text:
Treaty of Peace between Russia and Estonia
Estonia of the one part and Russia of the other part,
actuated by the firm desire to bring to an end the war which has broken out between them,
have resolved to enter into Peace Negotiations and to conclude as rapidly as possible, a just, honourable and durable peace,
and to this end have appointed as plenipotentiaries:
- The Government of the Democratic Republic of Estonia:
- Jaan Poska, Member of the Constituent Assembly,
- Ants Piip, Member of the Constituent Assembly,
- Mait Püümann, Member of the Constituent Assembly,
- Julius Seljamaa, Member of the Constituent Assembly, and
- Jaan Soots, Major-General of the General Staff.
- And the Council of the People's Commissaries of the Socialist and Federative Republic of the Russian Soviets:
- Adolphe Abramovitch Joffe, Member of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviets, of Deputies of the Workers, Peasants and Soldiers of the Red Army and of the Cossacks, and,
- Isidor Emmanuelovitch Goukovski, Member of the Collegium of the People's Commissariat for State Control.
The plenipotentiaries appointed having assembled at Tartu, after mutual presentation of their credentials which have been recognised as valid and in due form,
have agreed on the following:
Article I[edit]
The state of war between the Contracting Parties will end on the day on which the present Treaty of Peace comes into force.
Article II[edit]
In consequence of the right of all peoples to self-determination, to the point of seceding completely from the State of which they form part, a right proclaimed by the Socialist and Federal Russian Republic of the Soviets, Russia unreservedly recognises the independence and sovereignty of the State of Estonia, and renounces voluntarily and for ever all sovereign rights possessed by Russia over the Estonian people and territory whether these rights be based on the juridical position that formerly existed in public law, or in the international treaties which, in the sense here indicated, lose their validity in future.
From the fact that Estonia has belonged to Russia, no obligation whatsoever will fall on the Estonian people and land to Russia.
Article III[edit]
1. The frontier between Esthonia and Russia follows the following line:
Starting from the Bay of Narva, one verst south of the Fishers' House, it turns toward Ropscha, then follows the course of the Rivers Mertvitskaja and Rosson, as far as the village of Ilkino, from Ilkino one verst west of the village Keikino, half a verst west of the village of Isvosi and turns towards the village of Kobõljaki; it then crosses the mouth of the river Schtschutschka, passes by Krivaja Luka, by the estate of Petschurki, to the confluence of three sources of the river Vtroja, follows the southern boundary of the village of Kuritschek with its dependences, then turns in a straight line as far as the centre line of the Lake Peipus, follows it in a southern direction, and thus passes one verst to the east of Piirisaar (Pork); follows the narrow strip of the lake dividing it along the middle as far as the island of Salu, thence passes through Lake Pihkva (Pskov) between the Islands of Talabski and the Island of Kamonka, then to the east of the village of Poddubje (on the southern bank of Lake Pihkva) and to the outlook post on the railway situated near to Grjardischtsche, then passes successively to the west of the Village of Schahintsõi, to the east of Novaja, across the Lake Poganova, between the villages of Babina and Vomorski, to one verst and a half to the south of the Forestry keeper's house (which is situated to the north of Glybotschina) to Sprechtitschi and to the Farm Kudepi.
Note 1. The Frontier described in this Article is shown in red on the map, scale of three versts to the inch (0.0254 metre), which constitutes the first Annex to Article 3. In case of difference between the text and the map, it is to the text that one must adhere.
Note 2. The tracing of the boundary between the two contracting countries and the placing in position of the frontier signs will be carried out under the direction of a special mixed commission composed of an equal number of members from both parties. In marking the boundary line this mixed commission will decide the allocation of inhabited areas on the frontier to one or other of the parties according to ethnographical indications and bearing in mind economic agreements and agricultural consideration.
2. The portion of the territory of Esthonia to the east of the Narova, the River Narova itself, and the islands in the midst of the stream, as well as the zone to the south of Lake Pihkva, which is situated between the boundary above mentioned and the line of villages, Borok-Smolni-Belkova-Sprechtitschi, will be, from a military point of view, considered as neutral until 1 January 1922.
Esthonia undertakes to maintain no troops of any kind in the neutralized zones other than those which are necessary for the frontier service and the maintenance of order, and of which the strength is laid down in Annex 2 of the present Article; not to construct fortifications or observation posts, nor to constitute military depots, nor to deposit any kind of war material whatsoever with the exception of what is indispensable for the effectives allowed for; nor to establish ther bases or depots for the use of any kind of vessels, or of any kind of aerial fleet.
3. Russia for her part undertakes not to maintain troops in the region of Pskov to the west of the line: western bank of the mouth of Velikaja, the villages of Sivtseva, Luhnova, Samulina, Schalki and Sprechtitschi until 1 January 1922, which are indispensable for the frontier service and for the maintenance of order and for the effectives provided for in Annex 2 of the present Article.
4. The contracting parties undertake to have no armed vessels whatsoever on Lakes Peipus and Pihkva.
Annex 1 to Art. III. (Map)[edit]
Annex 2[edit]
The two contracting parties undertake:
1. To withdraw their troops within their respective frontiers in the sector situated between the Gulf of Finland and the mouth of the River Schtschutschka, within the twenty-eight days following the ratification of the Treaty of Peace.
2. To withdraw their troops with all their material and stores from the neutralised zones, in which, in accordance with the Points 2 and 3 of Article III, no troops are allowed to be maintained, except those which are necessary for frontier duty and for maintenance of order, within the forty-two days following the ratification of the Treaty of Peace.
3. To withdraw, in execution of Point 4 of Article III, the armed vessels of Lakes Peipus and Pihkva within the forty-two days following the ratification of the Treaty of Peace, or to remove their artillery, mines and mine-laying apparatus, and every kind of munitions of war.
4. To maintain for frontier duty in the neutralised zones (in which the maintenance of troops is forbidden) only forty men per verst during the first six months following the ratification of the Treaty of Peace, and afterwards only thirty per verst. On the condition the placing of barbed wire the whole length of the frontier is authorised. The number of men for the maintenance of order in the interior should not exceed five hundred in each zone.
5. Not to maintain vessels on Lakes Peipus or Pihkva for the customs defence, except patrol-ships armed with guns of a maximum calibre of 47 millimetres, with a maximum of two guns and two machine guns per vessel. The number of these patrol-ships should not exceed five.
Article IV[edit]
During one year from the day of ratification of the present Treaty, persons of non-Estonian origin living in Estonia, and over eighteen years of age, have the right to opt for Russian nationality; women, and children, less than eighteen years of age, take the nationality of the husband or the father, unless there exists between man and wife any contrary agreement. The people who have opted for Russian nationality must, within a year from the date of their choice, leave Estonian territory; but they maintain their rights over the property and can take with them their movable property. In the same way persons of Estonian origin living in Russia can opt for Estonian nationality within the same length of time and under the same conditions.
Each of the contracting Governments reserves the right to refuse acceptance to its citizenship of such persons.
Note. In case of doubt about tho origin of persons, all those who could have been personally registered or whose parents would have been registered in a rural or urban community, or in a "class" on the territory now composing the State of Estonia, shall be considered as Estonians.
Article V[edit]
In case the perpetual neutrality of Estonia should be internationally recognised, Russia undertakes to respect this neutrality and to take part in guaranteeing it.
Article VI[edit]
Should the Gulf of Finland be neutralised, the two contracting Parties undertake to accede to this neutralisation, on conditions determined by common agreement by all the States concerned, and established by the international acts relating thereto; should the international convention referred to be concluded, they also undertake to put their naval forces, or part thereof, into such conditions as this international convention may require.
Article VII[edit]
The two Contracting Parties undertake:
1. To prohibit the presence in their territory of any troops with the exception of those of their own Government or of friendly States with whom one of the Contracting Parties may have concluded a military convention, but which are not de facto in a state of war with one of the Contracting Parties, and also to prohibit within the limits of their territory, the recruiting and mobilisation of particular corps by States, organisations and groups, intended for armed conflict against the other Contracting Parties.
2. To disarm those military and naval forces within their territory which did not belong to one of the Contracting Parties on the first of October, One thousand nine hundred and nineteen; to neutralise and immobilise, until the first of January, One thousand nine hundred and twenty-two, all property, artillery and commissariat material (exclusive of food and clothing), engineering and aviational material, i. e., guns, machine guns, rifles, side-arms, munitions, aeroplanes, armoured vehicles, tanks, armoured trains, etc., belonging to the military and naval forces referred to with the exception of such technical and war material as was handed over to these forces, but which belongs to the Contracting Parties or to other States, any portion of this material which belongs to other States shall be returned within six months from the date of the ratification of this Treaty. The disarmament of the above-mentioned irregular military and naval forces, and the immobilisation and neutralisation of their military stocks and of all their technical and war material must be completed: the first 30 per cent. of men and material within the first seven days after the ratification of the present Treaty of Peace, and the remainder within the two following weeks at the rate of thirty-five per cent per week.
3. To prohibit the soldiers and officers of the irregular troops who are subject to disarmament under the conditions laid down by the prececing Point (2) from joining in any capacity whatsoever, as volunteers, the ranks of the Government troops of the Contracting Parties, with the exception of:
- (a) Persons of Estonian nationality who reside outside Estonia, but who have opted for that country;
- (b) Persons not of Estonian nationality who resided in Estonia before the first of May, One thousand nine hundred and nineteen, and who have not opted to Russia;
- (c) Persons not of Estonian nationality who have not opted for Russia and who served in the Estonian army before the twenty-seventh of November, One thousand nine hundred and nineteen.
Persons belonging to the classes mentioned in sub-divisions (a), (b), and (c), may serve with the armies of the Estonian Government.
4. (a) To prohibit any State, which is de facto in a state of war with one of the Contracting Parties, and any organisations or groups intended for an armed conflict with one of the Contracting Parties, for transporting through their ports or their territories anything which might be used for attacking the other Contracting Party, particularly armed forces belonging to these States, organisations or groups, and any article and war material used for artillery, commissariat, engineering, aviation, etc., which may belong to these military formations.
4. (b) To prohibit, exclusive of cases provided for by international law, the launching and navigation in their territorial waters of any warships, gun-boats, mine-layers, etc., belonging either to organisations or groups which are intended to fight against the other Contracting Party or to States which are in a state of war with this party, if those ships are intended to attack it, and if this intention is known to the Contracting Party to whose territory the ports and territorial waters so used belong.
5. Not to authorise the formation or presence in their territory of any organisation or groups whatsoever, which claim to govern the whole or part of the territory of the other Contracting Party, or the presence of representatives or officials of organisations and groups, whose object it is to overthrow the Government of the other party to the Treaty.
6. The Governments of the two Contracting Parties undertake, upon exchanging the ratification of this Treaty of Peace to furnish each other with precise information regarding the strength of the non-Governmental and also of military stocks (stationary or mobile), and of the military and technical material belonging to those irregular forces, which were on their territory at the time when the Armistice was concluded, that is to say, on the thirty-first of December, One thousand nine hundred and nineteen.
7. In order to superintend the carrying out of the military guarantees conceded to each other by the Contracting Parties, a mixed commission is to be established whose composition, rights and obligations shall be determined by "Instructions" which are annxed to the present Article.
Annex to Article VII[edit]
Instructions for the Mixed Commission, established in accordance with Paragraph 7 of Article VII.
1. In order to superintend the carrying out of the military guarantees provided for in Article VII, a Mixed Commission, composed of representatives of both Contracting Parties, has to be established.
2. Composition of the Commission: four members of each of the parties, i. e., a President, two representatives of the War Department, one representative of the Naval Administration.
3. It will be the duty of the Commission to control effectively the carrying out of all the conditions indicated in Paragraph 2 of Article VII in the manner laid down in the following Articles of these Instructions and within the periods indicated in Paragraph 2 of Article VII.
Note. Any information relating to Point 3 of Article VII which might be required to settle any disagreement which might arise, shall be furnished to the Commission by the Government concerned.
4. The Commission shall receive from the Government concerned, or from local bodies which it may indicate, all information necessary for the carrying out of the military guarantees.
5. In order to exercise an effective control over the carrying out of the military guarantees, the Commission has the right to proceed to the verification on the spot of the information furnished in accordance with the preceding Paragraph 4, and, if necessary, to superintend on the spot the fulfilment of the obligations laid down in Paragraph 2 of Article VII.
6. In order to ensure to the members of the Commission free communication with their Government, a direct telegraph line (Hughes' apparatus) is to be laid between the town of Rakvere (Wesenberg), the seat of the Commission, and Petrograd or Moscow. During its labours on Russian territory, the seat of the Commission shall be at Pskov, and a direct telegraph line (Hughes' apparatus) shall connect that town with Tallinn (Reval). The members of the Commission shall have the right to make free use of the telegraph and to send special messengers. Any correspondence sent by special messenger shall enjoy diplomatic privileges.
7. The Commission shall draw up a Protocol (in Estonian and in Russian) on its labours and its decisions, which shall be submitted to the two Governments concerned.
8. When all duties laid upon the Commission by Paragraph 3 of these "Instructions" have been accomplished, and the facts have been duly verified, as laid down in Paragraph 5 of these "Instructions," and in any case no later than one month from the day on which the members of the Commission shall have been informed by their respective Governments that all the conditions of the guarantees entrusted to the Commission have been fulfilled, the latter shall be dissolved. An extension of the work of the Commission, should the need arise, may be decided on by mutual agreement between the two Governments.
Article VIII[edit]
The two Parties shall waive any right to mutual repayment of their war cost, that is to say their military expenditure, as well as to compensation for war losses, i. e., those incurred by the State or by private individuals in consequence of military measures, including losses from requisitions of any kind whatsoever, made in enemy country.
Article IX[edit]
The prisoners of war of both countries shall be set free as soon as possible. The formalities with regard to the exchange of prisoners are laid down in the Annex to the present Article.
Note 1. Those individuals shall be considered prisoners of war who have been captured and have not served in the armies of the State which have captured them.
Note 2. Prisoners of war who have been captured by irregular troops and who have not served in the ranks of these troops shall be repatriated in the usual way.
Annex to Article IX[edit]
1. The prisoners of war of both Contracting Parties shall be repatriated, unless they wish to remain in the country in which, at the time they may be with the consent of the Government of that country, or to go to some other country.
2. The period within which the exchange of prisoners must be effected, shall be settled by the two Governments after ratification of the Treaty of Peace.
3. At the moment of their liberation, everything shall be returned to the prisoners which had been taken from them, by virtue of measures enforced by the Authorities of the Government which captured them, and they shall also receive the pay due to them or any part of this pay which may have been withheld.
