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Kinesiology (from Ancient Greek κίνησις (kínēsis) 'movement', and -λογία -logía 'study of') is the scientific study of human body movement. Kinesiology addresses physiological, anatomical, biomechanical, pathological, neuropsychological principles and mechanisms of movement. Applications of kinesiology to human health include biomechanics and orthopedics; strength and conditioning; sport psychology; motor control; skill acquisition and motor learning; methods of rehabilitation, such as physical and occupational therapy; and sport and exercise physiology. Studies of human and animal motion include measures from motion tracking systems, electrophysiology of muscle and brain activity, various methods for monitoring physiological function, and other behavioral and cognitive research techniques.[1][2]
Basics Edit
Kinesiology studies the science of human movement, performance, and function by applying the fundamental sciences of Cell Biology, Molecular Biology, Chemistry, Biochemistry, Biophysics, Biomechanics, Biomathematics, Biostatistics, Anatomy, Physiology, Exercise Physiology, Pathophysiology, Neuroscience, and Nutritional science. A bachelor's degree in kinesiology can provide strong preparation for graduate study in biomedical research, as well as in professional programs, such as medicine, dentistry, physical therapy, and occupational therapy.
The term "kinesiologist" is not a licensed nor professional designation in many countries, with the notable exception of Canada. Individuals with training in this area can teach physical education, work as personal trainers and sport coaches, provide consulting services, conduct research and develop policies related to rehabilitation, human motor performance, ergonomics, and occupational health and safety. In North America, kinesiologists may study to earn a Bachelor of Science, Master of Science, or Doctorate of Philosophy degree in Kinesiology or a Bachelor of Kinesiology degree, while in Australia or New Zealand, they are often conferred an Applied Science (Human Movement) degree (or higher). Many doctoral level faculty in North American kinesiology programs received their doctoral training in related disciplines, such as neuroscience, mechanical engineering, psychology, and physiology.
In 1965, the University of Massachusetts Amherst created the United States' first Department of Exercise Science (now called Kinesiology) under the leadership of visionary researchers and academicians in the field of exercise science.[3] In 1967, the University of Waterloo launched Canada's first kinesiology department.[4]
Principles Edit
Adaptation through exercise Edit
Adaptation through exercise is a key principle of kinesiology that relates to improved fitness in athletes as well as health and wellness in clinical populations. Exercise is a simple and established intervention for many movement disorders and musculoskeletal conditions due to the neuroplasticity of the brain[17] and the adaptability of the musculoskeletal system.[12][13][14] Therapeutic exercise has been shown to improve neuromotor control and motor capabilities in both normal[18] and pathological populations.[6][19]
There are many different types of exercise interventions that can be applied in kinesiology to athletic, normal, and clinical populations. Aerobic exercise interventions help to improve cardiovascular endurance.[20] Anaerobic strength training programs can increase muscular strength,[13] power,[21] and lean body mass.[22] Decreased risk of falls and increased neuromuscular control can be attributed to balance intervention programs.[23] Flexibility programs can increase functional range of motion and reduce the risk of injury.[24]
As a whole, exercise programs can reduce symptoms of depression[25] and risk of cardiovascular[26] and metabolic diseases.[27] Additionally, they can help to improve quality of life,[28] sleeping habits,[25] immune system function,[29] and body composition.[30]
The study of the physiological responses to physical exercise and their therapeutic applications is known as exercise physiology, which is an important area of research within kinesiology.
Neuroplasticity Edit
Neuroplasticity is also a key scientific principle used in kinesiology to describe how movement and changes in the brain are related. The human brain adapts and acquires new motor skills based on this principle.[42] The brain can be exposed to new stimuli and experiences and therefore learn from them and create new neural pathways hence leading to brain adaptation. These new adaptations and skills include both adaptive and maladaptive brain changes.
Adaptive plasticity
Recent empirical evidence indicates the significant impact of physical activity on brain function; for example, greater amounts of physical activity are associated with enhanced cognitive function in older adults.[43] The effects of physical activity can be distributed throughout the whole brain, such as higher gray matter density and white matter integrity after exercise training,[44][45] and/or on specific brain areas, such as greater activation in prefrontal cortex and hippocampus.[46] Neuroplasticity is also the underlying mechanism of skill acquisition. For example, after long-term training, pianists showed greater gray matter density in sensorimotor cortex and white matter integrity in the internal capsule compared to non-musicians.[47][48]
Maladaptive plasticity
Maladaptive plasticity is defined as neuroplasticity with negative effects or detrimental consequences in behavior.[49][50] Movement abnormalities may occur among individuals with and without brain injuries due to abnormal remodeling in central nervous system.[36][51] Learned non-use is an example commonly seen among patients with brain damage, such as stroke. Patients with stroke learned to suppress paretic limb movement after unsuccessful experience in paretic hand use; this may cause decreased neuronal activation at adjacent areas of the infarcted motor cortex.[52][53]
There are many types of therapies that are designed to overcome maladaptive plasticity in clinic and research, such as constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT), body weight support treadmill training (BWSTT) and virtual reality therapy. These interventions are shown to enhance motor function in paretic limbs[54][55][56] and stimulate cortical reorganization[57][58][59] in patients with brain damage.
Motor redundancy Edit
Motor redundancy is a widely used concept in kinesiology and motor control which states that, for any task the human body can perform, there are effectively an unlimited number of ways the nervous system could achieve that task.[60] This redundancy appears at multiple levels in the chain of motor execution:
- Kinematic redundancy means that for a desired location of the endpoint (e.g. the hand or finger), there are many configurations of the joints that would produce the same endpoint location in space.
- Muscle redundancy means that the same net joint torque could be generated by many different relative contributions of individual muscles.
- Motor unit redundancy means that for the same net muscle force could be generated by many different relative contributions of motor units within that muscle.
The concept of motor redundancy is explored in numerous studies,[61][62][63] usually with the goal of describing the relative contribution of a set of motor elements (e.g. muscles) in various human movements, and how these contributions can be predicted from a comprehensive theory. Two distinct (but not incompatible) theories have emerged for how the nervous system coordinates redundant elements: simplification and optimization. In the simplification theory, complex movements and muscle actions are constructed from simpler ones, often known as primitives or synergies, resulting in a simpler system for the brain to control.[64][65] In the optimization theory, motor actions arise from the minimization of a control parameter,[63] such as the energetic cost of movement or errors in movement performance.[66]
Scope of practice Edit
In Canada, kinesiology is a professional designation as well as an area of study.[67] In the province of Ontario the scope has been officially defined as, "the assessment of human movement and performance and its rehabilitation and management to maintain, rehabilitate or enhance movement and performance"[68]
Kinesiologists work in a variety of roles as health professionals. They work as rehabilitation providers in hospitals, clinics and private settings working with populations needing care for musculoskeletal, cardiac and neurological conditions. They provide rehabilitation to persons injured at work and in vehicular accidents. Kinesiologists also work as functional assessment specialists, exercise therapists, ergonomists, return to work specialists, case managers and medical legal evaluators. They can be found in hospital, long-term care, clinic, work, and community settings.[69] Additionally, kinesiology is applied in areas of health and fitness for all levels of athletes, but more often found with training of elite athletes.
Licensing and regulation Edit
Canada Edit
In Canada, kinesiology has been designated a regulated health profession in Ontario.[70] Kinesiology was granted the right to regulate in the province of Ontario in the summer of 2007[71] and similar proposals have been made for other provinces. The College of Kinesiologists of Ontario achieved proclamation on April 1, 2013, at which time the professional title "Kinesiologist" became protected by law. In Ontario only members of the college may call themselves a Registered Kinesiologist. Individuals who have earned degrees in kinesiology can work in research, the fitness industry, clinical settings, and in industrial environments.[72] They also work in cardiac rehabilitation, health and safety, hospital and long-term care facilities and community health centers just to name a few.
Health service Edit
- Health promotion
- Kinesiologists working in the health promotion industry work with individuals to enhance the health, fitness, and well-being of the individual. Kinesiologists can be found working in fitness facilities, personal training/corporate wellness facilities, and industry.
- Clinical/rehabilitation
- Kinesiologists work with individuals with disabling conditions to assist in regaining their optimal physical function. They work with individuals in their home, fitness facilities, rehabilitation clinics, and at the worksite. They also work alongside physiotherapists and occupational therapists.
- Ergonomics
- Kinesiologists work in industry to assess suitability of design of workstations and provide suggestions for modifications and assistive devices.
- Health and safety
- Kinesiologists are involved in consulting with industry to identify hazards and provide recommendations and solutions to optimize the health and safety of workers.
- Disability management/case coordination
- Kinesiologists recommend and provide a plan of action to return an injured individual to their optimal function in all aspects of life.
- Management/research/administration
- Kinesiologists frequently fulfill roles in all above areas, perform research, and manage businesses.[73]
- Health education
- Kinesiologists working in health education teach people about behaviors that promote wellness. They develop and implement strategies to improve the health of individuals and communities. Community health workers collect data and discuss health concerns with members of specific populations or communities.[74]
- Athletic training
- Kinesiologists working in athletic training work in cooperation with physicians. Athletic trainers strive to prevent athletes from suffering injuries, diagnose them if they have suffered an injury and apply the appropriate treatment.[75]
- Athletic coaches and scouts
- Kinesiologists who pursue a career as an athletic coach develop new talent and guide an athlete's progress in a specific sport. They teach amateur or professional athletes the skills they need to succeed at their sport. Many coaches are also involved in scouting. Scouts look for new players and evaluate their skills and likelihood for success at the college, amateur, or professional level.[76]
- Physical education teacher
- Kinesiologists working as physical education teachers are responsible for teaching fitness, sports and health. They help students stay both mentally and physically fit by teaching them to make healthy choices.[77]
- Physical therapy
- Kinesiologists working in physical therapy diagnose physical abnormalities, restore mobility to the client, and promote proper function of joints.[78]
History of kinesiology Edit
Royal Central Institute of Gymnastics (sv) G.C.I. was founded 1813 in Stockholm, Sweden by Pehr Henrik Ling. It was the first Physiotherapy school in the world, training hundreds of medical gymnasts who spread the Swedish physical therapy around the entire world. In 1887, Sweden was the first country in the world to give a national state licence to physiotherapists/physical therapists.[79]
The Swedish medical gymnast and kinesiologist Carl August Georgii (sv), Professor at the Royal Gymnastic Central Institute GCI in Stockholm, was the one who created and coined the new international word Kinesiology in 1854.[79]
The term Kinesiology is a literal translation to Greek+English from the original Swedish word Rörelselära, meaning "Movement Science". It was the foundation of the Medical Gymnastics, the original Physiotherapy and Physical Therapy, developed for over 100 years in Sweden (starting 1813).[79]
The new medical therapy created in Sweden was originally called Rörelselära (sv), and later in 1854 translated to the new and invented international word "Kinesiology". The Kinesiology consisted of nearly 2,000 physical movements and 50 different types of massage therapy techniques. They were all used to affect various dysfunctions and even illnesses, not only in the movement apparatus, but also into the internal physiology of man. Thus, the original classical and Traditional Kinesiology was not only a system of rehabilitation for the body, or biomechanics like in modern Academic Kinesiology, but also a new therapy for relieving and curing diseases, by affecting the autonomic nervous system, organs and glands in the body.,[79][80]
In 1886, the Swedish Medical Gymnast Nils Posse (1862-1895) introduced the term kinesiology in the U.S.[81] Nils Posse was a graduate of the Royal Gymnastic Central Institute in Stockholm, Sweden and founder of the Posse Gymnasium in Boston, MA. He was teaching at Boston Normal School of Gymnastics BNSG.[82]The Special Kinesiology Of Educational Gymnastics was the first book ever written in the world with the word "Kinesiology" in the title of the book. It was written by Nils Posse and published in Boston, 1894–1895.[83] Posse was elected posthumously as an Honorary Fellow in Memoriam in the National Academy of Kinesiology.[84]
The National Academy of Kinesiology was formally founded in 1930 in the United States. The Academy's dual purpose is to encourage and promote the study and educational applications of the art and science of human movement and physical activity and to honor by election to its membership persons who have directly or indirectly contributed significantly to the study of and/or application of the art and science of human movement and physical activity. Membership in the National Academy of Kinesiology is by election and those elected are known as Fellows. Fellows are elected from around the world. Election into the National Academy of Kinesiology is considered a pinnacle achievement and recognition with the discipline.[85] For further information see: http://nationalacademyofkinesiology.org
Technology in kinesiology Edit
Motion capture technology has application in measuring human movement, and thus kinesiology. Historically, motion capture labs have recorded high fidelity data. While accurate and credible, these systems can come at high capital and operational costs. Modern-day systems have increased accessibility to mocap technology.
See also Edit
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- ^ Wolf, SL; Winstein, CJ; Miller, JP; Taub, E; Uswatte, G; Morris, D; Giuliani, C; Light, KE; Nichols-Larsen, D; EXCITE, Investigators (Nov 1, 2006). "Effect of constraint-induced movement therapy on upper extremity function 3 to 9 months after stroke: the EXCITE randomized clinical trial". JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association. 296 (17): 2095–104. doi:10.1001/jama.296.17.2095. PMID 17077374.
- ^ Turolla, A; Dam, M; Ventura, L; Tonin, P; Agostini, M; Zucconi, C; Kiper, P; Cagnin, A; Piron, L (Aug 1, 2013). "Virtual reality for the rehabilitation of the upper limb motor function after stroke: a prospective controlled trial". Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation. 10: 85. doi:10.1186/1743-0003-10-85. PMC 3734026. PMID 23914733.
- ^ Orihuela-Espina F, Fernández del Castillo I, Palafox L, Pasaye E, Sánchez-Villavicencio I, Leder R, Franco JH, Sucar LE (May–Jun 2013). "Neural reorganization accompanying upper limb motor rehabilitation from stroke with virtual reality-based gesture therapy". Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation. 20 (3): 197–209. doi:10.1310/tsr2003-197. hdl:10044/1/32069. PMID 23841967. S2CID 23333840.
- ^ Szaflarski, JP; Page, SJ; Kissela, BM; Lee, JH; Levine, P; Strakowski, SM (August 2006). "Cortical reorganization following modified constraint-induced movement therapy: a study of 4 patients with chronic stroke". Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 87 (8): 1052–8. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2006.04.018. PMID 16876549.
- ^ Yang, YR; Chen, IH; Liao, KK; Huang, CC; Wang, RY (April 2010). "Cortical reorganization induced by body weight-supported treadmill training in patients with hemiparesis of different stroke durations". Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 91 (4): 513–8. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2009.11.021. PMID 20382280.
- ^ Bernstein, Nikolai (1967). The Co-ordination and Regulation of Movement. Long Island City, NY: Permagon Press. p. 196.
- ^ Latash, ML; Scholz, JP; Schöner, G (January 2002). "Motor control strategies revealed in the structure of motor variability". Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews. 30 (1): 26–31. doi:10.1097/00003677-200201000-00006. PMID 11800496. S2CID 5761936.
- ^ Tresch, MC; Jarc, A (December 2009). "The case for and against muscle synergies". Current Opinion in Neurobiology. 19 (6): 601–7. doi:10.1016/j.conb.2009.09.002. PMC 2818278. PMID 19828310.
- ^ a b Todorov, E; Jordan, MI (November 2002). "Optimal feedback control as a theory of motor coordination". Nature Neuroscience. 5 (11): 1226–35. doi:10.1038/nn963. PMID 12404008. S2CID 205441511.
- ^ d'Avella, A; Saltiel, P; Bizzi, E (March 2003). "Combinations of muscle synergies in the construction of a natural motor behavior". Nature Neuroscience. 6 (3): 300–8. doi:10.1038/nn1010. PMID 12563264. S2CID 2437859.
- ^ Mussa-Ivaldi, FA; Giszter, SF; Bizzi, E (Aug 2, 1994). "Linear combinations of primitives in vertebrate motor control". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 91 (16): 7534–8. Bibcode:1994PNAS...91.7534M. doi:10.1073/pnas.91.16.7534. PMC 44436. PMID 8052615.
- ^ Harris, CM; Wolpert, DM (Aug 20, 1998). "Signal-dependent noise determines motor planning". Nature. 394 (6695): 780–4. Bibcode:1998Natur.394..780H. doi:10.1038/29528. PMID 9723616. S2CID 4429717.
- ^ "Welcome to the Ontario Kinesiology Association". Oka.on.ca. Archived from the original on 2008-09-24. Retrieved 2009-07-25.
- ^ "Law Document English View". gov.on.ca. 24 July 2014. Archived from the original on 3 April 2015. Retrieved 27 April 2018.
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2013-06-28. Retrieved 2014-06-26.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
- ^ Hoffman, S. J. (2008). Shirl J. Hoffman (ed.). Introduction to Kinesiology (3 ed.). Human Kinetics. ISBN 9780736076135.
- ^ "Kinesiology Act, 2007, S.O. 2007, c. 10, Sched. O". E-laws.gov.on.ca. 2007-06-04. Archived from the original on 2009-06-11. Retrieved 2009-07-25.
- ^ "CKA - Canadian Kinesiology Alliance - Alliance Canadienne de Kinésiologie". Cka.ca. Archived from the original on 2009-03-18. Retrieved 2009-07-25.
- ^ "CKA - Canadian Kinesiology Alliance - Alliance Canadienne de Kinésiologie". Cka.ca. Archived from the original on 2009-06-03. Retrieved 2009-07-25.
- ^ "Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2016-17 Edition, Health Educators and Community Health Workers". 20 April 2016. Archived from the original on 15 April 2016.
- ^ "Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2016-17 Edition, Athletic Trainers". 20 April 2016. Archived from the original on 19 April 2016.
- ^ "Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2016-17 Edition, Coaches and Scouts". 20 April 2016. Archived from the original on 19 April 2016.
- ^ "Concordia Online Education, Physical Education Teacher: Job and Salary, Information for P.E. Teachers". teaching careers, 2016. 20 April 2016. Archived from the original on 5 May 2016.
- ^ "Physical therapy: Who can benefit and how can it help?". www.medicalnewstoday.com. 2017-03-08. Retrieved 2021-10-11.
- ^ a b c d Ottosson, Anders (2010). "The First Historical Movements of Kinesiology: Scientification in the Borderline between Physical Culture and Medicine around 1850". The International Journal of the History of Sport. 27 (11): 1892–1919. doi:10.1080/09523367.2010.491618. PMID 20653114. S2CID 205633105.
- ^ Ottosson, Anders (2007). Sjukgymnasten - vart tog han vägen? En undersökning av sjukgymnastyrkets maskulinisering och avmaskulinisering 1813-1934. Gothenburg Sweden, Göteborg Sverige: Doctoral Theses from University of Gothenburg. ISBN 978-91-88614-56-8.
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-09-11. Retrieved 2017-11-06.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2017-11-07. Retrieved 2017-11-06.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
- ^ www.Kinesiology.com, Mac Pompeius Wolontis. "Kinesiology.com - manual muscle testing MMT". kinesiology.com. Archived from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 27 April 2018.
- ^ Cardinal, Bradley J. (2022). "Missing Honorary Fellow in Memoriam found: The Baron Nils Posse, 1862–1895" (PDF). National Academy of Kinesiology Newsletter. 44 (1): 0–11.
- ^ Cardinal, Bradley J. (2022). "The National Academy of Kinesiology: Its founding, focus, and future". Kinesiology Review. 11 (1): 6–25. doi:10.1123/kr.2021-0064.
External links Edit
- The dictionary definition of kinesiology at Wiktionary


