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Template:Continuum mechanics Viscosity is a measure of the resistance of a fluid to being deformed by either shear stress or extensional stress. It is commonly perceived as "thickness", or resistance to flow. Viscosity describes a fluid's internal resistance to flow and may be thought of as a measure of fluid friction. Thus, water is "thin", having a lower viscosity, while vegetable oil is "thick" having a higher viscosity. All real fluids (except superfluids) have some resistance to stress, but a fluid which has no resistance to shear stress is known as an ideal fluid or inviscid fluid.[1] The study of viscosity is known as rheology.
The word "viscosity" derives from the Latin word "viscum" for mistletoe. A viscous glue was made from mistletoe berries and used for lime-twigs to catch birds.[2]
Viscosity coefficients
When looking at a value for viscosity, the number that one most often sees is the coefficient of viscosity. There are several different viscosity coefficients depending on the nature of applied stress and nature of the fluid. They are introduced in the main books on hydrodynamics[3][4] and rheology.[5]
- Dynamic viscosity determines the dynamics of an incompressible Newtonian fluid;
- Kinematic viscosity is the dynamic viscosity divided by the density for a Newtonian fluid;
- Volume viscosity determines the dynamics of a compressible Newtonian fluid;
- Bulk viscosity is the same as volume viscosity
- Shear viscosity is the viscosity coefficient when the applied stress is a shear stress (valid for non-Newtonian fluids);
- Extensional viscosity is the viscosity coefficient when the applied stress is an extensional stress (valid for non-Newtonian fluids).
Shear viscosity and dynamic viscosity are much better known than the others. That is why they are often referred to as simply viscosity. Simply put, this quantity is the ratio between the pressure exerted on the surface of a fluid, in the lateral or horizontal direction, to the change in velocity of the fluid as you move down in the fluid (this is what is referred to as a velocity gradient). For example, at "room temperature", water has a nominal viscosity of 1.0 × 10-3 Pa∙s and motor oil has a nominal apparent viscosity of 250 × 10-3 Pa∙s.[6]
- Extensional viscosity is widely used for characterizing polymers.
- Volume viscosity is essential for Acoustics in fluids, see Stokes' law (sound attenuation) [7]
Newton's theory
In general, in any flow, layers move at different velocities and the fluid's viscosity arises from the shear stress between the layers that ultimately opposes any applied force.
Isaac Newton postulated that, for straight, parallel and uniform flow, the shear stress, τ, between layers is proportional to the velocity gradient, ∂u/∂y, in the direction perpendicular to the layers.
- <math>\tau=\eta \frac{\partial u}{\partial y}</math>.
Here, the constant η is known as the coefficient of viscosity, the viscosity, the dynamic viscosity, or the Newtonian viscosity. Many fluids, such as water and most gases, satisfy Newton's criterion and are known as Newtonian fluids. Non-Newtonian fluids exhibit a more complicated relationship between shear stress and velocity gradient than simple linearity.
The relationship between the shear stress and the velocity gradient can also be obtained by considering two plates closely spaced apart at a distance y, and separated by a homogeneous substance. Assuming that the plates are very large, with a large area A, such that edge effects may be ignored, and that the lower plate is fixed, let a force F be applied to the upper plate. If this force causes the substance between the plates to undergo shear flow (as opposed to just shearing elastically until the shear stress in the substance balances the applied force), the substance is called a fluid. The applied force is proportional to the area and velocity of the plate and inversely proportional to the distance between the plates. Combining these three relations results in the equation F = η(Au/y), where η is the proportionality factor called the absolute viscosity (with units Pa·s = kg/(m·s) or slugs/(ft·s)). The absolute viscosity is also known as the dynamic viscosity, and is often shortened to simply viscosity. The equation can be expressed in terms of shear stress; τ = F/A = η(u/y). The rate of shear deformation is <math>u/y</math> and can be also written as a shear velocity, du/dy. Hence, through this method, the relation between the shear stress and the velocity gradient can be obtained.
James Clerk Maxwell called viscosity fugitive elasticity because of the analogy that elastic deformation opposes shear stress in solids, while in viscous fluids, shear stress is opposed by rate of deformation.
Viscosity Measurement
Dynamic viscosity is measured with various types of viscometer. Close temperature control of the fluid is essential to accurate measurements, particularly in materials like lubricants, whose viscosity can double with a change of only 5 °C. For some fluids, it is a constant over a wide range of shear rates. These are Newtonian fluids.
The fluids without a constant viscosity are called Non-Newtonian fluids. Their viscosity cannot be described by a single number. Non-Newtonian fluids exhibit a variety of different correlations between shear stress and shear rate.
One of the most common instruments for measuring kinematic viscosity is the glass capillary viscometer.
In paint industries, viscosity is commonly measured with a Zahn cup, in which the efflux time is determined and given to customers. The efflux time can also be converted to kinematic viscosities (cSt) through the conversion equations.
Also used in paint, a Stormer viscometer uses load-based rotation in order to determine viscosity. The viscosity is reported in Krebs units (KU), which are unique to Stormer viscometers.
Vibrating viscometers can also be used to measure viscosity. These models use vibration rather than rotation to measure viscosity.
Extensional viscosity can be measured with various rheometers that apply extensional stress
Volume viscosity can be measured with acoustic rheometer.
Units of Measure
Viscosity (dynamic/absolute viscosity)
Dynamic viscosity and absolute viscosity are synonymous. The IUPAC symbol for viscosity is the Greek symbol eta (<math>{\eta}</math>), and dynamic viscosity is also commonly referred to using the Greek symbol mu (<math>{\mu}</math>). The SI physical unit of dynamic viscosity is the pascal-second (Pa·s), which is identical to 1 kg·m−1·s−1. If a fluid with a viscosity of one Pa·s is placed between two plates, and one plate is pushed sideways with a shear stress of one pascal, it moves a distance equal to the thickness of the layer between the plates in one second.
The name poiseuille (Pl) was proposed for this unit (after Jean Louis Marie Poiseuille who formulated Poiseuille's law of viscous flow), but not accepted internationally. Care must be taken in not confusing the poiseuille with the poise named after the same person.
The cgs physical unit for dynamic viscosity is the poise[8] (P), named after Jean Louis Marie Poiseuille. It is more commonly expressed, particularly in ASTM standards, as centipoise (cP). The centipoise is commonly used because water has a viscosity of 1.0020 cP (at 20 °C; the closeness to one is a convenient coincidence).
- 1 P = 1 g·cm−1·s−1
The relation between poise and pascal-seconds is:
- 10 P = 1 kg·m−1·s−1 = 1 Pa·s
- 1 cP = 0.001 Pa·s = 1 mPa·s
Kinematic viscosity
In many situations, we are concerned with the ratio of the viscous force to the inertial force, the latter characterised by the fluid density ρ. This ratio is characterised by the kinematic viscosity (<math>\nu </math>), defined as follows:
- <math>\nu = \frac {\mu} {\rho}</math>.
where <math>\mu</math> is the (dynamic) viscosity, and <math>\rho</math> is the density.
Kinematic viscosity (Greek symbol: <math>{\nu}</math>) has SI units (m2·s−1). The cgs physical unit for kinematic viscosity is the stokes (abbreviated S or St), named after George Gabriel Stokes. It is sometimes expressed in terms of centistokes (cS or cSt). In U.S. usage, stoke is sometimes used as the singular form.
- 1 stokes = 100 centistokes = 1 cm2·s−1 = 0.0001 m2·s−1.
- 1 centistokes = 1 mm2/s
Dynamic versus kinematic viscosity
Conversion between kinematic and dynamic viscosity, is given by <math>\nu \rho = \eta</math>.
For example,
- if <math>\nu = </math>0.0001 m2·s-1 and <math>\rho = </math>1000 kg m-3 then <math>\eta = \nu \rho = </math>0.1 kg·m−1·s−1 = 0.1 Pa·s
- if <math>\nu = </math>1 St (= 1 cm2·s−1) and <math>\rho = </math>1 g cm-3 then <math>\eta = \nu \rho = </math>1 g·cm−1·s−1 = 1 P
A plot of the kinematic viscosity of air as a function of absolute temperature is available on the Internet.[9]
Example: viscosity of water
Because of its density of <math>\rho</math> = 1 g/cm3 (varies slightly with temperature), and its dynamic viscosity is near 1 mPa·s (see #Viscosity of water section), the viscosity values of water are, to rough precision, all powers of ten:
Dynamic viscosity:
- <math>{\mu}</math> = 1 mPa·s = 10-3 Pa·s = 1 cP = 10-2 poise
Kinematic viscosity:
- <math>{\nu}</math> = 1 cSt = 10-2 stokes = 1 mm²/s
Molecular origins
The viscosity of a system is determined by how molecules constituting the system interact. There are no simple but correct expressions for the viscosity of a fluid. The simplest exact expressions are the Green-Kubo relations for the linear shear viscosity or the Transient Time Correlation Function expressions derived by Evans and Morriss in 1985. Although these expressions are each exact in order to calculate the viscosity of a dense fluid, using these relations requires the use of molecular dynamics computer simulation.
Viscosity in gases arises principally from the molecular diffusion that transports momentum between layers of flow. The kinetic theory of gases allows accurate prediction of the behavior of gaseous viscosity.
Within the regime where the theory is applicable:
- Viscosity is independent of pressure and
- Viscosity increases as temperature increases.
