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Chile: Moving Towards a Migration Policy
[[{"type":"media","view_mode":"media_original","fid":"7282","attributes":{"alt":"","class":"media-image","style":"width: 300px; height: 649px; float: left; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;","typeof":"foaf:Image"}}]]Bordered by the towering Andes to the east, desert to the north, the Pacific Ocean to the west, and the Antarctic to the south, Chile developed as a socially and culturally insular country unaccustomed to the presence of large numbers of foreigners. Its geographic isolation, which set up the first European immigrants as arbiters of who could arrive next, engendered early migration policies that were discriminatory. The desire to encourage white, European males to populate the country and "improve the race" was evident in policies that resulted in influxes of European immigration in the 19th and 20th centuries. Although the overall number of immigrants during this early period was relatively small, their presence transformed the country technologically, economically, religiously, and culturally.
Nonetheless, even most white migrants have bypassed Chile over the decades in favor of countries such as Argentina and Venezuela, where they perceived greater economic opportunities. Throughout most of Chile's history, the foreign born have remained between one and two percent of the total population; in fact, Chile is most known not for the flow of people into its borders but for the many who have left it. During the military dictatorship of General Augusto Pinochet, hundreds of thousands of Chileans fled the repressive political regime.
Because of these two factors—its isolation and its history of unregulated emigration as a result of political repression, Chile has few formally established migration policies, and the ones in force are outdated. However, the country's continuing economic growth and reconsolidated political stability, combined with the increase in intra- and extra-regional immigration during the past decade, are pushing the country to develop a modernized and coherent migration policy.
Early Migration to Chile
The first admission of immigrants to Chile was carried out selectively. In 1824, the government enacted a law to encourage Europeans (primarily Swiss, Germans, and English) to establish factories in urban centers as well as to populate sparsely inhabited southern areas. The 1854 census shows approximately 20,000 foreigners, most of them German colonists.
In 1882, this effort was reinforced through the establishment of the country's General Immigration Agency in Europe, which provided Chilean land in uncultivated areas to settler families. Between 1883 and 1895, over 31,000 northern Europeans settled in the southern colonies of Llanquihue and Valdivia. By the beginning of the 20th century, Yugoslavians were settling in the isolated regions of Antafogasta and Magallanes.
The selective policies achieved their aims. On average, over 52.5 percent of total foreigners residing in Chile between 1865 and 1920 were Europeans. The exception was in the census of 1885, when Latin Americans accounted for 67.2 percent of the foreign born. This phenomenon was a result of the 1879-1893 War of the Pacific, when Chile's northern borders were redrawn. Peruvians and Bolivians who lived in the conquered territories were still considered foreigners because of their country of birth.
While Arabs and Asians arrived during this period through a more spontaneous process, they were not welcomed with the same open arms as their European counterparts. Initial migration policies privileged white Europeans, who were seen as possessing the knowledge necessary to drive the modernization of the country. Chilean society largely rejected and discriminated against this new group of migrants, who were considered both culturally inferior and an economic threat to the ruling class.
Table 1: Foreign-Born Population of Chile, 1865-2002
Changes in the Early to Mid-20th Century
World War I put an end to the selective encouragement of immigration to Chile. Fears of an influx of refugees in the aftermath of the conflict encouraged lawmakers to restrict the entry of foreigners in 1918. The advent of World War II strengthened this position, with the government requiring all foreigners entering the country to have proof of sufficient funds to sustain themselves for six months. In addition, they largely limited immigration to immediate relatives of foreigners who had a minimum of two years of residence in the country.
Although there was a slight increase in European immigration during this period as a result of agreements with the International Organization for Refugees, in 1947 the foreign-born population began to decline. In the decades following the war, the number of immigrants decreased, both as a percentage of the total population of the country and as an overall shrinking of the stock of migrants.
The years between the 1907 to 1952 censuses are also notable for the growth of immigrant population of Arabs, who were fleeing conflicts in the Ottoman Empire (which then included Syria, Palestine, and Lebanon). Enough Arab migrants settled in Chile that by 1930 this group accounted for more than 15 percent of the foreign born population, and by 1952 more than 20 percent. This migration was largely undocumented, and because the migrants were non-white, they were not welcomed with the open arms of their European predecessors.
Table 2: Foreign-Born Growth By Country of Birth, 1982-2002
A Country of Emigrants: Political Turmoil in the 1970s
Following decades of democracy, a U.S.-backed military coup in 1973 installed General Augusto Pinochet as Chile's dictator, marking a new period in migratory flows to and from Chile. During the economic and political crisis that followed, Chile became a country of emigration. Many Chileans departed for countries such as Argentina, Australia, Canada, Venezuela, and Sweden, several of which had open-door policies for refugees. During this era, more than 500,000 Chileans voluntarily left or were forced to flee the country. At the same time, the new social, political, and economic order discouraged new immigrants from entering.
The military government (1973-1990) imposed stricter controls on foreigners as part of its political agenda, although it also engaged in a new policy of encouraging foreign investment in the country. This facilitated, without directly targeting, the arrival of migrants with higher levels of education and more economic resources. Foreign currencies and technology were given privileged status in Chile's new neoliberal economy, and the immigration that accompanied them was seen as beneficial to the country as well. In this time frame, intra-regional migrants replaced Europeans as the dominant migrant stock in the country, but only in a relative sense, due to the fact that European migration had dropped so sharply. At the same time, a large number of Korean immigrants, attracted by economic incentives offered by the military regime, began to overshadow Arab migrants in terms of economic power, if not in sheer numbers.
Despite the slight increase in educated and comparatively wealthy immigrants, the brutality and repression of the Pinochet regime discouraged most migrants from settling in Chile for its duration. As a result, the numbers of foreign born in Chile reached a historic low in 1982, when there were few more than 84,000 foreign born, or only 0.75 percent of the country's total population.
The most significant legislation that emerged from this period was the 1975 Immigration Act, which defined the various immigrant categories, and as well as the functions of the office that regulated the entrance, residence, control, and expulsion of foreigners. This law, which is still in effect today, was part of Pinochet´s broader effort to control immigration. His policy viewed immigration through the lens of national security and sought principally to prevent the entry of "dangerous elements" or terrorists.
To this day, to stay in the country, foreigners need to procure one of three different types of visas: tourist, resident, or permanent. Within the "resident" category, there are five different visas: contract, student, temporary, official, and refugee or asylee. Visitors with contract visas must be sponsored by a Chilean employer, while temporary visas are given to people considered to be beneficial for the development of the country, such as scientists, businessmen, and other professionals.
Despite the precedent of Chilean cooperation with European authorities in the wake of World War II, very few refugees or asylees find their way to Chile. While the category of refugee and asylee exists, in practice there have been relatively few refugees and asylum seekers since the return of democracy. Estimates range from 300 to 400 people over the past 10 years; however, little reliable data exists to support this number.
The 1990s and New Migration Flows
Two factors in the 1980s heralded a change in immigration flows to the country. First, the rejection of Pinochet's rule in a 1988 plebiscite encouraged the return of many Chileans and their families who had been living in exile. Second, the increasing economic stability of the country, in conjunction with the deteriorating economic and political situation of other nations in the region, made Chile into an attractive alternative for immigrants, and redirected some migratory flows toward the country. This attractiveness is reflected, in particular, in irregular migration flows. While no hard numbers of the undocumented population exist, in 2001 it was estimated that there were anywhere between 15,000 and 20,000 undocumented immigrants in the country, mainly visa overstayers.
At the same time, the repression had that led to the selection of immigrants of greater economic means gave way to a more liberal policy of visa issuance. Between 1986 and 2002, the number of temporary visas granted by the government grew from 4,777 to 30,031, indicating a transformation of migration from a state-sponsored project to a spontaneous flow. Despite increased acceptance of these new flows, however, official government policy towards migration (embodied in the 1970s legal framework) has remained effectively unchanged.
