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East Derry Trademarks Lawyers
Alice M Cabrera
(787) 647-6336
University of New Hampshire School of Law and Interamerican University of Puerto Rico School of LawUniversity of Puerto Rico - Río PiedrasPuerto Rico, New Hampshire, USDC for the District of New Hampshire and USDC for the District of Puerto RicoSuper LawyersNational Association of Consumer Advocates and New Hampshire Bar Association
Sarita L. Pickett
(603) 717-1805
New Hampshire and United States Patent and Trademark Office - FederalSuper Lawyers, Super Lawyers, United States Patent And Trademark Office and Super Lawyers
Brandon Ross
(603) 369-6465
Maryland, Massachusetts and New HampshireNew Hampshire Bar Association
Joseph Piper
(603) 393-5251
University of New Hampshire School of LawLoyola CollegeNew York and New HampshireNew Hampshire Bar Association and New York Bar Association
Aaron Archambault
(603) 369-4188
New England Law | BostonRochester Institute of Technology and University of PhoenixNew HampshireState Bar of New Hampshire
The LII Lawyer Directory contains lawyers who have claimed their profiles and are actively seeking clients. Find more East Derry Trademarks Lawyers in the Justia Legal Services and Lawyers Directory which includes profiles of more than one million lawyers licensed to practice in the United States, in addition to profiles of legal aid, pro bono and legal service organizations.
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We have combined all available services into one place for you. Tell us what you need, and let us do the rest. Pre-employment, training, special programs, etc. Let us worry about those while you build your business.
Click here to join the Kentucky Skills Network.

subset: commoncrawl


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Retrospective legislation that interfered with judicial ruling violated the Convention and the rule of law
8 July 2014
R(on the application of Reilly (No. 2) and another) v Secretary of State for Work and Pensions, [2014] EWHC 2182 (Admin) – read judgment
The High Court has issued a declaration of incompatibility following a successful challenge to the Jobseekers (Back to Work Schemes) Act 2013. The regulations under the Act that sanctioned those who did not participate in unpaid "work for your benefit" schemes by depriving them of an allowance violated the rule of law protected by the Convention and this country's unwritten constitution. However, the dispute did not engage Article 1 of the First Protocol to the ECHR.
Factual background
The claimants, Caitlin Reilly and Jonathan Hewstone (CR and JH) had been unemployed and claimed jobseeker's allowance. They objected to participation in schemes devised under the Jobseeker's Allowance (Employment, Skills and Enterprise Scheme) Regulations 2011, in which they were required to work for no pay. As a sanction, the allowance could be withheld from those who refused to participate. CR complied with the requirement under the regulations to take unpaid work at Poundland so did not suffer any sanction. However, attendance on the scheme meant she was unable to continue her voluntary work in a museum, which she hoped would lead to a career in museums (see my previous post on her successful challenge to the scheme). After that ruling, the regulations were amended to overcome the defects identified by the court. But the 2013 regulations, which applied prospectively, had the effect of retrospectively validating the 2011 Regulations, which the Court of Appeal had held to be unlawful. Then the Supreme Court allowed the secretary of state's appeal against the Court of Appeal decision on the basis that the Act was in force. But the declaration in favour of CR remained valid, following the 2013 Act and that Supreme Court judgment; indeed counsel for the Secretary of State acknowledged the fact that Ms Reilly's position was "not affected by the 2013 Act."
JH had not been a party to Reilly No. 1. but his position was clearly affected by that ruling. After initial attendance on a scheme for some months, he refused to participate further, and so his JSA payments were stopped for four specified periods by way of sanction. He in turn had successfully appealed against sanctions imposed by the 2013 scheme. The secretary of state's appeal against those decisions had been stayed pending the outcome of Reilly.
The claimants submitted that the 2013 Act was incompatible with their rights under Article 6. It was an intervention in the ongoing proceedings in Reilly No. 1 which had the effect of determining the litigation in the government's favour by retrospectively validating its unlawful acts. It thereby deprived both claimants of a fair determination of their civil rights and obligations, contrary to to the first paragraph of Article 6. JH also relied upon Article 1 Protocol 1, claiming that by withholding his JSA, the defendant deprived him of a "possession" to which he was entitled. He submitted that the deprivation could not be justified as being in the public interest.
The court allowed the applications in respect of Article 6 but not A1P1.
Reasoning behind the judgment
Article 6 and the rule of law
CR and JH had brought proceedings against the state. The 2013 Act was directly targeted at resolving the Reilly litigation. As such, this legislative act by the government had amounted to an interference in ongoing legal proceedings: it had influenced the judicial determination in the secretary of state's favour in Reilly and was likely to do so in JH's appeals. Although Parliament was not precluded in civil matters from adopting retrospective provisions, it cannot legislate so as to interfere with the courts' handling of disputes before them:
the principle of the rule of law and the notion of a fair trial contained in Article 6 preclude any interference by the legislature–other on compelling grounds of the general interest –with the administration of justice designed to influence the judicial determination of a dispute. (Zielinski v France (2001) 31 EHRR 19)
Nor did the ruling in National & Provincial Building Society v United Kingdom (1998) 25 EHRR 127 avail the defendant, even though the Strasbourg Court ruled there that legislation to close an unforeseen tax loophole was compatible with Article 6. The government in that case, the Court concluded, had "compelling public interest motives" to make the applicant societies' judicial review proceedings and the contingent restitution proceedings unwinnable. By contrast, in the instant case the claimants could not have foreseen Parliament's retrospective validation of its own unlawful act.
Although these principles emanate from decisions of the Strasbourg Court, in Lang J's view, they also accurately reflected fundamental principles of the UK's unwritten constitution, which enshrines the fundamental principle of the rule of law:
It requires, inter alia, that Parliament and the Executive recognise and respect the separation of powers and abide by the principle of legality. Although the Crown in Parliament is the sovereign legislative power, the Courts have the constitutional role of determining and enforcing legality. Thus, Parliament's undoubted power to legislate to overrule the effect of court judgments generally ought not to take the form of retrospective legislation designed to favour the Executive in ongoing litigation in the courts brought against it by one of its citizens, unless there are compelling reasons to do so. Otherwise it is likely to offend a citizen's sense of fair play.
The secretary of state submitted that there had been compelling public interest grounds for the retrospective legislation. Lang J acknowledged that it was understandable that a government faced with the prospect of substantial repayments would consider it in the public interest not to pay them. But it was apparent from Strasbourg's judgments, such as Scordino and Zielinkski, that financial loss alone was not a sufficiently "compelling reason in the public interest". If it were, then retrospective legislation of this kind would be commonplace." (para 107).
Not only was there insufficient public interest to justify the retrospective legislation but the government had been aware of the concerns about the legality of the statute because it had been brought to the attention of its proposer by the report of the Constitution Committee. One of its members, Lord Pannick, told the House:
this Bill contravenes two fundamental constitutional principles. First, it is being fast-tracked through Parliament when there is no justification whatever for doing so. Secondly, the Bill breaches the fundamental constitutional principle that penalties should not be imposed on persons by reason of conduct that was lawful at the time of their action. Of course, Parliament may do whatever it likes – Parliament is sovereign – but the Bill is, I regret to say, an abuse of power that brings no credit whatever on this Government.
Whilst judicial review is more properly concerned with the substance of the legislation, not the reasons for it, Lang J wryly observes that the absence of any consultation with representative organisations, and the lack of scrutiny by the relevant parliamentary committees, "may have contributed to some misconceptions about the legal justification for the retrospective legislation." (para 96). The government's statement to Parliament explaining why the 2013 Act would be Convention compatible had not explained that Parliament was being asked to justify a departure from the legal norm, which would only be lawful if made for compelling public interest reasons. Further, the statement had erred in concluding that the case was comparable to National & Provincial as the legislation would be closing a loophole. It was not accurate to characterise the flaws in the 2011 Regulations as a loophole. The 2013 Regulations had remedied the technical defect identified by the court in the original Reilly litigation, but that did not mean there were compelling grounds to justify the interference with CR and JH's rights under Article 6 to a judicial determination of their claims. The 2013 Act therefore violated Article 6(1) in relation to those who had pursued claims in the courts or tribunals.
Article 1 Protocol 1: had the Second Claimant been "deprived" of his "possessions"?
JH failed in his claim that he had suffered a violation of the right to respect for peaceful enjoyment of possessions. This was not because he had succeeded under Article 6 – the rights protected by the respective provisions were different (AXA General Insurance Ltd, Petitioners [2011] UKSC 46). Lang J accepted the claimants' argument that a wholly state-funded non-contributory benefit could constitute a possession under A1P1, but JH's right to the allowance depended on whether he met the conditions for receipt of the benefit. He had not met the conditions for future payment. He had not been deprived of an existing possession because there was no revocation of benefits previously received. This was made clear in Moskal v Poland, where the Strasbourg Court observed that
Art. 1 of Protocol No. 1 does not create a right to acquire property. This provision places no restriction on the contracting state's freedom to decide whether or not to have in place any form of social security scheme, or to choose the type or amount of benefits to provide under any such scheme. ((2010) 50 EHRR 22)
It was clear from this statement of principle that, in order to establish a property right, the applicant must fulfill the requirements for receipt of the benefit at the relevant time. Nor did he have a reasonable expectation that the allowance would be paid if his legal claim was successful. His claim was not an "asset" within A1P1. His only reasonable expectation had been that his appeal would be determined in accordance with the law as it stood from time to time.
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Strengthening the enterprise through improved customer experience
Gaining true ownership of great customer experience goes beyond traditional methods. The current resources at hand both for businesses and consumers have spurred a complexly integrated relationship between the two. Moving forward, leading enterprises will need to address how they connect with consumers, identifying strategies and best practices for gaining and retaining customers. In today's fast-paced market, the future of your business depends on it. The Customer Experience Summit will bring together leading executives from a variety of industries to confront and overcome current industry issues. This premier event will explore critical topics and trends currently impacting organizations.
This exclusive event will enable attending executives to network with peers and learn from each others experiences through engaging educational sessions conducted in a comfortable, yet focused business environment. The event agenda offers opportunities for critical exchanges through visionary Keynote Presentations, Executive Think Tanks, Thought Leadership workshops, Analyst Q&As and much more. Attendees will meet one-on-one with solution providers throughout the event to learn about critical products and services capable of solving organizational challenges.
A few of this year's agenda topics:
- Leveraging Big Data
- Social Media Marketing
- Predictive Analytics
- Digital Interactive Marketing
- Monetization of the Customer Experience
- Customer Engagement Management Platforms
Take advantage of this unique opportunity to get customer experience issues out on the table, make your voice heard and collaborate with peers on real solutions for your organization.


