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Yesterday and Today
On-line version ISSN 2309-9003
Print version ISSN 2223-0386
Y&T n.5 Vanderbijlpark Jan. 2010
Exploring local histories in the use and appreciation of heritage and history in History curricula
Elize S van Eeden
Prof. North-West University. Vanderbijlpark. email@example.com
With the Internet so easily available nowadays, I decided (just for the fun of it but also out of curiosity) to do a Google search to see how many entries 1 could find for "heritage and history". In a split second no fewer than 840 000 results appeared. I felt exhausted even before I even started surveying the results. This gives a sense of how history educators must sometimes feel when they have to teach content or facilitate, but still have to find the time on a daily or weekly basis to engage with meaningful ideas and activities as part of the History curriculum. This is especially true for heritage assignments that from 2012 will, among others, be the focus in the Grade 10 History curriculum.
In September 2010 the South African Society for History Teaching held its second conference since its founding on the theme of heritage and its inevitable associations with history. As I do not wish to repeat here the theories and practical suggestions1 which other educators of history with expertise in heritage have recently developed, my focus is more practical. It is practical in the sense that it will motivate educators to use existing content in local histories and local heritage within history curricula frameworks (in all educational phases) to serve as examples of broader trends - apart from this, heritage is also to be appreciated for its own sake as well as acting as a micro anchor and milestone from which broader historical developments evolve. In this regard my focus therefore was more on identifying historical content in past debates and research deliberations with the intention to support educators with content that they can explore inside and outside the formal classroom set-up. Therefore the discussion merely:
Gives glimpses of local history and heritage in the writing of historians and others;
Deals with one local heritage example in the classroom (to connect with the SASHT 2010 conference theme: The "how to of yours, mine and ours in a still divided community; environment"),namely the 2010 Shaka statue dehacle;
Gives some concluding suggestions on heritage, history and the History curriculum.
Although heritage topics - with their always highly debateable associations with history and memory - are not part of my daily professional focus and concern, I also from time to time stumble on their inevitable presence in the recording of local and regional history. When doing so, and also with preservation of the local environment at the back of my mind, I am more often than not aware that history educators from all the provinces, and from particular regions and localities, can do so much more to support awareness of local history2 and local heritage3 as a form of identity.4 Through practical means (for example learner assignments that can also be linked to most History curriculum themes, and are thus not "wasted") this activity could contribute to preserving local history (as a non-negotiable foundation to support the understanding and appreciation of local heritage). These inputs could eventually expand the archived memories of their own area that responsible institutions of local areas preserve or that are archived elsewhere.
The point I am also making is that local history and local heritage preservation cannot be the task only of local or national government or a limited number of local historians/heritage-preservation organisations in our country. Therefore heritage education will (and should) have a place in History curricula once History educators are willing to provide space to previously neglected or marginalised narratives as a living (intangible) or visible (tangible) heritage. Heritage is not only to be explored occasionally or mostly ignored, but must be passionately and constructively engaged with inside and outside classrooms and lecture halls (as so many educators pointed out during the SASHT 2010 conference). As heritage will always have the appearance of being in motion (and is not fixed)5 its "acknowledgement" in formal history education could and should rather be used as human experiences that support the making of any history, or as a tool contributing to the understanding of expressions of the broader past.
The professional engagement which I, and other historians, have is then to record local histories (this could be approached from various angles such as economic, religious, educational, environmental, etc.) so that History educators and others can also use these contents as fundamental historical contexts, for example in heritage assignments.
Another personal engagement (at least in this writing) is to make History educators aware of the fact that the broader History curricula of the General Education and Training (GET) and Further Education and Training (FET) phases do not "ignore" local history and local heritage. Their "useability" and "practicality" in the teaching of History curriculum themes lie in the way the History educator methodologically structures his or her theme content so that learners, for example, can understand international events through local examples, and vice versa. The rest of the discussion will be devoted to this "second" engagement, with the point of departure being some form of conceptual understanding, and then exposing history educators to some practicalities and local South African sources that they can use to enrich their local history research and heritage activities for History learners.
Views on the teaching of History by deliberating on past research into local history and local heritage by historians and others
It is generally known that perhaps no national history and memory can be representative and/or complete without considering some milestones in local historical events that sometimes contribute, or have contributed, to mind-shifting decision making at all levels of authority and in the community. Although these events may be associated only with one particular group, community, race, gender or even age group, contributions (historically recorded, or through oral/anecdotal memories or visual expressions as heritage), they remain part of the local and also the broader national history.
To my mind local history and local heritage in the 21 st century should not be ignored or "de-balkanised" (a term used by a speaker during the SASHT 2010 conference) to support notions such as "rainbow nationalism".6 Exploring local histories in the knowing, using and appreciating of heritage and history in general (but certainly for History educators exploring a history theme in a History curriculum in an all-inclusive way)7 may spontaneously pave the way for "nation building".8 Thus it is a form of open-minded approach that may perhaps contribute to another second form of identity among all, which features traces of "rainbow or liberal nationalism",9 and which could serve as a form of identity bonding of the South African nation, but does not ignore or disrespect the differences and identities of the various communities.
An appreciation of the history and heritage of all is reflected in the Preamble to the National Heritage Resources Act (Act 25 of 1999).10 The role of heritage (and per se also local heritage) is expressed in a refined and well-articulated way (I have underlined certain of the words to accentuate their importance):
Our heritage is unique and precious and it cannot be renewed. It helps us to define our cultural identity and therefore lies at the heart of our spiritual well-being and has the power to build our nation ...
So indirectly the developers of the Act have acknowledged the reality that "our heritage" can "help us" ... and "has the power" to ... NOT: "it defines a specific heritage" but simply a more moderate "it helps us to define", and NOT: it "builds our nation", BUT it "has the power to build our nation" (which means that this definition can only be applied if all the "our heritage" legacies (which also mostly have local roots) are acknowledged, are historically well recorded, respected and used or imaged through various mediums of heritage expressions (past and present).11
Because all communities and individuals have a heritage, just as they all have a past, Heritage Day in South Africa is for the "all"12 and the "us" in the country. I would like to think, without wanting to provoke an enormous conceptual debate, that history should serve as a cornerstone of representative and reliable information from which heritage activities in South African education are developed and facilitated. Heritage outcomes could then serve the purpose of leading to inventive actions and/or creativity in many forms. In the process it could even allow opportunities to assemble unique information to be unlocked (by interested experts) and preserved for future generations.
Heritage can be packaged in many forms and with many features, such as in:
Material/spiritual culture
A physical space which a group(s) occupy/ies
National values
Oral testimonies
Individual contributions/outstanding leaders
Street and place names
Artistic expressions in all their variety.
To be able then to "serve" the theme of "heritage", at least in the recently accepted South African History curriculum for schools (CAPS document), History educators will probably rely heavily on the guidance of learner and teacher textbooks. As these books can only provide direction on one theme to a limited extent, the independent-thinking History educator should explore his or her local environment and region more intensively to use the local/regional historical legacy as efficiently as possible in an educational environment.
As a start, to acquaint oneself and learners on a local topic so as to reach the heritage part, in my view searching for available information on a specific local community (close by or even elsewhere) would be one of the first obligations of the educator. Because some information on local histories is not readily accessible to some History educators, I have listed several related local history articles13 on a variety of places in South Africa (see below). They are mostly written by historians or researchers in other disciplines known to be experts in a particular field or area of research. These articles are mostly based on extensive research (and thinking), and could serve as valuable points of departure to unlock a specific local past, or to present debates on the past.
Some articles can also be used in various History curriculum themes (in a national and even international context) to provide the educator (and learners) with additional knowledge to be able to come to a more informed understanding of a theme under discussion. Once History educators have identified a few articles in the selection below that would serve their purpose, the way to obtain them would be to ask a local library to trace them through an interlibrary service or to investigate their availability through various search engines on the Internet. History societies or/and institutions that publish journals could also be approached. As a last resort the SASHT could also serve as an intermediate source to provide history educators with specific history articles or other historical information. The website www.sashtw.org.za (for subscribers) can be used for such enquiries. It is hoped that after making the effort to find sources of information on local history and local heritage in the form of articles in the four historical journals (there are more) cited here, educators will continue their research in other publications and books and use the information for its educational and historical value.
Locating local history and local heritage articles in history journals
Selections of history articles are given below which appear in four well-received journals on South African history (although they are by no means "complete sets" of local history and local heritage history). They are valuable sources of information on local history and local heritage history. The hope is that History educators will consider using those articles that they find informative for explaining the context of a particular theme, or will consider using the content in practical local history or heritage excursions as views or perspectives.
Also note that although some place names that appear in the articles may have changed after 1994, the early history of an area, monument, building, etc. remains very much intact, so most of the content is still important for exploring relics of a town's, regions or country's heritage. In the lists of selected articles below there is something worthwhile to browse through on just about every province and its regions. The journals explored are the South African Historical Journal (SAHJ); Historia; the New Contree (previously known as Contree, mainly focused on local history); and the South African Journal for Cultural History (abbreviated in this discussion as the SACJ). They are listed in random order.14
Eastern Cape
- H Giliomee. Democracy and the frontier. A comparative study of Bacon's rebellion (1676) and the Graaff-Reinet rebellion (1795-1796), SAHJ, 6(1),1974.pp.30-51.
- H Richard. Farming and politics in the Karoo, and Earstern Cape. 1910-1924, SAHJ, 12(1),1980,pp.48-64.
- A Appel. Port Elizabeth, c.1855-1875: Enkele sosio-ckonomiese aspekte, SAHJ, 16(1),1984,pp.101-117.
- W Dealing. Slavery and amelioration in the Oraalï-Rcinct Disrrict. 1823-1830, SAHJ, 27(1),1992,pp.75-94.
- R Ross. Grahamstown versus Cape Town, SAHJ, 36(1).1997.pp.277-283.
- TJ Stapleton, 'Him who destroys all': Reassessing the early career ol Faku, King ot the Mpondo, c.1818-1829, SAHJ, 38(1).1998,pp.55-78.
- DW Myburgh, The origin of towns in the Eastern Cape Midlands, Contree 4. 1978,pp. 24-29.
- KS Hunt. When the tailway came to Grahamstown, Contree, 6,1979,pp.24-28.
- S Sampson. Fort England as a military base, Contree, 8 1980.pp.16-20.
- M Rainier, Fort Donald and the Abalondolozi Regiment. Contree, 9 1981.pp.24-29.
- A Appel, Aan die Grobbelaarsrivier' - 'n greep uit die vestigingsgeskiedenis van Oudtshoorn tot 1848, Contree, 10 1981,pp.9-15.
- KS Hunt, The Grahamstown City Hall - The tale of two foundation stones. Contree, 10 1981,pp.27-31.
- OJO Ferreira, Onder-Kouga: Oorsig van 'n kontrei. Contree, 14 1983.pp.5-16.
- GL de Kock, 'n Geografiese ontleding van die eksplorasie in die sentraal-weskusgebied van Suid-Afrika, Contree 16 1984,pp.20-23.
- KS Hunt. Grahamslown's Assumption Convent, Contree, 17 1985.pp.25-28.
- HC Hummel, The month of August - An Annales approach to the history of Kowic, August 1881 to August 1914, Contree 18 1985,pp.18-26.
- EJ Inngs. Mfengu beach labour and Port Elizabeth harbor development, 1835-1870, Contree 21 1987,pp.5-12.
- JM Berning. The construction and use of Grahamstown Cathedral's towers, Contree 22 1987,pp.15-19.
- S Caldwell. Segregation and plague: King William's Town and the plague outbreaks of 1900-1907, Contree 29 1991.pp.5-10.
- HO Terblanche. Die Armblanke-vraagstuk in Port Elizabeth. 1916-1934: 'n Verkennende studie. Contree, 33 1993.pp.29-35.
- A Mabin. Capital, coal and conflict: the genesis and planning of a company town at Indwe. Contree, 34 1993,pp.21-31.