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Understanding Google My Business & Local Search
Google Places Updates Quality Guidelines on the Use of PO Boxes
Google has once again updated (props to Nyagoslav for first highlighting the change) their Google Places Quality Guideline in regards to the use of PO Boxes in the address field. Once proscribed, they are not again allowed in the second address field only.
Google first added the prohibition on the use of PO Boxes in 2009 after widespread abuses of the feature to create additional locations. In late 2010, after the November 2010 guideline update, they actively began removing rejecting listings that had PO Box in their address. Subsequently they added a nanny bot filter in the Places Dashboard that prevented the use of the words PO Box when creating a new Places listing that gave a Term Not Allowed error if the term were used.
Here is the evolution of the guideline from 2009 till today with the changes highlighted:
|Do not create listings at locations where the business does not physically exist. PO Boxes do not count as physical locations.
|Do not create listings at locations where the business does not physically exist. P.O. Boxes are not considered accurate physical locations. Listings submitted with P.O. Box addresses will be removed.
|Do not create a listing or place your pin marker at a location where the business does not physically exist. P.O. Boxes are not considered accurate physical locations. If you operate from a location but receive mail at a P.O. Box there, please list your physical address in Address Line 1, and put your P.O. Box information in Address Line 2.
The new guideline is an accurate reflection of the real world use of PO Boxes. In many rural environments in the US for example there is no rural mail deliver and all mail is delivered by PO Boxes. The change will allow these businesses to more easily get their listings approved without the need for a work around or intervention by a Google staffer via the new Troubleshooters.
This rule clarification was the effective, although unstated guideline that was in affect until 11/17/2010. However creative spammers developed a work around exploit that allowed for the creation of fake listings within the city centers. I described this simple exploit in the post Illusory Laptop Repair – A Most Elegant Google Places Hack.
Certainly the change will be welcomed by legitimate businesses that do not receive mail at their address. It will also relieve the Troubleshooter staff in Mt View of a tedious work freeing them up to solve less tractable problems. Hopefully Google has put in place adequate safeguards to prevent the widespread abuse that previously existed.
© Copyright 2023 - MIKE BLUMENTHAL, ALL RIGHT RESERVED.

