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Dimitra Bakirtzis, Archaeological Institute for Thracian and Macedonian Studies, Thessalonike
Byzantine pottery, especially the glazed wares, is attracting ever-increasing interest from historical research, particularly in relation to economic history. The archaeological approach to Byzantine ceramics, however, oriented towards issues of typology, decoration and chronology, is only just beginning to confront the role of pottery as key evidence for the study of economic life in Byzantium.
This paper will concentrate on the archaeological record on Byzantine glazed ceramics to address some of the main questions related to the study of commercial life in Byzantium. It will explore the manner of production as well as the organization and the development of pottery workshops in the Middle Byzantine and Late Byzantine period. Furthermore, it will emphasize the differences in the structure of the workshops between these two periods and will examine the extent to which these influenced the dissemination of pottery products. The distribution of pottery artefacts will be examined in order to clarify the extent to which ceramics were the object of local, regional or interregional trade. Moreover, the identification of production centers and their relation to the capital, regional commercial hubs and smaller towns will permit useful comparisons and conclusions on the infrastructure of some aspects of the Byzantine economy.
Cyprus will be a primary example for the study of the manufacture, the distribution and the marketing of glazed pottery during the Middle and Late Byzantine periods. The island was at the center of the Crusader campaigns as early as the middle of the 12th century, and its ceramic production, circulated in the broader region, reflects the complex socio-economic and cultural networks of the Byzantine Mediterranean world.
Annual fairs and regional trade networks in Syria and Palestine
André Binggeli,
Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Paris
Over the past decades, much attention has been given to periodic markets in the West, especially in the medieval period, but modern scholarship, probably because of lack of evidence, has neglected their counterpart in the East, both in Byzantium and in the Islamic Empire. To renew the interest for this issue, a collection of sources that attest to more than 20 annual fairs in Syria and Palestine, namely Arabic calendars of the 9th–11th centuries, will be given special attention here. By confronting this unexploited evidence for the early Islamic period with better known sources for late Antiquity, the role of fairs will be examined on a large scale, both geographically and chronologically. The paper will focus on the following questions: the building up of regional trade networks that follow annual cycles responding to the economic expanse of a given area, the development of fairs along international trade routes, the importance of which varies from one period to another, and how the appearance and disappearance of fairs over time follow the economic necessities related to the political changes that took place in Syria at large during the period spanning the 6th to the 11th centuries.
Trade and markets: Providing links between late Roman and Byzantine economic historiography
Jean-Michel Carrié,
École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, Paris
Byzantine economic history is a relatively recent branch of historical research and reflexion, which converted itself from a traditional innocently modernist to the so called primitivist paradigm. Ultimately, The Economic History of Byzantium fortunately dissociated itself from the Polanyian and Finleyan models. The same switch has occurred in Roman economic history, though Byzantinists are not always aware of it, with the risk of confusing the perception of continuity and change in economic structures, evolutions and models between the later fourth and the ninth century. This paper will aim at promoting better communication between those two chronological fields, taking also into account the still unsatisfactory contact between "oriental Byzantine" and "occidental early medieval" historiographies.
Emphasis will be laid on what should be seen as the major differential factor, i. e. the fate of the classical city and urban life, their general but unequal disappearance or recession which had the effect of geographically and socially reallocating production and consumption according to new patterns. Other determining factors in the quantitative, qualitative and geographical evolution of trade and markets will be tackled, such as demographic evolution, state interference in and/or control of economy, the extent and influence of the great estates, protofeudalism, and social differentiation with its effects on markets and range of trade, each of these factors being still subject to divergent opinions.
Local exchanges - Mediterranean exchanges: Archaeological evidence for the 8th–9th century economy of northern Italy.
Sauro Gelichi,
University of Ca' Foscari - Venice
The aim of this paper is to analyze the level (local? international?) of exchanges in northern Italy during the 8th and 9th centuries. It is a period of transition from the Lombards to the Carolingians, generally described as a time of stagnation. The character of the economy is supposed to be one of fragmentation, that is, the lands of northern Italy had only a local vitality. Only meagre and fragmentary archaeological documentation was used, however, to substantiate this model. In contrast, reexamination of earlier excavations and new archaeological investigations, especially in the Venetian lagoon and in the town of Comacchio, present a completely different scenario. I will use the evidence of pottery, containers, glass, coins and soapstone vessels to prove the vitality of this area and its international connections during the first half of the 8th century. At that time some towns on the Po river and some monasteries in northern Italy were part of the same system. After the fall of the Lombard Kingdom (774), however, the situation slowly changed. In fact during the first half of the 9th century the new center of Rivoalto in the Venetian lagoon arose: Venice was born and the economic vitality of the Po valley vanished.
Commerce and exchange in the seventh and eighth centuries: regional trade and the movement of goods
John Haldon,
Princeton University
This paper will review the evidence for local and regional exchange in the Byzantine world from the seventh to the early ninth century. It will show that on the basis of the ceramic as well as the documentary record, and in spite of the localization of pottery production and the regionalisation of exchange patterns, trade or exchange within the empire continued unbroken throughout the period from the later seventh century into the ninth century. The character and volume of this activity is more difficult to assess, as is the role of the imperial kommerkiarioi and their storehouses, or apothêkai, but it would be easier to explain their activities in the later eighth and ninth centuries as related as much to internal trade and movements of goods, as to external commerce. Regional trade can also include cross-frontier exchanges over short distances, and we should also bear in mind the movement of people, with differing demands and habits, from one part of the empire to the other or from outside the empire's territory, whether as individuals - single merchants and traders, imperial emissaries, pilgrims and so forth - or in larger groups: military contingents, immigrant families or communities, including slaves in smaller or larger bodies. This complicates any picture we may wish to draw of the movement and the production of goods, since immigrant or moving populations invariably brought with them both techniques and habits of consumption which may have contrasted with those of the society into which they were introduced.
