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Volume 10, Number 2 (Spring 2011)
Greetings from the Chair
Caption: Melanie Kimball, current chair of LHRT. Image courtesy of Melanie Kimball.
As I write this I look out on a sight I thought I would never see again—budding and flowering trees and bright sunshine. After what seemed like the longest winter ever and, at least here in Boston, record amounts of snow, it is wonderful to be able to bask in the warmth and light again. I have been taking many long walks recently and am constantly reminded as I pass the Boston Public Library, the Massachusetts Historical Society, or the Boston Athenaeum what a great place it is for an historian to live.
This year our Midwinter meeting was held virtually via Skype rather than face to face. In addition to the Executive Committee and our ALA Liaison, Norman Rose, there were five members in attendance for a total of thirteen. The meeting worked well, once we all got the hang of how Skype works with conference calls!
The idea to hold a virtual Midwinter meeting was first proposed last year by then-Chair Bernadette Lear as a possible alternative to a face to face meeting on site. Due to the current economic situation, many people have reduced funding for conference attendance. In some instances, we have had difficulty finding people to run for office in LHRT because they could not commit to attending both the Midwinter and Annual conferences for the two or three years that they would be in office. Since Skype worked well, I anticipate that future Midwinter meetings may continue to be held virtually. A few members who were not available for the Skype meeting, but who were at the Midwinter Meeting asked if we intended to have a face to face meeting as well. That is certainly something that could be considered in the future. I welcome comments and suggestions from members about virtual Midwinter meetings.
Despite numerous postings of the Call for Proposals for Library History Seminar XIII in 2015, not one proposal was received by the deadline. I believe that there is still interest in having the seminar—the last two were very successful. The Executive Committee will discuss this prior to the meeting in New Orleans, but I would very much like to hear ideas for how to proceed from our membership as well.
As has been our tradition for some years now, LHRT has lots of activity planned for the ALA Annual Conference in New Orleans. The Research Forum, Invited Speakers Panel, and Edward G. Holley Lecture all promise stimulating programs. Our Executive Committee meeting is also our annual membership meeting, so please come and be a part of the discussion.
These are my final few months as Chair of LHRT. I want to thank members of the Executive Committee, our membership, and our ALA Liaison for all your hard work. No one person could possibly keep LHRT moving forward. I am privileged to serve with all of you.
Until I see you in New Orleans, enjoy the spring and Laissez les bon temps rouler!
—Melanie Kimball, Simmons College
Member Spotlight: Wayne A. Wiegand
Caption: Wayne A. Wiegand, longtime LHRT member, Dewey biographer, mentor, and friend. Image courtesy of Florida State University Libraries, Special Collections Department
Editor's note: This spring, we celebrate the retirement of Dr. Wayne A. Wiegand, an eminent scholar who literally "wrote the books" on ALA as well as Dewey. Here, Christine Pawley, former LHRT chair and one of Wayne's mentees, reminds us of his ongoing contributions.
Wayne A. Wiegand may have seemed to many of us to be a permanent fixture in the library history universe, and it may be hard for us to think of him as stepping back from the academic coalface and enjoying life on the golf course instead. However, although the fall 2010 semester saw the end of his active teaching career at Florida State University, he is still very actively involved in scholarship, writing a history of the American public library, a project supported by, among others, the National Endowment for the Humanities.
Wayne's full-length CV is almost a book in itself, and all I can do here is summarize some of the highlights. He received a BA in history at the University of Wisconsin-Oshkosh (1968), an MA in history at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee (1970), an MLS at Western Michigan University, and a Ph.D. in history at Southern Illinois University (1974). He was then employed as Librarian at Urbana College in Ohio (1974-1976) and on the faculty of the College of Library Science at the University of Kentucky (1976-1986). He moved to be Professor of Library and Information Studies at the University of Wisconsin-Madison between 1987 and 2002, and Co-Director (with James P. Danky) of the Center for the History of Print Culture in Modern America, a joint project of the University and the Wisconsin Historical Society established in 1992. In 2003 he became F. William Summers Professor of Library and Information Studies, and Professor of American Studies, School of Information Studies, Florida State University, retiring at the end of 2010.
Wayne is the recipient of very many awards. He was named Herbert Putnam Award winner by the American Library Association in 1975, ALA Library Research Round Table (LRRT) Award winner for Best Research Paper (1978), twice Justin Winsor Award winner for best research paper submitted (1982; 1996), and three times winner of the Research Paper Award given by the Association of Library and Information Science Education (1984, 1987, 1993). In 1990 he received the William Best Hesseltine Award for the best article in the Wisconsin Magazine of History in 1989; in 1995 he received Southern Illinois University's Delta Award for significant scholarship and writing in the field of history and librarianship. In 1996 he was elected Fellow in the University of Wisconsin-Madison's Academy for Teaching Excellence. Three times he has won the G.K. Hall Award for Outstanding Contribution to Library Literature (in 1988, 1991, and 1997). In 1998 he coedited Print Culture in a Diverse America with James P. Danky, which was awarded the 1999 Carey McWilliams Award for scholarly contribution to multicultural literature.
Author of over fifty articles, Wayne continues to be extraordinarily prolific. Among his best-known books are Politics of an Emerging Profession: The American Library Association, 1876-1917 (1986), "An Active Instrument for Propaganda:" American Public Libraries During World War I (1989), and Irrepressible Reformer: A Biography of Melvil Dewey (1996). In 2007, with Shirley Wiegand, he published Books on Trial: Red Scare in the Heartland. His Main Street Public Library: Reading Spaces and Community Places in America's Heartland is about to appear from the University of Iowa Press, and we are looking forward to his public library history, currently titled "This Hallowed Place:" A People's History of the American Public Library, following soon.
Wayne's entire career in LIS has been devoted to improving the quality of library history through example, with the result that his monographs have become classics in the field. Together with his many articles, they represent an extremely high standard of scholarship. In addition to maintaining this impressive rate of scholarly output throughout his long career, he has been tireless in forging links between LIS and other fields, especially American Studies, and the History of Print Culture. His name is synonymous in the minds of many historians of the book with scholarship in the history of libraries, especially as it pertains to histories of the public sphere and print culture. Wayne's has been a towering presence (both literally and figuratively) in the field of library history. He has also been an extraordinarily generous mentor to many of those students who, like myself, were fortunate enough to study with him. It is hard for us to imagine library history scholarship without him; but luckily we don't have to do that just yet .—Christine Pawley, University of Wisconsin-Madison
What Is It?: "The V.F."
Caption: Modeling the new, "vertical" method of filing papers. From the Classified Illustrated Catalog of the Library Department of Library Bureau (Boston: Library Bureau, 1900), pg. 113. Image courtesy of Bernadette A. Lear.
Back when I was in college, I had to write a paper on a local history topic for one of my classes. I grew up across the street from a park which had once been the estate of Daniel Ricketson. He was a Massachusetts historian who corresponded with Henry David Thoreau and many leading Transcendendalists of their day. I wasn't sure whether I'd focus on Brooklawn Park or on Ricketson, but either way, it sounded do-able and interesting. During Thanksgiving break I visited the New Bedford Free Public Library to gather information. I had never done local history research so I asked for help. The librarian chewed her pencil thoughtfully and said, "Hmmm … Brooklawn Park … Daniel Ricketson … that's probably somewhere in the v.f."
"Wow—what's a 'v.f.?'" I thought. The librarian led me to the other side of the room. It turned out that "v.f." was librarianese for "file cabinet."
At the time I was a little disappointed—file cabinets being rather unglamourous, you know. Little did I realize that I would be up-to-my-elbows in green folders for the rest of my career. Not only did I continue to do historical research; I also worked in a series of institutions where newbies like myself were assigned the task of updating, reorganizing, and weeding v.f.'s. Over time, I learned to appreciate the hard-to-find information, unique illustrations, and odd ephemera found in them. It also turns out that v.f.'s have an interesting history in their own right.
The term "vertical file" was coined in an era when the predominant method of organizing documents did NOT include hanging folders in logical arrangement. Rather, papers were often retained in their original envelopes, or folded and tied. They were then squeezed into boxes or desks, or laid flat on shelves. Pidgeon-holing was a method suited to an era of low literacy, scarce paper, and conducting most of one's life among a few neighbors. By the late 19th century, however, old ways of keeping correspondence became counterproductive, especially for large businesses with national clienteles and far-flung operations. Vertical files economized space, kept related items together, and organized them in a handy and intuitive way so that various employees could easily consult them.
