom Service Dogs, which works with soldiers from the Wounded Warriors program at Fort Carson, Colo., says her organization also uses shelter dogs in part because Colorado has an abundance of labs and other good service breeds in its shelters. Her group does not place the dogs until they have been trained in house for 7 to 9 months.
"PTSD dogs have to be what I call bomb proof," she said. "You have to know how they are going to react when that pit bull walks by."
Barbara Teasdale, founder of the San Francisco-based Vets Adopt Pets, which hooks veterans up with groups that adopt shelter dogs or provide service animals, says there is a need for standards. But she notes that many of the groups working to help vets are small "labor of love operations" that can't afford accreditation fees.
And the groups are filling two needs: helping vets and giving homeless dogs a second chance, she said.
One thing they all seem to agree on, however, is that dogs do help soldiers suffering PTSD.
"For instance, we had a client who had night terrors," said Wilson. "He would wake up in the middle of the night just screaming. His dog was taught when he starts getting restless, the dog would turn the light on ... then jump in bed and push his body as close as he could. His wife said his breathing would start to mirror the dog's and he would never wake up."
Stanek compares his relationship with his dog to that of a sniper and a spotter in the military.
"Sarge is my spotter. When we go out, she lets me know what's going on. She lets me know how I am doing," he says. "On a scale of one to 10, I used to sit at about an eight or nine on a constant basis — like wake up that way. Now I sit around at two or three. And Sarge will alert me when that level starts to rise."


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Terrorist Hunter
Terrorist Hunter
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The remarkable memoir of an Iraqi woman who escaped from captivity in Baghdad and became America's leading undercover counter-terrorist expert. Here is the story of an anonymous counter-terrorism expert, a young woman, who, in disguise, has penetrated front groups of anti-American terrorist organizations operating in this country. In this edge-of-the-seat memoir, she chronicles her escape from Iraq via Iran to Israel, following a great tragedy that befell her family at the hands of Saddam Hussein. She also details how she became involved in intelligence gathering for the United States, her adoptive country, while working for an antiterrorism group. With her unique insights into how terrorist groups veil their true operations by various means, she was able to infiltrate and identify dangerous terrorist organizations and entities working undetected in the United States.
Terrorist Hunter provides fascinating and shocking information on how federal agencies, chiefly the FBI and the State Depart-ment, repeatedly ignored or mishandled important information she provided. She reveals her role in exposing terrorist supporters who the White House considered to be friends, in preventing the government from funding terrorist activities, and in the deportation of terrorists and their supporters. She also reveals how she discovered a billion-dollar scheme that rich Saudi Arabians set up to filter money to terrorist groups, through charities and businesses in the United States — information that the FBI sat on for years, until after 9-11.
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|23 oz
|1 × 6 × 9 cm


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FLOWERY BRANCH — Falcons offensive coordinator Dirk Koetter isn't saying much about his recent interview with Boise State.
Koetter confirmed on Tuesday that he met with Boise State officials, but declined to elaborate.
"All I can tell you is the same thing (Falcons head coach Mike Smith) told you yesterday," Koetter said. "I did talk to Boise State, and that's really all I'm going to say about that right now."
In two seasons with Atlanta, Koetter has had mixed results.
Last season's team, led by Pro Bowl performances from quarterback Matt Ryan, receiver Julio Jones and tight end Tony Gonzalez, went 13-3 and finished 10 yards shy of the Super Bowl.
This season, the Falcons are 3-10 and have been undermined by a porous offensive line, an ineffective running game and Jones' season-ending injury.
Boise State is trying to replace Chris Petersen, who took the job at Washington. Koetter was the head coach at Boise State from 1998-2000 and left with a 26-10 record to take the head job at Arizona State, but from 2001-06 with the Sun Devils, he went 40-34 before getting fired.
Koetter, who worked as the Jacksonville Jaguars' offensive coordinator from 2007-11, described the current season as one of his most frustrating in 29 years of coaching.
Poor play by the line has given Ryan little time to set his feet in the pocket and find receivers.
Jones broke his foot in a Week 5 home loss to the New York Jets, and Roddy White played most of the season with ankle and hamstring injuries that hurt his effectiveness.
And running back Steven Jackson missed four games with a hamstring injury for a rushing attack that ranks third-worst in the NFL.
These problems allowed opponents to consistently double-team Gonzalez, the league's No. 2 career-leading receiver, and limit his effectiveness.
"Personally, it's tough on everybody," Koetter said. "Nobody has higher expectations for the Falcons than the players and the coaches do. We haven't lived up to expectations. We haven't played as well as we're capable of on offense."
Atlanta, which began the season as a Super Bowl contender, dropped eight of nine games through a Week 12 home loss to New Orleans and fell out of playoff contention.
The Falcons' defense hasn't played well either, ranking 30th in scoring and 29th in both third-down efficiency and total yards allowed.
But even with Gonzalez, White and Jackson seemingly healthy in midseason, the offense averaged just 14.8 points during a five-game losing streak.
Though Koetter wouldn't cite individuals or units for the meltdown, much of the blame publicly has fallen on the offensive line.
Left tackle Sam Baker and right tackle Mike Johnson were lost to season-ending injuries. The front office decided not to re-sign longtime center Todd McClure, and Peter Konz flopped as his replacement.
Right guard Garrett Reynolds struggled so much that Konz eventually took his job after Joe Hawley became the starting center.
In last week's 22-21 loss at Green Bay, the Falcons couldn't hold an 11-point lead and went scoreless in the second half.
Gonzalez and receiver Harry Douglas dropped late passes that would've put Atlanta in field-goal range, but the offense went three-and-out on its first two possessions of the third quarter, and Ryan was sacked early in the fourth and lost a fumble.
"The guys were disappointed," Koetter said. "The coaches were disappointed. We just felt like we didn't do our part, didn't finish on offense to get it done."
The Falcons host the Washington Redskins (3-10) on Sunday.


text:
In this section we will describe each installer component in
detail. The components have been grouped into stages that should
be recognizable for users. They are presented in the order they
appear during the install. Note that not all modules will be used
for every installation; which modules are actually used depends on
the installation method you use and on your hardware.
Let's assume the Debian Installer has booted and you are facing its
first screen. At this time, the capabilities of debian-installer are still quite
limited. It doesn't know much about your hardware, preferred language,
or even the task it should perform. Don't worry. Because debian-installer is quite
clever, it can automatically probe your hardware, locate the rest
of its components and upgrade itself to a capable installation system.
However, you still need to help debian-installer with some information it can't
determine automatically (like selecting your preferred language, keyboard
layout or desired network mirror).