Regional Networks in Asia Minor during the Middle Byzantine Period (7th–11th centuries)
Johannes Koder,
University of Vienna
This paper focuses chronologically on the period from the end of the sixth century to the end of the eleventh century; geographically it covers the continental areas of western and central Asia Minor. I shall attempt to define an approach that provides at least a partial solution to the problems of the existence and scope of long-term, regional networks that primarily served the regular supply of every-day goods (such as foodstuffs, wood, charcoal, etc.) to larger settlements (cities and market towns), and enabled regular commercial exchange between these settlements.
Changing demographic conditions and the impact of political measures (brought about, for instance, by the imperial administration, or by military events) will be discussed in brief. Also, both presuppositions concerning geographic, climatic and administrative issues, as well as problematic aspects of the historical information bases (written and monumental sources) will be addressed.
Applicable theoretical approaches (e.g., a combination of Johann Heinrich von Thünen's Location Theory and Walter Christaller's Central Place Theory) offer only very general patterns.1 Therefore, in an attempt to supplement the theoretical patterns with source-based documentation, I shall consider specific examples of some Byzantine settlements (the monumental remains of which provide us with valuable indications as to the size of a city or a market town) and the remains of caravan roads. Likely sites to be considered include, from central Asia Minor, Chonai / Honaz, Amorion / Hisarköy, and Mokisos / Helvadere; and from western Asia Minor Pegai / Karabiga, Lopadion / Uluabat, Poimanenon / Eski Manyas, Pergamon / Bergama, and Milet / Balat.
1 See J. Koder, Land use and settlement: theoretical approaches, in: J. F. Haldon (ed.), General issues in the study of medieval logistics: sources, problems and methodologies (History of Warfare, 36), Leiden / Boston 2006, 159-183, with bibliography.
Regional Networks in the Balkans in the Middle and Late Byzantine Periods
Angeliki E. Laiou,
Harvard University/Academy of Athens
The paper opens with a discussion of the role of regional trade in the structure and development of pre-industrial economies and specifically the Byzantine economy. I will discuss the preconditions for the rise of regional trade and its connections with local trade on the one hand and interregional or international trade on the other. I will then take three important areas and examine what we know of regional trade in various periods. The three areas are: Thrace (in the large, antique sense of the toponym), Macedonia and Epiros, and Greece and the Peloponnese. I will look at the centers of production, the objects exchanged, the catchment areas of trade, and speculate as to merchants. Obviously, this cannot be done in detail for the entire period. Keeping to the Indoeuropean triad, I plan to produce stills of three periods, that is to say, 9th–10th century, 11th–12th century, 14th century, discuss the constants and the changes from one period to the other, and provide an interpretation of the factors that induced change. This will lead into a discussion of the impact of domestic and foreign demand upon regional trade. To the degree possible, I will examine the movement of bulk products as well as semi-luxury manufactured items. Archaeological evidence will be important in this discussion, as will textual evidence -both types of source, of course, being lacunary. Finally, I will address the somewhat theoretical question of the positive and negative aspects of the relationship between production and regional trade.
Business as usual? Archaeological evidence for Byzantine commercial enterprise in Anatolia in the 7th–11th centuries.
Christopher Lightfoot,
Metropolitan Museum of Art
Cities, towns, and large settlements form the basis for any effective commercial activity since it is only in such places that markets can thrive and workforces can be concentrated. For many years deurbanization in the 7th century has been seen as compounding the problems caused by a severe contraction in both the production of and the demand for goods throughout the Byzantine Empire. Combined these factors are taken to signify the impoverishment of the state and a sharp decline in the standard of living for the majority of its population. Yet an increasing amount of archaeological evidence from sites in Anatolia suggests that the infrastructure of communities and communications may have been more robust and sustainable than had previously been recognized. In this paper new discoveries from Amorium and other inland sites will be discussed, and the argument will be made that there existed a vigorous environment of regional supply and demand in central Anatolia that was relatively unaffected by the decline in long-distance trade and was only partially reliant on state support.
Ships, shipwrecks, trade and markets
Michael McCormick,
Harvard University
Nautical archaeology is transforming our knowledge and understanding of ancient and medieval shipping, exchange, and markets in the Mediterranean. I would like to inventory areas where we could find some new data and insights. Questions about information arise concerning what we know and what we do not know about ancient ships and cargoes from the nautical archaeological evidence, about updating and digitizing a comprehensive database of shipwrecks based on Parker's foundational work, about survey projects, the potential of simplified ship typologies, capacity, dendrodata, GIS applications, etc. Questions about historical processes involve the development and transmission of technologies of ship design and operation, the changing intensity of activities on particular routes and/or particular types of cargoes and how that might correlate with the changing configurations of major home ports, destinations, and market structures over time.