- E Nel and CM Rogerson. Incipient local economic development in the Eastern Cape. 1909-1947. Contree 37 1995.pp.1-10.
- JK Coetzee and Geofrey T Wood. The struggle for democracy in the 1980's: oral accounts of political activists involved in the insurrection in Grahamstown, Contree 38 1995.pp.9-22.
- OJO Ferreira. Kwaade Martha Ferreira van die Swarte Ommegang. SAJC, 4(4),Desember1990.pp.225-243.
- A Heroldt. The colonial municipality: A case study of Uitenhage. SAJC, 5(3),July1991.pp.79-87.
- MJ Swart & JJ Roodt. Die Port Elizabethse konsentrasiekamp. 1899-1902. SAJC, 6(2),April1992.pp.75-85.
- D Radford. The early suburbs of Grahamstown: An outline of their development/. SAJC, 6(3),July1992,pp.97-104.
- RC Fischer & J Booysen. Fortified frontier farmhouses: English precedent for rhe Eastern Cape. SAJC, 8(1).1994.pp.1-11.
- M Burden, Volksweervoorspelling in Outeniekwa. SAJC, 8(2),1994.pp.71-78.
- JC Visagie. Pieter Jacobus de Wet (1790-1843) en die voorgeskiedenis van Aliwal-Noord. SAJC, 19(2).November 2005.pp.111-126.
- E.D Gerryts, 'n Geskiedenisbrokkie afkomstig van Humansdorp Historia, 3(3),1958,p.182.
- R Snyman, 'South Africa's most unique 'house'", Historia, 6(4).1961.pp.261-265. [about Grahamstown]
- R Snyman. The history of Adelaide, Historia, 7(4).1962.pp.278-281.
- HO Terblanche. Die trek van die Afrikaner na Port Elizabeth. Historia. 22(2).1977.pp.90-107.
- JR Heaton. The dismissal of John Mitford Bowker, resident agent amongst the Gqunukwebe and Mfengu at Fort Peddie, 1836-1839. Historia. 23(2),1978,pp.112-121.
- HO Terblanche. "Louisa Meyburgh: Heldin van die Stad", Historia. 24(2).1979.pp.12-20.
- FA van Jaarsweld, 'n Afrikanerperspekrief op die Groot Trek: Simbool en ritueel, Historia. 33(2).1988.pp.11-26.
Free State
- HJ van Aswegen. Die vcrstcdcliking van die Nie-Blanke in die Oranje-Vrystaat. 1854-1902. SAHJ, 2(1).1970.pp.19-37.
- W van der Merwe. Die Berlynse sendelinge van Bethanie (Oranjc-Vrystaat) en die Kora, 1834-1856, SAHJ, 17(1).1985.pp.40-63.
- K Schoeman. Die Londense Sendinggenootskap en die San: Die stasies Toornberg en Hephzibah. 1814-1818. SAHJ, 28(1),1993.pp.221-234.
- K Schoeman. Die Londense Sendinggenootskap en die San: Die stasis Ramah, Konnah en Philippolis, 1816-1828. SAHJ, 30(1).1994.pp.132-152.
- K Schoeman, Die Londense Sendinggenootskap en die San: Die stasie Boesmanskool en die einde van die sending, 1828-1833, SAHJ, 30(1).1994.pp.85-97.
- DB Coplan. Erasing history: The destruction of Beersheba and Platberg African Christian communities in the Eastern Orange Free State. 1858-1983. SAHJ, 61(3),2009,pp.505-520.
- JC Moll. Dorpstigting in die Oranje-Vrystaat. 1854-1864, Contree. 2.1977.pp.23-28.
- AC Oberholster, Parys on the Vaal, Contree, 3,1978.pp.10-14.
- CC Eloff. Die sogenaamde verowerde gebied: Omstrede grensstreek tussen die Oranje-Vrystaat en Lesotho (Basoetoland), Contree, 4,1978,pp.4-24.
- JWN Tempelhoff, Eersteling- Bakermat van die Suid-Aftikaanse goudmynbedryf, Contree, 9 1981,pp.5-11.
- DA van der Bank. Mushroom Valley-onderstandskamp, Contree 30 1991.pp.5-9.
- H van Aswegen, Grensverhoudinge in die Noord-Westelike Transgariep: die lotgevalle van die Kora tot 1858. Contree, 33 1993,pp.19-26.
- P Erasmus. The 'Lost' South African tribe - rebirth of the Koranna in the Free-State, New Contree 50. 2005.pp.77-93.
- SM Botes. Die ou goewermentsgebou in Bloemfontein: van regeringskantore tot letterkundige museum. SAJC, 5(4).Oktober 1991.pp.143-160.
- CJP le Roux. Sandklip en sandklipkerke in die Oranje-Vrystaat. SAJC, 7(3).Junk 1993.pp.47-55.
- HJ Lubbe. Die invloed van kultuur en politick op straatnaamgewing in Bloemfontein. 1946-1986. SAJC, 8(2).1994.pp.47-53.
- SM Botes. Die soektog na Fort Drury. Bloemfontein: probleme en resultate. SAJC, 13(2),November 1999.pp.1-19
- SM Botes. Die stoommeule en bierbrouery op die tetrein van Fort Drury. Bloemfontein, 1868-1920. SAJC, 15(2).November 2001.pp.1-20.
- SM Botes. Laat-Victoriaanse invloed op die intetieur-inrigting van twee van Bloemfontein se bekendste wonings. 1880-1900. SAJC, 17(1).Junk 2003.pp.115-140.
- C Twala. "Ulundi-Kaya": The dwelling of Thomas Mtobi Mapikela in Bloemfontein (Mangaung) - its historical significance. SAJC, 18(1).June 2004.pp.63-79.
- C Twala. The Batlokoa kingdom headquarters at Nkoe/Sefate/Poqong and Joalaboholo in the Free State Province - a forgotten history? SAJC, 19(1).June 2005.pp.119-131.
- Haasbrock, Die swembadgeskiedenis van Bloemfontein. SAJC, 21(1).June,2007,pp.57-71.
- P Labuschagne, 100 years of Galloway 'Boeresport' in the Free State, SAJC, 21(2),November 2007.pp.62-80.
- C Twala, Winnie Mandela banishment house in Brandfort (Majwemasweu) - its historical significance, 1977-1985, SAJC, 22(2),November 2008.pp.66-85.
- SF Malan, John George, Fraser: Die rol van 'n Engelstalige in die Vrystaat (1840-1927), Historia, 13(2).1968.pp.113-119.
- Anon., Die gedenkposscëls van die Suid-Aftikaanse nasionale spele in Bloemfontein, Historia. 14(2).1969,pp.131-133.
- C Kros, Experiencing a century in a day: Making more of Gold Reef City. SAHJ, 29(1).1993.pp.28-43.
- E Delmont. The Voortrekker monument: Monolith to myth, SAHJ, 29(1),1993.pp.76-101.
- RM Ralinala, Countering municipal monopoly in Mamelodi: An economic struggle, 1953-1961. SAHJ, 46(1),2002,pp.203-218.
- C Dugmore. From the 'Devil's dorp' to 'Fair dorp': The transformation of Krugersdorp from a transient mining boomtown into a stable settler town. 1887 to 1905. SAHJ, 62(2),2010.pp.338-355.
- S du Preez, Die eerste bewoners van kerkplein. Pretoria. Contree. 3. 1978.pp.5-9.
- KSO Beavon & CM Rogerson. The persistence of the casual poor in Johannesburg. Contree, 7 1980.pp.15-21.
- FJ Nöthling, Behuisingskemas vir Gekleurdes in Pretoria 1900-1924. Contree 8 1980,pp.21-31.
- EJ Carruthers, The growth of local self-government in the peri-urban areas north of Johannesbutg. 1959-1969. Contree. 10 1981.pp.16-23.
- T Naidoo. The temple at Melrose. Contree. 15 1984.pp.28-30.
- AG Oberholster. Goudstad so byna 'n spookdorp, Contree, 20 1986.pp.8-10.
- ES van Eeden. Dorpsontwikkeling in die huidige munisipale gebied van Carletonville, 1937-1948. Contree, 27 1990.pp.26-30.
- A du Plessis. 'n Evaluering van staatsbetrokkenheid by die Hartebeespoortdamskema. 1914-1952. Centree. 34 1993.pp.32-38.
- G Allen. F.J. Bezuidenhout's Doornfontein: A case study in white fatmland alienation on the 19th century Wirwatersrand, Contree. 36 1994,pp.15-30.
- SM Malinga and G Verhoef. Housing in Daveyton and surrounding areas: History, theory and people's lives. 1970-1999, New Contree 48,2000.pp.5-26.
- P Möller. They also served: Ordinary South African women in an extra-ordinary struggle: The case of Erna de Villiers (Buber). New Contree 59.2010.pp.1-25. [A personality of the Vanderbijlpark-Vereeniging area]
- R van der Merwe, Changing profile: The public face of the University of Pretoria over a century, 1908-2008. New Contree. 60,2010.pp.84-112.
- FA Steytler. 'n Voorttekkermonument te Pretoria. Voorstel van Pres. Kruger op 16 Desember 1888. Historia, 3(1).1958,pp.3-7.
- JI Rademeyer, Omgewingsgeskiedenis met enkele verwysings na die vrocë geskiedenis van Heidelberg. Historia. 1960.pp.251-256.
- JWN Tempelhoff. Blanke vestiging in die distrik Soutpansberg gedurende die negentiende eeu, met besondere verwysing na die tydperk 1886-99. SAJC, 2(4).Oktober 1988.pp.268-276.
- AC van Vollenhoven. Fon Daspoortrand as deel van die fortifikasieplan van Pretoria. SAJC, 4(1).Januarie 1990.pp.8-23.
- PJJ Prinsloo. Vestigingsfases in die omgewing van Vereeniging, SAJC. 9(2).1995.pp.104-124.
- JS Bergh. "Die aanvangsjare van die Berlynse Sendingstasie Wallmannsthatal SAJC. 10(1).Mei 1996.pp.74-86.
- PJJ Prinsloo & R van Niekerk, Aspekte van die sosiale en kulturele ontwikkeling in Vereeniging, 1892-1950. SAJC, 11(1),Mci 1997.pp.94-108.
- ES van Eeden, The effect of mining development on the cultural experience of the Carletonville community, SAJC, 12(1),May 1998,pp.75-89.
- A Doucakis. Begrudged, an 1847 Suikerbosrand farm name change, SAJC. 13(1).May 1999.pp.1-15.
- S Badenhorst. 'n Ondersock na die oorblyfsels van die Irene-Weeshuis en -skool (1902-1907). SAJC,15(2).November 2001.pp41-60.
- KA Bakker et al., The "Mamelodi Rondavels" as place in the formative period of Bantu Education and in Vlakfontein (Mamelodi West). SAJC, 17(2).November 2003.pp.1-22.
- CJ van Vuuren, Ndebele place names and settlement in Pretoria. SAJC, 20(1),June 2006,pp.78-99.
- LJ Louwrens, The origin and meaning of the place name Tshwane. SAJC, 20(1),June 2006.pp.100-124.
- D du Bruyn, Oral testimonies as a source of community history, with special reference to the Batho project. Bloemfontein, SAJC, 24(2).November 2010,pp.1-24.
- D Möller-Malan. Die donker Soutpansberg, Historia, 3(1),1958,pp.47-53.
- D Möller-Malan. Die donker Soutpansberg (vervolg): Generaal Piet Joubert terug van die buiteland. Historia, 3(3).1958.pp.185-197.
- JS Bergh. Die ontstaan van Pretoria se eerste Bantoewoonbuurt. Historia, 19(1).1974.pp.40-45.
- AJ Potgieter. Die vestiging van swart woongebiede in en om Johannesburg. 1900-1933. Historia, 28(2),1983.pp.47-72.
- MS Appelgryn, Johannesburg onder die Zuid-Afrikaansche Republick, Historia. 31(2),1986,pp.3-9.
