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Florida Keys Photographer in Marathon, Florida and Southern Florida, Family, Portrait, Wedding, Concert, and Event Photography
Marathon Family Photographer Florida Keys
Bay Harbor Fun Run - Boyne Thunder (Photographer - Bay Harbor - Naples)
Sandra Lee Photography Studio & Gallery
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If you have any questions about ordering prints, please call me, Sandra Lee, at 231-622-2066
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Bay Harbor Fun Run 2018
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Five years ago Facebook announced the Facebook Developer Platform and since it was announced at the 2007 f8 conference with 70 app developers the program has sky rocketed in use. In fact one year after it was first revealed the program already had 30,000 apps.
Adding to Facebook's reach was the Connect platform in 2008, the first glimpse into third-party website integration for the company.
Eventually we were treated to the Facebook "Like" button, tons of games from the likes of Zynga and the Open Graph.
Fast forward to 2012 and the Facebook developer platform has created more than 182,000 American jobs with an economic value of $12.19 billion.
Throw in Facebook Timeline which is hated by many users but offers the potential for even closer app development integration and it's easy to see why Facebook continues its meteoric rise, even as people complain about privacy issues and other Facebook missteps.
Via @ Mashable
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text: AOSIS OpenJournalshttp://email@example.com://www.ojvr.org0030-24652219-0635The quest for One Health: Human Resource training aspects Appropriately trained Human Resources for Health (HRH) are key inputs into One Health. '… more than 50% of all infectious diseases of humans originate from animals and that, of the emerging diseases about 75% could be traced back to animal origin' (Rweyemamu et al. 2006). A comprehensive understanding of the social determinants of health, through an appropriate training model for HRH, is a key input. This study aimed to explore if human and veterinary medical schools were using such a model or providing time for this model in their curricula. Specific objectives were to: determine the time that human and veterinary medical schools' curricula provide for subjects or courses related to the social determinants of health; analyse the curricula contents to establish how they relate to the social determinants of health; and explore how a bio-medical model may influence the graduates' understanding and practice of One Health. A review of human and veterinary graduate-level medical schools' curricula in East Africa was performed in April 2013 and May 2013. The findings were: in the curricula, SDH contents for knowledge enhancement about One Health are minimal and that teaching is Germ Theory model-driven and partisan. Out of the total training time for physicians and veterinarians, less than 10% was provided for the social determinants of health-related courses. In conclusion, the curricula and training times provided are inadequate for graduates to fully understand the social determinants of health and their role in One Health. Furthermore, the Germ Theory model that has been adopted addresses secondary causes and is inappropriate. There is a need for more in-depth model. This article suggests that a vicious cycle of ill-health model must be taught. Angwara Kiwara1 1School of Public Health and Social Sciences, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Tanzania Ave-Maria Semakafu1 1School of Public Health and Social Sciences, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Tanzania Gasto Frumence1 1School of Public Health and Social Sciences, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Tanzania Angwara Kiwara firstname.lastname@example.com PO Box 35147, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania Proceedings of the 2nd One Health Conference in Africa. Jointly organised by the Southern African Centre for Infectious Disease Surveillance and the Tanzania National Institute for Medical Research, held at the Snow Crest Hotel in Arusha, Tanzania from 16th to 19th April 2013: http://www.sacids.org/kms/frontend/index.php?m=119. 72081210.4102/ojvr.v81i2.720Kiwara, A., Semakafu, A-M., Frumence, G., 2014., 'The quest for One Health: Human Resource training aspects', Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research 81(2) Art. #720, 6 pages. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/ojvr.v81i2.720 © 2014. The Authors. Licensee: AOSIS OpenJournals. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License.Introduction International Public Health experts are now focusing their attention on innovative ways of realising better health in all countries through an improved framework; this is because previous approaches have not delivered the expected results (Solar et al. 2010; WHO 2010). Despite sustained efforts by health experts and policy makers, ill health still exists for both animals and humans (WHO 2006). The One Health approach has overwhelmed most of the debates (Coker et al. 2011). These debates are justified given that 'it has been established that more than 50% of all infectious diseases of humans originate from animals and that of the emerging diseases about 75% could be traced back to animal origin,' (Rweyemamu et al. 2006). It is further argued, and plausibly so, that the social and environmental ecology drives the social determinants of health, which researches have proven over time to be of primary importance in both animal and human health (WHO 2006; World Bank 2010). Objectives This article sought to contribute to an important aspect of enriching a One Health approach, with a specific focus on analysing the key aspects of the training of health workers. It set out to specifically: Determine the time that human and veterinary medical schools' curricula provide for subjects or courses related to the social determinants of health (SDH). Analyse curricula contents and how they relate to the SDH. Examine how the curricula contents may influence the graduates' understanding and practice of One Health. Methodology and marterials The curricula of five university-level human and veterinary medical schools in East Africa were reviewed. The aim was to establish how much time was allocated to courses related to the SDH taught at the medical schools. These courses included: Nutrition, Community health sociology and Development studies. Other courses included the classical subjects at medical and veterinary schools such as: Parasitology; Microbiology; Virology; Pathology; Pharmacology; and Management of diseases. Current curricula were obtained from the respective universities and schools in the region and analysed by desk review. The total times provided for the SDH-related subjects (Nutrition, Community health sociology and Development studies) were compiled. Likewise, the total times provided for the classical subjects were compiled. A thorough examination of the classical subjects was undertaken to decipher and categorise the contents as to whether they were related in any way with the SDH. Finally, ten group discussions were held with final-year veterinary and human medicine students in conveniently selected schools. For the focus-group discussions, three questions guided the discussions. These questions were: How do you understand One Health? Would you work as one team after graduation? Would you facilitate joint training if you had the means to do so? Results It was established that students studying to become physicians or veterinarians spend on average ten semesters at university. This totals 6382 hours; out of this time, only 639 hours or 10% is spent on subjects that are directly related to the SDH. The rest of the time is spent on the classical subjects. Compartmentalisation and isolated, specific moulding takes place very early on before the graduate goes out to practice. It was also established that the contents of the classical subjects present microorganisms to be the primary causes of ill health in animals and human beings. Students are taught that these microorganisms exist and act in their own right, independent of the social and environmental ecology, to cause ill health. They are taught that the direct management of these microorganisms can overcome the problem of ill health in animals with disregard to the social and environmental ecology. Given the established compartmentalisation during training and the disregard for the social and environmental ecology, One Health is thus seriously threatened. The curricula of the veterinary and medical schools put the Germ Theory Model as the lead model in the training of veterinarians and human medical doctors. This centralisation is not in favour of a One Health approach. It also creates and reinforces the fatal culture among medical and veterinary students of despising social sciences as a tool in One Health. Furthermore, it has come to acquire unquestionable legitimacy in dealing with diseases in both human beings and animals for reasons to be further raised below. During the focus group discussions, responses were transcribed and themes grouped together in a qualitative analysis. It was established that the final-year human and animal health students at the institutions studied minimally understand One Health. All of the ten focus group discussions had similar conclusions. In an attempt to search deeper, written explanations about what One Health meant were given to all groups. Regarding working as one team for One Health, the responses were mixed. These future animal and human health experts were of the view that such collective work should be done during epidemic outbreaks affecting human beings and animals. Otherwise they see themselves as holding specific authorities, each in their own discipline and area of work. In relation to joint training, where certain core courses like Anatomy and Physiology are provided on one campus and in one school with provision for separate training in senior years, the views were very clear. The position was that no joint training can or should be done. It seems that stereotypes have already caught up with the future animal and human health experts. Discussion Appropriately trained Human Resources for Health – a critical input in One Health Sub-Saharan African countries are locked up in a fatal