Weighing, measuring, paying: exchanges in the market and the marketplace
Cécile Morrisson,
Dumbarton Oaks/ Centre national de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris
This paper will review on the one hand the textual evidence for the regulation of exchanges in the marketplace and on the other hand will examine written and numismatic or archaeological testimony regarding its enforcement and the observed practice. It will outline the variety of legal and material procedures which aimed at securing exchanges (control of measures and coinage, efforts to circumvent fraud, sealing of commodities like coins or textiles in sacks or liquids in amphorae, etc.).
The management and exploitation over the longue durée of trading places like fairs, markets, shops, and money-changers' tables will also be investigated. An attempt will be made to assess the revenues which could accrue from the control of these places and activities either to the State or to private institutions such as oikoi or monasteries, through taxes and rents.
A distinction will be drawn between the early period (6th–11th centuries), in which the unified and trustworthy system of weights, measures and coinage offered exchanges an integrated environment, and the late Byzantine one, from the 12th to the 15th centuries. In the latter period, from the 12th century onward, this unified framework was gradually weakened, first by granting to the Italian communities the privilege of using their own weights and measures and later on in the second half of the 13th century by tolerating the use of foreign coins in high-value transactions.
Regional and interregional exchanges in the Eastern Mediterranean in the Early Byzantine period : the evidence of amphoras
Dominique Piéri,
University of Paris I, Panthéon-Sorbonne
Our knowledge of the typology of eastern Mediterranean amphoras during Late Antiquity has seen a spectacular evolution over the last few years. These advances make amphoras accurate indicators for the chronology of stratigraphy at a number of Mediterranean sites.
The appearance of new amphora types, revealed by the most recent surveys, and their integration into a more complex typology, underline the dynamism of production especially in the Near East (Cilicia, Phoenicia, Syria, Palestine).
The commercial success of certain products, especially wine, from the beginning of the Vth century, widespread in all the regional areas which participated in long-distance trade in Late Antiquity, offers testimony of a new way of production and of a successful commercial reconversion.
The precise definition of production areas is the new goal of specialists interested in the organization of the centers of production in the East. This is difficult to establish because of the paucity of data concerning amphora workshops which depend on random finds in archaeological surveys. However, comparison of different sources (texts, iconography, typology) enables the reduction of possible areas and the evaluation of their place in the mechanisms of trade and diffusion.
Markets and daily exchanges in Byzantium: archaeological and iconographical evidence
Brigitte Pitarakis,
Centre d'Histoire et Civilisation de Byzance, CNRS-Collège de France
The purpose of this paper is to provide a description of the buoyant dynamics of the market place in Late Antiquity and Byzantium through a combined exploration of archaeological, visual and written sources. I wish to provide a comprehensive picture of the day to day market place activities characterising this period, with shop keepers or itinerant traders engaged in their trading activities, board-game players playing along porticoed streets, and the eating and drinking taking place in nearby taverns and restaurants.
Rather than concentrating on the distribution of the commercial space and the industrial installations, my research will focus on temporary structures, such as the wooden counters and benches, and the major categories of objects or tools used in the practice of trade instead. My work will assess and depict such objects in the context of their daily use by drawing parallels between their findspots in archaeology, their illustration in visual sources and the regulations mentioned in the tenth-century Book of the Prefect. Specific examples will include funnels used for transferring liquids from large storage vessels to smaller containers, baskets and sacks used for storing and carrying goods, sealing and stamping implements, weighing devices and equipment used for measuring dry and liquid quantities. In my approach to the material culture of daily exchanges in Byzantium, I will also consider the important issue of apotropaic and religious devices intended to inspire trust in transactions and act as further support to official legislation.
Trade and Economy in Cilicia and the Antioch Region in the 12th–13th Centuries
Scott Redford,
Research Center for Anatolian Civizations, Istanbul/Georgetown University
In the 10th–14th centuries, the region of Antioch and Cilicia lay intermediate between Muslim and Christian powers in the Levant and Anatolia. Especially in the 12th and 13th centuries, and largely as a result of the establishment of Frankish states in the eastern Mediterranean, this region was contested and claimed by Byzantines, Armenians, Franks, Seljuks, Zangids, Artuqids, Ayyubids and Mamluks. In addition, its proximity to Cyprus, and Antiochene and Armenian alliance with the Mongols beginning in the mid 13th century helped integrate it into international trade networks.
In addition to serving as a conveyor for long distance luxury and shorter distance commodity trade over land and by sea, the region was rich in natural resources sought after especially by an Egypt hungry for the timber, pitch, and iron. This region was also sought after for its human resources-slaves, horses and other beasts of burden, and raptors for hunting. It served as well as the center for the manufacture of the most widely traded and imitated of all 13th-century glazed ceramics, Port Saint Symeon ware.
This paper will use written and archaeological sources to evaluate the economy of the region. It will be based on a reexamination of the excavations of Antioch undertaken in the 1930s, a recent reevaluation of 1930s excavations at Port Saint Symeon, the port of Antioch, and Kinet, a Templar port on the boundary between the Frankish and Armenian principalities. More specifically, it will examine trade relations between this region and its neighbors, be they in Syria, Anatolia, or Cyprus.