James Clerk Maxwell published a famous paper in 1866 using the kinetic theory of gases to study gaseous viscosity. (Reference: J.C. Maxwell, "On the viscosity or internal friction of air and other gases", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, vol. 156 (1866), pp. 249-268.)
Effect of temperature on the viscosity of a gas
Sutherland's formula can be used to derive the dynamic viscosity of an ideal gas as a function of the temperature:
- <math> {\eta} = {\eta}_0 \frac {T_0+C} {T + C} \left (\frac {T} {T_0} \right )^{3/2} </math>
- <math>{\eta}</math> = viscosity in (Pa·s) at input temperature <math>T</math>
- <math>{\eta}_0</math> = reference viscosity in (Pa·s) at reference temperature <math>T_0</math>
- <math>T</math> = input temperature in kelvin
- <math>T_0</math> = reference temperature in kelvin
- <math>C</math> = Sutherland's constant for the gasous material in question
Valid for temperatures between 0 < <math>T</math> < 555 K with an error due to pressure less than 10% below 3.45 MPa
Sutherland's constant and reference temperature for some gases
[10-6 Pa s]
|carbon dioxide
|carbon monoxide
|sulphur dioxide
Viscosity of a dilute gas
The Chapman-Enskog equation[10] may be used to estimate viscosity for a dilute gas. This equation is based on semi-theorethical assumption by Chapman and Enskoq. The equation requires three empirically determined parameters: the collision diameter (σ), the maximum energy of attraction divided by the Boltzman constant (є/к) and the collision integral (ω(T*)).
- <math> {\eta}_0 {x 10^7}= {266.93}\frac {(MT)^{1/2}} {\sigma^{2}\omega(T^*)} </math> ; T*=κT/ε
- <math> {\eta}_0 </math> = viscosity for dilute gas (uP)
- <math> M </math> = molecular weight (kg/m^3)
- <math> T </math> = temperature (K)
- <math> {\sigma}</math> = the collision diameter (Å)
- <math>{\epsilon}/{\kappa} </math> = the maximum energy of attraction divided by the Boltzman constant (K)
- <math> {\omega}_{\eta } </math> = the collision integral
- <math> T* </math> = reduced temperature (K)
In liquids, the additional forces between molecules become important. This leads to an additional contribution to the shear stress though the exact mechanics of this are still controversial.[citation needed] Thus, in liquids:
- Viscosity is independent of pressure (except at very high pressure); and
- Viscosity tends to fall as temperature increases (for example, water viscosity goes from 1.79 cP to 0.28 cP in the temperature range from 0 °C to 100 °C); see temperature dependence of liquid viscosity for more details.
The dynamic viscosities of liquids are typically several orders of magnitude higher than dynamic viscosities of gases.
Viscosity of blends of liquids
The viscosity of the blend of two or more liquids can be estimated using the Refutas equation[11][12]. The calculation is carried out in three steps.
The first step is to calculate the Viscosity Blending Number (VBN) (also called the Viscosity Blending Index) of each component of the blend:
- (1) <math>\mbox{VBN} = 14.534 \times ln[ln(v + 0.8)] + 10.975\,</math>
where v is the kinematic viscosity in centistokes (cSt). It is important that the kinematic viscosity of each component of the blend be obtained at the same temperature.
The next step is to calculate the VBN of the blend, using this equation:
- (2) <math>\mbox{VBN}_\mbox{Blend} = [x_A \times \mbox{VBN}_A] + [x_B \times \mbox{VBN}_B] + ... + [x_N \times \mbox{VBN}_N]\,</math>
where <math>x_X</math> is the mass fraction of each component of the blend.
Once the viscosity blending number of a blend has been calculated using equation (2), the final step is to determine the kinematic viscosity of the blend by solving equation (1) for v:
- (3) <math>v = e^{e^{\frac{VBN_{Blend} - 10.975}{14.534}}} - 0.8</math>
where <math>VBN_{Blend}</math> is the viscosity blending number of the blend.
Viscosity of selected substances
The viscosity of air and water are by far the two most important materials for aviation aerodynamics and shipping fluid dynamics. Temperature plays the main role in determining viscosity.
Viscosity of air
The viscosity of air depends mostly on the temperature. At 15.0 °C, the viscosity of air is 1.78 × 10−5 kg/(m·s) or 1.78 × 10−4 cP. One can get the viscosity of air as a function of temperature from the Gas Viscosity Calculator
Viscosity of water
The viscosity of water is 8.90 × 10−4 Pa·s or 8.90 × 10−3 dyn·s/cm2 or 10−1 cP at about 25 °C.
As a function of temperature T (K): μ(Pa·s) = A × 10B/(T−C)
where A=2.414 × 10−5 Pa·s ; B = 247.8 K ; and C = 140 K.
Viscosity of various materials
Some dynamic viscosities of Newtonian fluids are listed below:
|8.4 × 10−6
|17.4 × 10−6
|2.12 × 10−5
|liquid nitrogen @ 77K
|1.58 × 10−4
|3.06 × 10−4
|5.44 × 10−4
|6.04 × 10−4
|8.94 × 10−4
|1.074 × 10−3
|1.526 × 10−3
|1.863 × 10−3
|1.945 × 10−3
|Ethylene glycol
|1.61 × 10−2
|sulfuric acid*
|2.42 × 10−2
|olive oil
|castor oil*
|corn syrup*
|2.3 × 108
|2.3 × 1011
* Data from CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 73rd edition, 1992-1993.
Fluids with variable compositions, such as honey, can have a wide range of viscosities.
A more complete table can be found here, including the following:
|molten glass
|chocolate syrup
|molten chocolate*
|45,000–130,000 [13]
|peanut butter
* These materials are highly non-Newtonian.
Viscosity of solids
On the basis that all solids flow to a small extent in response to shear stress some researchers[14][15] have contended that substances known as amorphous solids, such as glass and many polymers, may be considered to have viscosity. This has led some to the view that solids are simply liquids with a very high viscosity, typically greater than 1012 Pa·s. This position is often adopted by supporters of the widely held misconception that glass flow can be observed in old buildings. This distortion is more likely the result of glass making process rather than the viscosity of glass.[16]
However, others argue that solids are, in general, elastic for small stresses while fluids are not.[17] Even if solids flow at higher stresses, they are characterized by their low-stress behavior. Viscosity may be an appropriate characteristic for solids in a plastic regime. The situation becomes somewhat confused as the term viscosity is sometimes used for solid materials, for example Maxwell materials, to describe the relationship between stress and the rate of change of strain, rather than rate of shear.
These distinctions may be largely resolved by considering the constitutive equations of the material in question, which take into account both its viscous and elastic behaviors. Materials for which both their viscosity and their elasticity are important in a particular range of deformation and deformation rate are called viscoelastic. In geology, earth materials that exhibit viscous deformation at least three times greater than their elastic deformation are sometimes called rheids.
Viscosity of amorphous materials
Viscous flow in amorphous materials (e.g. in glasses and melts) [19][20][21] is a thermally activated process:
<math>\eta = A \cdot e^{Q/RT}</math>
where <math>Q</math> is activation energy, <math>T</math> is temperature, <math>R</math> is the molar gas constant and <math>A</math> is approximately a constant.
The viscous flow in amorphous materials is characterized by a deviation from the Arrhenius-type behavior: <math>Q</math> changes from a high value <math>Q_H</math> at low temperatures (in the glassy state) to a low value <math>Q_L</math> at high temperatures (in the liquid state). Depending on this change, amorphous materials are classified as either
- strong when: <math>Q_H - Q_L < Q_L</math> or
- fragile when: <math>Q_H - Q_L \ge Q_L</math>
The fragility of amorphous materials is numerically characterized by the Doremus' fragility ratio:
<math>R_D = Q_H/Q_L</math>
and strong material have <math>R_D < 2\;</math> whereas fragile materials have <math>R_D \ge 2</math>
The viscosity of amorphous materials is quite exactly described by a two-exponential equation:
<math>\eta = A_1 \cdot T \cdot [1 + A_2 \cdot e^{B/RT}] \cdot [1 + C \cdot e^{D/RT}]</math>
with constants <math>A_1 , A_2 , B, C</math> and <math>D</math> related to thermodynamic parameters of joining bonds of an amorphous material.
Not very far from the glass transition temperature, <math>T_g</math>, this equation can be approximated by a Vogel-Tammann-Fulcher (VTF) equation or a Kohlrausch-type stretched-exponential law.
If the temperature is significantly lower than the glass transition temperature, <math>T\ll T_g\;</math>, then the two-exponential equation simplifies to an Arrhenius type equation:
<math>\eta = A \cdot e^{Q_H/RT}</math>
<math>Q_H = H_d + H_m</math>
where <math>H_d</math> is the enthalpy of formation of broken bonds (termed configurons) and <math>H_m</math> is the enthalpy of their motion.
When the temperature is less than the glass transition temperature, <math>T < T_g</math>, the activation energy of viscosity is high because the amorphous materials are in the glassy state and most of their joining bonds are intact.
If the temperature is highly above the glass transition temperature, <math>T \gg Tg</math>, the two-exponential equation also simplifies to an Arrhenius type equation:
<math>\eta = A\cdot e^{Q_L/RT}</math>
<math>Q_L = H_m</math>
When the temperature is higher than the glass transition temperature, <math>T > T_g</math>, the activation energy of viscosity is low because amorphous materials are melt and have most of their joining bonds broken which facilitates flow.
Volume (Bulk) viscosity
The negative-one-third of the trace of the stress tensor is often identified with the thermodynamic pressure,
<math>-{1\over3}T_a^a = p</math>,
which only depends upon the equilibrium state potentials like temperature and density (equation of state). In general, the trace of the stress tensor is the sum of thermodynamic pressure contribution plus another contribution which is proportional to the divergence of the velocity field. This constant of proportionality is called the volume viscosity.
Eddy viscosity