Few people know the connection between the library profession and the invention of the file cabinet. Everyone from antiquers to Wikipediers credit Edwin G. Seibels, a South Carolina insurance executive. They have good grounds, since a web page linked to the State Library's "Study SC" site describes how Seibels worked with Globe Wernicke, a prominent manufacturer of office furniture, to construct the first vertical file cabinet in 1898. Seibels' obituary, published in the December 23rd, 1954 issue of New York Times, also mentions that a model of his invention is held by the Smithsonian Institution. Yet Gerry Flanzraich has documented how the Library Bureau created a vertical file cabinet in 1892 at the request of a charitable organization in Buffalo, New York. A year before Seibels and Globe Wernicke supposedly "invented" the file cabinet, L.B. was including vertical files among its regular product line. Globe Wernicke, the Library Bureau, and other companies were hotly competitive, patenting dozens of improvements at the turn of the century (for Flanzraich's article, see the Fall 1993 issue of Libraries and Culture).
While some technologies become ubiquitious with little advertising, others require a deliberate and hard-fought campaign. It seems that v.f.'s were among the latter. Manufacturers used several methods to convert the public to the new system. Throughout the early 20th century, the Library Bureau touted itself as the "originator" of the idea and reminded office workers how inconvenient other filing alternatives were. An October 4, 1915 ad in the New York Times describes how "before the Library Bureau existed, everybody 'filed' letters and important records on hooks, in boxes—any old way. It was always a needle-in-the-haystack to find anything." In contrast, vertical filing was "the modern business term for simplicity, economy, accuracy and quickness." Another one of my favorite promotionals is a full-page spread by Yawman and Erbe, a New York manufacturer who appealed to readers' patriotism. An ad printed in the New York Times on September 9, 1919 showed doughboys wearing special gloves to handle overheated machine guns. Y&E boasted that it lined its fire-resistant cabinets with the same insulating material—asbestos.
The Library Bureau and Y&E even provided how-to manuals to instruct office workers on using the new system. A 1917 booklet by the Library Bureau identified exactly four filing methods which "fully cover[ed] the requirements of the business world"—alphabetic (for surnames or subjects), numeric (useful for cross-referenced files), geographic (town or state), or the "L.B. Automatic Index," which combined the alphabetic and numeric systems. This said, filing in one folder all the papers pertaining to a single person or topic may have been an alien concept to some. Whereas most office workers don't give it a second thought today, some of their predecessors apparently required 64 pages of descriptions and illustrations!
Given that the Library Bureau was an "originator" of the vertical file, it's no surprise that librarians were early adopters. V.f.'s have been especially popular in reference departments and local history collections. In the past, library employees proactively thumbed through newspapers and magazines to cut out articles, illustrations, and other tidbits—hence the term "clippings file" is also used.
Are v.f.'s still needed in the Google era? It is hard to say. Although many things are easy to find, images, statistics, and local information are sometimes maddeningly difficult. I suspect v.f.'s will be around for years to come.— Bernadette A. Lear, Penn State Harrisburg
Building Spotlight: The Cherry Street (African American) Branch of the Evansville-Vanderburgh County, IN Public Library
Caption: Cherry Street Branch of the Evansville Public Library, a Carnegie library built for African Americans. Image courtesy of the Willard Library.
Editor's note: Some library historians may assume that separate libraries for African Americans are uniquely Southern institutions. Here, Michele Fenton reminds us that cultural, political, and social mores do not always follow state borders. The following article introduces the Evansville Public Library's Cherry Street Branch (1914–1954), a Carnegie-funded institution established specifically to serve black residents. Although the building no longer stands, it was a landmark in Indiana's library history.
In 1913, the Board of the Evansville-Vanderburgh County Public Library, Evansville, Indiana accepted and approved a proposal from director Ethel McCullough for the building of a separate library branch for African Americans. Andrew Carnegie donated $10,000 for the building's construction and the Cherry Street Branch Library began operation on November 24, 1914. At that time, it was the only public library branch north of the Ohio River that provided services solely to African Americans. The dedication of the library was an important event, taking place on December 2, 1914, in the McFarland Chapel, a nearby African American church. The keynote speaker was Rachel D. Harris, noted children's librarian at the Eastern Colored Branch of the Louisville Free Public Library. Harris's speech was "The Advantages of Colored Branch Libraries." Henry Sanborn of the Indiana Public Library Commission and Edmund Craig of the Evansville-Vanderburgh County Public Library Board were also in attendance.
The library's official address was 515 Cherry Street, and the building was located on the corner of Church and Cherry Streets. The two-story building was made of brown brick with an entrance of white stone, and it had a glazed tile roof. Lillian Sunshine Haydon Childress Hall, the earliest known, formally-trained African American librarian to work in Indiana, began her career there before moving to the Indianapolis-Marion County Public Library.
Early annual reports show that the Cherry Street Branch offered a variety of resources and activities. The collection initially had 2,800 books; however by the end of 1915 the collection had increased to 4,223. It also had several after-school programs for children including the Girl's Literary Club and the Sons of Daniel Boone. The library staff reached out to the city's black schools (Evansville's school system was segregated at the time) by inviting the teachers to visit the branch. In addition, the library provided meeting space for various organizations such as the NAACP, the Lyceum Literary Society, the Christian Science Society, and the P.T.A. Like other libraries of its time, the Cherry Street branch supported the nation's war efforts. During World War I, the staff established the Outlook War Unit. This group was responsible for sending Christmas gifts to bases at Yuma and Nogales, Arizona. The staff also participated in the War Chest Fund by purchasing liberty bonds and war saving stamps.
The Cherry Street Branch began to decline at mid-century. During World War II, the Evansville-Vanderburgh County Public Library began integrating its library system. Since African Americans were no longer restricted to the Cherry Street Branch, they soon began patronizing other libraries in the system. This led to a decrease in the number of patron visits to the Cherry Street location and a decision was made to close it. In 1954, the building was sold to the Buffalo Trace Boy Scout Troop. After the troop moved out in the late 1960s, the building was sold again to Welborne Hospital. In the early 1970s it was torn down to make way for the hospital's expansion .—Michele Fenton, Indiana State Library
Further Reading
- Atherton, Christi. "West Branch Library, a Mix of Past & Present." Evansville Courier & Press, August 22, 2008. http://www.courierpress.com/news/2008/aug22/pages-of-history/
- Evansville Public Library. Annual Reports, 1913–1918. Evansville, IN: Evansville Public Library, 1914–1919.
- Fenton, Michele T. "A Great Day in Indiana: The Legend of Lillian Childress Hall." Black Caucus of the American Library Association Newsletter 39, no. 2 (2010): 5-6.
- Goldhor, Herbert. The First Fifty Years: The Evansville Public Library and the Vanderburgh County Public Library. Evansville, IN: H. Goldhor, 1962.
- Harris, Rachel D. "The Advantages of Colored Branch Libraries." The Southern Workman 4, no. 7 (1915): 385-391.
- McKay, Elsie. "District Meetings." Library Occurrent 4, no. 10 (1917): 180.
- NAACP. "Along the Color Line: Social Uplift." Crisis: A Record of the Darker Races 11, no. 1 (1915): 8.
- "New Library Buildings." Library Occurrent 4, no. 2 (1915): 28.
- "Personals." Library Occurrent 6, no. 6 (1922): 271.
LHRT Awards
Caption: Susan Reynolds, winner of LHRT's Dain Award. Image courtesy of Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology.
LHRT recognizes the authors of outstanding books, articles, dissertations, and essays pertaining to library history. In 2011, we awarded both the Phyllis Dain Dissertation Award and the Justin Winsor Essay Prize.
Susan Reynolds, who earned her Ph.D. from the Charles Sturt University of Australia in 2008 and is now a lecturer at Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, won the Dain Award for her paper, "The Establishment of the Library of the Supreme Court of Victoria, 1851–1884: Antecedents, Foundation, and Legacy." Dr. Reynolds' dissertation thesis describes the first three decades of the Library of the Supreme Court of Victoria in Melbourne, including historical, cultural, political, and individual influences on the library's development.
Cody White is the recipient of the Winsor Award for the essay "Rising from the Ashes: Lessons Learned from the Impact of Proposition 13 on Public Libraries in California." The committee felt that this topic from the 1970s is a timely one, given the deep cuts libraries are experiencing around the nation today. The paper examines how Proposition 13 was successfully marketed to voters and observes how libraries and library systems coped with cuts to personnel, hours, and services.
In 2012, LHRT will award the Donald G. Davis Article Award and another Winsor Prize. Nominations are due in January 2012. For eligibility, past winners, and further information, see LHRT's awards page at http://www.ala.org/ala/mgrps/rts/lhrt/popularresources/awards/awards.cfm .