The general results of the National Census of 2002 show a profile of a Chile whose demographics are slowly changing. The most notable change in recent years has been the increasing presence of Argentines, Peruvians, Bolivians, and Ecuadorians, of which the first two represent almost half of all immigrants (47 percent). The economic and political situation in Peru has had a particularly strong impact on immigration flows to Chile. Thus, although Argentines continue to represent the largest group of immigrants in Chile, the Peruvian immigrants of the last decade have garnered the most public attention.
This awareness stems from two unique traits of the Peruvian migrant streams. First, one of the salient characteristics of this migration is the predominance of women, who are mainly employed as maids in middle-class Chilean homes. Despite efforts by the Chilean government to combat their exploitation, Peruvian domestic workers earn low wages even by Chilean standards, and often have to work long hours with few days off. Second, while Peruvians represent barely 21 percent of the foreign population in Chile, in the past decade their number has quadrupled. Many Chileans see Peruvians as taking employment from Chileans, and as a result their presence has generated vigorous debate in the media. Several studies reflect a growing reluctance on the part of Chileans to accept the permanent integration of Peruvians into the country.
Table 3: Year of Arrival by Sex for the Five Largest Countries of Origin Groups in Chile: 2002
Despite the increase in migration flows to the country over the past decade, it is important to note that Chile is still not the principal destination for migrants in the region. By 1992, the percentage of foreign born (three percent) was double the intercensal growth (1.4 percent) of the general population, but still did not surpass 0.86 percent of the total population. The 2002 census shows immigrants still do not exceed 1.22 percent of the total population in Chile. Nonetheless, immigration flows, especially from Andean countries, are expected to continue to increase in size and importance as long as Chile remains an economically and politically stable option in the region, and as the configuration of new communities and migratory networks grows and strengthens.
Towards a 21st Century Migration Policy
The growth of immigrant arrivals, particularly the 15,000 to 20,000 undocumented during the second half of the 1990s, has pushed Chile to modernize its immigration laws and to adopt a comprehensive migration policy. In 1998, the government of Christian Democrat Eduardo Frei developed a regularization program to permit irregular immigrants to obtain a temporary visa, which would be valid for a year. This process regularized 16,764 Peruvians and 2,116 Bolivians; but overall, few immigrants took advantage of the program because of the cost and time involved in the process.
It remains to be seen whether the government will expand the regularization program and expedite the process. Today, the Socialist government of President Ricardo Lagos is trying to formulate laws and polices that embrace the potential development gains migrants offer, as well as to anticipate potential problems. Initial drafts of Chile's migration policies suggest that the government is trying to position Chile as an open and receiving country. While nothing has been formally agreed upon, the government's stated objectives are to regularize all those who reside within its territory; improve the link with Chilean nationals in the exterior; integrate and modernize the technology in border areas; and encourage regional cooperation on migration issues with other South American countries.
An important element of Chile's migration policy is the maintenance of relations with Chileans in the exterior. It is estimated that over 800,000 Chileans live abroad, and recently the National Institute of Statistics conducted the first round of registration for Chilean nationals living in the exterior. The results of the survey, which collects information on sex, age, place of birth, and education level, will be used to coordinate and improve public policies geared towards Chileans living abroad. These policies are not necessarily meant to encourage Chileans to return, but rather to attract investment in the country's private sector. More investment would provide a profitable connection to overseas Chileans, since their remittances are not a significant factor in the economy.
Another aspect of Chile's new migration policy has to do with the modernization of its border crossings. As South American borders become more integrated through the MERCOSUR (Southern Common Market) bilateral agreements, the trafficking of both drugs and people is a concern for the region. Chile is now focused on securing its northern borders with Peru and Bolivia. And while Chile has a long history of cooperation with Argentina in terms of facilitating the movement of people, many of its border crossings have slow and outdated systems that need to be modernized. The Chilean government is currently working with border officials to update technology and integrate systems of information to make crossings quicker and more secure.
Finally, since 1999, Chile has been an active participant in the South American Conference on Migration, a regional consultative process that brings together government officials to cooperate on migration issues. The annual conference, which involves most countries in the continent, has until now focused on generating discussion and policies on themes such as migration and development, promoting the human rights of migrants and their families, strengthening the ability of governments to manage flows, linking with nationals in the exterior, and harmonizing systems of information and migration legislation. After five years of this process, its greatest success has been in increasing dialogue and cooperation among countries in the region.
All of these steps suggest that Chile is making proactive moves on migration. This is a well-timed effort, considering that the country's growing economic strength in the region will most likely continue to attract migrants from within the region and beyond. Anticipating the demographics of future flows will assist the country in developing holistic migration policies that will benefit both migrants and nationals alike. The country's migration policy is still in an early stage of development, and various integration policies are being planned and debated. Any successful integration policy will need to facilitate the process of obtaining visas, widen the educational opportunities of the children of immigrants, and create a program that secures immigrants the right to political participation, social security, and health benefits. Such measures will provide critical momentum for overcoming the greatest challenge: meaningfully integrating immigrants into the culturally conservative and closed Chilean society.
Alba, Francisco (1992). "Migración internacional y modelos de desarrollo en el contienente americano", en El poblamiento de las Américas, International Union for the Scientific Study of Population, Veracruz.
CEPAL/CELADE (2000). "Migración Internacional en América Latina: IMILA", Boletín Demográfico No. 65, Serie LC/G. 2065 – P, CELADE, Santiago de Chile.
______________ (1999). Migración internacional en América Latina y el Caribe: Algunos antecedentes empíricos, LC/DEM/R. 296, CELADE, Santiago de Chile
______________ (1998). "América Latina: Proyecciones de Población 1970 – 2050", Boletín Demográfico, No. 62, julio, LC/DEM/G. 180, CELADE, Santiago de Chile
Dona, Cristián (2002). Percepción de la inmigración reciente en Chile a través del análisis de medios de prensa, Santiago de Chile, Universidad de Chile, tesis para optar al Título de Sociólogo, (inédito).
Stefoni, Carolina Espinoza (2003). Inmigración en Chile: Una Oportunidad a la Integración, FLACSO, Santiago de Chile.
Estrada, Baldomero (1994). Inmigración europea en Chile: Políticas y resultados, parte del Proyecto FONDECYT 1200 – 1994.
__________________ (1992). El fenómeno migratorio en Chile: Antecedentes históricos, Documento presentado en "Primer Curso de Gestión de Extranjería y Migración", Seminario de Migraciones Internacionales, Santiago de Chile, 13 al 15 de octubre de 1992, Ministerio del Interior – Departamento de Extranjería y Migración y Organización Internacional para las Migraciones (OIM).
Fundación Instituto de la Mujer (2002). Migrantes andinas en Chile: el caso de la migración Peruana. Santiago de Chile.
Martinez, Jorge (2003), Breve examen de la inmigración en Chile según los datos generales del Censo de 2002, Documento de Trabajo # 3, CIMAL, OIM Chile.
________________ (2003). El encanto de los datos. Sociodemografía de inmigración en Chile según el censo de 2002. CEPAL/CELADE
________________ (1997). Situación y tendencias de la migración internacional en Chile, Serie B, No. 120, LC/DEM/R. 281, CEPAL/CELADE, Santiago.
Mezzano, Silvia (1995). "Políticas de Inmigración chilena desde 1845 hasta 1992", en Revista Diplomacia, No. 68, junio – diciembre, Academia Diplomática de Chile, Santiago.
Organización Internacional para las Migraciones (1992). Apsectos jurídico e institucionales de las migraciones, Santiago de Chile.
Pellegrino, Adela (2000). Migrantes Latinoamericanos y Caribeños: Síntesis Histórica y Tendencias Recientes, Documento de Referencia, Versión Preliminar, CEPAL/CELADE, Santiago
________________ (1995). "La migración internacional en América Latina", en Notas de Población, No. 62 y Pensamiento Iberoamericano, No. 28, (publicación conjunta), CELADE, Santiago de Chile.
Vargas del Campo, Alberto (1997). "Hacia una Política de Inmigración. Los inmigrantes económicos: Criterios para su elegibilidad", en Revista Diplomacia, No. 73, septiembre – diciembre, Academia Diplomática de Chile, Santiago.


