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The friendship between Linda Ronstadt and Jerry Brown grew gradually; they had some compatible interests and liked each other's company. They enjoyed ethnic food, long walks along the California seaside, Japanese movies, and country music. Both were also Catholic.
By 1975, however, Brown and Ronstadt became high-profile celebrities in their respective realms – he in politics, by then California's governor, and she, rising to the top of the music charts with her Heart Like a Wheel album. There is a lot more to their respective careers, both before and after 1975, explored later. Yet through their rising fame, and through most of the 1970s – including the glare of Brown's presidential bids in 1976 and 1980 – they continued to see each other, with speculation at one point, mostly in the press, of a possible marriage between the two. That, however, in the words of an earlier Ronstadt/Stone Poneys song, "Different Drum," would not likely occur, as the song's lyrics suggest: "You and I travel to the beat of a different drum / Oh, can't you tell by the way I run / Ev'ry time you make eyes at me…" Still, there was an interesting decade of activity between this rock star and politician, made more interesting by the swirl of music and politics of those times. What follows here is a look back at some of that history.
Jerry Brown
Jerry Brown was born in San Francisco in 1938. His father, Edmund Gerald "Pat" Brown, was then District Attorney of San Francisco and later Governor of California for two terms (1959-1967). Young Jerry grew up in San Francisco and graduated from St. Ignatius Catholic High School. In 1955, after a year at Santa Clara University, he entered a Jesuit seminary, intent on becoming a Catholic priest, but left after three years. He then enrolled at the University of California, Berkeley in 1960, graduating a year later with a degree in Latin and Greek. A law degree from Yale followed in 1964. After law school, Brown returned to California and clerked for California Supreme Court Justice Mathew Tobriner. He then went into private practice in Los Angeles. In 1968, he left his L.A. law practice briefly to join U.S. Senator Gene McCarthy's presidential campaign. Back in California in 1969, Brown ran for and won his first elective office, the newly created Los Angeles Community College Board of Trustees.The following year he was elected Secretary of State. In that post through 1974, among other things, Brown argued before the California Supreme Court and won cases against Standard Oil of California, International Telephone and Telegraph, Gulf Oil, and Mobil for election law violations. He also forced legislators to comply with campaign disclosure laws.
In 1974, he ran for, and was elected governor of California at age 36, the youngest to do so in the state's history. Brown followed Ronald Reagan in the Governor's office, who previously held the post for two terms, 1967-1975.
On taking office, Brown garnered some headlines when he canceled the inaugural ball and refused to live in the $1.3 million governor's mansion that Ronald Reagan had built. He also sold the governor's limo and wouldn't use the jet plane. He lived in an apartment, walked to work, and had his chauffeur drive him around in his 1974 Plymouth.
Once in office, Brown pushed a landmark farm labor law and new environmental initiatives. The farm labor measure won him particular kudos, as agreement on that front — while retaining labor's right to strike — had eluded other politicians for more than 40 years. He also made some notable appointments, including Sim Van der Ryn as State Architect, and environmentalist Stewart Brand as Special Advisor, also adding minorities and women to major government posts. He significantly boosted funding for the California Arts Council.
In 1975, Brown helped repeal a prized oil-industry tax break, the "depletion allowance," and later in his term sponsored the "first-ever tax incentive for rooftop solar." Brown also strongly opposed the death penalty and later in his term vetoed it as Governor, although the legislature overrode his veto.
Linda RonstadtLinda Ronstadt was born in 1946 in Tucson, Arizona, to Gilbert Ronstadt, a prosperous machinery merchant who ran the F. Ronstadt Co. hardware store. Her mother, Ruth Mary Copeman, from the Flint, Michigan area, was the daughter of Lloyd Groff Copeman, a prolific inventor and holder of nearly 700 patents, among them, an early form of the microwave oven and a flexible ice cube tray, the latter earning millions in royalties. Linda's father came from a pioneering Arizona ranching family and was of German, English, and Mexican descent, and also a guitarist who sang Mexican songs to his children. Linda was raised on the family's ten-acre ranch in Tucson along with three siblings. She had a pony and later a horse. As a teen, she formed a folk trio with brother Peter and sister Suzy; calling themselves the New Union Ramblers.
Music Player
"Different Drum"- Ronstadt/Stone Poneys
At age 18 in 1964, after meeting guitarist Bob Kimmel while attending University of Arizona briefly, the pair left for Los Angeles, joining guitarist and singer/songwriter Kenny Edwards to form the Stone Poneys. After three years the group broke up, but scored a Top 20 hit in 1967-68 with the Ronstadt-led "Different Drum."
Following her stint with the Stone Poneys, Ronstadt then began a solo career, struggling for about five years, playing with various transient and backup musicians. Owing in part to her timid nature, she had some performance and self-confidence troubles in the studio and on stage. Along the way, there were also difficult romantic entanglements and some cocaine use, a period of her life she sometimes refers to as the "bleak years." But it wasn't all bad.In March 1970, her second solo album, Silk Purse, was released, but it did not fare well on the music charts. However, one of its singles did – "Long Long Time," rising in late-summer 1970 to No. 25 on the Billboard pop chart. The song proved to be an opening for Ronstadt, highlighting her voice and talent.
Music Player
"Long Long Time"- Linda Ronstadt
"Long Long Time" earned her a Grammy Award nomination in early 1971, although Dionne Warwick took the prize that year for best contemporary female vocalist.
One of Ronstadt's backing bands in her early solo period featured musicians Don Henley, Glenn Frey, Bernie Leadon, and Randy Meisner, who went on to form the Eagles, one of the most successful American rock bands of the 1970s. They toured with her for a short period in 1971 and played on Linda Ronstadt, her self-titled third album. In those years she was beginning to define a new genre of music, sometimes called country rock.Still, by the end of 1972 Linda Ronstadt was in debt and paying commissions to two managers. Then came Peter Asher, formerly of the Peter & Gordon duet, who had also been a manager at the Beatles' Apple Records label. Asher became her producer and manager.
With Asher, she made two albums – the first, Don't Cry Now, came out in 1973 which would sell 300,000 copies. Among its songs was "Desperado," an Eagles song she would notably perform in concert. The album also included her first country hit, "Silver Threads and Golden Needles," which broke into the Top 20.
Capitol Records, meanwhile, perhaps suspecting there might be more upside business opportunity in Ms. Ronstadt's voice than they previously believed, began digging up her older tunes and issuing them as compilation albums, one of which appeared in early 1974 under the title, Different Drum.
But the second album she made with Peter Asher, Heart Like a Wheel, became her big breakthrough album. Asher would later tell Time magazine: "Linda is brilliant musically. Her voice is qualitatively exceptional…".Released shortly before Christmas 1974, Heart Like a Wheel hit No. 1 on both the Billboard albums chart and the Country & Western chart (C&W). The album offered Ronstadt doing a mix of pop covers and contemporary songs. One of its singles was "You're No Good," a song previously done in 1963 by Betty Everett (famous for "It's In His Kiss", the "shoop shoop song"). "You're No Good" was released a week after the Heart Like A Wheel album came out. It soared to No. 1 on the singles chart by February 15, 1975 and stayed in the Top 40 for ten weeks.
Music Player
"You're No Good"- Linda Ronstadt
"You're No Good" was also a hit for Ronstadt in Australia (#15), the Netherlands (#17), and New Zealand (#24). The B-side, "I Can't Help It If I'm Still in Love With You," a Hank Williams cover, hit No. 2 on the C & W chart. That song would also win her a Grammy that year for Best Female Country Vocal Performance. Another song from Heart Like A Wheel – the follow-up single, "When Will I Be Loved" – a 1960 Everly Brothers hit, was also a big Ronstadt hit. In May 1975, her uptempo version of this song hit No. 2 on the pop chart and No. 1 on the country chart. A review of the song at AllMusic.com by Denise Sullivan notes, in part:
"…There was no disputing her vocal prowess, but Ronstadt's choice in repertoire was equally important to her success, as she continually picked heartbreakers and tearjerkers like 'When Will I Be Loved.' Oddly, there wasn't a shred of inauthenticity in the sung sentiments, even though Ronstadt was considered to be a hugely popular singer and sex symbol with an active personal life. Yet, she gave the song its definitive reading, even more so than the Everly Brothers…"Although Ronstadt still had problems with stage jitters, she soon became a popular concert attraction. Heart Like a Wheel, meanwhile, would go on to sell over two million copies in the U.S. With this success, her first Rolling Stone magazine cover appeared on March 27, 1975 with a story titled, "Linda Ronstadt: Heartbreak on Wheels," reporting on her earlier struggles to make it in the rock 'n roll business.
In September 1975, another Ronstadt album came out – Prisoner In Disguise – which quickly climbed into the top five on the Billboard chart and sold over a million copies. Asylum Records also issued a single from that album with a Ronstadt version of "Heat Wave," a 1963 Motown/Martha & The Vandellas tune on the A-side, and Neil Young's "Love Is a Rose" on the B-side. "Heat Wave" proceeded to crack the top five on Billboard's pop chart, while "Love Is A Rose" did the same on Billboard's country chart. With her new-found success that fall, she also bought a place of her own – reported at the time to be a $325,000 beach house in Malibu. Ronstadt by this time was also filling up her rock concert outings, as she did at the Center for the Performing Arts, San Jose, California on September 22, 1975. In 1976, a European tour — her first outside the U.S. — extended her popularity. Back in the States, meanwhile, her friend, Jerry Brown was about to make some waves of his own.