— Tom Glynn, Rutgers University, and Bernadette A. Lear, Penn State Harrisburg
Site Visits: The Restored Morgan Library and Museum, New York
Caption: Mr. Morgan's Library, East Room, part of the Morgan Library and Museum. Photograph by Graham Haber, 2010. Image courtesy of Miriam Intrator.
On days when I cannot bring myself to read or write another word, I walk two blocks to the Morgan Library and Museum, first established as financier Pierpont Morgan's (1837–1913) private study and library, designed by architect Charles Follen McKim (1847–1909). Once inside, I head straight for the East Room, Morgan's passion and the heart of the current institution. The three stories of book-lined walls, crowned by H. Siddons Mowbray's colorful ceiling paintings and highlighted by the textual treasures on display, never fail to recharge, awe, and inspire me. They appear even more magisterial now.
After a five-month closure for deep cleaning, new lighting, and restoring period furniture and fixtures, the Morgan Library reopened in October 2010 as an illuminated library. Light and depth of color beautifully highlight the artwork, elaborate bookbindings, manuscripts, and other rare items on display. One of the most transformative physical changes is the renovation of the North Room, converted from the cordoned-off office of Morgan's longtime librarian Belle Greene (1879–1950), to an Ancient World and Middle Ages object gallery.
Morgan's goal to import European culture to America is evident throughout his collection. Items on display during my December 2010 visit ranged from early bibles, to classics of French and English literature, to first editions of Galileo and Copernicus. Morgan particularly sought items with special qualities, such as unusual provenance, unique binding, marginalia, or hand-written markings or drawings. The free audio tour, narrated by curators, conservators, and historians, is a vital source of information about Morgan and his library. Morgan collected out of a true appreciation for exceptional textual material—what the Morgan refers to as his "collecting connoisseurship." Nevertheless, the collection grew far faster and larger than he ever intended. In fact, only the first tier of books appeared in McKim's original plan. During construction (1903–1906), the two additional tiers, accessed by staircases hidden behind columns of book-filled shelves, had to be added.
One of the most extraordinary gifts offered by the Morgan is the opportunity to compare manuscripts and printed examples of particular works. This provides singular insight into the writing, editing, revising, and publication process. For example, during my December visit, Dickens' original manuscript for A Christmas Carol was exhibited next to an 1843 copy of the printed book. Nearby were Mary Shelley's handwritten changes to the first 1818 edition of The Monster Prometheus, and Balzac's extensive handwritten revisions that practically obscure a printed proof of Eugene Grande (1833). On permanent display is a 1455 Gutenberg Bible on paper. It is striking that the Morgan owns three, given that Morgan, ever the Anglophile, chose William Caxton rather than Gutenberg to represent printing in one of the library's painted ceiling panels. Other texts and documents are frequently rotated for exhibition, offering visitors motivation for repeat visits.
Briefly shown in conjunction with the reopening of the library, for example, was a selection of Italian photographer Massimo Listri's large-scale images of Great European Libraries (December 10, 2010 to January 9, 2011). Many of the exhibited photographs appear in Listri's Il Fascino delle Biblioteche (Umberto Allemandi & C., 2002), in which the Morgan Library is the only non-European inclusion. About five feet high by four feet wide each, Listri's works offer an alluring view into some of the most beautiful and historic libraries in Europe. Those I found most intriguing contained hints—coats hanging over chairs or notepaper piled on tables—of active public use, an image contrary to the perception that these extraordinary libraries are museums, where visitors are invited to look but not touch. Thus Listri's photographs capture the tension, familiar to many special collections librarians and curators, between past and present, private and public, luxury and practicality, technology and materiality, accessibility and preservation. More simply, the intention of the Listri exhibit was to illustrate examples of the architecture and aesthetic that may have inspired Morgan and McKim. Over a century later, the unparalleled library they built has been imbued with new light and life.— Miriam Intrator, Ph.D. Candidate, City University of New York
Byways: The Amelia Givin Library, Mount Holly Springs, PA
Caption: Computer and fiction area at the Amelia Givin Library, Mount Holly Springs, Pennsylvania. Many of the doors and walls contain panels of wooden "Moorish fretwork" as shown at left. Image courtesy of Bernadette A. Lear
On any given day near Carlisle, Pennsylvania, you will encounter hundreds of commuters and semis hurtling down route 81, an interstate that runs along the Appalachian Mountains from the Canadian border to Tennessee. In many years of traveling that road, I had never realized that a gem of architectural and library history lies just five miles south in Mount Holly Springs. There, at the base of South Mountain, you will find a Richardsonian Romanesque library which retains nearly all the features it had when it was first built.
The Amelia Givin Library is unique in many ways. For one thing, it was commissioned, funded, and built by a woman. In the nineteenth century, females certainly bequeathed property, raised funds, volunteered, and worked in libraries. Yet I have seldom encountered cases where a single woman built one from the ground up using her own money and then named the place after herself. Amelia Givin was unmarried and the sole heir to her family's business (paper manufacturing). She hired Pittsburgh architect James T. Steen to design the building, which opened to the public in 1890. According to locals, the hands-on donor sometimes gave the librarian a break by sending her off for a drive in her carriage and staffing the library on her own. Givin was also a trendsetter in the sense that her library was the first public library in Cumberland County.
Caption: Rolling ladder in the Amelia Givin Library, Mount Holly Springs, Pennsylvania. Image courtesy of Bernadette A. Lear
Paul Tucker, a former member of the library's board, did substantial research on the Givin Library's architecture. In his work, he describes the library's semicircular apse, arched windows, tower, rusticated masonry, and other Romanesque features. Inside, the woodwork is absolutely gorgeous, exemplifying the eclectic nature and excess of décor during the Victorian era. The Moorish fretwork—strands of carved wood woven together to form door and wall panels—intrigues many visitors. Mainly for these intact architectural features and through Tucker's efforts, the Givin Library was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.
But most interesting to me, as a historian and practicing librarian, is the chance to "walk back in time," to play with tools and soak in the environment that my professional ancestors experienced a century ago. Although a modern addition was added in the 1980s, the front of the building has changed very little in the past century.
Strolling through the periodicals and fiction rooms, I encountered delightful wooden umbrella stands, gilt-framed portraits, a spiral staircase, and even a rolling library ladder (which I gingerly climbed).
Tucked within a town that has only 1,900 citizens and is only a few blocks square, the Amelia Givin Library is quite a treasure. It is also a reminder of the love affair many people have had with reading, in all places, eras, and circumstances.
If you'd like to visit, take I-81 to Pennsylvania exit 47A (State Route 34/Holly Pike) . Drive south about 5 miles. The Amelia Givin Library will be on your left.
—Bernadette A. Lear, Penn State Harrisburg Library.
Pathbreakers: Almarine McKellop and Sarah Smith, First American Indian Librarians?
Caption: Sarah Smith (Oneida), a former student and library employee at the Carlisle Industrial Indian School. Image courtesy of the Cumberland County (Pennsylvania) Historical Society.
Have you ever read anything about nineteenth-century American Indian librarians? Probably not, because there is very little information about them within the professional literature. This might lead one to think that Native librarians did not exist. Yet the records of various "Indian Schools" reveal numerous literary efforts developed for and by American Indians.
I am slowly uncovering the history of reading rooms and libraries at the Carlisle (Pennsylvania) Indian Industrial School, which was the first and best-known government-run, off-reservation boarding school for Native Americans. General Richard H. Pratt, who founded CIIS in 1879, was an assimilationist who believed in exposing American Indians to classic literature, music, higher education, and others aspects of American culture. In its early years, the school viewed books as an important civilizing force. It established three reading rooms in the 1880s—one for older boys, one for younger boys, and one for girls—and then opened an academic library in 1897.
I cannot say whether Carlisle's reading rooms and academic library were the first library services for American Indians. In fact, the scholarship of Daniel Littlefield, Robert Dale Parker, and Philip Rounds have shown that Native people had begun to read, own, and author books many years before Carlisle was founded. It wouldn't surprise me if further research turns up missionary libraries, social libraries, or informal book-sharing networks in American Indian communities.
Still, in the absence of other information, it is worthwhile to note the efforts of two early American Indian "librarians": Almarine McKellop (Creek) and Sarah Smith (Oneida). From what I can tell of school newspapers, McKellop was the first "librarian" (yes, he was given that title) at the Carlisle Indian Industrial School. In 1882, fellow students elected him to maintain the boy's reading room, a job which involved unpacking and shelving donated materials as well as keeping records of borrowed items. He was the first among many Carlisle students who came to be involved with the reading rooms' growth and day-to-day functioning. Among the boys, the librarian was often a fellow who worked in the school's mailroom or print shop. They often used school publications as coin-in-trade for obtaining items from other schools and organizations. Other children constructed chairs and tables, "kalsomined" (whitewashed) the walls, and maintained the facilities.