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Its easy, just fill out the on-line form and give it up to a few days to be approved and your in. This allows you to post etc.,
How do I register for this site?
How do I enter a car into the Nats?
The Nats offers three (3) types of car entries.
The Fun Field Entry, which currently includes the car, driver and one passenger for the weekend of activities if pre-registered by June 30th. This allows you entry into the race track grounds on the east side of the track. Fun Field parking is located to the left and right of the main entrance and along the rear (the woods area that are sectioned off by orange fencing). Entry Fee at the gate will be for Car & Driver only, extra people will be charged the spectator entry fee.
The Drag Race Entry, which gives the car, driver and a passenger access into the east side pit area. Please also check the box for the race class you wish to compete in. Note: Make sure you check if you need a trailer parking pass, which means your towing your vehicle onto the grounds. Trailer passes are only valid for tow vehicles; (pickup trucks, large vans, RV, Semi). A trailer pass on a car or minivan will not be vaild for entry. Entry Fee at the gate will be for Car & Driver only, extra people will be charged the spectator entry fee.
Judged Show Entry, which includes the car, driver and passenger for the weekend of activities and access to the west side judging area. Judging takes place on Friday from 10am - 5 pm. Upon arrival, go to the Judged Registration tent to pickup your judging package. This will include your judging sheets. If you do not pickup your judging package we will assume your a no show for judging and your vehicle will NOT be judged. Place your Judging package on your vehicles dash board inside the car, plainly visible. When your car is judged, the judges will take this package, fill out the judging sheets and return it to the Judging registration tent for tally. Winners will be announced on Saturday after 3 pm. and awards will be available for pickup. Winners that wish to participate in the awards ceremony are asked to be present and at their vehicle by 11am on the west side of the track. Vehicles participating in the Award presentation will be lined up and escorted out the west side entrance gate E and over to the tower gate for entry into the west side of the track by the tower and will proceed to the staging lanes for final line up. The individual winners along with their vehicle will proceed to the starting line when called and your name, city, state along with vehicle and place will be announced. Cars are to proceed down the return road in front of the grandstands and NOT down the race track as the track will be prepped for the Drag Racing Eliminations following immediately after the award ceremony If weather. You will be able to park either back on the west side of the track or remain on the east side. Judged Entry is only allowed during pre-registration time period. There is no Judged Entry available at the gate.
Midway, Swap or Car Corral Entry
Midway Spaces are 20x20 and sold in 20x20 increments. No limit. New and used parts along with wearables (pre-approved) can be sold in this area. Your transportation vehicle must fit within your rental space OR it must be parked in the vendor lot. (Area outside of gate A entrance). A Vendor application is available for download off the home page. Space renewal to guarantee same spaces as last year is June 15.
Swap Meet Spaces are 10 feet wide and approximately 25 feet deep. Spaces are available side by side or double deep (10x50). No limit if space is available. New & used parts can be sold here but no wearables, beverages or food. Your transportation vehicle must fit within your rental space or it must be parked in the Vendor Lot Gate H. A Vendor application is available for download off the home page. Space renewal to guarantee same spaces as last year is June 15.
Car Corral Spaces are 10 x 20. If vehicle is brought in on a trailer you have the option of unloading the vehicle and parking in the space, but tow vehicle and trailer must be parked in Car Corral parking lot just north of car corral by Gate H. The other option is to leave the vehicle on the trailer within the space. We will park vehicles on trailers next to one another in an area chosen in the car corral. Tow vehicle will have to be parked in the Car Corral parking lot just north of car corral by Gate H. Download the car entry application off the home page for entry.
Spectator Information
Ticket prices are $20 for a single day, $30 for two days and $40 for all three days. Children under 10 are free with a paid adult admission. Gates open at 8am and close at approximately 7PM or an hour after race activities for the day are finished. Coolers are allowed but must be no larger than 14x14 and NO GLASS containers are allowed. No pets (Dogs, etc.,) are allowed. Paid Parking ($5) is available in Lot A & C, free parking is available in Lot F & G.
Other Event Attractions
Mopar Model Car Contest
The little cars can be as fun as the big ones! AutoKnow of Utica, Michigan, sponsors the Annual Contest. It takes place in the AutoKnow tent in the Manufacturer Midway (Space O4 & O5). The amount of work and attention to detail these skilled model makers devote to these cars is unbelievable! Participants, ranging from young children to seasoned adults, may enter single or multiple cars, from complete scenes (dioramas) at racetracks to cars rusting away in a remote field. Entry is very simple; the model only needs to be a Mopar/AMC product. Register your model at the AutoKnow tent on Saturday, from 11 a.m. to 2 p.m. Models will be judged in different classes with results posted at 4 p.m. Participants should pick up their models by 5 p.m. Participants are divided into three age groups; 11 and under, 12 through 17 and 18 and over, with each group divided into stock and modified classes. There will also be a class for the diorama entries. Depending on the number of entries per class, First through Third Place trophies will be awarded. If you are into the hobby of building car models, come and compete with some of the best. If you just want to look at the true craftsmanship in these works of art, stop by during your visit to the Mopar Manufacturer Midway. There is a minimal charge for entry.
The Childrens Coloring Contest & Hot Wheels Drag Race
Takes place on Saturday starting at 11am. (11-12 Noon Coloring Contest) (Hot Wheels Drag Race 12 Noon - 1PM). Participants age 9 and under are qualified . The Nats supplies the Crayons and color theme for the coloring contest and the 1:64 Hot Wheels for the Drag race free of charge. No ringers allowed here. The kids are signed up and they compete in a ladder style elimination Drag Race. Side by side eliminations just like the big guys are doing on the real strip a couple of hundred feet away. You can hear the real engines roaring in the background as the kids (and adults) are all excited as their cars are placed on the starting line. The countdown proceeds in Christmas tree fashion and the cars are released to the cheers of the audience. The winner goes on to the next round and the car that is eliminated gets to be kept. by the child. Win or lose the children get to keep their selected race car. There are plaques for the winners.