You will notice that debian-installer performs hardware detection
several times during this stage. The first time is targeted specifically
at the hardware needed to load installer components (e.g. your CD-ROM or
network card). As not all drivers may be available during this first run,
hardware detection needs to be repeated later in the process.
One of the first things debian-installer does, is to check available memory.
If the available memory is limited, this component will make some
changes in the installation process which hopefully will allow
you to install Debian GNU/Linux on your system.
During a low memory install, not all components will be available.
One of the limitations is that you won't be able to choose a
language for the installation.
As the first step of the installation, select the language in which
you want the installation process to proceed. The language names
are listed in both English (left side) and in the language itself
(right side); the names on the right side are also shown in the proper
script for the language. The list is sorted on the English names.
The language you choose will be used for the rest of the installation
process, provided a translation of the different dialogs is available.
If no valid translation is available for the selected language, the
installer will default to English. The selected language will also be
used to help select a suitable keyboard layout.
If you selected a language in Section 18.104.22.168, "Language selection" which has
more than one country associated with it (true for Chinese, English,
French, and many other languages), you can specify the country here.
If you choose Other at the bottom of the list,
you will be presented with a list of all countries, grouped by continent.
This selection will be used later in the installation process to pick the
default timezone and a Debian mirror appropriate for your geographic
location. If the defaults proposed by the installer are not suitable, you
can make a different choice. The selected country, together with the selected
language, may also affect locale settings for your new Debian system.
Keyboards are often tailored to the characters used in a language.
Select a layout that conforms to the keyboard you are using, or
select something close if the keyboard layout you want
isn't represented. Once the system installation is complete, you'll be
able to select a keyboard layout from a wider range of choices (run
kbdconfig as root after you have completed the
Move the highlight to the keyboard selection you desire and press
Enter. Use the arrow keys to move the highlight — they are
in the same place in all national language keyboard layouts, so they
are independent of the keyboard configuration. An 'extended' keyboard
is one with F1 through F10 keys
along the top row.
When installing via the hd-media method, there
will be a moment where you need to find and mount the Debian Installer
iso image in order to get the rest of the installation files. The
component iso-scan does exactly this.
At first, iso-scan automatically mounts all block
devices (e.g. partitions) which have some known filesystem on them and
sequentially searches for filenames ending with
.iso (or .ISO for that
matter). Beware that the first attempt scans only files in the root
directory and in the first level of subdirectories (i.e. it finds
but not
After an iso image has been found, iso-scan checks
its content to determine if the image is a valid Debian iso image or
not. In the former case we are done, in the latter
iso-scan seeks for another image.
In case the previous attempt to find an installer iso image fails,
iso-scan will ask you whether you would like to
perform a more thorough search. This pass doesn't just look into the
topmost directories, but really traverses whole filesystem.
If iso-scan does not discover your installer iso
image, reboot back to your original operating system and check if the
image is named correctly (ending in .iso), if it is
placed on a filesystem recognizable by debian-installer, and if it is not
corrupted (verify the checksum). Experienced Unix users could do this
without rebooting on the second console.
As you enter this step, if the system detects that you have more than
one network device, you'll be asked to choose which device will be
your primary network interface, i.e. the one
which you want to use for installation. The other interfaces won't be
configured at this time. You may configure additional interfaces after
installation is complete; see the interfaces(5) man page.
By default, debian-installer tries to configure your computer's network
automatically via DHCP. If the DHCP probe succeeds, you are done. If the
probe fails, it may be caused by many factors ranging from unplugged
network cable, to a misconfigured DHCP setup. Or maybe you don't have
a DHCP server in your local network at all. For further explanation
check the error messages on the third console. In any case, you will
be asked if you want to retry, or if you want to perform manual
setup. DHCP servers are sometimes really slow in their responses, so
if you are sure everything is in place, try again.
The manual network setup in turn asks you a number of questions about
your network, notably
IP address,
Name server addresses, and a
Moreover, if you have a wireless network interface, you will be asked
to provide your Wireless ESSID and
a WEP key. Fill in the answers from
Section 3.3, "Information You Will Need".
IP address
Name server addresses
Wireless ESSID
WEP key
Some technical details you might, or might not, find handy: the
program assumes the network IP address is the bitwise-AND of your
system's IP address and your netmask. It will guess the broadcast
address is the bitwise OR of your system's IP address with the bitwise
negation of the netmask. It will also guess your gateway. If you
can't find any of these answers, use the system's guesses — you
can change them once the system has been installed, if necessary, by
editing /etc/network/interfaces. Alternatively,
you can install etherconf, which will step you
through your network setup.
At this time, after hardware detection has been executed a final time,
debian-installer should be at its full strength, customized for the user's needs
and ready to do some real work.
As the title of this section indicates, the main task of the next few
components lies in partitioning your disks, creating filesystems,
assigning mountpoints and optionally configuring closely related issues
like LVM or RAID devices.
Now it is time to partition your disks. If you are uncomfortable with
partitioning, or just want to know more details, see Appendix B, Partitioning for Debian.
First you will be given the opportunity to automatically partition
either an entire drive, or free space on a drive. This is also called
"guided" partitioning. If you do not want to
autopartition, choose Manually edit partition
table from the menu.
If you choose guided partitioning, you will be able to choose from the
schemes listed in the table below. All schemes have their pros and cons,
some of which are discussed in Appendix B, Partitioning for Debian. If you are
unsure, choose the first one. Bear in mind, that guided partitioning
needs certain minimal amount of free space to operate with. If you don't
give it at least about 1GB of space (depends on chosen scheme), guided
partitioning will fail.
After selecting a scheme, the next screen will show your new partition
table, including information on whether and how partitions will be
formatted and where they will be mounted.
The list of partitions might look like this:
IDE1 master (hda) - 6.4 GB WDC AC36400L
#1 primary 16.4 MB ext2 /boot
#2 primary 551.0 MB swap swap
#3 primary 5.8 GB ntfs
pri/log 8.2 MB FREE SPACE
IDE1 slave (hdb) - 80.0 GB ST380021A
#1 primary 15.9 MB ext3
#2 primary 996.0 MB fat16
#3 primary 3.9 GB xfs /home
#5 logical 6.0 GB ext3 /
#6 logical 1.0 GB ext3 /var
#7 logical 498.8 MB ext3
#8 logical 551.5 MB swap swap
#9 logical 65.8 GB ext2
This example shows two IDE harddrives divided into several partitions;
the first disk has some free space. Each partition line consists of the
partition number, its type, size, optional flags, file system, and
mountpoint (if any).