- M Hugo, Die dagboek as historiese bron - met verwysing na die dagboek van HC Bredell. Historia, 34(2),1989,pp.108-118.
- I Greeff, Two Victoria Crosses near Krugersdorp, Historia. 36(2),1991.pp.17-30.
- JS Bergh. Die vestiging van die Voortrekkers Noord van die Vaalrivier tot 1840. Historia, 37(2).1992.pp.38-47.
- ES van Eeden. AB de Villiers, H Strydom & FJ Stoch. Effects of dewatering and sinkholes on people and environment - an analysis of the Carletonville area in Gauteng, South Africa. Historia, 48(1).2003.pp.95-125.
- C Kruger and Marié van Heerden, The Voortrekker Monument Heritage Site: A new statement ot significance. Historia, 50,2,November.2005.pp.237-260.
- B Surendra, The Tolstoy farm: Gandhi's experiment in "Co-operative Commonwealth". SAHJ, 7(1).1975.pp.88-100.
- CC Saunders. The Transkeian Rebellion of 1880-81: A case-study of Transkeian resistance to white control, SAHJ, 8(1).1976.pp.32-39.
- CA Hamilton, 'An appetite for the past": The re-creation of Shaka and the crisis in popular historical consciousness, SAHJ, 22(1),1990,pp.141-157.
- J Laband, British boundary adjustments and the uSuthu-Mandlakazi conflict in Zululand. 1879-1904. SAHJ, 30(1),1994.pp.33-60.
- P Jolly. Interaction between South-Eastern San and Southern Nguni and Sotho communities c. 1400 to c. 1880, SAHJ, 35(1),1996,pp.30-61.
- B Guest. The KwaZulu-Natal regional economy in retrospect and prospect: A brief overview, SAHJ, 37(1).1997,pp.66-77.
- SM Ndlovu, "He did what any other person in his position would have done to fight the forces of invasion and disruption": Africans, the land and contending images of King Dingane ('the Patriot') in the Twentieth Century, 1916 1950s. SAHJ, 38(1),1998,pp.99-143.
- S Khan, "Children of a lesser God": Contesting South Indian Muslim identities in KwaZulu-Natal, SAHJ, 61(1),2009,pp.86-102.
- P Ferreira, Doddington Court, Durban, Contree, 1,1977,p.28.
- P Ferreira, West Street Durban 1977 (2), Contree, 4.1978.pp.30-32.
- GC Cuthbertson, A new town at Uitvlucht: The foundation and development of Pinelands: 1919-1948. Contree, 6.1979,pp.5-11.
- AJ Christopher, The Natal interior. Contree, 6,1979,pp.18-23.
- GN Claasen, Van Nazareth tot Middcelburg. Contree, 7,1980,pp.5-10.
- JB Brian. Mariannhill Monastery. 1882-1982. Contree, 13 1983.pp.27-30.
- RF Harwell. Greytown: A South African townscape. Contree. 14 1983,pp.17-19.
- A de V Minnaar, The establishment and growth of Empangeni. Contree 15 1984.pp.5-19.
- RF Harwell and RW Brown, Voorttekker Pieter Mauritz Burg. Contree 16 1984,pp.16-19.
- A de V Minnaar. Richardsbay. Contree 17 1985.pp.5-14.
- AL Muller. Coastal shipping and the early development of the Southern Cape, Contree 18 1985.pp.5-9.
- A de V Minnaar. Nagana. big-game drives and the Zululand game reserves (1890's-1950's). Contree 25 1989.pp.12-21.
- A de V Minnaar. Melmoth - the first ten years (1888-1898). Contree 26 1989.pp.26-33.
- C Hummel, Some reflections on the history of Port Alfred in the aftermath of World War II, Contree 35 1994,pp.1-10.
- J Tayler, Building railways and "building character": the model villages in Northern Natal. Contree 35 1994,pp.32-38.
- NT Sambureni. 'Listen whiteman, you have launched a war you cannot win: forced removals and the outbreak of riots in Natal, 1959-1963. Contree 38 1995.pp.23-29.
- TJ Stapleton, Gathering under the Milkwood tree: The development of Mfengu tribalism in the Eastern Cape(1878-1978). New Contree, 41 1997,pp.207-218.
- FA van Jaarsweld & GD Peckham. New historical perspectives on the Raphia Palm Monument at Mtunzini, SAJC, 3(2),April 1989.pp.77-82.
- G Mersham. The discourse of the historical television drama - the case of 'Shaka Zulu'. SAJC, 5(2).April 1991.pp.70-77.
- G Mersham, History, television and Shaka Zulu. SAJC, 5(1).January 1991.pp.10-19.
- US Küsel. Die Hermannsburgse sendelinge en hulle nageslagte in Suid-Afrika. SAJC, 6(4).September 1992.pp.134-142.
- H Smit, Die bergpasse wat Mosselbaai met die Klein-Karoo verbind - 'n historiese oorsig. SAJC, 21(2),November 2007.pp.139-158.
- JN Brink. Die prestasies van die Zoeloe-agterryer Jonas san Touder. Historia, 3(1).1958.pp.61-62.
- Anon., Die eerste blankes in Natal met spesiale verwysing na die Farewell-Tsjaka-ootcenkoms. Historia, 9(2),1964.pp.129-135.
- GS Nienaber. Ou kerkgeboue in Natal. Historia, 11(2).1966.pp.120-124.
- IM Perert. Tour of historical sites in Natal and Zululand: Natal Educational Activities Association. Historia, 11(4)1966. pp.267-272.
- SJ Maphalala, The story of compensation, silver and bronze medals for the Zulus after the Anglo-Boer War. Historia, 24(2).1979.pp.26-31.
- Anon., Die gedenkskrif van Anna Elizabeth Retief. Hiaorii. 12(4).1967.pp.265-275.
- Anon., "Die Voortrekker Uys-familie vanaf 1704. Historia, 12(4).1967.pp.276-279.
- FJ du Toit Spies. Onsekerheid in verband met die Gelofre van 1838, Historia, 33(2).1988.pp.51-62.
- S Morrow, Heritage and historically Black universities (HBU's): the view from Fort Hare". Historia, 47(2),November 2002.pp.446-456.
- JC van der Walt, Zululand true stories, 1780-1978. (Richardsbaai. 2007). Historia, 52(2).November 2007.pp.311-312.
- JWN Tempelhoff and H Nemudzihadi. Riding the storm: Makhado. Venda and the nineteenth century South African Republic (1864-1895), New Contree, 45.1999.pp.101-116.
- JA van Schalkwyk. Visuele kommunikasiemiddele: Die kleredrag van die Molepo/(Visual means of communication: The clothing of the Molepo). SAJC, Ou reeks 3(2),Julie 1986.pp.17-22;42.
- JCA Boeyens, Nuwe lig op die uitleg van Schoemansdal/ (New light on the layout of Schoemansdal). SAJC, 1(2),Junie 1987.pp.182-186.
JA van Schalkwyk, Die kultuuthistoriese betekenis van die Berlynse sendingstasies in die Blouberg-omgewing. Noord-Transvaal/(The Berlin Missionary Society in the Blouberg area of the Northern Transvaal). SAJC, 4(4).Desember 1990.pp.244-249.
- M Naudé. Oral evidence on the construction of vernacular farm dwellings in the Waterberg (Limpopo Province), SAJC, 18(1),June 2004,pp.34-62.
- R Donaldson & I van der Merwe. Apartheid urban development and transitional restructuring in Pietersburg and environs. Historia, 45(1).May 2000.pp.118-134.
- A Mabin & G Pirie. The township question at Pilgrims Rest. 1894-1922. SAHJ, 17(1).1985,pp.64-83.
- RTJ Lombard, Torbanite - 'n dorp te koop, Contree, 9 1981.p.30.
- JWN Tempelhoff. Komatipoort: Oostelike poort van Transvaal, Contree 11 1982,pp.5-18.
- C de Jong. Dullstroom. 1884-1984, Contree, 17 1985,pp.29-30.
- GH Pirie. Public administration in Pilgrims Rest. 1915-1969. Contree 19 1986,pp.27-32.
- L Wichmann, The diary of Gladys Isabel Barry: Pilgrim's Rest 1915-1930, SAJC, Old series 1(2),July 1984,pp.8-10;15.
- JW Abrie. Korrespondensie: Die familie Joubert, Elandspruit, distrik Lydenburg. SAJC, 3(1),Januarie 1986,p.45.
- C van Wyk, Die Campbell-watermeul op Pelgrimsrus/(The Campbell water-mill at Pilgrim's Rest), SAJC,(Old series),3(2),Julie 1986,pp.43-46.
- C Plug, Early scientific and professional societies in the Transvaal: Barberton 1887-1889, SAJC, 4(3),July 1990,pp.190-199.
- C Plug, Early scientific and professional societies in the Transvaal: Barberton 1887-1889. SAJC, 4(3).July I990.pp.190-199.
- JFT Bartmann. Woningbou in Pelgrimsrus (1873-I971), SAJC, 4(4).Desember 1990,pp.203-215.
- JFT Bartmann. Pelgrimsrus en die Anglo-Boereoorlog (1899-1902), SAJC, 5(2),April 1991.pp.41-51.
- I Plug & C. Van Wyk-Rowe, The recent past in bone: Faunal remains from the kitchen middens of an early 20th century residence. Pilgrim's Rest. SAJC, 8(2).1994,pp.43-46.
- M Naudé, Vernacular stone buildings and structures on farmsteads in the southern districts of the Mpumalanga Province, SAJC, 14(2),November 2000,pp.31-63.
- AC van Volllenhoven & AJ Pelser. The re-assessment of the Albasini ruins, Kruger National Park, South Africa, SAJC, 23(2).November 2009.pp.99-126.
- DW Hoffmann, Die magasyn op Lydenburg Historia, 3(3),1958,p.1.
- MD Steyn, Gedenksaaltjie op Middelburg, Transvaal. Historia, 7(1).1962.
- Anon., Uit die briewe van Antony de Vletter, huisonderwyser, staatmakcr, in diens van die 'Nieuwe Republiek', wildjagter, gouddelwer, eerste onderwyser en posmeester van Dullstroom, 1882-1888, Historia, 7(2),1962,pp.106-120.
- AP van der Merwe, Plaastoekenning en plaasname in die omgewing van Ohrigstad en Oos-Transvaal, Historia, 9(1),1964.pp.53-58.
- F Malunga. Foreign African migrant labour at the Messina copper mines. Historia, 47(1),2002.pp.270-290.
- JA du Pisani & JJ Hugo, 'n Hongaarse entrepreneur, in die ZAR: AH Nellmapius se vervoerskema na Delagoabaai. 1874-1983. Historia, 52(2).November 2007.pp.83-111.
Northern Cape
- JJ Marais, Carnarvon: Oorsig van die geskiedenis van die dorp en distrik. Contree, 1.1977,pp.16-20.
- E. Immelman. Die St John-Anglikaanse Kerk, Victoria-Wes, Contree, 1,1977.p.29.
- JCS van der Merwe. Vanwyksvlei: 'n Streekshistoriese skets, Contree, 6,1979,pp.12-17.
- PHR Snyman. Ontstaan en groei van Postmasburg. Contree, 13,1983,pp.4-26.
- PHR Snyman. Daniëlskuil - Die tronk mite. Contree, 17.1985.pp.21-24.
- PHR Snyman. Die Langeberg-Rebellie en die totstandkoming van Olifantshoek. Contree, 19.1986.pp.16-26.
- PHR Snyman, Die rol van sendelinge, die owerheid en ekonomiese faktore in die ontstaan van Kuruman, 1886-1913. Contree, 22.1987.pp.5-14.
- M Broodryk. Die ontwikkeling van Boesmanland gedurende die negentiende eeu, Contree, 30.1991,pp.29-35.
- A Mabin. Visiting our urban past: the Kimberley mine and Pilgrims Rest Museums. Contree 36.1994,pp.31-41.
- JJ Oberholster & B Humphreys, Die Campbell Sendingkerkie. Historia, 6(4),1961,235-248.