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Mink Eyelashes f(x)
Mink Eyelashes f(x)
Sale Sold out
Regular price $20.00 USD
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- Style: f(x) (sku 81713)
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Place eyelash band against eyelid as close to lash roots as possible.
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Sorry, there are no TOTEM by Cirque du Soleil dates.
TOTEM traces the fascinating journey of the human species from its original amphibian state to its ultimate desire to fly. The characters evolve on a stage evoking a giant turtle, the symbol of origin for many ancient civilizations.
Inspired by many founding myths, TOTEM illustrates, through a visual and acrobatic language, the evolutionary progress of species.
Somewhere between science and legend TOTEM explores the ties that bind Man to other species, his dreams and his infinite potential.


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SAMJ: South African Medical Journal
versão On-line ISSN 2078-5135
versão impressa ISSN 0256-9574
SAMJ, S. Afr. med. j. vol.102 no.2 Pretoria Fev. 2012
Comparative MIC evaluation of a generic ceftriaxone by broth microdilution on clinically relevant isolates from an academic hospital complex in South Africa
Warren LowmanI; Naseema AithmaIII; Johan F CoetzeeIV; Adriano G DusèII; Mervyn MerV
IMB BCh, MMed (Microbiol), FCPath (SA) (Microbiol). Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand; and Infection Control Services Laboratory, National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg
IIMB BCh, DTM&H, MSc (Med), MMed (Microbiol), FCPath (Microbiol) (SA). Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand; and Infection Control Services Laboratory, National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg
IIIMT. Infection Control Services Laboratory, National Health Laboratory Services
IVBSc, MB ChB, MMed (Anes), FCA (SA), PhD. Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, W Cape
VMB BCh, Dip PEC (SA), FCP (SA), MMed (Int Med), FCCP, FRCP (Lond). Department of Medicine, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital and University of the Witwatersrand
We evaluated the in vitro microbiological efficacy of a generic ceftriaxone product against several clinically significant organisms collected from sterile sites. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of each was determined simultaneously with the reference and the generic ceftriaxone product. Comparative analysis of MICs between the two products for each isolate was performed using both categorical (interpretive) agreement and essential (actual MIC value) agreement. A total of 260 isolates were tested. Overall, there was categorical agreement of 98.9% and essential agreement of 95.8%. The categorical agreement for all isolates (96.7 - 100%) accorded with international standards, as no very major errors were seen and the major error rate was less than 3%. Of the 90 isolates of E. coli (40), Klebsiella spp. (40) and Salmonella spp. (10), 87.6% had an MIC less than or equal to 0.12 mg/l. The generic ceftriaxone product showed equivalent efficacy by MIC determination to the reference formulation. Ceftriaxone remains a viable and useful antimicrobial agent against a variety of clinically relevant organisms in our setting.
The use of generic pharmaceutical agents is entrenched in South Africa, with resource limitation being the primary motivation. The clinical efficacy, in vivo performance and subsequently the role of generic antimicrobial formulations in treating serious bacterial infections, is much debated.1 Ceftriaxone is an extended-spectrum cephalosporin, first released in South Africa under the brand Rocephin. Since then, many generics have been marketed, including Fresenius Kabi's in 2005. To our knowledge, the only microbiological comparison of a generic product with Rocephin was done by Liebowitz and Slabbert in 2005.2 Ceftriaxone has since fallen out of favour as a 'workhorse antibiotic' as a result of concerns over collateral damage.3 Because of the escalating problem of drugresistant pathogens and the limited armamentarium with which to treat them, it is important to re-evaluate and consider the role of ceftriaxone.
We compared the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of several clinical isolates from various sites, between the Fresenius Kabi (FK) generic ceftriaxone (intravenous) and a pharmaceutical-grade reference ceftriaxone powder.
Materials and methods
A total of 260 clinical isolates were tested including: Enterobacteriaceae (112), Streptococcus pneumoniae (52), Streptococcus pyogenes (5), Streptococcus agalactiae (3), viridans streptococci (2), Staphylococcus aureus (30) and Haemophilus influenzae (56). Phenotypic identification of all isolates was done according to standard microbiological procedures.4
Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST)
Broth microdilution (BMD) in accordance with the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines5,6 was utilised. All BMD plates were prepared in duplicate, one containing the FK generic ceftriaxone, and the other the pharmaceutical-grade ceftriaxone reference powder (Abtek, Liverpool, UK). Plates were thawed prior to testing, inoculated with a standardised inoculum, and then incubated for 16 - 20 hours (Enterobacteriaceae and S. aureus) or 20 - 24 hours (streptococci and haemophilus). MICs were read independently by 2 observers. Batches of isolates were tested in conjunction with appropriate reference quality control strains.
Analysis of AST
Comparison of MIC was done using categorical and essential agreement. All MICs were interpreted according to CLSI clinical breakpoints, as stated in the guideline Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing; Nineteenth Informational Supplement, M100-S19.6
A very major error (VME) constitutes a resistant isolate by reference ceftriaxone designated susceptible by generic ceftriaxone. A major error (ME) constitutes a susceptible isolate by reference ceftriaxone designated resistant by generic ceftriaxone. A minor error (mE) is designated by intermediate susceptibility according to reference ceftriaxone and generic ceftriaxone, either sensitive or resistant. Percentage error rates were calculated accordingly:
VME = (no. VME/no. resistant strains tested) x 100
ME = (no. ME/no. sensitive strains tested) x 100
mE = (no. mE/total no. strains tested) x 100
Essential agreement was based on the number of generic MICs within one doubling dilution of the reference MIC. The accepted international standard for essential agreement between two systems is >90%.7
Overall levels of categorical and essential agreement for the Enterobacteriaceae were 99.1% (111/112) and 97.3% (109/112) respectively (Table I); 57 of the Enterobacteriaceae isolates were obtained from blood cultures.
The S. pneumoniae isolates were all from sterile sites and demonstrated an overall level of categorical and essential agreement of 98.1% (51/52) and 92.3% (48/52) respectively. A single minor error (error rate = 1.9%) was noted (Table I).
The H. influenzae isolates demonstrated an overall level of categorical and essential agreement of 100% (56/56) and 94.6% (53/56) respectively (Table I); 43 isolates were obtained from sterile sites.
The S. aureus isolates gave a 96.7% (29/30) level of categorical and essential agreement and demonstrated a single ME (error rate of 4.4%). The range of MICs for S. aureus was from 4 to >64 mg/l, with an MIC50 of 4 mg/l.
The MIC is an in vitro microbiological assay used worldwide to determine the susceptibilities of micro-organisms to particular agents. The decision on whether or not to use a particular antimicrobial agent is based on the information derived from MICs. It would therefore seem prudent to evaluate a generic product using this same platform that is used daily in clinical microbiology laboratories. Comparing the MICs of the generic and the originator is indicative of in vitro efficacy.
In our study, the majority of the Klebsiella spp., E. coli and Salmonella spp. isolates that tested resistant to ceftriaxone were extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producers. In the absence of ESBL production, ceftriaxone remains a useful antimicrobial option for these isolates, as 86.7% of isolates had an MIC <0.12 mg/l. These low MICs highlight that ceftriaxone requires consideration because of diminishing therapeutic options and efforts to conserve the limited armamentarium of antimicrobials. Isolates were not preselected, and were collected as consecutive isolates from routine cultures. In contrast, only 40.9% (9/22) of Enterobacter spp. had an MIC <0.12 mg/l, which probably reflects chromosomal AmpC β-lactamase production, in addition to ESBL production.
The S. pneumoniae isolates demonstrated acceptable levels of concordance for meningeal and non-meningeal isolates. This is important, given the different breakpoints depending on the site of infection. The bulk of ceftriaxone use is aimed at treating meningeal pathogens; therefore we tested insufficient numbers of other streptococci to make firm comparative conclusions. There was, however, 100% categorical agreement for the 10 isolates tested.
The absence or rare occurrence of resistant strains of H. influenzae means that there are no defined resistant breakpoints for this organism. Isolates are typically exquisitely sensitive to ceftriaxone, and this was highlighted by a MIC50 <0.015 mg/l for all isolates.
An overall categorical agreement of 98.9% (257/260) and essential agreement of 95.8% (249/260) have highlighted the comparable in vitro efficacy of a generic ceftriaxone. Categorical agreement is determined by defined breakpoints, and this determines whether or not an antimicrobial agent would be prescribed on the basis of antimicrobial susceptibility testing.
There are limitations concerning conclusions from this study. The MIC is a microbiologically defined static end-point that does not address the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic considerations of antimicrobial action. Of greater concern are generic agents that fail to demonstrate bio-equivalence and, in the case of antimicrobial agents, failure to demonstrate in vitro microbiological efficacy. The inferior quality of some generic medicines in Nigeria was highlighted, with almost 50% of agents not complying with set pharmacopoeial standards.8 There are few published reports on the quality of generic antimicrobial agents in South Africa and, with the increasing supply and demand for generic substitution, the necessary controls must be in place to monitor their quality. Furthermore, in the absence of therapeutic efficacy studies, post-marketing surveillance is crucial. There may be publication bias in the reporting of generic antimicrobial agent studies, given the controversy surrounding the issue.
In summary: we demonstrated an excellent level of concordance, using the MIC as a measure of microbiological activity, between a generic ceftriaxone formulation and a reference pharmaceuticalgrade powder. Taking into account the controversy and reports of inferior quality of some generic antimicrobial agents, we believe that comparative MIC determination serves as a basis for their initial evaluation.
Acknowledgements. We thank Dr Olga Perovic for assisting in development of the study protocol; the National Institute of Communicable Diseases' GERMS-SA programme for donating H. influenzae isolates; and the Fresenius Kabi Advisory Board for their guidance in this project.
Funding.This work was supported by Fresenius Kabi.
Competing interests. The authors received honoraria from Fresenius Kabi. Editorial assistance was provided by Samantha Hopfield, Editorial Director of Anatomy Publishing Partners, and was funded by Fresenius Kabi.
1. Schito GC, Keenan MH. Predicting the clinical efficacy of generic formulations of ceftriaxone. J Chemother 2005;17 Suppl 2:33-40. [ Links ]
2. Leibowitz L, Slabbert M. Comparative in vitro activity of generic injectable cephalosporins. Southern African Journal of Epidemiology and Infection 2005;20:82-84. [ Links ]
3. Paterson DL. "Collateral damage" from cephalosporin or quinolone antibiotic therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2004;38 Suppl 4:S341-345. [ Links ]
4. Murray PR, Baron EJ, Jorgensen JH, Landry ML, Pfaller MA, eds. Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 7th ed. Washington DC: ASM Press, 2007. [ Links ]
5. Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria That Grow Aerobically; Approved Standard - Seventh Edition. Wayne, Pennsylvania: CLSI WVR, 2006. [ Links ]
6. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing; Nineteenth Informational Supplement, M100-S19. Wayne, Pennsylvania: CLSI WVR, 2006. [ Links ]
7. Jorgensen JH. Selection criteria for an antimicrobial susceptibility testing system. J Clin Microbiol 1993;31(11):2841-2844. [ Links ]
8. Taylor RB, Shakoor O, Behrens RH, et al. Pharmacopoeial quality of drugs supplied by Nigerian pharmacies. Lancet 2001;357(9272):1933-1936. [ Links ]
Accepted 19 September 2011.
Corresponding author: W Lowman (email@example.com)