Regional exchange and the role of the shop in Byzantine and early Islamic Syria-Palestine: an archaeological view
Alan Walmsley,
University of Copenhagen
Studies on trade in the Byzantine and Islamic eastern Mediterranean have persistently focused on interregional trade, especially the exchange of prestige goods, and much less on what can be perceived as the more mundane business of how local networks operated at the regional level. However, a fuller consideration of commercial systems and their social implications requires a more complete presentation and analysis of the available data, much of which is archaeological for the period in question (ca. fifth to eighth centuries CE). This paper will detail different categories of material, from ceramics and glass to base coinage, in order to map out in greater detail the geographical reach and level of activity in regional trade networks in Syria-Palestine between the Byzantine and early Islamic periods. Work to date reveals that local networks were especially vibrant in this period, and probably a significant factor in the prosperity of Syria-Palestine at that time, facilitating not only local exchange but also, on a wider scale, the transportation of goods from outside the immediate region.
Crucial to this trade system at the local level was the shop. Archaeological evidence for a shop-based market system has expanded greatly in recent years, giving a detailed insight into the system of exchange within an urban context. However, its social function as an urban institution has been, by comparison, little considered. This paper will reflect on the shops, their keepers, the suppliers and the patrons as a system of economic exchange and cultural interaction in post-classical Syria-Palestine. Attention will focus on how the physical centrality of the shop was matched by its defining social role on a daily basis; therefore, the study of the shop and its contents also promises to offer a fascinating insight into the changing social outlook in towns. Recent discoveries reveal that in areas as diverse as weights and measures to language a tangible change can be observed as Byzantium gave way to Islam in the towns of seventh and eighth century Syria-Palestine. Hence the study of trade is not only a matter of economic history, but also a key to comprehending social transformations at the end of antiquity.

subset: commoncrawl


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Works With: Mac OS X 10.7 and up
Price: $39.99
I don't want to wax too rhapsodic about a gangster game, but Omerta: City of Gangsters has what it takes to keep me engaged for an afternoon of beer and liquor smuggling, along with mafia-style combat justice along the way. The music is delightfully consistent with the period, and the hand-painted interstitial artwork is simply gorgeous.
An omertá is a code of silence, typically associated with the Mafia, that focuses on non-cooperation with the police and non-interference with the activities of others, especially when illegal. Luckily, we don't have to be too quiet about this enjoyable romp through 1920s America, developed by Haemimont Games and published by Kalypso Studios, the folks behind similar games like Tropico 4.


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- Home
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Community Plans
About Community Plans
Community plans help the City make informed decisions about how Coralville may develop in the future. A community plan is a public document which:
- Contains specific proposals for future land uses and public improvements, and
- Provides a guide for community development.
The Planning Process
Community plans are created with considerations of historical trends, existing conditions, future needs, population growth, resources, transportation, economic development, social characteristics, and geography. Community plans are developed through a partnership of City staff, consultants, and public input, followed by approval of the City Council.
Recent Plans
Coralville Community Plan
The 2014 Coralville Community Plan was approved by the City Council in March 2014. It was developed following a year-long process and incorporates input from residents and business owners through public meetings, surveys, interviews, online mapping, and other tools. It replaces the 1992 Coralville Community Plan but does not replace the 1995 Amendment (Oakdale Boulevard Corridor) and the 1998 West Land Use Plan.
West Land Use Area Plan
The West Land Use Area is located between I-380 and Coral Ridge Avenue/Highway 965, south of Forevergreen Road, and north of I-80. In early 2015, the City began the process of expanding on the 2014 Coralville Community Plan by establishing a clear vision for the future of the West Land Use Area. The resulting West Land Use Area Plan includes a detailed master plan and design guidelines for the growth and development of this area of our community.
West Land Use Area Master Plan (2016)
The City Council voted to adopt the plan in February 2016. In August 2016, the City Council voted to adopt an amended plan that changed the classification of building material uses and the combined the individual classifications of Community Retail Buildings and Regional Retail Buildings into one classification.
- Table of Contents, Background, Land Use, and Master Plan (p. 1A-15) (PDF)
- PUD Zoning Framework (p. 16-35) (PDF)
- Planning and Site Requirements, Parking, and Circulation (p. 36-53) (PDF)
- Landscape, Open Spaces, Buffering, Fences, Walls, and Screening (p. 54-67) (PDF)
- Sustainable Design and Storm Water Management (p. 68-79) (PDF)
- Design Guidelines (p. 80-93) (PDF)
- Signage Regulations, Bibliography, and Appendix (p. 94-xvi) (PDF)
Public Input
Community planners hosted several public meetings in 2015 to share information and receive public input about the future of this important growth area, and provided the following information:
- Phase III & IV - Open House 3 Presentation (PDF): September 9, 2015
- Phase III & IV - Open House 3 Presentation Video: September 9, 2015
- Phase II - Open House 2 Presentation Video: May 13, 2015
- Phase I - Phase I Summary (PDF): Coralville West Land Use Master Plan and Design Guidelines, March 2015
- Phase I - Open House 1 Presentation Video: January 21, 2015
- Phase I - Open House 1 Preferencing Results (PDF): January 21, 2015
- Phase I - Planning Project Summary (PDF): Coralville West Land Use Area
- Phase I - Project Initiation Booklet (PDF): Coralville West Land Use Master Plan and Design Guidelines
Plan Listing
|Coralville Community Plan
|Part 1 - 2014 Coralville Community Plan (p. 1-44) (PDF)
Part 1 - 2014 Coralville Community Plan (p. 45-89) (PDF)
Part 1 - 2014 Coralville Community Plan Land Use Plan (PDF)
Part 2 - 1995 Amendment (Oakdale Boulevard Corridor) & Ordinance 2004-1008 (PDF)
Part 3 - 1998 West Land Use** (PDF)
|Iowa Riverfront
|Iowa Riverfront Master Plan 2012 (PDF)
|Johnson County Hazard Mitigation
|Johnson County Hazard Mitigation Plan Multi-Jurisdictional 2019 (PDF)
|Old Town Coralville
|Old Town Coralville Plan 2009 (PDF)
|Southeast Commercial Area
|Southeast Commercial District Plan 2017 (PDF)
|Town Center District
|Coralville Town Center District Plan 1995 (PDF)
Amendment: Coralville Town Center District Plan 1995 - Ordinance 2008-1013 (PDF)
*Some of the files are large and will take time to download
**See also West Land Use Area Master Plan (2016)
Additional Resources
For more information, contact the City of Coralville at 319.248.1700.