In the study of turbulence in fluids, a common practical strategy for calculation is to ignore the small-scale vortices (or eddies) in the motion and to calculate a large-scale motion with an eddy viscosity that characterizes the transport and dissipation of energy in the smaller-scale flow (see large eddy simulation). Values of eddy viscosity used in modeling ocean circulation may be from 5x104 to 106 Pa·s depending upon the resolution of the numerical grid.
The reciprocal of viscosity is fluidity, usually symbolized by <math>\phi = 1/\eta</math> or <math>F=1/\eta</math>, depending on the convention used, measured in reciprocal poise (cm·s·g-1), sometimes called the rhe. Fluidity is seldom used in engineering practice.
The concept of fluidity can be used to determine the viscosity of an ideal solution. For two components <math>a</math> and <math>b</math>, the fluidity when <math>a</math> and <math>b</math> are mixed is
- <math>F \approx \chi_a F_a + \chi_b F_b</math>
which is only slightly simpler than the equivalent equation in terms of viscosity:
- <math>\eta \approx \frac{1}{\chi_a /\eta_a + \chi_b/\eta_b}</math>
where <math>\chi_a</math> and <math>\chi_b</math> is the mole fraction of component <math>a</math> and <math>b</math> respectively, and <math>\eta_a</math> and <math>\eta_b</math> are the components pure viscosities.
The linear viscous stress tensor
(See Hooke's law and strain tensor for an analogous development for linearly elastic materials.)
Viscous forces in a fluid are a function of the rate at which the fluid velocity is changing over distance. The velocity at any point <math>\mathbf{r}</math> is specified by the velocity field <math>\mathbf{v}(\mathbf{r})</math>. The velocity at a small distance <math>d\mathbf{r}</math> from point <math>\mathbf{r}</math> may be written as a Taylor series:
- <math>\mathbf{v}(\mathbf{r}+d\mathbf{r}) = \mathbf{v}(\mathbf{r})+\frac{d\mathbf{v}}{d\mathbf{r}}d\mathbf{r}+\ldots</math>
where <math>\frac{d\mathbf{v}}{d\mathbf{r}}</math> is shorthand for the dyadic product of the del operator and the velocity:
<math>\frac{d\mathbf{v}}{d\mathbf{r}} = \begin{bmatrix} \frac{\partial v_x}{\partial x} & \frac{\partial v_x}{\partial y} & \frac{\partial v_x}{\partial z}\\ \frac{\partial v_y}{\partial x} & \frac{\partial v_y}{\partial y} & \frac{\partial v_y}{\partial z}\\ \frac{\partial v_z}{\partial x} & \frac{\partial v_z}{\partial y}&\frac{\partial v_z}{\partial z} \end{bmatrix} </math>
This is just the Jacobian of the velocity field. Viscous forces are the result of relative motion between elements of the fluid, and so are expressible as a function of the velocity field. In other words, the forces at <math>\mathbf{r}</math> are a function of <math>\mathbf{v}(\mathbf{r})</math> and all derivatives of <math>\mathbf{v}(\mathbf{r})</math> at that point. In the case of linear viscosity, the viscous force will be a function of the Jacobian tensor alone. For almost all practical situations, the linear approximation is sufficient.
If we represent x, y, and z by indices 1, 2, and 3 respectively, the i,j component of the Jacobian may be written as <math>\partial_i v_j</math> where <math>\partial_i</math> is shorthand for <math>\partial /\partial x_i</math>. Note that when the first and higher derivative terms are zero, the velocity of all fluid elements is parallel, and there are no viscous forces.
Any matrix may be written as the sum of an antisymmetric matrix and a symmetric matrix, and this decomposition is independent of coordinate system, and so has physical significance. The velocity field may be approximated as:
- <math>v_i(\mathbf{r}+d\mathbf{r}) = v_i(\mathbf{r})+\frac{1}{2}\left(\partial_i v_j-\partial_j v_i\right)dr_i + \frac{1}{2}\left(\partial_i v_j+\partial_j v_i\right)dr_i</math>
where Einstein notation is now being used in which repeated indices in a product are implicitly summed. The second term from the right is the asymmetric part of the first derivative term, and it represents a rigid rotation of the fluid about <math>\mathbf{r}</math> with angular velocity <math>\omega</math> where:
- <math>\omega=\frac12 \mathbf{\nabla}\times \mathbf{v}=\frac{1}{2}\begin{bmatrix}
\partial_2 v_3-\partial_3 v_2\\ \partial_3 v_1-\partial_1 v_3\\ \partial_1 v_2-\partial_2 v_1 \end{bmatrix} </math>
For such a rigid rotation, there is no change in the relative positions of the fluid elements, and so there is no viscous force associated with this term. The remaining symmetric term is responsible for the viscous forces in the fluid. Assuming the fluid is isotropic (i.e. its properties are the same in all directions), then the most general way that the symmetric term (the rate-of-strain tensor) can be broken down in a coordinate-independent (and therefore physically real) way is as the sum of a constant tensor (the rate-of-expansion tensor) and a traceless symmetric tensor (the rate-of-shear tensor):
- <math>
\frac{1}{2}\left(\partial_i v_j+\partial_j v_i\right) = \underbrace{\frac{1}{3}\partial_k v_k \delta_{ij}}_{\text{rate-of-expansion tensor}} + \underbrace{\left(\frac{1}{2}\left(\partial_i v_j+\partial_j v_i\right)-\frac{1}{3}\partial_k v_k \delta_{ij}\right)}_{\text{rate-of-shear tensor}} </math>
where <math>\delta_{ij}</math> is the unit tensor. The most general linear relationship between the stress tensor <math>\mathbf{\sigma}</math> and the rate-of-strain tensor is then a linear combination of these two tensors:[22]
- <math>\sigma_{visc;ij} = \zeta\partial_k v_k \delta_{ij}+
\eta\left(\partial_i v_j+\partial_j v_i-\frac{2}{3}\partial_k v_k \delta_{ij}\right) </math>
where <math>\zeta</math> is the coefficient of bulk viscosity (or "second viscosity") and <math>\eta</math> is the coefficient of (shear) viscosity.
The forces in the fluid are due to the velocities of the individual molecules. The velocity of a molecule may be thought of as the sum of the fluid velocity and the thermal velocity. The viscous stress tensor described above gives the force due to the fluid velocity only. The force on an area element in the fluid due to the thermal velocities of the molecules is just the hydrostatic pressure. This pressure term (<math>-p\delta_{ij}</math>) must be added to the viscous stress tensor to obtain the total stress tensor for the fluid.
- <math>\sigma_{ij} = -p\delta_{ij}+\sigma_{visc;ij}\,</math>
The infinitesimal force <math>dF_i</math> on an infinitesimal area <math>dA_i</math> is then given by the usual relationship:
- <math>dF_i=\sigma_{ij}dA_j\,</math>
See also
- Deborah number
- Dilatant
- Hyperviscosity syndrome
- Rheology
- Thixotropy
- Viscometer
- Viscometry
- Viscosity index
- ↑ Symon, Keith (1971). Mechanics (Third Edition ed.). Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0-201-07392-7.
- ↑ The Online Etymology Dictionary
- ↑ Happel, J. and Brenner , H. "Low Reynolds number hydrodynamics", Prentice-Hall, (1965)
- ↑ Landau, L.D. and Lifshitz, E.M. "Fluid mechanics", Pergamon Press,(1959)
- ↑ Barnes, H.A. "A Handbook of Elementary Rheology", Institute of Non-Newtonian Fluid mechanics, UK (2000)
- ↑ Raymond A. Serway (1996). Physics for Scientists & Engineers (4th Edition ed.). Saunders College Publishing. ISBN 0-03-005932-1.
- ↑ Dukhin, A.S. and Goetz, P.J. "Ultrasound for characterizing colloids", Elsevier, (2002)
- ↑ IUPAC definition of the Poise
- ↑ James Ierardi's Fire Protection Engineering Site
- ↑ J.O. Hirshfelder, C.F. Curtis and R.B. Bird (1964). Molecular theory of gases and liquids (First Edition ed.). Wiley. ISBN 0-471-40065-3.
- ↑ Robert E. Maples (2000). Petroleum Refinery Process Economics (2nd Edition ed.). Pennwell Books. ISBN 0-87814-779-9.
- ↑ C.T. Baird (1989), Guide to Petroleum Product Blending, HPI Consultants, Inc. HPI website
- ↑ "Chocolate Processing". Brookfield Engineering website. Retrieved 2007-12-03.
- ↑ Elert, Glenn. "Viscosity". The Physics Hypertextbook.
- ↑ The Properties of Glass , page 6, retrieved on August 1, 2007
- ↑ "Antique windowpanes and the flow of supercooled liquids", by Robert C. Plumb, (Worcester Polytech. Inst., Worcester, MA, 01609, USA), J. Chem. Educ. (1989), 66 (12), 994-6
- ↑ Gibbs, Philip. "Is Glass a Liquid or a Solid?". Retrieved 2007-07-31.
- ↑ Viscosity calculation of glasses
- ↑ R.H.Doremus (2002). "Viscosity of silica". J. Appl. Phys. 92 (12): 7619–7629. ISSN 0021-8979.
- ↑ M.I. Ojovan and W.E. Lee (2004). "Viscosity of network liquids within Doremus approach". J. Appl. Phys. 95 (7): 3803–3810. ISSN 0021-8979. Text "month " ignored (help)
- ↑ M.I. Ojovan, K.P. Travis and R.J. Hand (2000). "Thermodynamic parameters of bonds in glassy materials from viscosity-temperature relationships". J. Phys.: Condensed matter. 19 (41): 415107. ISSN 0953-8984.
- ↑ L.D. Landau and E.M. Lifshitz (translated from Russian by J.B. Sykes and W.H. Reid) (1997). Fluid Mechanics (2nd Edition ed.). Butterworth Heinemann. ISBN 0-7506-2767-0.
Additional reading
|Look up viscosity in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
- Massey, B. S. (1983). Mechanics of Fluids (Fifth Edition ed.). Van Nostrand Reinhold (UK). ISBN 0-442-30552-4.
External links
- SAE-ISO-AGMA comparison chart
- SAE J300 Motor Oil Viscosity Chart
- SAE J306 Automotive Gear Oil Viscosity Chart
- Gas Dynamics Toolbox Calculate coefficient of viscosity for mixtures of gases
- Physical Characteristics of Water A table of water viscosity as a function of temperature
- Glass Viscosity Measurement Viscosity measurement, viscosity units and fixpoints, glass viscosity calculation
- diracdelta.co.uk conversion between kinematic and dynamic viscosity.
- Vogel-Tammann-Fulcher Equation Parameters
- Dispersion Technology
bn:সান্দ্রতা bs:Viskoznost bg:Вискозитет ca:Viscositat cs:Viskozita da:Viskositet de:Viskosität et:Viskoossus el:Ρευστότητα eo:Viskozeco eu:Biskositate zinematiko fa:گرانروی hr:Viskoznost id:Viskositas it:Viscosità he:צמיגות lv:Viskozitāte lb:Viskositéit lt:Klampumas hu:Viszkozitás ms:Kelikatan nl:Viscositeit no:Viskositet nn:Viskositet sk:Viskozita sl:Viskoznost fi:Viskositeetti sv:Viskositet uk:В'язкість
- CS1 maint: Extra text
- Pages with citations using unnamed parameters
- Articles containing Latin-language text
- Pages with broken file links
- All articles with unsourced statements
- Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007
- Articles with invalid date parameter in template
- Fundamental physics concepts
- Viscosity
- Glass engineering and science