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Let us turn your dream into a reality!
CARB stands for California Air Resources Board, also known as Air Resources Board (ARB). It is a department of the California Environmental Protection Agency. It was established in 1967 with the purpose of maintaining and improving air quality, and researching causes and solutions of air pollution. CARB's mandates, such as CARB 2 compliant MDF, are strict and usually are considered the standard across the United States.
What is CARB Phase 2 Compliant?
CARB Phase 1 and Phase 2 are a part of California's Composite Wood Products Regulation (CWP Regulation), which took effect in 2009 with Phase 1. The regulation has to do with reducing formaldehyde emissions from composite wood products, hardwood plywood, particleboard and medium density fiberboard (MDF). In the 2009 rollout of the CARB's Airborne Toxic Control Measure (ATCM), formaldehyde emissions were capped at .08 parts per million (ppm). CARB Phase 2 went into effect in 2010 and has much lower formaldehyde emissions than the previous phase; set at .05 ppm. A main reason why the CARB ATCM is the strictest air quality measure is because it CAPS emissions levels. Other air quality standards are averages.
The Kitchen Cabinet Manufacturers Association Certification Program assures the specifier or user of kitchen cabinets and bath vanities that the cabinet bearing the blue and white seal complies with the rigorous standards set by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and sponsored by the Kitchen Cabinet Manufacturers Association (KCMA).
5 reasons why certified cabinetry a must for today's performance-conscious homeowner:
KCMA's rigorous, in-laboratory compliance program measures the integrity of your cabinetry through five tests. These tests evaluate cabinet structure, door and drawer operation, and the cabinetry finish, making certain each feature complies with the nationally recognized standards developed by KCMA. In today's competitive homebuilding industry, the KCMA cabinetry standards are well respected and serve as a best-in-class benchmark for cabinet manufacturers.
- Weight Tests: For seven days, in a laboratory environment, cabinet shelves and bottoms are loaded with 15 pounds of weight per square foot. Technicians monitor the cabinetry for signs of joint separation or other failures of the cabinets or their mounting systems. Other weight tests include gradually loading 500 pounds into mounted cabinets, simulating the stress on a heavily loaded cabinet, and dropping a three-pound steel ball onto cabinet bottoms from six inches above the surface, replicating dropped cans.
- Slide Tests: Few families will open and close cabinets as frequently - or as vigorously - as they are during KCMA certification testing. But that's the point. After the KCMA slides cabinets for 25,000 cycles, while they hold 15 pounds per square foot, you know your KCMA-certified cabinetry will keep pace with your active lifestyle.
- Swing Tests: How do you avoid the shoddy look of loose or unaligned cabinet doors that often occurs over time? You buy certified cabinets. During two separate tests - focusing on the cabinet doors and hinges-the KCMA test their ability to withstand 65 pounds of weight and 25,000 swing cycles. KCMA-certified cabinetry continues to operate flawlessly with no signs of damage or looseness.
- Spill Tests: Because the finish of your cabinetry is one of its most visible features, the KCMA test it to make certain it's manufactured to withstand potentially abrasive substances. KCMA exposes cabinetry to such stain threats as vinegar, grape juice, coffee, alcohol, and even mustard for varying amounts of time. The result? Cabinets that earn the KCMA certification seal show no discoloration that can't easily be polished away.
- Heat Tests: After sweltering in a humid, 120-degree hotbox for 24 hours, how do KCMA-certified cabinets respond? Beautifully. With no discoloration or blistering, your certified cabinets prove they can handle the inevitable temperature hazards in your kitchen.
Midtown Indigo Shaker
Ships in 3-5 weeks
Accident Protection Warranty For Your Entire Kitchen! Learn More!
The Midtown Indigo Shaker collection makes quite the impression creating a polished look with a modern flair. Indigo adds a pop of cool-tone color that compliments your space perfectly. Natural light paired with light countertops provide a balanced contrast with this color.
Please note that items from pre-assembled collections are not able to be returned, for more information, please see our FAQ page. We strongly encourage all customers to order a refundable sample door prior to purchasing.
|Shipping Time:
|Ships in 3-5 weeks
|Face Frame:
|3/4" x 1-1/2" solid wood
|Door Frame:
|3/4" Thick x 2-1/2" W solid birch
|Door Center:
|3/8" thick MDF captured in frame with rubber spacers
|Center Panel Beveled Edge:
|1/2" birch veneered plywood sides, dovetailed into face frame
|Top & Bottom (Wall):
|1/2" thick birch veneered plywood
|Bottom (Base):
|1/2" thick birch veneered plywood
|Back Panel:
|1/2" thick birch veneered plywood
|3/4" birch veneered plywood with matching edge banding, nickel plated shelf clips
|Base Cabinet Shelf Depth:
|Drawer Front:
|5-pc recessed panel
|Drawer Box:
|5/8" solid birch, dovetailed drawer box with 3/8" plywood bottom
|Drawer Glides:
|BLUM Zinc, undermount, full extension, soft close, 50 lbs capacity
|Base Corner Supports:
|Wooden blocks and a 1-1/2" x 1/2" panel beam
|BLUM 6-way adjustable, concealed, soft-close, opens 110
|Cabinet Interior:
|Natural finish
|Center Stile:
None unless noted in cabinet description
|Assembly Method:
|Ships pre-assembled, dovetailed, glued, stapled, screwed
|Sherwin Williams paint with a catalytic conversion top coat
|Toe Kick:
|Toe Kick: 3/4" x 4-1/2" solid birch (toe kick area will be a natural finish, 8' toe kicks are required for base, oven, pantry and vanity cabinets)
|Installation Rail:
|1/2" full back so a specific rail isn't needed
|CARB Compliant:
|Door Hinges:
|Please use drop down options for each cabinet to change hinging from right to left. Doors can also be flipped to change hinging after deliver, if needed.
|Side Panels Finished:
|No (side will be unfinished plywood, for exposed sides, be sure to add the finished side option, when selected, the matching side will also be flush with the side of the cabinet).
|Installation/Designer Note:
The cabinet depth measurement listed is the depth from the front of the face frame to the back of the cabinet, and does not include the cabinet door depth.
Cabinet installed next to a wall or deeper cabinet requires a 1/4" filler for full door opening.Cabinet specs are subject to change without notice. *Cabinet measurements are typically converted from metric to inches and manufacturers will commonly round up to the nearest 1/4 inch. This can cause a measurement to be off by a fraction of an inch (less than 1/4") which is within normal industry standards*
Schematic images and renderings are generic and may not represent exact construction details for each collection. The exact specifications for this collection can be found in the construction details listed above.