This concludes the guided partitioning. If you are satisfied with the
generated partition table, you can choose Finish
partitioning and write changes to disk from the menu to
implement the new partition table (as described at the end of this
section). If you are not happy, you can choose to Undo
changes to partitions, to run guided partitioning again
or modify the proposed changes as described below for manual partitioning.
A similar screen to the one shown just above will be displayed if you
choose manual partitioning except that your existing partition table will
be shown and without the mount points. How to manually setup your partition
table and the usage of partitions by your new Debian system will be covered
in the remainder of this section.
If you select a pristine disk which doesn't have neither partitions
nor free space on it, you will be offered to create a new partition
table (this is needed so you can create new partitions). After this
a new line entitled "FREE SPACE" should appear under the
selected disk.
If you select some free space, you will be offered to create new
partition. You will have to answer a quick series of questions about
its size, type (primary or logical), and location (beginning or end of
the free space). After this, you will be presented with detailed
overview of your new partition. There are options like mountpoint,
mount options, bootable flag, or way of usage. If you don't like the
preselected defaults, feel free to change them to your liking. E.g. by
selecting the option Use as:, you can
choose different filesystem for this partition including the
possibility to use the partition for swap, software RAID, LVM, or not
use it at all. Other nice feature is the possibility to copy data from
existing partition onto this one.
When you are satisfied with your new partition, select
Done setting up the partition and you will be
thrown back to the partman's main screen.
If you decide you want to change something about your partition,
simply select the partition, which will bring you to the partition
configuration menu. Because this is the same screen like when creating
a new partition, you can change the same set of options. One thing
which might not be very obvious at a first glance is that you can
resize the partition by selecting the item displaying the size of the
partition. Filesystems known to work are at least fat16, fat32, ext2,
ext3 and swap. This menu also allows you to delete a partition.
Be sure to create at least two partitions: one for the
root filesystem (which must be mounted as
/) and one for swap. If you
forget to mount the root filesystem, partman won't
let you continue until you correct this issue.
Capabilities of partman can be extended with installer
modules, but are dependent on your system's architecture. So if you can't
see all promised goodies, check if you have loaded all required modules
(e.g. partman-ext3, partman-xfs,
or partman-lvm).
After you are satisfied with partitioning, select Finish
partitioning and write changes to disk from the partitioning
menu. You will be presented with a summary of changes made to the disks
and asked to confirm that the filesystems should be created as requested.
If you are working with computers at the level of system administrator
or "advanced" user, you have surely seen the situation
where some disk partition (usually the most important one) was short on
space, while some other partition was grossly underused and you had to
manage this situation with moving stuff around, symlinking, etc.
To avoid the described situation you can use Logical Volume Manager
(LVM). Simply said, with LVM you can combine your partitions
(physical volumes in LVM lingo) to form
a virtual disc (so called volume group), which
can then be divided into virtual partitions (logical
volumes). The point is that logical volumes (and of course
underlying volume groups) can span across several physical discs.
Now when you realize you need more space for your old 160GB
/home partition, you can simply add a new 300GB
disc to the computer, join it with your existing volume group and then
resize the logical volume which holds your /home
filesystem and voila — your users have some room again on their
renewed 460GB partition. This example is of course a bit
oversimplified. If you haven't read it yet, you should consult the
LVM setup in debian-installer is quite simple. At first, you have to mark your
partitions to be used as physical volumes for LVM. (This is done in
partman in the Partition
settings menu where you should select Use as:->physical volume for
LVM.) Then start the
lvmcfg module (either directly from
partman or from the debian-installer's main menu) and combine
physical volumes to volume group(s) under the Modify
volume groups (VG) menu. After that, you should create
logical volumes on the top of volume groups from the menu
Modify logical volumes (LV).
After returning from lvmcfg back to
partman, you will see any created logical volumes
in the same way as ordinary partitions (and you should treat them like
If you have more than one harddrive[5] in your computer, you can use
mdcfg to setup your drives for increased
performance and/or better reliability of your data. The result is
called Multidisk Device (or after its most
famous variant software RAID).
MD is basically a bunch of partitions located on different disks and
combined together to form a logical device. This
device can then be used like an ordinary partition (i.e. in
partman you can format it, assign a mountpoint,
The benefit you gain depends on a type of a MD device you are
creating. Currently supported are:
Is mainly aimed at performance. RAID0 splits all incoming data into
stripes and distributes them equally over each
disk in the array. This can increase the speed of read/write
operations, but when one of the disks fails, you will loose
everything (part of the information is still on
the healthy disk(s), the other part was on the
failed disk).
The typical use for RAID0 is a partition for video editing.
Is suitable for setups where reliability is the first concern. It
consists of several (usually two) equally sized partitions where every
partition contains exactly the same data. This essentially means three
things. First, if one of your disks fails, you still have the data
mirrored on the remaining disks. Second, you can use only a fraction
of the available capacity (more precisely, it is the size of the
smallest partition in the RAID). Third, file reads are load balanced among
the disks, which can improve performance on a server, such as a file
server, that tends to be loaded with more disk reads than writes.
Optionally you can have a spare disk in the array which will take the
place of the failed disk in the case of failure.
Is a good compromise between speed, reliability and data redundancy.
RAID5 splits all incomming data into stripes and distributes them
equally on all but one disks (similar to RAID0). Unlike RAID0, RAID5
also computes parity information, which gets
written on the remaining disk. The parity disk is not static (that
would be called RAID4), but is changing periodically, so the parity
information is distributed equally on all disks. When one of the
disks fails, the missing part of information can be computed from
remaining data and its parity. RAID5 must consist of at least three
active partitions. Optionally you can have a spare disk in the array
which will take the place of the failed disk in the case of failure.
As you can see, RAID5 has similar degree of reliability like RAID1
while achieving less redundancy. On the other hand it might be a bit
slower on write operation than RAID0 due to computation of parity
To sum it up:
If you want to know the whole truth about Software RAID, have a look
at Software RAID HOWTO.
To create a MD device, you need to have the desired partitions it
should consist of marked for use in a RAID. (This is done in
partman in the Partition
settings menu where you should select Use as:->physical volume for
Support for MD is a relatively new addition to the installer.
You may experience problems for some RAID levels and in combination
with some bootloaders if you try to use MD for the root
(/) filesystem. For experienced users, it may be
possible to work around some of these problems by executing some
configuration or installation steps manually from a shell.
Next, you should choose Configure software
RAID from the main partman menu.