subset: commoncrawl


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The Secret Beyond Matter
One of the secrets our Lord points to in the verses of the Qur'an is the need for believers to display patience in order for something to be resolved. When we look at our Noble Book, the Qur'an, we see that the Prophets as well as all true believers were advised to wait for a specific time before achieving the promised success. This important fact can also be seen from a look at the lives of the Prophets. The first revelation came to our beloved Prophet (saas) when he was 40. Allah appointed a 40-day waiting period for the Prophet Moses (as). Allah reveals this in the verse:
We set aside thirty nights for Moses and then completed them with ten, so the appointed time of his Lord was forty nights in all. Moses said to his brother Aaron, "Be my khalif [successor, representative] among my people. Keep order and do not follow the way of the corrupters." (Surat al-A'raf, 142)
Almighty Allah has also appointed 40 as the age of maturity for human beings:
We have instructed man to be good to his parents. His mother bore him with difficulty and with difficulty gave birth to him; and his bearing and weaning take thirty months. Then when he achieves his full strength and reaches forty, he says, "My Lord, keep me thankful for the blessing You bestowed on me and on my parents, and keep me acting rightly, pleasing You. And make my descendants righteous. I have repented to You and I am truly one of the Muslims." (Surat al-Ahqaf, 15)
In the Qur'an, Allah also appoints a waiting period for Muslims to achieve success and dominion. It can be seen that the Prophets and the believers who followed them preached to their own communities, reminded them with the Qur'an and were then advised to wait. Verses referring to Muslims waiting patiently are as follows:
What are they waiting for but for the angels to come to them or for your Lord Himself to come, or for one of your Lord's signs to come? On the day that one of your Lord's signs does come, no faith which a self professes will be of any use to it if it did not have faith before and earn good in its faith. Say: "Wait, then; We too are waiting." (Surat al-An'am, 158)
He said, "Punishment and anger have come down on you from your Lord. Do you argue with me regarding names which you and your forefathers invented and for which Allah has sent down no authority? Wait, then; I am waiting with you." (Surat al-A'raf, 71)
Say: "If your fathers or your sons or your brothers or your wives or your tribe, or any wealth you have acquired, or any business you fear may slump, or any house which pleases you, are dearer to you than Allah and His Messenger and striving in His Way, then wait until Allah brings about His command. Allah does not guide people who are deviators." (Surat at-Tawba, 24)
Say: "What do you await for us except for one of the two best things [martyrdom or victory]? But what we await for you is for Allah to inflict a punishment on you either directly from Himself or at our hands. So wait, we are waiting with you!" (Surat at-Tawba, 52)
They say, "Why has a sign not been sent down to him from his Lord?" Say: "The Unseen belongs to Allah alone. So wait, I am waiting with you." (Surah Yunus, 20)
What are they waiting for but the same fate as those who passed away before them? Say: "Wait, I will be among the people waiting with you." (Surah Yunus, 102)
He [Solomon] said, "We will [wait and] soon see if you have told the truth or are a liar." (Surat an-Naml, 27)
So turn from them and wait. They too are waiting. (Surat as-Sajda, 30)
Among the believers there are men who have been true to the contract they made with Allah. Some of them have fulfilled their pact by death and some are still waiting to do so, not having changed in any way at all. (Surat al-Ahzab, 23)
We have made it easy in your own tongue so that hopefully they will pay heed. So watch and wait. They too are waiting. (Surat ad-Dukhan, 58-59)
We will send the she-camel as a trial for them. Just keep a watchful eye on them and be steadfast. (Surat al-Qamar, 27)
It can be seen from the above verses that communities of unbelievers also have waiting periods. While believers wait for Allah's promise to come true and, by His leave, to achieve victory, unbelievers also await the punishment to come. For believers, this waiting time means an increase in their patience, closeness to Allah and in their reward. This period permitted to unbelievers, however, merely means an increase in sin. Almighty Allah reveals this in verses:
Those who disbelieve should not imagine that the extra time We grant to them is good for them. We only allow them more time so they will increase in evildoing. They will have a humiliating punishment. (Surah Al 'Imran, 178)Almighty Allah also advises the Prophets seeking His help against the unbelievers to wait. Allah will definitely make good His promise and will inflict defeat on the unbelievers and destroy their false religions. But He has ordained a specific time for this and advises believers to wait patiently. In response to the prayers for help of His messengers who preach to their communities, Almighty Allah has promised that the unbelievers will be defeated, but that they will have to wait:
He said, "My Lord, help me because of their calling me a liar!" He said, "In a short while they will be full of regret." (Surat al-Muminun, 39-40)


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The recent publication of The Skeptical Environmentalist, a book by Bjrn Lomborg (Cambridge University Press, 2001), ignited an international controversy. Lomborg, a Danish political scientist with a background in statistics, argues in his text that claims made by environmentalists about global warming, overpopulation, energy, deforestation, species loss, water shortages, and a variety of other issues are exaggerations unsupported by a proper analysis of environmental data. His message was widely publicized in the popular media and championed by political commentators traditionally opposed to environmentalist policies.
Outraged voices within the mainstream scientific community quickly answered, however, that Lomborgs work was deeply flawed. His text, they said, misrepresented the actual positions of environmentalists and scientists, and his analysis was marred by invalidating errors that include a narrow, biased reading of the literature, an inadequate understanding of the science, and quotations taken out of context.
In its January 2002 issue, Scientific American published the feature "Misleading Math about the Earth," in which four environmental expertsStephen Schneider, John Holdren, John Bongaarts and Thomas Lovejoycriticized The Skeptical Environmentalists arguments on global warming, energy, overpopulation and biodiversity. Lomborg has since written a detailed online rebuttal to our feature; we also have some responses to that rebuttal.


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Tudor Rose Tile
William De Morgan (1839-1917)
Merton Abbey Period: 1882-1888
Stylized Tudor rose and leaves in four colours.
Marks: w DE MORGAN.
The Fine Art Society, London, has most generously given its permission to use information, images, and text from its catalogues in the Victorian Web. This generosity has led to the creation of hundreds and hundreds of the site's most valuable documents on painting, drawing, sculpture, furniture, textiles, ceramics, glass, metalwork, and the people who created them. The copyright on text and images from their catalogues remains, of course, with the Fine Art Society. [GPL]


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The Most Glamorous Store In America
The most glamorous store in America may be going public.
I don't mean Neiman Marcus Inc. -- or Bergdorf Goodman, which it owns -- although the luxury retailer is glamorous to many people, and it did just file for an initial public offering.
I'm talking about Container Store Inc.
The retailer, which has 61 stores and two more opening this fall, is known as an exemplary employer, ranking high on Fortune magazine's "100 Best Companies to Work For" list for 14 years running. It avoided layoffs after the 2008 downturn. It talks a lot about values, and its executives regularly say things like, "We all know we're doing more than selling a product."
All those good feelings -- and the sales that topped $750 million last year -- depend on something every Container Store customer knows well: The store's merchandising is amazingly seductive. Like a luxury retailer, the Container Store gets a premium price for its products and persuades people to buy more than is strictly necessary because, knowingly or not, it traffics in glamour.
Glamour is not a synonym for luxury, celebrity or fashion. It isn't a style, like mirrored furniture or satin dresses. Like humor, it's a form of communication that elicits a distinctive emotional response. Glamour lets us feel that the life we yearn for is almost within our grasp. It is a powerful form of nonverbal persuasion.
"We're really selling not space as much as we are time," says Chief Executive Officer Kip Tindell. Like the sight of chairs looking seaward on a white sandy beach or a model strutting down a runway in the latest fashions, a walk through a Container Store makes a customer imagine a better self in better circumstances. With the right equipment, it suggests, your life can be peaceful and orderly, giving you more time to relax and enjoy yourself.
Read the rest on Bloomberg View.


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Micron Technology has bought out Intel's stake in two wafer factories that are part of a NAND joint venture between the two companies in a move they said will expand the supply of flash memory.
Intel has sold its stake the factories in Singapore and Manassas, Virginia, to Micron for about US$600 million. Intel will receive half the amount in cash, while the rest will be deposited with Micron and be applied toward future purchases.
The deal liquidates Intel's share in IM Flash Singapore, which was one of the two memory joint ventures with Micron. Intel's stake in the other joint venture, IM Flash Technologies, will remain at 49 percent, while Micron will retain 51 percent. IMFT was established in early 2006.
Micron will supply NAND chips to Intel as part of the deal. Intel sells solid-state drives and also uses flash memory in servers and consumer-related products.
Intel will retain its share in a plant in Lehi, Utah, which is part of the IMFT joint venture. The facility produces the 20-nanometer NAND flash memory, and Intel and Micron last year announced mass production of 64Gb NAND flash using the advanced process. The companies also showed off a 128Gb chip that can store 1 terabit of data in a fingertip-sized package.
In addition to NAND flash, Micron also makes DRAM and NOR flash. Micron was the third-largest NAND flash maker behind Samsung and Toshiba at the end of 2011, according to market research firm IHS iSuppli.
It's been a busy month for Micron. The company in early February appointed Mark Durcan as CEO, quickly replacing former CEO Steve Appleton who died in a plane crash. The company also tried to differentiate itself in the struggling DRAM market by launching low-power 2Gb and 4Gb DDR memory modules for ultrabooks.
The sale of the wafer factories is expected to close in the first half of this year, the companies said.