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The client agrees to allow MarcFeeMediaStudio all necessary access to computer systems and other locations, as required, in order to complete a website project and until all due funds are cleared, including the necessary read/write permissions, usernames and passwords. The customer also agrees to allow MarcFeeMediaStudio access to any computer systems, usernames and passwords required to remove data and/or sites for failure to comply with these Terms and Conditions.
The customer agrees to supply MarcFeeMediaStudio with all necessary materials, electronic, or otherwise, required to create and complete the project, and to supply them in a timely manner.
Design Project Completion
MarcFeeMediaStudio considers the design project complete upon receipt of the customer's signed Approval form. Other services such as printing, display panel production, filmwork, website uploading, publishing etc either contracted on the clients behalf constitute a separate project and can be treated as a separate charge.
Website design only
MarcFeeMediaStudio require that a template is approved by the customer before coding of a site commences. Once the template(s) for the web site are approved by the customer, coding will commence; any changes to navigation items, colours, structure or content that require changes to the template will incur an additional charge.
Once web design is complete, MarcFeeMediaStudio will provide the customer with the opportunity to review the resulting work. MarcFeeMediaStudio will make one set of minor changes at no extra cost within 14 days of the start of the review period. Minor changes include small textual changes and small adjustments to placement of items on the page. It does not include changes to images, colour schemes or any navigation features. Any minor changes can be notified to MarcFeeMediaStudio by e-mail.
will consider that the client has accepted the original draft, if no notification of changes is received in writing from the customer, within 14 days of the start of the review period.
Hosting websites
MarcFeeMediaStudio offers a limited in-house hosting services through an out-sourced virtual server. MarcFeeMediaStudio does not guarantee continuous service and will accept no liability for loss of service, whatever the cause. MarcFeeMediaStudio may request that clients change the type of hosting account used if that account is deemed by MarcFeeMediaStudio to be unacceptable because of poor service, lack of bandwidth or in any other way insufficient to support the website. Fees for hosting on MarcFeeMediaStudio's virtual server are due at the commencement of any period of service and are non-refundable. Fees due to third party hosting organisations are the responsibility of the client and MarcFeeMediaStudio are not liable for their payment, nor for the renewal of domain names, which are the sole responsibility of the customer / domain owner.
Domain Registration
MarcFeeMediaStudio cannot guarantee the availability of any domain name. Where MarcFeeMediaStudio is to register a domain name on behalf of a client it will endeavour to do so but the client should not assume a successful registration.
Search Engine Submission
Due to the infinite number of considerations that search engines use when determining a site's ranking, MarcFeeMediaStudio cannot guarantee any particular placement. Acceptance by any search engine cannot be guaranteed and when a site is accepted, the time it takes to appear in search results varies from one search engine to another. Rankings will also vary as new sites are added. MarcFeeMediaStudio recommend that customers use a professional SEO company and are happy to provide details of such companies, but accept no responsibility for their services.
Design Credits
The customer agrees to allow MarcFeeMediaStudio to place a small credit on printed material exhibition displays, advertisements and/or a link to MarcFeeMediaStudio own website on the customer's website. This will usually be in the form of a small logo or line of text placed towards the bottom of the page.
The customer also agrees to allow MarcFeeMediaStudio to place websites and other designs, along with a link to the client's site on MarcFeeMediaStudio own website for demonstration purposes and to use any designs in its own publicity and portfolios.
Rights of Refusal
MarcFeeMediaStudio will not include in its designs, any text, images or other data which it deems to be immoral, offensive, obscene or illegal. All advertising material must conform to all standards laid down by all relevant advertising standards authorities. MarcFeeMediaStudio also reserves the right to refuse to include submitted material without giving reason. In the situation where any images and/or data that MarcFeeMediaStudio does include in all good faith, and subsequently discovers is in contravention to such Terms and Conditions, the customer is obliged to allow MarcFeeMediaStudio to remove the contravention without hindrance, or penalty. MarcFeeMediaStudio is to be held in no way responsible for any such data being included.
Cancellation of orders may be made initially by telephone contact, or e-mail, however, following this, MarcFeeMediaStudio will need formal notification in writing to the company's postal address. The client will then be invoiced for all work completed over and above the non-refundable deposit that will have been made at the time of first ordering. The balance of monies due must be paid within 30 days. Please note: any cancellation which is not formally confirmed in writing and received by MarcFeeMediaStudio within 14 days of such instruction being issued, will be liable for the full quoted cost of the project.