dilemma. They have a double-hump epidemiological transition (WHO 2006). Unlike the developed world, they have the increasing problem of non-communicable diseases whilst still suffering from high levels of infectious diseases. The high burden of infectious diseases is more than 50% of animal origin (Rweyemamu et al. 2006). This is why the region's HRH need to be trained with this fact born in mind. That is why, more than in any other region of the world, One Health matters most in Sub-Saharan Africa and needs to be strengthened (WHO 2008). What are the issues? Infectious Diseases: the Future Report (2006) noted that critical issues in Sub-Saharan Africa include an overwhelming presence of infectious diseases in the region, which poses a serious threat to the lives of both animals and humans (Rweyemamu et al. 2006). These diseases attack humans and animals, causing morbidity, mortality and death from starvation. The implications of this, in the form of economic losses, social instability and a resultant downward spiral in livelihood, are immediate (Brazier et al. 2007). Ultimately, these countries are locked in a vicious cycle of poverty that is hard to escape from. This has serious economic and health implications given the fact that livestock agriculture represents 25% of the region's Gross Domestic Product (Rweyemamu et al. 2006). Both the economic and political reforms that have taken place in the region have worsened the spread of contagious diseases affecting both animals and humans. For example, the structural adjustment programmes have intensified movement of both humans and animals in the region, making it easier for infections to spread faster and further. Larger-scale farming activities have been extended to new areas, increasing contact with wild stock and the possibility of new and fatal infections (World Bank 2010). Documented examples include Ebola and a variety of hemorrhagic fevers. The direct effects of zoonoses and multiplicity of other diseases among animals and humans, who are continuously interacting, has lead to the economic and social decline. Understanding the importance of these factors by health workers, among others, is necessary in the quest for One Health in the region (Winding 2007). Civil wars and refugee crises have been driven by poor governance and have displaced large numbers of animals and humans into remote areas. At such times, control of movement is not possible. This facilitates spread of infectious diseases from one area to another and from animals to humans. Under such conditions, infectious diseases of animal origin easily spread among the human population because of poor hygiene, over congestion, poor nutrition and lack of proper accommodation (Drummond et al. 2005). A deepened understanding of the direct effects of HRH practices is necessary in both animal and human health. Such practices include irrational prescription of antibiotics. This leads to emergence of resistant microorganisms. The many unregistered pharmaceutical outlets in the region and the use of incomplete doses enhance this practice (Rweyemamu 2006). Due to liberalisation of the economy, uncontrolled importation and sale of drugs is widespread. These drugs are often ineffective because they lack the active ingredients that are necessary. Others have expired, but they are sold for use to uninformed consumers. In both instances, emergence of resistant organisms is a consequence. The resulting prolonged morbidity has a negative impact on the economy. Many systemic factors have contributed substantially to a decline of both animal and human health, thus minimising the chances of realising One Health. They are: Weak health care systems, which cannot perform proper diagnosis and disease management. Weak rural economies, which tend to push people to migrate to urban areas where life without employment and income is a recipe for behaviours that may lead to drug use and sexually transmitted infections, including HIV and AIDS. Inadequate government budgets, which are often dependent on development partner support. This may have unfavourable conditionality or may not be received as expected. Frequent policy and structural changes. Uncontrolled animal movement within the country or from neighbouring countries. Weak government-level veterinary services, which are mainly available in urban areas where demand is higher. For the East African region this last factor is a major threat. Each year, wild animals move across the national boundaries in large numbers. Likewise, pastoralists migrate across the region looking for better pastures for their livestock. These movements facilitate movement of old and new pathogens (Rweyemamu et al. 2006). Why consideration of social determinants of health matter – lessons for One Health The training of HRH for One Health must facilitate an objective understanding of One Health and health in general as a multisectoral or multifactorial product of the interplay of socio-economic factors. Such understanding will enable the trained HRH to objectively appreciate that establishment of One Health is driven by human behaviour, social policies, economics, culture and more. The best tool that indicates the role of SDH in health is the Human development