4. Each of the Contracting Parties undertakes to reimburse the cost of maintenance of its citizens who have been prisoners, in so far as this cost has no been covered by the prisoners themselves by work on State or private undertakings. The payment must be made in the money of the State which has maintained the prisoners.
Note. The cost of maintenance which is subject to reimbursement is made up of the cost of feeding the prisoner, supplies in kind with which he has been furnished and of his pay.
5. The prisoners will be sent by columns towards the frontier at the expense of the Government that has been captured them; the surrender of these prisoners is in conformity with the lists drawn up, which must give the Christian name, the patronymic and the Family name of the prisoner, the date of his capture, the formation in which he served before his capture, and if he has been condemned to detention for an act described as a crime, must state precisely the nature of this crime and the date of its perpetration.
6. Immediately after the ratification of the Treaty of Peace, a Commision for the exchange of prisoners of war, composed of four representatives of each of the Contracting Parties, will be instituted. This Commission will superintend the carrying out of the clauses of the present annex, will organize the repatriation of the prisoners and will also decide the total amount of their expenses of maintenance from accounts presented by the party concerned at the time of the handing over the prisoners.
Article X[edit]
With regard of prisoners of war and interned civilians, the Contracting Parties shall, at the moment of their return to their own country, remit all penalties to which they may have been condemned for criminal acts committed in favour of the opposing party, as well as all disciplinary penalties.
Those persons shall be excluded from the amnesty who have committed one of the above-mentioned crimes or any breach of discipline after the signature of the Treaty of Peace.
The prisoners of war and interned civilians who have been condemned by a criminal court before ratification of this Treaty or even after this ratification, but within one year from the date of the ratification, for a crime which does not fall under the amnesty, shall only be repatriated after they have served their sentence.
Any of these prisoners or interned civilians who may be prosecuted for criminal acts excluded from the amnesty, but against whom no verdict has been given within one year from the date of ratification of this Treaty of Peace shall be handed over to the authorities of their country at the end of that period, with all documents relevant to the prosecution which has been brought against him.
Article XI[edit]
Russia waives the transfer or repayment of the value of the property of the former Russian Empire, real as well as personal, situated in Estonia, and which is common to the whole nation, of whatever nature such as property may be. This includes military or other constructions, forts, harbours, ships of every kind, including war-ships, the cargo, etc. Russia also waives all the rights of the Russian State over real and personal property belonging to private persons who formerly were her subjects, in so far as this is situated on Estonian territory within the frontiers which have been laid down by the Treaty, or within her territorial waters, or which was there at the time of German occupation, that is to say, on 24 February 1918; Russia also renounced all her rights over the ships, including warships, which were there at the time of German occupation, and also over those which during the war between Estonia and Russia, were captured either by the Estonian forces themselves or by the other forces and then handed over to the Estonian Government. All the property mentioned above passes into the exclusive possession of Estonia and shall be free from any (obligations) charges as from 15 November 1917, or if it has been acquired by Russia after this date, from the date of acquisition.
All the debts due the Russian Treasury from Estonian nationals, if they are payable in Estonia, shall pass into the possession of Estonia, but only to the extent to which they are not covered by the converse claims of the debtors.
The documents and acts establishing the rights mentioned in this Article shall be handed over by the Russian Government to the Estonian Government, and if this transfer is not completed within six months of the date of ratification of this Treaty, the documents shall be considered lost.
On the other hand, Estonia may not prefer any claim against Russia on account of the fact that at one time she formed part of the Russian Empire.
Article XII[edit]
Independently of the agreements established by Article XI:
1. Russia grants Estonia fifteen million gold roubles of which eight million will be paid within a month, and the last seven millions within two months, dating from the day of the ratification of the Treaty of Peace.
2. Estonia will bear no responsibility for any debts or any other obligations of Russia, and in particular for those which arise from the issue of paper money. Treasury bonds, foreign or international loans, or for guarantees of loans issued by various institutions, or undertakings, etc.; all claims of the creditors of Russia for the share of the debts regarding Estonia should be addressed to Russia only.
3. As regards the payment of Russian State Bonds, or those which have been guaranteed by the State and are in circulation on Estonian territory, as well as the payment of such other securities as have been issued by companies or institutions which have been nationalised by the Russian Government, and also with regard to the satisfaction of the claims of Estonian subjects on the Russian Treasury, Russia undertakes to grant to Estonia and to Estonian subjects all rights, privileges and facilities which either Government has directly or indirectly granted or may grant to any foreign State or to the subjects, companies, or institutions of such State.
Note. With regard to the claims of Estonian subjects against those branches in Estonia of banks which were nationalised as a result of the Central Executive Committee's Decree of 14 December 1917 regarding the nationalisation of banks: if these claims were made before the publication of this Decree, they will be examined as claims against the Russian Treasury, in so far as they cannot be met out of such estate as remains in possession of these banking firms.
4. The Russian Government will restore to the Government of Estonia all the property of the University of Tartu as well as of the other educational establishments which are or were situated in Estonian territory, and which have been removed to Russia. This property will include libraries, archives, documents and, in general, all other objects which are of scientific or historical interest to Estonia. This property can only be restored in so far as its situation is known to or may be revealed to the Russian Government or public institutions.
5. The Russian Government will restore to the Government of Estonia, and the latter will forward to the owners, all articles of value (with the exception of gold and precious stones), moveable estate and notes of hand, such as deeds and mortgage, bills of exchange, etc., which were removed from Estonian territory by means of banks and educational and other Government institutions, if the Estonian Government will indicate the places where this property is to be found. If these indications are not forthcoming or if the property in question is not discovered in the places indicated the Russian Government, in accordance with Point 3 of the present Article, declares itself prepared to recognise as holders of moveable and other estate those persons who give sufficient proofs of the removal of their securities during the war. A special mixed commission must be formed to consider these claims.
6. With a view to fulfilling the conditions stated in Points 3, 4 and 5 of the present Article, the Russian Government undertakes to furnish to the Government of Estonia all necessary information and to act in complete collaboration with it in searching for property, objects, archives, documents, etc., to be restored. The solution of questions which may arise regarding this matter will be entrusted to the special mixed Commission, which will consist an equal number of members of the two Contracting Parties.
Article XIII[edit]
Russia declares that the excemptions, rights and privileges granted by the present Treaty to Estonia and its subjects shall in no case and under no conditions serve as precedent whenever Treaties of Peace may be concluded between Russia and the other States which have arisen out of the former Russian Empire; on the other hand, if, when such Treaties are concluded, Russia grants to any one of these new States or to its subjects special exemptions, rights or privileges, these shall be extended in full immediately and without special agreement to Estonia and its subjects.
Article XIV[edit]
Questions of public or private law which may arise between the subjects of the Contracting Parties, and also some special questions between the two Governments or between one of the Contracting Governments and the subjects of the other, will be settled by special mixed Commissions which will be appointed immediately after the ratification of the present Treaty. The composition, rights, and duties, of these Commissions will be determined by an "Instruction" which will be confirmed in the case of each Commission by agreement between the two Contracting Parties.
The duties of these Commission will include:
- The drawing-up of a commercial treaty, as well as the study of all questions of an economic character;
- The solution of questions relating to the distribution of the archives pertaining to organisations of the former central authority, of the offices of administrative and judiciary organisms and of identity papers (actes d'etat-civil); and also to the despatch of the current business of those administrative or judiciary organisations;
- The solution of questions relating to the handing over and delivery of property situated in Russia of Estonian subjects; of property situated in Estonia, of Russian subjects and also of other questions regarding the protection of the interests of subjects of either country when they are situated in the other country which is a party to the Treaty;
- The solution of the questions concerning the property of rural and other associations which have been divided in two by the new frontiers.
Article XV[edit]
Diplomatic and consular relations between Estonia and Russia will be established after a period to be fixed by subsequent agreement.
Article XVI[edit]
Economic relations between Estonia and Russia will be regulated in accordance with the provisions contained in the Annex to the present Article.
Annex I to Article XVI[edit]
1. The Contracting Parties agree that the conclusion of peace ends a state of war between them also with regard to economic and financial affairs.
2. The Contracting Parties agree to undertake as soon as possible after the ratification of the present Treaty of Peace, negotiations for the conclusion of a Treaty of Commerce, which should be based on the following principles:
- (a) To apply the condition of most favoured nation upon their territory to the citizens, the commercial, industrial or financial undertakings and companies, vessels and their cargoes, the products of the soil and of the rural industry of the other Contracting Party, and also to the export of goods from one of the Contracting Party to the other;
- (b) Goods crossing the territory of the one of the Contracting Parties should not be charged with any entrance duty nor pay any transit duty;
- (c) The transport charges for goods in transit should not be higher than local transport charges for the same classes of goods.
Note. Until the conclusion of the Treaty of Commerce commercial relations between Estonia and Russia shall be governed by these principles.
3. In the free docks in the port of Tallinn (Reval) and in the other free ports to be opened in Estonia, sites will be reserved for Russia for the reloading and warehousing and repacking of goods from or for Russia and the dimensions of the sites will vary according to the size of the port and of the importance of Russian trade; further, the taxes charged for these sites should not be greater than the duty collected from Estonian citizens.
4. The Contracting Parties will lay no claim to the privileges which one of the parties may grant to a third State by a Customs or other agreement.
5. Moveable property left after death in the territory of one of the Contracting Parties by citizens of the other party should be handed over in its entirely to the consular representative or to some other representative of the State of which the deceased was a subject for disposal in the accordance with the laws of his country.
Annex 2 to Article XVI[edit]
1. The artifical derivation of the water of the Lakes Peipsi and Pihkva so as to cause a fall of more than a foot in the average level of the water of these Lakes, as well as steps to raise this level, can only be undertaken after a special agreement between Estonia and Russia.
2. A special agreement with regard to fishing on the Lakes Peipsi and Pihkva, which may only be pursued by methods which will not destroy the piscatorial wealth of these lakes, and dealing also with the merchant navigation of these lakes has to been drawn up between the two parties.
Annex 3 to Article XVI[edit]
1. Estonia agrees to allow Russia the privilege of the electric power produced by the falls of the Narova; the sum to be paid to Estonia in exchange for this privilege as well as the other conditions will be determined by a special agreement.
2. Russia agrees to grant to Estonia the privilege of a concession for the construction and exploitation of a railway line, the most direct possible, of normal track (single or double) connecting Moscow with one of the points of the Russo-Esthonian frontiers, with right of re-purchase before the expiration of this concession, the duration of the concession, the date of re-purchase, and all the other conditions of the concession will be settled by a special agreement.
3. Russia consents to grant to Estonia the privilege of the exploitation of forests of an area of 100,000 desiatines in the Governments of Petrograd, of Pskov, of Tver, of Novgorod, of Olonets, of Vologda, and of Arkangelski; the conditions of this concession will be settled by a special agreement.
Article XVII[edit]
The two Contracting Parties mutually pledge themselves to take such measures as are in their power to ensure the security of mercantile shipping in their territorial waters by engaging the necessary number of pilots to conduct such shipping, by placing beacons and signals, and by making special arrangements to enclose mine-fields until the sea is completely cleared of them.
The two parties declare that they agree to collaborate in clearing the Baltic Sea of mine-fields, with regard to which a special agreement is to be concluded between them. In case this agreement should not be concluded, the share to be taken by each of the parties in clearing the sea is to be defined by a tribunal of arbitration.
Article XVIII[edit]
The rights granted by the present Treaty and its annexes to Estonian citizens, extend to institutions of local self-government, to towns, to associations and establishments for relief, to churches, to ecclesiastical and educational institutions and to all juridical persons.
Article XIX[edit]
The Russian and Estonian texts of the present Treaty are of equal authenticity.
Article XX[edit]
The present Treaty is to be submitted to both parties for ratification. The exchange of ratifications is to take place at Moscow with as little delay as possible.
The Treaty will become valid immediately it has been ratified.
Whenever, in the present Treaty, the moment of ratification is mentioned as the date on which the Treaty becomes valid, it is thereby understood that such moment is to be that at which the two Contracting Parties are mutually informed of its ratification.
In testimony whereof the Plenipotentary Envoys of the two parties have signed the present Treaty with their own hand and have sealed it with their own Seal.
The original, in duplicate, has been drawn up and signed in the town of Tartu on 2 February 1920.
|Seal. J. Poska.
|Seal. A. Joffe.
|Seal. Ants Piip.
|Seal. I. Goukovski.
|Seal. M. Püümann.
|Seal. Jul. Seljamaa.
|Seal. Major-General J. Soots.
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text:
Pope Repeats that Same-Sex 'Marriage' is "Anthropological Regression"
Holy Father made comments in a private conversation, says Maltese bishop.
In a recent private conversation, Pope Francis has reiterated his view that same-sex 'marriage' is an "anthropological regression".
The Holy Father was also "saddened" by legislative proposals in Malta to extend equality legislation to homosexual couples, particularly those who wish to adopt.
In an interview with the Italian bishops' newspaper Avvenire published today, Auxiliary Bishop of Malta Charles J. Scicluna said that when he met Pope Francis on Dec. 12, he expressed his concern to the Pope about the proposed law. "The Pope showed his sadness at this development, especially on the question of adoption."
He added: "I told him that the promoters [of the bill] quote his words: 'If a person is gay and seeks the Lord and has good will, who am I to judge?' but they don't quote his words from 2010 when he was still Cardinal Archbishop of Buenos Aires. The Pope repeated the phrase of his letter of 2010: 'It's an anthropological regression.'"
In 2010, then-Cardinal Jorge Mario Bergoglio called same-sex 'marriage' an "anti-value and an anthropological regression." In a conversation with Rabbi Abraham Skorka published in the book "On Heaven and Earth", he said same-sex 'marriage' is a weakening of the institution of marriage, an institution that has existed for thousands of years and is "forged according to nature and anthropology."
Bishop Scicluna, who worked for 17 years as a promoter of justice at the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, said the new socialist Maltese government which won elections in March last year promised to facilitate the claims of the homosexual lobby and to legislate in favour of same-sex unions.
The new bill, inspired by the Danes in 1994, equates in all respects civil unions (both heterosexual and homosexual) and civil marriage, and allows homosexual couples to become adoptive parents.
Bishop Scicluna said Malta's bishops have expressed their concern about the bill, "referring to Catholic doctrine that itself is clear, while insisting at the same time pastoral closeness to everyone, including homosexual people."