Sarah Smith was a Carlisle graduate who became the first paid American Indian employee in its academic library. The academic library departed from the informal reading rooms by supporting the curriculum in a manner similar to modern school libraries. After the head teacher, Dr. Oliver Bakeless, founded the academic library in 1897, he hired Smith to handle most of the daily operations. She was paid $300 per year and by all accounts was a diligent employee. She worked in the library until about 1900; then married Charles King, another Oneida, and moved back to Wisconsin.
As of yet, I do not know much about McKellop's and Smith's lives. Biographical information for individual American Indians can sometimes be difficult to find, particularly if you are researcher on the East Coast. Yet my threadbare stories of McKellop and Smith suggest two crucial thoughts. One is that we currently know very little about the experiences of American Indians as library users and employees, especially prior to the 1960s. I hope that my work will help change this. Just as important, we have largely failed to acknowledge the contributions of young people to library development. Poole's Index to Periodical Literature and the Dewey Decimal System were begun by students, and the founding collections of many college libraries were donated by debating societies and fraternities. Today, small armies of high school volunteers and work-study students perform first-line public services at our circulation desks. They also maintain order in the stacks, bind and preserve library materials, and undertake a variety of projects in academic and public libraries. Much like Howard Zinn's A People's History of the United States, which told the American story from an "everyperson" perspective, we could benefit from "A Student's History of American Libraries," looking at young employees, volunteers, and others who have left their imprint on the profession.— Bernadette A. Lear, Penn State Harrisburg Library
Web Site Review: Encyclopedia of Chicago
Caption: Homepage of Encyclopedia of Chicago. Courtesy of the Chicago History Museum.
Chicago History Museum, The Newberry Library, and Northwestern University, "Encyclopedia of Chicago," http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/ , (accessed April 18, 2011).
As someone who loves a good web reference, I was really excited to discover the Encyclopedia of Chicago. I became even more excited when exploring the site and seeing how detailed and comprehensive it is. The Encyclopedia is a joint effort between Northwestern University, the Chicago History Museum, and the Newberry Library, and it's packed with enough features to necessitate its own user's guide!
The homepage is neat and uncluttered. By clicking on "entries" in the toolbar at the top of the screen, a page opens with an alphabetical list of authored entries. To the right of the entry index, there are indexes for historical sources, maps, and special features as well. The list is incredibly long and inclusive, from AIDS, to Ghanaians, to Nursery Schools, to Zenith Radio Corporation. For library history enthusiasts, a simple search on 'libraries' returns 10 pages of results, including information on book arts, literary societies, neighborhood branches, and more.
Users can click on any photograph and are taken to a separate page with a larger image and description. Images on the site are accompanied by a simple editing toolbar that allows the user to zoom and rotate the image as desired. Readers can also access books within the site. These volumes are scanned in from resources within the partner institutions, and can be viewed in a split window with the table of contents, allowing the user to navigate quickly between sections of the book. Like photographs, the pages of books can be rotated and resized. Other entries that describe historical figures, places, companies, etc., include links within the articles to related topics and historical sources. These features make the Encyclopedia a great resource for teachers and professors.
The site also has a number of "special features," including two rich maps—one on labor unrest in 1886, and another on residents of Prairie Avenue. Visitors can use controls (upper left-hand corner of the map) to show city streets or the density of immigrant populations in different neighborhoods. Above the map is a number of links which open different essays relevant to the map's topic. Other special features include galleries and essays on Chicago history.
The site is a lot of fun, and the maps are a great way to bring historical events to life! The wording of essays and encyclopedia entries is intelligent but plain enough to be understood by most students. I am excited to continue sharing this resource with my friends who teach both at the high school and college level, and to share it with those who study Chicago history .—Julia Skinner, University of Iowa.
Upcoming Events: ALA Annual Conference, New Orleans
Join us for the following conference events. We have quite a schedule planned!
LHRT Executive Committee Meeting
The Executive Committee Meeting will be held on Sunday, June 26th, from 8:00 a.m. to 10:00 a.m., in the Pelican room of the Conference Center at the Hilton Riverside. During the meeting, we will discuss sites for the 2015 Library History Seminar, revisions to the criteria for our awards, and other important topics. This is an open meeting—all LHRT members and other guests are welcomed to attend.
Invited Speakers Program
The Invited Speakers Program will be Sunday, June 26th, from 1:30 p.m. to 3:30 p.m. in the New Levee room of the Marriott New Orleans/Convention Center. Speakers include:
- Bernadette Lear, Behavioral Science and Education Librarian, Penn State Harrisburg Library, "What Hannah Taught Me: Researching Librarians in the Lives of Their Communities."
- Christine Jenkins, Associate Professor, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, "The History in our Stories: Documenting the "Hidden in Plain Sight" History of Youth Services Librarianship."
- Mark McCallon, Assistant Director, Library and Information Resources, Abilene Christian University, "A Look Back at The Speaker: The People Have Spoken!"
LHRT Research Forum
Our Research Forum will take place on Sunday, June 26th from 4:00 p.m. to 5:30 p.m. at the Doubletree Hotel, room Rosedown A, on the second floor. This year's theme is the history of library services and collections for business, industry, and labor. Speakers include:
- Ellen Pozzi, Rutgers University, "The History of the Business Branch of the Newark Free Public Library."
- Joyce M. Latham, University of Wisconsin-Madison, "Collective Collections: Libraries and Labor."
- Sterling Joseph Coleman, Jr., Central State University, "English Public Libraries, Parliament and the Working Class: A Not-So Subtle Censorship Debate Within the British Parliamentary Debates of 1834 and 1850."
- David M. Hovde and John W. Fitch, "Reading for Those Who 'Labor with Their Hands and Earn Their Living by the Sweat of Their Brows."
Edward G. Holley Memorial Lecture
The Holley Memorial Lecture commemorates the life and work of Dr. Edward G. Holley, a preeminent library historian, educator, mentor, and former ALA president. Each year, LHRT invites a prominent scholar from outside the LIS field to discuss a topic that relates to library history or book culture. This year's Holley lecture will be on Monday, June 27th from 10:30 a.m. to noon at the Morial Convention Center, room 333.
The speaker is Sarah Wadsworth, Associate Professor of English, Marquette University, who will present "Ghosts and Shadows: Reading Race in the Woman's Building Library of the World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago, 1893."
This Year in Library History
100th anniversary of the opening of the New York Public Library (May 23rd).
80th anniversary of the publication of The Five Laws of Library Science. S.R. Ranganathan's simple mantras that "books are for use," "every reader his or her book," "every book its reader," "save the time of the reader," and "the library is a growing organism have shaped generations of librarians.
60th anniversary of the American Library Association's accreditation standards, which made the Master's degree (rather than the BLS) the educational entry-point into the profession.
35th anniversary of the introduction of the Kurzweil reading machine, the first optical character recognition system. This invention provided blind people with immediate access to books and other library materials by reading the text aloud.
'Got Something to Say?—Well, Don't Delay!
The LHRT Newsletter is interested in publishing material from our members. Brief articles (300-2000 words) are welcomed from students, new librarians, and volunteers as well as seasoned practitioners and researchers. Possibilities include brief biographies of pathbreaking librarians; short architectural histories of notable library buildings; interviews with "movers and shakers" in LHRT; descriptions of important or unusual primary sources; book and web site reviews; and more. We welcome announcements of awards, events, and other opportunities, too. If you are interested, contact newsletter editor Bernadette A. Lear (email@example.com). We hope to hear from you soon!


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Here are some tips for attorneys and clients faced with instituting or defending child abduction proceedings under the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction, whether in the United States or internationally.
In a nutshell, a Hague Convention application may be made when a child is taken or retained across an international border, away from his or her habitual residence, without the consent of a parent who has rights of custody under the law of the habitual residence, if the two countries are parties to the Convention. The child must be promptly returned to the habitual residence unless the return will create a grave risk of harm to the child or another limited exception is established.
If a child has been abducted to the United States proceeding under the Hague Convention might not be the best course of action. All U.S. states have adopted the Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction & Enforcement Act (except Massachusetts which has adopted a prior uniform law). That Act provides remedies that may be far more useful than those provided under the Hague Convention. You need a lawyer who understands the issues and who can put you on the right track.