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Sunday, 5 June 2011
YA Saves: WSJ thoughts...
We've all had rough roads. Some more than others. Those who have been blessed not to have suffered hardship are probably feeling guilty for having been let be. Whether upbringing or circumstance – life isn't sunshine, puppies and roses. But we all aspire for it to be that. We want love. We want peace. We want to be happy.
But sometimes happiness can feel alien, or worse…impossible.
The Wall Street Journal published an article that branded YA as "… rife with explicit abuse, violence and depravity." Which it is not. That's like saying golf is a stick and a ball plus weird hats. It removes storytelling from the equation, simplifying it to subject matter. I can do that too - with a Nicholas Sparks novel (death, death, death, tears, death.)
Young adult literature isn't about pigeonholing – dividing readers by gender, age or preparedness, it is about shining a light on the plight of others. Whether that is stewing over having red hair, suffering from unrequited love or living in the aftermath of tragedy – it allows the reader to sympathise, empathise and ultimately became more understanding and less judgemental.
I grew up in white bread country towns where there was little to no diversity. I don't mean just cultural diversity either – everyone was the same. Everyone was white, everyone was straight, everyone believed in God, everyone played sport (whether they were proficient or not) and everyone saw life in the same way. But the secret is – not one of those statements was true. It just appeared to be. The perception was hurtful, a prison for teens wanted to discover their own identities. The pressure was too encompassing.
And yet there was an out.
Reading allowed me to see the world through many different eyes.
Their truth, their stories.
Reading Forever (Judy Blume) allowed me to make choices from my teen years onward about how I wanted to be treated by boys and more importantly, how I would allow myself to be treated. In reading the mistakes and misfortunes of others, I had a hand to hold through the treacherous obstacle course that are the young adult years.
Books can't protect us from life, they aren't a Kevlar vest that we can affix to our chests and la-la-la our way through life. But they are a buoy. They allowed us to feel less alone, relatable and understood.
I cannot know what it is like to be a minority. But in reading books that deal with the complexities of racism and cultural exclusion, I have a better idea. I am not making wild guesses, I am experiencing the world through those glasses.
I cannot know what it is like to be a mother. And yet I have read stories about teen mothers, stressful relationships between mothers/daughters and teens contemplating adoption/abortion that allow me to better understand.
I cannot know what it is like to be a teen boy. But I have a better idea now from reading YA.
I've read books that detail rape, murder and abuse but not one motivated me to replicate these actions. They didn't make me murderous, or vengeful. They inspired love in me for those who suffered, for those who trudged through, for those who prevailed. What the WSJ fails to realise is that these stories aren't about the violence, they are about the hope. They are about getting "through".
In preventing teens from reading books with darker storylines we are doing them a major disservice. It feels like we're judging those who have experienced profound tragedy and abuse. That their stories need to be shielded from the world. That they don't belong to be heard. In hearing these stories, we support them. In reading these stories, we understand. In experiencing these stories, we value our humanity. It's not about the aggression, the senseless cruelty. It's about human connection.
Ultimately teens will read what they want to read. Readers, no matter their age, censor themselves. If a book makes them feel uncomfortable, they put it down. If they continue reading, it is for three purposes: 1) it is a class text and they have to, 2) it is so badly written that they need more chuckle-fodder or 3) it provokes thought. Choice is vital. Choice is universal, not solely for those with the largest or loudest (or most widely distributed) voice...but for all.
**Recommendation: if you are feeling alone the Post Secret is a fantastic addition to your blog reading - "PostSecret is an ongoing community art project where people mail in their secrets anonymously on one side of a homemade postcard."
11 comments:
- Ynysawdre Elderly Residents Association said...
Thank you for that truly wonderful post A. I was trying to get it all straight in my head and you have expressed how I feel perfectly.
Working in a school you see real life situations that are only helped by books that tackle difficult subjects. Teens can relate, sometimes it even gets them to seek the help they need.
#YASAVES quite literally
- 5 June 2011 at 18:55
- Unknown said...
What a fantastic response. I want to print this post out and hang it in our school teacher's lounge - home to more than a few YA skeptics.
Obviously the book blogging community is getting up in arms over the WSJ article, I hope that teens add their voices to the commentary as well. I plan to ask my teen readers for their own take on the subject.
- 5 June 2011 at 21:40
- We Heart YA said...
Holy crap this is amazing and beautiful and so well-said. Thank you.
This was my fave line: "Books can't protect us from life, they aren't a Kevlar vest that we can affix to our chests and la-la-la our way through life. But they are a buoy. They allowed us to feel less alone, relatable and understood."
(But really, all of your post was wonderful.)
I hope you don't mind but we're keeping a running link to #YAsaves responses on our FB page, and we included your post.
Thank you for writing it.
- 5 June 2011 at 23:41
- BookChic said...
Wonderful post! It pretty much says everything that needs to be said.
- 5 June 2011 at 23:59
- Tiffany said...
I just started following your blog after I saw this post tweeted by The Story Siren.
I completely agree with you, and want to say thank you for composing to such a well written response to the WSJ article. YA literature really does allow us to understand hardships that we haven't experienced and helps us to widen our perspective.
I also wrote a response about the positive messages that YA literature conveys if you're interested: http://www.abouttoread.com/2011/06/positive-messages-in-ya-response-to-wsj.html
- 6 June 2011 at 01:36
- Fictitious Delicious said...
Fantastic, thought-provoking, inspiring post. Thank you for this! I just added myself as a follower and am excited to get to know your blog!
from www.fictitiousdelicious.com
- 6 June 2011 at 02:07
- Lisa Schensted said...
so eloquent, you are!
and i wholeheartedly agree with your thoughts on reading these stories is an avenue to compassion and understanding and to know what people are going through. how else are we to know unless we hear their story?
- 6 June 2011 at 02:11
- Susanne Gervay said...
Love these thoughts - exactly what I feel and why I write.
- 6 June 2011 at 06:16
- Sue Lawson said...
Love it! Well done, and thank you!
- 6 June 2011 at 08:22
- karen tayleur said...
P, I notice Sue Lawson has left comment (hi S) which makes sense as a lot of what she writes is about the realities that kids face today. In her latest book, Dare You, there are some subjects that could hit a raw nerve with the gatekeepers, but which I would consider as a perfect starting point for class discussion or even personal reflection by a reader who may or may not find themselves in a similar situation. YA readers enjoy reading books that reflect their lives and the world they live in. It's a great way to make sense of the world and to engender empathy with other people.
- 6 June 2011 at 09:29
- Molly said...
Beautifully, beautifully said.
Thank you for pointing out that young adults are capable of deciding for themselves not to read a book if it makes them uncomfortable. One of the most disturbing aspects of the article was how little credit it gave young adult readers for having any autonomy or basic common sense.
"What the WSJ fails to realise is that these stories aren't about the violence, they are about the hope."
This is the crux of the whole issue to me. Talk about missing the forest for the trees.
- 12 June 2011 at 06:05