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subset: commoncrawl


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Adafruit, which laid a $3,000 bounty for the first open source driver for the Kinect, has declared a winner. "Hector" delivered the goods, verified as workable by a third party in the hacking community.
He's putting the $3,000 toward "hacking tools and devices for a group of people he works with closely," on projects such as the iPhone, Wii, and others. "They don't have much expendable income to buy tools and devices to hack, and sometimes this hobby can be a bit expensive, this will be a good investment that will allow them to hack more and newer devices."
Writes Hector: "Here's my take on the Kinect driver. Supports depth and RGB images and displays them on an OpenGL window. It's very hacky right now but it does prove the concept :)"
Adafruit also said it's using the bounty claim occasion to donate another $2,000 to the Electronic Frontier Foundation. "They defend our digital rights, our right to hack, reverse engineer and do things like this project," Adafruit wrote.
You may recall Microsoft vowed to ""work closely with law enforcement and product safety groups to keep Kinect tamper-resistant." Adafruit made the EFF donation to recognize its advocacy for tinkerers, programmers and, yes, hackers to perform such reverse engineering.
WE HAVE A WINNER – Open Kinect driver(s) released – Winner will use $3k for more hacking – PLUS an additional $2k goes to the EFF! [Adafruit, thanks Ryan C]


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NEW YORK – Stocks rose sharply on Wall Street Tuesday as traders turned their focus back to corporate news from the U.S. and hopes that the Federal Reserve will come up with a plan to jumpstart the economy. Banks and materials stocks led the market higher.
The Dow Jones industrial average soared 95.51 points to 12,837.33, its highest close in a month. Microsoft was one of the biggest gainers in the Dow. The stock jumped 3 percent after the company announced a new tablet computer called Surface to compete with the immensely popular iPad from Apple. Microsoft was up 86 cents at $30.70.
Stock traders are also latching on to recent signals from the Federal Reserve that the central bank may reveal plans to stimulate the economy at the end of its two-day meeting Wednesday.
"A good portion of today's strong market action is from a hope factor that we're going to get more easing from the Fed," said Peter Cardillo, chief market economist at Rockwell Global Capital.
Economists say that even if the Fed does not act after its meeting, it will send a clear message that it is standing by to do so if needed.
Financial companies were among the best performing stocks as investors hoped for Fed action: Bank of America soared 4.5 percent, Citigroup gained 3.5 percent, JPMorgan Chase was up 2.2 percent and Morgan Stanley rose 3 percent.
Bank investors were also pleased to learn that a federal housing agency will clarify the process under which home lenders are forced to buy back soured home loans. The buybacks have cost banks billions of dollars. The uncertainty surrounding how much loans they will have to repurchase from the government has led them to reduce lending.
The agency's statement comes just as the housing market is showing signs of healing. American builders broke new ground on more single-family homes in May and requested more permits to build homes and apartments than they have in the past three and a half years.
The Commerce Department also said April was much better for housing starts than first thought. The government revised the figures up to 744,000, the fastest building pace since October 2008.
Material stocks rose on the prospect of demand from home construction. US Steel rose over 9 percent and Freeport-McMoran Copper rose over 3 percent.
In other trading, the Standard & Poor's 500 index rose 13.20 points to 1,357.98. Seven of the 10 industry groups in the S&P rose. The technology-heavy Nasdaq composite index rose 34.43 points to 2,929.76. The Dow Jones Utility average touched the highest level since August 2008 before closing slightly lower.
In Europe, borrowing costs eased for Spain: its benchmark 10-year bond yield fell below the key 7 percent level to 6.99 percent.
Spain raised $4.28 billion in an auction of 12- and 18-month bills, more than analysts had expected. However Spain's cost to raise the money skyrocketed. The Spanish government had to pay an interest rate of 5.07 percent for the 12-month bills, up sharply from 2.98 percent at the last such auction on May 14.
Still, investors were heartened to see that people were willing to lend Spain money.
"Even though it cost Spain dearly and yields rose to a record, the fact is that it was not shut out of the markets," said Cardillo.
Major European stock markets rose: Spain's IBEX 35 index rose 2.7 percent. Germany's DAX added 1.8 percent and France's CAC-40 rose 1.7 percent.
The dollar and Treasury prices fell as traders moved money out of low-risk assets. The dollar fell about a penny against the euro to $1.27 and the yield on the 10-year Treasury note rose to 1.62 percent from 1.58 percent late Monday.
Among other stocks making big moves:
— Oracle soared 84 cents, or about 3 percent, to $27.96 after the software maker surprised investors with the early release of its fourth-quarter earnings. The results beat Wall Street's forecasts, and the company said new software licenses increased sharply.
— J.C. Penney plunged $2.08, or 8.5 percent, to $22.25 after the chain store announced that Michael Francis, the former Target executive brought in to help redefine the company's brand, was leaving the company. It was the biggest loss of any stock in the S&P 500.
— Barnes & Noble fell 61 cents, or 4 percent, to $14.63 after the book store chain reported a wider loss than Wall Street was expecting. It also reported that its Nook e-reader sales fell 11 percent in the quarter.
— Walgreen plunged $1.87, or 5.85 percent, to $30.09 after the company said it is buying a $6.7 billion stake in European health and beauty retailer Alliance Boots. Investors worried about a deal that would expose the biggest U.S. drugstore chain to a continent beset by worries of a recession.


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What's your version of comfort food?
Mac and cheese? Brownies and vanilla ice cream? Chips and salsa?
If you're a brownies and vanilla ice cream person, stay tuned as Diane from The WHOLE Gang is hosting a progressive dessert party next week and that will be my contribution. Follow the link above for the delicious details.
In the meantime, one of my favorite comfort foods is old fashioned chicken noodle soup. The kind that looks a bit plain, tastes a bit salty, has simple veggies like onions, carrots and celery, and is swamped with wimpy, broken, spaghetti-style noodles. You know – the kind of soup that just slides down your throat with no effort. The kind that warms your soul. The kind that your mom made you when you were home sick from school (whether faking or for real).
This is the simple, healthy, home-made, organic version of Campbell's chicken noodle soup. Perfect for a cold, snowy day. Or when you need some good, old-fashion comfort food.
chicken noodle soup
what you need
chicken stock (6 to 8 cups, homemade or store-bought) *
diced cooked chicken (about 2 cups)
Tinkyada organic brown rice pasta, spahetti style (I used half the 16 oz package)
4-5 carrots, washed and chopped
4-5 celery stalks, washed and chopped, good leaves included
1 medium onion, chopped
3 cloves garlic, minced
sea salt and fresh-ground pepper
olive oil for sautéing onions and garlic
what you do
Heat olive oil in a medium to large soup pot. Add onions, stir frequently and cook for about 5 minutes. Add garlic and continue stirring and cooking for another 2 or 3 minutes. Pour soup stock into pot and add carrots and celery. Let simmer on low for an hour or two until veggies are tender. I like my vegetables tender, but not overly cooked. Add the pasta about a half an hour before you're ready to serve the soup. Break the noodles into 3 or 4-inch long pieces before adding to the pot. Stir periodically so the noodles don't clump together. Season to your liking and serve with cornbread or crackers.
* I make my own broths a good part of the time, but when I'm out, I use Imagine organic broths.
This isn't a fancy soup, but as a friend of mine often says, sometimes less is more. Or, sometimes it's absolutely perfect.
Tags: carrots, celery, chicken noodle soup, comfort food


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A few weeks ago, actor Vin Diesel posted a photo of himself at Marvel HQ next to a poster of the Avengers and, ever since, an internet zeitgeist has been dedicated to the discussion of his casting in a Marvel Studios film (ending with the revelation that he's up for the role of Groot in Guardians of the Galaxy). Now it would appear someone else is trying their hand at building fan hysteria over a single photo. In this case, however, it's likely just to have a bit of fun.
Star Trek Into Darkness star Simon Pegg posted a photo on Twitter today that read simply "Fun at Marvel," with an image of himself pointing at Ant-Man. This has lead many to believe that the actor could be up for the lead role in the film that is being co-written and directed by his frequent collaborator, Edgar Wright. It should be noted, however, that Pegg did post two other photos of himself at Marvel HQ (one featuring the Hulk and one posing with Thor's hammer. We're relatively sure that neither of those parts is being recast at this time.)
While next week's release of The World's End concludes the 'Cornetto' Trilogy' (which also includes Shaun of the Dead and Hot Fuzz), Pegg and Wright have made clear in the past that the one ending won't necessarily mean the end of their big screen collaborations. That being said, it's just as likely that Pegg is having a bit of fun on his Twitter feed.
Ant-Man is slated for release on November 8th, 2015. Could you imagine Pegg playing the lead role?
Update: Pegg has returned to his Twitter feed with an update that clearly suggests his fans may have jumped the gun.
"FFS the Internet," he writes. "All I did was point at the central character in my dear friend's next movie, because I'm excited for him."


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Lala Sloatman co-starred with Corey Haim in The Watchers and Dream A Little Dream, and they dated for two years at the peak of his fame. Here's what Sloatman tells us about that heady time.
"I was seventeen when I met Corey," Sloatman said today. (We've been tracking down some of Haim's lady co-stars for their recollections.) "There was a nightclub for underaged actors at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel that was called Alfie's Soda Pop Club. I met him there – it was like, Alyssa Milano, Nicole Eggert, and Corey was there."
"He was so funny and jovial -– we got along really well and laughed a lot and played a lot. He was super spontaneous and had an appetite to do anything at the drop of a hat. Almost to a fault in terms of purchasing things. He would buy a new car out of nowhere. We would do laser tag and paintball.
"He was my first boyfriend. I was mad for him. I was crazy about him. We met and started seeing each other right when Lost Boys was coming out and he was about to start License to Drive. I had actually met Corey Feldman outside of Corey Haim, under really weird circumstances – we were both going to court to get emancipated from our parents, and he asked me if I would testify for him. He was there with his next director, Marc Rocco, who directed Dream a Little Dream. He let me read for the movie and I got a part in it.
"It was down to the silliest things. The way his body moved, when he would joke around or dance. It was the age of Tiger Beat and Bop, all those magazines. I was so insecure. I felt like it was me against every other girl in the world. Everybody was mad for him. I'd go into the market, go to the newsstand, and obsess. I think it was a freedom I felt with him to be myself and to laugh and just be free. I felt like he was part of my tribe.
"We were dramatic. We were breaking up constantly. I like, parked outside an apartment he had with his mom in Studio City when he wouldn't return my calls. He'd disappear nine days in a time. I found out later what was going on with him. He was getting into drugs. It was so heartbreaking. My first major heartbreak."
The two dated on and off for about two years, and then stayed in contact only a little. Sloatman herself is a recovered addict in AA, so when she saw him a few years ago out in L.A., she said she tried to help him find a meeting. "And that's the last time I ever heard from him."
Update: About the photo above, Lala says, "I haven't worn red since 1987." As for Haim's hair, she says he loved to dye it different colors. "Once he called and said, 'I have a surprise for you. Meet me.' When I got there his hair was platinum with an electric blue streak in the front. I cried and told him to go right back and fix it immediately."