North West
- JEH Grobler. Jan Viljoen, the South African Republic and the Bakwena. 1848-1882. SAHJ, 36(1),1997.pp.240-255.
- F Morton, Cattleholders. Evangelists and socioeconomic transformation among the BaKgatla of Rustenburg district, 1863-1898, SAHJ, 38(1),1998,pp.79-98.
- JG Orford, A street called boom - Some glimpses of pioneer Klerksdorp. Contree, 2,1977.pp.14-16.
- GN van den Bergh, Machaviestat 1839-1889: Potchefstroom se eerstc swart woonbuurt. Contree, 34 1993,pp.1-10.
- J Bottomley, The death of trooper Alexander Aberline, F Squadron, NSW Imperial Bushmen at Lichtenburg 2 October 1900, New Contree, 50,2005.pp.59-75.
- T Graham. Boschdal, Robinson, and Schoch: A triad out of Rustenburg/(Boschdal, Robinson en Schoch: 'n Rustenburgse drietal). SAJC, 1(2),June 1987,pp.156-162.
- CJ van Vuuren. Die Hoëveldboer en die Ndebelestamskool. SAJC, 1(2).Junie 1987.pp.163-169.
- EL Buys. Die kommersiële drukkers- en uitgewersbedryf in Potchefstroom (1857-1902). SAJC, 4(2),April 1990.pp.88-95.
- GN van den Bergh, Die watermeulens van Potchefstroom. 1874-1888, SAJC, 7(4).September 1993.pp.87-99.
- WJ Pretorius, Totemism and historical development of poetry in the Sotho languages with special reference to the Kwena totem. SAJC, 21(2).November 2007.pp.43-61.
- ES van Eeden. & PJJ Prinsloo, Buisfontein: 'n Ryke pionierserfenis vanmeleë as toekomstige toeriste-aantreklikheid. SAJC, 22(1).Junie/June 2008.pp.1-22.
HM Rex, Die Kruger-huis op Boekenhoutfontein. nr 336, Distrik Rustenburg. Historia, 1(1),1956.62-76.
Western Cape
- P de Klerk, Streeksgeskiedskrywing en koloniale verhoudinge: Die Wes-Kaapse platteland en die Karoo, New Contree, 58.2009,pp.1-37.
- D Sleigh. Die naam van Constantia/(The name of Constantia). SAJC, Ou reeks 2(2),Julie 1985.pp.4-7.
- J Walton, Early Cape lime-kilns, SAJC, 1(1),March 1987,pp.23-25.
- GL de Kock & J Brand, Historiese dorpsbeeld van Stellenbosch. SAJC, 2(1).Januarie 1988.pp.1-6.
- EP Engel, Die plump dames van Stellenbosch - die simboliese betekenis van 'n wyserplaat. SAJC, 3(4).Oktober 1989,pp.333-336.
- H Fransen. Die Kaapse 'preekkerk' en sy oorsprong SAJC, 3(4).Oklober 1989.pp.314-324.
- PW Grobbelaar. Noordwes-Kaapse volksverlelkuns. SAJC, 5(3).Julie 1991.pp.106-112.
- MHC du Preez. Die Lucas-tabak van Piketberg, SAJC, 5(4).Oktober 1991,pp.169-173.
- MHC du Preez. Rachel de Beer en die spookmeisie van Uniondale. SAJC, 9(2).1995.pp.125-131.
- S le Roux. Presedente vir die Kaapse moskee I [available up to series IV]: Agtergrond vir die gebou as hisioriese teks. SAJC. 10(1).Mei 1996.pp.44-59.
- M Olivier. The role of the tea-table in the daily lives of rural colonial woman as observed by visitors to the Cape, SAJC, 11(1).May 1997.pp.13-26.
- R Marks & M Bezzoli. The urbanism of District Six. SAJC, 11(1).May 1997.pp.48-69.
- JG van der Merwe, 'n Verkenning van die vryetydsbesteding onder die Maleise slave aan die Kaap. SAJC, 11(2),November 1997,pp.23-29.
- JT Kemp. Greylon - a unique Overberg village. SAJC, 14(1),June 2000.pp.41-66.
- S le Roux. Vryknegte in die Kaapse boubedryf. SAJC, 14(2).November 2000.pp.64-82.
- RA Laing. Stained glass at the Cape during the DEIC period, SAJC, 15(1).June 2001,pp.74-84.
- JT Kemp, The oak tree in history and its legacy in the Western Cape. SAJC. 16(2).November 2002.pp.66-93.
- L Rabe. Taal as identiteit - Die "Duitsc" Afrikaanssprekende gameenskap Philippi, SAJC, 17(2),November 2003,pp.46-68.
- F Fairer-Wessels, A literary pilgrimage to Robben Island as inspired by Nelson Mandela's Long walk to freedom. SAJC, 9(2).November 2005.pp.1-16.
- H Claassens & F Pretorius, Die bydrae van Jan van Riebeeck tot die verskeidenheid groente en vrugte aan die Kaap. 1652-1662. SAJC, 20(2).November 2006.
- G Groenewald, Slavery and the church in the Stellenbosch district during the eighteenth century, SAJC, 24(2),November 2010.pp.25-36.
- L Rabe. Living history - the story of Adderley Street's (lower sellers, SAJC, 24(1),June 2010.pp.83-104.
WJ de Kock. Slaves and slave regulations at the Cape: 1806-1834. Historia, 3(3).1958.
- NA Coetzee, Jacobus Coetsee: Die boerepionier van Groot Namakwaland. Historia, 3(3).1958,pp.169-178.
- M Boucher, Ex Glande Quercus, Bishop Griffith at the Cape: The Catholic background (1803-1837) and the first frontier 'visitation' of 1838, Historia, 11(4),1966.245-255.
- M W Spilhaus. The story of Ryk Tulbach III. Historia, 17(1). 1972. pp. 4-11 [Editions I-II are not cited but can be retrieved in earlier Historia editions].
- C Pretorius. Die verhaal van Anna Marais en die slaaf Claas van Bengalen. Historia. 24(1),1979.pp.42-49.
- M Boucher. The voyage of a Cape slaver, Historia, 24(1).1979.pp.50-58.
- A Appel. Die ontginning van die inheemse houtbosse op die Kaapse Skiereiland, 1652-1795. Historia 22(2).1977.pp.141-151.
-J Raubenheimer, Die Hugenote-gedenkgebou, Koningin Victoriastraat 48. Kaapstad. Historia, 25(1).1980.pp.28-31.
It is noticeable that a very limited number of articles have been written on the local history and heritage of some of the provinces. To find out why this is so would require time and space, and would be part of another whole debate on the need for more local history research.
Perhaps an argument could be made that some of the articles suggested above may be very outdated and only serve to discuss a particular group. However, there is not sufficient reason to ignore them, as they are valuable for understanding and explaining local histories and aspects of heritage. History should thrive on multiple perspectives to help readers to come to an informed understanding of events. Avoiding some perspectives in some articles can just lead to another way of becoming one-sided or ignorant.
Creative educators may wish to explore other sources that contextualise heritage and the heritage history of some groups in South Africa in a national or wider context. In this regard a few articles have been identified from the aforementioned journals that may be of value.
- C Kross. Tokens of the past? SAHJ, 29(1).1993,pp.3-4.
- TA Dowson & JD Lewis-Williams, Myths, museums and Southern African rock art, SAHJ, 29(1),1993.pp.44-60.
- A Ncttleton. Arts and Africans: Hierarchies of material culture. SAHJ. 29(1).1993.pp.61-75.
- J Deacon. Archacological sites as national monuments in South Africa: A review of sites declared since 1936, SAHJ, 29(1),1993.pp.118-131.
- V Bickford-Smith & R Mendelsohn, Film and history studies in South Africa revisited: Representing the African past on screen, SAHJ, 48(1).2003.pp.1-9.
- D Morris. Rock art as source and resource: Research and responsibility towards education, heritage and tourism, SAHJ, 49(1).2003.pp.193-206.
- S Marschall, "Transforming the landscape of memory: The South African commemorative effort in international perspective". SAHJ, 55(1),2006,pp.165-185.
- A Grundlingh, "Revisiting the 'Old' South Africa: Excursions into South Africa's tourist history under Apartheid, 1948-1990", SAHJ, 56(1),2006,pp.103-122.
- A van der Vlies. 'Local' writing. 'Global' reading, and the demands of the 'Canon': The case of Alan Paton's Cry. the Beloved Country. SAHJ, 55(1).2006.pp.20-32.
- H Ludlow, Using local history to apprentice undergraduate students into the practices of the histotian. SAHJ, 57(1).2007,pp.201-219.
- S Marschall. "Pointing to the dead: Victims, maityrs and public memory in South Afiica". SAHJ, 60(1).2008, pp.103-123.
- BB Maaba. Challenges to repatriation and preservation of tangible heritage in South Afiica: Black art and the experiences of the Ifa lerthu Foundation. SAHJ, 60(3).2008.pp.500-513.
- T Simpson. 'Umkhonto we Sizwe. We are waiting for you: The ANC and the township uprising. September 1984 - September 1985. SAHJ, 61(1),2009.pp.158-177.
- Mark Ingle, Community-based conservation: Intrinsic versus extrinsic values. New Contree, No.51(May 2006).pp.115-131.
- JC Moll. Drie Suid-Afrikaanse provinsies kry 'n Afrika aanskyn: Die motiewe vir en proses van naamsverandering van Gauteng, Limpopo en Mpumalanga ('n koerantstudie). New Contree 52,2006,127-147.
- AE Duffey, Ruiteimonumente in Suid-Afrika, SAJC, Ou reeks 1(1),Januarie 1984,pp.28-30.
- PH Kapp. Onlstaan en ontplooiing van die Afrikaanse kultuur I. SAJC, Ou reeks 1(2).Julie 1984.pp.27-30.
- PH Kapp. Ontstaan en ontplooiing van die Afrikaanse kultuur II, SAJC, Ou reeks 2(1),Januarie 1985,pp.11-13.
- J Claassen. Functional and symbolic use of domes and arches in some examples of South African religious architecture, SAJC, 1(2),June 1987,pp110-120.
- J Grobler, Ontspanning in die Suid-Afrikaanse swart gemeenskap: 'n Kultuurhistoriese perspektief, SAJC, 1(4),Desember 1987.pp.321-337.
- GJ Nieuwoudt, Leuses van Transvaalse skoolwapens, SAJC, 4(2),April 1990,pp.102-105.
- GG Cillié, Afrikaanse liederwysies - 'n besondere erfenis. SAJC, 5(1).Januarie 1991.pp.19-28.
- D Radford. The carriage house and stables in South African domestic architecture. SAJC, 5(4),October 1991.pp.135-142.
- PW Grobbelaar. 'Wat maak oom Kalie daar?': Die verhaal van 'n volksdeuntjie. SAJC, 6(3).Julie 1992.pp.112-117.
- SJ Jooste. Die betekenis van die Britse regimentsorkeste vir die Suid-Afrikaanse musieklewe van die negentiende ceu. SAJC, 9(1).1995.pp.38-48.
- RC Fischer. Three iconologies of the boer dwelling, SAJC, 10(1).May 1996.pp.31-43.
- LA Changuion. Die lewe in die Groenpuntkrygsgevangekamp rydens die Anglo-Boereoorlog, 1899-1902, SAJC, 10(2),November 1996.pp.55-71.
- CJ van Vuuren. Horses, carts and taxis: Transportation and marginalization in three South African communities. SAJC, 13(1),May 1999.pp.90-103.
- J Hattingh & A Wessels, Life in the British blockhouses during the Anglo-Boer War, 1899-1902, SAJC, 13(2),November 1999.pp.39-55.
- AC van Vollenhoven, Die kenmerke en herkoms van die volkslied, Sarie Marais, SAJC, 14(1),Junie 2000,pp.92-109.