index. The Human development index (HDI) is a tool developed by the United Nations to measure and rank countries' levels of social and economic development (WHO 2010). The direct link between socio-economic factors and health is clearly indicated when life expectancy and maternal mortality rates are examined in countries ranked by HDI (Table 1). The results of such ranking are indicated in the tables below. The analysis of life expectancy and maternal mortality rate in different countries has shown that the higher the HDI (favourable socio-economic conditions), the lower the maternal mortality rate (Table 2). Likewise, the higher it is, the higher the life expectancy. On the other hand, the lower the HDI (unfavourable socioeconomic conditions), the higher the maternal mortality rate and the lower the life expectancy. Production of Human Resource for Health-appropriate training models Cocker et al. (2011) and Solar et al. (2010) concurred with the findings of this research that an appropriate model for the training of Human Resources for One Health is necessary and must draw its contents from a multisectoral framework. This premise is a key factor, which determines how effective the produced human resources will be after training as a One Health core team. A major prerequisite, however, is the presence of political will – this will enable the training centres, particularly those at the higher levels, to get enough funds to guide development of appropriate training models that they can implement. The models developed should be able to respond to the needs of One Health in specific situations. An effective HRH must be prepared to understand the primary causes rendering the concept and practice of One Health to be marginalised. As the curricula analysis above showed, only 10% of the training time is related to social determinants of disease. An attempt will now be made to unravel this puzzle by revisiting the origins of the Germ Theory of disease. The Germ Theory model For centuries, this model has dominated conceptualisation of disease, approach to curing disease and, particularly, what is taught at medical and veterinary schools. It is interesting to note the span of years over which the germ theory has remained a leading model in the training of health care professionals despite its lack of objectivity and dynamism as a major shortcoming. This shortcoming is proven by the epidemiological transition, which has manifested itself in the developed world where infectious diseases have been controlled. This phenomenon deserves urgent scientific enquiry. Training through this model focuses on managing isolated episodes of animal or human illness. The view that any particular episode is not independent of the social or environmental ecology is not considered. Treatment of cholera, for example, is by administering antibiotics and other drugs. A primary solution, like improvement of hygiene through better water supplies, which is a lasting solution, is emphasised the least by most clinical physicians and often it is not even included in the management plan. Likewise, the treatment of trypanosomiasis invariably does not consider the environmental ecology. The Germ Theory, however, has left the developing countries with a legacy of the 'magic bullets' (antibiotics and other drugs) as a 'panacea' to diseases that are purely of social origin. The problem is not only the legacy but also the production of professionals who cannot conceptualise illness within its social context and so, in turn, empower the affected population to become healthier through appropriate advocacy of social approaches. The Germ Theory has deep roots: briefly, it was founded in two epochs: the race for the Germ Theory and what has been termed as the beginning of a new era, which is briefly revisited below. The race for the Germ Theory Before James Henle's 1840 essay on 'Miasmata and Contagion', in which he formulated the modern germ theory, understanding of ill health or disease was speculative and predominantly secular (Barry 2005). At the beginning of 500 BC, medicine became largely secular. It was believed that disease was an outcome of some imbalance in the body and that balance could be restored by intervention (Warner 1992). This speculative era was replaced as society became more inquisitive. The beginning of a new era By 1500, methods of medicine were challenged. Parcelius declared investigation of nature 'Not by following that which the old taught, but by our own observation of nature, confirmed by experiment and by reasoning thereon' (Barry 2005). Later, Vaselius dissected human corpses and concluded that Galen's findings had come from animals and were flawed (Barry 2005). Fracastorius hypothesised that diseases had specific causes and that '... contagion passes from one thing to another and is originally caused by infection of the imperceptible particle'. In 1628, came Edward Jenner's work with cowpox on vaccination and immunisations. These were major landmarks in human and veterinary medicine (Barry 2005). In 1860, Pasteur proved that living things, not a chemical reaction, caused fermentation (Warner 1992). The proof of Pasteur's work was by Joseph Lister who applied these findings to surgery. Subsequently, Robert