"Brown-for-Prez" (Pt.1)
In March 1976, Jerry Brown began his first run at the Democratic Party nomination for President of the United States. However, the primary season had already begun and several other candidates, including Georgia Governor Jimmy Carter, had been campaigning for a year.
The Democratic primaries that year had become more numerous and more important in the nominating process than they were previously, and Carter, for one, set out to run in all of them. He surprised political pundits by finishing second in the Iowa caucuses ("uncommitted" finished first). Rep. Morris Udall, a front-runner in early polls, came in fifth behind former Senator Fred R. Harris. Carter went on to win in New Hampshire, North Carolina (defeating George Wallace), Pennsylvania (defeating Senator Henry "Scoop" Jackson ) and Wisconsin (beating Mo Udall).
However, some Northern and Western liberal Democrats viewed Carter as too conservative, and sought alternative candidates to block him from getting the nomination. Jerry Brown and Senator Frank Church of Idaho were seen by some as possible alternatives to Carter, or at least to help slow him down.By May 1976, Brown's name began appearing on primary ballots, and he visited with key party leaders and bosses to improve his chances, including Chicago Mayor Richard Daley and Maryland Governor Marvin Mandell. Brown won contests in Maryland, Nevada, and his home state of California with its 280 delegates. In Oregon, he missed the deadline, but as a write-in candidate, he took an unprecedented 25 percent of the vote, finishing third behind Jimmy Carter and Senator Frank Church of Idaho.
In the New Jersey and Rhode Island primaries, Brown supported uncommitted slates of delegates which "won" in those contests. In Louisiana, Governor Edwin Edwards backed Brown, helping him win a majority of that state's convention delegates, besting southerners Carter and George Wallace.Brown's late bid and his gathering of delegates was seen as a possible way to influence uncommitted delegates at the Democratic National Convention in July.
Still, Brown's bid for the Democratic nomination was seen as too late by party insiders and quixotic by others. People magazine ran a June 14, 1976 cover story on Brown with the tagline, "The far-out candidate who puzzles almost everybody."
In campaigning, Brown spoke of "an era of limits" – not typically a Democratic sentiment – while critics found his term as California's Governor unimpressive. Yet his late-coming primary victories had been a demonstration of his voter appeal.
Despite Jerry Brown's impressive showing in a short amount of time, he was unable to stall Carter's momentum. At the 1976 Democratic National Convention in New York city, Carter was nominated on the first ballot. Brown finished third with roughly 300 delegate votes behind Congressman Morris Udall of Arizona.
Jerry Brown, however, had his supporters during his brief presidential bid – not least of whom was a contingent of rock music stars, including Linda Ronstadt. Brown had Ronstadt's help and that of others from the rock music business. Ronee Blakley, Helen Reddy, Jackson Browne, Joni Mitchell and Ronstadt all performed at various times for Brown at fund-raisers and rallies.
At one "Brown For President" benefit concert event held at the Capital Center in Maryland in mid-May 1976, Brown joined Ronstadt, The Eagles and other performers on stage briefly, waving to the audience. Although Jerry Brown's run for the presidential nomination ended, and he went back to being Governor of California, there would be more Jerry Brown presidential politics in the future.
Linda Ronstadt, meanwhile, in a December 1976 interview with Creem magazine, appeared to be having some second thoughts about mixing her concert gigs with political advocacy:
"I've retired from politics…. For a while, I thought it might do some good working for someone I believe in, like Jerry Brown, but now I'm only going to do benefits for concrete causes in the community that I live. Right now that happens to be Los Angeles."
"I just got tired of mixing up the message. I mean, if kids are there to listen to music, I don't want to ram politics down their throats. It ruins the magic of the music. I just think it's taking unfair advantage of the audience to sort of slip in some specific political message while they're captivated by your music. Politics should not be run like a circus."
Still, Ronstadt appeared to be a person who stayed informed on the issues of her day, noting in late December 1976 that she was a daily reader of the Wall Street Journal. She would not likely be retired from politics for very long.
Ronstadt Rising
Ronstadt's musical career, meanwhile, was heading into the stratosphere. In August 1976 she released Hasten Down the Wind, an album that included her version of Buddy Holly's "That'll Be The Day," the single for which hit No. 11 on both the Billboard and Cash Box charts. It also rose to No. 27 on the Billboard country chart. Hasten Down the Wind also included a cover of Willie Nelson's classic "Crazy," which became a Top Ten country hit for Ronstadt in early 1977.
Hasten Down the Wind was Ronstadt's third straight million-selling album – a feat no other female artist had then accomplished. The album earned her a Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Performance, Female. It was her second Grammy. In early December 1976 she appeared on the cover of Rolling Stone for the second time, as photographed by Annie Leibovitz. That Christmas season, Ronstadt issued a Greatest Hits LP that also became a top seller. And while Jerry Brown was not the Democratic Presidential nominee that political season, Ronstadt was invited to sing at Jimmy Carter's presidential inaugural in January 1977. Meanwhile, the notices on her music kept coming. By late February 1977, she appeared on the cover of Time magazine (see below right) with the cover-story tagline: "Linda Ronstadt: Torchy Rock," referring to her love-hurts balladeering in the rock 'n roll age. Said Time: "Ronstadt has used the driving energy of rock and the melancholy of country music to transport …her audiences into a region…rarely explored by a mainstream singer in the past two decades. …[S]he has the neural-overload generation…screaming for a kind of music that … goes back to the cabaret singing of Ella Fitzgerald, Billie Holiday and Peggy Lee. Linda has made the Stones' people listen to a torch singer. Try a new name: torch rock." Time also added that Ronstadt was "a superstar on the verge of becoming …a Big Superstar."
"Torchy Linda"
As a rising rock star – and "rock star cover girl" – Linda Ronstadt was also dealing with issues involving her image, both in how she appeared to the public as well as backstage, in the male-dominated music business. The December 1976 Rolling Stone cover story and photo shown above earlier, also included a couple of photographs inside the magazine of Ronstadt at home – photos taken by avant garde photographer Annie Leibovitz. One of the photos of Ronstadt that ran in the Rolling Stone story, included her sprawled across her bed at home in a skimpy red slip and underpants (shown below). However, Leibovitz had refused to grant any veto of the photos that would run in the December 2, 1976 issue of Rolling Stone, which incensed Peter Asher, Ronstadt's manager. Asher reportedly kicked Leibovitz out of the house when she visited to show them the photographs prior to publication. Ronstadt would later explain: "Annie [Leibovitz] saw that picture [sprawling on the bed ] as an exposé of my personality. She was right. But I wouldn't choose to show a picture like that to anybody who didn't know me personally, because only friends could get the other sides of me in balance." Not all of the photos Leibovitz took appeared in the magazine (However some of them did appear later in the tabloid, Modern People of January 28, 1979, and possibly others). But it wasn't just Leibovitz and Rolling Stone. With Ronstadt's February 1977 Time magazine cover photo using the "Torchy Rock" banner, shown above, Ronstadt also felt manipulated. For one, the photographer pushed her to wear a dress, which was an image she did not want to project. Some years later, in 2004, Ronstadt was interviewed for CBS This Morning and stated that this image was not her because she did not sit like that. Ronstadt said she hated the image the Time cover photo of her projected.
Still, at least part of Ronstadt's image in her heyday was that based on her sex appeal, exploited by more than Rolling Stone and Time, also seen in her mid-1970s album covers as well as her nightclub and rock concert attire, which could run to hot-pants-and-heels for some performances. But Ronstadt was also a women's rights advocate, especially in her profession. Peter Asher, for one, called her "an extremely determined woman, in every area. To me, she was everything that feminism's about."
In the October, 14th, 1977 issue of New Times magazine, John Rockwell wrote a piece titled "Linda Ronstadt: Her Soft-Core Charms," a piece that covered Ronstadt's career and persona at the time, quoting her during an ongoing interview. In the piece, Rockwell noted: "Even before her 1970 Daisy Mae, Moonbeam McSwine album cover on Silk Purse [her second album] Linda was regarded as a sex symbol. Then it was braless bouncing and bare feet; today, it's more sophisticated and complex, though no less overt…" Then Rockwell added there were "problems in being a sex goddess," and that Linda was mindful of those, quoting her as follows:
"…I don't know how good a sex symbol I am, but I do think I'm good at being sexy. The sexual aspect of my personality has been played up a lot, and I can't say it hasn't been part of my success. But it's unfair in a way, because I don't think I look as good as my image. Sometimes I feel guilty about it, sometimes I feel embarrassed about it, sometimes I feel I have to compete with it. But that's part of the fun, too- that's part of the charade. When you look at somebody like Jean Harlow real close, she really did have an exquisitely formed face and beautiful hair and beautiful skin and a real gorgeous figure, and those are things I just don't have. But I don't think they're essential to being attractive. Sometimes they're more of a handicap than a help. I think vitality is what is attractive to people. That's why there are a lot of pretty girls that are kind of boring to look at. If I get a hot romance, my sexuality is likely to work whether I curl my hair and put makeup on or not. When it's successful and I'm at my shining best, I like to think of it as sassiness that incorporates sexuality and strength. It's aggressive without being intimidating. As long as there's strength in my attitude, I like it."