subset: commoncrawl


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Animated wallpapers moving desktop backgrounds interactive animation software All time
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The animation segment of the website presents the Adobe Flash Platform which is the cross-media runtime for multimedia applications, mobile devices, and communication apps.
Our Flash movies such as animated desktops, interactive interfaces, etc. provide examples of e-learning development and training for effective motivation of students to learn digital skills.
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Animated desktop wallpapers 58
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Calendars, templates, themes 17
Active, real-time desktop calendar themes for free downloads section. Calendar flash software programs with active calendar image, digital clock, and custom desktop templates for your computer. Keyword tags: Free monthly calendars software, exceptional online desktop themes, and desk calendars wallpaper, inventive calendars printable computer original desktop calendars original downloadable calendars.
Desktop clocks, timers 28
Free desktop clocks and timers are the advanced replacement for you standard Windows tray clock. See the real-time, day, and date in different skins, analog clock replacements for windows, some of them with embedded alarm management. Keyword tags: World alarm clock, unique atomic clocks, countdown timers, glock online watch, exclusive design clock with seconds digital google desktop timepiece with second hand timer, etc.
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Web design and animation are all about creating a great multimedia website. Use web development software and flash design gadgets downloads to build web sites that customers return to more then once. Keyword tags: free guest-books, chats, buttons, menus, forms interfaces, widgets web design tools and ideas, web design examples myspace layout clipart. Fee page counters codes, web hosting addition, search engine boxes etc.