subset: commoncrawl


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UPDATE: Women Writing and Reading Conference (2/28/07; 5/4/07-5/6/07)
Please distribute.
Women Writing and Reading: Past and Present, Local and Global
4-6 May 2007 At the University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
This three day conference, being held at the University of Alberta,
offers a forum for academics and the wider community to discuss
issues around the theme of women as writers and readers. The aim of
the conference is to explore these issues in the past and present,
and in a local and global context. We invite contributions from a
wide variety of perspectives – social, literary, artistic,
historical, political, economic, scientific, legal, philosophical,
and so on. What, why, and how do women read and write? What
conditions shape women's reading and writing? What is the
relationship between women's reading and writing?
We are seeking proposals that engage with these questions in
innovative ways. The scope of the conference also includes performing
and creative arts. Presentations may be in the form of individual
papers, entire panels, workshops, creative pieces, performance, film
or video, multimedia projects, and any other alternative formats.
Individual presentations should be 20 minutes long, for inclusion in
a 90 minute session with plenty of time for discussion and feedback.
A selection of papers will be published. Early submission is
encouraged. Deadline for proposals is 28 February.
Please send proposals of 300 words to the conference organizers by
email or regular mail to: wwr2007_at_ualberta.ca
Patricia Demers
Gary Kelly
Department of English and Film Studies
University of Alberta
Edmonton, Alberta
For more information about the conference, please see our website:
From the Literary Calls for Papers Mailing List
Full Information at
or write Jennifer Higginbotham: higginbj_at_english.upenn.edu
Received on Thu Feb 01 2007 - 18:59:09 EST