On the first screen of mdcfg simply select
Create MD device. You will be presented with
a list of supported types of MD devices, from which you should choose
one (e.g. RAID1). What follows depends on the type of MD you selected.
RAID0 is simple — you will be issued with the list of available
RAID partitions and your only task is to select the partitions which
will form the MD.
RAID1 is a bit more tricky. First, you will be asked to enter the
number of active devices and the number of spare devices which will
form the MD. Next, you need to select from the list of available RAID
partitions those that will be active and then those that will be
spare. The count of selected partitions must be equal to the number
provided few seconds ago. Don't worry. If you make a mistake and
select different number of partitions, the debian-installer won't let you
continue until you correct the issue.
RAID5 has similar setup procedure as RAID1 with the exception that you
need to use at least three active partitions.
It is perfectly possible to have several types of MD at once. For
example if you have three 200 GB hard drives dedicated to MD, each
containing two 100 GB partitions, you can combine first partitions on
all three disk into the RAID0 (fast 300 GB video editing partition)
and use the other three partitions (2 active and 1 spare) for RAID1
(quite reliable 100 GB partition for /home).
After you setup MD devices to your liking, you can
Finish mdcfg to return
back to the partman to create filesystems on your
new MD devices and assign them the usual attributes like mountpoints.
Although this stage is the least problematic, it consumes most time of
the install because it downloads, verifies and unpacks the whole base
system. If you have a slow computer or network connection, this could
take some time.
During the Base installation, package unpacking and setup messages are
redirected to tty3. You can access this
terminal by pressing
Left Alt-F3;
get back to the main installer process with
Left Alt-F1.
The unpack/setup messages generated by the base installation are saved in
/var/log/messages when the installation is
performed over a serial console.
As part of the installation, a Linux kernel will be installed. At the default
priority, the installer will choose one for you that best matches your
hardware. In lower priority modes, you will be able to choose from a list
of available kernels.
If you are installing a diskless workstation, obviously, booting off
the local disk isn't a meaningful option, and this step will be
Note that multiple operating systems booting on a single machine is
still something of a black art. This document does not even attempt
to document the various boot managers, which vary by architecture and
even by subarchitecture. You should see your boot manager's
documentation for more information.
Before a boot loader is installed, the installer will attempt to probe for
other operating systems which are installed on the machine. If it finds a
supported operating system, you will be informed of this during the boot
loader installation step, and the computer will be configured to boot this
other operating system in addition to Debian.
Note that multiple operating systems booting on a single machine is still
something of a black art. The automatic support for detecting and setting
up boot loaders to boot other operating systems varies by architecture and
even by subarchitecture. If it does not work you should consult your
boot manager's documentation for more information.
The installer may fail to detect other operating systems if the partitions on
which they reside are mounted when the detection takes place. This may occur if
you select a mountpoint (e.g. /win) for a partition containing another operating
system in partman, or if you have mounted partitions manually
from a console.
The main i386 boot loader is called "grub".
Grub is a flexible and robust boot loader and a good default choice for
newbies and old hands alike.
By default, grub will be installed into the Master Boot Record (MBR), where
it will take over complete control of the boot process. If you prefer, you
can install it elsewhere. See the grub manual for complete information.
If you do not want to install grub at all, use the Back button to get to
the main menu, and from there select whatever bootloader you would like to
The second i386 boot loader is called "LILO".
It is an old complex program which offers lots of functionality,
including DOS, Windows, and OS/2 boot management. Please carefully
read the instructions in the directory
/usr/share/doc/lilo/ if you have special needs;
also see the LILO mini-HOWTO.
Currently the LILO installation will only create menu entries for other
operating systems if these can be chainloaded.
This means you may have to manually add a menu entry for operating
systems like GNU/Linux and GNU/Hurd after the installation.
debian-installer presents you three choices where to install the
LILO boot loader:
This way the LILO will take complete control of the
boot process.
Choose this if you want to use another boot
manager. LILO will install itself at the beginning
of the new Debian partition and it will serve as a secondary boot
Useful for advanced users who want to install LILO
somewhere else. In this case you will be asked for desired
location. You can use devfs style names, such as those that start with
/dev/ide, /dev/scsi, and
/dev/discs, as well as traditional names, such as
/dev/hda or /dev/sda.
If you can no longer boot into Windows 9x (or DOS) after this step,
you'll need to use a Windows 9x (MS-DOS) boot disk and use the
fdisk /mbr command to reinstall the MS-DOS
master boot record — however, this means that you'll need to use
some other way to get back into Debian! For more information on this
please read Section 8.3, "Reactivating DOS and Windows".
fdisk /mbr
This option can be used to complete the installation even when no boot
loader is to be installed, either because the arch/subarch doesn't
provide one, or because none is desired (e.g. you will use existing
boot loader).
If you plan to manually configure your bootloader, you should check the
name of the installed kernel in /target/boot.
You should also check that directory for the presence of an
initrd; if one is present, you will probably have
to instruct your bootloader to use it. Other information you will need
are the disk and partition you selected for your /
filesystem and, if you chose to install /boot on a
separate partition, also your /boot filesystem.
These are the last bits to do before rebooting to your new Debian. It
mostly consists of tidying up after the debian-installer.
This is the last step in the initial Debian installation process. You will
be prompted to remove the boot media (CD, floppy, etc) that you used to
boot the installer. The installer will do any last minute tasks, and then
reboot into your new Debian system.
The components listed in this section are usually not involved in the
installation process, but are waiting in the background to help the
user in case something goes wrong.
If the installation is successful, the logfiles created during
the installation process will be automatically saved to
/var/log/debian-installer/ on your new
Debian system.
Choosing Save debug logs from the main
menu allows you to save the log files to a floppy
disk. This can be useful if you encounter fatal problems
during the installation and wish to study the logs on another system
or attach them to an installation report.
There is an Execute a Shell item on the
menu. If the menu is not available when you need to use the shell,
press Left Alt-F2
(on a Mac keyboard, Option-F2) to switch to the second virtual
console. That's the Alt key on the
left-hand side of the space bar, and the
F2 function key, at the same time. This is a separate
window running a Bourne shell clone called ash.
At this point you are booted from the RAM disk, and there is a limited
set of Unix utilities available for your use. You can see what
programs are available with the command ls /bin /sbin /usr/bin
/usr/sbin and by typing help. The
text editor is nano. The shell has some nice features
like autocompletion and history.