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CHICAGO (AP) — Chris Sale got into trouble in the fifth inning, allowing back-to-back, two-out singles against the Oakland Athletics. Then the Chicago White Sox left-hander escaped the jam with his 10th strikeout.
Sale struck out 11 in 6 2-3 innings, A.J. Pierzynski had a two-run home run in a five-run sixth inning, and the White Sox beat the A's 7-3 on Sunday.
Sale (14-3) reached double digits in strikeouts for the third time this season. He had 10 strikeouts through the first five innings, allowed two runs on solo homers, and walked none.
The White Sox lead the Detroit Tigers by two games in the AL Central.
"He was throwing a little harder today than he has in the past few outings," Chicago manager Robin Ventura said. "He was able to dial it up whenever he needed it and still was sharp with his slider, too."
Oakland starter Bartolo Colon (9-9) allowed six runs — five earned — and nine hits in 5 2-3 innings. He struck out two and walked two. With the game tied 1-1 in the sixth, Pierzynski's 23rd homer put the White Sox up 3-1.
Dewayne Wise, in his first start with Chicago this season, added an RBI single. After A's left fielder Yoenis Cespedes committed an error, and Colon issued an intentional walk, Gordon Beckham delivered a bases-loaded, two-run single to make it 6-1.
The A's struggled defensively, making three errors and failing to cover home in the seventh when the White Sox added their final run.
Pierzynski scored from first on Alexei Ramirez's groundout to shortstop as third baseman Adam Rosales and shortstop Cliff Pennington bumped on the play. No one covered home plate.
"They're going to give you something, you're going to go ahead and take it," Ventura said. "A.J. is heads up and he kept going. There was nobody there. Usually guys rotate around."
Sale allowed home runs to Rosales, his second of the year, and Jonny Gomes, who added his 14th. Gomes has homered in three straight games. Derek Norris homered off Addison Reed in the ninth.
Sale improved to 7-2 with a 1.80 ERA at U.S. Cellular Field this season.
"One thing he does great, he changes speeds tremendously," Pierzynski said. "One can be 95 (mph) and the next can get be 86. That's why he gets a lot of groundballs. That's why he gets a lot of popups because guys are constantly off balance because of his stuff and his ability to change speeds."
Chicago took a 1-0 lead on Adam Dunn's sacrifice fly in the third. The A's hit back-to-back, two-out singles in the fifth, but Sale escaped the jam with his 10th strikeout.
Sale was checked in the fifth inning after he twisted his left knee slipping on the infield grass while trying to field an infield single.
After warmup tosses, he remained in the game.
"Everything was fine," Sale said. "It was just something crazy, foot went one way, knee went the other. Kind of nervous at first, and once I got around and moving on it, everything was fine."
Pennington made two errors, but also had two singles against Sale.
"It wasn't our best defensive day," Oakland manager Bob Melvin said. "The play was embarrassing, obviously, when Pierzynski went all the way around. (Catcher Norris is) trying to cover third when the third baseman and shortstop converge.
"You either have to read that and get back or the pitcher has to rotate around and get home. We didn't cover that very well, so that doesn't sit very well with anybody."
Notes: White Sox 1B Paul Konerko will undergo a concussion-related test on Monday. If the results are encouraging, the 36-year-old player can resume baseball activities Tuesday and be activated from the 7-day disabled list as early as Friday. . White Sox 3B Kevin Youkilis (left arm, right knee) was out of the lineup and is day-to-day. He was hit by a pitch in the arm on Saturday. "It's not a fracture or anything, but it's swollen and it doesn't feel too good," Ventura said. . The White Sox optioned OF Jordan Danks to Triple-A Charlotte and will make a corresponding roster move on Monday. Ventura said the team will add a reliever. . A's 3B Brandon Inge will fly to Oakland to have an MRI on his dislocated right shoulder. He was out of the lineup Sunday after he was injured on a diving play Saturday. Inge, who said he felt sore, hopes to return to the lineup Tuesday after Monday's off day. . The A's switched their Wednesday and Thursday probable starters against Kansas City, scheduling Brandon McCarthy for Wednesday and Dan Straily for Thursday. McCarthy (shoulder) returned from the disabled list on Friday.


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Tourists in Spain often stop to ogle the country's many saltwater lagoons, used to produce salt since Roman times. Scientists, too, admire these saltern crystallizers--and even more so, the microbes that manage to survive in such briny environs. Now, reporting in the November 28-December 2 early online edition of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, researchers at The Institute for Genomic Research and collaborators reveal the genome of one bacterium at home in the salty Spanish ponds.
The bacterium is Salinibacter ruber, a bright red, rod-shaped organism. Several years ago, scientists first isolated S. ruber from saltern crystallizer ponds in Alicante and Mallorca, Spain. Although extreme-loving microbes called archaea were known to eke out life in the ponds, scientists were surprised to discover ordinary bacteria also thriving in such a physically demanding environment, at salt concentrations up to 30 percent. How could these microbes--which normally prefer milder environments--thrive in such high salt?
To find out, TIGR researchers Emmanuel Mongodin and Karen Nelson, working with Canadian and Spanish colleagues, set out to sequence S. ruber's genome. In doing so, the scientists discovered evidence that the resourceful bacterium independently evolved some salt-surviving biochemistry. More surprising, S. ruber apparently also borrowed some genes from neighboring archaeal species, in an unusual example of cross-domain lateral gene transfer.
"Scientists are increasingly learning how microbes adapt to harsh environments," remarks Mongodin, first author on the PNAS study, funded by a grant from the National Science Foundation and United States Department of Agriculture. "S. ruber illustrates that even in a really extreme environment, bacteria can do what it takes to survive, including exchanging genes with other microbial species that we might not expect."
Normally, high-salt environments denature bacterial proteins. To survive, S. ruber must maintain a high concentration of potassium inside its cytoplasm, keeping an osmotic balance against the high sodium chloride concentration outside. That's where evolutionary strategy comes in.
Analyzing the bacterium's genome, researchers found that S. ruber's proteins are typically rich in acidic amino acids and relatively poor in hydrophobic (water-repellent) amino acids, making them soluble and highly stable at such salt concentrations. Researchers recognized this biochemical adaptation: it's the same one used by archaea also living in the salterns.
That wasn't the only similarity. Scientists also found two types of rhodopsin genes: one variety typical for bacteria, and another previously recognized in archaea. A photosynthetic protein, rhodopsin works as a proton pump, capturing light energy and using it to move protons across the membrane and out of the cell. In doing so, the protein maintains a balance of ions inside and outside the cell.
"It's very unusual to find the two different types of rhodopsin in the same organism," Mongodin says. "S. ruber may have independently evolved one type of rhodopsin and acquired the other through lateral gene transfer from the archaeal species also living in the salterns." This study is the first to document bacteria adopting the archaeal-type rhodopsin. The two systems may work at different wavelengths, expanding S. ruber's ability to thrive in this environment. Alternatively, Mongodin says, the double system may be redundant, a kind of biological back-up.
Because S. ruber grows in high salt, its enzymes are strikingly stable. And that means the bacterium may hold promise for industrial applications. Meanwhile, TIGR's collaborators are pursuing studies of Spain's salterns, testing the ponds to find out what other microbes call the briny waters home. "How much diversity is there?" Mongodin asks. "We'll all be interested to learn."
Source : The Institute for Genomic Research


text: This demo illustrates the sparklines of the win-loss type. In the winloss sparkline, values are represented by bars that either grow up or go down from an invisible line. This line is determined by a threshold value. If a data source value is greater than this threshold value, the bar grows up. Otherwise, it goes down.