- A van Vollenhoven & JW van den Bos, 'n Eerste fase ondersoek na die Britse blokhuisstelsel van die Anglo-Boereoorlog (1899-1902) in die Transvaal (Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek). SAJC, 14(2).November 2000,pp.94-112.
- S Marshall, learning from the African vernacular: A practical application of the African renaissance?, SAJC, 15(1),June 2001.pp.1-15.
- M Burden & T Weil. Die interaksie tussen Jood en Afrikaanssprekende op die Suid-Afrikaanse platteland, 1880-1950, SAJC, 16(2),November 2002,pp.94-109.
- H Raath. Oorsprong van die term hartbeeshuis. SAJC, 17(2),November 2003.pp.78-94.
- FP Verster, & M Burden. Die spotprente van T.O. Honiball: 'n Kultuurhistoriese waardebepaling. SAJC, 19(1).Junie 2005.pp.1-17.
- FP Verster, Die strokiesreekse van T.O. Honiball: Kaspaas versus Kalie. SAJC, 19(2).November 2005.pp.72-88.
- SJ Jooste. Excerpts and aneedotes of cullural-historical interest from the history of wind music in South Africa (c. 1770-1900). SAJC, 19(2),November 2005,pp.89-110.
- H Haath. Oorsprong van die Suid-Afrikaanse bootvormige hartbeces- of dakhuis. SAJC, 19(2),November 2005,pp.168-189.
- WJ Pretorius, Wedersydse kulturele verryking in die ontwikkelingsgang van Afrikkans en die Afrikatale in Suid-Afrika. SAJC, 22(1),Junie 2008,pp.85-111.
- J Strauss, Die skoolmuseum. Historia, 3(1).1958.pp.54-56.
- JH van den Berg, 'n Interessante sportsoort uit die ou dae. Historia, 4(2),1959,p.137.
- AAJ van Niekerk. Pogings om 'n klaskamermuseum vir Geskiedenis op te bou. Historia, 6(1),1961.pp.51-54.
- Anon., Historiese gedenkwaardighede. Historia, 10(1).1965,pp.35-40.
- DC Grobler, Die Long Toms. Wat het van hulle geword?, Historia. 10(3),1965.pp.186-191.
- E Miles. Die Skilderwerk van Maggie Laubser. Historia, 10(3).1965.pp.192-200.
- SH Pelissier, Die graf van Antjie Scheepers. Historia, 10(4),1965,pp.293-298.
- R van Graan. Die werk van David Canty en die plek daarvan in die Suid-Afrikaanse landskapskilderkuns. Historia, 13(1).1968.pp.47-54.
- SH Pelissier. Die graf van Isak leeuboud. Historia, 13(3).1968,pp.192-197.
- M & E Schoonraad. 'n Ontluikende kunstenaar. Walter Westbrook, Historia, 13(3),1968,pp.198-202.
- FA van Jaarsveld. 'n Feeslied, gedig in die jaar 1838. Historia, 13(4)1968.pp.246-248.
- M Schoonraad. Dr JH Pierneef: Biografiese skets en sy belangstelling in die rolskuns. Historia, 14(2),1969,pp.118-130.
- EP Engel, Die skilderye van Boudin in Suid-Afrika, Historia, 18(3),1973.pp.195-199.
- CAR Schulenburg, Boerekrygsgevangenes van Bermuda II: Begrafplaas op eiland, Historia, 24(1).1979.pp.20-41.
- SM Ndlovu, Heritage routes for the liberated South Africans: using oral history to reconstruct unsung heroes' and heroines' routes into exile in the 1960s, Historia, 47(2),November 2002,pp.479-510.
- G Allen. "The case of the volkscustodian and the professor: heritage versus history". Historia, 47(2),November 2002,pp.399-420.
- C Kross, Heritage vs history: the end of a noble tradition? Historia, 48(1),2003.pp.326-336.
Occasionally history journals that mostly focus on South African history also publish research on other areas in southern Africa because of the interconnectedness of the histories of neighbouring countries. A few research articles have been found in (he four history journals, bur more could probably be identified in other journals covering Africa and specifically southern Africa.
Southern Africa
- DN Beach. The Adendorff Trek in Shona History. SAHJ. 3(1).1971.pp.30-48.
- T Keegan. The dynamics of a South African kingdom: Nineteenth century Lesotho reassessed. SAHJ, 30(1).1994.pp.109-120.
- AB Smith, The Kalahari Bushmen Debate: Implications for Archaeology of Southern Africa, SAHJ, 35(1),1996,pp.1-15.
- J Wright, Sonqua, Bosjesmans, Bushmen, abaThwa: Comments and Queries on Pre-Modern Identifications. SAHJ, 35(1),1996,pp.16-29.
- EA Maré. Batalha as 'n heilige plek (Batalha as a sacred place), SAJC, 3(2),April 1989.pp.93-108.
- Anon., Discovery of the Zimbabwe ruins. Historia, 9(2).1964.pp.126-128.
- GC Mazarite, "Oral traditions as heritage: the historiography of oral historical research on the Shona communities of Zimbabwe. Some methodological concerns". Historia, 7(2).November 2002.pp.421-445.
A few links are given below regarding some other local and national sources that accommodate history and heritage:
http://www.sawestcoast.com/history.html (on the Griqua)
http://www.cederberg.com/rockart.php (on the San or Bushmen)
Building a family tree:
Information from heritage organisations can also be used for assignments on local history and heritage:
South African National Heritage Council: http://www.nac.org.za/
South African Heritage Resouce Agency: http://www.sahra.org.za/
Museums, Monuments and Galleries in South Africa:
Lastly, here are some sources on heritage in South Africa retrieved from the Scirus.com search engine:
JD Snowball & S Courrney, Cultural heritage routes in South Africa: Effective tools for heritage conservation and local economic development, Development South Africa, 27(4),210,pp563-576.
S Marshall, Reordering the past: Monuments and architectural heritage in Post-Apartheid South Africa, Repenser les limites : l'architecture à travers l'espace, le temps et les disciplines, Paris, INHA (« Actes de colloques »), 2005. Available at: http://inha.revues.org/1691 of Collections électroniques de I'INHA.
Ciraj Rassool, 'The rise of heritage and reconstitution of history in South Africa', Kronos. Journal of Cape History, 26,(2000),1-21.
The Yesterday&Today, from 1981 as "Gister en Vandag/Yesterday and Today" also hosts a number of heritage related articles.
Dealing with a local heritage example in the classroom (to connect with the SASHT 2010 conference theme: The "how to of yours, mine and ours in a still divided community; environment"):
In the Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statement (CAPS) plan of the South African Department of Education, released as a draft in late 2010, the Intermediate Phase learner (Grades 4 to 6) is exposed to local history and some familiar examples of local history, but they are represented as contributions on a national level. The Mapungubwe and Zulu Kingdoms (the latter after 1860) serve as examples. Only in the FET phase (Grade 10) are learners introduced to groups in various local regions of South Africa as part of the topics:
Transformations in southern Africa after 1750 (the example of Shaka later in this discussion was developed from this topic).
Colonial expansion after 1750.
The topic outlines for Grades 11 and 12, as far as South African history is concerned, build on a selection of the history topics to which learners in the lower grades were broadly introduced. In all topics it is possible to use local and local heritage histories in comparative ways to gain a better understanding of a particular national/international topic. Perhaps workshops on how to understand and teach local history and local heritage history should be invested by the DoE in conjunction with historians and the SASHT in future. To explain in a simple way what I mean when I say that the value of local history and local heritage in all curriculum topics should not be underestimated, I brainstormed some of the Grade 10 topics on a few possibilities of linking the current international topics ONLY with some of South Africa's local histories so as to progress towards a local understanding of a national and/ or internationally related topic (obviously a topic can also be approached by starting from the local and proceeding to the national):
The 2010 Shaka statue debacle
The Grade 10 curriculum deals with aspects of how the AmaZulu leader Shaka has been remembered. Learners are challenged and invited to discuss the question in Topic 4: Transformations in southern Africa after 1750. This is done by asking questions such as:
How has Shaka been portrayed - past and present (or representations of Shaka)?
What sources/evidence are there for our histories of Shaka?
Why was Shaka portrayed in this way?
These questions have been raised because in the last thirty years or so the statue of Shaka still sparks interest among South Africans, the Zulu people in particular, and many others worldwide who have an interest in the AmaZulu kingdom and its history. By 2010 the perception was that Shaka's image is still well recognised, as he has for years been idolised in a popular film and through a wide variety of other media.16 2 His image as a person has also been honoured by naming places and buildings after him. Among others there are the uShaka Marine World - an aquatic theme park that opened in 2004 in Durban - and the King Shaka International Airport at Durban which opened in May 2010. In the new CAPS History curriculum for Grade 10, which deals specifically with this local and regional history, including its interconnectedness with South Africa and southern Africa's history, educators are challenged to consider past and recent interpretations of the history of Shaka's leadership of the AmaZulu. Also to be valued is Shaka's image as it relates to heritage and legacy histories, such as his image in individualistic thinking and/or various artistic expressions, which may or may not complement the most recent historical research, but which still rely on selective or perhaps skewed past memory. One example that could provoke an interesting debate, considering recent historical research, combined with perceptions of Shaka's image created by observers, past writers and oral tradition, is the dismantling of the sculpture of Shaka just weeks after its unveiling in May 2010 at King Shaka airport in Durban. To my mind this outcome also requires extensive debate by practitioners of history and institutions and groups concerned with preserving the country's heritage. It was mentioned earlier that heritage mostly appears to be in motion and is not fixed (this implies that it can be a heritage built on informed/uninformed or skewed/transformed images or expressions of a specific past). I would like to repeat that the "acknowledgement" of heritage in formal history education could and should rather be used as human experiences (we may even add perceptions) that support the making of any history, or as a tool contributing to the understanding of expressions of the broader past that feature tangible and intangible heritage. Acknowledgement of the variety of expressions we categorise as heritage also leads to other debates on human rights, such as the right of expression and to what extent any form of political ideology can interfere or intervene.
For the purposes of our example, the focus will be on the dismantled sculpture which is a tangible heritage expression of King Shaka, respected as a leader of the AmaZulu in present-day KwaZulu-Natal. A few newspaper reports are provided below as sources of expressions of the representativeness of the 2010 Shaka sculpture on Shaka as a leader. Excerpts from recent research by historians are also provided (and should be further explored) to support a more informed and deliberated point of view.
Snippet about the Shaka sculpture:
A very interesting recent portrayal was the unveiling of a sculpture of Shaka on 8 May 2010 at the new King Shaka International Airport in Durban (35 kilometres north of the Durban city centre at the request and with the funding of the Dube Trade Port close to the airport. The sculpture was created by Andries Botha. The bronze sculpture of King Shaka without a spear is accompanied by sculptures of Nguni cattle, which therefore differs from past images of Shaka as an intrepid, merciless warrior. Botha thus dropped the previous lionised image of Shaka as a warrior.
Perhaps also important to note is that Botha's sculpture was created in honour of Shaka at the King Shaka International Airport. Although the statue was unveiled in May 2010 as part of the FIFA World Cup activities, the statue was dismantled on 13 June 2010 because some members of the Zulu royal house raised concerns about its true reflection of Shaka.
If I were the educator of a group of Grade 10 learners, I would have developed a history assignment as well as a heritage assignment from the section on Shaka in Topic 4 of the curriculum.