Use the menus to perform any task that they are able to do — the
shell and commands are only there in case something goes wrong. In
particular, you should always use the menus, not the shell, to
activate your swap partition, because the menu software can't detect
that you've done this from the shell. Press Left
Alt-F1 to get back to menus, or
type exit if you used a menu item to open the
One of the more interesting components is
network-console. It allows you to do a large
part of the installation over the network via SSH. The use of the
network implies you will have to perform the first steps of the
installation from the console, at least to the point of setting up
the networking. (Although you can automate that part with
Section 4.7, "Automatic Installation".)
This component is not loaded into the main installation menu by default,
so you have to explicitly ask for it.
If you are installing from CD, you need to boot with medium priority or
otherwise invoke the main installation menu and choose Load
installer components from CD and from the list of
additional components select network-console: Continue
installation remotely using SSH. Successful load is
indicated by a new menu entry called Continue
installation remotely using SSH.
After selecting this new entry, you
will be asked for a new password
to be used for connecting to the installation system and for its
confirmation. That's all. Now you should see a screen which instructs
you to login remotely as the user installer with
the password you just provided. Another important detail to notice on
this screen is the fingerprint of this system. You need to transfer
the fingerprint securely to the "person who will continue the
installation remotely".
Should you decide to continue with the installation locally, you
can always press Enter, which will bring you back to
the main menu, where you can select another component.
Now let's switch to the other side of the wire. As a prerequisite, you
need to configure your terminal for UTF-8 encoding, because that is
what the installation system uses. If you do not, remote installation
will be still possible, but you may encounter strange display
artefacts like destroyed dialog borders or unreadable non-ascii
characters. Establishing a connection with the installation system
is as simple as typing:
$ ssh -l installer install_host
ssh -l installer install_host
Where install_host is either the name
or IP address of the computer being installed. Before the actual
login the fingerprint of the remote system will be displayed and
you will have to confirm that it is correct.
If you install several computers in turn and they happen to have the
same IP address or hostname, ssh will refuse to connect
to such host. The reason is that it will have different fingerprint, which
is usually a sign of a spoofing attack. If you are sure this is not the
case, you will need to delete the relevant line from
~/.ssh/known_hosts and try again.
After the login you will be presented with an initial screen where you
have two possibilities called Start menu and
Start shell. The former brings you to the
main installer menu, where you can continue with the installation as
usual. The latter starts a shell from which you can examine and possibly
fix the remote system. You should only start one SSH session for the
installation menu, but may start multiple sessions for shells.
After you have started the installation remotely over SSH, you should
not go back to the installation session running on the local console.
Doing so may corrupt the database that holds the configuration of
the new system. This in turn may result in a failed installation or
problems with the installed system.
Also, if you are running the SSH session from an X terminal, you should
not resize the window as that will result in the connection being
It is possible to configure the base system within the first stage
installer (before rebooting from the hard drive), by running
base-config in a chroot
environment. This is mainly useful for testing the installer and
should normally be avoided.
To be honest, you can construct MD device even from partitions
residing on single physical drive, but that won't bring you anything


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Rule #1 - Be Patient - Rule #2 - Don't ask when, if you don't contribute - Rule #3 - You have coding skills - LinuxMCE's small brother is available: http://www.agocontrol.com
I believe your remote must be set as the primary controller.
I prefer method 2 , and let Sarah download your remotes configuation. But either way has worked for me. Sarah is just easy, but don't tell her that! LOL
Here is the hardware:Aeon Labs Z-StickGE 45601 Remote ControlGE 45606 DimmerGE 45613 3-Way dimmerThis is running on an up to date 1004 installationHere are the devices it created:ZWave ZWave Embedded Climate Interfa ZWave Embedded Security Interf ZWave ControllerI cannot seem to figure out how to get the lights (and probably the remote control) to register properly together. My remote control can easily connect to the lights but I can't seem to figure out how to get it the lights and control to work with the stick using the instructions in the wiki. I've reset everything multiple times, deleted devices, plugged and unplugged the USB, etc. and have yet to figure out how to get the networks to talk to each other. I'm sure I'm missing some stupidly simple step but this is my first foray into ZWave.I can register the lights to the Z-Stick and then plug that into the computer but I can't seem to figure out how to get the remote associated.
I would recommend using the SIS mode procedure outlined on the Wiki; http://wiki.linuxmce.org/index.php/ZWave#SUC.2FSIS_Mode_.28recommended.29This procedure works - but you do need to follow the steps carefully. Also for reference you can look at the Dianemo S wiki section on monitoring your ZWave device inclusion process here by tail'ing your ZWave device; http://wiki.linuxmce.org/index.php/Dianemo_S#ZWave_Devices
I have 4 of these. One on Living Room Table, One on headboard in Master Bedroom, One in my oldest daughter's room om her night stand, and one by the door as you come in to the house.They are all "Secondary" controllers to the HA09 Handy Remote and the 5th "Secondary" controller is my Core.They have 12 Buttons, ( two banks of six )and can be used as individual lights, individual scenes, or mix and match.


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A team of scientists will launch an expedition to the Titanic next month to assess the deteriorating condition of the world's most famous shipwreck and create a detailed three-dimensional map that will "virtually raise the Titanic" for the public.
The expedition to the site four kilometres beneath the North Atlantic is billed as the most advanced scientific mission to the Titanic wreck since its discovery 25 years ago.
The 20-day expedition is to leave St. John's, Newfoundland, on August 18 under a partnership between RMS Titanic Inc., which has exclusive salvage rights to the wreck, and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in Massachusetts. The expedition will not collect artefacts but will probe a three-by-five kilometre debris field where hundreds of thousands of artefacts remain scattered.
Some of the world's most frequent visitors to the site will be part of the expedition along with a who's who of underwater scientists and organizations such as the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
Organisers say the new scientific data and images will ultimately be accessible to the public.
"For the first time, we're really going to treat it as an archaeological site with two things in mind," David Gallo, an expedition leader and Woods Hole scientist, told The Associated Press on Monday. "One is to preserve the legacy of the ship by enhancing the story of the Titanic itself. The second part is to really understand what the state of the ship is."
The Titanic struck ice and sank on its maiden voyage in international waters on April 15, 1912, leaving 1,522 people dead.
Since oceanographer Robert Ballard and an international team discovered the Titanic in 1985, most of the expeditions have either been to photograph the wreck or gather thousands of artefacts, like fine china, shoes and ship fittings. Titanic director James Cameron has also led teams to the wreck to record the bow and the stern, which separated during the sinking and now lie one-third of a mile apart.
RMS Titanic made the last expedition to site in 2004. The company, a subsidiary of Premier Exhibitions Inc. of Atlanta, conducts travelling displays of the Titanic artefacts, which the company says have been viewed by tens of millions of people worldwide.