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Tuesday, 15 July 2014 09:11 PM EDT
Prominent immigration activist and Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist Jose Antonio Vargas, who has lived and worked in the U.S. illegally for years, was released by U.S. Border Patrol agents on Tuesday after being detained at a South Texas airport.
In a statement late Tuesday, the Border Patrol said Vargas was arrested at the airport in McAllen after telling an agent he was in the country illegally. Vargas was released on his own recognizance with a notice to appear before an immigration judge.
"Mr. Vargas has not previously been arrested by (Immigration and Customs Enforcement) nor has the agency ever issued a detainer on him or encountered him," the statement said. "ICE is focused on smart, effective immigration enforcement that prioritizes the agency's resources to promote border security and to identify and remove criminal individuals who pose a threat to public safety and national security."
A spokeswoman for Define American, Vargas' advocacy group, confirmed his release Tuesday afternoon, but declined to offer more information about his release or whereabouts.
During the current surge in immigration in South Texas, it has been common for the Border Patrol to release people on their own recognizances, with notices to appear in court later. With such notices, people can generally travel throughout the U.S. without being detained again.
Vargas had been visiting McAllen for several days as part of a vigil to highlight the plight of unaccompanied immigrant children coming into the U.S. illegally who have overwhelmed Border Patrol facilities.
But at McAllen/Miller International Airport, Vargas knew he could have problems. Border Patrol agents stand alongside Transportation Security Administration personnel to check documentation — even for domestic flights. Vargas does not have any government-issued U.S. identification and was carrying only a passport issued by his native Philippines and a palm-size copy of the U.S. Constitution.
On Tuesday morning, Vargas tweeted: "About to go thru security at McAllen Airport. I don't know what's going to happen."
The security checks at the airport — and elsewhere in the Rio Grande Valley — are familiar to people living along the Texas-Mexico border.
Along highways out of the area, drivers are stopped at Border Patrol checkpoints about an hour's drive north of the border. It's not uncommon for children who entered the country illegally with their parents and are growing up in the Rio Grande Valley to stay at home when classmates on field trips take those roadways to visit San Antonio.
In recent years, some U.S. citizens who object to being asked about their citizenship at the interior checkpoints have taken to refusing to answer agents' questions or producing identification. Some have recorded those encounters and later uploaded the video to the Internet.
But Ryan Eller, campaign director for Define American, the advocacy group founded by Vargas, said that Vargas was unaware he would have to pass through such immigration checks in order to leave the city.
"We had been to border towns before like San Diego and other places, but we didn't recognize until (we got) here the situation," Eller said while standing across the street from the Border Patrol station where Vargas was being held.
Eller confirmed the only identification Vargas carried was his Philippines passport. He said Vargas was en route to Los Angeles and that he had consulted with attorneys before going to the airport. Eller said a "travel partner" was at the airport with Vargas, but that they were immediately separated in security.
Vargas' attorney referred questions to Define American.
Vargas had flown to McAllen last Thursday to take part in the vigil. In an essay he wrote for Politico on Friday, Vargas said he has travelled in the U.S. for years without a problem but didn't realize those driving or flying out of the Rio Grande Valley in South Texas are subject to immigration checks.
Vargas went public about his immigration status in a 2011 piece for the New York Times Magazine. He was part of the Washington Post team that won the Pulitzer Prize in 2008 for coverage of the Virginia Tech massacre. He later directed a documentary called "Documented" and founded his activist group.
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text:
Kitchen Spotlight: Sudie's Pocket-Sized Renovation
Do you have a tiny kitchen? Do you despair of ever making it work for you? Well, let's take a look at a really tiny kitchen that got a major facelift. We love how Sudie took her existing kitchen — no bigger than a pocket! — and made such an improvement without actually expanding the space, and on a budget too! Read on to hear Sudie's story and see more before and after photos of her renovated studio kitchen.
Here's Sudie, who lives in New York City:
Gut Reno on a Budget!
I recently bought my studio and gut renovated the entire kitchen. The L-shaped space is very small — I had about 5.5ft by 2.75 ft to work with without expanding, so a total of about 18 square feet. But I wanted to fit in everything, including a small dishwasher and a range hood. I am Indian and cook a lot of South East Asian food — lots of spices, and also a lot of seafood, hence a range hood was a must have for me. Plus I live in a studio, so it was important that I had a good exhaust to let out the smell/fragrance of all the spices.
I wanted to do all this and pay only about $10,000 for the entire kitchen including labor and complete gut renovation.
Appliances For a Small Kitchen
The counter depth available to me was only about 24 inches. Since it was not an open kitchen all appliances had to be about 24 inches depth only, so they would not stick out. I had three designers do measurements and give me an initial design and estimate — all three concurred that including a dishwasher was impossible and in addition I would have to expand my kitchen out to even accomodate the remaining appliances.
I refused to take their word for it, and set down to do my own research of appliances and hardware. I found a very specific refrigerator and stove. I had to compromise and get a 20″ wide stove along with a 20″ wide hood, an 18″ dishwasher, which fit all my requirements – depth, height and PRICE. While there are plenty of gorgeous Italian small appliance lines such as Smeg and Berttoni out there, they didn't really work for my budget. So I had very limited choices with having to a pick a 20″ wide stove that came with a 20″ exhaust, an 18″ dishwasher, and a full refrigerator that had to be about 27″ wide and 25″ in depth so it would fit into the counter.
After a lot of research online, I was left with LG, Avanti and Summit that had these small appliances within my budget. I went with the LG fridge with bottom freezer that had separate drawers, the Summit 20″ cooking range and hood, and the GE dishwasher. That left me with only 1 choice for the sink – about a 15″ wide Kohler sink.
Cabinets and Tiling
Since my countertop was under 15 square feet, I wanted to have the backsplash and countertop the same color even if different materials and textures were used. Using different shades would make such a tiny kitchen look small and too busy.
I also decided to go with IKEA Black Brown Akurum cabinets and IKEA hardware in order to stay within my limits. I had two choices for cabinets – espresso or white. I finally went with espresso, since these IKEA cabinets had a better finish than the white ones, even though a tad bit more expensive. Since designing with IKEA cabinets is little more complicated I hired Traemand's kitchen design services for about $175 — they send a designer over to measure and prepare a full plan with drawings for the kitchen along with suggested IKEA cabinets. My total cost of the cabinets and hardware were under $700.
For the floor I selected white manmade slate stones from Bella Tiles in the LES for about $2.99/sq foot.
Since I am not a fan of beige neutrals, and to keep with the contemporary look, I chose a white patterned Silestone countertop to get a clean and modern/classic look. I selected Blanco Maple — almost white with sparkles — Silestone countertop, and white translucent glass tiles for the backsplash. Ideally I would have preferred the same white Silestone for my backsplash but that would increased my expenses by about another $2K. I bought the white translucent glass tiles online at half the price compared to the other stores, with free shipping. I also picked an undermount sink and hardware with brushed satin finish.
There were challenges with labor and installation. The previous owners had tiled the kitchen floor with ugly tiles on top of the original hardwood floors. Once the tiles were removed, we found rotted wet wood underneath that required extra work to remove. In addition, there were uneven walls where the cabinets had to be installed, and I had my contractor smooth the walls out prior to installation. The plumbing pipe had to be moved and a new outlet installed for the dishwasher.
In spite of all this cost cutting, I still ended up spending about $1100 more, but it was worth it. The Silestone I had to get from Home Depot — it is available at a cheaper rate at some other stores, however I did not meet the minimum square footage required to get those rates.
Since the space was really small and I wanted it to be a full kitchen, it was challenging trying to find the right items and fitting them in. I discovered that when it came to apartment size appliances, there were very few modestly priced choices out there. Most of the Italian appliances, although small, were way over my budget.
How It Works Now
The exhaust I installed has a very high and powerful motor – and with all the pungent spices I use, my studio has never been smelly. I hosted Thansgiving for 10 people at my place and cooked everything in this kitchen
A piece of friendly advice: don't let designers pin you down to certain appliances. I had to make my desginer change the overall design, since he did not know that a 20″ stove and hood were available. His first design did not accomodate a dishwasher.
Thanks so much for sharing your space, Sudie!
Related: Kitchen Spotlight: Giulia's Light and Airy
(Images: Sudie)
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Friday, 28 October 2011
Telotecture - architecture's complement
Architecture - as I took 4 years of Greek it's always meant the same word to me: that what stands at the beginning of construction, "ἀρχι-τέκτων". Tekton is a builder / carpenter, and I was sure there was a verb tektein, but after looking for hours I'm afraid that this is it. At least arche doesn't mean leader, it's the Greek word for beginning - so don't get fooled by online etymology sites or even wikipedia
Now, I'm not so sure. An architect used to be a sort of foreman overseeing and instructing the builders as well. Comparing that to IT, I think we've had almost 2 decades now of Architecture that were moderately successful.
Moderately, because initially a lot of people floated their way up into the architectural layer due to a lack of weight. Now we have various certifications, of which TOGAF is a reasonably good one, and quality has significantly increased - but there are other issues now
One of them is the decreased size of projects, and the increased distance between the Architect and the Workers - and you know what happens when the cat's away.
We've effectively gone from constructing IT products that benefit the business, to merely delivering projects. Somewhere at the far end of the enterprise stands the Ivory Tower of Architecture that gets updated every 5 years at best, and at the front lines agile teams deliver projects at the speed of light.
The involvement of architects has decreased over the years, partly due to their relative high cost and small numbers. On the other side of space, developing code has become increasingly cheaper and pallets of dime-a-dozen programmers are wheeled into the enterprise
Usually, an ancient architect (foreman) would inspect the work every single day and witness the completion of construction. Typically, an IT architect now does what a modern construction architect does: draw a pretty picture of what should be, visit the site a few times in the beginning and maybe get invited for the festive opening of the building. That very last action usually misses out in IT
An architect stands at the beginning of construction, but over the years the focus has moved towards the end. Application life-cycle focuses on the total product, not just the projects that deliver them. Maintenance and governance have become increasingly important as that is where most of the cost is at: fixing errors or fulfilling user requests becomes a few factors costlier by every phase of a product
So, hence my suggestion: as the focus of cost has shifted from the beginning to the end of an IT product, let's move the architect along with it. Or rather: the telotect.
As arche (αρχή) is the Greek word for beginning, telos (τέλος) is the word for end. So I propose for the new role of telotect, and maybe even a whole new field of telotecture: to cover the end phase of an IT product.
Telotectural principles must be directed at Governance, maintainability and cost-efficient time-to-market, and be directed at application re-use in the sense that an application moves from project-driven to product-driven, focusing on actual recent documentation, application (automated) test sets, version management and guard over an application registry: telotectural principles should guarantee a proper landing of applications in the IT-landscape and eliminate the need for application rationalisation efforts every few years
What's your stand on this? Does Architecture suffice as-is, or do we need some form of telotecture? And could then architects cover that, or is it so very different that only telotects can?
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Continually reintermediate end-to-end infrastructures vis-a-vis highly efficient opportunities. Professionally drive vertical systems via intuitive vortals. Appropriately unleash enabled process improvements via strategic technologies. Uniquely extend focused scenarios for cross functional web-readiness. Collaboratively aggregate plug-and-play e-markets via cooperative ROI.
Enthusiastically predominate highly efficient imperatives without collaborative experiences. Energistically reintermediate maintainable opportunities through bricks-and-clicks communities. Objectively disintermediate multifunctional deliverables through B2C web-readiness. Globally visualize interoperable platforms and standardized resources. Holisticly engage bleeding-edge products without backward-compatible processes.
Interactively morph efficient architectures without interactive results. Professionally exploit best-of-breed materials via extensive content. Objectively transform tactical imperatives through standardized leadership. Credibly productivate e-business content and an expanded array of communities. Uniquely disseminate vertical relationships for unique testing procedures.
Monotonectally cultivate standards compliant convergence rather than principle-centered growth strategies. Proactively network plug-and-play catalysts for change rather than enabled «outside the box» thinking. Distinctively recaptiualize sticky alignments via resource-leveling processes. Competently actualize reliable «outside the box» thinking after transparent services. Continually engage high-payoff functionalities without ethical niche markets.
Authoritatively productize visionary value without top-line convergence. Professionally fabricate top-line alignments whereas strategic strategic theme areas. Quickly fabricate empowered networks without web-enabled internal or «organic» sources. Monotonectally enhance equity invested models for low-risk high-yield communities. Holisticly morph seamless portals before synergistic best practices.
Authoritatively promote client-focused services through fully researched catalysts for change. Professionally communicate impactful intellectual capital without cutting-edge content. Phosfluorescently harness next-generation bandwidth through intuitive information. Uniquely transition technically sound e-services via transparent methods of empowerment. Dramatically generate sustainable «outside the box» thinking through progressive growth strategies.
Holisticly build user friendly data before mission-critical models. Rapidiously promote premier internal or «organic» sources via sticky synergy. Continually facilitate client-centered quality vectors without e-business materials. Holisticly drive team building initiatives for compelling human capital. Dramatically aggregate prospective testing procedures vis-a-vis prospective human capital.
Appropriately monetize enterprise-wide infrastructures via economically sound architectures. Completely provide access to economically sound quality vectors via corporate scenarios. Seamlessly embrace B2B initiatives and 24/365 models. Assertively visualize customer directed outsourcing through timely e-markets. Energistically initiate alternative initiatives vis-a-vis revolutionary web services.
Efficiently coordinate distributed opportunities without pandemic benefits. Globally re-engineer standards compliant initiatives via innovative processes. Seamlessly drive interactive web-readiness vis-a-vis B2B functionalities.


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Canada's Central Bank Chief to Become Next BoE Governor
Britain named Canadian central bank chief Mark Carney on Monday as the next Bank of England Governor, springing a major surprise by appointing a foreigner to the job.
Carney, a former Goldman Sachs investment banker who successfully helped to steer the Canadian economy through the global crisis, will succeed Mervyn King next year, British finance minister George Osborne told parliament.
"He is quite simply the best, most experienced and most qualified person in the world to be the next Governor of the Bank of England," Osborne said.
BoE deputy governor Paul Tucker, who had spent his entire career at the central bank, had been the hot favorite to succeed King.
Osborne said Carney brought the skills to revamp British financial regulation at a time when the BoE will take on a new role in change of British bank supervision. Carney had previously strongly played down suggestions he would move to the BoE.
"Mr. Carney is unique amongst the potential candidates in combining long experience of central banking, huge international credibility in economics, deep expertise in financial regulation and a firsthand experience of private sector financial institutions," Osborne added.
Carney is not a British national, although Osborne said he would apply for UK citizenship, and he studied at Oxford University.
Carney will serve at the Bank of Canada until May, and then starts at the Bank of England in July. He will serve a five-year term, rather than the eight-year term that had been expected for the next BoE governor.
"Surprise, huge surprise," said Peter Dixon, an economist at Commerzbank. "That was the one guy I didn't have in the running, and it's a slap in the face for the likes of (Paul) Tucker and all those other guys who were hoping to step up to the plate."


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Found 6 results
Filters: Author is Rueff, JP [Clear All Filters]
"XMCD at the 3d metal K-edge in rare earth-transition metal alloys: Influence of the rare earth", MAGNETIC AND SUPERCONDUCTING MATERIALS, (MSM-99), VOLS A AND B. pp. 727-736, 2000.,
"XMCD at the Co K-edge in RCo2 intermetallics: influence of the rare earths", JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION, vol. 6, pp. 676-678, 1999.,
"Rare-earth contributions to the x-ray magnetic circular dichroism at the Co K edge in rare-earth-cobalt compounds investigated by multiple-scattering calculations", PHYSICAL REVIEW B, vol. 58, pp. 12271-12281, 1998.,
"Effects of spin-dependent spectral weight on magnetic circular X-ray dichroism: Application to R(NixCo1-x)(5) intermetallic compounds", JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE IV, vol. 7, pp. 447-448, 1997.,
"X-ray magnetic circular dichroism at the Gd L edges in Gd-Ni-Co amorphous systems", PHYSICAL REVIEW B, vol. 55, pp. 3063-3070, 1997.,
"EFFECTS OF SPIN-DEPENDENT SPECTRAL WEIGHT ON MAGNETIC CIRCULAR X-RAY DICHROISM - APPLICATIONS TO R(NIXCO1-X)5 INTERMETALLIC COMPOUNDS", PHYSICAL REVIEW B, vol. 51, pp. 15957-15963, 1995.,


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TP-LB-10K3KRegular price $4,040.00
Link 10' Banner Backwall Kit 3K connects three banners to provide a 101" wide retractable banner backwall featuring vibrant full-color graphics. These displays set up in seconds without the use of tools. To assemble, simply pull the banner from its case and attach the included stabilizer feet to the base for additional support. Connect the graphic banner to the aluminum telescopic pole and you are ready for your trade show, conference, or event!
Link Displays are available as single, double, and triple units. Combine as many units as desired to create a wide seamless graphic backwall! Connecting the banner stands is easier than ever; quickly slide the units together and connect using a unique tongue and groove design with attachable magnets.
Change your graphics on the fly with interchangeable banners. This system is user-friendly, sleek, and versatile. Additional accessories are available including hard shipping cases, case-to-counter conversion kits, lighting and more!
Assembly Type
» Retractable Banner with Segmented Pole (tool-free)
Graphic Type
» Direct Print - Vinyl Graphic
Assembled Dimensions
» Backwall - 101" W x 89" H
» Banner Live Area - 100.3" W x 85.6" H)
Graphic Dimensions
» Please download graphic template for dimensions
Shipping Weight
» 146 LBS (estimated)
Product Warranty
» Please refer to Limited Lifetime Warranty for details
Additional display customization and accessory options are available. Please contact us to meet your exhibition, conference and event marketing needs. +1 (843) 813-4742
Check out our Booth Accessories to view popular display additions, including lighting, counters, shipping cases, and media display stands.