Koch's ground-breaking work established the complete life circle of the anthrax bacillus, which showed that it formed spores that could lie dormant in the soil for years. In 1882, Koch's discovery of the tubercle bacillus – the cause of tuberculosis in animals and human beings – further confirmed the Germ Theory. Later on in early 1900, while working at Ocean Road Hospital in Tanzania, Koch discovered the malaria parasite for the first time (Richard et al. 1964). These events and breakthroughs gave the Germ Theory authenticity and unprecedented power. What was theory became 'fact', the social origin of disease paradigm lost face and it suffered a major convulsion. The discovery of antibiotics incarcerated almost irreversibly the idea that social and environmental ecology were the primary origins of ill health in animals and humans. Antibiotics With the discovery of antibiotics in the 1940s and their effect on infections, the Germ Theory attained an unprecedented authority and power. The dramatic effects of antibiotic prescriptions (penicillin and sulpha drugs) on syphilis, yaws, anthrax and other infections gave the theory fame and outright acceptance as the answer to 'all diseases'. Unquestionably, it assumed a central position in the health care professional's training. The 'magic' power of antibiotics cast darkness on the sanitary movement, the epidemiological transition and emerging lessons. The epidemiological transition and unlearned lessons As the Germ Theory evolved, great lessons of public health importance accumulated. The sanitary movement matured in England through its impact in reducing morbidity and mortality caused by the Black Death and cholera epidemics (Basch 1999). Virchow publicly advocated that medicine (in animals and humans) was a social science and that medical professionals and veterinarians needed to have social science knowledge (Basch 1999). Chadwick was literally prosecuted for standing behind the sanitary revolution in England. McKeon wrote prolifically about how the decline in morbidity and mortality preceded the advent of antibiotics and other curative work (McKeown et al. 1974). It is a small wonder how the training of health professionals has managed to marginalise these lessons and focus almost exclusively on the Germ Theory as a major tool in training. The Germ Theory is ill informed and is turned upside down by the realities of the epidemiological transition. In this transition many societies have overcome infectious diseases (bacterial, viral or parasitic) through socio-economic measures. They are now confronted by non-communicable diseases, which the Germ Theory cannot understand. Given these developments, the Germ Theory should have suffered its first fatal convulsion, however, it did not. What is the way out of this impasse? A proposal is presented below. A proposed new model for the training of veterinarians and medical doctors The most frequent human health problems, in both the developed and developing countries, have social determinants as their primary cause. Typically, the top five disease categories in the developing countries include: infectious diseases (bacterial, parasitic, viral or fungal); nutrition-related diseases; drugs; alcoholism; and degenerative disorders (diabetes, cancers or cardiovascular diseases). All of these have social determinants as their primary cause. In the developed world, the major categories of diseases in order of importance are: degenerative disorders (cancers, work-related health problems, heart diseases and diabetes); road traffic accidents; alcoholism; and suicide. These also have social determinants as their primary causes. Likewise, major veterinary challenges in the developing countries, such as foot-and-mouth disease, rinderpest (controlled, but with recurrences), tick fever, trypanosomiasis, rabies, rift valley fever, anthrax and bovine tuberculosis have policy-related, social and environmental ecology as their primary factors. If these are not understood One Health will be a mirage. As such, the proposed training model must clearly show that social determinants of health are the primary cause of health or ill health. At the same time, the curricula in medical and veterinary schools need to build capacity for all health workers to understand health and ill health in that context and that micro organisms, as presented by the Germ Theory, are secondary causes. Such a model must show a dynamic link between social determinants and health or ill health. It must also show, within the dynamic process, the role of the Germ Theory model-produced professionals and its outcomes, such as the vicious cycle of ill-health, chronic ill-health and death. What is the essence of this model? The model, as shown in Figure 1, shows that those who succumb to ill health often adopt a wait-and-see approach or self medicate. This happens for both livestock and human illnesses. Eventually when it does not work they consult health care experts. The health care experts under their Germ Theory training provide prescriptions for medications like antibiotics. Some of the animals or patients recover, but some will acquire a chronic status and others will die. Those animals that recover often survive on low