"We believe there's still a number of really exciting mysteries to be discovered at the wreck site," said Chris Davino, president of and CEO of Premier Exhibitions and RMS Titanic. "It's our contention that substantial portions of the wreck site have never really been properly studied."
RMS Titanic is bankrolling the expedition. Davino declined to state the cost of the exploration other than to say it will be millions of dollars.
The "dream team" of archaeologists, oceanographers and other scientists want to get the best assessment yet on the two main sections of the ship, which have been subjected to fierce deep ocean currents, salt water and intense pressure.
Gallo said while the rate of Titanic's deterioration is not known, the expedition approaches the mission with a sense of urgency.
"We see places where it looks like the upper decks are getting thin, the walls are thin, the ceilings may be collapsing a bit," he said. "We hear all these anecdotal things about the ship is rusting away, it's collapsing on itself. No one really knows."
The expedition will use imaging technology and sonar devices that never have been used before on the Titanic wreck and to probe nearly a century of sediment in the debris field to seek a full inventory of the ship's artefacts.
"We're actually treating it like a crime scene," Gallo said. "We want to know what's out there in that debris field, what the stern and the bow are looking like."
The expedition will be based on the RV Jean Charcot, a 250-foot (76-meter) research vessel with a crew of 20. Three submersibles and the latest sonar, acoustic and filming technology will also be part of the expedition.
"Never before have we had the scientific and technological means to discover so much of an expedition to Titanic," said P.H. Nargeolet, who is co-leading the expedition. He has made more than 30 dives to the wreck.
Bill Lange, a Woods Hole scientist who will lead the optical survey and will be one of the first to visit the wreck, said a key analysis will be comparing images from the first expedition 25 years ago and new images to measure decay and erosion.
"We're going to see things we haven't seen before. That's a given," he said. "The technology has really evolved in the last 25 years."
Davino said he anticipates future salvage expeditions to the wreck, and Gallo said he doesn't expect the science will end with one trip.
"I'm sure there will be future expeditions because this is just the beginning of a whole new era of these kind of expeditions to Titanic's serious, archaeological mapping expeditions," Gallo said.
RMS Titanic is still awaiting a judge's ruling in Norfolk, Virginia on the 5,500 artefacts it has in its possession.
The company is seeking limited ownership of the artefacts as compensation for its salvage efforts. In its court filing for a salvage award, the company put the fair market value of the collection at $110.9 million.
U.S. District Judge Rebecca Beach Smith, a maritime jurist who is presiding over the hearings, has called the wreck an "international treasure."


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Aug 27, 2013
Traditional Vienna goes brand crazy in luxury facelift
Aug 27, 2013
VIENNA, Austria - Half a dozen new five-star hotels, flagship stores for Louis Vuitton, Prada and Emporio Armani: Vienna is undergoing a luxury facelift that is delighting Arab, Asian and Russian tourists, as well as locals.
Always the epitome of elegance and culture, the Austrian capital was long set on tradition.
Grand hotels like the famous Sacher, Bristol and Imperial dated back to the Austro-Hungarian empire and on the limited luxury shopping mile - the Kohlmarkt - internationally recognisable brand names jostled for space with local businesses.
But walk through the city centre now and sleek window displays boast the latest Miu Miu handbag or Vivienne Westwood fashion.
A new bloc called the Golden Quarter houses a three-storey Vuitton shop as well as Roberto Cavalli and Mulberry, and will soon welcome the first Yves Saint Laurent store in Austria.
Three five-star hotels - including a Ritz Carlton and a Kempinski - have also opened their doors in the last nine months. A Four Seasons, a Park Hyatt and a third top-ranked hotel are to follow by next year.
"There is hardly a brand that isn't present in Vienna... there is no reason to go anywhere else anymore for high-end shopping," Helmut Schramm, head of the Vienna Economic Chamber's fashion division, told AFP.
The growing number of high-spending tourists from Russia, Asia and the Gulf - including Saudi Arabia, UAE and Qatar - certainly contributed to this trend.
"For them, it's very much about prestige, about brands. So we're working in that direction," said Vienna Tourist Board director Norbert Kettner.
Those most often seen toting large Chanel or Gucci shopping bags around the city centre are indeed Asian couples or Arab families.
Chinese tourists are the second biggest spenders in the Austrian capital, dropping an average 623 euros ($833) per day, just behind the Thai visitors, according to Tourist Board figures.
But locals are also rejoicing in the opportunity to buy the latest designs from Milan or Paris right here at home.
"Salespeople in the shops say they have the feeling Austrians were only waiting for the chance to buy colourful fashion," Daniela Steurer from Signa Holding, the group behind the Golden Quarter luxury bloc, told AFP.
With some 77,600 millionaires, according to Liechtenstein-based investment firm Valluga, Austria has plenty of wealthy locals able to splurge.
- "Still room for growth" -
The timing of this luxury drive may seem odd, so soon after the financial crisis and amid continuing austerity.
But "the super-rich are totally unfazed by the global crisis," Kettner told AFP.
If anything, the surprising thing is that a luxury boom did not occur sooner in a city decked out with grand palaces and elegant cafes, where waltzing at a ball is still a popular pastime.
"Vienna was always a bit of a Sleeping Beauty," said Paul Dutschmann, marketing chief at the recently opened Palais Hansen Kempinski, which boasts the city's most expensive suite at 15,000 euros per night.
"Vienna really only started growing in the last 10-20 years," thanks in part to the opening up of the former Soviet bloc and a boom in Asian travel.
Even with the latest offerings, the Austrian capital pales in comparison with other European cities, with just 19 five-star hotels. Prague, a smaller city, has 42 and Barcelona 24, noted Kettner.
"For a city of this size... there is still room (for growth)," he said.
With new five-star hotels offering iPads in every room, personal trainers and even the use of a rented Jaguar, classic establishments like the Hotel Sacher have also launched massive refurbishments to keep up.
Rather than crowding the market, the arrival of so many big names "is revitalising the sector: there's something for everyone," said Dutschmann.
Last year, Vienna had twice as many five-star hotel guests as in 2002.
After Germans and Italians, Russians were the third-largest group of foreign tourists.
Overnight stays meanwhile jumped by 63 percent from 2011 for guests from Saudi Arabia, 40 percent for China and 39 percent for Brazil, the next big market.
"People won't come here for luxury alone. But it's a plus, to satisfy a class of people who would come to Vienna anyway but not necessarily for shopping," said Steurer.