Still, some years later, in a September 2008 New York Times piece by Patricia Leigh Brown, Ronstadt explained of her rock 'n roll years that she was marketed as "this sexualized being, somebody else's version of me walking around with my name. It became a strange distortion. Eventually I had to put out the complete version of who I was." Which she eventually did, both in her later personal life and through her demonstrated musical diversity. As John Rockwell would note in his 2014 Rock Hall of Fame biographical essay on Ronstadt, in which he would make special mention of Ronstadt's vocal range and versatility: "People may have loved her looks, but they bought her records because of the sounds she made."
Back in 1977, meanwhile, Ronstadt's eighth studio album, titled Simple Dreams, was released in September. Two months later it had replaced Fleetwood Mac's long-running No. 1 album Rumours in the top spot. Simple Dreams stayed atop the Billboard albums chart for five consecutive weeks.
Music Player
"Blue Bayou"- Linda Ronstadt
On the Billboard country chart, Simple Dreams knocked Elvis Presley out of the No.1 slot. The album would sell over 3.5 million copies in less than a year in the U.S. alone, and would also hit No. 1 on Australia and Canada's pop and country charts.
Simple Dreams also spawned a string of hit singles including covers of Roy Orbison's "Blue Bayou"; Buddy Holly's "It's So Easy," and up-and-coming songwriter Warren Zevon's "Poor Poor Pitiful Me." Of the three, "Blue Bayou" – which included Don Henley of the Eagles singing backup – was the biggest hit, rising to No. 3 on the Billboard pop chart in late 1977, where it held for four weeks. It also hit No. 2 on the Cash Box chart, No. 2 on the country chart and No.3 on the "easy listening" chart. "Blue Bayou" would become one of Ronstadt's signature tunes. It sold more than 1 million copies by January 1978, and would later surpass the 2 million mark, becoming a worldwide hit with a Spanish version as well.By October 1977, Linda Ronstadt was pretty much at the top of the rock world. She had turned out five straight million-selling albums, was grossing something on the order of $60 million from those albums, and had much more music ahead. That fall she was also asked by the Los Angeles Dodgers to sing the National Anthem on October 24, 1977 at game three of the World Series as the Dodgers hosted the New York Yankees.
Jerry & Linda
As for Jerry Brown and Linda Ronstadt, they continued to see each other in the late 1970s. In December 1977, it was reported that Brown took Ronstadt to some of his old haunts in San Francisco where he had grown up: City Lights Bookstore, a landmark of the 50s beat culture, the Spaghetti Factory, and the museums at the Academy of Sciences in Golden Gate Park. Later that month, they spent the Christmas holiday together in Malibu. In the following year, they were seen together occasionally at public events, ranging from a March 1978 tribute to Neil Simon at the Long Beach Civic Auditorium to a reception at the Beverly Wilshire Hotel for a group of Chinese diplomats. They also appeared together at rock music hangouts such as the Roxy in Los Angeles.
On May 17, 1978, US magazine put Ronstadt on its cover along with a smaller inset photo of Governor Jerry Brown, with the headline: "The Governor and The Rock Queen" plus an additional teaser tagline that read: "Jerry Brown courts Linda Ronstadt: Are they playing love songs…or politics?"The magazine reported that in early April 1978 the couple celebrated Brown's 40th birthday at Lucy's, the Mexican restaurant where they met back in 1971. The next afternoon Brown was seen emerging from Ronstadt's house. That night, they were seen dining together at Tony Rome's, another popular Hollywood restaurant. There were also reports that the Governor was spending weekends at Ronstadt's house. Orville Schell, who wrote a book about Brown (Brown, Random House, 1978), recounted one Saturday morning visit to Ronstadt's Malibu house to meet with Brown, as Ronstadt moved in and out of the room in which they met. Later, Schell described the three of them leaving for a drive in Ronstadt's Porsche, with Schell driving and Ronstadt sitting on Brown's lap.
Still, some believed Brown's relationship with Ronstadt was just a friendship and nothing more. "I just think he uses Linda's home as a sanctuary," said Robert Pack in a May 1978 article in US magazine. "It's situated among an expensive group of houses that are guarded and closed off to the public," explained Pack, whose biography, Jerry Brown: The Philosopher Prince, was published that year by Stein & Day. "His favorite pastime is walking on the beach. And he takes his privacy seriously…I don't think he would have a serious relationship with her because of her background," Pack noted, referring to numerous affairs Ronstadt acknowledged having. Ronstadt, for her part, found reports of her many involvements to be greatly exaggerated, once quoted as saying: "I wish I had as much in bed as I get in the newspapers."
Jerry Brown as governor, meanwhile, was very popular among California voters. In his first year as governor, Brown had a voter approval rating of 87 percent – then the highest in the history of polling in the state. Brown's popularity, and public opinion about him, was then being watched very closely by President Jimmy Carter's staff in Washington, then monitoring Brown's activities. Carter's aides considered Brown to be the "single largest threat" to the President's re-election in 1980. Yet first, before Brown could challenge Carter, he faced a gubernatorial re-election campaign in California, beginning with the 1978 primary elections.
Seeking Re-ElectionIn the California gubernatorial primaries of 1978, California Attorney General Evelle Younger won the Republican primary defeating three other candidates, including Pete Wilson, then Mayor of San Diego. On the Democratic side, Jerry Brown, with only minor opposition, won the Democratic Primary and would seek a second term.
The one big issue in California during the time of primaries was Proposition 13, a ballot initiative authored by anti-tax crusader Howard Jarvis. Prop 13 sought to drastically reduce property taxes and change the way property taxes were calculated – a provision if enacted would play havoc with government budgets and funding of key services. Younger and most Republicans supported Proposition 13 while Brown and most Democrats opposed it. The initiative, which appeared on the June 6 primary ballot, passed with 64.8 percent of the vote and is still in effect today.
Then came the general election campaign in the fall of 1978. With the apparent taxpayer revolt now enrolled in law, Republican candidate Younger attempted to seize the Prop 13 momentum and Brown's opposition to it. Younger, however, was not the best campaigner, and his organization faltered. The Republican primary battle had also drained Younger's campaign of money, leaving him short of funds in the general election. Brown, on the other hand, saw a campaign opening.
During the primaries that summer, Brown had called Prop 13 "consumer fraud, expensive, unworkable and crazy, the biggest can of worms the state has ever seen." But in the June election ballot vote, more than 4 million voters went for Prop 13 by a 2-1 margin. Once these results were in, Brown cleverly pivoted to a new position as the would-be top official in charge of implementing the law, promising, as enforcer-in-chief, if elected, to back the law."The people have spoken [on Prop 13]," he said, "and as Governor I will diligently enforce their will." Thus Brown turned a negative into a positive. In addition, since he was relatively unchallenged in the primary, he had a much bigger campaign war chest.
During his campaign in 1978 Brown opposed another high-profile initiative– this one on the general election ballot. Proposition 6, also known as the Briggs Initiative, sought to ban gays and lesbians from serving as public school teachers in California. Brown opposed and helped defeat the initiative on November 7.
Jerry Brown ultimately won reelection in a landslide, beating Republican Evelle Younger by some 1.3 million votes, one of the biggest margins in California election history.
Linda's 1978During 1978, Linda Ronstadt scored her third consecutive No.1 album with Living in the USA. It appeared on the Billboard album chart in September 1978 and was the first album by any recording act to ship over 2 million advance copies. It would eventually sell some 3 million copies in the U.S. alone. A major hit single from that album in October 1978 was a cover of Smokey Robinson & the Miracles' "Ooh Baby Baby." That single, in fact, appeared on all four of the major music charts – Pop (No. 7), Adult Contemporary (No. 2), Country, and R&B.
Ronstadt appeared on another Rolling Stone cover October 19th in a photo by Francesco Scavullo, and was also featured in the magazine's interview. She also appeared in the 1978 film FM, about competing radio disc jockeys and the rock music business. In the film, Ronstadt performed the songs "Poor, Poor Pitiful Me," "Love Me Tender," and the Rolling Stones' "Tumbling Dice."
Earlier that year, in July, she made a guest appearance in her hometown of Tucson appearing with the Rolling Stones at the Tucson Community Center where she and Mick Jagger sang "Tumbling Dice" together.
By the end of 1978, Linda Ronstadt had solidified her role as one of rock and pop's most successful solo female acts. She was selling out her rock concerts, including those in large arenas and stadiums, with tens of thousands of fans.
According to some sources, she was the "highest paid woman in rock," with income that year estimated at more than $12 million, or more than $43 million in today's dollars. Her 1978 album sales were reported to have reached some 17 million units – with a gross return of well over $170 million in today's dollars.
Billboard magazine crowned Ronstadt with three No. 1 Awards for the Year – Pop Female Singles Artist, Pop Female Album Artist, and overall Female Artist of the Year. By then six of her albums had exceeded 1 million in sales, three of which had been No. 1 on Billboard, as well as numerous Top 40 singles.
Her friend Jerry Brown also had a pretty good year. Following his reelection as California's Governor, he was expected to mount a second try for the Democratic Presidential nomination in 1979-1980. But before he did, he and Linda Ronstadt would have what some might call a high-profile moment.
Trip To Africa
In early April 1979, Governor Jerry Brown and rock star Linda Ronstadt decided to do some traveling together. The governor had been advised to go to Africa and meet with some of its national leaders. There were also environmental issues he wanted to explore there.