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Everyone will be ready to celebrate with the guest of honor when wearing a Mardi Gras party hat. This set of 8 party hats is a great addition to your event and is sure to get everyone smiling – especially the guest of honor! Each Mardi Gras Cone Birthday Party Hat perfectly themed and has a festive star at the top. Be sure to have your camera ready because these Mardi Gras birthday party hats are going to give you some great photos!
Mardi Gras - Cone Party Hats:
- Party hats are fun for ages 1-100!
- Includes 8 Cone-Shaped Birthday Party Hats and Elastic Chin Straps for Adults and Kids
- The hat arrives unassembled but we promise it will be easy!
- The hat is 8.5" tall and 5.5" in diameter at the base.
- Each hat comes with 12" elastic so they will fit everyone!
- Printed on thick cardstock paper.


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Wool Longies Clearance one pair
Our wool longies are soft, breathable and absorbent.
Like all of our wool products, these are very easy to care for. Longies serve as both a cloth diaper cover and pants for your baby.
For sizing, please see below:
|3 – 6 months
|12 – 17 lbs.
|6 – 12 months
|17 – 25 lbs.
|8 – 24 months
|25 – 35 lbs.
Since every pair of BabeeGreens longies is unique and these covers are made from upcycled wool sweaters, you should expect a wonderful variety of shades and tones of the color which you select.
Wool Longies are highly absorbent. Wool will absorb up to 30% of its weight and still feel dry, yet it remains breathable, allowing maximum circulation around your baby's bum. It contains natural lanolin, which creates a waterproof barrier. Its elasticity means the cover fits well, yet moves with your baby. Wool is easy to care for. It doesn't need to be washed as often as other covers and it is naturally anti-bacterial.
Our 100% merino wool longies are made by upcycling sweaters. Each pair is one-of-a-kind. Each sweater is hand picked with softness for your baby in mind. Sizing can vary slightly due to the different thickness/stretchiness of various sweaters.
Longies are cost effective since they are a diaper cover and pants.
Handwash and lay flat to dry. Lanolize when needed.
We Also Recommend
Natural Wool Diaper Cover Factory Seconds
Wool Diaper Covers (Solid Colors) Factory Seconds One Cover
Cashmere Diaper Covers (Solid Colors) Factory Seconds One Cover
Growing Greens One-Size Fitted Cloth Diaper Factory Seconds


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Tactical role-playing games gained a more mainstream momentum with titles such as Final Fantasy Tactics and Fire Emblem on the Nintendo DS due to their bright, friendly graphics and user friendliness.
After more notable hardcore strategy RPGs came onto the scene, the whole genre (along with most traditional Japanese RPGs) abruptly got neglected in favor of the new influx of Western RPGs that often includes a focus on action-oriented gameplay and flashier graphics.
In this new climate, it's a bit unusual to find Rainbow Moon as a recent addition on the PlayStation Network, as the game sits firmly within the traditional constraints of early SRPGs. Despite its vast universe and diverse customization options, Rainbow Moon fails to make a splash in a genre that deserves a much-needed revival.
Rainbow Moon (PSN)
Developer: SideQuest Studios
Publisher: EastAsiaSoft
Released: July 10, 2012
Rainbow Moon's story begins rather abruptly with the main protagonist, Baldren, getting warped through a magical portal into a new world by his arch-rival Namoris. Baldren is blamed by the locals for all of the monsters appearing lately, and it becomes his duty to find his rival and most importantly, get back to his home.
In several hours of gameplay, the main story never really deviates from this, nor does it add any sort of intrigue or wonder to the world as a whole. One of the biggest crimes of Rainbow Moon's story is that characters you gain along the way are generally collected unceremoniously through fetch quests, and aren't really given any sort of interesting backstories.
In fact, the game generally progresses through a series of fetch quests that make the mechanics of Rainbow Moon show through early on and wear thin quickly. There isn't much voice work in the game, either, though the little bit of it you'll find can get grating and old before long (the healer, who you'll rely on throughout the game, is an especially irritating example of this).
Of course, story isn't the primary draw of strategy RPGs and where Rainbow Moon does admittedly shine is in the actual battle-to-battle gameplay. The combat takes place on large grids where each character has a basic attack and special attacks gained through scroll purchases and leveling up. Like most SRGPs, the combat plays out like an ever-shifting game of chess, where each attack needs to be planned intelligently in order to maximize hits and defend properly.
Sometimes enemies drop bags of loot, and a risk/reward system comes into play in moving characters to the loot locations while still in battle in order to maximize the potential of the type and amount of loot you gain through battles. Loot plays a big part in Rainbow Moon, as a good chunk of the game is devoted to managing your resources so that you use raw materials to upgrade your weapons and equipment, or simply sell the materials to get better equipment.
There are many other more passive factors that may come into play during a battle, such as the type of weapons your characters use and their viability against enemy weapons, or your positioning on the battlefield and skills that may enhance your party through smart placement. The game has an incredibly gradual learning curve; passive skills barely even play an important role in the first few hundred battles.
In fact, the biggest downfall of Rainbow Moon is that it takes it just a bit too easy on the player. You can save absolutely anywhere as long as you're not engaged in a battle, and if you do die, it becomes not much more than a slap on the wrist, as you aren't really punished for death beyond having your health and mana points completely drained and forcing you to seek out a healer to spend hard-earned "Rainbow Coins" to bring your condition back to normal. This might provide its own challenge if the healers weren't nearly always within very close vicinity; tougher dungeons generally become frequent returns to the closest healer instead of any sort of strategic stocking of your supplies.
Despite all of my complaints, there is certainly something to be said about Rainbow Moon's main gameplay: like comfort food, it is easy to digest and always reliable. I found myself going back to the game for second and third helpings not necessarily because I believed the game would show me something new and innovative, but because the familiar strategy and loot grab elements made the gameplay generally engaging and dare I say it — even fun.
However, after around 20-30 hours of a repetitive grind-quest that found me repeatedly leveling up to take out enemies in a given area and defeat a boss only to approach new enemies that would require another few hours to once again level up and do the same, I still saw no engaging story in sight and my interest waned. I had acquired several characters in my party and had even leveled up their skills and given them new skills, and yet knew of no interesting backstory for any of them or any truly compelling reason to why they were aiding me on my quest.
Admittedly, I don't believe I got anywhere near finishing the game in my hours of playtime, though in many ways, the game feels a lot like a casual iOS title in that it doesn't demand too much of the player other than their time. If the game had an engaging story and actually felt more like a "game" than a procedural chore, I would have been committed to finishing it properly. Instead Rainbow Moon offers you the gameplay you love, with none of the charm or interest.


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Floral Evening, Stretched Canvas Wall Art 30x30
Availability: Made-to-Order, Ships Within 1-2 Weeks
Description: Cathy Walters' astonishingly beautiful painting features an assortment of grapes and oranges paired with white blooms over a dramatic backdrop. All Canvas Wall Art is printed in the Giclee method for great clarity, brilliant colors, and depth that last for years. Printed on premium quality artist's canvas and hand-stretched over a 1.5" sustainable wood frame, using Greenguard inks. Non-toxic inks stay brilliantly colored for years and our canvas wall art inks are Greenguard Gold and UL Environment Energy verified. Gallery wrapped with image wrapping around the side edges and optional frames available to add-on. A sawtooth or wire hanger (depending on the size of art) is attached for easy hanging. Artist biography information is included on the back of each piece. Can be cleaned with a soft, dry or slightly damp cloth. This product is proudly printed in the U.S.A.
Dimensions: 30" W x 30" H x 1.5" D
Min: 1
Multi: 1


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In this installment of our (semi-)regular Torn From The Bible feature, I pulled a few pages related to the early days of the UK Punk scene. Those for your reading pleasure after the break, plus a couple of DJ training sheets.
Gratitude and appreciation, as always, to the Rock Show staff of yore who contributed these pages; some of them give themselves credit, and some don't, but they're all probably rad people.


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Besides Bradley Cooper's hair, my favourite part of The Hangover 3 comes at the end, when Todd Phillips montages together all the shots of the guys slow motion walking from the entire franchise. Can't remember what song he cut it to but it looks good. They slow motion walk down the hotel corridor in the first movie. They slow motion walk down a street in Bangkok. They slow motion walk a lot.
Slow motion walking is hot when it's done right. Embarrassing Confession: I have always, always wanted to slow motion walk with a group of friends on camera. Or, rather, walk at regular pace but have it slowed down to slow motion in post. The problem is I haven't decided on the soundtrack. Sometimes I want it to be New Order. Sometimes I think it could be the song from Drive, but is that corny? Should there be a wind machine?
Here's the cast of The Hangover for the premiere in Paris yesterday.