Frequent international conferences here also attract generous visitors - they spend almost twice as much as the average tourist - according to the Vienna Tourist Board.
For the Vienna Economic Chamber's Helmut Schramm, the booming luxury sector is a priceless asset to the city.
"It is still just a small percentage, but it greatly enhances Vienna's status."
Copyright © 2023 AFP. All rights reserved. All information displayed in this section (dispatches, photographs, logos) are protected by intellectual property rights owned by Agence France-Presse. As a consequence you may not copy, reproduce, modify, transmit, publish, display or in any way commercially exploit any of the contents of this section without the prior written consent of Agence France-Presses.


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The next time you're left speechless by the beauty of all that surrounds you, take a moment to recognize that your capacity to be left wonderstruck isn't just good for you — it's also a tremendous part of what makes you human.
In this rousing tribute to the power of awe, filmmaker Jason Silva reveals why it pays to dream, ponder, marvel and explore. It's an absolutely fantastic way to spend three minutes of your day, and a compelling reminder to seek out all the wonder that this universe has to offer.
Those interested in reading the Stanford study that Silva references can find it here, free of charge. I've included the abstract below.
"Awe Expands People's Perception of Time, Alters Decision Making, and Enhances Well-Being" (Forthcoming in Psychological Science)
Melanie Rudd, Kathleen D. Vohs, Jennifer Aaker
When do people feel as if they are rich in time? Not often, research and daily experience suggest. However, three experiments showed that participants who felt awe, relative to other emotions, felt they had more time available and were less impatient. Participants who experienced awe were also more willing to volunteer their time to help others, more strongly preferred experiences over material products, and experienced a greater boost in life satisfaction. Mediation analyses revealed that these changes in decision making and well-being were due to awe's ability to alter the subjective experience of time. Experiences of awe bring people into the present moment, which underlies awe's capacity to adjust time perception, influence decisions, and make life feel more satisfying than it would otherwise.


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Clark Kinsey Photographs Collection
Clark Kinsey's work as a photographer documented the logging industry in the Pacific Northwest. From shortly before World War I, spent his career documenting the logging and milling camps and other forest related activities in Washington, Oregon, California, and British Columbia. This collection consists of photographs of loggers and logging life in Washington State.
Dead Fred Genealogy Photo Archive - Washington
Searchable database containing images of thousands of identified and mystery 19th & 20th century photos for genealogy enthusiasts looking for long-lost family. More than 124,000 searchable photo records in our database. More than 19,000 surnames. Over 2,500 orphaned photos. Fast, reliable database, keyword search, easy viewing, vintage yearbooks, vintage photo albums.
Grand Army of the Republic Civil War Portraits
From the University of Washington Libraries Digital Collections.
Washington State Digital Archives
Index and digital images of state and local vital, military and legal records for Washington State residents from the 1840s to date.
United States » Washington » Photographs & Memories
7 Links


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Troubleshooting Cluster Configuration and Operation
This section contains solutions to some common problems that prevent you from using Cloudera Manager and describes how to use Cloudera Manager log and notification management tools to diagnose problems.
Solutions to Common Problems
|Cloudera Manager
|The Cloudera Manager service will not be running as it exited abnormally.
Running service cloudera-scm-server status will print following message "cloudera-scm-server dead but pid file exists".
The Cloudera Manager Server log file /var/log/cloudera-scm-server/cloudera-scm-server.log will have a stacktrace with "java.lang.OutOfMemoryError" logged.
|Out of memory.
|Examine the heap dump that the Cloudera Manager Server creates when it runs out of memory. The heap dump file is created in the /tmp directory, has file extension .hprof and file permission of 600. Its owner and group will be the owner and group of the Cloudera Manager server process, normally cloudera-scm:cloudera-scm.
|You are unable to start service on the Cloudera Manager server, that is, service cloudera-scm-server start does not work and there are errors in the log file located at /var/log/cloudera-scm-server/cloudera-scm-server.log
|The server has been disconnected from the database or the database has stopped responding or has shut down.
|Go to /etc/cloudera-scm-server/db.properties and make sure the database you are trying to connect to is listed there and has been started.
|Logs include APPARENT DEADLOCK entries for c3p0.
|These deadlock messages are cause by the c3p0 process not making progress at the expected rate. This can indicate either that c3p0 is deadlocked or that its progress is slow enough to trigger these messages. In many cases, progress is occurring and these messages should not be seen as catastrophic.
|There are a variety of ways to react to these log entries.
|Starting Services
|After you click the Start button to start a service, the Finished status does not display.
This may not be merely a case of the status not getting displayed. It could be for a number of reasons such as network connectivity issues or subcommand failures.
|The host is disconnected from the Server, as will be indicated by missing heartbeats on the Hosts tab.
|Subcommands failed resulting in errors in the log file indicating that either the command timed out or the target port was already occupied
|After you click Start to start a service, the Finished status displays but there are error messages. The subcommands to start service components (such as JobTracker and one or more TaskTrackers) do not start.
|A port specified in the Configuration tab of the service is already being used in your cluster. For example, the JobTracker port is in use by another process.
|Enter an available port number in the port property (such as JobTracker port) in the Configuration tab of the service.
|There are incorrect directories specified in the Configuration tab of the service (such as the log directory).
|Enter correct directories in the Configuration tab of the service.
|Job is Failing
|No space left on device.
|One approach is to use a system monitoring tool such as Nagios to alert on the disk space or quickly check disk space across all
systems. If you do not have Nagios or equivalent you can do the following to determine the source of the space issue:
In the JobTracker Web UI, drill down from the job, to the map or reduce, to the task attempt details to see which TaskTracker the task executed and failed on due to disk space. For example: http://JTHost:50030/taskdetails.jsp?tipid=TaskID. You can see on which host the task is failing in the Machine column.
In the NameNode Web UI, inspect the % used column on the NameNode Live Nodes page: http://namenode:50070/dfsnodelist.jsp?whatNodes=LIVE.
|Send Test Alert and Diagnose SMTP Errors
|You have enabled sending alerts from the Cloudera Manager Admin Console, however, Cloudera Manager does not seem to be sending any
Using the Send Test Alert link under shows success even though you do not receive an alert email.
|There is possibly a mismatch of protocol or port numbers between your mail server and the Alert Publisher. For example, if the Alert Publisher is sending alerts to SMTPS on port 465 and your mail servers are not configured for SMTPS, you wouldn't receive any alerts.
|Use the following steps to make changes to the Alert Publisher configuration:
Logs and Events
For information about problems, check the logs and events:
- Logs present log information for services, filtered by role, host, or keywords as well log level (severity).