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Locate Ancestral Town Using World War I Draft Registration Cards
Have had a rather exciting find for 2011. My father's family of HILLENBRANDs in Syracuse started with grandfather Jacob HILLENBRAND coming from Markelsheim, Wuerttemburg in 1885. I have mentioned this before on this blog, and his photo can be seen on my main website at www.UNYG.com.
Well last month I received an email from my new best friend, a genealogist that actually lives in Markelsheim and she offered to help! Wow, you should all be so lucky.
This very kind lady went through the church record books and was able to take some of my Markelsheim lines back almost to the 1500′s. I had done the best I could with my self-taught Genealogical German when I used these same records on microfilm at LDS in Salt Lake city some 25 or 30 years ago.
The earliest HILLENBRAND ancestor that I had recorded previously was a Caspar HILLENBRAND, a baker of Markelsheim with an estimated date of birth of about 1760 with no known location in Germany. His wife's name was Barbara (PFAU), with no further information that I had been able to discover.
So now with a native German researcher going through the same Catholic Church records she was able to locate his parents names and place of birth as another Caspar HILLENBRAND, also a baker of Röttingen, Wuerttemburg, Germany, which is only about 8 miles up the Taube River from where Markelsheim is located.
So now I will be ordering the microfilms of Röttingen to see what I might find. This caused a light to go on in my noggin as Röttingen is right on the border with Bavaria. The reason that is so exciting to me is that there was another family of HILLENBRANDs in Syracuse that came in 1866, and for many years I have always told every one that we are not likely related as they were from Bavaria and my direct line was from Wuerttemburg .
So fortunately I have been working on the "other" HILLENBRAND family off and on, with quite a bit more research in the past month as I bought the book, "Unbroken" by the best selling author, Laura HILLENBRAND, (she also wrote "Seabiscuit"), and it turns out she is a descendant of this same "other" HILLENBRAND family in Syracuse.
Now we get to the title of this Blog post and what it has to do with the World War I Draft Registration Cards. This excellent collection of some 24 million names of men that registered for the draft has been available on Ancestry.com for quite a number of years now and it has been very helpful in finding dates of birth and many other details like nearest relative, occupation and more.
If you have used these draft cards online before you will have noted that they are often quite hard to read as the image quality is very poor. Usually you are able to read it well enough to get some of the data and it is helpful.
So I found a card on Ancestry of an Anthony HILLENBRAND and lo and behold it listed his father's place of birth as [unreadable] Bavaria, Germany. So I downloaded the image and ran it through photoshop, and enhanced it the best I could by sharpening the edges and altering the brightness and contrast and still the best I could guess at were names something like; Nissisedicl, Rissiuqid, Kissiseaicl, and about a half-dozen other total meaningless spellings.
Then I decided to dig deeper on these draft cards, and discovered that the National Archives southeast Region Branch near Atlanta has high quality scans available to purchase online. It is really quite easy. All you have to do is set up an account and this same account may be used for future purchases.
I ordered a digital download copy of Anthony's card for five dollars and was told that it would be 4 to 5 days. I ordered yesterday, Sunday, and the order was ready today, Monday!
Well Bingo! The card is very clear to read and the name of the town is "Kissengen", Bavaria, Germany. It is too soon to be sure but at first check of Google maps and an old World Gazetteer it is most likely Bad Kissengen which is just a little northeast of Würzburg, and as Markelsheim is just a little southeast of Würzburg, so we just might have a connection after all.
I will be trying to locate church or civil records of Bad Kissengen and for some reason it does not seem to be a place name that is in the LDS film catalog by doing a place search. I will find it for sure, this has all just happened today! Turns out the two towns are only about 68 miles apart.
In reading the description of the National Archives WW I Draft Cards they note that there were three different series of these cards issued in 1917 and 1918, and only one short group asked for the name of the father's birth place, so we were indeed fortunate that Anthony registered when he did.
Here are comparisons of the two different scans.
Note the ancestry version is so compressed digitally that much of the card is hard to read, but a good high def scan of the original record is excellent. Five dollars well spent and you all might want to do the same on some of those hard to read draft cards.
6 Responses to "Locate Ancestral Town Using World War I Draft Registration Cards"
Good for you, Dick! Now all you need is a Y-DNA sample from the "other" Hillenbrand family to compare to your own and you'll clinch the deal. Happy New Year! Doris
Great Tip.
I also like the WWI draft cards… I decided to look up my grandfathers and found both listed, one in NY and one in WI, where I knew already that they were… neither served, as they were farmers… then I also decided to look up some cousins we knew served from Paris, NY, and bingo, I found all four of those brothers listed and made copies for relatives to enjoy looking at… the relatives like seeing some old records rather than just seeing our charts and may become interested in research after seeing some of the old records, like censuses, farm stats and draft records, etc. I did have trouble finding one of the brothers, as he was working way out in Montana, so when I only used NY as the location, he didnt show up, so later somehow he did show up, perhaps by not listing NY, i dont remember, but he was found eventually. I am looking at directories and censuses of Philadelphia recently, looking for relatives who came over from Ireland in 1838… i found the ten Williamson family members by using Ancestry's immigration index to passengers lists… they are found in 1838, coming to NYC via the ship Lotus from County Monaghan, Ireland, via Liverpool… The majority of them stayed around Philadelphia, but my ancestor John Williamson decided to farm it out in Wisconsin, took a claim and married and raised a family of 13 kids on the farm… later he was in the civil war and then returned to farm till he died in 1890. Last summer my family tree on My Heritage had a match with a man out in Colorado, and when I checked the match, it was real and I sent him a note to say we are cousins, and now we are sharing data and photos… he grew up on or near the old farm and the original farm from the 1840s is still in the family out in Wisconsin. As a way of sharing more, I have begun to look at the Philadelphia records for more about the Williamsons… it is a chore, as there are more than one family in Philly, so I collect data and then sort them out one by one… I have copied all of the Williamsons from the city directories from 1838 to 1870 and may do more later… When I looked at the 1865 city directory, I wanted to also copy the cemetery list, the names of the many cemeteries in the area with addresses, etc… I also found a notation in the preface to the 1865 directory that said basically that the compilation of the names for 1865 was a very hard task… canvassers were refused information at hundreds of homes, due to fears that they were collecting info for the US military draft for what we now call the Civil War… the 1865 names were collected in late 1864, when the war was still going and people didnt know it would end in 1865… the 1865 city directory was 853 pages… the 1866 directory was 944 pages and had at least 12,000 more names than the 1865 edition, with a total of about 135,000 names in 1866, according to the preface of the 1866 edition. A war can create records, but the fear of folks can also hide info during a war… Loren Fay Albany, NY


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This is paradise. I was there.
I'm home now, though – just – and it's just as good. This is where my kids are. Where Kyle is. Where my heart is. It's not wild orchids and palm trees and tropical breezes, but it's mine, and it's good.
(Also, I came home to this. For which, ironically, there are no words. Except these: thank you. You helped make that happen. Lives saved, you guys. That's better than paradise.)