History assignment
In the history assignment (based on recent historical research and discussions) the following two criteria would have been included to inform the learners of Shaka's legacy:
Read the following excerpts (and explore the discussions on Shaka in more recent history sources) to compile your 21st century image of Shaka:
Of all the books written on Shaka and the Zulu, E. A. Ritter's "Shaka Zulu" (1955) is almost certainly the most widely read. It remains the only substantial so-called 'biography' of Shaka ... Historians who doubt Ritter's veracity, and quibble about his fictionalising, or who no longer wish to cite him as a source at all, unquestioningly incorporate assertions or episodes found nowhere outside "Shaka Zulu"... Ritter's use of written sources is ... extremely limited and selective, even disingenuous, and his evocation of oral traditions so dubious as to be practically useless to the historian... Ritter, while clearly working within a 'great man' paradigm of history, paradoxically attempts to decentre Shaka as cause of a sub-continental wave of violence (the 'mfecane', a term Ritter himself does not use), while lionising his nation-building personality. The defence is based partly on chronology, partly on Ritter's overriding concern to present a more sympathetic protagonist: 'by no conceivable stretch of the imagination can Shaka be blamed for the devastations' of the early 1800s; these were largely Zwide's and other 'desperadoes'" doing, while the empire builder Shaka 'destroyed only in order to rebuild'.
Source: Dan Wylie, "A dangerous admiration: E.A. Ritter's Shaka Zulu", South African Historical Journal, 28(1),1993,pp.98-118.
John Wright's [understanding] of the Zulu kingdom under Shaka as a defensive, reactive state - as opposed to an aggressive, predatory state [has not been] challenged ... the Zulu state was just one of a number of states that were consolidating themselves in response to external pressures. It was not the barbaric war-machine stereotyped in the colonial literature. Nor was it the product of dynamic, heroic nation-building, as Zulu nationalists would have us believe ...
Source: Paul Maylam, "The death of the Mfecane?" South African Historical Journal, 25(1)1 1991,pp.163-166.
A popularization of the mfecane as concept followed the publication of John Omer-Cooper's "The Zulu Aftermath" in 1966 ... he interpreted the violence and migrations on the subcontinent between the 1810s and 1830s as African state-building - completely independent of European influence - driven by the explosion of Shaka's Zulu state ... Throughout the nineteenth century, the notion of Shaka as the motor of subcontinental violence had been increasingly entrenched in settler writing and culture ...
Source: Alan Webster, "The Mfecane paradigm overthrown, South African Historical Journal, 25(1)1 1991,pp.170-172.
An important aspect of [historian] Julian Cobbing's radical critique of the 'mfecane as the pivotal concept of the history of southern Africa in the nineteenth century is the claim that the image of Shaka-as-monster' was an alibi invented by Europeans in the 1820s to mask their slaving activities. Reconsideration of this claim reveals that it is based on the misuse of evidence and inadequate periodisation of the earliest representations of Shaka. [An] Examination of the image of Shaka promoted by the Port Natal traders in the 1820s reveals that, with two highly specific exceptions which were not influential at the time, the traders' presentation of Shaka was that of a benign [kind] patron. It was only in 1829, after the Zulu king's death that European representations began to include a range of atrocity stories regarding Shaka. These were not invented by whites but drew on images of Shaka already in place amongst the African communities of Southern Africa...
Source: Carolyn Anne Hamilton, "'The character and objects of Chaka': A reconsideration of the making of Shaka as 'Mfecane' motor", The Journal of African History, 1992,33,pp.37-63.
Shaka for long [was regarded as] the Attila of Africa in popular historical writings ... A wider movement [developed] for the rehabilitation of the image of the Zulu monarch ... By the early 1980s, the Inkatha leader, Gatsha Buthclezi, was describing Shaka as a walking, living, human miracle, a spiritual colossus who passed on great ideals to the Zulu nation and a 'legend of human endurance, tenacity and singleness of purpose'. He [Buthelezi] called on university history departments to correct the grossly distorted image of King Shaka as a bestial, insane tyrant', and blamed this picture on the writings of the earliest white visitors to the Zulu kingdom ... Shaka emerged as an astute leader ... somewhat lacking in human warmth ... When Buthelezi, in a speech containing over thirty invocations of history ... he is investing autonomy and power in 'history' itself, and not in the producers of historical accounts ...
Source: CA Hamilton, "An appetite for the past': The re-creation of Shaka and the crisis in popular historical consciousness", South African Historical Journal, 22(1990),pp.141-157.
Compare the image of Shaka (see image A below) and the recent one by Andries Botha (image B) and try to find all the differences and similarities.
Heritage assignment
In the heritage assignment (based on the newspaper sources on the 2010 Shaka sculpture which are provided below, and more responses traced by-learners on the Internet) the questions that follow could be debated to provide learners with the present-day views of people and to give them the opportunity and freedom to express their own views on events such as the example under discussion (after having considered the recent historical research):
... So His Majesty [King Goodwill Zwelithini] thinks the founder of the [Zulu] nation looks like a sissy boy and not a ferocious warrior ... How can matters in a democracy be settled purely on a whim? ... Now we are lumped with a 20-ton, R1.5 m problem on the side of the highway, where it will remain, badly hidden beneath shade cloth, until a few comrades are appeased. The thing is ... art and history [are] subjective. Their interpretation will always be contested ...
Source: G Arde, "We could quickly fill parks with monuments to stupidity", Sunday Tribune, 6 June 2010.
Andries Botha's sculpture of King Shaka is a thought-provoking, stirring and inspirational rendition that raises Shaka above the clichéd, colonial stereotype as the 'noble savage' and places this leader squarely in the vernacular of the 21st century: a Renaissance man who was a warrior in the pursuit of his dreams, yet a courageous visionary who understood that the dream is about laying down one's weapons - and was that not also the genius of Nelson Mandela? Removing this sculpture was an outrageous and tragic act of vandalism that desecrated all the cultural values in our constitution and that we upheld with suffering and sacrifice during the time of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission.
Source: T Charter, "Removal of King Shaka statue an act of vandalism", The Mercury, 21 June 2010.
[Sculptor Andries Botha] ... said it was a pity the issue [his interpretation of the Shaka statue] had become racialised. 'Mine is not a white Afrikaner interpretation', it's a South African interpretation, although I am rooted in a poor white, working-class tradition and I'm proud of that. 'I am an independent thinker and I have the ability to reason and to shift my beliefs in consultation with others.' The image of Shaka is a very complex one that comes from a rich cultural tradition ... It is a pastoral image many South Africans can identify with. A herd boy can become a leader, we all know that. A simple carpenter can be God. 'The role of the artist is consultative, but also interpretative and independent. It's not reflective of a collective or dominant world view ... the fact that artists can have autonomy is a reflection of a healthy democracy ... With regard to Shaka, I had a conversation with a competent historian from UKZN who is far more qualified than I am to interpret Shaka. I spent hours talking to the poet laureate Mazisi Kunene on his epic Emperor Shaka the Great, so I fully acknowledged my limitations and moved accordingly.' Botha said Dube Trade Port had endorsed his version of Shaka, pointing to his shield and spear. 'This affirms his military prowess and the fact that he forged a unified nation. His herd, apart from the significance of cattle in Zulu culture, was meant to symbolise trade and the fact that Shaka was a 'global visionary.' Botha said there were no pictures of Shaka to consult, so his work obviously relied on interpretation. But he had purposely steered away from representing Shaka negatively as a ferocious military dictator. 'This image is a stereotype that fails to register the complexity of the African culture and spiritual world view' ... 'I deeply respect the Kings [Goodwill Zwelithini] commitment to the cultural significance of Shaka's image and his guardianship of that image, but I don't know what that image is. I will respect his interpretation, but don't believe it should dominate'...
Source: G Arde, "Boet's philosophy", News & Views, 6 June 2010.
An expression by a group, or perhaps an individual, at the spot where the Shaka statue was unveiled before it was dismantled. The note next to the flower reads: In memory of the Shaka sculpture that was removedfrom this place
Question 1
Give a one-sentence overview of the author's/creator's sentiment raised or expressed in each of the sources.
Question 2
List the arguments in sources A to C that you: 2.1) can associate with, and/or: 2.2) dissociate from, giving a proper motivation based on what you have learned so far in History about Shaka (1 page max.).
Question 3
In source B the author also responded by stating that: "Removing this sculpture was an outrageous and tragic act of vandalism ..." Why is the author of such an opinion and how will this "act" (which reflects disrespect towards the interpretation of the artist on an aspect of South Africa's heritage) and thinking be considered by, for example, the following groups of people in future?:
3.1) Historians/writers of history
3.2) Heritage artists
3.3) Politicians
3.4) Members of the community.
Lastly, mention that this heritage assignment can even include a visit to places associated with Shaka's childhood, his activities as a warrior and places commemorating his legacy. If travel and funding are problems, explore an example of an outstanding or disputed leadership closer to your locality, and deal with the content discussion in a similar way as was done with King Shaka.
Heritage, History and the history curriculum: some concluding suggestions
The key purpose of the discussion in this article was to remind history educators of, and introduce them to, the exciting opportunities and challenges of local histories in the knowledge, use and appreciation of heritage and history in History curricula. Several examples of local history sources, reflecting the nine provinces of South Africa, were listed to explore their content value in History curricula, and also to consider their historical value when assignments on heritage are the focus. From the possibilities offered as examples of assignments (including the questions), the hope is that History educators will sufficiently emphasise the value of extensive historical research to complement and acknowledge South Africa's heritage legacies and expressions in their tangible and intangible forms.
1 For valuable theory on heritage and debates on whether history should be associated with heritage, etc. consult, among others, the following sources: JD Snowball & S Courtney, Cultural heritage routes in South Africa: F.ffectivc tools for heritage conservation and local economic development? Development Southern Africa, 27(4),October 2010,pp.563-576; N Sheperd, "Heritage", in N Sheperd and S Robins (Eds.), New South African keywords (Jacana, Johannesburg, 2008),pp.116-128 ; K Ronan, "Memory, place and nation-building: Remembering in the 'New'South Africa",pp.1-48, School for International Training Program, 2007 accessed from www.google.co.za as viewcontent.pdf; J Carruthers. Africa Forum on "Heritage and History", accessed from on H-Africa: http://h-nct.msu.edu/cgi-bin/logbrowse.pl?trx=vx6clist=h-africa&month=9810&week=c&msg=sv82DZpkATFzGc7zqbklFKA&user=&pw=, 20 October 1998.
2 In the context of this discussion local or regional history is recognised as the unity of all historical branches related to history. In regional history the past is studied from a local angle from above and below. Its methodology therefore also features an interest in smaller communities/individuals, their activities, experiences or/and contributions in their own environment, of which some local events also may lead to broader outcomes. Compare "Editorial": Contree: Journalfor South African urban and regional history,1(January 1977),p.3.
3 In the context of this discussion heritage is basically defined as an individual or collective memory/oral conceptions of the past as expressed in the present. There is no exact relationship of the past in the present. It can also appear as being both a point of identity and difference. See N Sheperd & S Robins (Eds.), New South African keywords, (Jacana, Johannesburg, 2008),p.117: C Kros, Heritage vs. history: the end of a noble tradition? Historia, 48(1),May 2003,pp.326-336.
4 C Kros, Heritage vs. history: the end of a noble tradition? Historia, 48(1),May 2003,p.328.
5 Compare N Sheperd & S Robins (Eds.). New South African keywords, Jacana, 2008.p.123.
6 Compare the critique of N Alexander, "Multiculturalism and the rainbow nation", Keynote address to Amnesty International, University of the Western Cape, 1997, in K Ronan, "Memory, place and nation-building, School for International Training Program, 2007,pp.1-48: www.google.co.za as viewcontent.pdf
7 Compare the discussion by M Winstanley, "History and the community", in A Booth and P Hyland, History in higher education: New directions in teaching and learning, Blackwcll, Massachusetts USA, 1996,pp.207-221; H Ludlow, "Using local history to apprentice undergraduate students into the practices of the historian", South Africa Historical Journal, 57(2007),201-219.
8 This argument does not contradict the view that any country should explore ways of creating a national identity.
9 "These are conceptual expressions that academia have tossed around recently. See S Marschall, "Making money with memories: The fusion of heritage, tourism and identity formation in South Africa", Historia, 50(1),May 2005,p.118.
10 Compare K Ronan, "Memory, place and nation-building:School for International Training Program, 2007, www.google.co.za as viewcontent.pdf, p. 15; C Rassool, "The rise of Heritage and Rcconstitution of History in South Africa", Kronos, 26,2000,pp.1-21.