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Montsoleil Apartments Reviews
We cannot fault the Montsoleil Appartments. They were very clean, staff were very helpful and the accommodation perfect for a family vacation. The ski in ski out facility was great, although for the ski beginner it would be better to use the free bus transport as access is from a blue run which from midday at this time of year is a difficult ski (Tourmaline) for those accomplished skiers there is very good access both to and from the slopes. The outdoor pool was great to relax the body after a hard day on the slopes, as we're the sauna, jacuzzi and steam room. You can request a breakfast bakery order for the following day saving a trek down to the local shop. Flaine has some great pistes and access to Grand Massif is a must. Our 3rd skiing trip here. TV has limited programmes in English but for €5'you could get a very recent film to watch in an evening and with free wifi access all week it meant you wouldn't miss important emails and our teens could keep their Facebook status updated as well as any internet games or browsing they wished to do. Best accommodation we have stayed in and would certainly recommend.
Apres Ski: 3/5
Alison Kerr


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If you've been looking for a job and not getting any interviews, it's possible that you may be making typical job seeker mistakes. You may not be tapping into the best practices when it comes to applying for a job online. If it's been a while since you've looked for a job, you may be surprised to learn how much things have changed. If you don't know the rules to help you apply effectively, you could be very well-qualified for positions, but never have a chance to interview for them.
Pete Kazanjy, co-founder of TalentBin, a talent search engine for the entire Web, offers these tips to help:
1. Become one of the hunted. Companies are looking for the best, and they aren't necessarily sitting around and waiting to see who applies for their job opportunities. Kazanjy notes that companies are actually proactively searching for the best employees to work for them - whether you're currently looking for a job or not. "We are living in a time where recruiters and employers directly reach out to those candidates they are interested in - and that is a good thing," he explains. "They offer to bring job seekers a better job or career opportunity and have already done a bit of research about you and believe you'll be a good fit for them, putting the odds in your favor of landing that job if you choose to pursue it."
If you want to be on the radar of employers who are looking for you, be sure to make your presence known. This includes getting involved and actively participating in all types of events, both in person and online. Look for Meetups, Twitter chats and blogs where you can comment, and join groups on LinkedIn and communities via Google+. Some recruiters have been known to troll gaming sites for technology-oriented hires. Maintain a presence on the best websites and social media sites for your field and demonstrate your keen knowledge of your subject matter.
2. Form a relationship. Kazanjy notes that traditional tools from the sales industry, such as customer relationship management, are now expanded to benefit human resources and recruiting professionals so they can better manage relationships with potential candidates. He explains: "Talent search platforms, such as TalentBin, are evolving to include rCRM [recruiting customer relationship management]. These tools help employers see what you're doing online, but also allow them to directly reach out to targeted hires on social media platforms. This pipeline management layer allows recruiters to create more meaningful, well-rounded relationships with potential candidates as everything is tracked for them in just one place - making it easier for them to reference new skills you may have developed since you last corresponded."
When you engage with recruiters and potential employers, you can demonstrate what you offer in a three-dimensional way that you may not be able to present in just a résumé. These online conversations also give you a chance to show off your communication skills. "Employers like to see you are prompt, grammatically correct and engaging in back-and-forth conversation," Kazanjy says.
3. Put your best digital footprint forward. As technology evolves and social recruiting becomes more popular, recruiters track your digital footprints. However, they aren't necessarily only looking for negative information. Traditional media outlets love to showcase examples of how employees can lose opportunities via social media errors. "They're also looking to find out what you're passionate about and if you actively engage on social media sites," Kazanjy notes. "They check if you're on Twitter, LinkedIn and more, most often looking to see if you share industry news or follow industry leaders, if you participate on forums and if you join and attend Meetup group events. Showing an interest and 'community participation' through your social media life proves your dedication and motivation to learn and grow."
This online activity demonstrates confidence and appeals to employers who seek candidates who demonstrate critical thinking and written persuasion capabilities. Online activity also demonstrates your ability to use new technology, including social media, beyond chatting with your friends. Meanwhile, talent search functionalities allow recruiters and companies to find and make sense of all this data.
Don't miss the opportunity to use social media to attract employers, as they are shifting their approaches and will be thrilled to meet engaged and interesting candidates online.


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At a Glance: I'm probably not the right person to write this review, since I just don't get Dragonball Z. Despite being the smartest person in the entire universe, I am unable to comprehend how this show has stayed on the air for this long, how it has such a large army of adoring fans despite not making any sense whatsoever, and how the creators of the show are able to go out in public without having a wide assortment of heavy things thrown at them. The few times I've seen it, it appeared to consist mostly of strangely proportioned anime characters with 400 pounds of muscle flying through the air throwing flashy colored balls at each other, each of which destroys an area the size of Montana while somehow failing to harm the person it explodes next to, accompanied by dialogue primarily composed of exaggerated grunts and incoherent screams. But don't worry, I wasn't about to go into this review without doing any research. I work at Gamestop, so a few days ago at work I stared for upwards of five seconds at the cover of a magazine that said it had information about Dragonball Z in it. Having done this, I now consider myself a wisened Dragonball Z expert who is fully qualified to warn the world about this unbearably shitty fighting game.
Developer: Infogrames
Publisher: Infogrames
Playing this horrible game confirmed my suspicion that the majority of the Dragonball Z fanbase consists of hyperactive 12-year-olds who watch the show while bouncing around on the couch and downing bowl after bowl of Cookie Crisp cereal covered with sugar and crushed Ritalin pills. This is because in order to make any sense of the spastic jerking motions and 20-words-per-second dialogue that comprise the series, the blood vessels in your brain would have to be so constricted from caffeine that a moderately stiff jab to the temple would cause your entire head to explode in a gushing shower of blood and brainjuice. So they designed a game in which the players wouldn't have to deal with things that exceeded their microscopic attention spans, like "hitting more than one button," or the laborious "using the attack buttons in a particular nonrandom order" task that so many other fighting games require.
This realization made me curious about the capabilities of an average Dragonball Z fan, so I headed over to a reader review site. The reviews that I saw horrified me, not only because there were people who actually thought this was a good game, but also because the sheer volume of spelling mistakes suggests that most of them entered their reviews by standing across the room and throwing furniture at the keyboard.
All of the screenshots for this review were taken from the official DBZ Budokai site. Yes, that's right, looking at this screenshot is supposed to convince you to buy the game. I'm not sure how Infogrames thought that would work.
This game is one of the best figthing video games that I played so far. You people should be very happy that this game for PS2 came out. So just be happy and shut up!
gamestopstoremanger this game kicks a$$ it was one of the hottest sellin games where i live so if u r a store manager u really sux at ratein games dumba$$.... u should be replaced at your store u numbnuts..... or should just quit cause u can't rate a game worth of sh*t...
To me (a die hard fan till the end) the sounds were so acurate it gave me chills. I mean if someone were in another room they would think the show was actually on. this aspect of the game was as dead on perfect as it could have been(except for how fast they speak when pulling of moves like the kahmeahmeha wave it sound like its in fast forward) But overall It still kicks @$$...DBZ FORERVER!!! !!! !!! !!!
That right there should give you some idea of the demographic that Dragonball Z products are aimed at. Seeing these reader reviews frightened me, because I realized that any game that appeals to this kind of person would undoubtedly have a devastating effect on the non-weird-Japanese-cartoon-watching members of society. But despite this risk, and the risk of being called such harmful things as 'dumba$$' and 'u numbnuts', I somehow forced myself to put this game into the PS2 and fire it up. As you can probably tell from reading this first page, the result was not pretty.
Here we see the mighty warrior Piccolo striking fear into the hearts of his enemies with his dreaded Abnormally Long Purple Slinky Of Death.
I started up the vs mode, hoping that the game would be at least playable. Sadly, my hopes were quickly dashed upon the sharp jagged rocks of reality, and the only reason I didn't immediately run out the door and jump into oncoming traffic was because then I wouldn't be able to make any more clever analogies like the one I just made. Just by playing the vs mode, I ran into a nice big doggone bad ol' bunch o' problems. For one thing, you can only avoid enemy attacks by blocking, since you can't jump or duck and the 'sidestep' feature just makes your guy slowly shuffle approximately half a millimeter to the left or right. But keeping yourself from taking damage is still incredibly easy, because pressing an attack button causes your character to stand still and ponder the order you've given him for a few minutes before he gets through his busy schedule of standing there motionless and actually does something. And it's not like you're going to have a wide, varied offensive arsenal to protect yourself from, since each character only has eight or nine moves.
And if you think you can improve the playing experience by switching around and using a wide variety of characters, you're very wrong. Pretty much every character in this game is the same. I don't know why the developers didn't see this as a potential problem with making a game based on a show where every single character is a superpowered magical space warrior from Neptune. The big characters are just as fast as the small characters, and even the characters who are three feet tall are capable of punching people 40 feet into the air. And just like in the show, everybody has a variety of weird fireball attacks, only with some characters the fireballs are yellow and with others the fireballs are purple or orange.
Also, for some theoretical reason (the word 'theoretical' indicates that I am not convinced there even is a reason), whenever you knock somebody high enough into the air they don't come down. They stay trapped up there while your guy slowly floats up to meet him, at which point you continue running around, blocking, kicking and punching exactly as if you were still on the ground. I suppose this was done to capture the white-knuckled excitement of the show's fighting scenes, but at the sight of two people standing 20 feet off the ground running back and forth and knocking each other down onto an invisible floor that they seemed to be standing on, I immediately collapsed onto the floor and burst into a fit of kidney-damaging laughter. So the air-fighting in Budokai didn't turn out to be 'exciting' so much as 'hilarious in a hopelessly sad way', which I don't think was the mood the developers were going for.
Something Awful is in the process of changing hands to a new owner. In the meantime we're pausing all updates and halting production on our propaganda comic partnership with Northrop Grumman.
Dear god this was an embarrassment to not only this site, but to all mankind
Landmarks and statues around the world: old, boring and could use an update.
Join the SA Forum photoshop goons in their quest to make horror wholesome!
Yes, there are finally enough games for a new round of One Sentence Reviews
Something Awful reviews the worst video games out there.
Copyright ©2023 Jeffrey "of" YOSPOS & Something Awful