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text:
Sacred Biography, Or, The History of the Patriarchs: To which is Added the History of Deborah, Ruth, and Hannah, Being a Course of Lectures Delivered at the Scots Church, London Wall, Volume 3
T. Simpson, 1806 - Bible
Selected pages
Other editions - View all
Sacred Biography, Or, the History of the Patriarchs: To Which Is Added the ...
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Sacred Biography, Or, the History of the Patriarchs: To Which Is Added, the ...
Henry Hunter
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Common terms and phrases
according affection appear become behold blessing blood Boaz body bring character child Christ comfort command conduct dead death divine duty earth eternal event evil excellent eyes faith father feel female give glory grace hand Hannah happy hath head hear heart heaven holy honor hope human importance instruction interest Israel judge judgment kind king labor land light live look Lord lost means meet mind Moses mother Mount nature never object observe once pass peace perfect person possession praise present prophet Providence reason religion respect Ruth sacred sense sons soul speak spirit stand strength tender thee things thou thousand throne tion tribe truth turn unto virtue whole wisdom wise woman
Popular passages
Page ii - And the Lord said unto Moses, Make thee a fiery serpent, and set it upon a pole : and it shall come to pass, that every one that is bitten, when he looketh upon it, shall live.
Page xiii - He raiseth up the poor out of the dust, and lifteth up the beggar from the dunghill, to set them among princes, and to make them inherit the throne of glory, for the pillars of the earth are the Lord's, and he hath set the world upon them.
Page 257 - The mother of Sisera looked out at a window, and cried through the lattice, Why is his chariot so long in coming ? Why tarry the wheels of his chariots...
Page 33 - And the LORD sent fiery serpents among the people, and they bit the people ; and much people of Israel died.
Page 90 - Keep therefore and do them; for this is your wisdom and your understanding in the sight of the nations, which shall hear all these statutes, and say, Surely this great nation is a wise and understanding people.
Page iv - And the Lord said unto him, This is the land which I sware unto Abraham, unto Isaac, and unto Jacob, saying, I will give it unto thy seed : I have caused thee to see it with thine eyes, but thou shalt not go over thither.
Page v - And as he prayed, the fashion of his countenance was altered, and his raiment was white and glistering. 30 And, behold, there talked with him two men, which were Moses and Elias: 31 Who appeared in glory, and spake of his decease which he should accomplish at Jerusalem.
Page 195 - And the Lord God caused a deep sleep to fall upon Adam, and he slept: and he took one of his ribs, and closed up the flesh instead thereof. And the rib which the Lord God had taken from man, made he a woman, and brought her unto the man.
Page 36 - Oh that men would praise the Lord for his goodness. And for his wonderful works to the children of men!
Page 91 - For this commandment which I command thee this day, it is not hidden from thee, neither is it far off. It is not in heaven, that thou shouldest say, Who shall go up for us to heaven, and bring it unto us, that we may hear it, and do it? Neither is it beyond the sea, that thou shouldest say, Who shall go over the sea for us, and bring it unto us, that we may hear it, and do it? But the word is very nigh unto thee, in thy mouth, and in thy heart, that thou mayest do it.


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Sunday, 12 August 2012
#SilentSunday: 12th August 2012
16 comments:
Is that the flame?ReplyDelete
Is it the Olympic Flame?? Great shot! xReplyDelete
Yes I marblecam effected it!ReplyDelete
I wouldn't have guessed and I was only there Thursday!ReplyDelete
Marblecam makes everything funky!ReplyDelete
Great photo!ReplyDelete
- Jo Bryan12 August 2012 at 04:10
Wow, stunning effect. Love it.ReplyDelete
Oooh, however did you manage that effect? Very clever and a great photoReplyDelete
Wow, that's so captivating!ReplyDelete
- MidlifeSinglemum12 August 2012 at 09:16
I thought it was a disco - I have no imagination.ReplyDelete
- Nicola Carpenter12 August 2012 at 10:01
Wow, that's different.ReplyDelete
- cookiejarlife12 August 2012 at 12:18
that looks so pretty :)ReplyDelete
Very creative, it's brill!ReplyDelete
Such a cool photo Becky...a great way to show the flameReplyDelete
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Shop Toast rolls out new Halloween kokeshi and candy
Favors of the Month
Halloween. One of the scariest times of the year. Other than tax day.
It's also, thanks to Shop Toast, one of the cutest. Especially now that the quaint Kaimuki shop has added two adorably spooky treats guaranteed to make your Halloween party a graveyard smash (hit).
You've already got the basics covered. The decor: cobwebby. The food: pumpkin-y. The murderous zombie in the closet… okay, you seriously need to look into that. But what'll make the party even more memorable is what your guests will take home afterward (besides a heart attack).
We're talking about Shop Toast's super cute Halloween kokeshi dolls which include a ghost, Dracula, Frankenstein and, now, the Bride of Frankenstein, complete with stylish spiderweb-covered updo, fun white streaks and a perfect red pout. Fill each one with candy and let guests choose their favorite.
We're also goblin down Shop Toast's other tasty new treat in partnership with Menehune Mac: a fun, mad scientist petri dish filled with orange cream flavored white chocolate and a "culture" of colorful swirls and sprinkles. Warning: You might be tempted to eat this yourself and blame some pesky poltergeist.
Though your guests will see right through you.
Bride of Frankenstein kokeshi, $12, Halloween petri dish candy, $7. Shop Toast is located at 3434 Waialae Ave. #3. For more information, call (808) 447-9233 or visit ShopToast.com. Photos provided by Shop Toast.


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In honor of Breast Cancer Awareness month (October) I am offering the HOPE pattern for $5 all month in my Etsy shop.
As for the cleaning- I am almost done. I've even started working on a few WIP's.
In all my cleaning I found several of those, many other "someday" projects, and some more realistic "I'm never going to get to that" projects. Some are going to be in the shop next week so keep your eyes out.
Just for fun- head over to Ribbon Candy to see what she had going on today!


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I did promise to announce the winners of the SQL Test competition I ran recently on this blog.
I would like to thank Carol D for her excellent write up on her experiences. Carol gained a lot from trying her first code kata but especially the discipline of writing tests first for small pieces of functionality at a time. Steve also made another good contribution and describes the new experience of using TDD to write SQL. The other winners were Alex, Arthur and Manoj. Thanks to all the contributors for making it such an interesting discussion.


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Hydraulic growth mediums improve vegetation and decrease maintenance needs.
The most important element in long-term vegetation is its ability to withstand erosive forces, such as stormwater runoff and wind over open areas. This is true for road building, capping closed landfills, brownfields remediation, and other applications.
The security and health of vegetation rests in the health of its topsoil.
Suitable topsoil is rarely available onsite, however. Replacing eroded or weak soils - such as along roadways — can be expensive. When applied or secured poorly, the results can be even worse. Consider that an inch of good-quality topsoil can take upwards of 100 years to develop — but can be lost easily in a year if the vegetation coverage cannot handle wind, water flow, and other site challenges.
It is possible, however, to improve site soils with hydraulic growth mediums (e.g., hydromulches, hydroseeds, and other hydraulically applied, vegetation-promoting cover materials) rather than trucking in new topsoil. For both new construction and maintenance operations, this immediate erosion control solution is both more economical - cutting fuel and labor costs by 40% or more - and healthier for long-term vegetation.
Topsoil hosts many organisms, all of which help promote growth: bacteria, fungus, microorganisms, etc. Regardless of where the soil is located and what organisms it supports, it's made up of four primary components: air, water, minerals, and organic matter. The fertility of soil is rooted in the interaction of these organisms and the balance of the topsoil's basic components. The hydraulic growth medium, when properly formulated, increases microbial activity and the formation of micro- and macro-pores necessary for topsoil building.
Protected by the right tackifier, which binds the product to the soil, the hydraulic growth medium can be just as secure as a stapled erosion control blanket, even on various slope configurations. (No single product is, of course, suitable for all sites; so due diligence in the selection process must still be performed.) The tackifier should allow rainwater to infiltrate and nourish growth and microbial activity while simultaneously protecting the surface from eroding.
As the activity in the soil increases, the vegetation it supports becomes stronger. Thriving vegetation provides better coverage, better survives erosive forces, and decreases the need for onsite maintenance.
Additionally, biotic-enriched hydraulic growth mediums can be mixed with project-specific seed mixes for particular vegetation, such as regionally or historically important wildflowers and grasses. The organic nature of biotic materials stimulates the natural processes of top soil formation. Commonly, biotic elements are part of rolled erosion control products (e.g., wood, straw, coconut). These materials are your site blankets and turf reinforcement mats. From a topsoil-forming perspective, the advantage of hydraulically applied products is that they can incorporate materials with higher, more active biotic levels, like peat.
Flourishing in harsh climates
For a number of years, the Canadian energy company Hydro-Québec has sought to reclaim roadsides along its northern construction sites and company-owned land, but salvaging topsoil has been impossible. Suitable topsoil borrow sites are approximately six hours away — making the long haul just to place topsoil too expensive. Complicating these projects, the subsoil is highly erodible sand and the growing season is extremely short. Vegetation needs to be established within one season to make it sustainable without the use of new topsoil.
Instead, the company secured a hydroseed contractor to test a biotic-enriched hydraulic growth medium called Biotic Earth. The product combines sphagnum peat moss, wheat-based straw mulch, and other elements. The rate of application was 1,786 pounds/acre — a decent speed at which a great deal of space can be covered quickly. (This application rate is typical of hydraulically applied erosion control products.)
The seed mix consisted of a project-specific blend of creeping red fescue, timothy, bent grass, birdsfoot trefoil, white clover, barley, and reed canary grass. Adding these plantings helped meet the company's goal to "re-naturalize" the land.
To promote the right setting in of growth, a 12-18-12 (12% nitrogen, 18% phosphorus, 12% potassium) fertilizer was used; and 25% of the fertilizer was slow release. The tackifier was applied at a rate of 8.5 gallons/acre on the steeper slopes to firm up those sections and make sure they wouldn't lose cohesion during storms that might occur prior to full vegetation.
Grass grew within the first season, and the birdsfoot trefoil bloomed within the second. This is a typical pattern with hydraulic growth medium systems: strong, thick-rooted grasses grow at the outset to get the site through the first winter, followed by more advanced growth of additional vegetation in the next season.
The bottom line
Choosing a hydraulic growth medium with topsoil-forming biotics over transporting topsoils can cut your expenses by up to half. For example, soil work at the Milner Ridge Correctional Centre's roughly 84,000-square-yard wastewater lagoon in Manitoba, Canada, involved using a combination of hydraulically applied products and erosion control blankets to cut project costs from approximately $60,000 (with a new topsoil approach) to $30,000. Within a year, 96% of the site supported vegetation.
In Hydro-Québec's case, it's been more than six years since that first installation and the roadside reclamation work still thrives. The company continues to specify the straw-and-peat mix for its annual northern projects. PW
— Mark Myrowich ([email protected]) is CEO of Verdyol Plant Research in Cookstown, Ontario, www.bioticearth.com.