The couple perhaps thought they could mix a little business with pleasure, take a respite from their busy lives, and explore Africa's land, wildlife and culture. The period they selected to travel also included Jerry Brown's 41st birthday.
On April 6, 1979, the couple left for their trip as the Los Angeles Times reported in a news story headline: "Brown, Miss Ronstadt Slip Quietly Out of New York; Board Plane for Africa." But if they thought their trip would go unnoticed in the U.S, or that there would be little interest in them in Africa, they were sadly mistaken.
At the time, there had been a sizable contingent of western photographers and reporters already in Africa, trying to cover a war in Uganda. But failing to gain entry to that country, they turned their cameras and attention to covering the California Governor and his rock star guest. Reporters and photographers camped outside hotel rooms and mobbed the couple whenever they appeared.
The press stalked the couple at Nairobi's airport, where Ronstadt was reluctant to show herself to board a plane, even though Brown coaxed her to let the press have one photo and be done with it. One report quoted a Ronstadt friend as saying the press really freaked her out and that she felt badly that she was "ruining Jerry's trip."
When Brown set off for meetings with African presidents or environmental officials, Ronstadt often remained behind in the hotel or cottages where they has stayed. At one point, it was reported that she inquired about an early departure. One April 11th, 1979 Los Angeles Times headline noted:"Brown Politicks; Miss Ronstadt 'May Go Home'."
However, the couple did have some luxury camping in Tanzania, where they also safaried to watch buffalo, wildebeests and cheetahs, later dining on beef Wellington around a campfire. And Ronstadt established a truce with the press, sharing stories and drinks with them at one point. Near the end of their trip, Ronstadt departed separately and flew to London, where Brown later caught up with her, flying home together to Los Angeles.
Meanwhile, the press coverage of their trip back in the States had been reported by the Los Angeles Times and other newspapers, and soon the magazines had stories as well, including cover stories in Newsweek's April 23 edition (shown at the top of this story), and People's April 30th edition. Look magazine ran a later story on the trip in June. The magazine accounts played up the relationship side of the story, and also what the trip might mean for Brown's presidential ambitions.
Many in the political community then following the reporting on the Brown/Ronstadt trip, believed Brown had made a political misstep by taking the trip with Ronstadt. Some felt he had damaged his chances of being a prominent challenger to incumbent Jimmy Carter for the 1980 nomination. One senior Carter aide told Time magazine he thought the trip would "hurt [Brown] in a serious way," adding, "I can't help but wonder if there isn't something self-destructive in him." Democrats watching from the early primary state of New Hampshire had similar thoughts. Dudley Dudley, a leading liberal Democrat there told Time: "In political terms, this sort of thing is counterproductive. A lot of people are chuckling about [his trip with Ronstadt]."
The Newsweek and other stories on the Africa trip also refocused attention on the Brown/Ronstadt relationship and what had or had not transpired between the two in Africa, as well as previously back home. Newsweek's writers asked, "were the singer with a heart like a wheel and the governor with a soul set on the White House getting it all together at last?" One rumor at the time had it that Brown and Ronstadt were going to the slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro to be married.
In terms of what had already transpired between the two back home, Newsweek reported that they took long walks together, "hand in hand," along the Malibu beach; sometimes went to midnight Japanese movies in West L.A., or enjoyed country music "at the funky Palomino out in the San Fernando Valley." And as regulars at the El Adobe restaurant where they met, co-owner Frank Casada reported them having a good time there, enjoying each other's company, and giving each other pecks on the cheek occasionally."They really like each other," explained California State Assemblyman Willie Brown in the Newsweek story – a friend who had spent time with them. "He's a different person when he's with her," Willie Brown said. "There's a side the public never sees. He's flirty, flippant and very funny. And he's as interested in her physically as I'd like to be."
"It's a very, very special relationship that they have," one of Brown's aides was quoted in the Newsweek story. "It's a very important thing, and it's not something that either of them takes lightly."
But whether the couple had more serious intentions ahead, was quite another matter. Both had made statements they could not be married to one another, Brown saying it would stop him from reaching the White House, and Ronstadt saying that the political life for her would be too confining.
Yet some of Ronstadt's friends offered Newsweek a different take: "Marrying Jerry is an urge that comes on her periodically. She wants a sense of stability. She has talked about their becoming hermits on Jerry's land in northern California." But Linda's mother Ruthmary Ronstadt, weighed in with a definitive "I know she would not like being a political wife." And Ronstadt herself – pointing to an occasion when Mick Jagger breezed through town and called her to meet him in Mexico – acknowledged, "that's the sort of thing I couldn't do if I was married to Jerry." Still, they continued their relationship in the meantime.
In November 1979, Jerry Brown formally announced that he would be a candidate for the Democratic Presidential nomination in 1980.
"Brown-for- Prez" (Pt 2)The late 1970s were an anxious time in America. Overseas, the Iranian revolution of 1978-79 had curtailed oil supplies, spurring inflation and gasoline lines in America by the summer of 1979. President Carter's approval ratings had plummeted to below 30 percent. And earlier in the year, in March, the Three Mile Island nuclear power plant near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania had a catastrophic accident, an event which raised questions about the safety of nuclear power nationally while elevating the potential for energy alternatives.
Jerry Brown had been a proponent of energy alternatives to both continued oil import dependency and nuclear power, and so, was a politician who might draw some attention nationally by way of these issues. But Brown was also now a second term governor, and had a record of what he had and had not accomplished.
In his first term as California governor, Brown came down hard on crime, refused to raise taxes, and sought to eliminate waste in the state bureaucracy. Personally, he had refused the trappings of office early on, living frugally without the big limo and Governor's mansion. But liberals believed he had fallen short on job programs for the inner cities, child-care, housing for the poor, and tax reform. Brown did develop a strong relationship with the large Mexican-American community, an important voting bloc. He also negotiated a landmark farm-labor law with Cesar Chavez, the growers, and the Teamsters Union. And he signed laws decriminalizing marijuana, another ending oil depletion allowances, and a third permitting sexual freedom between consenting adults.Yet Brown was still a puzzle for many; a man hard to pin down, frustrating the press by answering their questions with questions of his own, or offering some philosophical nugget from Thomas Aquinas or a Zen aphorism. Still, he often proved the pundits wrong and had a keen political sense of public sentiment. Said one observer: "He's capable of taking the pulse of the public before the public even knows what it's feeling." He was also capable of running counter to public sentiment. When a bill to reinstitute the death penalty came to his desk as governor – with polls showing an overwhelming 70 percent of the public favoring it – he vetoed it. But this action did not hurt him politically that year, as the legislature overrode his veto.
In California, some viewed Brown as an opportunist, hellbent on the White House. State House Republican minority leader Paul Priolo stated at one point that Brown's philosophy was "to do what's necessary to become President." Some even suggested that his relationship with Ronstadt was a calculated media ploy to further his career.
In November 1979 when he announced that he would be a candidate for the 1980, Democratic Presidential nomination, Brown offered a platform with three main planks: a call for a constitutional convention to ratify the Balanced Budget Amendment, a promise to increase funds for the space program, and, in the wake of the 1979 Three Mile Island nuclear powerplant accident, opposition to nuclear power. The anti-nuclear movement in California was especially strong, and Brown had addressed activist gatherings that helped give him national visibility on the issue.
On the subject of the 1979 energy crisis, Brown charged that Carter had made a "Faustian bargain" with the oil industry. He also declared that he would greatly increase federal funding of research into solar power. During his campaign he described the health care industry as a "high priesthood" engaged in a "medical arms race" and called for a market-oriented system of universal health care. Brown also endorsed the idea of mandatory, non-military national service for the nation's youth, and suggested that the Defense Department cut back on support troops while beefing-up the number of combat troops.In his presidential bid, however, Brown had trouble gaining traction in both fundraising and polling. Part of the problem had come from Jimmy Carter regaining voter approval after American hostages were taken in Iran, as the country traditionally rallied around any President during a national crisis.
But the more serious problem for Brown as a challenger to Carter came from the rival candidacy of liberal icon, Edward M. Kennedy of Massachusetts. Senator Kennedy had refused to run previously in 1972 and 1976, primarily due to his Chappaquiddick auto accident and the death of passenger Mary Jo Kopechne. But 1980, many believed, was Kennedy's moment, and he mounted a major challenge to Carter.
Still, Brown continued his candidacy, and among his supporters were a number of film stars and others from Hollywood, as well as those from the music industry. Linda Ronstadt did benefit concerts for Brown, including one on December 22nd, 1979 in Las Vegas. At that concert, she mentioned on stage that evening that Brown had been running hard for president "in the the last two months" and that she hadn't seen him much during that time, "except on TV." She went on to say that he was coming home soon, and dedicated the next song in her performance to him – "My Boyfriend's Back." Another benefit concert for Brown on December 24th that year included others from Hollywood and the music business, including Jane Fonda, Helen Reddy, and members of the rock band Chicago. The star-studded benefit concerts, however, did not produce the turnout or revenue the Brown campaign had hoped for.Linda Ronstadt would also campaign for and with Brown on occasion, and was mentioned in news stories about his campaign. Her image also appeared on various campaign buttons, some with Brown and others by herself, the latter touting her for "First Lady."