11 Also compare DoE, CD compilation titled, "Celebrating our heritage." Constitutional values highlighted in the manifesto on values, education and democracy. Race and values in education, Pretoria, ca 1996.
12 Compare J Carruthers, Africa Forum on "Heritage and History", H-Africa: http://h-net.msu.edu/cgi-bin/logbrowsc.pl?trx=vx&list=h-africa&month=9810&wcek=c&msg=sv82DZpkATFzGc7zqbkFKA&uscr=&pw=, 20 October 1998.
13 Although the existence of a wide variety of local history books is not mentioned here, educators should explore their local regions museums, libraries and local governments for information, lhese pieces of information can be very handy in providing a solid basis of history content for local heritage assignments.
14 The articles listed in each or the provinces are not given in any specific order.
15 The publication edited by G Curhbertson, A Grundlingh and M-L Suttie, titled Writing a wider war. Rethinki gender, race and identity in the South African War, 1899-1902 (David Phillip, CapeTown2002) should not ignored in providing additional background to a well recorded period in South Africa's history.
16 As examples see - G Mersham, Ihe discourse of the historical television drama - the case of 'Shaka Zulu', South African Cultural Historical Journal, 5(2),April 1991,pp.70-77;- G Mersham. History, television and Shaka Zulu, South African Cultural Historical Journal, 5(1),January 1991,pp.10-19.


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6 years
Please call 717-442-4473 to make arrangements for a meeting with this Happy and Playful Alaskan Malamute / Blue Heeler Cross Bred puppy. Sunday Calls will be returned on Monday. It has been to see the Vet and vaccinations started & worm meds have been given. This puppy has a health certificate from the Vet and a health guarantee. Map Quest or GPS Hensel Road, Kinzers, PA 17535 for directions. Shipping is available. Call or e-mail give zip code and airport where you wish to pick up the puppy and I will give you a quote for shipping. A $100.00 deposit will reserve this puppy for you PayPal and Credit Cards are accepted for deposits. Send PayPal deposits to - If you want to use a credit card, let me know and I will send an invoice to you through PayPal which you can pay with any Major Credit Card even if you do not have a PayPal account. Any balance due at pick up must be paid in CASH.Clancy
This puppy can be shipped (ground or air*) for an estimated fee of $625.00. *Snub nosed breeds may not be flown.
*Not applicable on marketplace listings.
Member Since: July 2008
Located Near: Lancaster, Pennsylvania
Phone Number
†All information regarding this puppy listing has been provided by the breeder.

subset: commoncrawl


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Star Wars: A New Hope (1977)
Directed by George Lucas
Genres - Science Fiction, Action, Adventure, Fantasy | Sub-Genres - Sci-Fi Action, Space Adventure | Release Date - May 25, 1977 (USA) | Run Time - 121 min. | Countries - United States | MPAA Rating - PG
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Synopsis by Mark Deming
George Lucas' mythological popcorn movie is a two-hour roller-coaster ride that has passed into movie legend. The story, for the tiny number of people not familiar with it, concerns a farm boy named Luke Skywalker (Mark Hamill) who discovers that the used robot recently purchased by his family plays back a message from one Princess Leia (Carrie Fisher), begging for help from Obi-Wan Kenobi. Luke asks his father's friend Ben Kenobi (Alec Guinness) about this, and he discovers that Ben and Obi-Wan are one and the same. Kenobi tells Luke of the battle of the rebels against the ruling Empire and the spiritual energy called "The Force." Soon Luke, Kenobi, and a mercenary named Han Solo (Harrison Ford) join forces to rescue Princess Leia from the Empire's mammoth warship, the Death Star, controlled by evil genius Darth Vader (David Prowse, with the voice of James Earl Jones). George Lucas has frequently cited the influence of several films on Star Wars, particularly Akira Kurosawa's The Hidden Fortress and Yojimbo and John Ford's The Searchers, as well as the original Flash Gordon serials. After Star Wars became a success, Lucas announced his intention to turn the film into a series, originally totalling nine films (later pared back to six). Consequently, most reissue prints now feature the title Star Wars: Episode IV -- A New Hope, with The Empire Strikes Back (1980) and Return of the Jedi (1983) serving as Episodes Five and Six in the serial, and Star Wars: Episode I -- The Phantom Menace (1999) going back to the myth's beginnings.
battle [war], good-vs-evil, empire, oppression, farmboy, mentor, mercenary, princess, rebel, resistance, spacecraft, android, duel, rescue, robot, stormtroopers, alien [not human], American [nationality], coming-of-age, against-all-odds
High Budget, High Historical Importance, High Production Values


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Enterprising video game enthusiast and student at the University of California, Berkeley Alan Feng has created a course in "the art of competitive Starcraft" through the school's Democratic Education in Cal program.
Those taking the course are expected to play at least five hours of the game a week during lab time and read books like Sun Tzu's seminal treatise on strategy and tactics, The Art of War.
Starcraft, produced by California game publisher Blizzard Entertainment, pits rival players against each other in a futuristic space environment where they must gather resources, build technology and battle units while stopping a rival player from doing the same.
The game is especially popular in South Korea, where professional players earn sponsorships and compete in televised tournaments complete with cheering fans.
The course is not just an excuse to goof off and play games — according to the course description, "Calculus and Differential Equations are highly recommended for full understanding of the course."
Students will have weekly homework assignments and will be expected to present a final project.
Video games have become a multi-billion dollar industry, rivaling and even surpassing the Hollywood film industry as an entertainment business.
Game publisher Electronic Arts, based in Redwood City, reported $3.65 billion in revenue during their last full fiscal year ending in March of 2008.


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COMMUNITY Season 4 Episode 11 Basic Human Anatomy Photos : ANNIE AND SHIRLEY PLOT TO SAVE THEIR SPOT AS CLASS VALEDICTORIAN – TROY AND ABED ACCIDENTALLY SWITCH BODIES – When Annie (Alison Brie) and Shirley (Yvette Nicole Brown) learn that Leonard (Richard Erdman) is actually holding the spot as the class valedictorian, they join forces to bring him down. Meanwhile, Troy (Donald Glover) and Abed (Danny Pudi) reminisce about one of their favorite body switching films and when they inadvertently re-enact a critical scene, things start becoming a little funky at Greendale. Joel McHale, Chevy Chase, Gillian Jacobs, Ken Jeong and Jim Rash also star.


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This Week at 148Apps: October 14-18, 2013
Expert App Reviewers
So little time and so very many apps. What's a poor iPhone lover to do? Fortunately, 148Apps is here to give you the rundown on the latest and greatest releases. And we even have a tremendous back catalog of reviews; just check out the Reviews Archive for every single review we've ever written.
Device 6
I love what Simogo is doing in 2013. While the studio has always been a purveyor of a different kind of experience on iOS, this year their releases have been centered around story-telling and puzzle solving. It started with Year Walk and now continues with Device 6. They're creating unique and intelligent experiences that deserve to be seen and heard. Now, much like Year Walk, this is something that is best when not spoiled so I'm only going to touch on cursory details of the plot and scenario: this is a sort of interactive piece of fiction that players read through that frequently wraps around the screen, requiring players to rotate their device to keep up with where everything is going. The story is about a woman named Anna, who wakes up in mysterious circumstances. To advance the story, certain puzzles, whose hints are embedded in the narrative and visuals, must be solved. The challenge comes from solving the puzzles and putting together the hints – have some pen and paper or some kind of writing app on a computer or other device open to take down notes to solve everything and to advance the story. --Carter Dotson
Soul Gambler
Faust is the protagonist of a classic German legend. A successful scholar who, dissatisfied with his life, makes a pact with the devil and exchanges his soul for unlimited knowledge and worthy pleasures. The legend of Faust has been retold throughout history via many forms of media, and has been the basis for many literary, artistic, cinematic, and musical works. Soul Gambler is the remake of the original free unfinished interactive visual novel inspired by Goethe's famous German tragic play, "Faust," that has had a complete revamp; and with the success of its Kickstarter, has been made into a fantastic-looking interactive graphic novel that combines the art style of comic books with playable mechanics most commonly found in video games. --Lucy Ingram
Fist of Awesome
An unlikely hero. Bears. Lots and lots of plaid. A talking, time-traveling fist. These are only a handful of examples as to what players can expect when they jump in to FIST OF AWESOME. It's certainly a weird, wacky, and wild beat-em-up with old school brawler roots and a few modern concessions. There are a few not-so-awesome issues nestled in with all those homicidal talking bears, however. Tim Burr is just a hard-working lumberjack with simple aspirations and a close group of friends. His is a happy life, and he envies no one. That is until the timeline is inexplicably altered and bears become the dominant species of Earth. Tim's hand begins speaking to him, identifying itself as the FIST OF AWESOME and taking him on a journey through several eras in history – all overrun with bears – as the unlikely duo set out to fix history. --Rob Rich
OmniFocus 2 for iPhone
OmniFocus 2.0 for iPhone is a to-do list and task management app that's built for the person who's deadly serious about tracking what they need to get done and when. After all, the app for iPhone is $19.99, which is well above what most apps are priced, but OmniFocus has a wealth of features and syncing options to help justify it. Still, it's a cost that just may be worth it, because this is comprehensive yet still somewhat simple. It's like fishing with grenades. --Carter Dotson
PUMATRAC may sound like just another fitness app at first, but it provides a unique user experience that others like it currently don't offer. PUMATRAC is designed to keep runners motivated by giving them insights on conditions that affect running performance so that workouts are actually more fun and rewarding. This means that the app can tell whether users run faster to pop music or longer on Fridays just by analyzing many different conditions thanks to Tictrac technology. --Angela LaFollette
Other 148Apps Network Sites
If you are looking for the best reviews of Android apps, just head right over to AndroidRundown. Here are just some of the reviews served up this week:
Free-to-play match-three puzzles are as inescapable as bathroom issues after an all-you-can-eat night at Taco Bell, and are just as expected. Although I know I should hate them for their complete lack of originality, or artistic merit, my primitive synapses still get their share of enjoyment, just from matching things in the right order, without any particular reason and reward. Perhaps, my mom was right, and I should have gone in accounting. In any case, Cavemania tries to introduce some new mechanics, but it's unclear whether they help overall game, or just get in the way. --Tony Kuzmin
Lumber Jacked
It's too primitive that lumberjacks are always seen as the most manly of all people. So what if they have muscles of iron, and spend days at a time, uniting with nature and flinging mighty axes all day? Internet critics also have cramped up muscles, unite with nature every five to seven hours, and fling mighty keys up and down. Still, I'm yet to see a single game that gives the credit where it's due, and features the mighty and the powerful, as the ultimate example of manliness. But, while the ungrateful, primitive culture moves down the familiar road, we get Lumber Jacked, another game, where lumberjack is the mighty hero yet again. It's not like I remember any other games with lumberjacks, but there have to be lots of them, or this whole paragraph makes no sense. --Tony Kuzmin
Drift Mania: Street Outlaws
Drift Mania: Street Outlaws is the latest in the series of Drift Mania games by Ratrod Studios, with the scene shifted to street racing. But is it worth playing? There isn't much content available without a lot of gameplay in Drift Mania: Street Outlaws. From the start of the game one car and one track is unlocked. Unlocking additional tracks is far from a simple task. For each track you can race on there are a number of achievements, such as drifting a certain distance or finishing in a time limit. Once enough of these are achieved, the next track is unlocked. Cars can be bought at any time, but are very expensive. --Allan Curtis
And finally, this week Pocket Gamer reviewed DEVICE 6 and compiled a complete walkthrough to the game, went hands-on with Dungeon Keeper and Tiny Death Star, and made some bold predictions for next week's Apple press conference. Head to Pocket Gamer for their weekly wrap-up.


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Social Authority: Our Measure of Twitter Influence
The author's views are entirely their own (excluding the unlikely event of hypnosis) and may not always reflect the views of Moz.