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A Big Buzz for A Little Bass Box
A small boutique builder out of Finland, Darkglass specializes in bass effects and the B3K MicroTubes is their flagship model.
At the heart of Cannibal Corpse's bone-crushing bass sound is a small pedal called the Darkglass Electronics B3K MicroTubes Overdrive. Its big brother, the B7K, offers even broader tones.
This past summer I had the pleasure of attending a Cannibal Corpse soundcheck at the Starland Ballroom in New Jersey. I was there to interview guitarist Rob Barrett, who recently came onboard as a Maxon endorsee.
Yet what really got my attention during the band's soundcheck was bassist Alex Webster's tone, which offered massive low end, tight, punchy midrange, and just the right amount of overdrive to make things mean without sounding sloppy or overly synthetic. To sum things up, it was nothing short of monstrous—apropos for a band like CC, I suppose.
I was able to get some face time with Alex and he gave me a quick rundown of his rig. In addition to his signature Spector Bass and wall of SWR amplifiers, he gave a lot of the credit for his bone-crushing sound to a tiny device nestled snugly in his pedalboard: the Darkglass Electronics B3K MicroTubes Overdrive.
A small boutique builder out of Finland, Darkglass specializes in bass effects and the B3K MicroTubes is their flagship model. A big buzz has been building around this little box, and with good reason. Simply put, this pedal is all killer and no filler.
Housed in a small and simple package, the B3K offers the standard drive and level controls you'd expect on any OD pedal. In addition, it sports a dry blend control—an essential tool to achieve distorted bass tones without losing low-end punch.
The B3K also features two "secret weapon" switches: Grunt is a 3-way pregain bass boost that allows you to select the amount of low end to saturate. Each position sounds great in its own right, with "fat" being my favorite of the bunch. The attack switch is an ultra-high boost that can add some treble grit to your tone—perfect for delivering extra presence to fingerstyle playing or warming up edgy pick work.
With these simple controls, the pedal delivers a vast array of boosted and overdriven bass tones. While I found myself steering more towards the fully saturated settings, the B3K is equally adept at providing milder overdrives or just a slight hint of tube-like warmth for less aggressive applications. I was pleased to discover that the B3K lived up to the hype and I had great fun conjuring brutal, Webster-esque bass tones in the comfort of my home and with my standard bass-and-amp setup.
Intrigued, I did more research and found that the B3K has a big brother, the B7K MicroTubes. The B7K boasts the same drive section as the B3K, but with the addition of a 4-band EQ and a direct output, taking it into the realm of bass preamp/ DI that has been ruled by the Tech 21 Bass Driver DI for well over a decade.
I've been a big advocate of the T21 bass boxes since they released the original Bass Driver back in the early '90s. I've done many gigs and recordings with the Bass Driver, yet I always felt that the lack of a midrange knob limited the variety of tones you could get from it. Likewise, I always found myself longing for a bit more saturation from the drive control to take me into all-out distortion territory.
Darkglass obviously took these issues into consideration when they designed the B7K. In addition to the grunt and attack switches of the B3K, it's also equipped with bass, treble, low-mid, and hi-mid controls to help sculpt your EQ. When shaping bass sounds, I find dual mid-band EQs essential, so these latter two knobs were a welcome feature. Furthermore, the B7K offers more drive and output level than the reigning champ, allowing for a much wider variety of saturated tones.
In back-to-back comparisons of these two pedals, I found the B7K to be more transparent and offer a less compressed sound than the T21 Bass Driver. This allowed me to create subtle variations in the degree of breakup just by changing playing dynamics. While dialing in a sound took longer on the B7K, the payoff was a broader palette of tones.
Considering that the B7K is more than twice the price of the legendary Bass Driver, you really have to weigh these pros and cons carefully before making a purchase decision. However, if you're a player who demands the ability to fine-tune your tone or simply needs a wider variety of tonal options, then the B7K is worth every penny and more.
Darkglass recently cut a production deal with 3Leaf Audio, so all Darkglass products are now handmade in the USA with shorter lead times and lower prices. This leaves Darkglass free to concentrate on design work, and yes, they're coming out with a series of effects for guitar very soon!
If the MicroTubes models are any indicator of what we can expect from this talented little company, I think we'll be hearing a lot more about Darkglass effects in the future. Until then, visit their website at darkglasselectronics.com to see and hear what the MicroTubes might do for your bass tone.
Kevin Bolembach is the president and founder of Godlyke, the U.S. distributor for many well-known boutique effect brands, including Maxon, Guyatone, EMMA, and Providence.


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Click 'n Cook is now shipping and makes a great gift! Click here to get yours!
Click 'n Cook is the essential kitchen utensil. Designed with the input of many under the tutelage of Quirky, Inc. Check out the pages on the sidebar to learn more! It is truly the best spatula ever!
Quirky recently released a video spot about the Click 'n Cook's design!
Quirky recently released a video showing the Click 'n Cook in action!
Check out the HSN segment selling the Click 'n Cook! Great stuff!
Become a fan @ http://www.facebook.com/home.php?#!/pages/Click-N-Cook/339654226474 and follow @ http://twitter.com/clickncook! Check out the first Facebook fan competition winner below. Become a fan and win Click 'n Cook gear!
A big thank you to ThinkGeek, Firebox, and HSN for investing in the Click 'n Cook. Click 'n Cook thanks you heartily!
Check out the first prototypes of Click 'n Cook getting built! Visit http://www.ustream.tv/channel/bertha-our-robot to check it out!


text: Infection: The invasion and multiplication of microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites that are not normally present within the body. An infection may cause no symptoms and be subclinical, or it may cause symptoms and be clinically apparent. An infection may remain localized, or it may spread through the blood or lymphatic vessels to become systemic (bodywide). Microorganisms that live naturally in the body are not considered infections. For example, bacteria that normally live within the mouth and intestine are not infections.


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Certain species of sea-dwelling brittlestarsrelatives of starfish and sea urchinshave long impressed scientists with their ability to respond to changes in light intensitya talent that enables them to detect and evade predators. Yet exactly how the creatures, which lack specialized eyes, detect such changes has eluded explanation. Now a report appearing in the journal Nature finally offers insight. Microscopic crystals embedded in the brittlestar's calcite skeleton appear to serve as lenses that together form a visual system unique among all extant animals.
Joanna Aizenberg of Bell Laboratories/Lucent Technologies in Murray Hill, N.J., and her colleagues began to suspect that the crystals held the key when they noticed that light-indifferent species do not have such structures. The crystals found in their light-sensitive cousins, the researchers reasoned, thus might well function to focus light onto underlying photosensitive tissues. To assess the lensing effect, the team placed a calcite crystal array from the species Ophiocoma wendtii above a layer of photosensitive material and exposed it to light. Subsequent examination of the photosensitive material showed that the light had left its mark in spots that had been directly underneath calcite crystals. Furthermore, the distance at which each lens focused the light on the photosensitive material corresponded to the distance between the lenses and the presumably photosensitive nerve bundles in the brittlestar itself.
The authors observe that the brittlestar's arrays of dome-shaped crystals (which focus light better than the spherical variety) are positioned such that the animal could, in theory, gather a considerable amount of visual information about its environment. "Although we have only limited evidence that the lens apparatus operates at a distance, which would conform to the definition of an eye, our results suggest that the presence of such structures may be sufficient to elicit the rapid, coordinated behaviors, such as detection of predators and retreat toward crevices, that imply the occurrence of vision," they write. "These are the very abilities that are central to the survival of individuals of O. wendtii in their natural habitat."
In a commentary accompanying the Nature report, Roy Sambles of the University of Exeter writes, "Human ingenuity came up with microlens arrays only a few years ago, and they are used in directional displays and in micro-optics, for example as signal-routing connectors for signal processing. Once again we find that nature foreshadowed our technical developments."