An attorney must be ready to file a Hague Convention application and institute or defend a Hague Convention lawsuit on extremely short notice.
Prompt action may be critical. The Convention specifically requires that hearings be conducted expeditiously. Indeed, it is recommended that Hague cases be completely concluded within six weeks. A Hague case can theoretically be instituted more than a year after the abduction but a defense (or, more precisely, an exception) will then arise if the child has become settled in the new environment. In practice, the longer a child is in a new place the more likely it is that a court will be reluctant to send the child away.
Fast action by the left-behind parent is also necessary to help prevent a claim that the parent has acquiesced in the child's relocation, and to help to bolster a claim that the left-behind parent consented to the taking or retention in the first place.
Clients must move quickly to obtain the documents needed to file the initial application and then to collect the documents needed for the hearing. They should normally be asked to prepare a detailed family history and to assist the attorney to develop evidence as rapidly as possible.
Counsel should consider putting the abducting parent on immediate written and formal notice of the dire consequences, civil, criminal and financial, that the abduction will cause to that parent personally, and, possibly to others conspiring with the parent. It may be appropriate to provide an extremely short time for the abducting parent to cure the problem by returning the child. On the other hand, such notice might be counter-productive if there is a suspicion that the taking parent might hide the child.
Counsel must decide quickly whether to bring suit in state or federal court. The International Child Abduction Remedies Act provides for concurrent jurisdiction. If a state court is chosen the respondent has the absolute right to remove the case to the federal court. Choosing the right court can make all the difference in a Hague case.
Counsel might enlist the support of the U.S. State Department's Office of Children's Issues. Such support may be particularly helpful to locate the child. It might also be useful if the left-behind parent seeks a U.S. visa to enter the United States in order to attend the trial.
Counsel might also suggest that, if there is no custody order in place from a court in the jurisdiction of the habitual residence, the left-behind parent should perhaps institute civil proceedings in those courts for such an order (or perhaps for a modification of the original order). However, this should not be undertaken without U.S. counsel conferring with counsel in the other country.
The International Child Abduction Remedies Act expressly authorizes the state or federal court handling a Hague case to order "provisional remedies" to protect the well-being of the child involved or to prevent the child's further removal or concealment before the final disposition of the petition.
Such an order should invariably be sought to keep the child in the jurisdiction pending the hearing of the Hague petition but a left-behind parent will also want to secure interim access to the child.
Hague Convention cases are often extremely fact-intensive. They frequently hinge on the ability of one party to convince the court of matters such as the habitual residence of a child (which hinges in large part in most but not all circuits on the last shared intention of the parents); the nature of the left-behind parent's custody rights under the foreign law (which may require expert evidence as to the terms of the foreign law); the extent to which a parent actually exercised custody rights; whether or not a parent consented to or acquiesced in a new residency; whether such consent or acquiescence was conditional; whether the child has become well settled in the new environment; whether the child was physically or psychologically abused; whether the taking parent was abused in such a way that there was an impact of the child; whether the authorities in the foreign country provided adequate protection to the children and the taking parent in the past or could do so in the future; the age and maturity level of the child, whether and why the child objects to being returned. For a court to resolve these matters it must analyze the relevant facts.
A successful Hague proceeding requires the attorney, working closely with the client, to marshal as much evidence as possible, in as many forms as possible, to support the client's position. Clients are frequently shocked that matters that to them are obvious and indisputable turn out to be disputed and to require them to produce clear and convincing proof. They may well be insulted that their word alone is insufficient to convince the court that they are truthful and that the other parent is lying.
In one case, the parents had moved permanently with their young child from the mother's native country to the U.S. Two years later, the mother took the child back to her country for a vacation and then refused to return to the States. In supporting her claim that the child was never habitually resident in the States she claimed that the original move to America had been only temporary and that she and the father had agreed that they would return to the mother's native country after a year or two. The mother had planned the move well in advance and had amassed -- and even created -- evidence that tended to support her claims. Additionally, she had removed evidence from the parties' home that would have disproved her claims.
To win the case, we interviewed neighbors, friends, family members, schoolteachers, real estate salespeople, fellow office workers and an array of other people who had had some connection with the family. We checked into any and all areas of the mother's life for anything that might indicate her intention to stay in the States. We obtained emails, notes, invoices, and other documents. We searched old household bills for evidence of the purchase of items that inferred a degree of permanency. At the hearing, the mother was shocked that her husband had collected so much written evidence to disprove her claims and undercut her credibility. The courts ultimately -- and with great reluctance, since they were going against a local national -- found in favor of our client.
Since Hague cases are tried quickly, there is usually only one chance to present the case and it needs to be done well at the very outset. An attorney must embark on a quick campaign of collecting mounds of relevant evidence to support the client's positions, and must expect the other parent to lie, cheat, and distort the facts in a desperate attempt to avoid losing the case.
Just as a current military strategy is to employ overwhelming force to create shock and awe, so too in a Hague Convention case it is often advisable to use overwhelming amounts of evidence to win the case. Such a campaign in a Hague proceeding may yield a capitulation by the other parent even before the hearing actually commences.
Hague Convention hearings sometimes take the form of "he said, she said" disputes in which each side makes verbal accusations against the other. Documentary evidence is usually far better than the mere word of one parent. Thus, if you want to claim that a parent applied for an immigration visa, you must be prepared to do more than simply have the parent tell the court that this was done. You should do whatever you can to get hold of the actual application papers that the parent signed in applying for the visa, which may mean contacting the lawyer who handled the immigration matter originally.
Emails and text messages can be invaluable sources of critical evidence, especially concerning the parents' intentions and agreements.
While it is helpful if documents are supported by sworn statements, it is not essential. Both the Convention and the International Child Abduction Remedies Act provide that authentication of documents is not required in a Convention proceeding.
Discovery is generally permitted in Hague cases but it must be balanced against the requirement that Hague cases should be concluded quickly. It is essential to decide at the outset of a case whether discovery is really needed because it should be requested at the time of the initial meeting with the court or otherwise it might be waived.
Hague Convention cases raise unusual international law, foreign law and treaty law questions. They involve the courts in matters of a kind that they are usually not used to handling. In many jurisdictions the court may be entirely unfamiliar with Hague cases. Accordingly it is usually essential for the lawyers to help the court to an unusual extent. Certainly a well-reasoned memorandum of law is essential.
The matters in dispute in most Hague cases raise difficult legal issues that must be thoroughly briefed. Thus, the Convention requires the left-behind parent to establish that the child was taken from the "habitual residence" and that the parent had "rights of custody" under the law of that jurisdiction. However, neither of those fundamental terms is defined in the Convention and substantial jurisprudence has grown domestically and internationally setting forth often-contradictory determinations concerning their scope and meaning.
Courts have held that, while they must determine under international law whether the left-behind parent possesses Hague Convention "custody rights," they must first examine the law of the child's habitual residence in order to ascertain the extent of the rights that such parent possesses under that law. In this regard, it is often essential to use foreign law experts to establish the existence and scope of such rights.
A Hague Convention attorney may, and often should, cite cases not only from the domestic jurisdiction but also from other jurisdictions if they support the client's position. It has become more usual to cite cases from other jurisdictions in this area of the law than perhaps in any other. Courts around the world recognize that it is best to coordinate their decisions with those of other courts internationally and, for that very reason, the Hague Conference on Private International Law has established a database of significant Hague cases from courts around the world.
In representing the left-behind parent in a Hague proceeding, it is necessary to keep the court focused on the narrow issues that the Convention requires an applicant to establish and the narrow defenses that a respondent can assert. Whenever the hearing strays into any areas that might be considered as constituting an analysis of the child's best interests, the other party (usually the petitioner) should vehemently object.
However, a party opposing a return should do his or her utmost to assert any and all relevant issues under the rubric of one of the defenses specified in the Convention and should be armed with case law to establish that similar claims were permitted in other cases.
In Hague cases evidence rules are usually relaxed, so evidence should be submitted in any possible format. Live testimony is invariably the best and normally everything should be done to get the left-behind parent into the courtroom. (An exception is if that parent would be a poor witness and his or her presence would create an opportunity for embarrassing cross-examination).
If a witness cannot be brought to the courthouse, consider testimony by video conferencing or otherwise by telephone conference. As a last resort, submit affidavits.
Hague Convention cases happen too fast, and too much is at stake for the client, for an attorney to learn about this area of law at the last minute. It is extremely important to locate counsel with knowledge and experience in Hague proceedings. It is also frequently valuable for a client whose child has been abducted to retain a lawyer in his or her home country who can coordinate with the Hague counsel in the country to which the child has been taken.