Editor's note: In December of 2015, Followerwonk became a standalone product, and is no longer included with a Pro subscription. Learn more here.
[This blog post is co-authored by Matt Peters, our Data Scientist.]
Today, we're excited to announce the release of Social Authority, our metric of Twitter users' influence. There are plenty of vanity metrics out there, but Social Authority offers something compellingly different.
Social Authority Helps Marketers
Social Authority is not about bragging rights or merchant discounts. Nor is it something that you check once and then forget about. Our metric is immediately, reliably useful. You can order all active Twitter users by influence, dissect your social graph, or find new followers who are most important -- right now.
But it's more than just exploring your own followers (or those of a competitor): Social Authority is ultimately a measure of influential activity. As such, it highlights content that is successful on Twitter. When you find users with high Social Authority, you're finding great marketing strategies to analyze and mimic. And we think that this will help you be more successful with Twitter.
Finally, Social Authority is transparent. We could use all sorts of fuzzy words to explain how we compute our score, but we recognize that marketers need to see the "man behind the curtain." Without insight into how we value influence, you can't personally validate what makes us special, nor can you trust that our score is backed by deep research and thought.
Social Authority is Based on Retweets
Quite simply, our score includes three components:
- The retweet rate of a few hundred of the measured user's last non-@mention tweets
- A time decay to favor recent activity versus ancient history
- Other data for each user (such as follower count, friend count, and so on) that are optimized via a regression model trained to retweet rate
We'll discuss why we're focusing on retweets in a moment. For now, let's consider the latter two items.
First, social media is very much a "what have you done for me lately" medium. In fact, the half-life of a tweet is a mere 18 minutes.
For this reason, we aggressively discount scores for users who haven't tweeted lately.
Second, our regression model is a powerful addition to Social Authority. In part, it helps smooth the occasionally jumpy retweet rates of users. But, more than that, it accounts for the fact that retweets are a scarce commodity. For example, an average user needs 10,000 followers before 25% of their tweets are retweeted. Indeed, it's only very popular users who get a large percentage of their tweets retweeted.
Our regression model helps fill in the blanks for the large majority of users with a spotty history of retweets.
Retweets are the Currency of Social
So, why retweets?
Well, whether you call them "shares" (Facebook), "repins" (Pinterest), or retweets, circulating someone else's content to your network is a remarkable activity -- and pretty much universal across all social networks. It demonstrates a significant commitment to the originating content.
Moreover, retweets are a great proxy for other important data.
For example, as you might expect, the number of retweets a user gets correlates strongly with the number of @mentions that user receives, with a correlation of ~0.8.
Even more excitingly, a higher retweet rate is associated with more traffic to tweeted URLs. In fact, the retweet rate is a stronger predictor of clicks than follower count! The correlations are ~0.7 and ~0.45, respectively.
This comparison is perhaps not entirely fair: Twitter-originating traffic counts are hard to obtain in large quantities. So, we limit ourselves only to users who use bit.ly shortened links: perhaps not a totally representative sample. We also apply the same time discount to our traffic rate as we do to our retweet rate; this may heighten the correlation.
Still, it's exciting to see that retweets are a great measure of traffic potential.
You might ask, "Why not just use traffic as the basis for Social Authority?" Well, while clicks might be your ultimate goal, that isn't the same for everyone. Indeed, retweets represent a native measure of social success. That is, for many accounts, traffic isn't the goal. Rather, the focus is on increased engagement and resonance of one's social content. Retweets are a better social-specific metric.
(By the way, a good rule of thumb: consider a 10:1 ratio when it comes to clicks and retweets. That is, if a tweet gets 10 retweets, it's probably garnering about 100 clicks. We'll delve into this in a future blog post.)
What Does Social Authority Mean in Practice?
Do we add value beyond what's already out there? That's a good question. After all, follower count by itself is a great measure of influence. And it's the challenge of any metric creator to offer something appreciably better.
Here, for example, we see that Klout scores correlate strongly with follower counts.
We aren't picking on Klout. Social Authority has a similar relationship to follower count. Quite simply, people with lots of followers are generally more influential!
But we believe it's the subtle re-ranking of a users that reveals the value of Social Authority versus follower count (or other metrics out there).
First, behold the most followed accounts on Twitter....
Now, we're going to use Followerwonk to sort all active Twitter users and show you those with the highest Social Authority.
Yes, we also put Bieber on top! (Who doesn't!?)
We've highlighted a number of accounts in red. Take a close look at these. We were initially surprised to see these accounts with high Social Authority so we went back and checked the data. Sure enough, these accounts get retweeted a lot. For example, @autocorrects is retweeted 7% more than @BarackObama, yet has 14 times fewer followers!
As you can see, Social Authority surfaces a completely different set of top users: those that are extremely effective in engaging their followers. Perhaps jump onto Twitter and look at their content. Expand their tweets: that's where the magic is. Those in red often have a similar content strategy: short, pithy, often humorous, and targeted well to their audience.
This isn't content that we necessarily like -- often, quite the opposite! Rather, these accounts have found the secret sauce: retweet bait. They've discovered content that gets their audiences' attention, whether we like it or not, and prompts action in terms of retweets and traffic.
To us, at least, this is a revelation. We've always assumed that success on Twitter was largely about careful engagement, timely replies, and, sure, the occasional pithy remark. And that indeed may be a great strategy. But from the perspective of retweets (and clicks), engagement doesn't matter at all. Many of these accounts never @mention anyone.
Social Authority is focused on content, versus users. When computing our metric, we don't directly care how many followers a user has. Instead, our interest is in the content that she creates, and how it resonates with her audience. This is what sets Social Authority apart as a metric.
Let's take a look at how you can leverage Social Authority right now.
Social Authority Use Case: Refining Your Engagement Strategy
One of the most effective uses of Twitter is to reach out to other people. That is, you want to leverage other people to retweet your content and spread your message to their audience.
Social Authority and the engagement metrics we released in December can help.
Simply, you want to find that sweet spot of users who are both influential, and also likely to respond to any engagement that you direct at them.
Step 1. Go to Followerwonk and do a bio search for keywords related to your industry. Limit the search to your followers. (Here's an example.)
Step 2. Sort by Social Authority.
Step 3. Mouse over each user and find those with a high engagement rate. This will reveal possible candidates for direct engagement (DMs, @contacts, or even RTs of their content).
Here, for example, are the most influential followers of @followerwonk with "SEO" in their bio.
On mouse-over, I see that Rand has a really high engagement rate. Over 60% of his tweets are @mentions of other people! Notice that we have a bidirectional relationship (the little arrows): that is, he follows us, and we follow him. He'd be a great one to contact (if we weren't already seeing him in the office pretty much everyday)!
Social Authority Use Case: Content Insights
Let's say you're thinking of opening a restaurant in the Bay Area. How can you use Twitter, and Social Authority, to help?
We can start by doing a comparison of the followers of three restaurant owners or Food writers.
In this report, we see that there are ~400 who follow all of them. We can pop this list of users open and sort by Social Authority.
As we mouse-over each user, we discover their engagement rates. Note that @chefsymon, with the highest Social Authority in this list, has a rocking 86% engagement rate! Compare this to, say, Zagats with a mere 6.5% rate.
Which is the better choice to @engage in an attempt to attract their attention (and retweets)?
But there's more we can do with this list then find potential brand amplifiers. Notice, for example, that @Francis_Lam, with a "mere" 34,000 followers has a great Social Authority score. It's worth jumping into his tweet stream and looking carefully at his content.
What is it about his style that generates so many retweets? His frequent tweeting? His food-related one-liners?
While we will discuss content strategies in a later blog post, we believe that, to some extent, there are different content strategies for each industry. What works well for one audience, won't work for others. So, carefully examining high Social Authority users -- particularly those who are outliers in terms of having relatively few followers -- is a great way to discover the content that ignites your audience.
We can take this one step further still. We can analyze @Francis_Lam's followers.
Then, we can hone in those high Social Authority users local to us. Perhaps a special invite to a soft opening?
Bottom line
One of our core values at SEOmoz is transparency. As such, we're against "mystery meat" metrics. We believe that metrics are only enhanced when you have real insight into what goes into them.
Social Authority is a tool for marketers to find key relationships and great content strategies. It's backed by serious research and development.
We welcome your feedback, and look forward to seeing how you'll take advantage of our score.


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The Gold Chief Property is on the east flank of Chief Mountain, 9 km north of Caliente in Lincoln County. The property consists of 24 Federal lode claims and covers the most significant producing mine in the Chief Mining District.
The Gold Chief Mine operated from the early 1900's until 1940 with documented run-of-mine production of 5224 t @ 6.18 g/t Au (1913-1914) and 189 T @ 1.1 OPT Au-equivalent (high grading / 1937-1940). Underground development included a 131 metre inclined shaft, 300 metres of drifts and cross-cuts, and near surface stopes. Recent sampling of the back of the remaining glory hole by Silver Range in 2016 returned 14 m @ 1.93 g/t Au including 4 m @ 3.86 g/t Au with best results (1 m chip) of 4.58 g/t Au.
The Gold Chief Mine and nearby SOA Mine are hosted in Cambrian Highland Peak carbonates. Mineralization consists of wide fault breccia in the Stampede Detachment Fault and an associated lateral ramp. It has been intersected in the SOA Mine and in drill holes over a length of approximately 300 m along the Stampede fault. Precious metal mineralization appears to have originated from either the nearby Caliente Caldera or from the Cobalt Canyon diorite stock which underlies much of the Chief Mining District. There is potential for significant mineralization in the area if the favourable carbonate stratigraphy and structural network persists to the east and north.


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Columbia, MO – The 14th-ranked Missouri Tigers continue a three-game homestand to begin the 2012-13 season, as they welcome the Alcorn State Braves to the Mizzou Arena.
Frank Haith's Tigers bring back a talented core of players from a squad that posted 30 wins a year ago, including a 14-4 mark in their last season in the Big 12. Now the team looks to carry that success over into the SEC. The team looked sharp in its season-opener on Saturday, topping SIU-Edwardsville, 83-69.
The Braves are also 1-0 on the young season after routing Oakwood in their season-opener on Sunday, 85-41. Luther Riley is in his second season at the helm, after leading a reconstructed team to a 10-22 record in his first season with Alcorn State.
Missouri won the only previous meeting between these two teams, an 82-51 lopsided affair in 1981.
While the season-opener at Alcorn State counted as an exhibition for Oakwood, it was the real deal for the Braves, who jumped all over their foe, taking a 21-point lead into intermission. The team kept the pace going after the break, outscoring Oakwood 47-24 in the second stanza to run away with the victory. The backcourt tandem of senior Anthony Nieves and sophomore LeAntwan Luckett led the offensive charge in the win, with 18 and 15 points, respectively. Nieves is the team's top returning scorer, while a lot is expected of Luckett, who sat out last season. Coach Riley enjoys some serious leadership among his starting five, as four are seniors. The frontcourt will be led by a pair of seniors in forwards Ian Francis and Michale Starks. Juco transfers Stephane Raquil (6-10, 220) and Josh Nicholas (7-0 225) give the team big bodies down low, but the biggest body comes off the bench in freshman McDarion Abron (6-11, 285).
Coach Haith has another roster stocked with supreme talent and gets an addition with the return of standout forward Laurence Bowers, who missed last season with a knee injury. Bowers certainly made up for lost time in the season-opener against SIUE, posting a game-high 20 points to go along with seven rebounds. Fellow senior forward Alex Oriakhi played big as well, finishing with eight points and a whopping 15 rebounds. Standout junior guard Phil Pressey just missed a double-double, pouring in 19 points, while dishing out nine assists. Missouri held a 50-40 advantage on the boards, and shot a solid .471 from the field, including .586 in the second half. The scary thing is that Missouri isn't even at full strength yet, as one of its top performers, All-American candidate Michael Dixon Jr., is currently suspended to start the season. The squad will be bolstered by transfers Keion Bell (Saint Mary's) and Earnest Ross (Gonzaga), who saw their first action in the opener.