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Engadget's reporting that Sony Ericsson, who hasn't been quickest on the draw with Android devices, is in the "late stages of planning" for an Android 3.0 smartphone with sliding gaming controls and an accompanying gaming platform.
Android fans, listen up. Gamers, listen up. Android fans who are gamers, really listen up. Engadget hears from a "trusted source" that Sony Ericsson is working a device that's being described as "a cross between the Samsung Captivate and the PSP Go," bringing real deal 3D gaming on an Android device. Wha?
According to their source, it'll potentially sport a 1GHz Snapdragon processor and a screen sizing between 3.7" and 4.1." The real business—a D-pad and a "long touch pad" in place of a joystick—slides out in place of a keyboard. The device currently bears Xperia branding but could also be part of the PlayStation family when it lands, possibly as soon as October, though that seems awfully ambitious.
The handset is said to run a skinned version Gingerbread (Android 3.0), and its games, which supposedly will include favorites like God of War and Modern Warfare, older PSX titles, and new ones that incorporate augmented reality game play, will be graphically akin to PSX and PSP games. Depending on what particular kind of button mashing they require, titles could be available to other Android devices.
It definitely seems as though Google's becoming increasingly interested in the gaming. Add that to the fact that the PSP Phone has been an elusive object of gamer yearning since time immemorial, and it seems like these rumors could actually bear out. You should probably start doing your thumb exercises now, just in case. [Engadget]


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Ray Rice's Terrible Towel usage upsets LaMarr Woodley
The Ravens and Steelers rivalry needs no extra fuel, but the Week 13 rematch might have gotten some after Sunday night's 13-10 Ravens win.
Ravens running back Ray Rice walked off the field waving a Terrible Towel at the Pittsburgh crowd. As any longtime watchers of the NFL are surely aware, the Steelers and their fans do not take kindly to players from opposing teams touching the yellow pieces of cloth. If they weren't they got a reminder from Steelers linebacker LaMarr Woodley.
If youre not a steelers fan, dont put your hands on a terrible towel— LaMarr Woodley (@LaMarrWoodley) November 20, 2012
Woodley later tweeted a picture of Rice with the towel on his head, along with a warning for Rice to pay attention to what happened to T.J. Houshmandzadeh (although Woodley refers to him as T.J. Whosyourmama) and LenDale White after they crossed a line that Pittsburgh would prefer you don't cross. Houshmandzadeh, then with the Bengals, wiped his cleats with a Terrible Towel during a 2005 game and White stomped on one after the Titans beat the Steelers in 2008. Both the Bengals and Titans crashed out of the playoffs early despite winning their divisions with the Steelers taking out the Bengals (and quarterback Carson Palmer) in the first instance.
The Steelers went on to win the Super Bowl that year and they won it again after White's use of the sacred in Pittsburgh towel. We imagine Woodley and anyone else concerned about the Steelers would trade a towel on Rice's head for a Super Bowl hat trick.


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Last week, the Sexuality Education and Information Council of the United States (SIECUS) released their monthly policy updates for sexuality educators and advocates.
Included in the May 2010 policy updates are the results of a new study from the Guttmacher Institute showing that rates of unintended pregnancy among teen women in the US may have been previously underestimated. Previous studies have counted the unintended pregnancy rate per 1,000 women in each age group surveyed without accounting for the rates among women who identify themselves as being sexually active versus those who do not. The new study shows significantly higher rates of unintended pregnancy for sexually active women than for women in general nationwide, particularly among women between the ages of 15 and 17 years old.
There's also good news for comprehensive sexuality education advocates in Pennsylvania and Louisiana. House Education Committees in both states have just voted for legislation that would allow more comprehensive sexuality education curricula in public schools and provide guidelines for what that would look like.
If passed, both new laws require schools in each state to provide sexuality education that teaches about abstinence and contraception in ways that are medically accurate. While the Pennsylvania law leaves the specifics of curriculum development up to individual school boards, it also calls on the state department of health to create a list of guidelines that programs must follow to comply with the new legislation.
In Louisiana, sexuality education curricula must provide "information about human sexuality as a normal and healthy aspect of human development" in order to conform with this proposed legislation.
Both states have been previous recipients of Title V abstinence-only-until-marriage federal grants, but if these new laws pass, they will no longer be eligible to receive those funds. Federal funding for abstinence-only-until-marriage programs was eliminated from the 2010 federal budget by Congress and President Obama, but the funding stream was reinstated in health care reform legislation that became law this spring.
New funds available to states and community-based organizations from the President's Teen Pregnancy Prevention Initiative could help states like Pennsylvania and Louisiana implement the new laws if they pass. These programs could also provide young people nationwide with the comprehensive, medically accurate sex education they need to make healthy decisions.
You can advocate for comprehensive sexuality education in your own state by researching your state's laws and supporting legislation similar to the Louisiana and Pennsylvania bills. Consider organizing your youth group or congregation to write letters to your governor or state legislators encouraging them to reject Title V abstinence-only grants and create policies that support comprehensive sexuality education in local school districts. For the basic information on your state's sex education policies and funding, see the SIECUS State Profiles. For resources on how to get started as an advocate, check out the Future of Sex Education website.


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John Millar on liberty as an unintended consequence of a struggle between tyrants (1787)
Found in An Historical View of the English Government
The Scottish historian John Millar (1735-1801) noted that although it was not the intention of the nobles to promote the liberties of ordinary Englishman when they challenged King John in 1215, by defending their own liberties they created both a precedent and a vocabulary for arguing for liberty against the crown:
Whoever enquires into the circumstances in which these great charters were procured, and into the general state of the country at that time, will easily see that the parties concerned in them were not actuated by the most liberal principles; and that it was not so much their intention to secure the liberties of the people at large, as to establish the privileges of a few individuals. A great tyrant on the one side, and a set of petty tyrants on the other, seem to have divided the kingdom; and the great body of the people, disregarded and oppressed on all hands, were beholden for any privileges bestowed upon them, to the jealousy of their masters; who, by limiting the authority of each other over their dependants, produced a reciprocal diminution of their power. But though the freedom of the common people was not intended in those charters, it was eventually secured to them; for when the peasantry, and other persons of low rank, were afterwards enabled, by their industry, and by the progress of arts, to emerge from their inferior and servile condition, and to acquire opulence, they were gradually admitted to the exercise of the same privileges which had been claimed by men of independent fortunes; and found themselves entitled, of course, to the benefit of that free government which was already established.
The Scottish philosopher Adam Ferguson (1723-1816), a contemporary of John Millar, coined the phrase much admired by Friedrich Hayek that social structures of all kinds were "the result of human action, but not the execution of any human design" (1782). This idea encapsulated two related ideas, namely that complex institutions evolved gradually or "spontaneously" over time, and that much of this development was "unintended" or unplanned by any one individual. Millar applies these ideas here to the emergence of the Great Charter (Magna Carta), the embodiment of the "traditional rights of Englishmen." He notes that it was not the intention of the "petty tyrants" (the nobles) who challenged the authority of the "great tyrant" (King John) in 1215 to create a document which would apply to all adult males whatever their social or economic class. Theirs was an act of self-interest in a power struggle between the aristocracy and the monarchy. The unintended consequence of their action however was to create a powerful precedent which others would follow later. Once a clear statement of rights against arbitrary power had been written down it could serve as a model for future generations such as the struggle between Parliament and the Crown in the 17th century, or the struggle of the North American colonists against the British Empire in the 18th. It is something to keep in mind as we approach the 800th anniversary of the signing of the Great Charter.