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A powerful Atlas 5 rocket was poised for liftoff early Saturday from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California, carrying to Mars the first robotic NASA lander designed entirely for exploring the deep interior of the red planet.
The Mars InSight probe was scheduled to blast off from the central California coast at 4:05 a.m. PDT (1105 GMT), creating a luminous predawn spectacle of the first U.S. interplanetary spacecraft to be launched over the Pacific.
The lander will be carried aloft for NASA and its Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) atop a two-stage, 19-story Atlas 5 rocket from the fleet of United Launch Alliance, a partnership of Lockheed Martin Corp and Boeing Co.
The payload will be released about 90 minutes after launch on a 301-million-mile (484 million km) flight to Mars. It is scheduled to reach its destination in six months, landing on a broad, smooth plain close to the planet's equator called the Elysium Planitia.
InSight's mission
That will put InSight roughly 373 miles (600 km) from the 2012 landing site of the car-sized Mars rover Curiosity. The new 800-pound (360-kg) spacecraft marks the 21st U.S.-launched Martian exploration, dating to the Mariner fly-by missions of the 1960s. Nearly two dozen other Mars missions have been launched by other nations.
Once settled, the solar-powered InSight will spend two years, about one Martian year, plumbing the depths of the planet's interior for clues to how Mars took form and, by extension, the origins of the Earth and other rocky planets.
Measuring marsquakes
InSight's primary instrument is a French-built seismometer, designed to detect the slightest vibrations from "marsquakes" around the planet. The device, to be placed on the surface by the lander's robot arm, is so sensitive it can measure a seismic wave just one-half the radius of a hydrogen atom.
Scientists expect to see a dozen to 100 marsquakes over the course of the mission, producing data to help them deduce the depth, density and composition of the planet's core, the rocky mantle surrounding it and the outermost layer, the crust.
The Viking probes of the mid-1970s were equipped with seismometers, too, but they were bolted to the top of the landers, a design that proved largely ineffective.
Apollo missions to the moon brought seismometers to the lunar surface as well, detecting thousands of moonquakes and meteorite impacts. But InSight is expected to yield the first meaningful data on planetary seismic tremors beyond Earth.
Insight also will be fitted with a German-made drill to burrow as much as 16 feet (5 meters) underground, pulling behind it a rope-like thermal probe to measure heat flowing from inside the planet.
Meanwhile, a special transmitter on the lander will send radio signals back to Earth, tracking Mars' subtle rotational wobble to reveal the size of the planet's core and possibly whether it remains molten.
Hitching a ride aboard the same rocket that launches InSight will be a pair of miniature satellites called CubeSats, which will fly to Mars on their own paths behind the lander in a first deep-space test of that technology.


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(CNN) -- Whether talking about his time in prison, his struggle against apartheid, his emergence as a global icon or cracking a joke about his career, Nelson Mandela's words often have a resonance far beyond their original context. Here are a few of his memorable quotes.
Mandela: "In my country we go to prison first and then become President."


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|Tazewell, VA
|Tazewell HS
2007 Outdoor: Enjoyed a spectacular outdoor season � named Most Outstand Freshman Performer at the Atlantic Sun Championships � won gold in the discus and hammer, breaking the school record in the hammer with a heave of 151-02 (46.09m) � took home top honors in the hammer and discus at the Furman Invitational � won gold in the discus at the Milligan Open.
2007 Indoor: Named third team all-conference in the weight throw � earned the bronze medal in the event, tossing the weight 46-10-75 � set a season-best in the weight with a mark of 48-00.75 at the Carolina Invitational � put together a scoring effort in the shot put at the A-Sun Championships.
Prep: Three-time regional champion in the shot put and the discus � four-time district winner in the shot and the discus, as well as a multiple time all-state selection � claimed all the school throwing records at Tazwell High School, in her four years of competition with the Bulldogs � was a top volleyball and basketball player � threw upwards of 40-feet in the shot put, and over 135 feet in the discus at the high school level � was teammates with freshman thrower Jarrod Burton at Tazewell High School.
Personal: Daughter of H. Lee and Tamra Blackburn � born Oct. 28, 1987 � plans to major in physical education.