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I'm pretty darned good at complaining about bad service or products. That means I'd better praise great service as well. So I want to thank some folks for helping my family through the storm. We have power back today. Thousands more still do not have power and, worse, do not have homes. Once again, we are most lucky.
The staff at the Bridgewater Marriott has been exemplary. As Sandy threatened New Jersey, I made a two-day reservation for last Monday night. When it was clear we couldn't even get out of our street, I managed to shift it a night. The front-desk staff fixed a problem with the reservation (whew) and managed to extend our stay through this morning (whew x 10). The first night, the hotel was overwhelmed. Even the front-desk staff helped serve in the restaurant. Absolutely every member of the staff we dealt with that harried night and on for the rest of our stay was incredibly helfpul, friendly, and empathetic — all the while many of them were worried about their own homes and families. Their generosity of spirit was most impressive. I told the wonderful Grace Lizardo, manager of the front desk, that we were so grateful to have an advocate and a friend there to help us.
I'm grateful for the power crews from Texas, Virginia, and Indiana who came to our street yesterday and restored our power — exhausted, far from home, doing dangerous work in hard conditions, but cheerful nonetheless. No matter what you may think of the utility companies, these guys are the heroes. As Bert Williams said in Twitter: "Utility line crews are the unsung heroes of any disaster recovery effort. Tough job in harsh conditions." Amen to that.
Countless more staffers in restaurants and stores and gas stations and on the phone from Verizon, too, were helpful even as they were suffering through their own trials. Last night, my wife and I had a great dinner at a Greek restaurant in Somerville, NJ, (highly recommended) and the young waiter working a second job said his power came back on, then all the transformers in the neighborhood blew, and he'll be without for another two weeks. We've come across so many folks like that.
As I said in my last post about the storm, I'm also grateful that I live in a neighborhood where folks banded together to help each other.
We are lucky and I just want to say thank you.
While I'm thanking, I'm overdue expressing my gratitude to @ahugo68, aka Alex Hugo, who a few weeks ago saw on Twitter that I was having a problem with my AT&T account (holding onto my precious unlimited data plan). Out of nowhere, he appeared and said that he was an AT&T store staffer and that he'd fix it. Little did I know how far he would go to help. I didn't realize that he went into the store on a day off and got a flat tire on the way, to boot. But he said he couldn't stand to see his company make a mistake. I thanked him and his boss on the phone but I also want to thank them publicly and say to every company that the key to success is not obvious: You need thousands of Alexes and Graces.