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Phyllis Williams shared her Manatee adventure on our blog recently. Now she's back again comparing her experiences with hard hull kayaks and her inflatable Sea Eagle FastTrack.
Phyllis compares hard hull boats & inflatable Sea Eagles…
"I had a 16' kayak and a 9' rec boat. The kayak was heavy, and the rec boat filled up with water too easily. People with hard hull kayaks are curious about my FastTrack. They say they prefer the speed of a hard hull but I stay a right with them. And I don't worry about tipping and rolling. They watch me and see the inflatable Sea Eagle's advantages — mobility, packability, easy handling.
There's a lot of water in this area and I do a lot of boating on the Tennessee River and the creeks in the Chattanooga, Tennessee area. Some trips have been with the Tennessee Valley Canoe
(and Kayak) Club, but most by myself. One thing I like about my Sea Eagle FastTrack 385ft is that I can handle it completely by myself: I load it un-inflated into the back of my camper-top pickup, carry it to the water, inflate it and be on my way. I have also hauled my boat inflated on top of my camper.
"I can handle it myself."
I don't need help getting in and out of it, and I'm very comfortable in waves (most caused by power boats on the river), in shallow areas and beaching just about anywhere there's room to step.
My friends with hard-shell 16-footers always have to have someone steady the boat while they get in and out, and on the water, they can't move around. I can move around in my boat on the water, and it's very stable.
Safe & secure
I use all safety precautions when paddling by myself and don't do anything unsafe, but when there's no one to paddle with, I'm very comfortable paddling alone. I wasn't when I had a hard shell.
Another thing the 385ft is very suited for is piloting open water swimmers. We have an active group of open water swimmers in Chattanooga, and I pilot for them on occasion on the Tennessee River. It's a great way to make the swimmers' supplies accessible to them, and if I had to take a swimmer into my boat, I believe I could with just a little assistance from another boater. That's much easier than pulling a swimmer in the water!
Peace, quiet, and a Great Blue Heron
I paddled yesterday at Chester Frost Park, a popular camping, fishing and boating area in Hamilton County, just north of Chattanooga, Tennessee. It ties into the Tennessee River. I found a placid area and followed the shoreline for a couple of miles, where I saw flowers, bald cypress trees, a Great Blue Heron and other birds, fish, turtles, frogs and such. In my Sea Eagle FastTrack 385ft, I pulled up in several shallow places and took photos and just enjoyed the peace and quiet.
Other boaters are always curious about her Sea Eagle
My 385ft sparked a lot of curiosity from people at my put-in. A couple in a canoe (who took my photo on the water) were hugging the shore because of the waves. With wet PFD's (personal flotation devices), they had obviously departed the canoe at some point. I could tell by the look on his face and the way he talked that the man was petrified. The lady wasn't as afraid, and said she didn't know when she'd get him back out there. They had just gotten their canoe.
The lady said, "Can you get back in that boat while you're still in the water if you capsize? I told her you surely could and said, "Wouldn't it be nice to be able to run and jump into your boat?" I guess that was mean.
"Is that a blow-up boat?"
Another curious guy was fishing on the shoreline with his family, and he said as I pulled up, "Is that a blow-up boat?" I said, yes, it was an inflatable Sea Eagle. He said, "I saw you coming across the water real nice and straight, and I thought it was a kayak. When you pulled up, I said to myself, 'That's a blow-up!'" He was amazed that it tracked so well and was swift, being a "blow-up" and all. I explained all the good details about my 385ft, and he said that's what he and his family needed.
I wouldn't be surprised if a couple in a canoe and a shoreline fisherman ordered some Sea Eagles in the near future!"
Do YOU have Sea Eagle stories and photos to share? Please email us today. Our many, many blog visitors want to know about your adventures and experiences!


text:
Escape The Ordinary.
Leggings Depot
Regular price
Ultra Soft Premium Fabric - These leggings are made in a buttery smooth brushed polyester and spandex blend. They'll stretch in all directions without being see-through and keeping you comfortable all day!
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text:
Funding from the Library of Congress/Ameritech National Digital
Library Competition
supported the electronic publication of this title.
Text scanned (OCR) by
Megan Winget
Images scanned by Jill Kuhn
Text encoded by Heather Bumbalough and Natalia Smith
First edition, 1998
ca. 250K
Academic Affairs Library, UNC-CH
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill,
The electronic edition is
a part of the UNC-CH
digitization project, Documenting
the American South, or, The Southern Experience in
19th-century America.
Any hyphens occurring in line breaks have been removed, and the trailing part of a word has been joined to the preceding line.
All quotation marks and ampersand have been transcribed as entity references.
All double right and left quotation marks are encoded as " and " respectively.
All single right and left quotation marks are encoded as ' and ' respectively.
Indentation in lines has not been preserved.
Running titles have not been preserved.
Spell-check and verification made against printed text using Author/Editor (SoftQuad) and Microsoft Word spell check programs.
Library of Congress Subject Headings,
21st edition, 1998
Library of Congress Subject Headings, 21st edition, 1998
War-Time Sketches
Return to Menu Page for War-time Sketches ... by Adelaide StuartDimitry
Return to First-Person Narratives of the American South, Beginnings to 1920 Home Page
Return to Documenting the American South Home Page


text:
By David Crane
defrev (at) gmail (dot) com
All photos contained in this article were taken by DefenseReview.com, and are copyrighted. DefenseReview.com owns the copyright on these photos. The photos were shot with a Canon PowerShot S90 10-megapixel digital camera (still camera with video capability).
April 7, 2011
Last updated on 4/15/11.
While we're on the subject of pistols, we should probably mention a really terrific inside-the-waistband (IWB) ultra-concealment holster for Glock pistols made by DC Holsters that DefenseReview (DR) has had the pleasure of using over the last year, ever since our trip to the Bellingham, Washington area to train with tactical instructor John Romaszka of Romaszka Tactical Training (RTT). The one we've been running since May 2010 is a prototype version, but we recently received the latest production version from the company, and it looks even better (see top photo at right), despite the fact that it's not yet patinated. Once it gets a good patina on it and darkens up a bit, it will look even better.
DC Holsters IWB concealed carry (CCW) holsters combine a very low-profile/low-signature aspect with a high degree of comfort. It accomplishes this with superior design and use of materials, integrating a relatively large high-quality leather backing with a correspondingly high-quality kydex holster, creating a leather/kydex hybrid holster that perfectly fits DR's Gen. 3 Glock 19 (G19) high-capacity semi-auto compact 9mm (9mm Parabellum/9x19mm NATO) pistols. The G19 is currently the author's primary carry gun (concealed carry), and our DC Holsters IWB holster makes carrying the G19 as enjoyable and low-profile an experience as possible. The weapon doesn't seem to print at all under your shirt when standing up. Both holster and weapon retention are excellent thanks to the strong spring steel belt clip and tight fit of the holster, itself, which holds the gun pretty tightly under natural tension.
Editor's Note 1: Notice the (loaded) 17-round Glock 17 (G17) magazine in DR's G19 in two of the accompanying photos. If you're going for maximum concealment, DR would recommend using the 15-round G19 mag. However, if you can get away with it, the 17-round mag is sometimes preferred. Nothing wrong with having two extra rounds at your immediate disposal!
The brains and artistry behind DC Holsters is competitive shooter and gunsmith Greg Purcell, who also happens to be Defense Review's most trusted AR triggersmith. There's no one we trust more than (or as much as) Purcell to install after-market match triggers on DR's tactical ARs. Plus, he's a super-nice guy, which is just as important.
Bottom line, this holster is the best IWB holster DefenseReview has ever used, and we highly recommend DC Holsters leather/kydex IWB holsters for anyone looking for a superlative ultra-concealment/deep cover holsters for concealed carry (CCW), undercover law enforcement (LE), or LE off-duty use. You simply can't go wrong with this holster. Two big thumbs up!
Editor's Note 2: As much as I may like it to, the "DC" in "DC Holsters" doesn't stand for "David Crane", although it should (kidding). It's stands for either "Deep Concealment" or "Deep Cover". We're not sure which. By the way, you'll notice the author is wearing a Milkor USA t-shirt and Levi's 505 jeans (we also like Levi's 501 jeans). DefenseReview is a fan of both companies' respective products.
Company Contact Info:
DC Holsters
P.O. Box 30737
Bellingham, Washington 98228-2737
Phone: 360-383-6959
Fax: 360-647-5598
Email General Questions: [email protected]
Website: http://www.dcholsters.com
© Copyright 2011 DefenseReview.com. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed without receiving permission and providing proper credit and appropriate links.
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Just got back from a (technical and tactical shooting) training trip. Fresh articles (and video) on the way, so stay tuned…
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BlackHawk CQC Carbon Fiber Holsters for Concealed Carry (CCW)
Looking for a Kydex Holster for Tactical Use or CCW? It's G-Code Time.