Jerry Brown's supporters from Hollywood and the music industry, however, could cut both ways with voters. Conservative commentators of the day began describing some of Brown's supporters such as activists Jane Fonda, Tom Hayden, and Jesse Jackson as on "the fringe," which did hurt Brown in certain quarters.
Brown appeared on the ballot in a number of primary states. In the February 26, 1980 New Hampshire primary, however, he received only 10 percent of the vote. By late March 1980, Brown had spent $2 million but had won no primaries. Kennedy, on the other hand had beaten Carter in the Connecticut and New York primaries on March 25th, and seemed to be picking up steam.Brown then announced that his continuation in the race would hinge on a good showing in the April 1st, 1980 Wisconsin primary. Brown had polled well in Wisconsin throughout the primary season.
Then came a plan to film Brown on the steps of the Wisconsin state capitol at Madison in a special 30-minute event to be broadcast live and then used as a campaign commercial. Hollywood's Francis Ford Coppola was retained to produce and direct the event, and a thoughtful speech was prepared titled, "The Shape of Things to Come." However, due to technical problems, the event did not go well, and contributed to the melt-down of Jerry Brown's candidacy.
On April 1st, 1980, after finishing 3rd in the Wisconsin primary behind Carter and Kennedy, Brown withdrew from the Democratic Presidential race. Momentum thereafter went briefly in Kennedy's direction after Carter's attempt to rescue the hostages on April 25th ended in disaster. Still, Carter was able to hold off Kennedy, winning the nomination in the end, but losing to Ronald Reagan in the 1980 general election.
Linda's Interview
A few days after Jerry Brown quit his presidential bid, Linda Ronstadt appeared on the April 3rd, 1980 cover of Rolling Stone in a piece titled "The Styles of Linda Ronstadt," with Annie Leibovitz photos. However, around the same time, she had also given an interesting interview to Playboy magazine – an interview conducted earlier that spring that was published in the April 1980 issue.
The interview was billed by Playboy as: "a candid conversation with the first lady of rock about her music, her colorful past, her new image, and her 'boyfriend,' Jerry Brown." The magazine likely reached subscribers and the newsstands before Jerry Brown had quit the presidential race, and so would still be topical with Brown's candidacy in mind. But in the interview, Ronstadt offered some thoughtful observations on how she dealt with her celebrity and political involvement. A few excerpts follow below:
…PLAYBOY: Why weren't you involved in the benefits opposed to nuclear power?
RONSTADT: I didn't have a band and I felt it might be construed as an attempt on my part to start stumping for Jerry Brown.
PLAYBOY: What's wrong with that?
RONSTADT: I feel it can be dangerous for me as an artist to get involved with issues and, particularly, with candidates. But at some point, I feel like I can't not take a stand. I think of pre-Hitler Germany, when it was fashionable for the Berliners not to get involved with politics and, meantime, this horrible man took power.If I am saying things about nuclear power, I want people to go out and learn about it. I don't want them to say "No nukes" because Jackson and Linda say it. But it is difficult for me as a public person. I don't want people to take my word for something because they like my music. That's a danger in itself. I am real aware of my ability to influence impressionable people and I am reluctant to wield that power. If I am saying things about nuclear power, I want people to go out and learn about it. I don't want them to say "No nukes" because Jackson (Browne) and Linda say it. I don't want them to think that to be hip, they have to be a no-nukes person. I don't want people to think about issues when they hear my music. I really want them to hook their dreams onto what I am singing. When I'm out in public, I want to be singing.
PLAYBOY: But you are stumping for Brown. You had a $1000-a-couple dinner for him and you're doing concerts, something you said you'd never do.
RONSTADT: You know how most people burn their bridges behind them? Well, I have a tendency to burn my bridges ahead of me. I swore up and down I wouldn't do a benefit for Jerry. The artistic reason is the selfish reason, but also, I always thought that if I did a concert for Jerry, it would be perceived by the public as him trying to use me. They would say, "I told you all along: The basis of their relationship is that she can do concerts for him and make him a lot of money." But there is no way for me to stay neutral.…A candidate like Ronald Reagan can go to Westing- house and ask for lots of money…Jerry Brown can't go to Westinghouse. He can only go to indivi- duals. He has no corporate financing for his ideology. …Jerry Brown can't go to ARCO for money for solar power, because it's not in the company's interest…. If I won't support him, and I know him best, it looks like an attack. I would like him to be able to speak his ideas. I think they are really important and good and, for the most part, he's right. It's so hard for me, not only as a public figure but also as someone who believes in him, cares about him, is close to him and is on his side. I want to be on his side.
PLAYBOY: What's the reaction to your limited public support of Brown?
RONSTADT: I'm going to take a lot of heat for it, but I'm ready. I just don't feel that any of the alternatives are as good as Jerry, and that's what it comes down to. Look at it this way: The Eagles and I, in a way, represent the antinuclear concern. Westinghouse is heavily invested in nuclear power. A candidate like Ronald Reagan can go to Westinghouse and ask for lots of money and despite the $1000 limit, Westinghouse can commandeer huge sums of money. Plus, it can hire lawyers and take out huge ads in the newspapers and continue to brainwash the American public about the safety of nuclear power, which I think is a lie. Jerry Brown can't go to Westinghouse. He can only go to the individuals. He has no corporate financing for his ideology. A candidate like Jerry Brown can't go to Arco for money for solar power, because it's not in the company's interest. I believe it's in the public interest to have a candidate who is interested in furthering technology like solar power and protecting us from things like nuclear power.
PLAYBOY: Then you're not wary about ill-informed performers' affecting politics.
RONSTADT: A lot of us were naive in the beginning about doing benefits. We tended just to take people's word for things. I don't now. I read newspapers, periodicals. I'm not saying I'm an expert, but I am a hell of a lot better informed than before and better informed than the average person. I think my opinion is informed enough to put out there.…But if Frank Sinatra is going to do a benefit for Reagan, then I guess I have to do a benefit for Jerry…. Richard Reeves wrote sarcastically about how nobody would pay $400,000 an hour to watch him type, but Richard Reeves, in fact, swings much more influence with a typewriter than I ever could. He's a political writer. He sways public opinion every day. Doing a concert for a candidate can't swing an election. We flatter ourselves to think that. What I can do is provide better access to the public forum, and then it's up to the public to decide. Artists like Jane Fonda, Joan Baez, Vanessa Redgrave, I say more power to them, they are sticking out their necks. I don't particularly want to stick out my neck. But I don't see how I can not take a stand. It's dangerous territory for me, that's for sure. But if Frank Sinatra is going to do a benefit for Reagan, then I guess I have to do a benefit for Jerry….
Subsequent Lives
In the early 1980s, Jerry Brown and Linda Ronstadt would continue to be seen together occasionally. She joined him and other friends at an informal gathering in Sacramento on January 3, 1983 after he stepped down as governor. Later that year, on March 20th, 1983, they were photographed together attending the opening of the film Dreamgirls at the Shubert Theater in Century City, California. But after their active friendship years ended, Brown and Ronstadt went their separate ways, continuing in their respective careers.
In 1982, Jerry Brown could have sought a third term as governor, but instead decided to run for the U.S. Senate. He was defeated in that attempt by Republican Pete Wilson. Afterward, he took some personal time, traveling to Mexico to learn Spanish, to Japan to study Buddhism in a monastery, and to India to work with Mother Teresa. Upon his return in 1988, Brown won a race to become chairman of the California Democratic Party, and in that post he greatly expanded the party's donor base. But in early 1991, Brown resigned as Democratic Party Chairman, announcing he would run for the U.S. Senate seat held by then retiring Alan Cranston. Although he led in the polls for both the nomination and the general election, he quit this Senate bid in favor of running for president for a third time in 1992. Running as an outsider, he won six primaries, but still lagged well behind frontrunner Bill Clinton.
After Jerry Brown's third failed attempt at the Presidency, many believed his political career was over, and for six years or so, he remained in the political wilderness. But in 1997, running as an independent, Brown became mayor of Oakland, California where he helped revitalize the city and reverse its hemorrhage of residents. In 2007, Brown ran for and won the post of State Attorney General, and four years later, succeeded Arnold Schwarzenegger in a third term as California's governor. As this is written, Brown is running for an historic fourth term as California's governor, which if he wins on November 4, 2014, will begin in January of 2015.Linda Ronstadt, for her part, went on making music – all kinds of music. In 1981, she went to Broadway as Mabel in The Pirates of Penzance, co-starring with Kevin Kline. She also co-starred with Kline and Angela Lansbury in the 1983 film version. In music she continued to put out popular recordings and appear at concert venues. In 1983, her estimated worth was placed at over $40 million, mostly from records, concerts and merchandising But she soon tired of rock concerts, where the audience – sometimes into beer and pot – was not always focused on the performer. Ronstadt longed for venues that had "angels in the architecture," as she once put it. In late 1984 she ventured into opera, cast as Mimi in La Bohème in New York City.
Back in the studio, meanwhile, in 1983-1986, she collaborated with Nelson Riddle on songs from the Great American Songbook, producing three albums of jazz and traditional pop standards that between them sold more than seven million copies in the U.S. In 1987 she collaborated with Dolly Parton and Emmy Lou Harris to produce the album Trio which held the No.1 position on Billboard's country albums chart for five weeks. In late 1987, Ronstadt released Canciones de Mi Padre, an album of traditional Mexican folk songs.