Many experienced Hague lawyers will assist local lawyers in handling Hague cases, and very often such teamwork is the best way forward.

subset: commoncrawl


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A new law that will go into effect on Jan. 1 could bring online impersonators heavy fines or even jail time.
According to SB 1411 — authored by state Sen. Joe Simitian, D-Palo Alto, and signed into law in late September by Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger–anyone who assumes the identity of another person to intentionally harm, intimidate, threaten or defraud may be charged with a misdemeanor.
Offenders could face a fine of up to $1,000 and or spend up to a year in jail, the bill said.
The law will also allow victims sue for compensation in civil court, Simitian said.
Simitian called the act of making phony pages "the dark side of the social networking revolution." People can easily use Facebook or Twitter, e-mail, and Web forums to harass or embarrass others, or in some cases even endanger another person's life, he said.
"This takes no special expertise," Simitian said. "Anyone can put up a Facebook page and misuse someone else's name and identity."
Online impersonators or "e-personators" have been known to send obscene e-mails or post invitations on adult sites while pretending to be someone else.
Simitian said he hopes the law will act as a deterrent, but also give victims recourse.
The legislation was influenced in part by Silicon Valley Leadership Group President Carl Guardino, who earlier this year recounted three different instances where either he or someone he knew had been a victim of online impersonators.
Simitian said Guardino sought help from local police and the Santa Clara County District Attorney's Office and they told him there really wasn't anything they could do legally.
"Here we are in the heart of Silicon Valley in one of the most sophisticated technological centers of the world and people are saying that nothing can be done," Simitian said.
Simitian said the only impersonation law that came close to the Facebook issue was a law passed in 1872 referring to "any written instrument" or causing someone to become liable to prosecution or for payment of a debt.
The existing law, however, did not provide or address the potential for broader forms of impersonation, such as via social networking or e-mail, Simitian said.
He said he authored the bill after realizing there was a need for a new law to crack down on 21st century forms of impersonation.
Simitian said he wanted to be conscientious about protecting the free speech rights of those who impersonate for parody, satire and political speech. Only people who impersonate an actual person without consent would be considered to be in violation of the law.
The law will be enforced by local law enforcement, but the state attorney general's office could also get involved, Simitian said.
Khalida Sarwari, Bay City News
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Measurement taken with garment laying flat. Due to the nature of the fabric there is up to 2" of stretch.


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Este artigo em português
The Kodak Brownie Flash IV was one of the many incarnations of this box cameras.
I bought this one at a flea market, in fairly good condition. One of these days I have to respoll a 120 roll to a 620 spool and give it a try.
Deluxe Box camera for 620 roll film, covered in light coloured leather, brass fixings and faux ivory buttons.
f14 Kodak standard lens
Shutter speed about 1/50 sec, and B
Selectable portrait lens and yellow filter
Shutter release lock
Flash connections, hence the name
6 x 9 cm exposures on 620 film
Stay tuned ;o)


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DVD Burning Xpress:
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Burning home movies to a DVD is easy to do today with DVD Burning Xpress.
Visit DVD Burning Xpress Homepage for more details.
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Run DVD Burning Xpress, click the menu "Help->Register". There will be a registration popup dialog. You may input the Name and Code manually. The registration name is case sensitive. And, please do not add blank at the beginning or the end of the word. You can also copy and paste the Name and Code into the registration popup dialog. index
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The 1394 digital link standard was conceived in 1986 by technologists at Apple Computer, who chose the trademark 'FireWire', in reference to its speeds of operation. FireWire, the ultra-fast computer interface has become the official IEEE 1394 industry standard. Boasting incredible transfer speeds of up to 400Mbps, FireWire enables simple, low-cost, high-bandwidth isochronous (real-time) data interfacing between computers, peripherals, and consumer electronics products such as camcorders, VCRs, printers, PCs, TVs, and digital cameras. With IEEE 1394-compatible products and systems, users can transfer video or still images from a camera or camcorder to a printer, PC, or television, with no image degradation..
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There used to be a debate among many people when deciding what kind of video recorder to purchase or whether to digitize their videos. But now, the trend is clear: most people select to digitize their videos and save them on video CDs or DVDs.
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An analog video can be very similar to the original video copied, but it is not identical. The magnetic tape of a VHS video wears away with repeated play. Eventually, the magnetic tape becomes thinner and thinner until the video cannot be played at all. Digitization also extends a video's life span and allows you to enhance its original sound and picture quality.
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text:
Size Information
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The People's Party of Canada has had three of its signs along Highway 97 vandalized with claims of fascism directed at the party.
The signs, along Highway 97 in West Kelowna, target the party's Central Okanagan-Similkameen-Nicola candidate Allan Duncan. The signs were spraypainted and now read, "Fascist?" and "Elect a Fascist?"
Duncan said he is disappointed about the incident as his party is "pursuing freedom in our democracy."
"The sentiments and message of the damage is the opposite of my personal convictions," he said.
"Canada is no longer Canada without freedom. It is something else. The vile label across my name is hurtful and offensive. Our supporters cherish democracy and wish it to thrive. Participation in democratic conversation from a wide range of opinions is necessary for the health of our political system. The message imposed over my signage is opposed to what I believe in and am pursuing in this election. We are seeking to conserve liberty in our democracy."
Duncan said five signs were also knocked over but he's unsure if that was intentional or just the wind.
Duncan said that it was Dan Albas' campaign office that let him know of the vandalized signs.
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text:
In this tutorial, you'll go through easy steps and techniques to design a simple yet attractive house icon. It's easy to follow and to play with. There are no intricate curves or complex brush work. Just simple shapes along with layer styles will do the complete job. The aim of the tutorial is to get familiar with the correct use of colors and efficient use of layer styles. I am sure you'll enjoy following it. Let's jump in!
Final Image Preview
Take a look at the image we'll be creating.
Tutorial Details
- Program: Photoshop CS and newer
- Difficulty: Beginner
- Estimated Completion Time: 30-45 mins
Step 1
First of all, create a new 500px by 500px document with white background. Drag out some guides at the center of the document for convenience. Select the Pen Tool (P) and make a shape like the one shown below.
Step 2
You need to add some colors and a thin-white strip to the shape. To do so, double-click on the layer and apply the following Layer Styles.
Step 3
Duplicate the shape (Command + J) and go to Edit > Transform > Flip Horizontal, move the duplicate shape rightward so that the sides join each other as shown.
Step 4
Due to similar colors, the two shapes give a flat look to the roof. There's a need to fix that. Open the Layer Styles of the duplicate layer, and apply the following changes.
Step 5
Set foreground color to "830F00." Draw a shape like that shown below with Pen Tool (P). Name the resulting shape "roof left".
Step 6
Duplicate the shape and name it "roof-right". Go to Edit > Transform > Flip Horizontal and move the duplicate shape rightward so that you get something like this.
Step 7
With Pen Tool (P), draw another shape like the one shown below, name it "body."
Step 8
Double-click on the layer and give it these Layer Styles.
Step 9
You need to put the roof's shadow on the body of the house. To do so, Command-click on the "roof left" layer, then Command + Shift-click on the "roof right" layer to sum up the selections of the two layers. Move the selection down and on a new layer fill the selection with the color "5F5343."
Step 10
Go to Filter > Blur > Gaussian Blur, enter 10px and click OK.
Step 11
You might notice that after the filter has been applied, the shadow is flowing outside the house's body, which doesn't look right. To fix it, Ctrl-click on the "body" layer, and press Command + Shift + I to invert the selection. With the "shadow" layer selected, press Delete.
Step 12
You now need to add a prominent part of the house - that is the door. Select the Rectangular Marquee Tool (M), and on a new layer fill a selection with black.
Step 13
Give the door the following Layer Styles.
Step 14
Now we need to add some details to the door. Select the Rounded Rectangle Tool (Shift + U) and draw a black rectangle with a 3px radius.
Step 15
Go to its Blending Options and apply these settings.
Step 16
Duplicate the shape and move it down so that you have something like this.
Step 17
A handle can now be added to the door. Use the Ellipse Tool (U) to make a small circle on the door.
Step 18
Give the circle a Drop Shadow and a Radial Gradient.
Step 19
You can add a slab above the door. Use the Pen Tool (P) to make a shape like the one shown below.
Step 20
Go to its Blending Options and give it a Gradient Overlay of a similar tone as that of the roof.
Step 21
With the Pen Tool (P), make another shape like the one below.
Step 22
Give the shape the following Layer Styles.
Step 23
Create a new layer and fill a selection with black on it. Make sure that this layer is placed below the "door" layer in the Layers Palette.