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Hi guys,
Microsoft has a new product to keep track of your diskspace with te use of Visio.
The Visio 2010 add-in for Disk Space Monitoring provides a graphical view of free space available in the server machines on a network. This add-in has a client and a server component. The client component requires Visio professional 2010 or Visio Premium 2010 and the server component requires SharePoint Server 2010. The client component of the add-in uses the new data graphics feature of Visio 2010 to display the results of server monitoring and integrates with the System Center Operations Manager 2007 to get the disk free space details. The server component makes it possible to publish the data linked diagram to SharePoint Server 2010 and refresh it in real-time for broader consumption.
The Visio Add-in for Disk Space Monitoring is available for download at the Microsoft-website. There is a x86 and a x64-version, both are 2MB in size. Besides the add-ins Microsoft also offers through the site a clear how-to for the installation and use of the Add-in.


text:
Secretary LaHood is a tough act to follow. But I am delighted to be here today to talk about a cause that is urgent and personal—not just for me but for all of us gathered here today. As President Obama has said, there are "any number of actions we can take as a nation to enhance our competitiveness and secure a better future for our people. But few of them will make as much of a difference as improving the way we educate our sons and daughters."
We are meeting here at a time of great excitement and opportunity—and yet at a moment fraught with consequence. Yesterday the department announced our blueprint for re-authorizing the Elementary and Secondary Education Act. It is a far-ranging plan to help America's children, and one I'm pleased to say that is already drawing bipartisan support.
An opportunity like this—the chance to make fundamental changes to boost student achievement and truly get students college- and career-ready—may not come along again in our lifetime.
What you do in your communities over the next several years could have an impact on education for decades to come.
We are also fortunate to have unprecedented resources at the federal level to support and provide incentives to bolster successful reforms at the community level.
Last year, the Recovery Act enabled us to avoid an education catastrophe in the midst of the worst economic crisis since the Great Depression. States have reported that the Recovery Act saved over 300,000 education jobs last year. And at a time when overall domestic discretionary spending is frozen, the president has proposed a three billion dollar increase for ESEA programs this year, the biggest proposed increase in history. He has requested an extra billion dollars if ESEA reauthorization passes this year.
So, yes, help is on the way to states and districts. But I know it is not going to make the grave fiscal challenges you face disappear. The municipal budget crunch is brutally tough out there, and I appreciate that many cities are facing painful choices about layoffs and cutting services.
It is at times like this, when I remember a point that Rahm Emanuel, the White House Chief of Staff, famously made: "You never want a serious crisis to go to waste."
In obstacles also lie opportunities. Now is the moment to rethink policies that are not serving the best interests of students, parents, and teachers.
That is exactly what we are trying to do in our blueprint to rethink and fix ESEA, which many of you know as the No Child Left Behind Act.
We have three guiding principles for America's schools in a reauthorized law—we want all children to be working toward a high standard of college- and career readiness, we want to reward excellence, and we want to create a smarter but less prescriptive federal role.
Let me start with the importance of establishing high academic standards. The President and I believe we should be tight on standards—we should set a high bar—but be loose about how to get there. All children need to aim to reach high standards and be career or college-ready, without the need for remediation.
We simply have to stop dummying-down standards due to political pressures. We have to stop lying to children and families by giving them a low bar and telling them that they will be okay, when we know they are not adequately prepared to go on to college or a job.
Few experts would have predicted it a year ago, but, as we speak, 48 governors and 48 state school chiefs are working together to set high standards—not because of a federal mandate but because of a shared belief that high expectations lead to better prepared students. Both of the major unions, the business community, and national non-profits are rallying behind this groundbreaking, state-led effort.
Our second guiding principle is that we want to reward excellence. Under NCLB, it seemed like there were 50 ways to fail, but no rewards for success. That has to change.
We want to encourage state and local educators to replicate success, and we want to challenge them to improve and hold themselves accountable. For our children to successfully compete in the global economy, and for communities to thrive economically, we are going to have to fund what works, rethink the status quo, and move outside our comfort zones. In the long run, there is no choice but to educate our way to a better economy.
Finally, we want to redefine the federal role so local educators have maximum flexibility where it makes the most sense, and parents and taxpayers have maximum accountability where it is most needed.
The federal government needs to strike the right balance between flexibility and accountability—offering support, not prescriptions.
To take one example, chronically under-performing schools, in the bottom five percent of all schools, have been ignored and allowed to stagnate for too long. Enough is enough. If you have 20 high schools in your community, think about the one school at the very bottom, and what has to happen to give those children a better chance at life.
We are going to ask for rigorous change in persistently under-performing schools, and the federal government is going to provide generous incentives to implement those changes. Through the Recovery Act, we have provided just over four billion dollars to support school turnarounds, and we have asked for another $900 million in this year's budget.
In the vast majority of our nation's schools—the majority of schools in the middle of the performance spectrum—we want local districts to have much more flexibility than under NCLB to improve educational outcomes.
The top performing schools, including schools where students demonstrate the most rapid levels of growth, have also been largely ignored. We must start to focus on growth and gain—improvement is what matters most. These high-performing schools would receive incentives, additional flexibility, and help lead the way to showing how to accelerate learning and replicate excellence.
One of the keys to reform and reauthorization has to be getting accountability right. As Al Shanker, the legendary leader of the American Federation of Teachers said many years ago, "unless you start with a very heavy emphasis on accountability—not end with it—you'll never get a system with all the other pieces falling into place."
I will always give credit to NCLB for exposing achievement gaps and advancing standards-based reform. But there were many perverse incentives, and we must get rid of those.
NCLB allows, and inadvertently even encourages states to lower their academic standards. In too many classrooms, it encourages teachers to narrow the curriculum. It relies too much on bubble tests in a couple of subjects.
It mislabels schools—even when they are showing meaningful progress on important measures. NCLB required educators to intervene in schools in a prescribed way, and the accountability system did not measure student growth. It didn't differentiate between a largely successful school struggling to help a handful of students and a school that was in educational meltdown. None of this is good for students, good for teachers, or good for our country.
Building on the lessons of NCLB, our reauthorization proposal would improve accountability in our schools and drive a new generation of reforms on behalf of American schoolchildren and teachers.
Our proposal to reorient accountability would establish an ambitious but achievable goal of having all students aspire to graduate ready to succeed in college and careers.
As all of you know, President Obama has set a national goal that, by the end of the decade, America will once again have the highest college completion rate in the world. That goal is widely shared by both Democrats and Republicans.
In coming weeks, we hope to see the final passage of the higher ed student loan bill, which will dramatically increase college access by freeing up tens of billions of dollars to expand financial aid and Pell Grants that now go toward subsidizing banks.
Under our new ESEA proposal, parents, teachers, and school leaders would be able to gauge whether states are setting their standards too low by examining the success that students have in college and the workplace. And parents and teachers will also be able to figure out whether students are on track to college—or if that sixth grader or ninth grader needs to work harder and do better to have a chance to enroll in college after graduating, without having to take remedial classes.
Our reauthorization of ESEA also, for the first time, emphasizes measuring student growth, not just absolute test scores. An effective accountability system tracks both performance and progress—it measures what schools contribute to students, even more than the skills that students bring to schools. We will reward schools that show the most growth in student achievement. Every child can improve—and poverty is not destiny. We have hundreds of high-performing schools in tough communities around the country.
We have learned, too, that a good accountability system measures more than test scores, which are more like leading indicators than the ultimate yardstick of success. To meet the President's goal of having the highest college graduation rate in the world in 2020, we are going to have to dramatically increase graduation and college enrollment rates, not just increase test scores. Nearly eight out of ten future job openings in the next decade will require some post-secondary education—either college or job training.
We have learned as well that students will not be ready to compete in today's information age if they fail to get a well-rounded education. Students need content knowledge in history, the arts, science, and foreign languages, as well as reading, writing, and math.
Our proposal allows states to include subjects other than math and English language arts in their accountability systems because we want to discourage the practice of teaching to the test. And that is why we are also supporting a new generation of more comprehensive assessments in math and English that measure a breadth of knowledge and move beyond simple bubble tests.
It is no secret that to make this ambitious vision a reality, we have got to prepare, recruit, and retain great principals and teachers. Great teachers and a strong teaching profession are at the heart of educational improvement.
I've often said that in education, talent matters tremendously. Every day, millions of teachers go into classrooms with the knowledge, creativity, and dedication to help their students discover a passion for learning, boost achievement, and raise the aspirations of their students. Great teachers are my heroes—and President Obama feels the same way.
All of you have likely witnessed firsthand how a great principal or teacher can transform a school and its students. But to support great schools and great teachers, we also need to give them the tools they need to succeed and to focus on results.
Our ESEA proposal provides absolutely unprecedented support—3.9 billion dollars in all—for teachers and school leaders. Teachers deserve the kind of workplace environment, professional development, and opportunity to collaborate that is available to other professionals, and our blueprint supports all of those activities to elevate the teaching profession. We are also proposing to monitor school climate, using teachers' opinions of working conditions to help drive improvements in schools.
As we support and train teachers like professionals, we must also evaluate, advance, and compensate them like professionals, not as interchangeable widgets. To undo the widget model of the teaching profession, we need better data to inform classroom instruction and multiple measures to judge the effectiveness of different teachers. It is time to stop treating teachers as if they were an undifferentiated mass of workers on an assembly line—and time to start treating them as highly-skilled professionals.
In the knowledge economy, we have to be able to answer questions like, how much are students improving each year? Which teachers, schools, and school districts, and states are doing the most to both close the achievement gap and raise the bar for all students? Which teacher and principal preparation programs are turning out graduates with the biggest impact on student achievement?
You might ask: What would the role of cities be under a new Elementary and Secondary Education law? I have often said that the best educational ideas and solutions come from the local and state level, not the federal level—and our proposal reinforces that vision.
Our $650 million Investing in Innovation Fund, or i3 as we call it, recognizes that districts must take the lead in developing breakthrough approaches to education reform. Individual school districts or groups of districts can apply for i3 grants, and nonprofits can join with school districts or a consortium of schools to submit applications. The fact is that we have to move beyond just identifying islands of excellence and pockets of promise, and give those programs the resources to grow and expand to scale.
While innovation comes from the local level, the federal role in education has been largely limited to supporting historically underserved students, such as low-income minority students, students with disabilities, homeless students, and English language learners.
That is one reason why we will provide more flexibility to most schools but insist that districts implement meaningful change in persistently low-performing schools where disadvantaged students stagnate or fall further behind their peers every year.
We are providing more than four billion dollars to turn around the lowest five percent of schools over the next several years. But these schools will need more than just resources.
The fact is that it takes more than a school to educate a student. It takes a city. It takes a community that can provide support from the parks department, health services, law enforcement, social services, after-school programs, nonprofits, businesses, and churches. We can only turn around the worst performing schools with an all-hands-on-deck approach in the local community.
I'd like to see public schools open 12, 13, 14 hours a day, year-round, offering not just mentoring and tutoring programs but art, chess, family literacy nights, debate teams, and GED and ESL programs for parents.
It doesn't have to be that expensive to keep schools open longer. In every school you have classrooms, computer labs, libraries, and gyms. Rent the school out for free from 3:00 to 9:00 PM to great non-profit partners like the YMCA's, the Boys and Girls Club, college-readiness programs, and other enrichment activities. It is a tremendous waste of resources that schools aren't doing more to serve as one-stop community centers.
I'm not just talking here about a flurry of activity at the local level and a parade of good intentions. If communities are not data-driven and results oriented, if programs are not scalable and sustainable, local efforts at reform are ultimately going to fall short.
Geoffrey Canada uses data in the renowned Harlem Children's Zone to manage outcomes for his community-based prevention programs and to improve instruction in the classroom. But other, less well-known programs are also making smart use of data to drive reform, like the Every 1 Reads partnership in Louisville, Kentucky.
Every 1 Reads maximizes the afterschool hours, with the goal of having every public school student read at or above grade level. It set up a data system that allows students to use bar-coded cards to record their afterschool participation, at the same time that the cards serve as library cards and bus passes.
The cards also allow providers to assess the impact of their programs on student achievement, truancy rates, and suspensions, and helps identify students who are struggling in school. Since 2003, the Every 1 Reads partnership has cut the overall proportion of novice readers in half in Louisville—a difference of nearly 10,000 students. And the proportion of students writing below grade level fell by nearly two-thirds.
Now, if it is true that it takes a city to educate a student, it is also the case that when schools don't work, cities don't work. Schools play a central role in the social, cultural, and economic vitality of urban communities.
The reputation of a city's schools is either a deterrent or a drawing card for business, workers, and families. Ernest Boyer, the former head of the Carnegie Foundation, had it right when he said that it is "impossible to have an island of educational excellence in a sea of community indifference."
Our $200 million Promise Neighborhoods program is premised on the notion that cities must be strong partners to ensure there is a high-performing school in every community.
As many of you know, the Promise Neighborhoods program is broadly modeled after the approach of the Harlem Children's Zone, which creates a cradle-to-career educational pipeline and high-quality wraparound services to support disadvantaged students.
But do not forget that excellent schools are central to the success of the Harlem Children's Zone—and our program anticipates that a great school will be at the heart of every Promise Neighborhood.
Different communities will take different approaches to Promise Neighborhoods. I spoke earlier about the importance of a well-rounded education, and opportunities to access the arts should be a part of a complete education for all students, especially in Promise Neighborhoods.
Research shows that intensive involvement in the arts during middle school and high school is associated with higher level of achievement and college attainment. But in addition, neighborhood-based arts and cultural activities have the potential to build stronger communities and stronger cities. I repeat: It takes a community to educate a student. There are no great cities without great school systems.
Let me close with a story from Chicago. In 1966, Martin Luther King went to the West side of the city.
His visit, and the protests he launched, helped to push the government to channel billions of dollars into communities for everything from job training, to housing, to drug rehab and health care.
But when I became CEO of the Chicago Public Schools 35 years later, 95 percent of children in North Lawndale schools lived below the poverty line.
Why was that? Because the one thing that didn't change is the most important anti-poverty measure of all—and that is the quality of education that our children receive.
Martin Luther King is my hero—and no one did more to advance the cause of social justice. But as we continue King's battle to realize equal opportunity, let us add to that legacy by living up to our national creed. Let us finally make education the great equalizer in America. Together, let us seize this opportunity for the good of all of our children.