MarcFeeMediaStudio makes no warranties of any kind, express or implied, for any and all products and/or services that it supplies. MarcFeeMediaStudio will not be held responsible for any and all damages resulting from products and/or services it supplies. MarcFeeMediaStudio is not responsible for any loss, or consequential loss of data, or non-delivery of products or services, of whatever cause. While we take reasonable steps to investigate the materials we recommend, we accept no responsibility for the performance or quality of materials or any consequential loss arising from their failure. The customer agrees not to hold MarcFeeMediaStudio responsible for any such loss or damage. Any claim against MarcFeeMediaStudio shall be limited to the relevant fee(s) paid by the customer.
MarcFeeMediaStudio reserves the right to use the services of sub-contractors, agents and suppliers and any work, content, services and usage is bound by their Terms and Conditions. MarcFeeMediaStudio will not knowingly perform any actions to contravene these and the client also agrees to be so bound.
MarcFeeMediaStudio and its clients agree to comply with Printers Terms and Conditions which include disclaimers for non-completion on time and the flexibility to supply quantities within 10% of the total ordered. MarcFeeMediaStudio recommend that if an exact quantity is required, then 10% extra is added to the quantity and extra time made available should the job be delayed.
These Terms and Conditions supersede any previous Terms and Conditions distributed in any form. MarcFeeMediaStudio reserves the right to change any rates and any of the Terms and Conditions at any time and without prior notice.
Acceptance of Terms and Conditions and Quotation
The placement of an order for design and/or any other services offered by MarcFeeMediaStudio, by email, verbally or in writing, is deemed to be acceptance of these terms and conditions, which are freely available at www.marcfeemediastudio.com.
An estimate validated by the customer's signature, or acceptance via email or phone, of the estimate or quotation, constitutes acceptance of the estimate or quotation and agreement to comply fully with all the Terms and Conditions and forms a Contract for Business between the signatory and MarcFeeMediaStudio.[/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space height="40px"][/vc_column][/vc_row]


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February 17, 2012
California Avocados Direct Giveaway
My family is the biggest avocado fans. For example, on Super Bowl Sunday, my brother made guacamole with 8 avocados and we ate it all in like an hour along with tons and tons of other food. Avocados are great sliced on a sandwich, used in place of mayo, and or course made into guacamole.
I found the company California Avocados Direct that ships fresh picked avocados right to your door. I contact the company and they kindly sent me a case of their avocados to try. I shared some with the other dietitians at the hospital since I had so many and they were excited to try them. I was sent a different variety that what is normally sold in most grocery stores. They are called fuerte avocados.
The fuerte avocado used to be the "go-to" avocados until the Hass variety took over the market. Fuertes have a delicious, nutty flavor....we can get them in California, but it's hard to find them in other states. The Hass avocados have a thicker skin and ship much better in quantities for grocery stores.....so if you order a subscription from us (or a gift box) you are getting a premium, gourmet avocado that has not spent time in coolers, hasn't tumbled through a sorting machine, hasn't been poked and prodded in a store....just as though you have a tree of your own! Also, this kind of avocado does not turn black!
The giveaway will be for a dozen fuerte avocados from California Avocados Direct ($28 value).
a Rafflecopter giveaway


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I realise this question has been asked before, but as far as I can tell the last time was over a year ago, so I thought it might be worth asking again in the light maybe of newer products being on the market...
I'm having trouble finding a headlight. I only really started serious night-riding this winter, and pretty soon found that the headlight I already had (a Cateye running on 4xAA batteries and rated at 2200 candela) was fine for the city but not for dark country roads. So I started looking for a brighter headlamp and found that Cateye did a newer model, again running on 4xAA batteries but rated at approx. 4000 candela. I bought one and the light was not brilliant but certainly acceptable.
That was just 2 months ago, and on my ride home last night the front of this light just fell out. Fortunately I was carrying a spare but when I got home was unable to fix the new light. Possibly there was another part that got left on the road… Anyway, this is going back for a refund, and I need to start looking for a different headlight.
My requirements are:
- Brightness: at least as bright as the light I'm replacing, although I see that higher-spec lights are specc'd in terms of lumens, not candela, so they are measuring slightly different things. But I am minded to go for something suitable for trail riding, even though I will be using it on a road bike, because the better the view I have of the road (and of the potholes) the safer my ride will be.
- Battery life: will need at least 3 hours between charges, running at full power. Preferably more. My actual commute is normally around 90 mins per day, and I want to build some resilience against (a) unforeseen delays, and (b) forgetting to charge the light every night.
- Size/Portability: I want to be able to put the light on one bike, to get it off in a matter of seconds, to be able to stuff it into my pocket while I'm on the train, and to then use it on another bike when I get off the train. I'd be happy to buy multiple brackets if necessary (which is what I did with the cateye).
- Ruggedness: I don't mind spending money on a headlight but I don't want it falling apart after two months like the last one. I want something that'll be good for a couple of years at least.
- Mounting: I'm only interested in something I can put on the handlebars. (I already have a light on my helmet and like to ride with both sets.)
and a preference is:
- that it runs on AA batteries. This is probably the most awkward thing, and I realise that most of the better headlights run on their own rechargeable batteries, so I may have to sacrifice this one. The reason for wanting this is twofold: First, my rear light runs on AA batteries so in terms of keeping spares in my saddlebag, I only need one variety of battery. Second, I find standard battery sizes reassuring because if push came to shove, I can walk into a shop and buy replacements on the spot.
Other things…..my budget is quite open. I'm quite happy to spend a few hundred (GBP). Obviously, the cheaper the better since ideally I will buy two of them, but by the same token I don't want to sacrifice quality.