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If you clicked on the info icon or the "Stats /
Notes / Bio" link, you've reached this page which
contains notes, memories, trivia and more about Charlie
Silvera. If you have anything to add to
this player's information, an interesting bit of trivia
or a personal memory or story about Charlie,
please feel free to share it with us by filling out the
form at the bottom of the page. Be sure to include your
name and town.
Show Charlie
Silvera's Uniform Number Progression
View career stats on BaseballReference.com
July 4, 1951: Charlie hits the first and only home run of his career in the first game of doubleheader off the Washington Senators' Fred Sanford. The solo shot lead off the bottom of the Yankee 6th and pulled the Yankees to within one, at 4-3. Later in the inning a Hank Bauer single would score Phil Rizzuto to tie the game. The Yankees took a 5-4 lead into the ninth when Vic Raschi and Joe Ostrowski were beaten up for an uncharacteristic Senator five-run ninth, including a three-run home run off Gil Coan which was followed immediately by a solo shot by future Yankee Irv Noren.
Jon from Jackson, TN wrote: "Charlie was my favorite player when I was a kid because I would wander down to the Yankee bullpen and occasionally he would talk to me. I was a catcher also so I really listened to him. I remember I was thrilled when on July 4 he hit his only career home run off ex-teammate Fred Sanford after Sanford got traded to the Senators."
Share with us your memories of Charlie Silvera:


text:
The Clash of old and new. The Clash Hoodie brings together iconic Canterbury logos in a bold way. Sporting the classic CCC logo, this over-head hoodie has rib-knit cuffs and hem to prevent ride-up and provide a snug fit. The front kangaroo pocket is great to keep hands warm or store items in while on the move. The Clash collection is part of our Canterbury menswear range.
Returns Policy:
Canterbury of New Zealand is happy to accept the return of goods within 30 days of receipt.
If requested we will refund the monetary value of the items returned, at the price you purchased them, but not the delivery charges (if applicable).
Please note we do not offer exchanges. If you wish to exchange an item, you must repurchase the item to secure the stock and return the original item back to us. Once it arrives we will issue a refund per our refund policy.
Goods must be returned in the same condition as received, unworn with original tags attached. Canterbury reserves the right to refuse a refund or exchange if the goods are deemed to have been damaged, worn or tampered with, or the tags have been removed. This does not affect your statutory rights.
If you didn't create a website account by the time of your purchase, you would need to request a forgotten password to set up an account and have access to your order history.
Standard Delivery (delayed) - $7.00 - Delivery for this service is 3 - 5 working days. Please allow longer delivery period during the holiday season.
Express Delivery - $10.00 (NORTH ISLAND: 2-3 working days) (SOUTH ISLAND: 2-4 working days) Please allow longer delivery period during the holiday season.
*Please note: we do not ship to Waiheke Island.


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Monitoring GitLab with Prometheus
- Prometheus and the various exporters listed in this page are bundled in the Omnibus GitLab package. Check each exporter's documentation for the timeline they got added. For installations from source you will have to install them yourself. Over subsequent releases additional GitLab metrics will be captured.
- Prometheus services are on by default with GitLab 9.0.
- Prometheus and its exporters do not authenticate users, and will be available to anyone who can access them.
Prometheus is a powerful time-series monitoring service, providing a flexible platform for monitoring GitLab and other software products. GitLab provides out of the box monitoring with Prometheus, providing easy access to high quality time-series monitoring of GitLab services.
Prometheus works by periodically connecting to data sources and collecting their performance metrics via the various exporters. To view and work with the monitoring data, you can either connect directly to Prometheus or utilize a dashboard tool like Grafana.
Configuring Prometheus
NOTE: Note: For installations from source you'll have to install and configure it yourself.
Prometheus and its exporters are on by default, starting with GitLab 9.0.
Prometheus will run as the
gitlab-prometheus user and listen on
http://localhost:9090. By default Prometheus is only accessible from the GitLab server itself.
Each exporter will be automatically set up as a
monitoring target for Prometheus, unless individually disabled.
To disable Prometheus and all of its exporters, as well as any added in the future:
Add or find and uncomment the following line, making sure it's set to
prometheus_monitoring['enable'] = false
Save the file and reconfigure GitLab for the changes to take effect.
Changing the port and address Prometheus listens on
NOTE: Note: The following change was added in GitLab Omnibus 8.17. Although possible, it's not recommended to change the port Prometheus listens on as this might affect or conflict with other services running on the GitLab server. Proceed at your own risk.
In order to access Prometheus from outside the GitLab server you will need to
set a FQDN or IP in
To change the address/port that Prometheus listens on:
Add or find and uncomment the following line:
prometheus['listen_address'] = 'localhost:9090'
localhost:9090with the address/port you want Prometheus to listen on. If you would like to allow access to Prometheus to hosts other than
localhost, leave out the host, or use
0.0.0.0to allow public access:
prometheus['listen_address'] = ':9090' # or prometheus['listen_address'] = '0.0.0.0:9090'
Save the file and reconfigure GitLab for the changes to take effect
Using an external Prometheus server
NOTE: Note: Prometheus and most exporters do not support authentication. We do not recommend exposing them outside the local network.
A few configuration changes are required to allow GitLab to be monitored by an external Prometheus server. External servers are recommended for highly available deployments of GitLab with multiple nodes.
To use an external Prometheus server:
Disable the bundled Prometheus:
prometheus['enable'] = false
Set each bundled service's exporter to listen on a network address, for example:
gitlab_monitor['listen_address'] = '0.0.0.0' gitlab_monitor['listen_port'] = '9168' gitaly['prometheus_listen_addr'] = "0.0.0.0:9236" node_exporter['listen_address'] = '0.0.0.0:9100' redis_exporter['listen_address'] = '0.0.0.0:9121' postgres_exporter['listen_address'] = '0.0.0.0:9187'
Install and set up a dedicated Prometheus instance, if necessary, using the official installation instructions.
Add the Prometheus server IP address to the monitoring IP whitelist. For example:
gitlab_rails['monitoring_whitelist'] = ['127.0.0.0/8', '192.168.0.1']
Reconfigure GitLab to apply the changes
Edit the Prometheus server's configuration file.
Add each node's exporters to the Prometheus server's scrape target configuration. For example, a sample snippet using
scrape_configs: - job_name: 'gitlab_exporters' static_configs: - targets: ['18.104.22.168:9168', '188.8.131.52:9236', '188.8.131.52:9236', '188.8.131.52:9100', '220.127.116.11:9121', '22.214.171.124:9187'] - job_name: 'gitlab_metrics' metrics_path: /-/metrics static_configs: - targets: ['184.108.40.206:443']
Restart the Prometheus server.
Viewing performance metrics
You can visit
http://localhost:9090 for the dashboard that Prometheus offers by default.
Note: If SSL has been enabled on your GitLab instance, you may not be able to access Prometheus on the same browser as GitLab if using the same FQDN due to HSTS. We plan to provide access via GitLab, but in the interim there are some workarounds: using a separate FQDN, using server IP, using a separate browser for Prometheus, resetting HSTS, or having NGINX proxy it.
The performance data collected by Prometheus can be viewed directly in the Prometheus console or through a compatible dashboard tool. The Prometheus interface provides a flexible query language to work with the collected data where you can visualize their output. For a more fully featured dashboard, Grafana can be used and has official support for Prometheus.
Sample Prometheus queries:
% Memory available:
((node_memory_MemAvailable_bytes / node_memory_MemTotal_bytes) or ((node_memory_MemFree_bytes + node_memory_Buffers_bytes + node_memory_Cached_bytes) / node_memory_MemTotal_bytes)) * 100
% CPU utilization:
1 - avg without (mode,cpu) (rate(node_cpu_seconds_total{mode="idle"}[5m]))
Data transmitted:
Data received:
Prometheus as a Grafana data source
Grafana allows you to import Prometheus performance metrics as a data source and render the metrics as graphs and dashboards which is helpful with visualisation.
To add a Prometheus dashboard for a single server GitLab setup:
- Create a new data source in Grafana.
- Name your data source i.e GitLab.
- Select
Prometheusin the type drop down.
- Add your Prometheus listen address as the URL and set access to
- Set the HTTP method to
- Save & Test your configuration to verify that it works.
GitLab metrics
Introduced in GitLab 9.3.
GitLab monitors its own internal service metrics, and makes them available at the
/-/metrics endpoint. Unlike other exporters, this endpoint requires authentication as it is available on the same URL and port as user traffic.
➔ Read more about the GitLab Metrics.
Bundled software metrics
Many of the GitLab dependencies bundled in Omnibus GitLab are preconfigured to export Prometheus metrics.
Node exporter
The node exporter allows you to measure various machine resources such as memory, disk and CPU utilization.
➔ Read more about the node exporter.
Redis exporter
The Redis exporter allows you to measure various Redis metrics.
➔ Read more about the Redis exporter.
Postgres exporter
The Postgres exporter allows you to measure various PostgreSQL metrics.
➔ Read more about the Postgres exporter.
PgBouncer exporter
The PgBouncer exporter allows you to measure various PgBouncer metrics.
➔ Read more about the PgBouncer exporter.
GitLab monitor exporter
The GitLab monitor exporter allows you to measure various GitLab metrics, pulled from Redis and the database.
➔ Read more about the GitLab monitor exporter.
Configuring Prometheus to monitor Kubernetes
Introduced in GitLab 9.0. Pod monitoring introduced in GitLab 9.4.
If your GitLab server is running within Kubernetes, Prometheus will collect metrics from the Nodes and annotated Pods in the cluster, including performance data on each container. This is particularly helpful if your CI/CD environments run in the same cluster, as you can use the Prometheus project integration to monitor them.
To disable the monitoring of Kubernetes:
Add or find and uncomment the following line and set it to
prometheus['monitor_kubernetes'] = false
Save the file and reconfigure GitLab for the changes to take effect.