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Top Items:
The Supreme Court Just Made It Harder For Women To Exercise Their Right To Choose — The Supreme Court unanimously struck down Massachusetts' abortion buffer zone law on Thursday, ruling in favor of anti-choice protesters who argued that being required to stay 35 feet away from clinic entrances …
Discussion: The Moderate Voice, The Daily Beast, Forbes, Guardian, Hullabaloo, Taylor Marsh, Shakesville, The Mahablog and Booman Tribune
Hart Williams / The Moderate Voice: The Absolute Perils of Absolutism
Daniel Fisher / Forbes: Scalia Howls In Agreement That Abortion-Clinic Buffer Zones Are Unconstitutional
Jessica Valenti / Guardian: The US supreme court's abortion buffer zone ruling protects a gauntlet of horror
Maha / The Mahablog: Buffer Zones Are Gone
John Fund / National Review:
Supreme Court Rules Unanimously Against Obama for 12th and 13th Time Since 2012 — Did you know the Obama administration's position has been defeated in at least 13 - thirteen — cases before the Supreme Court since January 2012 that were unanimous decisions?
Discussion: Washington Post and Cato Institute
Supreme Court strikes down Obama recess appointments — In a rebuke to President Barack Obama, the Supreme Court struck down three of his recess appointments to the National Labor Relations Board as unconstitutional. — The decision Thursday gives the Senate broad power …
Discussion: The Political Insider and BizPac Review
Adam Liptak / New York Times:
Supreme Court Curbs President's Power to Make Recess Appointments — WASHINGTON — The Supreme Court on Thursday said President Obama had violated the Constitution when he bypassed the Senate to appoint officials to the National Labor Relations Board during a brief break in the Senate's work.
Discussion: Washington Post, SCOTUSblog, Hullabaloo, Outside the Beltway, The Hugh Hewitt Show and ACS Blog
Will Baude / Washington Post: Immediate thoughts on Noel Canning
Lyle Denniston / SCOTUSblog: Opinion analysis: Pragmatism triumphs over formalism
Thereisnospoon / Hullabaloo: Control of Congress just got more important, by @DavidOAtkins
New York Times:
A More Nuanced Breakdown of the Supreme Court — This is the time of year that the news media roll out a familiar graphic: Nine head shots of Supreme Court justices, arrayed from most liberal to most conservative. — In spacing the head shots at equal intervals, the graphics suggest a steady procession from left to right.
Adam Liptak / New York Times:
Supreme Court Strikes Down Abortion Clinic Buffer Zones
Supreme Court Strikes Down Abortion Clinic Buffer Zones
Discussion: National Review, ACS Blog, SCOTUSblog, Washington Post, Outside the Beltway and Daily Kos
Jonathan Keim / National Review: McCullen v. Coakley: A Victory for Free Speech, Sort Of
Jeremy Leaming / ACS Blog: High Court Term Nearing an End with Major Cases Still to Come
Lyle Denniston / SCOTUSblog: Opinion analysis: A broader right to oppose abortion
Eugene Volokh / Washington Post: Massachusetts abortion clinic buffer zone law overturned (in McCullen v. Coakley)
Doug Mataconis / Outside the Beltway: Supreme Court Strikes Down Abortion Clinic Buffer Zones
Joan McCarter / Daily Kos: Supreme Court strikes down abortion clinic buffer zone law
Richard Wolf / Associated Press:
Supreme Court strikes down abortion clinic buffer zone
Supreme Court strikes down abortion clinic buffer zone
Discussion: USA Today, BillMoyers.com and The PJ Tatler
Glenn Thrush / Politico:
The survivor — Why the hell is Eric Holder still around?
The survivor — Why the hell is Eric Holder still around?
Discussion: Hot Air, National Review and Washington Post
Allahpundit / Hot Air: Ted Cruz: If Holder won't appoint a special prosecutor for the IRS scandal, he should be impeached
Joel Gehrke / National Review: Ted Cruz: Eric Holder Should Appoint IRS Special Prosecutor or Be Impeached
Randall Kennedy / Politico: Black America? — On January 20, 2009, when Barack Obama assumed …
Numbers / Pew Research Center:
Beyond Red vs. Blue: The Political Typology — Even in an increasingly Red vs. Blue nation, the public's political attitudes and values come in many shades and hues. — Partisan polarization - the vast and growing gap between Republicans and Democrats - is a defining feature of politics today.
Discussion: New York Times, OnPolitics, Blazing Cat Fur, Washington Post, Bloomberg View and Althouse
Catalina Camia / OnPolitics: Which party controls Congress? Only 4 in 10 Americans know
Philip Bump / Washington Post: Reagan wins: More than a third of liberals think Democrats over-rely on government
Christopher Flavelle / Bloomberg View: The New Left: Like the Old Left, Just More Selfish
Aaron Blake / Washington Post:
Proud to be an American? You're probably not a true liberal. — Michelle Obama took some heat in 2008 for saying that, "for the first time in my adult life I am proud of my country..." — As it turns out, that sentiment isn't all that unusual on the far left of American politics.
Discussion: JustOneMinute, Weasel Zippers, Booman Tribune, American Power and Washington Free Beacon
Tom Maguire / JustOneMinute: The Soccer/Politics Mash-Up
Donald Douglas / American Power: Poll: Conservatives More Likely to Say They Are 'Proud to Be American...'
Numbers / Pew Research Center for the People …:
Beyond Red vs. Blue: The Political Typology
Beyond Red vs. Blue: The Political Typology
Washington Post:
Immigration reform effectively dead until after Obama leaves office, both sides say — The two-year attempt to push immigration reform through Congress is effectively dead and unlikely to be revived until after President Obama leaves office, numerous lawmakers and advocates on both sides of the issue said this week.
Discussion: Washington Monthly, RedState, Hot Air, Prairie Weather, Politico, The Hill, Weasel Zippers and National Review
Ed Kilgore / Washington Monthly: Immigration Reform Still Really Dead
Allahpundit / Hot Air: WaPo: Lawmakers on both sides believe immigration reform is dead for the rest of Obama's presidency
Seung Min Kim / Politico: Joe Biden sets immigration meeting
Cristina Marcos / The Hill: Pelosi scoffs at House GOP lawsuit
Lauren French / Politico:
John Boehner lawsuit brings in cash for DCCC
John Boehner lawsuit brings in cash for DCCC
Discussion: PoliticusUSA
Paul Waldman / American Prospect:
In Dramatic Pointless Gesture, Boehner to Sue Obama
In Dramatic Pointless Gesture, Boehner to Sue Obama
Discussion: The Daily Beast, The Dish, Washington Post, Reuters and msnbc.com
Andrew Sullivan / The Dish: Boehner Pulls A Bachmann
Philip Bump / Washington Post: Why John Boehner is really suing Barack Obama
Benjy Sarlin / msnbc.com: House Speaker John Boehner to sue President Obama
Dana Milbank / Washington Post:
John Boehner wants to sue President Obama
John Boehner wants to sue President Obama
Susie / susiemadrak.com: Flailing — Shameless John Boehner, doing what he has to do to keep his job:
Doug Mataconis / Outside the Beltway: Speaker Boehner To File Lawsuit Against Obama Over Executive Actions
John Parkinson / ABC News: Boehner Insists Obama Lawsuit 'Not About Impeachment'
Ed Kilgore / Washington Monthly:
McDaniel Goes Over the Brink — A lot of us spent a good part of yesterday wondering what the basis might be of some Chris McDaniel challenge to the results in Mississippi on Tuesday night. Would Team McDaniel stick to investigating clear and provable violations of state law (e.g. …
Discussion: Slate, Talking Points Memo, Democratic Strategist, Daily Kos, The Mahablog and Mediaite
Jamelle Bouie / Slate: Why Mississippi's Black Democrats Saved an Elderly White Republican
Daniel Strauss / Talking Points Memo: McDaniel's Amazing New Legal Theory For Why He Was Robbed In MS Runoff
Josh Feldman / Mediaite: Chris McDaniel Tells Mark Levin 'We're Not Going to Concede'
Sam Levine / The Huffington Post:
NAACP Wants Thad Cochran To 'Show Some Reciprocity'
NAACP Wants Thad Cochran To 'Show Some Reciprocity'
Discussion: ThinkProgress, New York Times, Weasel Zippers, Mediaite and The New Republic
ThinkProgress: Senator Who Owes Victory To Black Voters Still Supports Law That Makes Voting Harder For Them
ZIP / Weasel Zippers: NAACP Wants Thad Cochran To "Show Some Reciprocity" For Black Dems Who Voted For Him...
The Right Scoop:
Chris McDaniel: "We're not going to concede right now, we're going to investigate"
Chris McDaniel: "We're not going to concede right now, we're going to investigate"
Daniel Strauss / Talking Points Memo: McDaniel Campaign To GOP Chair: Order Clerks To Open Poll Books
Justin Baragona / PoliticusUSA: Sore Loser! Tea Party Senate Candidate Still Refuses To Concede Two Days After Loss
Doug Mataconis / Outside the Beltway: The Tea Party Needs To Stop Whining About Losing In Mississippi
Rick Hasen / Election Law Blog: Does McDaniel Think There are 35,000 Voters Who Voted in the Earlier #MSSEN Democratic Primary?
Matt Wilstein / Mediaite: Hannity to Listeners: Don't Vote for 'Despicable' Thad Cochran in General Election
Jeff Quinton / The Quinton Report: Sore Loserman 2014 — First, we have Claudia Tenney in New York (via Syracuse.com):
Directorblue / Doug Ross: CHRIS McDANIEL: We're Not Conceding, We're Going to Fight the Corrupt #MSSEN Election!
The Hill:
Odds tilt toward GOP Senate — Republicans are in the strongest position to win back the Senate since losing it eight years ago. — Over several months, the party has expanded its range of targeted seats, and the National Republican Senatorial Committee (NRSC) has helped defeat insurgents …
Discussion: Hot Air, The Moderate Voice, SCOTUSblog, Politico and Taylor Marsh
Joe Gandelman / The Moderate Voice: Democrats' panic time? Odds increase that Republicans will win Senate
Anna Palmer / Politico: The Democrats' best shot in Mississippi
Alexander Burns / Politico:
The staggering price of crushing the tea party
The staggering price of crushing the tea party
Discussion: Weekly Standard, Hot Air and WJLA-TV
Catherine Thompson / Talking Points Memo:
Fox Panelist: World Cup Is A Way For Obama To 'Distract People' (VIDEO) — It was only a matter of time before a Fox News panelist suggested the FIFA World Cup presented a convenient distraction from the problems facing President Barack Obama. — "I'm suspect," Dr. Keith Ablow said Thursday on …
Discussion: Washington Monthly
ABC News:
Obama: World Cup Impacting Some Foreign Policy Moves
Obama: World Cup Impacting Some Foreign Policy Moves
Discussion: The PJ Tatler
Bryan Preston / The PJ Tatler: The Most Disturbing Tweets...Ever?
Michael M. Grynbaum / New York Times:
New York's Ban on Big Sodas Is Rejected by Final Court — The Bloomberg big-soda ban is officially dead. — The state's highest court on Thursday refused to reinstate New York City's controversial limits on sales of jumbo sugary drinks, exhausting the city's final appeal and handing …
Aaron Bandler / The Daily Caller: Drink Up: Court Rules Bloomberg's Large Soda Ban Dead
Geoffrey Norman / Weekly Standard: Order the Super Size. It's Legal.
Doug Mataconis / Outside the Beltway: New York's Highest Court Kills Mike Bloomberg's Soda Ban
Scott Shackford / Hit & Run: New York's Big Soda Ban Is Truly Dead
Celina Durgin / National Review: New York Soda Ban Loses Again
Amy Chozick / New York Times:
Sales of Hillary Clinton's New Memoir Drop Sharply in 2nd Week — Sales of Hillary Rodham Clinton's new memoir, "Hard Choices," declined 43.5 percent to 48,000 copies in its second week on the shelves, according to Nielsen BookScan. — The sales figures put pressure on the publisher …
Discussion: CNN, Hot Air, Power Line, Weasel Zippers, Washington Post, The Daily Caller, TheBlaze.com, Mediaite, The PJ Tatler and Weekly Standard
Ed Morrissey / Hot Air: Book sales figures tumble for Hard Choices
Paul Mirengoff / Power Line: "Hard Choices" = Hard Sell
Philip Bump / Washington Post: 'Hard Choices' is a good example of why publishers don't disclose advances
Jim Treacher / The Daily Caller: Hard Choices: Buy Hillary's New Book, Or Have A Root Canal Sans Anesthesia?
Alak Mehta / TheBlaze.com: Hard times for Hillary's 'Hard Choices': Sales of the memoir plunge in its second week since release
David Stout / New York Times:
Howard H. Baker Jr., 'Great Conciliator' of Senate, Dies at 88 — Howard H. Baker Jr., a soft-spoken Tennessee lawyer who served three terms in the Senate and became known as "the great conciliator" in his eight years as the chamber's Republican leader, died on Thursday at his home in Tennessee.
James Gerstenzang / Washington Post:
Sen. Howard Baker, majority leader and Reagan's chief of staff, dies at 88
Sen. Howard Baker, majority leader and Reagan's chief of staff, dies at 88
Discussion: Outside the Beltway
Doug Mataconis / Outside the Beltway: Former Senator Howard Baker Dies At 88
Nick Hanauer / Politico:
The Pitchforks Are Coming? For Us Plutocrats — To: My Fellow Zillionaires — You probably don't know me, but like you I am one of those .01%ers, a proud and unapologetic capitalist. I have founded, co-founded and funded more than 30 companies across a range of industries …
Discussion: susiemadrak.com, FishbowlDC and Election Law Blog
Nick Massella / FishbowlDC: POLITICO Magazine Explores Money, Politics, and Power in 2014
Pascal-Emmanuel Gobry / The Week:
Vox, derp, and the intellectual stagnation of the left — Talk about an epistemic closure problem — This wunderkind is now presiding over an empire of derp. — S — everal long winters ago, when President Obama was thunderously elected amid Messianic fervor, and much of the right …
Discussion: Lawyers, Guns & Money, Ed Driscoll and Hot Air
Lanhee Chen / Bloomberg View:
Obamacare's Prognosis Grows Dimmer — A nightmare for Affordable Care Act supporters has been the possibility that only the sick would be left to purchase insurance through its exchanges, driving premiums up and insurers out. While the law's boosters have been quick to dismiss the possibility …
Discussion: Balloon Juice
Richard Mayhew / Balloon Juice: The obvious, it burns — From the Wall Street Journal …
Scott Walker / CNN:
Walker not focus of fundraising probe, prosecutor says — (CNN) - Wisconsin Gov. Scott Walker is not currently the focus of an investigation into allegations of illegally coordinated fundraising efforts between the governor's campaign and outside conservative groups in the midst …
Discussion: Politico
James Hohmann / Politico: Lawyer clarifies Walker not target
Paul Blumenthal / The Huffington Post:
The Investigation Into Scott Walker Could Be Way, Way Bigger Than Scott Walker
The Investigation Into Scott Walker Could Be Way, Way Bigger Than Scott Walker
Discussion: RedState, CNN, Hullabaloo and BuzzFeed


text:
The House of Lindo F
137 Line 9 S, Oro-Medonte, ON, LOL 1T0
Monday - Friday 10AM-7PM, Saturday 10AM-4PM, Sunday 10AM-4PM.
Charlie Cable Hat - Bubblegum
- 100% Merino wool.
- Toque sold individually.
- Interchangeable with any Pom.
- Colours for every style.
- Hand wash or dry clean only.
*Please note: due to the nature of the material, colours may not be exactly as shown.
Free Shipping Over $149
A Timeless Look with Lindo F
Each season, our team works hard to create something truly special and unique. Our designs stand out from the crowd and we strive to bring our customers the highest quality materials & freshest colour palettes.
We find our inspiration for each piece in the unique and ever evolving trends in Canadian fashion. From bright spring greens to rich, mulled maroons, soft mink cuffs to bouncy coyote poms, our line of fur products marries traditional Canadian materials with fashion forward design. There's nothing quite like Lindo F Fur on the market. Check out some of our fave styles and pieces from this seasons line of outwear and accessories.
Only The Best With Lindo F
Breathable Hats
All Mountain
Interchangeable Poms
Hat Style Guide
The original waffle can be worn slouch or cuffed. This unique knit and versitile look makes this our most popular toque!
Charlie Cable
A classic like its name, with the intricate weave of the cables and a cuff. This toque will fit all shapes and sizes beautifully.
A Lindo F favourite with its smooth, sleek look, double knit and fitted style, offers performance while making a statement!
Right on trend, this animal print takes our basic double knit toque to the next level with its sleek fitted style.
An apres necessity says it all. Match with any pom to turn heads after a day on the slopes
Ski in style from the hill to the chalet with this double knit eye catching performance toque.
The glossy gone sporty. Five colourful stripes to coordinate with any outfit. An eye catching performance filled toque.
A feminine twist to the basic toque. With a smooth knit these hearts get lots of love with any coordinating pom.
If you are not completely happy with any items from your order you may return them to us within 14 days from delivery (subject to the conditions below) for a store credit only. The credit will be applied to your account and does not expire. Please note your return must be delivered to us within this time. Returns received beyond this period will not be accepted unless agreed otherwise.
To avoid disappointment we do not accept exchanges. We advise that you place a new order for any items you wish to exchange and request a refund for your return, as the items you want may sell out in the time it takes for us to receive your return. We are not able to hold items and cannot guarantee their availability prior to receiving your return.
All sale items are FINAL SALE and cannot be returned or exchanged. Promotions and promotional merchandise are also FINAL SALE and cannot be returned or exchanged. Exchange or refund requests on sale or promotional merchandise will not be accepted.