I guess my question at the end of all this is whether anybody had any suggestions for me? I know I can google to death, and read reviews all over the web, so I don't need peoples' help there. What would be good are answers based on peoples' real world experience gained over a period of time. The kind of stuff that I'm not likely to see based on the short test e.g. Bikeradar would have performed.
Anyone got any advice? TIA
Update #1 (decided what to buy)
In the end I have sacrificed the AA aspect and today ordered a Niterider Pro 1800 headlight. This was the best my budget would allow and I figure I will be able to run it on med or even low to get the kind of runtimes I'd like. I bought it from a UK dealer - if I were based in the USA I would certainly have given the DiNotte lights more consideration. Thanks very much especially to Benzo and Glenn for pointing me in this direction.
Update #2 (first impressions)
Used the light for the first time today (6:30am, -1C, clear, no moonlight) and was very happy with the brightness (low setting, 400 lumens), and with the shape of the beam (width and depth). "Enough" brightness was a big unknown because some people have mentioned 300 lumens, others much higher values. Seems very well built overall. Battery was a little larger and a little heavier than expected, but not uncomfortably so and not noticed once strapped onto the top tube. Certainly worth it if I can squeeze 6 hours out. Minor issue was the velcro fastener rubbing against my tights, will need to watch that because those tights were expensive! But this will just be fine tuning. I now just need to ride to the station every day for the next 2 months to offset the cost of the light against car park charges!


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Here's the scenario: you've spent the day at the park, you're exhausted, your kids are exhausted, your spouse is exhausted, you don't have an ADR, and you'd rather not stand in line at another counter service restaurant. You need comfort food and you need it now.
I've got a great answer for you…
The Fountain at the Disney World Swan and Dolphin Resort brings back memories of your favorite diner. With a bright red stools at the tiled counter, an ice cream freezer flanking one wall, booths in the back, and more milkshakes than you can could possibly drink listed on the menu, this is the perfect place to sit back, relax, and indulge in some serious comfort food.
At the Fountain, the menu is full of your favorites. Choose from hearty soups and chili, salads, and build-your-own burgers and hot dogs. Also available are tuna, turkey, and organic burgers as well as a vegetarian sloppy joe! Want your sandwich grilled? Check out the Griddled Fladen Breads and melts!
On our recent visit, we were ready for some burgers and dogs, so we ordered both, along with a bowl of chili and the chili cheese fries for good measure! I pretty soon realized that I had to ask for the recipe for their melted cheddar cheese. You guys know I love plastic cheese, and this was some of the best I'd had! If you're anywhere close to the Swan and Dolphin, you must stop into the Fountain for some cheese fries!
My husband enjoyed the chili, and the burger was great. The hot dog was good as well, but the bun ended up being a bit too hard and chewy to make the meal ideal. I appreciate the effort to use a roll vs. a bun, but this was just wasn't working out in terms of ease-of-eating.
However, the real reason we'd come to the Fountain was to test out those incredible milkshakes we'd been hearing so much about! Check out the dessert menu — there are 8 types of shakes, not counting the "regular" kind!
I'd heard great things about the PB&J shake (and I wanted to compare it to 50's Prime Time Cafe's PB&J shake) so I had to get that. We also ordered a plain vanilla shake (what better way to test out quality than get an original?) and a Caramel Apple Sundae!
The vanilla shake was wonderful — the epitome of what a pure, thick milkshake should be. Of course, I had to go and order a little side dish of hot fudge (research purposes!) and tested it out on the milkshake — delicious!
The PB&J shake, however, was not what I was expecting! After the nearly vanilla appearance of the 50's Prime Time Cafe version, I figured this would have the same issue. Boy was I wrong! This shake was pink and had a very distinct strawberry jam flavor. While the strawberry overtook the shake, I could still taste the peanut butter ice cream, and the Reese's Pieces on the top actually added to the flavor in the shake. I'm not sure I would order it again, but it definitely delivered on the promise in the menu!
Finally, the gorgeous Caramel Apple Sundae was delivered. This is basically exactly what it should be: a huge piece of fresh apple pie covered in ice cream and caramel. Seriously — real apple pie! Voila! The only thing that could make this better would be hard-scooped ice cream. Not sure why they don't have vanilla hard-scooped ice cream, but…alas…
Other Eats
If you're on-the-go, you can stop by the Fountain's to-go area for a quick bite.
And there's a groovy kids' menu, too!
This is a wonderful place to stop for a quick bite or to indulge in some made-to-order comfort food. By far, the best reason to go is the spectacular dessert menu — I wanted to try everything! — and those awesome cheese fries. Plus, this restaurant is within walking distance of Epcot and Disney's Hollywood Studios, so it's a great end point to a day in either of those parks, or a great opportunity to escape for a nice, quiet lunch.
Also, just want to make the promise that we'll compare the Fountain to Beaches and Cream in a later post, but, I have to say, they both have their pros and cons! We'll see who comes out on top… 😉


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Visit Anaheim
Our sun-splashed Southern California city, located between Los Angeles and San Diego, is best known as the home to the Disneyland' Resort and the Anaheim Convention Center. Enjoy all that this premier leisure and business destination has to offer with world-famous theme parks and attractions, celebrated restaurants, award-winning local craft breweries, specialty shops, pro sports, cultural museums, top entertainment and unlimited outdoor recreation. Explore what's new downtown at the Anaheim Packing District and Center Street Promenade. There's a lot happening in and around Anaheim. Come and stay awhile, you'll be surprised and inspired.