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Gregg v. Georgia
Supreme Court of the United States
Gregg v. Georgia
Certiorari to the Supreme Court of Georgia
No. 74-6257 Argued: March 31, 1976 --- Decided: July 2, 1976
Petitioner was charged with committing armed robbery and murder on the basis of evidence that he had killed and robbed two men. At the trial stage of Georgia's bifurcated procedure, the jury found petitioner guilty of two counts of armed robbery and two counts of murder. At the penalty stage, the judge instructed the jury that it could recommend either a death sentence or a life prison sentence on each count; that it was free to consider mitigating or aggravating circumstances, if any, as presented by the parties; and that it would not be authorized to consider imposing the death sentence unless it first found beyond a reasonable doubt (1) that the murder was committed while the offender was engaged in the commission of other capital felonies, viz., the armed robberies of the victims; (2) that he committed the murder for the purpose of receiving the victims' money and automobile; or (3) that the murder was "outrageously and wantonly vile, horrible and inhuman" in that it "involved the depravity of [the] mind of the defendant." The jury found the first and second of these aggravating circumstances and returned a sentence of death. The Georgia Supreme Court affirmed the convictions. After reviewing the trial transcript and record and comparing the evidence and sentence in similar cases the court upheld the death sentences for the murders, concluding that they had not resulted from prejudice or any other arbitrary factor and were not excessive or disproportionate to the penalty applied in similar cases, but vacated the armed robbery sentences on the ground, inter alia, that the death penalty had rarely been imposed in Georgia for that offense. Petitioner challenges imposition of the death sentence under the Georgia statute as "cruel and unusual" punishment under the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments. That statute, as amended following Furman v. Georgia, 408 U.S. 238 (where this Court held to be violative of those Amendments death sentences imposed under statutes that left juries with untrammeled discretion to impose or withhold the death penalty), retains the death penalty for murder and five other crimes. Guilt or innocence is determined in the first stage [p. 154] of a bifurcated trial; and if the trial is by jury, the trial judge must charge lesser included offenses when supported by any view of the evidence. Upon a guilty verdict or plea a presentence hearing is held where the judge or jury hears additional extenuating or mitigating evidence and evidence in aggravation of punishment if made known to the defendant before trial. At least one of 10 specified aggravating circumstances must be found to exist beyond a reasonable doubt and designated in writing before a death sentence can be imposed. In jury cases, the trial judge is bound by the recommended sentence. In its review of a death sentence (which is automatic), the State Supreme Court must consider whether the sentence was influenced by passion, prejudice, or any other arbitrary factor; whether the evidence supports the finding of a statutory aggravating circumstance; and whether the death sentence "is excessive or disproportionate to the penalty imposed in similar cases, considering both the crime and the defendant." If the court affirms the death sentence it must include in its decision reference to similar cases that it has considered. Held: The judgment is affirmed. Pp. 168-207; 220-226; 227.
233 Ga. 117, 210 S.E.2d 659, affirmed.
Mr. Justice Stewart, Mr. Justice Powell, and Mr. Justice Stevens concluded that:
(1) The punishment of death for the crime of murder does not, under all circumstances, violate the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments. Pp. 168-187.
(a) The Eighth Amendment, which has been interpreted in a flexible and dynamic manner to accord with evolving standards of decency, forbids the use of punishment that is "excessive" either because it involves the unnecessary and wanton infliction of pain or because it is grossly disproportionate to the severity of the crime. Pp. 169-173.
(b) Though a legislature may not impose excessive punishment, it is not required to select the least severe penalty possible, and a heavy burden rests upon those attacking its judgment. Pp. 174-176.
(c) The existence of capital punishment was accepted by the Framers of the Constitution, and for nearly two centuries this Court has recognized that capital punishment for the crime of murder is not invalid per se. Pp. 176-178.
[p. 155] (d) Legislative measures adopted by the people's chosen representatives weigh heavily in ascertaining contemporary standards of decency; and the argument that such standards require that the Eighth Amendment be construed as prohibiting the death penalty has been undercut by the fact that in the four years since Furman, supra, was decided, Congress and at least 35 States have enacted new statutes providing for the death penalty. Pp. 179-183.
(e) Retribution and the possibility of deterrence of capital crimes by prospective offenders are not impermissible considerations for a legislature to weigh in determining whether the death penalty should be imposed, and it cannot be said that Georgia's legislative judgment that such a penalty is necessary in some cases is clearly wrong. Pp. 183-187.
(f) Capital punishment for the crime of murder cannot be viewed as invariably disproportionate to the severity of that crime. P. 187.
2. The concerns expressed in Furman that the death penalty not be imposed arbitrarily or capriciously can be met by a carefully drafted statute that ensures that the sentencing authority is given adequate information and guidance, concerns best met by a system that provides for a bifurcated proceeding at which the sentencing authority is apprised of the information relevant to the imposition of sentence and provided with standards to guide its use of that information. Pp. 188-195.
3. The Georgia statutory system under which petitioner was sentenced to death is constitutional. The new procedures on their face satisfy the concerns of Furman, since before the death penalty can be imposed there must be specific jury findings as to the circumstances of the crime or the character of the defendant, and the State Supreme Court thereafter reviews the comparability of each death sentence with the sentences imposed on similarly situated defendants to ensure that the sentence of death in a particular case is not disproportionate. Petitioner's contentions that the changes in Georgia's sentencing procedures have not removed the elements of arbitrariness and capriciousness condemned by Furman are without merit. Pp. 196-207.
(a) The opportunities under the Georgia scheme for affording an individual defendant mercy—whether through the prosecutor's unfettered authority to select those whom he wishes to prosecute for capital offenses and to plea bargain with them; the jury's option to convict a defendant of a lesser included offense; or the [p. 156] fact that the Governor or pardoning authority may commute a death sentence—do not render the Georgia statute unconstitutional. P. 199.
(b) Petitioner's arguments that certain statutory aggravating circumstances are too broad or vague lack merit, since they need not be given overly broad constructions or have been already narrowed by judicial construction. One such provision was held impermissibly vague by the Georgia Supreme Court. Petitioner's argument that the sentencing procedure allows for arbitrary grants of mercy reflects a misinterpretation of Furman and ignores the reviewing authority of the Georgia Supreme Court to determine whether each death sentence is proportional to other sentences imposed for similar crimes. Petitioner also urges that the scope of the evidence and argument that can be considered at the presentence hearing is too wide, but it is desirable for a jury to have as much information as possible when it makes the sentencing decision. Pp. 200-204.
(c) The Georgia sentencing scheme also provides for automatic sentence review by the Georgia Supreme Court to safeguard against prejudicial or arbitrary factors. In this very case the court vacated petitioner's death sentence for armed robbery as an excessive penalty. Pp. 204-206.
Mr. Justice White, joined by the Chief Justice and Mr. Justice Rehnquist, concluded that:
1. Georgia's new statutory scheme, enacted to overcome the constitutional deficiencies found in Furman v. Georgia, 408 U.S. 238, to exist under the old system, not only guides the jury in its exercise of discretion as to whether or not it will impose the death penalty for first-degree murder, but also gives the Georgia Supreme Court the power and imposes the obligation to decide whether in fact the death penalty was being administered for any given class of crime in a discriminatory, standardless, or rare fashion. If that court properly performs the task assigned to it under the Georgia statutes, death sentences imposed for discriminatory reasons or wantonly or freakishly for any given category of crime will be set aside. Petitioner has wholly failed to establish that the Georgia Supreme Court failed properly to perform its task in the instant case or that it is incapable of performing its task adequately in all cases. Thus the death penalty may be carried out under the Georgia legislative scheme consistently with the Furman decision. Pp. 220-224.
[p. 157] 2. Petitioner's argument that the prosecutor's decisions in plea bargaining or in declining to charge capital murder are standardless and will result in the wanton or freakish imposition of the death penalty condemned in Furman, is without merit, for the assumption cannot be made that prosecutors will be motivated in their charging decisions by factors other than the strength of their case and the likelihood that a jury would impose the death penalty if it convicts; the standards by which prosecutors decide whether to charge a capital felony will be the same as those by which the jury will decide the questions of guilt and sentence. Pp. 224-225.
3. Petitioner's argument that the death penalty, however imposed and for whatever crime, is cruel and unusual punishment is untenable for the reasons stated in Mr. Justice White's dissent in Roberts v. Louisiana, post, at 350-356. P. 226.
Mr. Justice Blackmun concurred in the judgment. See Furman v. Georgia, 408 U.S., at 405-414 (Blackmun, J., dissenting), and id., at 375 (Burger, C.J., dissenting); id., at 414 (Powell, J., dissenting); id., at 465 (Rehnquist, J., dissenting). P. 227.
Judgment of the Court, and opinion of Stewart, Powell, and Stevens, JJ., announced by Stewart, J. White, J., filed an opinion concurring in the judgment, in which Burger, C.J., and Rehnquist, J., joined, post, p. 207. Burger, C.J., and Rehnquist, J., filed a statement concurring in the judgment, post, p. 226. Blackmun, J., filed a statement concurring in the judgment, post, p. 227. Brennan, J., post, p. 227, and Marshall, J., post, p. 231, filed dissenting opinions.
G. Hughel Harrison, by appointment of the Court, 424 U.S. 941 , argued the cause and filed a brief for petitioner.
G. Thomas Davis, Senior Assistant Attorney General of Georgia, argued the cause for respondent. With him on the brief were Arthur K. Bolton, Attorney General, Robert S. Stubbs II, Chief Deputy Attorney General, Richard L. Chambers, Deputy Attorney General, John B. Ballard, Jr., Assistant Attorney General, and Bryant Huff.
[p. 158] Solicitor General Bork argued the cause for the United States as amicus curiae. With him on the brief was Deputy Solicitor General Randolph. William E. James, Assistant Attorney General, argued the cause for the State of California as amicus curiae. With him on the brief were Evelle J. Younger, Attorney General, and Jack R. Winkler, Chief Assistant Attorney General.[1]
Notes Edit
- ↑ Jack Greenberg, James M. Nabrit III, Peggy C. Davis, and Anthony G. Amsterdam filed a brief for the N.A.A.C.P. Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Inc., as amicus curiae urging reversal. Arthur M. Michaelson filed a brief for Amnesty International as amicus curiae.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse


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The Secret Beyond Matter
People who do not live by the moral values of the Qur'an suffer various pains; these people even make the desire to "possess wealth and property" their greatest aim in life. Allah describes such people as "trying to outdo one another in wealth" in the Qur'an (Surat al-Hadid, 20). But this desire is literally a delusion because it is Allah Who owns everything in the world. People deceive themselves when they imagine they "own possessions." They did not personally create the things they imagine they possess, and they have no power whatsoever to maintain them. Neither can they prevent them ceasing to exist. Moreover, there is no question of them "owning" anything; because they themselves are under the control of Allah, "the king of Mankind" (Surat an-Nas, 2). In the Qur'an it is revealed that all objects and entities belong to Allah, our Creator:
"Everything in the heavens and everything on the earth and everything in between them and everything under the ground belongs to Him." (Surah Ta Ha, 6)
|Believers, who have faith in Allah and attach no undue importance to the transitory baubles of this world, who know that all things come from Allah alone and who therefore spend what they have on His path, may hope for Almighty Allah's mercy and paradise. Since they prefer the life of the hereafter, which Allah says will last for all eternity, over the life of this world, it is actually they who are the wealthy ones.
Believers Fervently Spend Their Assets on Allah's Path
As revealed in the verse "[There are men who are] not distracted by trade or commerce from the remembrance of Allah and the establishment of prayer and the payment of alms; fearing a day when all hearts and eyes will be in turmoil –" (Surat an-Nur, 37), one of the things that people today most give themselves over to is making money and possessing goods and property. Yet in that verse, Allah reveals that believers must be filled with passion for Him alone, and that their hearts can only be contented by repeating His name, and that they fear losing His approval by behaving in any other way. Believers have a strong desire to give their possessions to others in need, for the purpose of gaining the approval of Allah, to whom they are so passionately devoted. Another verse reveals how all wealth belongs to Allah alone:
"Spend in the Way of Allah. Do not cast yourselves into destruction. And do good: Allah loves good-doers." (Surat al-Baqara, 195)
Someone who thinks by the light of his own criteria thinks that he will become wealthier by not sharing his possessions with anyone and hiding and hoarding them, and that this is the only way he can guarantee his own future. He believes that anything he gives away – even if he has no need of it – will make him poorer, and that anything he loses now will endanger his future comfort. But things are not at all as he imagines. Allah reveals in the Qur'an, as a miracle, that a person who spends on His path and who gives alms will acquire greater possessions and abundance.
But someone who analyzes events only by external criteria may easily be deceived by this deception of satan's. For example, he may be about to give his shirt to someone in need when satan whispers that if he does so, he will have to go without it, that he may need it one day, and that it would be better to hold onto it. And indeed, it would appear on the surface that he would be deprived of a shirt, but if he forgets that Allah bestows many times over on whom He wishes, on who has much purity, then he has fallen into heedlessness. Indeed, Allah tells us in one verse that:
"The metaphor of those who spend their wealth in the Way of Allah is that of a grain which produces seven ears; in every ear there are a hundred grains." (Surat al-Baqara, 261)
The example in the verse is a secret revealed by Almighty Allah to believers in the Qur'an. For that reason, believers spend solely in order to win Allah's good pleasure, mercy, paradise and abundance. So long as they expend their goods and possessions on Allah's path and are careful about what is lawful and unlawful, Almighty Allah will increase their wealth, smooth their way and create many more opportunities for them to spend on His path. Every believer experiences this secret in his own life, by having no fears for the future, fearing Allah and keeping to His bounds. In this way, he receives the reward for spending on Allah's path, and also further abundance.
Therefore, someone who turns a deaf ear to the deceptions of satan's and gives to those in need is actually behaving in the best way for himself. He receives the reward for spending on Allah's path, and also further abundance.
On the other hand, the believer's aim in giving is not to obtain more for himself, because what counts is the pure intention behind that giving. Therefore, it is the fact that this obligation is performed with a love of Allah, with sincerity , expecting no reward and with pure intentions that validates it in the Sight of Allah. Another example Allah gives in the Qur'an on this subject is:
" The metaphor of those who spend their wealth, desiring the pleasure of Allah and firmness for themselves, is that of a garden on a hillside. When heavy rain falls on it, it doubles its produce; and if heavy rain does not fall, there is dew. Allah sees what you do. (Surat al-Baqara, 265)
Believers Regard Assets As a Means by Which to Give Thanks and Draw Closer to Allah
A believer's interest in having possessions stems from his regarding this blessing as an instrument for giving thanks to and drawing closer to Allah. This is a natural state of mind stemming from a passionate love of Allah and is acquired through fervent faith, reason, depth, altruism and lofty moral virtues. The Qur'an cites this example of this superior morality possessed by believers:
"We gave David Solomon. What an excellent servant! He truly turned to his Lord.
When swift horses, champing at the bit, were displayed before him in the afternoon,
he said, 'I have put the love of good things above the remembrance of my Lord until the sun disappeared behind its veil.
Return them to me!' And he set about slashing through their shanks and necks." (Surah Sad, 30-33)
As can be seen from these verses, it is love of Allah and the intention of remembering Him that lie at the root of believers' love of possessions. As in the example of the Prophet Solomon (pbuh), only believers who love Allah with a passion can understand the deep joy that His servants who regard possessions as simply a means of giving thanks to Allah for His blessings, experience from fulfilling this obligation.
Why Does Accumulating Possessions Benefit One Nothing?
As manifested in the name, Ganiy, Almighty Allah is He Who needs nothing. It is therefore a grave error to be parsimonious and accumulate possessions out of a fear of the future inspired by satan. As is said in the verse "Every self will taste death…" (Surat al'Ankabut, 57) Allah says, everyone must one day die and be unable to take anything with them, not even their own bodies. It is therefore of no use to accumulate and hoard possessions in order to satisfy earthly greed. On the Day of Reckoning, everyone will have to give account alone, in the Sight of Allah. Everyone will be asked about his faith, and wealth and possessions in this world will be of no use to him at all. This fact is revealed as follows in another verse from the Qur'an:
"As for those who do not believe, their wealth and children will not help them against Allah in any way. They are the Companions of the Fire, remaining in it timelessly, for ever." (Surah Al-'Imran, 116)
Mr. Adnan Oktar describes how everything belongs to Allah:
Muslims are humble. How? They know that Allah creates all things and that everything belongs to Allah. They know that Allah created their speech and their bodies and the images they see. They know that nothing belongs to them. And as a result? They know they are nothing. And what happens to someone who knows he is nothing? He is humble. Since I describe the essence of this, anyone who fully understands it will inevitably be humble. If he knows he is nothing and that all power lies with Allah, if he knows that Allah created his image, his speech, his feelings and everything, and if he knows that He created these infinitely long ago, and that he will be preserved by Allah for all time, then he will know his own helplessness. We say "SubhanAllah" to Almighty Allah. "O Lord, you are unfettered by any flaw," we say. But what about us? We have all flaws and defects and deficiencies on top of us. We are helpless and nothing. Allah is the one absolute being, and we are nothing, insha'Allah. (10 September 2011, A9 TV)
There Is No Accumulating Possessions in the Qur'an
"Economizing" is permissible in Islam, but not "accumulating possessions." Believers trust only in Allah, not in goods to be accumulated. And Allah increases their wealth in return for that trust in Him. He gives them much more than what they expend (on His path). But they expend that, too, and so Allah further multiplies His blessings on them. The abundance that comes from this expenditure is revealed thusly in another verse:
"The metaphor of those who spend their wealth in the Way of Allah is that of a grain which produces seven ears; in every ear there are a hundred grains." (Surat al-Baqara, 261)
But the position of those who have goods and do not expend them on good causes is revealed as follows:
"... who has amassed wealth and hoarded it!
2012-02-09 21:06:02