text:
Panama Travel and Destination Guide
and Reservation Services
In Panama you'll find an abundance of fauna and flora, of white sand beaches, hundreds of islands and of fresh seafood. Here you will find relevant travel information and sight seeing information of the main Panama travel destinations. Panama offers much cultural diversity with its seven native Indian populations, a pleasant mix of Latin mentality and American efficiency, and the Panamanians command of English which makes traveling easy and fun.
"Enjoy Panama" provides you with travel information and maps of many travel destinations in Panama. Choose from one of our vacation packages and tours or work closely with one of our travel agents to design your perfect vacation. Help yourself with our travel guide to San Blas, El Valle, Bocas del Toro or Boquete and read more interesting facts about the Panama Canal. Seeing the canal is an essential part of a Panama trip.
"Enjoy Panama" is a tour operator and destination specialist for Panama. Our specialty is to elaborate custom itineraries and tours for all ages and interests. We arrange for hotels, car rentals, discount airfare and ground transfers and anything else to fit the needs of groups and individual tourists planning to travel in Panama. We also organize complex travel itineraries combining Panama with visits to other Central American countries!
"Enjoy Panama" invites you to discover a variety of incredible destinations in Panama. Our travel agents provide efficient and quality service and they can make all your travel arrangements for a trip to Panama.
Panama is situated between Colombia and Costa Rica and has a population of approx. 3.5 Mio. It has one of the highest GDP growth rates and is one of the most 'globalized' countries in Latin America. It is also among the fastest growing tourism markets in Latin America and over 200 cruise liners land in Panama, bringing more than 28,000 tourists a year.
"Enjoy Panama" recommends the purchase of travel insurance to all our customers. To compare insurance options and to get an instant quote, please click here!


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Privacy Policy
Simplicity Sofas, Inc. wants you to feel comfortable searching and exchanging information on our site. We realize the importance of feeling safe online and are fully committed to ensuring that your privacy is respected and protected when you interact with our website. Privacy refers to the way Simplicity Sofas, Inc. collects and uses personal information. We have instituted policies intended to ensure that your personal information is handled safely, responsibly and guided by the principle of Need to Know. We do not collect any personal information, such as your name, address, phone number, or email address unless you choose to provide it, in which case all personal information is freely contributed by you, the visitor. You have our guarantee that Simplicity Sofas, Inc. does not sell, trade, rent or otherwise share user specific information with third parties without your consent except in the following instances: (1) unless required by applicable law or pursuant to a court or similar order; and/or (2) unless deemed necessary, in Simplicity Sofas, Inc.'s discretion, as being in the interests of justice or to protect the legal rights or the property of Simplicity Sofas, Inc.. Simplicity Sofas, Inc. reserves the right to allow access to its systems to third parties providing necessary technical services when such access is required in order to provide those services. The consumer information gathered on this site will be used for aggregate research and for future site development.
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Your IP address, a number that is assigned by your Internet Service Provider to your computer to identify its location, is used to help diagnose problems with our server and to administer our website. We do note details such as the server you are logged onto, the geographic location of the ISP you use, the type of browser you use, and your IP address. This information is obtained solely for the purpose of measuring site traffic so that we can tell which pages are most popular and how visitors are moving about the site.
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CFR Task Force Calls on the U.S. to Preserve an Open and Secure Internet
The number of "state-backed operations continues to rise, and future attacks will become more sophisticated and disruptive," argues the new Task Force report, Defending an Open, Global, Secure, and Resilient Internet.
June 5, 2013 5:34 pm (EST)
- News Releases
As President Barack Obama meets with Chinese president Xi Jinping this week, a CFR-sponsored Independent Task Force warns that "escalating attacks on countries, companies, and individuals, as well as pervasive criminal activity, threaten the security and safety of the Internet." The number of "state-backed operations continues to rise, and future attacks will become more sophisticated and disruptive," argues the Task Force report, Defending an Open, Global, Secure, and Resilient Internet.
With the ideal vision of an open and secure Internet increasingly at risk, the Task Force urges the United States, with its friends and allies, "to act quickly to encourage a global cyberspace that reflects shared values of free expression and free markets."
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The Task Force concludes that "the most pressing current threat is not likely to be a single, sudden attack that cripples the United States," but rather "a proliferation of attacks that steal strategically important or valuable data and destroy confidence in the safety and trustworthiness of the Internet." The U.S. administration has named China as a major source of cyber espionage, and the Task Force also finds China to be a serious cause of concern.
The Task Force finds that improved cyber defense and greater resiliency are necessary, but not sufficient. "Offensive capabilities are required to deter attacks, and, if deterrence fails, to impose costs on the attackers." It calls on the United States to launch an "interagency economic counterespionage program that will help prevent foreign services and corporate competitors from stealing secrets from U.S. industry."
The Task Force is chaired by John D. Negroponte, former deputy secretary of state and director of national intelligence, and Samuel J. Palmisano, former chairman of the board and CEO of IBM, and is directed by Adam Segal, CFR's Maurice R. Greenberg senior fellow for China studies. It includes experts representing a variety of sectors, including high-tech industry and hardware and software companies, as well as leaders on cyber issues (see list below).
The report notes that the number of people online will double to five billion by the end of this decade, and the Internet economy will continue to grow. In the United States alone, the Internet economy, now $68 billion, or 4.7 percent of GDP, is projected to rise to 5.4 percent in 2016, so any successful policy response will have to include the business community and civil society.
A number of governments are using the threat of cyberattacks to justify restrictions on the flow of information, data, and knowledge and are territorializing the Internet based on narrow national interests. The outcome of blocking and filtering is "a fragmented Internet and decline in global free expression." Therefore, the report urges leading nations to agree on a set of norms for activity and engagement in cyberspace. "Now is the time for the United States, with its friends and allies, to ensure the Internet remains an open, global, secure, and resilient environment for users," says the Task Force.
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The report criticizes the United States for "a lack of a coherent vision, the absence of appropriate authority to implement policy, and legislative gridlock." It says, "For the past four decades, the United States was the predominant innovator, promoter, and shaper of cyberspace, but the window for U.S leadership is now closing."
"The bottom line is clear: digital foreign policy must begin with domestic policy," the report concludes. "Successfully meeting the challenges of the digital age requires a rethinking of domestic institutions and processes that were designed for the twentieth century."
The report is available at www.cfr.org/cyber_task_force.
Task Force Members
Elana Berkowitz, Etsy
Bob Boorstin, Google, Inc.
Jeff A. Brueggeman, AT&T
Peter Cleveland, Intel Corporation
Esther Dyson, EDventure Holdings, Inc.
Martha Finnemore, George Washington University
Patrick Gorman
Michael V. Hayden, Chertoff Group
Eugene J. Huang, American Express
Anthony P. Lee, Altos Ventures
Catherine B. Lotrionte, Georgetown University
Susan Markham Lyne, AOL, Inc.
Naotaka Matsukata, FairWinds Partners
Jeff Moss, Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)
Craig James Mundie, Microsoft Corporation
John D. Negroponte (co-chair), McLarty Associates
Joseph S. Nye, Harvard University
Samuel J. Palmisano (co-chair), IBM Corporation
Neal A. Pollard, PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
Elliot J. Schrage, Facebook
Adam Segal (project director), Council on Foreign Relations
Anne-Marie Slaughter, Princeton University
James B. Steinberg, Syracuse University
Lawrence P. Tu, Dell, Inc.
Phoebe Yang, Rock Water Ventures LLC
Ernest James Wilson, III, University of Southern California
Jonathan L. Zittrain, Harvard University
The Council on Foreign Relations sponsors Independent Task Forces to assess issues of current and critical importance to U.S. foreign policy and provide policymakers with judgments and recommendations. Diverse in backgrounds and perspectives, Task Force members aim to reach a consensus on policy through private and nonpartisan deliberations. Once launched, Task Forces are independent of CFR and responsible for the content of their reports. Task Force members are asked to join a consensus signifying that they endorse "the general policy thrust and judgments reached by the group, though not necessarily every finding and recommendation." Task Force members also have the option of putting forward an additional or a dissenting view. Members' affiliations are listed for identification purposes only and do not imply institutional endorsement. For more information about CFR Task Forces, contact program director Anya Schmemann at [email protected].