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Exxon and the World of Foreign Oil
In its quest to produce as much oil as possible, ExxonMobil has long been a global citizen. One of the early pioneers of world domination, Exxon is now losing its grip as the world flattens out and foreign oil companies push to expand their own asset footprints. Exxon, with its history and current struggle to increase production, provides an excellent lens for viewing the risks of doing business as an oil company in today's global marketplace.
Foreign competition
One of the biggest risks to any business is competition. For Exxon, that doesn't merely mean competitors such as Royal Dutch Shell and BP , but also entire nation-states. Foreign governments' appropriation of oil companies and their reserves has had a dramatic impact on the entire industry -- and Exxon specifically. In 1970, Exxon was powering the world. The company produced nearly 15% of oil used by non-communist countries. But 1973 marked the beginning of the end of such dominance. A rash of oil company nationalizations in Venezuela, Saudi Arabia, Libya, and Iran drove Exxon's 6.8 million barrels per day of production down to 1.7 million bpd by 1985 -- 3% of the world's oil supply.
The dominance of state-owned oil and gas companies persists today. China, Brazil, Malaysia, South Korea, and others have joined the ranks of high-octane national oil companies, or NOCs, looking to secure an energy future for their respective governments. In fact, these new oil companies are increasingly more flexible than their peers have been historically. Today's NOCs are going global, and in the case of Malaysia's Petronas, more likely to push back on profit sucking governments that traditionally have inhibited business development.
China's state-owned oil companies -- CNOOC , PetroChina , and Sinopec -- have spent more than $200 billion over the past eight years participating in joint ventures and buying up foreign assets. Exxon spends a lot of money, too, but has been forced to spend even more recently, as competition grows and production projects become more expensive. In 2009, Exxon spent less than $20 billion on exploration and production. The company is upping that number significantly and plans to spend $37 billion every year through 2016.
Though foreign governments are increasingly open to some sort of participation by outside oil companies, they often set terms that Big Oil deems unattractive, though oilfield service companies such as Baker Hughes and Schlumberger participate willingly. For example, you won't find Exxon or Chevron in Mexico, but you will find Baker Hughesand Schlumberger. Pemex, Mexico's state-owned oil company, is prohibited by law from engaging in production-sharing contracts with foreign companies, but it can offer fee-based service contracts that appeal to oilfield service companies.
Political risk
Seeking favorable terms can lead to precarious situations. Exxon found out firsthand in Iraq, when the company was banned from doing business with the Iraqi central government because of its pursuit of a more lucrative production-sharing deal with Kurdistan, the increasingly rebellious semi-autonomous region in northern Iraq. Chevron followed suit this past fall and was also subsequently banned from doing business with the central government.
As a result of its deal with the Kurdish Regional Government, or KRG, and getting the boot from Iraq, Exxon's stake in the giant West Qurna oilfield is now up for grabs. First in line for its 60% stake in the field? PetroChina, naturally.
Tensions are high between Iraq and Kurdistan, and the disputed territory where Exxon wants to drill is a large part of the reason. Exxon itself may become the flash point in a situation that right now has both sides advocating for peace while amassing troops along the border in question.
The political risk of doing business in Iraq is high, but it is a risk that more and more supermajors are taking on as they develop new projects. The following six projects represent 50% of new production Exxon is expecting to bring online between now and the end of 2014.
Targeted Production
Papua New Guinea
Source: The Wall Street Journal.
The geopolitical risk for some of these projects is pretty obvious, but even a country as seemingly innocuous as Canada can't be taken for granted. Exxon's big project there is in the oil sands, arguably the most contentious source of oil on the planet. Oil sands projects are expensive, complex, and despised by environmentalists, whose protests -- both physical and legal -- can cause delays. This particular project, which Exxon is operating with Imperial Oil , was slated to begin before the end of 2012 but was delayed and is now supposedly weeks away from production.
Foolish takeaway
Exxon's share performance over the past five years is essentially flat, and the company, along with its Big Oil peers, is fighting an uphill battle to stay relevant to investors. The challenge is made more difficult by the changing global marketplace.
Smaller, independent operators such as Kodiak Oil & Gas may provide a better option for investors in the near term. Kodiak is a dynamic growth story, but with great opportunities come great risks. Before you hitch your horse to this carriage, let us help you with your due diligence. To see whether Kodiak is currently a buy or sell, check out our new premium report, which comes with a year of timely updates and analysis.
The article Exxon and the World of Foreign Oil originally appeared on Fool.com.
Fool contributor Aimee Duffy holds no position in any company mentioned. Check out her holdings and a short bio. If you have the energy, see what she's keeping an eye on by following her on Twitter, where she goes by @TMFDuffy. The Motley Fool recommends Chevron and owns shares of ExxonMobil. Try any of our Foolish newsletter services free for 30 days. We Fools don't all hold the same opinions, but we all believe that considering a diverse range of insights makes us better investors. The Motley Fool has a disclosure policy.
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Finding home tutors in Putrajaya and in other cities in Malaysia is now easy with MyPrivateTutor. We also help you find tuition classes and coaching centers in Putrajaya as well as online tutors. Home tuition helps to get higher marks and increase confidence. Use our portal to find the best local tutors, tutorial centers and tuition classes in Putrajaya.
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