For Ronstadt the 1980s proved to be just as commercially successful as the 1970s. Between 1983 and 1990, she turned out six additional million-selling albums; two of which sold more than three million U.S. copies. In 1991, she released a second album of Mexican music, Mas Canciones, for which she won a Grammy. And there is lots more about her music, politics, and personal life – covered elsewhere in greater detail.Suffice it to say here that Linda Ronstadt was one of the most successful and versatle female singers in U.S. history. To date, she has sold in excess of 100 million records worldwide and also became one of the top-grossing concert performers for over a decade. During her career, she released over 45 albums, 30 of those studio productions. Among her singles, 38 charted on Billboard's pop chart – 21 in the Top 40, ten in the Top 10, three at No. 2, and "You're No Good" at No. 1. She has earned 11 Grammy Awards, two Academy of Country Music Awards, an Emmy Award, and an ALMA Award. But sadly, in August 2013, Ronstadt revealed she has Parkinson's disease, leaving her unable to sing.
In April 2014, Linda Ronstadt was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. In July 2014, President Obama awarded her one of twelve 2013 National Medals of Arts and Humanities. He also stated that he had had a crush on her when he was younger. Engaged to filmmaker George Lucas for a time in 1984, Linda Ronstadt never did marry. In her 40s, during the 1990s, she adopted two children – Mary and Carlos, now young adults. Her autobiography, Simple Dreams: A Musical Memoir, was released in September 2013 when it debuted in the Top 10 on the New York Times best sellers list.
In that memoir she writes: "Jerry Brown and I had a lot of fun for a number of years. He was smart and funny, not interested in drinking or drugs, and lived his life carefully, with a great deal of discipline." She said she found him to be "a relief" from the musicians she hung around with. But she also added: "Neither of us ever suffered under the delusion that we would like to share each other's lives. I would have found his life too restrictive, and he would have found mine entirely chaotic…Eventually we went our separate ways and embraced things that resonated with us as different individuals…We have always remained on excellent terms."
For additional stories at this website on music please see the "Annals of Music" category page, and for politics, the "Politics & Culture" page. See also, "Noteworthy Ladies," a topics page with more than 40 story choices on the history and careers of famous women. Thanks for visiting – and if you like what you find here, please make a donation to help support the research, writing, and continued publication of this website. Thank you. – Jack Doyle
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Date Posted: 22 August 2014
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Lean and Why It Matters
A couple of days back I said in 2013 people will begin to refocus on innovation, and lean is the reason why. Lean principles are a perfect match to every enterprise's dilemma: creating more products, for more niches, at a faster lick and lower cost, a topic covered in The Elastic Enterprise.
Though we may think of it as a start-up phenomenon, the lean movement reaches deep into the enterprise. In recent interviews I've heard lean start-up principles articulated by companies as large as AT&T and Nokia Siemens Networks. At the same time I've heard the pressure to do lean processes from companies like The Washington Post and National Geographic.
In February Wiley will publish The Lean Entrepreneur, a book that takes lean into the enterprise in a step-wise process. I got talking to Patrick and Brant, the authors yesterday (take a look at their webs site – I'll write about it later).
There are two drivers of lean principles apart from the obvious one – competitiveness.
Lean has given enterprises, which have already shaved back on costs, a new language for motivating people to get creative on limited resources.
But there's also the big fear. Companies see dozens of start-ups each year taking aim at them. Most can be laughed off, but one of them is going to hurt, perhaps terminally.
Lean is appealing, then, to people in enterprise settings, particularly those who already take responsibility for agile processes.
According to Brant and Patrick, however, even the owner of agile realizes their organization is not changing fast enough. That's where lean comes in. But companies are also typically doing agile wrongly.
A problem for companies with agile processes is also under-resourcing. They know they must go out and interview potential customers in order to build the use-cases that make for good product but there's no time or budget for that. So personnas and use cases are made up. The lack of engagement created by taking short cuts only become apparent when a product hits the market.
Brant and Patrick's book is an attempt to bring discipline into that. It looks at innovation as a continuum from, on one end, disruptive to, on the other "sustaining" (see the image below). Companies need to locate where on this spectrum their innovation needs' lie. Then there are three steps:
#1. Interacting with customers and segmenting the markets in a non-demographic way, focusing on shared pain.
#2. Creating purpose-built experiments, e.g. releasing prototypes, to de-risk the market.
#3. Creating data that is a genuine measure of your engagement with the market.
There's more to it , of course. That's why they wrote the book – and the book itself is an interaction with the start-up and enterprise community.
The unmentioned element of this is where we will find enough people with the creative spirit to do more, cheaper, faster. That's something I'll come on to in a series of posts about being creative.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Kidney disease progresses faster in African Americans than other races
Among individuals with chronic kidney disease (CKD), African Americans experience faster progression of the disease during later stages compared with other races, according to a study appearing in an upcoming issue of the Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (JASN). Also, screening of African Americans with CKD can help improve care and is cost-effective.
It is well known that African Americans have a similar prevalence of CKD as other Americans, but they are more likely to progress to kidney failure. The lifetime incidence of kidney failure is about 8.6% for African Americans compared with 3.5% for other Americans. The reasons for this disparity are not known.
To investigate, Thomas Hoerger, PhD (RTI International) and his colleagues used a simulation model of CKD progression to see if the prevalence of common CKD risk factors (such as high blood pressure and diabetes) could explain the higher lifetime incidence of kidney failure among African Americans.
The researchers found that the higher lifetime incidence of kidney failure among African Americans was not fully explained by the prevalence of common CKD risk factors. Instead, it could be explained by faster progression of CKD among African Americans during the later stages of the disease.
The investigators then considered whether screening for a particular marker of CKD called microalbuminuria—when the kidneys leak small amounts of protein into the urine—would be cost-effective. (Screening could lead to earlier treatment that might prevent kidney failure.) "We found that screening for microalbuminuria is cost-effective for African Americans at either five- or 10-year intervals, particularly for those with diabetes or hypertension," said Dr. Hoerger.
Kidney failure affected more than 571,000 US adults and cost more than $42 billion in 2009.
More information: The article, entitled "Cost-Effectiveness of Screening for Microalbuminuria among African Americans," will appear online on November 29, 2012, doi: 10.1681/ASN.2012040347


text:
New research helps explain why infection with herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2), which causes genital herpes, increases the risk for HIV infection even after successful treatment heals the genital skin sores and breaks that often result from HSV-2.
Scientists have uncovered details of an immune-cell environment conducive to HIV infection that persists at the location of HSV-2 genital skin lesions long after they have been treated with oral doses of the drug acyclovir and have healed and the skin appears normal. These findings are published in the advance online edition of Nature Medicine on Aug. 2.
Led by Lawrence Corey, M.D., and Jia Zhu, Ph.D., of the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and Anna Wald, M.D., M.P.H., of the University of Washington, both in Seattle, the study was funded mainly by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) with support from the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, both part of the National Institutes of Health.
"The findings of this study mark an important step toward understanding why HSV-2 infection increases the risk of acquiring HIV and why acyclovir treatment does not reduce that risk," says NIAID Director Anthony S. Fauci, M.D. "Understanding that even treated HSV-2 infections provide a cellular environment conducive to HIV infection suggests new directions for HIV prevention research, including more powerful anti-HSV therapies and ideally an HSV-2 vaccine."
One of the most common sexually transmitted infections worldwide, HSV-2 is associated with a two- to three-fold increased risk for HIV infection. Some HSV-2-infected people have recurring sores and breaks in genital skin, and it has been hypothesized that these lesions account for the higher risk of HIV acquisition. However, recent clinical trials, including an NIAID-funded study completed last year, demonstrated that successful treatment of such genital herpes lesions with the drug acyclovir does not reduce the risk of HIV infection posed by HSV-2 (http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/news/newsreleases/2008/hptn039.htm). The current study sought to understand why this is so and to test an alternative theory.
"We hypothesized that sores and breaks in the skin from HSV-2 are associated with a long-lasting immune response at those locations, and that the response consists of an influx of cells that are a perfect storm for HIV infection," says Dr. Corey, co-director of the Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Institute at The Hutchinson Center and head of the Virology Division in the Department of Laboratory Medicine at the University of Washington. "We believe HIV gains access to these cells mainly through microscopic breaks in the skin that occur during sex."
The research team took biopsies of genital skin tissue from eight HIV-negative men and women who were infected with HSV-2. These biopsies were taken at multiple time points: when the patients had genital herpes sores and breaks in the skin, when these lesions had healed, and at two, four and eight weeks after healing. The researchers also took biopsies from four of the patients when herpes lesions reappeared and the patients underwent treatment with oral acyclovir. The scientists continued to take biopsies at regular intervals for 20 weeks after the lesions had healed. For comparison, the investigators also took biopsies from genital tissue that did not have herpes lesions from the same patients.
Previous research has demonstrated that immune cells involved in the body's response to infection remain at the site of genital herpes lesions even after they have healed. The scientists conducting the current study made several important findings about the nature of these immune cells. First, they found that CD4+ T cells — the cells that HIV primarily infects — populate tissue at the sites of healed genital HSV-2 lesions at concentrations 2 to 37 times greater than in unaffected genital skin. Treatment with acyclovir did not reduce this long-lasting, high concentration of HSV-2-specific CD4+ T cells at the sites of healed herpes lesions.