- Viewing the Cloudera Manager Server Log contains information on the server and host agents.
- The Events tab lets you search for and display events and alerts that have occurred within a selected time range filtered by service, hosts, or keywords.


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Expert's Rating
- Faster than previous model
- bigger hard drive
- Not many Thunderbolt accessories
- integrated Intel graphics
- compares poorly with the MacBook Air
Our Verdict
The new MacBook Pro lineup won't cause any buyer's remorse for those who purchased one of the early 2011 models, or perhaps even for buyers of a 2010 MacBook Pro. If you have an older laptop, however, these MacBook Pros offer faster processors, larger hard drives in the 13in models, and improved graphics in the 15in and 17in models – features that combine to make already attractive systems even greater value. The real question is whether the 13in MacBook Pros have a place next to the 13in MacBook Airs which achieve similar Speedmark scores to their Pro counterparts.
Apple's announcement of updates to the MacBook Pro was so low-key you might have missed it. And truth be told, it wasn't the flashiest update, with new processors and graphics the biggest changes. While the improvements in the new MacBook Pros are modest when compared to the models they replace, there's plenty to like about the upgrades – especially if you're the owner of an older laptop and you're mulling over an upgrade.
It should be noted that since the last round of MacBook Pro updates the MacBook Air has seen significant changes that mean, when it comes to the 13in MacBook Pro, comparisons with the 13in MacBook Air aren't all that favourable. The Air gains higher Speedmark scores and costs just £100 more, although you will have to sacrifice capacity.
What's new
While MacBook Pro prices stayed the same as the models introduced earlier this year, the components inside received subtle, yet welcome, updates. The £999 entry-level 13in MacBook Pro upgrades its 2.3GHz dual-core Core i5 processor to a 2.4GHz dual-core Core i5 chip; its 320GB hard drive has been swapped for a 500GB model. The £1,299 13in MacBook Pro now has a 2.8GHz dual-core Core i7 processor and a 750GB hard drive; it previously had a 2.7GHz dual-core Core i7 processor and a 500GB hard drive. The 13in models use the same Intel HD Graphics 3000 integrated graphics as the previous versions.
The 15in models sport 2.2GHz (£1,549) and 2.4GHz (£1,849) quad-core Core i7 processors, up from 2GHz and 2.2GHz, respectively. Graphics in the 15in systems also saw an upgrade. The £1,549 model now has a 512MB AMD Radeon HD 6750M, while the £1,849 model has a 1GB AMD Radeon HD 6770M. Storage capacity hasn't changed on the 15in models, with a 500GB hard drive in the £1,549 model, and a 750GB hard drive in the £1,849 model.
As with the previous generation of MacBook Pros, the 17in £2,099 model matches the £1,849 15in model in all specifications, aside from screen size and the addition of an ExpressCard/34 slot.
Battery life also seems to be similar to the last set of MacBook Pros. We got between 5.5 and 6 hours of battery life in our full-screen video playback test at full brightness.
In terms of performance, the differences between the latest MacBook Pros and their immediate predecessors are, for the most part, as low-key as the upgrade announcement. The new £999 13in 2.4GHz Core i5 MacBook Pro is a little over 4 per cent faster than the 2.3GHz system it replaces. The £1,299 13in 2.8GHz Core i7 model is about 9 per cent faster than the system it replaces.
The most interesting results were in our Photoshop and Aperture tests, where the older systems were faster. According to Apple's website, the MacBook Pro may adjust processor speed to avoid running into thermal issues. That could have happened in these tests. It's also possible that the hard drives may be affecting the results.
The £1,549 15in 2.2GHz Core i7 MacBook Pro is a little more than 12 per cent faster than the 2GHz model it replaces, with graphics performance being the biggest change. With its Radeon HD 6750M graphics, the £1,549 model displays 85 per cent more frames per second in Cinebench's Open GL test than last year's comparable model and its 256MB AMD Radeon HD 6490M graphics processor. Our Portal 2 tests also shows great improvement, with the new £1,549 model displaying 160 frames per second, compared to the 68.6 frames that last year's £1,549 model was able to display. The graphics in the new £1,549 model are identical to that found in last year's £1,849 model, and the Portal and Cinebench OpenGL test results of those two models are also practically identical.
The new graphics in the £1,849 15in 2.4GHz Core i7 MacBook Pro perform a little faster than the graphics in the previous £1,849 model, a 15in 2.2GHz Core i7 MacBook Pro. Overall, the new £1,849 model's graphics run about 7 per cent faster overall than its predecessor. The new £1,849 model displayed nearly 12 per cent more frames per second in the Cinebench OpenGL test, and 8 per cent more frames per second in our Portal 2 tests.
The new 17in model is a little more than 4 per cent faster overall than the early 2011 17in MacBook Pro.
Air versus Pro
July's updates to the MacBook Air saw considerable improvements to that range, which meant the slim Mac laptop that was previously noted for the things it sacrificed came into its own as a fully-specified machine. Following the MacBook Pro updates, the differences between the Air and Pro lines are slightly more pronounced, but there are still some surprises. For example, the entry-level £999 Pro gains the same Speedmark score (146) as the £849 11in MacBook Air, and the £999 11in MacBook Air actually sports a higher Speedmark score (152) than the identically priced Pro.
Of course, there are some sacrifices. The Pro has 4GB RAM as standard, compared with 2GB on the Air; the 11in Airs sport 64GB and 128GB Flash-based drives, while the Pro has a 500GB hard drive; and all the MacBook Airs feature the i5 processor (while all but the entry-level MacBook Pro, sport the i7).
If it's a 13in laptop you're looking for, there are also little difference between the 13in Pro and the 13in Air models. In fact, the £1,099 Air costs £100 more than the entry-level £999 Pro, but scores far higher, a Speedmark of 166 compared to 146. Similarly the £1,299 13in Pro scores almost the same Speedmark (164) as the £1,099 13in Air.
It's the 15in and 17in MacBook Pros that really warrant the name Pro. The 13in MacBook Pros seem more suited to the now defunct MacBook range. Even the 15in MacBook Pro's days may be numbered; there are rumours that Apple is working on a 15in MacBook Air.


text: As an alternative to spacers, adding a negative focal length doublet lens to the camera end of an optical system can decrease the field of view while maintaining the original working distance specifications. For instance, increasing the focal length by 2 decreases the field of view by the same factor. Therefore, the 2X extender converts a 25mm FL lens to a 50mm FL lens. Designed for C-Mount video lenses.


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