text: First ANG bomb wing certified for nuclear operations Published Aug. 9, 2013 By Capt. Rachel Savage 131st Bomb Wing Public Affairs WHITEMAN AIR FORCE BASE, Mo. (AFNS) -- The Air National Guard celebrated a historic milestone this week as the 131st Bomb Wing, the nation's only Guard unit to fly and maintain the B-2 Spirit, was certified to conduct the nuclear mission upon completion of their initial nuclear surety inspection. With this certification, the 131st BW reached full operational capability with the B-2, bringing to conclusion a six-year journey that began with the unit's transition from the F-15 Eagle mission in 2007, said Maj. Gen. Steve Danner, the adjutant general of Missouri. "The Airmen of the 131st Bomb Wing have proven they are up to the task in carrying out this critical national security mission," Danner said. "This confirmation is the result of years of hard work and the commencement of a new chapter in Air National Guard history. The 131st Bomb Wing is officially open for business -- Col. Michael Francis and his team should be proud." This momentous event marks the first time in the history of the Guard that a bomb wing has been certified in the delivery of nuclear weapons. "The 131st Citizen Airmen have proven they can exceed every stringent challenge posed in the nuclear realm," said Francis, the 131st Bomb Wing commander. "Their countless hours have deservingly evolved in to this success and I couldn't be more proud." The four-day inspection consisted of assessments in key areas, and graded the wing's ability to be caretakers of an unrivaled combat power. "The result of the inspection validates the wing's ability to carry out the nuclear mission, which requires adherence to the strictest standards," said Henry Jenkins, the Air Force Global Strike Command inspector general team chief. As part of the Air Force's Total Force Integration initiative to combine active-duty with Guard Airmen, the two wings were integrated in 2007 when the 131st BW received its new operational mission. The unit became a classic associate with the active duty's 509th Bomb Wing, enabling the 131st BW to become the first Guard unit to fly the B-2. The integration efforts began seven years ago on Feb. 27, 2006, when the secretary of the Air Force and chief of staff of the Air Force approved Total Force Initiative Phase II, which directed the creation of a classic association with the 509th BW and the 131st BW. In 2008, the wing had fewer than 60 members stationed at Whiteman AFB, when they conducted the first all-Guard B-2 sortie, which included both the launch and operation of the aircraft. Today, nearly all 800 members are based at Whiteman AFB, with completely integrated maintenance crews and almost three times the number of qualified pilots. "The Airmen of the 509th Bomb Wing and the 131st Bomb Wing are physically and functionally integrated at every level," said Brig. Gen. Thomas Bussiere, the 509th Bomb Wing commander. "When you walk on the flightline at Whiteman AFB, you can't tell the difference between an active-duty or Guard pilot, maintainer, or load crew team. This certification was the last remaining event to align our mission capabilities and we are honored to be defending this great nation with the warriors of the Missouri Air National Guard." The first combat total force integration mission the wings conducted came in March 2011, when three B-2s flew over Libya, dropping 45 joint direct attack munitions to destroy hardened aircraft shelters, crippling Muammar Gaddafi's air forces and helping enforce the United Nations' no-fly zone. The six aircrew members who flew that mission included both active duty and Guard pilots, demonstrating success in the first real-world combat mission the B-2 conducted since Operation Iraqi Freedom in 2003. "Our certification is a culmination of years of long hours and concentrated effort coupled with each Airman's determination to go above and beyond every day," said Chief Master Sgt. Paul Carney, the 131st Bomb Wing command chief. "It was no easy feat logistically to move the wing and take on a new mission, especially one as demanding as the no-fail nuclear mission … but we did it."


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3 Doors Down Use Republican National Convention Platform To Debut New Song [Video]
As stages go, the one in Tampa was just as good as any other for 3 Doors Down to debut a new song. However, this stage came with the platform to showcase their track to millions of viewers worldwide as it was part of the Republican National Convention coverage that's going on this week.
The song in question is called 'One Light' and plenty of credential-wearing audience members were on hand to catch the live debut of the track at the Tampa Bay Times Forum.
At least 3 Doors Down picked a song fitting of the occasion as their new track features the chorus, "Come with me / Let's take this world and make a change / We'll give this / A moment we can take away / You'll see this / From eyes we always thought we're blind / If we could find just one light to shine."
While some acts have strayed away from tying their appearances to any sort of political affiliation, 3 Doors Down singer Brad Arnold stated prior to the event, "We are honored to be asked to play the RNC and are excited about our performance. We consider it a privilege."
Kid Rock, Journey, Lynyrd Skynyrd, Camp Freddy, and Jack Blades are among the other rockers taking part in Republican National Convention week festivities.


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SEATTLE – Amid the 700,000 fans who jammed downtown Seattle to celebrate the city's first Super Bowl win stood Mark Formanczyk, 57-year-old man in a Seahawks jersey and a camouflage jacket, weeping in the parking lot outside the team's stadium.
"I'm crying! I'm crying ... and I love it!" he said, pulling off his sunglasses to show the tears. "I believed in Seattle years ago when I first moved here, and they finally came through. They brought this city alive!"
Bundled in blue-and-green Seahawks gear — hats, shirts, jackets, stickers and wigs — the fans packed the sidewalks and streets along a 2-mile parade route, standing shoulder to shoulder on a freezing, clear day for a community catharsis after 35 years without a major sports title.
They roared and chanted as the team rolled by on amphibious "Ride the Ducks" vehicles usually reserved for tourists. Running back Marshawn Lynch sat on the hood of a vehicle carrying the Sea Gals cheerleaders. He tossed Skittles — his favorite treat — into the crowd.
Other Seahawks players threw jerseys and T-shirts to fans while waving blue "12" flags in honor of the 12th man, the fans.
"This is a historical event, once in a lifetime. To not show up would be blasphemy," said Jesse Lake, 36, a carpenter from Port Orchard, who stood in the packed parking lot outside CenturyLink Field to greet the team as they arrived.
Nearby, 23-year-old cook Jesse Rea, of Edmonds, watched highlights of the season on two massive screens, then bellowed loud cheers for the players as they were introduced to the crowd inside the stadium.
"It's overwhelming to see how much the city is supporting this," he said. "Finally we are able to see how much love and respect we have. What the 12th man means to me — they made me feel as much a part of this team as the players."
Thousands of students skipped school to attend. Seattle Public Schools said more than 25 percent of the district's 51,000 students were absent in the morning. By comparison, about 5 percent were absent the day before. The school district also said 565 teachers were absent, far more than usual.
Dakota Heaphy, 20, and friend Ellie Hergert, 20, drove all night from Cheyenne, Wyo. — more than 1,400 miles away.
"My boss is a Broncos fan and said we kicked their butts and deserved to go," Hergert said.
The Seahawks' 43-8 victory over the Denver Broncos Sunday gave Seattle its first major men's sports championship since the SuperSonics won the NBA title in 1979.
Along the parade route, which ended at CenturyLink Field, the Washington National Guard chauffeured some players in Humvees. Elected officials rode along, too.
Boisterous fans observed a "moment of loudness" at 12:12 p.m. Crowds also gathered in Spokane, Olympia and elsewhere in the state to celebrate.
Many fans had camped out overnight to reserve front-row seats along the route, braving freezing temperatures. Others perched on window sills and balconies, climbed trees and pillars, or sat on sturdier shoulders to get a better view.
At Westlake Center, smartphones and cameras were thrust into the air whenever players rolled by.
Seattle city officials asked the public to keep cellphone use to a minimum to keep lines free for emergency use. There were some reported difficulties with 911 calls getting through, said Jeff Reading, a spokesman for the mayor.
At a ceremony inside the stadium following the parade, the team thanked its loyal followers.
Players were introduced by the order of their jersey numbers and ended with No. 3, quarterback Russell Wilson, who walked onto the field pumping the Lombardi Trophy in the air to thunderous applause.
"Our plan is to win another one for you next year," Wilson said later.
AP reporters Tim Booth, Donna Gordon Blankinship, Phuong Le and Manuel Valdes contributed to this report.


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E. L. Lancaster Sheet Music
About E.L. Lancaster
Dr. E. L. Lancaster is Vice President and Keyboard Editor-in-Chief of Alfred Music Publishing. He draws upon his teaching experience, ranging from pre-school students through doctoral candidates, to direct the Alfred keyboard catalog. Dr. Lancaster holds degrees from Murray (KY) State University, the University of Illinois, and a Ph.D. from Northwestern University.
From 1979 until 1998, Dr. Lancaster was Professor of Music at the University of Oklahoma, Norman, where he taught courses in piano pedagogy and coordinated the group piano program. Dr. Lancaster established the masters and doctoral programs in piano pedagogy at the University of Oklahoma in 1980 and served as Major Professor for more than 50 doctoral dissertations in that field. He taught pre-college students in the Piano Pedagogy Laboratory Program, combining group and private instruction. In addition, from 1981 to 1996, he and his wife, Dr. Gayle Kowalchyk, operated a large independent piano studio in Norman, Oklahoma.
Dr. Lancaster has served as National Chairman of Group Piano and National Chairman of Student Chapters for MTNA. He has held offices in the National Conference on Piano Pedagogy, including Chair of the Administration/Pedagogy Liaison Committee. Dr. Lancaster has received numerous teaching awards from the University of Oklahoma, including the Regents Award for Superior Teaching (1984), Associated Distinguished Lectureship (1987), Provost's Outstanding Academic Advising Award (1996), and Outstanding Faculty Award in the College of Fine Arts (1996). In 1991 he was awarded a David Ross Boyd Professorship, named in honor of the first OU president, given to faculty members who excel in teaching, counseling and guiding students.
Dr. Lancaster has presented workshops for teachers throughout the United States, Canada, Hong Kong, China, Korea, Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand. He is the author or co-author of more than 350 publications designed for students of all ages, including Alfred's Basic Piano Course, Alfred's Premiere Piano Course, and the Music for Little Mozarts series.He now lives in the Los Angeles area with his wife and their two children, Kelsey and Chase.