Second, the scientists discovered that a significant proportion of these CD4+ T cells carried CCR5 or CXCR4, the cell-surface proteins that HIV uses (in addition to CD4) to enter cells. The percentage of CD4+ T cells expressing CCR5 during acute HSV-2 infection and after healing of genital sores was twice as high in biopsies from the sites of these sores as from unaffected control skin. Moreover, the level of CCR5 expression in CD4+ T cells at the sites of healed genital herpes lesions was similar for patients who had been treated with acyclovir as for those who had not.
Third, the scientists found a significantly higher concentration of immune cells called dendritic cells with the surface protein called DC-SIGN at the sites of healed genital herpes lesions than in control tissue, whether or not the patient was treated with acyclovir. Dendritic cells with DC-SIGN ferry HIV particles to CD4+ T cells, which the virus infects. The DC-SIGN cells often were near CD4+ T cells at the sites of healed lesions — an ideal scenario for the rapid spread of HIV infection.
Finally, using biopsies from two study participants, the scientists found laboratory evidence that HIV replicates three to five times as quickly in cultured tissue from the sites of healed HSV-2 lesions than in cultured tissue from control sites.
All four of these findings help explain why people infected with HSV-2 are at greater risk of acquiring HIV than people who are not infected with HSV-2, even after successful acyclovir treatment of genital lesions.
"HSV-2 infection provides a wide surface area and long duration of time for allowing HIV access to more target cells, providing a greater chance for the initial 'spark' of infection," the authors write. This spark likely ignites once HIV penetrates tiny breaks in genital skin that commonly occur during sex. "Additionally," the authors continue, "the close proximity to DC-SIGN-expressing DCs [dendritic cells] is likely to fuel these embers and provide a mechanism for more efficient localized spread of initial infection." The investigators conclude that reducing the HSV-2-associated risk of HIV infection will require diminishing or eliminating the long-lived immune-cell environment created by HSV-2 infection in the genital tract, ideally through an HSV vaccine. Further, they hypothesize that other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) may create similar cellular environments conducive to HIV infection, explaining why STIs in general are a risk factor for acquiring HIV.
For more information about HIV/AIDS research, go to http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/topics/HIVAIDS/, and for more information about HSV-2 research, go to http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/topics/genitalHerpes/default.htm.
NIAID conducts and supports research?at NIH, throughout the United States, and worldwide?to study the causes of infectious and immune-mediated diseases, and to develop better means of preventing, diagnosing and treating these illnesses. News releases, fact sheets and other NIAID-related materials are available on the NIAID Web site at http://www.niaid.nih.gov.
The National Institutes of Health (NIH)?The Nation's Medical Research Agency?includes 27 Institutes and Centers and is a component of the U. S. Department of Health and Human Services. It is the primary federal agency for conducting and supporting basic, clinical and translational medical research, and it investigates the causes, treatments and cures for both common and rare diseases. For more information about NIH and its programs, visit http://www.nih.gov.
J Zhu et al. Persistence of HIV-1 receptor-positive cells after HSV-2 reactivation is a potential mechanism for increased HIV-1 acquisition. Nature Medicine DOI: 10.1038/nm2006 (2009).
C Celum et al. Effect of aciclovir on HIV-1 acquisition in herpes simplex virus 2 seropositive women and men who have sex with men: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60920-4 (2008).


text:
- By Jacquelyn White
- Posted Monday, January 23, 2017
New Central Library Updates
Click here for the Central Library Web Cam
The long-awaited design for a new Central Library was announced during a Forsyth County Board of Commissioners weekly briefing session on November 13th. The new building will offer 103,000 square feet of flexible space, a 17,000 square feet increase over the old Central Library. Also part of the new design is a cafe/coffee bar.
Architects also revealed plans for a Makerspace, following a popular trend in public and academic libraries across the country. In short, Makerspaces are dedicated areas in libraries where people can gather to make and create. Makerspaces bring people together to share supplies, skills and ideas while working on projects. Often this includes innovative technological features such as 3-D printers and the like.
Customers of our North Carolina Room and Children's Department will not be disappointed with what's in store for them in our new building as both areas will offer more efficient and easier accessed space than before.
Two features that stand out immediately with the new design is the openness of the interior, with clear sight lines and the generous use of natural lighting. Another feature is the large 305 seat auditorium which will have a separate entrance off of Spring Street making it ideal for use after normal Library operating hours.
As you enter the new Library from Fifth Street the architects have planned a beautiful lawn space and outdoor reading garden that will provide quiet places for customers to sit and read and more usable space for programming during warm weather months. Taking advantage of a natural ridge-line that the new Library will sit upon, there are plans for a third floor reading room which will offer wonderful views of Wait Chapel and Pilot Mountain.
Pre-construction testing is scheduled to begin shortly, laying the groundwork for demolition of the 1952 front section of the old library and the stripping away of the back portion starting in January. Completion of the project is scheduled for the first part of 2017.
Interested in donating to the new Central Library? Here's how.
Schematic drawings of the new Central Library
Stay up to date with the Central Library Renovation project:
Central Library Update (9/19/2014)
Central Library Closed for Pre-Construction and Renovation (10/15/2014)
Design Announced For New Central Library (1/22/2015)
Commissioners Approve Contract Bid To Demolish Central Library (7/29/2015)
Central Library Prepares for Renovation (8/24/2015)
Construction Web Camera Now Up and Running (9/22/2015)
Groundbreaking Ceremony Held for Renovated Central Library (10/01/2015)
Forsyth library construction projects to move forward in 2016 (12/27/2015)
Commissioners take futuristic look of Central Library (09/15/2016)
New Central Library in Winston-Salem on track for mid-summer opening (12/11/2016)
Photo Construction Update for New Central Library (12/13/2016)
Renovated Central Library in Winston-Salem is within months of construction completion (01/23/2017)
Our Latest Tweets
Contact Us
Email: Contact Us
Hours of Operation
Monday-Thursday 9 a.m. to 8 p.m.
Friday 9 a.m. to 6 p.m
Saturday 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.
To-Go Service Hours
Monday-Thursday 9 a.m. to 8 p.m.
Friday 9 a.m. to 6 p.m
Saturday 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.
Holiday Closings
Monday, January 2 - New Year's Day
Monday, January 16 - Martin Luther King, Jr. Birthday
Friday, April 7 - Good Friday
Monday, May 29 - Memorial Day
Tuesday, July 4 - Independence Day
Monday, September 4 - Labor Day
Friday, November 10 - Veteran's Day
Thursday, November 23 - Thanksgiving
Friday, November 24 - Thanksgiving
Friday, December 22 - Christmas holiday begins
Monday, December 25 - Christmas
Tuesday, December 26 - Christmas


text:
I replaced my HD with an SSD (256 GB), and restored the contents from my Time Machine backup (external HD 320 GB).
Now, after a day of working, I plugged in my external HD to make the next backup. Time Machine now started to scan my files, prepared the files etc. (took rather long, because it somehow needed to scan everything), then entered the "Deleting old backups" phase. Everything looked normal, but just when it was about to finish, it failed with "This backup is too large for the backup disk.".
Only about 200 GB of my SSD are used, so this should easily fit on the external 320 GB HD: Not many files have changed since the time I restored the backup.
When I look into the Time Machine drive, I see, that it has automatically deleted all my old versions already I'm really not happy about that! Only the latest one is left - the one I restored from yesterday, and now it seems to create a separate backup for my new disk? Ok, "200 GB x 2 > 320 GB", but that's not what it should do. It should just continue writing the differences, as it has always managed to keep several old versions, so why would it be any different just because I moved the contents to an SSD?
Is there a way to make Time Machine "reconnect" to the new SSD (I assume, it is still somehow "connected" to the old HD, and therefore doesn't treat the changes on my new SSD as changes to the backup?)
I wonder, if I should have rather cloned my HD (e.g. with a third party tool), without Time Machine knowing about it?


text:
Net::LDAP::Intermediate - LDAPv3 intermediate response object base class
use Net::LDAP::Intermediate;
Net::LDAP::Intermediate is a base-class for LDAPv3 intermediate response objects.
ARGS is a list of name/value pairs, valid arguments are:
A dotted-decimal representation of an OBJECT IDENTIFIER which uniquely identifies the intermediate response. This prevents conflicts between intermediate response names.
Optional information associated with the intermediate response. It's format is specific to the particular intermediate response.
ASN is a HASH reference, normally extracted from a PDU. It will contain a responseName element and optionally responseValue element. On return ASN will be blessed into a package. If responseName is a registered OID, then ASN will be blessed into the registered package, if not then ASN will be blessed into Net::LDAP::Intermediate.
This constructor is used internally by Net::LDAP and assumes that HASH passed contains a valid intermediate response. It should be used with caution.
In addition to the methods listed below, each of the named parameters to new is also available as a method. responseName will return the OID of the intermediate response object. responseValue is set/get methods and will return the current value for each attribute if called without arguments, but may also be called with arguments to set new values.