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One for the Daily Mail
'In America, this means certain neighbourhoods in Southern California for the nonce.'
Which neighbourhoods are best for nonces in Southern California then?
Mine's the 8yr old's one
Japanese motor mammoth Honda has announced "production commencement" for its new hydrogen fuel-cell car, the FCX Clarity. The second one off the line will go to noted film femme and children's authoress Jamie Lee Curtis - and her much more famous husband Christopher Guest. "Our customers are true pioneers and leaders in the …
At the moment, they may be making hydrogen from burning natural gas and the like, but once things get going, hydrogen cars will allow the hydrogen to be produced in places with abundant hydroelectricity, the way heavy water and aluminum get made. And there will eventually be hydrogen fueling stations in places outside California as well. The hydrogen car is an essential link in a chain that would let us abolish fossil fuel use, even though it can't do that by itself.
You are correct. Many people seem to want to jump from today into 10 years from now instantly and fail to acknowledge the progression of processes.
Too bad that so many people fall victim to propaganda from existing establishments and don't think for themselves. While their failures suck for the world, the work well for me as their limited vision and understanding make them great employees...
Making a container that will hold the Hydrogen is VERY difficult. Because the molecule is so small, it leaks through everything. To top it all off, it will react with the container, and make its contact surface VERY brittle. People have been working on this for YEARS. The other problem is that when you (attempt) to store it, it isn't very dense. The volume of a container which might hold 10 gallons of gasoline (UK: Petrol) won't store the amount of Hydrogen that the gasoline will allow you to travel. That says NOTHING to the weight of the container necessary.
No, at the densities of storage, it won't be lighter than air.
P.S. You don't want to be around when it blows up either (if you can see the explosion).
Any electric vehicle has tens of kilowatts of power available with a bit of soldering (careful!). Ideal to drive a giant PA capable of deafening an entire suburb.
(But I'll start to believe hydrogen cars when an appreciable quantity of the hydrogen currently used in the fertiliser and chemical industries is produced electrolytically, rather than by natural gas reforming).
One of the posters asked about the number of hydrogn refueling stations.
Here is a list of hydrogen refueling statuons.
Here is a searchable list of hydrogen stations.
Here is a link to Honda Home Enrgy Station.
Yes there are usable hydrogen storage tanks that do not leak.
Please do a little reading if you are interested in modern fuel cell technology. Fuel cells are being used in cars, buses, boats, trains and stationary power generation.
The links below provides recent fuel cell news.
Many of the skeptical comments that have been posted do not take into account the recent scientific advances that been made in the use of hydrogen fuel cells. If some of the problems that people have mentioned had not been solved, we would not have Ford, GM, Honda, Toyota and others producing fuel cell vehicles.
There will be fuel cell vehicles mass produced within the next several years. If you look at the trials, the companies doing the research have proposed several methods of generating and using hydrogen. the methods that have worked have been kept.
I am a bit confused as to the interest in hydrogen technology.
We generate electricity, to electolyse water, to make hydrogen, which is used to make electricity to drive the car.
Surely battery technology must be getting near the point where filling your car with electricity directly is the better option?
No distribution of gas, no complicated fuel cell technology, no risk of explosion etc.
hasn't been mentioned for a while. There was a US lab where they managed to interstitially adsorb and store more hydrogen inside a metallic or graphite nanostructure lattice than as cryogenic liquid hydrogen. The lab blew up one day, unfortunately. Did I tell you that I met Stanley Pons, nice chap, mine's the furry arctic coat with the excess of neutrons...
I can't be the only one getting tired of this: "gas" is short for "gasoline," and "petrol" is short for "petroleum." If you refine your petroleum before putting it in your car, then you are at least as far off the mark as the person who puts liquid "gas" in his. If we can accept colloquial use from the last hundred years, then they will both do.
I hate to rain on the parade as this is, overall, good.
But hydrogen is not a replacement for fuel, it's an energy carrier and so competes with battery powered cars. The fuel companies have a huge investment in their filling station infrastructure - it allows them to reach their consumers directly, and it's essential to them they keep this. That's why they want hydrogen, and that's why Bush is supporting it.
A plug-in car removes this relationship - you'd fill up at home, overnight. Your power would come from the grid, with a small top up generator and/or recharge stations for longer trips.
This is way, way more efficient than the electrolysis and fuel cell required for hydrogen. Batteries are easier to store, and easier to upgrade as technology improves. It removes the stranglehold Exxon, BP et al have on transportation. And it's completely future proof - electricity *is* energy. It's not going to become outdated.
Anything that distracts from this is a problem.
Frankly I don't understand why the big electricity companies aren't dropping everything they can into battery research and frantically lobbying car manufacturers to develop battery-powered cars. It would make them a fortune.
"The car itself is zero-emission"
BUT (big but) what about the emissions from the factory that made it, or indeed the power station that generated the electricity for the factory?
Isn't it less ecologically damaging to use cars that have already been made, than to burn up resources to make new ones?
Flame for those burning resources, of course
"I am a bit confused as to the interest in hydrogen technology.
We generate electricity, to electolyse water, to make hydrogen, which is used to make electricity to drive the car.
Surely battery technology must getting near the point where filling your car with electricity directly is the better option?
No distribution of gas, no complicated fuel cell technology, no risk of explosion etc."
battryes take time to charge up you can just fill up the tank with hydrogen again and off you go
No. Energy used during production of a car is about 11% of it's total energy footprint over its lifetime, and production of electricity at a large powerstation is vastly more efficient than production of kinetic energy in an internal combustion engine.
Centralised power generation, it's the only way to go.


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Saflok Part DC 1" Female Dust Cap
Technical Specification
|Dust Cap
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Product Description
Technical Information
This 1" Female Dust Cap (Part DC) is an invaluable piece to complement your Saflok fittings. Due to its automatic self-locking ability, this dust cap will remain closed until you release the handles making it extremely secure for your process. The stainless steel body makes it a perfect choice for us with hazardous materials.
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Can be fitted to any standard cam adaptor. Also available to DIN 2817 specification.
Designed with safety in mind and to reduce costs due to accidental disconnection. Specifically for liquid chemicals and parmaceuticals but also for cosmetics, foodstuffs, inks, adhesives, dyes, particularly where safety and costs are important.