Step 24
Give the black strip a Gradient Overlay of the following colors.
Step 25
As a further detail, you can add a door-step to the house. Make a shape like the one below with Pen Tool (P).
Step 26
Give the door-step a Gradient Overlay.
Step 27
To give the door-step a 3D look, add some thickness to it. Set the foreground color to "A26431" and draw a shape like the one shown below.
Step 28
It's time to add windows to the house. Start doing so by filling a selection with black on a new layer.
Step 29
Using the Rectangular Marquee Tool (M), fill a selection with white on a new layer as shown.
Step 30
Go to the Blending Options of the windows cross section, and give it these styles.
Step 31
Now, you need to make shutters. Just like you made the door, make a shutter and put it on one side of the window. Make a copy of it and move it to the other side, give a Drop Shadow to the shutters if you want.
Step 32
Just for increasing details, add a slab to the window like you did for the door. The only difference is that you need to apply the Layer Styles of the door-step to the slab you are making for the window.
Step 33
Create a layer set and put in it all layers that constitute the window. Duplicate the layer set twice and transform it to 60% of its original size. Put the smaller windows on the right side of the door.
Step 34
You can now add a chimney to the house. Create a new layer and on it, fill a selection with black.
Step 35
Give it a Gradient Overlay with these colors.
Step 36
Make a shape like the one below to give the chimney a 3D look.
Step 37
Make another shape of any color for the chimney.
Step 38
Give the shape a Gradient Overlay with these colors.
Step 39
Set the foreground color to "D6C08D" and make a shape like this.
Step 40
It's time to give shadows to the base of the house icon. Create a new layer, then use the Rectangular Marquee Tool (M) to fill a selection with black.
Step 41
Apply Filter > Blur > Gaussian Blur and then Filter > Blur > Motion Blur with these settings.
Step 42
Make a similar shadow for the door-step. You can set the Opacity of the shadows from 80-90% or from 20-30%. I added some grass and ended up with this.
The final image is shown below! I hope you enjoyed creating this icon design!


text:
Starsky & Hutch cast signed photo 8" x 10" David Soul & Paul Michael Glaser C
Stunning colour 8" x 10" photo of Starsky and Hutch, signed by both the iconic 70's cops.
In fine condition. A wonderful image .
Signed by:
David Soul
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Comes with our own Devon Autographs COA, and Lifetime Authenticity Guarantee.
Devon Autographs [ UACC Registered Dealer #RD336 ]
Signed Burbank, Los Angeles, California at reunion. Includes photographic provenance.


text:
(visited by Yip-Bannicq Group)
07-Apr-2004 -- 38 N – 117 E Hebei, China
Visit Date: April 7, 2004
This is the second of two confluence visits on April 7 by the Yip-Bannicq Group (Ray Yip and joined by Dr. Button Zhao and Mr. Zhang Baolin from Beijing).
The first confluence visit of the day had been 37N 117E in the Shangdong Province.
We had left the first point at 10.45 in the morning, with a timeline to reach Tianjin, which was 250km away, by 3 in the afternoon.. This meant we had almost 2 extra hours to hunt for 38N 117E.
Fortunately, the secondary road we had to take to return to the expressway was newly paved and widened. By the time we reached the Nan Pi County where the point was located, it was only a few minutes past noon. Enough time for lunch with the hope that, in this very flat part of China, we could locate the second point as easily as the first one earlier in the day.
We were not disappointed.
After a quick lunch, the GPS pretty much led us to the village that was 10 km east of the county seat without any detour – the smoothest drive ever to reach a point.
Another nicer surprise was that, 38N 117E was located inside a village. In truth we drove to the point and broke the Yip-Bannicq group's record of 130 meters walk just set in the morning. The downside was that, we failed to get any exercise out of this hunt – which is always part of the fun.
The village's name is Xi Kong and it has about 200 households. The point turned out to be located between two rolls of houses, near the southern end of the village. Nobody was home in the two houses nearest this confluence point. We had a nice little visit with an elderly gentleman one house down. He is 82 years old and remarkably fit.
In the nearby orchard the pear flowers were blossoming. It was a charming spring day in a delightful village.
It was almost 1.30 pm when we completed this pleasant visit. There was just enough time to make it to our appointed meeting in Tianjin by 3.00 pm. Just to be safe, we called ahead to push the meeting back a half hour.
The drive to Tianjin was straightforward. Right before we left the expressway to enter Tianjin, we passed 39N 117E, which was 650 meters to the left of the Tianjin-Shanghai expressway. Had the YB group not already visited this point in January, this could have easily be a day for 3 confluence points visits along the 117E line (actually 39N 117E can not be easily completed this time of the year – it is in the middle of a large fish pond).
We made to our meeting in Tianjin on time, and we left for Beijing at 4.30 pm. After the initial struggle of Tianjin rush hour traffic, we made it back to Beijing by 6.30 pm. A great day of mixing work and hunting.
Two records set for the YB Group – the shortest walk to the point (about 10 meters); and two line-hunting done in one day.


text:
All signs are pointing toward a release of Sony's hyped-up HDSLRs . . . soon. [Read more…]
Digital Camera News, Reviews and Tips
By Eric Reagan
All signs are pointing toward a release of Sony's hyped-up HDSLRs . . . soon. [Read more…]
By Eric Reagan
Can't make it to PMA 2010 to check out the new Sony DSLRs and Cyber-shot cameras? That's ok. In the condensed 10-minute video below, you can see what Sony had on display at PMA. [Read more…]
By Eric Reagan
The following post comes from Massimo Strazzeri, who was Photography Bay's winner for the Sony Twilight Football Contest. Sony flew Massimo to Argentina for what turned out to be an amazing sight-seeing adventure, soccer match and some hands-on time with Sony's new A550.
I am very happy that Photography Bay could be a part of this great adventure for Massimo. Additionally, I am very grateful that Massimo has taken the time and effort to share his story and images with the rest of us.
Enjoy Massimo's story and photography below. You can find out how to connect with him at the end of this post. -Eric [Read more…]


text: My favorite type of fishing spots are typically those that are high risk but with the chance for high reward. In fact, nowadays more often than not we're pursuing these type of places; whether it's spending time exploring new ones or returning to those that you just know that you haven't seen its potential. So what happens when you make your first trip to a place like this and you end up leaving unsatisfied with how well you surveyed the opportunity and the "reward" is still uncertain? Do you give it another go or scratch it off the list? Afterall, there are too too many places to fish and too little time. Well, I find myself in this very predicament with an extremely unique lake. It will all make more sense after I describe the "risk" and the "reward" in a little more detail. I'm gonna need your help! What would you do? A year or two ago, Phil mentioned happening across a lake high in the Uinta backcountry while scouting for elk. As he and his buddy stepped closer to the small lake, Phil naturally began to survey its waters. Light was getting low but as he peered into the small lake he saw what appeared to be a 25″+ trout cruising near the surface. The image was seared into his memory and stored for a later date. A fish like that in a high mountain lake is a very uncommon sight – especially in Utah. This last summer I found myself alone and in search of a place to get lost for a day or two. It was the perfect opportunity to head somewhere new. I looked through notes for those places I'd yet to explore. It was then that the memory of a past conversation came to mind. I called up Phil and got more details on this potential hidden gem. I was reminded – just as I was told the first time he told me about this lake, it's a pain in the junk to find/hike into. However, Phil also told me more about this lake that made it simply impossible to pass up. After first discovering the lake, he had looked through the DWR's records on this body of water and found that it was unnamed and hadn't been stocked in the past 30+ years. Hmmmm….ok, sign me up?! A high alpine lake with a naturally sustaining population of fish with specimen over two foot? No brainer – regardless of how hard it was to access. My dog, Boogie, and I pulled to a stop after a long bumpy drive. As I exited into the darkness of night, the sound of running water and crickets was joined by the type of hiss that makes your heart drop. A leaky back tire. Sweet. It was late so I re-parked to a spot that would make it a bit easier in the morning to switch out my spare and hit the hay. I woke from my slumber to a beautiful morning. It wasn't long before we were on the trail. We made our way further into the broad valley. Around noon and after a few hours of hiking, I arrived at the beginning of the real ascent. I had fishing gear packed, multiple days of food, and a tent since rain was in the forecast so my pack was over a third my body weight. It was about to get gnarly. The next leg included no trail and over 1000 vertical feet of gain in less than a mile with no trail. Boogie looked ready so we charged it. Basically… the next hour was super rad. Oh ya, I usually hike in Chacos too. We found our destination at the base of a rocky hillside that was still partially covered with snow. It was dead silent. I dropped my pack and Boogie and I rehydrated and took in the