If there has been an error returns a description of the error, otherwise it will return undef
init will be called as the last step in both constructors. What it does will depend on the sub-class. It must always return the object.
register is provided for sub-class implementors. It should be called as a class method on a sub-class of Net::LDAP::Intermediate with the OID that the class will handle. Net::LDAP::Intermediate will remember this class and OID pair and use it in the following situations.
new is called as a class method on the Net::LDAP::Intermediate package and OID is passed as the responseName. The returned object will be blessed into the package that registered the OID.
new is called as a class method on a registered package and the responseName is not specified. The responseName will be set to the OID registered by that package.
from_asn is called to construct an object from ASN. The returned object will be blessed into the package which was registered to handle the OID in the ASN.
Returns a structure suitable for passing to Convert::ASN1 for encoding. This method will be called by Net::LDAP when the intermediate response is used.
The base class implementation of this method will call the responseValue method without arguments to allow a sub-class to encode it's value. Sub-classes should not need to override this method.
Returns true if the object is valid and can be encoded. The default implementation for this method is to return TRUE if there is no error, but sub-classes may override that.
Net::LDAP Net::LDAP::Extension Net::LDAP::Search Net::LDAP::Intermediate::SyncInfo
Mathieu Parent <email@example.com>
Please report any bugs, or post any suggestions, to the perl-ldap mailing list <email@example.com>
Copyright (c) 2008 Mathieu Parent. All rights reserved. This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself.
To install Net::LDAP, copy and paste the appropriate command in to your terminal.
cpanm Net::LDAP
CPAN shell
perl -MCPAN -e shell
install Net::LDAP
For more information on module installation, please visit the detailed CPAN module installation guide.


text: Microsoft Corp. would better protect users by severing Internet Explorer's connections to Windows, then patching the browser invisibly in the background -- daily if necessary, a security expert argued today."The browser is the heaviest used application that interacts with the Internet, and the most likely source of malicious content. IE vulnerabilities should be given the highest priority and patched first," said Wolfgang Kandek, chief technology officer at security company Qualys Inc.But that's not what happens in the real world, he said. "Unfortunately, the vulnerability data that we collect shows that companies treat browser patches just like all other patches. IE's patch deployment cycle correlates very closely with other critical patches."According to data that Qualys collected from scans of several hundred thousand Windows PCs owned by its customers, the patching pace for IE vulnerabilities was essentially the same as the rate at which users fixed other non-IE critical flaws.To pick up that pace, Kandek suggested that Microsoft sever Windows' links to IE completely, then boost IE's update frequency and take some, or all, of the control out of users' hands. "There's just too much user interaction required by Microsoft for IE," he said, referring to the way Microsoft updates its software, IE included, using services such as Windows Update."If Microsoft removed IE from Windows and made it independently updatable, I think you'd get improved update performance," said Kandek.Although pulling IE from Windows would mean that Microsoft would have to come up with a different mechanism for Windows Update -- currently the service relies on IE -- Kandek believes the benefit to users would be significant. "Taking IE out of the [monthly] patch cycle would give us better protection," he said.Rather than patching IE only once a month, as it does now, Kandek would like to see Microsoft pick up the pace by rolling out fixes as soon as they're ready, in effect mimicking the update process that Mozilla Corp. uses for Firefox, or the even less intrusive approach that Google Inc. applies to its Chrome browser.Firefox users receive a notice when security updates are available, and can click through to download and install the patches. Chrome users, meanwhile, do nothing: Google pushes patches to its browser automatically, and they're installed with no user action required. Either method would be preferable to Microsoft's current update strategy for IE, Kandek said.That applies for all IE users, including those working for companies where IE is mandatory, and patch deployment can be delayed by testing, or for fear of disrupting workflow. "I think that you should just determine for the corporation to trust Microsoft and their quality control" on the patches, Kandek said. "Browser patches are heavily tested by Microsoft, and unlikely to break any existing functionality on the desktop."Microsoft could conceivably split IE from Windows with its newest browser, Internet Explorer 8, which reached "release candidate" status late last month. "IE8 would be a good opportunity," said Kandek.Ironically, he may get his wish if the European Union has its way. The Competition Commission, the EU's antitrust agency, recently hit Microsoft with a new set of charges, this time concerning IE. On Jan. 15, the commission said that by tying IE to Windows, Microsoft "distorts competition" in browsers and gives IE "an artificial distribution advantage" over rivals like Firefox, Apple Inc.'s Safari and Opera Software ASA's Opera."If the [commission's] preliminary views were confirmed, the commission would consider ordering Microsoft to give users an objective opportunity to choose which competing Web browser(s) instead of, or in addition to, Internet Explorer they wanted to install in Windows, and which one they wanted to have as default," said EU spokesman Jonathan Todd in an e-mail. "Microsoft could also be ordered to technically allow the user to disable Internet Explorer code should the user choose to install a competing browser."Although IE's market share has been steadily shrinking -- under assault from Firefox, first of all, Safari second -- it accounted for about 68 percent of all browsers used last month, according to Internet metrics vendor Net Applications Inc.


text:
Motor Oil Matters (MOM) is the American Petroleum Institute's (API) new program for licensing motor oil distributors and oil change locations.
MOM has one main goal: to make sure that consumers receive high-quality oil. This is accomplished by maintaining a secure chain-of-custody for motor oil from the marketer all the way to the vehicle. The MOM mark will help identify distributors and oil change locations committed to providing motor oil meeting the performance standard recommended by most vehicle and engine manufacturers.
Interested in learning more about motor oil? Visit our Learn about Motor Oil page.
Not up to speed on motor oil standards? Visit our Learn about Standards page.
Check your owner's manual to see which viscosity grade and performance level is right for your vehicle's engine. Manufacturers often recommend oils licensed by API as these oils have been rigorously tested to ensure they meet API's engine oil standards.
The MOM mark will help identify oil change locations committed to providing motor oil meeting these standards. To find a MOM-certified oil change location near you, click here.
You probably know the basics of caring for your engine, but you might not know about the potential damage that could result from using motor oil that fails to meet industry-established motor oil standards. Using motor oil that's not up to API's standards could compromise a vehicle's performance over time.
To avoid substandard oils, look for motor oil that displays the API quality marks —the API Certification Mark "Starburst," the API Certification Mark "Shield" and the API Service Symbol "Donut." All three symbols can be found on the labels of API-licensed motor oils.
MOM is getting the word out on the importance of using the right oil in your engine, but it also is trying to assure oil quality from the marketer all the way down to the consumer. MOM is accomplishing this through API licensing programs for motor oil distributors and oil change locations. To become licensed, distributors and oil change locations have to demonstrate to API that they meet an API chain-of-custody standard. Licensed distributors and installers also must submit to an auditing process to ensure the motor oils they deliver and install are the right oils.
The program will hold oil distributors and oil change locations accountable if they're not up to MOM standards. Industry members and consumers are encouraged to notify API about questionable products. To report a problem, submit our online form.


text:
SEED Coalition opposes any radioactive waste dumping in Texas, but at minimum seeks to prevent our state from receiving waste from more than just the two Compact States and becoming the nation's radioactive waste dump. With support from Public Citizen, Environment Texas and Nuclear Information and Resource Service and other groups, they will submit comments today to the Texas Low-Level Radioactive Waste Disposal Compact Commission. The Proposed Import/Export Rule under consideration may open the door for Texas to becoming the nation's nuclear dumping ground and we're making recommendations to strengthen the rule and protect public health as safety .
State Rep. Lon Burnam (District 90, Ft. Worth) will ask a series of questions of the Compact Commissioners, and try to get answers as to why they are considering the weak and risky approach taken by the draft rule under consideration.
Some of SEED Coalition's comments can be summarized as follows:
- The site should be limited to radioactive waste from Texas and Vermont, and have volume and radioactivity caps that match the license for the facility.
- Waste from Texas and Vermont would more than fill up the facility, and no Out of Compact Waste should be imported.
- The proposed import/ export rule needs to be strengthened and deemed a Major Environmental rule, so that more careful analysis can be done.
- Radionuclides must be carefully tracked and monitored. The public has a right to know what is shipped to the site and the level of radioactivity in curies.
- The public should be informed as to health risks from various radionuclides and meetings held in accord with the Open Meetings Act
The Compact Commission meets today beginning at 9 AM in Austin, Texas in the State Capitol Auditorium, E1.004, 1400 North Congress.
Visit www.NukeFreeTexas.org to find SEED's comments, Rep. Burnam's questions, a NIRS factsheet and the memo by nuclear expert Dr. Arjun Makhijani. Press release after the jump… (more…)


text:
For those not in the "know", JAOS is a very exclusive line of
accessories that OTHERS sell for hundreds more. Imported from Japan,
Jaos is considered the "Rolex" of SUV accessories. Unbeatable quality,
fit, and finish.
The Rear Skid Bar will give you that rugged look while still looking
The JAOS Rear Skid Bar provides added protection and roof rack access.
Made from the same T-304 stainless steel tubing used to construct the
JAOS Bull Bar, the Rear Skid Bar is CAD-CAM designed, CNC cut and
mandrel bent; then precision welded for optimum strength and has a
high-luster polished finish that is non-corrosive, rust resistance and
easy to maintain. The Rear Skid Bar can be used with OE and most after
-market tow hitches and easily installs to existing chassis mounting
locations without drilling.
Note: Some aftermarket exhaust systems might not be compatible with
the JAOS rear skid bar.
Be sure to ask about our other Jaos accessories!
Jason Burtman's 4Runner
Reg. Price: $901.00Our Price: $ 720.80
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