text:
Theme Package Specification (Draft)
This specification is designed to provide a desktop neutral way to package multiple themes inside a single 'metatheme', it does not explain where themes should go.
It should bring artists and users together, allow artists to create a collection of themes building a certain look and users can install that same collection at the touch of a button to get the look the artist designed.
Themes should be installed as specified by the DesktopThemeSpec.
Theme Package Structure
A theme-package is an archive containing several different kinds of themes and a themepackage file describing all the contents. The archive should be a gzip-compressed tarball with a .theme extension.
Individual themes are located in different folders, see below:
/ /ThemePackage.index /gtk-2.0/ /metacity/ /xfwm4/ /icons/ /cursors/
Theme Package Description
The Theme``Package.index file should be formatted as followed:
Theme Name
[ThemePackage Entry] Name=Example theme
The Name of the theme, it is required for identification-purposes.
Desktop-file version
The Desktop-file syntax version, this field must be present.
The mime-type, this field must be present and have the value X-Theme``Package.
Maintainer=John Doe <john DOT doe AT freedesktop DOT org>
The Theme``Package maintainer, this field should be present and formatted as followed
Name < email >
If for some reason this field is not available, Theme-manager implementations may choose to warn a user about this fact.
Theme version
The Theme``Package version-number (increases with every update), this field should be present and formatted as followed
a[.b[.c[.d[.e]]]] Where a, b, c, d and e are numbers between 0 and 4294967296 (32 bits unsigned integers).
Theme components
A list of themes contained within the ?ThemePackage, these strings MUST represent the folder-names inside the archive. However, since not every theme-category might be available, some of the items from this list could be missing. (eg, if it does not contain an icon-theme, just leave out the 'icons' entry from this list)
It is possible to include any theme-category to a theme-package, given it adheres to the following rules:
- the category should be unique (eg, it can't be called gtk-2.0 and conflict to existing gtk themes)
- the theme should be installed in $XDG_DATA_DIRS/themes
- This means that the theme data-files can be found in $XDG_DATA_DIRS/themes/THEME_NAME/COMPONENT_NAME/ where THEME_NAME equals the Name field from the Theme``Package.desktop file, and the COMPONENT_NAME equals the name of a theme-category. Applications which install themes may choose which components to install but it should also provide an option to install all available components.
Component-related information
You may add an individual section for certain package-components, this can be used to add additional information regarding the individual theme-author and license related to the specific themes.
Author(s) / Artist(s) name(s)
[gtk-2.0] Authors=Jane Doe <jane AT freedesktop DOT org>; John Doe <john AT freedesktop DOT org>
The author(s) of the component theme, this field may be present.
Name < email >[; Name < email >[; etc...]]
Theme Component Name
Name=Component Theme Name
The component's theme name, this is optional and overrides the Theme
Package name for a component. It is useful when a ThemePackage is filled with several pre-existing themes.
Theme Component Description
Description=This Example theme gives the User Interface an olive-greenish look.
This field provides a description about the specific component.
Theme Component License Information
The License under which the component is distributed, if this field is missing or empty a theme-manager may choose to notify the user about such fact.
ThemePackage.index Example
[ThemePackage Entry] Name=Example theme Version=1.0 Type=X-ThemePackage Maintainer=John Doe <john AT freedesktop DOT org> Theme-Version=1.0 Contains=gtk-2.0,xfwm4,metacity,icons [gtk-2.0] Authors=Jane Doe <jane AT freedesktop DOT org>; John Doe <john AT freedesktop DOT org> Description=This Example theme gives the User Interface an olive-greenish look. License=GPL;Creative-Commons [xfwm4] Authors=John Doe Jr. <john_jr AT freedesktop DOT org> Description=This Example theme provides window-decoration with round borders. License=Creative-Commons [metacity] Name=Existing Theme Authors=John Doe Jr. <john_jr AT freedesktop DOT org> Description=This Example theme provides window-decoration with round borders. License=Creative-Commons [icons] Authors=John Doe <john AT freedesktop DOT org> License=Public Domain


text:
|Perl Monk, Perl Meditation
So it's homework - so what?by tachyon (Chancellor)
|on Oct 25, 2001 at 21:40 UTC ( #121502=monkdiscuss: print w/replies, xml )
|Need Help??
There is an old story that goes like this. Four engineering students were set a problem "How long will it take to roast 1Kg of beef to the medium rare stage in a 200C degree oven?.
Student one was the theoretical type. He researched the literature and found that at medium rare stage the core temperature of the piece of beef will be 45C. Using complex formulas for the specific heat capacity and thermal conductivity of beef he duly arrived at an answer.
Student two was also the theoretical type but with a touch of the experimental bent. He too researched and noted the 45C temperature requirement. Rather than struggle with formulae he purchased a meat thermometer and performed a practical text to arrive at the answer.
Student three simply put 6 pieces of beef in the oven and pulled one out every 20 minutes. He cut each open to detect its stage of cooking and duly arrived at an answer.
Student four simply rang up his mum and said "Mum how long does it take to roast 1kg of beef to medium rare in a 200C oven?"
Which student will make the best engineer?.
Anyway to get to the point I have be bemused by the chatterbox chatter on this node.
OK so it looks like a homework problem. About what do you object?
Almost all questions posed on all online forums could be answered with a little (or even a lot) of research. The web is over flowing with information. As such there is little compelling reason to answer any but the most obscure and arcane questions as all the rest have already been answered. And yet answer questions we do.
Is it morally correct to answer the question of someone who is being paid to know the answer as part of their job. Is this more or less moral than answering a student who is paying for the privilege of learning the answer?
Many people who visit this site do so in the first instance as Anonymonk. Today's student is tomorrows programmer. Is not one of the much touted virtues of Perl the helpful online community? On c.l.p.m it is RTFM/RTFS here it is Homework Alert!
Back to Perl Monks Discussion


text:
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|RAE Systems by Honeywell
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|10 to 600 ppmv


text:
Cocktails & Spirits
Category Main Page
Articles & Reviews
Main Nibbles
Main Page
Articles & Reviews Of Foods From A To Z
May 2009
CAPSULE REPORT: Vodka was once rarely consumed outside of Europe. Today, it's the world's top-selling spirit. Its popularity is owed in part to its versatility, as well as to its numerous appearances in pop culture—from James Bond's "shaken not stirred" vodka martini to Carrie Bradshaw's Cosmopolitan martini in "Sex & The City." Vodka blends well with many different flavors, making it a perfect choice for seasonal, nouvelle and experimental concoctions. Try, for example, a Chocolate Basil Martini or a Green Tea Martini. This is Page 1 of a three-page article. Click the black links below to visit other pages.
Vodka is a clear liquor, mostly made from water and ethanol distilled from a fermented substance, such as grain, potatoes or sugar beet molasses. The extreme cold temperatures of the Russian and Polish winters inhibited the shipment of wines and beers, which could freeze during transit. Until the introduction of distilling into Eastern Europe, strong alcoholic drinks were made by fermenting strong wine, beer and mead, freezing them, and then drawing off the concentrated alcoholic slush from the frozen water.
The earliest distilled spirit known to Eastern Europe was distilled from mead (honey wine) or beer and was called perevara. Both Russia and Poland claim to be the originators of vodka. The first identifiable Polish vodkas appeared
in the 11th century and were used as medicines—as were most spirits. The first documented distillery was
recorded in the Russian town of Khylnovsk in 1174. Commercial production was established by the 14th century. The first recorded exports of Russian vodka (to Sweden) were documented in 1505.
Early vodka was distilled only once. However, vodka makers soon caught on to the benefits of
multiple distillations, which produce higher alcohol content and greater quality, by removing impurities. Since early production methods were crude, fruit, herbs or
spices were used to mask the imperfections.
In Russia, the air bladders of fish were once used to remove impurities and improve taste after
distillation. In the 18th century, a professor in St. Petersburg discovered the method of purifying alcohol using
charcoal filtration, and this process is still widely used today.
Owning distilleries became the exclusive right of the Russian nobility in 1716. In 1894, in an attempt to
control vodka quality, a law was
enacted to make the production and distribution of Russian vodka a state monopoly. By contrast, making vodka in Poland was easy: In 1546, the King of Poland
issued a decree extending the right to make vodka to every citizen.
Vodka's popularity spread to the U.S. by way of France after World War II. Pablo Picasso once
identified the best things about post-war France as "Bridgette Bardot, modern jazz and Polish
However, vodka sales did not take off in the U.S. until the 1950s, when a business-savvy food
and spirits distributor introduced the Moscow Mule (made with vodka, lime juice and ginger
beer). The Mule kicked off a vodka craze.
The copper still at Cold River Vodka, in Freeport, Maine.
Continue To Page 2: Vodka History Continues With James Bond
& Carrie Bradshaw
Go To The Article Index Above


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