surroundings. I couldn't help but notice some extremely light-colored shapes making their way along a very pronounced drop-off. I also couldn't help but engage so I immediately grabbed my all-time favorite rod (the LOOP Cross S1 386-4) and rigged up. After a few misses I hooked my first zombie cuttie. The fish were collectively the most peculiar specimens I'd seen. They all seemed healthy (all 15-18″) and overall were great size for high alpine fish but they were all very pale and appeared kind of sickly. It's hard to describe so I'll let the pictures do the talking. The contrast agains the red rocks was striking. I caught a few of the zombies before they headed for deeper water. After the fish left for deeper waters, I took the opportunity to reflect on life for awhile. Life is busy and my mind often moves around very quickly so it's often somewhat of a challenge to really get the opportunity to spend time thinking free from distraction. I did this for an hour or two. Boogie didn't seem to mind as he lay sleeping in the sun. What happened next was really odd. After coming back from my thoughts to 'the present' I felt strongly that for whatever reason, I needed to leave the lake. This wasn't a very appealing thought considering I'd only arrived a few hours before, I don't like to ignore feelings like that so I made the decision to do just that. Before I packed up, I climbed up the rocky hillside a little higher to look out over the lake. It was only then that I thought of something…if these fish had been in here and naturally reproducing without a total winterkill anytime in the last 30+ years then this lake has to be pretty deep. It's a tiny lake. It's 150yds long and about 65 yards accross. I wish the water wasn't so milky that day so I could have gotten a better idea of the topography of the lake. As a result, I have a grip of questions circling in my head: how deep is it, why do the fish look so weird – is it dietary? What are they eating? Are there a good number of sizable fish in there? Does anyone else fish this lake? All these questions lead me back to another question – DO I GO BACK? Is it worth taking the time to go back versus going somewhere else? Is it worth the hike? Is it possible to effectively fish it without staying the night? Are those crazy-looking fish worth it – even if there are some thugs in there? Do cucumbers taste better pickled? What do you think? What would you do? To return or not to return – that is the question. As not to leave you hanging, we ended up hiking down to the valley and setup camp there. Needless to say, hike down was much more pleasant than the hike up. We fished for small brookies and whitefish until an evening storm rolled in. I took refuge in my tent and Boogie tried to guilt trip me into letting him join me in the tent. Instead he took refuge from the downpour in the vestibule. After the rain subsided we enjoyed a quiet evening in a beautiful valley. Ultimately it was an awesome trip to the mountains. So now I need you to help me decide. What would you do and why? breatherview-of-the-valleytuckeredhome-sweet-homeriverside-camphe-wants-inbrookie-on-the-dropperwhitefish-macrome-and-the-pup 21 Responses JB April 22, 2014 Go back. Go. Back. Reply Patrick April 22, 2014 All very good questions…. I am sure it will haunt you until you go back. Reply Dallas April 22, 2014 My curiosity would drive me to return, unless you got the same "feeling" about returning. Plus, its not just the fishing, but the overall outdoor experience that you get from going again. Reply Nathan Leavitt April 22, 2014 I think it will drive me to go back too. Who knows when though. I think my feelings were isolated to that specific day/circumstance for whatever reason. I totally agree it's not all about the fishing but when there's so many places that you can experience the same level of adventure and beauty, it's hard to decide sometimes and the fishing is often the deciding variable! Reply Parker April 22, 2014 Email me the name of the lake and I'll check it out for you. I have a few Uinta gems myself, but I have to admit I've never seen anything like the eyes on those cutts. Or the milky water. Reply Nathan Leavitt April 22, 2014 The lake has no name. It's definitely a unique lake! Reply Parker April 23, 2014 Hey- coordinates are ok by me too. 😉 Awesome report. Love the blog. Ralf Czerny April 23, 2014 You should definitely go back. At least once! I have found similar places like this in the Uintahs but also in Idaho, Montana, Nevada and Wyoming. If you go only once, too many questions remain unanswered. If you go again, some of those questions are answered and some questions are rendered irrelevant. Be sure to wash your hands and feet in the water. Touch the stones (as stupid as that sounds) and "feel" the spirit of the water and stones. And as you leave, talk to the trees and ask them to watch over the spot. I know that sounds all "tree-huggy" but becoming part of a spot makes it something you take with you and you never lose it. I cant hike to those places any longer, I'm to old and can't walk that far but those places are in my heart forever. Once you have been there twice, whether you go again or not doesn't really matter. Reply Nathan Leavitt April 23, 2014 Thanks for the comment, Ralf. Very well put. That doesn't sound stupid at all. I love the visuals that created. As often as I try to make sure that I soak in my surroundings I love the idea of specific actions tying me to my surroundings. I'll often gather a few rocks to bring home from special waters for time sakes. I say it half tongue and cheek but if you need anyone carry on the legacy of those spots and provide you pics and stuff let us know! In all seriousness though, thanks for stopping by and don't be a stranger, Ralf! Reply Dan April 23, 2014 What drainage is this in is it on the north or south slope? Reply lisa April 23, 2014 Completely intrigued. Those fish are something special. This might be a text book example of Allopatric speciation? I think you need to go back and hit it again hard. Would make for another interesting blog post and I think it would help rest your sole. Maybe bring me back some DNA samples while your there. Reply Nathan Leavitt April 29, 2014 I think I will try to get back. This time I'll go back with Phil so he can nerd out! I think you're spot on with the allopatric speciation. Phil could probably speak more to it. Reply Phil April 29, 2014 Good work Lisa getting all scientific and geeky! Love it! I would agree regarding the speciation. Super weird fish and definitely isolated/ bottlenecked. I have never seen such a pale fish. Really weird… Coloration almost like a sickly rainbow, but spotting like a colorado cutt. The historical monitoring data suggests, "Cutthroat exhibiting rainbow characteristics." Super weird… I think we will plan on returning at some point. I like the idea of taking some fin clips/genetic samples Lisa. That would tell us the a lot about what is really going on here. Thanks for the comment! Reply Lisa April 29, 2014 Phil, thanks for the feedback. I wanted to hear your thoughts on the matter as well. If you guys need a lab assistant on your journey out there I would love to join and observe. I'm a hardcore backpacker and I think the campfire conversations about Zombie Lake would be interesting. I'd even carry the heaviest pack. Haha! Either way, I am interested in hearing more about this eerie place. Will April 29, 2014 Creepy and amazing. I loved hiking way off the beaten path back when I was growing up. I got away from that in the years gone by…huge regret in my life. Currently my wife and I are on a quest to get fit so we can enjoy these excursions together. This site and the stories told are a huge inspiration. If you care to pass along one or two of your less secret, easier spots, I would appreciate that very much. Just looking to get away from the combat zone of the Provo as I am farily new to the area. Thanks again for sharing your experiences on this site. Reply Nathan Leavitt April 29, 2014 Will, thanks for stopping by. I'm pumped to hear you and your wife have this plan together. That's awesome! I'm glad we could be small part in your motivation! Good luck. Email sent! Reply Krammit April 30, 2014 2 things I really like… Fishing, and Zombies… Sounds like a no brainer to me. Also keep in mind you may need a photographer "wink" 🙂 Reply Matt April 30, 2014 I've had a feeling that I need to start doing some exploring in the Uintahs. Great story…thanks for sharing! I enjoy reading your adventures…keep 'em coming! Reply Tobin May 3, 2014 What should you do? Let Boogie in the tent for god sakes!! Reply Chris May 3, 2014 Nathan, I loved reading this and seeing the photos! As far as whether or not you should go back thats tricky. Perhaps the fact that you went in the first place will help, you went beacuse you had unanswered questions; you were curious and you went for the thrill. It seems as though you have more questions now than you did when you started. I dont think you satisfied your original drive and im thinking if you dont go back it will always be a memory you wished you had. Keep up the good work! Reply Brett June 20, 2014 Nate, Consider going back later in the year. Anytime other than when you were there. I'm no Ichthyologist but maybe it had something to do with the temperature and possibly recently making their way up from deeper water. Leaving for Southern Utah this Sunday for a week. Reply Leave a Reply Cancel ReplyYour email address will not be published.CommentName* Email* Website Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Sign me up for the newsletter! Δ


text:
This pack contains three items. Each of them is uplifting and motivational, based on a guitar sound. Two of them feature delayed guitars, and one is a bit harder and features distorted guitars. This pack includes only main wawe files (no additional loops ). Here is the list of tracks :
1.Liberty: 3.14
2.Amazing Flight: 2.58
3.Corporate Distortion Groove 1: 1.32