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The "10 Most Christmassy" Towns in the U.S.Posted on 12/05/2017
A hundred miles north of Detroit lies Frankenmuth, Michigan, a literal step back in time.
From the moment you pull off the exit on I-75, you are transported to a European village – Michigan's self-proclaimed Little Bavaria – complete with window flower boxes, lederhosen and what is arguably the "most Christmassy" place in America.
1. Frankenmuth, Michigan (Bronner's)
Bronner's Frankenmuth image by marada on VisualHunt / CC BY-ND
Welcome to Bronner's, the world's largest Christmas store. This is no seasonal pop-up. With more than 50,000 different items — including Christmas trees, lights, decorations, trimmings and more — Bronner's is the size of nearly two football fields, and is open 361 days a year. Even the most diehard lover of the spirit of Christmas will be overwhelmed by the enormity of it all; calling it a store seems almost oxymoronic. It's so big that it has its own restaurant where you can take a break and eat some traditional pub-style offerings. Bronner's is also highly religious – the full name of the store is Bronner's CHRISTmas Wonderland – and many items reflect that.
2. Santa Claus, Indiana
Santa Claus, Indiana Photo by tengrrl on Visual Hunt / CC BY-SA
Talk about a year-round passion and dedication to Christmas. Billed as "America's Christmas Hometown," Santa Claus, Indiana, is a real place that just happens to live and breathe Christmas every day of the year. You can stay at Santa's Lodge, shop during the day, go to Frosty's Fun Center with the kids, and at night take a 1.2-mile drive through one of the best light displays in the country.
3. Rhinebeck, New York
Never heard of it? Well, now you have. This is the tiny town in upstate New York where Chelsea Clinton was married, a small place brimming with wealthy people who keep summer homes there or are active residents. Singer Natalie Merchant lives in Rhinebeck, and actor Paul Rudd is often in town to tend to the throw-back candy shop he co-owns.
Rhinebeck features the oldest inn in America, the Beekman Arms, which dates back to the Revolutionary War. The town is also just a few miles north of Hyde Park and the Franklin D. Roosevelt presidential home and library.
"Sinterklaas" is licensed under CC BY 4.0
But the Christmas hook here is a centuries-old festival that traces back to Rhinebeck's roots, when it was first settled by the Dutch in the 1600s – Sinterklaas. The annual event, always celebrated on the first Saturday in December, hosts a fourth-century Bishop with a long, white beard who happened to love children. Sound familiar? Day-long activities include shopping, music, dining, and a lively parade through town.
4. Williamsburg, Virginia (Christmas Town, Busch Gardens)
"Busch Gardens Christmas Town " by zannaland is licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0
This special seasonal attraction of Christmas Town, Busch Gardens, is the most fun in Williamsburg, Virginia, where the city itself plays host to Christmas traditions from yesteryear, including caroling through the town by torchlight. (There is also a Christmas Town, Busch Gardens, in Tampa, Florida.)
At the amusement park, Christmas Town is kid-centric with play areas, and an ice show featuring former Olympian skater Elvis Stoijko, not to mention a visit to the North Pole to chat with Santa. But children of all ages – that means grownups, too – will be wowed by the more than eight million lights at Christmas Town, plus it's signature peppermint fudge hot chocolate.
5. Newport Beach, California
Balboa Boat Parade by by YoTuT on VisualHunt / CC BY
No, it doesn't snow here. In fact, it would take a Christmas miracle – or some back-room deal between Heat Meiser and Snow Meiser – to have it snow at the beach. Nonetheless, one of the staples of Christmas has been the annual Boat Parade. In fact, on Dec. 13 through Dec. 17, it will be the 109th annual event in Newport. That's how far back the tradition goes. The parade in the harbor is basically a reverse drive-thru light display, only the decorated boats drive by you instead of the other way around.
6. Bernsville, Pennsylvania (Koziar's Christmas Village)
" Koziar's Christmas Village" by Ben Yanis is licensed under CC BY 2.0
One year, William Koziar began decorating his farm for Christmas with an extra splash of lights on his home and barn. That was in 1948. Almost seven decades later, after yearly additions to the display and an outcry from his neighbors to see all the lights, the farm became Koziar's Christmas Village.
It is now one of the best drive-thru Christmas light displays in the country, and one of the top 10 tourist attractions in the state of Pennsylvania – a pretty heady achievement given that there are probably 10 great tourist attractions in Philadelphia alone. Visitors who find themselves in love will want to take a romantic walk over The Kissing Bridge — trust us on this one.
7. Durango, Colorado
There are many things that make Durango a cool place to be for the Christmas season, including its shopping and winter activities such as skiing and snowboarding. In addition, kids in pajamas line up by the hundreds each night to take a real-life Polar Express steam engine train to visit "the North Pole," drinking hot cocoa on the journey and singing Christmas carols.
Tree Farm by Photo Extremist on Visual hunt / CC BY-ND
But the really cool thing is, on weekends visitors can board that same train to a Christmas tree farm, cut down their own tree, tag it, and have it transported to be hoisted on their car's rooftop to take it back home.
8. Las Vegas, Nevada (Las Vegas Christmas Town)
Sledding? In the middle of the desert? Of course. This is Vegas, where anything can happen.
Las Vegas Christmas Town is a yearly, seasonal attraction at the Wet 'N Wild waterpark, bringing a little wintry weather and a lot of Christmas spirit to Sin City.
"Christmas in Las Vegas" by Adriel O. Socrates is licensed under CC BY 2.0
In addition to the 2 million lights, organizers have created the Jingle Bell Sledding Hill, with man-made snow sitting freshly atop a man-made sledding hill. Kids can visit Santa Claus at his Cozy Cottage – yes, Santa has a winter home in Vegas. There's also Tiny Tim's Train Ride, the Merry Magic Tree, the Let It Snow Spectacular, the Polar Express Train Ride, a skating rink, Blitzen's Bounce House, and more.
9. New York, New York
So great they named it twice, right? New York is a fast-paced, mile-a-minute city, but life seems to slow down a little around the holidays – at least long enough for you to get into the Christmas spirit.
"Skating" by Waterloo Hildreds is licensed under CC BY 2.0
Starting with Santa's arrival at the end of the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade, the city becomes a magical place. The spectacular holiday window displays at major department stores are attractions in and of themselves. Skating at Central Park, Bryant Park or Rockefeller Center is a must. The vendor craft fairs at Bryant Park and inside Grand Central Terminal are amazing.
And, of course, the 75-foot-tall Christmas tree in Rockefeller Center is the centerpiece of it all, decorated with 30,000 lights and filling young and old with joy.
10. Red Wing, Minnesota
Photo by WalterPro on Visual Hunt / CC BY
If you had a day, just one day, to get yourself in the Christmas spirit, Red Wing, Minnesota, would be one of the great places to go for their annual Holiday Stroll. But you better bring your most comfortable shoes.
The Stroll is no little walk. It is a day-long extravaganza that starts with a pancake breakfast at the local Elks Club. The Festival of Wreaths allows people to bid on some of the most elaborate holiday wreaths ever made. A Christmas-based movie – 'The Santa Clause' this year – is shown at the theater in the afternoon. There is an ice-sculpting display, cookie-decorating classes, reindeer sleigh rides, a live Nativity scene, a tree-lighting ceremony, parade and fireworks to close the night. And that's not even the half of it.
Hero Image by mtchlra on Visualhunt / CC BY
Story by Travelmarket Report by Rich Thomaselli


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Product photography and illustrations have been reproduced as accurately as print and web technologies permit. To ensure highest satisfaction, we suggest you view an actual sample from your dealer for best color, wood grain and finish representation.
The auburn brown color of Sienna Black Glaze cabinet finish has a small touch of red undertones, topped with a true black glaze.


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(also "Code of the Geeks"). A set of codes commonly used in sig blocks to broadcast the interests, skills, and aspirations of the poster. Features a G at the left margin followed by numerous letter codes, often suffixed with plusses or minuses. Because many net users are involved in computer science, the most common prefix is 'GCS'. To see a copy of the current code, browse http://www.geekcode.com/. Here is a sample geek code (that of Robert Hayden, the code's inventor) from that page:
Version: 3.1
GED/J d-- s:++>: a- C++(++++)$ ULUO++ P+>+++ L++ !E---- W+(---) N+++
o+ K+++ w+(---) O- M+$>++ V-- PS++(+++)>$ PE++(+)>$ Y++ PGP++ t- 5+++
X++ R+++>$ tv+ b+ DI+++ D+++ G+++++>$ e++$>++++ h r-- y+**
The geek code originated in 1993; it was inspired (according to the inventor) by previous "bear", "smurf" and "twink" style-and-sexual-preference codes from lesbian and gay newsgroups. It has in turn spawned imitators; there is now even a "Saturn geek code" for owners of the Saturn car. See also geek.