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Friday, October 31, 2008
Republicans Against 8 - Reagan & Schwarzenegger both said NO to Anti-Gay Measures
Posted by Queers United at 12:15 PM
2 comments:
So, a state whose electoral votes nearly always go to the Democratic presidential candidate has twice elected Republican governors whose greatest previous notoriety was as actors, and who then spoke out against homophobic legislation?
California is weird. Good for Ahnahld, though.
- November 1, 2008 at 1:31 PM
It's great to see both sides of the political aisle coming together to support marriage equality. For all the talk by the Yes on 8 side on how united they are, it's their side that has the most divisions. There are many religious leaders, many Republicans, and many business leaders urging a no vote on Prop 8.
- November 1, 2008 at 4:52 PM
Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)


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McQueary suit vs. PSU to go forward
A whistleblower and defamation lawsuit against Penn State will go forward, a judge ruled Tuesday, denying the university's request to have it dismissed.
Former assistant football coach Mike McQueary sued the school in October, claiming he was portrayed as untruthful in statements made in 2011 by the university's president after Jerry Sandusky's arrest.
Judge Thomas Gavin said McQueary's lawsuit makes sufficient claims of ''outrageous conduct'' on the part of the school to keep the case alive. He gave the school 20 days to respond to the lawsuit filed in October.
Penn State spokesman Dave La Torre declined to comment, and McQueary's lawyer Elliot Strokoff did not return a phone message seeking comment.
McQueary was a graduate assistant in February 2001 when he encountered Sandusky showering with a boy in a team locker room, complained about it to then-head coach Joe Paterno and then met with the two administrators about it.
Sandusky was first charged with child sexual abuse in November 2011. At the same time, athletic director Tim Curley and vice president Gary Schultz, administrators who worked under then-president Graham Spanier, were accused of perjury and failure to properly report suspected abuse.
McQueary testified against Sandusky in June during the criminal trial that ended with a 45-count guilty verdict against the former defensive coordinator. McQueary has lost his coaching job at the school.
McQueary's lawsuit involves a news release that Spanier issued in support of Curley and Schultz. Spanier gave the two his unconditional support and said he was confident the record would show the charges were groundless.
If the perjury charges against Curley and Schultz were groundless, Gavin wrote, ''one cannot help but deduce that McQueary's contradictory testimony is untruthful.''
The judge said McQueary asserts the university ''treated him like a leper to be quarantined outside of State College'' in the aftermath of the arrests of Sandusky, Schultz and Curley, isolating him from longstanding friends and colleagues.
Additional charges were added last year against Curley and Schultz, and Spanier was also charged in the alleged cover-up of Sandusky complaints. A week ago, a judge ruled against their efforts to have the charges thrown out, and the next step could be a preliminary hearing or appeals. All three men deny the criminal allegations against them.
Curley is on leave to complete the last year of his contract as athletic director. Spanier, forced out as president shortly after he issued the news release in support of Curley and Schultz, remains a tenured faculty member and is on paid leave. Schultz has retired.
Sandusky, 69, is appealing his case while serving a 30- to 60-year state prison sentence.


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Review of topological order by one of the participants. GRW is a theory of the spontaneous collapse of the wave function.
Perhaps a good way to phrase the question is to ask if models exhibitting topological order can be used to constrain theories involving spontaneous collapse of the wave function.
Usually you use topological order in order to avoid effects of decoherence or losses. So, it will be automatically immune to such spontaneous collapse theories.
Macroscopic superpositions of objects are more likely to test such theories.
Is there a fundamental limit to how big of quantum superpositions we can have?
We began to discuss topological order, but the discussion inevitably returned to the quantum gravity discussion from earlier. There is a question of whether or not space can be emergent. Suppose time is absolute and space is emergent. The party line, in some sense, then, is that geometry emerges from entanglement. The argument goes like this. You assume quantum mechanics is correct and time is absolute. Then, in the limit of a large number of correlated systems, the math for handling entanglement begins to have a geometric flavor, the degrees of freedom appear to encode geometry.
Here we discussed Penrose's proposed connection between wavefunction collapse and gravity. The idea is this. You put two non-gravitational objects in a superposition and then you couple them to gravity. Depending on where the objects are, the gravitational field will be different. So that means that, since the positions are entangled, the observer should measure a superposition of fields. No one is sure what will happen after that.
It's strange that there's no way to screen gravitational waves. This is very different from photon emission. Gravitational waves can't be reflected. This means it's impossible to remove the decay of a state due to emission of gravitational waves. Does this have something to do with the unavoidable decoherence due to gravity? On the other hand, this is all a discussion of the constraint equations, which have no dynamics. That's what you'd measure when you did the Penrose experiment. But there's also the gravitational wave degrees of freedom, which are what somebody would quantize. So maybe the Penrose experiment isn't a good test.
Somebody says that measuring a single graviton may, in principle, be impossible because the sensitivity required to make such a measurement would have a high enough energy density that the lab would collapse into a black hole.
Photons fields have vacuum fluctuations, the Cassimir effect. Do gravitons? Sound waves don't have vacuum fluctuations because they are emergent... they're entropic in nature. So perhaps, if spacetime is emergent, we shouldn't expect to need to quantize gravity, because it is entropic in nature... a many-body effect.
Emergence plays a key role: String net model found an emergent U(1) theory but no emergent gravitational modes.
More promising seems to be many body localization.
Think of GRW as a model which is just like the tradiational model for quantum mechanics but has some errors. Would experiments with topological phases of matter somehow amplifiy these errors? Perhaps, but building systems with well-undersatood topological order is already such a subtle and difficult task that we might not abe able to detect the effect of something like GRW collapse, at least not with current technology.
Comments will be accepted until June 29.


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In my main class, I have a method that creates a list of Fossil objects. I put it into a separate method to make the overall code cleaner. In main, I am able to call the method createFossils() without errors but as soon as I try to use the Fossil objects themselves (ex. Museum.addFossil( amber.getName() ); ) I get the "cannot find symbol" error for the "amber" object, which I initialized in createFossils().
I know I could get around this by initializing the Fossil objects inside main, but it would be just a big chuck of 'Fossil ____ = new Fossil' lines. Is there any way to make this work? I was thinking it was the method types of createFossils(), which right now I have public static void createFossils(). Does it need to be something more like private void createFossils() or something similar? Because in that case I wouldn't be able to call it in main, right? Any input would be appreciated.


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By Julie Steenhuysen
CHICAGO, Feb 4 (Reuters) - A highly anticipated study of the first new tuberculosis vaccine in 90 years showed it offered no added benefit over the current vaccine when it came to protecting babies from TB infections, a disappointing but not entirely unexpected outcome, researchers said on Monday.
The vaccine, known as MVA85A, is the most advanced of more than a dozen TB vaccines now in clinical trials in people, and scientists are poring over the results to learn why the trial failed and how the results can inform future studies.
MVA85A was developed by researchers at the University of Oxford in Britain with support from Aeras, the Wellcome Trust, the European Commission and the Oxford-Emergent Tuberculosis Consortium, a joint venture between Oxford and Emergent Biosolutions Inc.
"Obviously, we all would have liked to see greater protection," said Dr Ann Ginsberg of Aeras, a non-profit biotech based in Rockville, Maryland and funded in large part by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
The current TB vaccine, known as Bacille Calmette-Guérin, or BCG, was developed in 1921, and is given routinely to babies in countries with high rates of TB to prevent severe disease.
However, protection wears off in just a few years, and BCG does nothing to protect against the most common form of tuberculosis that invades the lungs of adults and adolescents, and can be transmitted through coughing and sneezing.
For the study in the British medical journal, the Lancet, researchers tested the vaccine in nearly 3,000 healthy babies in South Africa who had already been given the BCG vaccine. Half also got the new vaccine and half served as the placebo group.
After a follow-up period of about two years, 32 babies in the MVA85A group got TB compared with 39 in the placebo group, a modest, but statistically insignificant improvement.
Researchers said the protection seen in the infants was much lower than had been seen in adults who had tested the vaccine, and they plan to look more closely to understand why. They did not provide figures on how well it worked for adults.
Despite the result, the study represents a landmark.
"This is the first efficacy trial of a new TB vaccine since Bacille Calmette-Guérin, a significant step in itself, and there is much that we and others can learn from the study and the data it produced," Helen McShane from the University of Oxford, who developed the vaccine, said in a statement.
With many other infectious diseases, scientists can rely on animal models and protective markers in the blood known as correlates of protection to predict whether a vaccine will work in people. This is not that case with TB, an ancient disease that hides out in the cells of their human hosts.
As a result, TB vaccines must be tested in large clinical trials in people, a large and costly gamble.
Christopher Dye of the World Health Organization and Paul Fine of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, said in a commentary published with the study that the trial offered some of the first hard evidence about protection against TB in people.
"If the history of TB vaccine research teaches us anything, it is to expect surprises. We need to keep playing this high-stakes game," they wrote.
Aeras remains committed. It is backing six TB vaccine candidates, including two others in large-scale trials -- one by Johnson & Johnson's Crucell vaccines unit and one by GlaxoSmithKline.
Ginsberg said it would be "a huge mistake for the world to get discouraged by this and give up." She said TB was "far too urgent a problem" and the current tools "far too inadequate" to address the global TB epidemic, which infects 9 million people annually and kills 1.4 million.
"The one thing that could change the game on the TB epidemic is to have safe, affordable and effective vaccines," she said.
"We absolutely cannot afford to slow down at all." (Reporting by Julie Steenhuysen; Editing by Jilian Mincer and David Brunnstrom)