scale morbidity and are a liability to farmers because their productivity (milk, meat, eggs) is low and are not good for nutrition or the market. These intensify the downward spiral of poverty. For humans, those who respond to medication are discharged out of the management regime and resume life in the society where they caught the previous ill-health problem. Because the social determinants of health, which caused the previous ill-health problem, are still unaddressed, those who were cured by the antimalarials or antibiotics, for example, and even many more new ones, will become sick again and get locked up in the vicious cycle of ill health. The diagram below illustrates this movement in a cycle, as determined by exposure to social determinants of health for both animals and humans. This suggested training model will strongly underline that analysis and understanding of health and disease by all health professionals not only public health professionals, at all levels of training, is essential. It must begin with a detailed understanding of the social determinants of health (SDH) – society, social relations, economic well-being – and the development trends, as the primary causes of disease or ill health. Bacteria, parasites, viruses and more are only secondary causes of ill health. The struggles focused at vertical elimination of bacteria, viruses and parasites through use of drugs alone have not succeeded anywhere and no country in the world has done this to date or should ever do it in future. Health workers count Due to the immense power bestowed on them by society and their acceptability, health care professionals in human medicine and veterinarians can be significant advocates of social change. These professionals, through the model above, can be trained to understand that the majority of ill-health is due to SDH and that it is possible to change society so that ill-health becomes history. A number of countries have controlled rinderpest or malaria because they have been able to nurture political will and intervene through social determinants, and made it possible for universal accessibility so that such diseases have been controlled. A voice coming from medical doctors and veterinarians will reach many individuals in the consultation room, households and communities within this context and break the vicious cycle of ill health through favourable SDH (Figure 2). By intervening at the level of social determinants of health, as the cycle in the diagram below shows, more and more will remain healthy and ill health will be minimised. Conclusion For a long time it has been assumed that the graduate HRH would productively take the role in realisation of One Health. However, the nature of their knowledge on the link between SDH and animal or human health and how the medical schools shape this knowledge has been a grey area and given minimum attention. The curriculum review referred to above has shown that the medical and veterinary schools use the Germ Theory model in training. This model, however, does not facilitate a deep understanding of the importance of SDH in healthcare, and the courses related to SDH are provided by only 10% of the graduates' training time. The level of impact of HRH on One Health will be determined by how veterinarians and human medicine professionals comprehensively understand the social determinants of health as the primary causes of ill health or health. The model used in training affects this understanding. The Germ Theory presents microorganisms as the primary causes of ill health. However, the microorganisms are outcomes of the social and environmental ecology. These outcomes are rife in the developing world and can only be fully understood by HRH who have been trained on the vicious cycle of ill health. Such health workers will be the agents for change, as they will be able to objectively empower individuals and communities to actively participate in pursuit and defence of their own health and that of animals. This study recommends the vicious cycle of ill health as a model with which to enrich training of HRH in order to enable better performance in One Health. Acknowledgements The authors thank the Swedish International Development Agency for providing the required support to undertake the fieldwork, which has led to this article. They also thank the Muhimbili University of Health and Social Sciences for giving them time from their regular activities to undertake this review. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no financial or personal relationship(s) that may have inappropriately influenced them in writing this article. Authors' contributions A.W., A-M.S. and G.F. (all from Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences) jointly guided preparation of research tools, supervised data collection, analysis and manuscript preparation. 1. Barry, J.M., 2005, The Great Influenza, The story of the deadliest Pandemic in History, Penguin Books, New York. 2. Basch, P.F., 1999, Textbook of International Health, Oxford University Press, New York. 3. Brazier, J., Ratcliffe, J., Salomon, J.A. & Tsutchiya, A., 2007, Measuring and Valuing health benefits for economic evaluation, Oxford University Press, Oxford. 4. Coker, R., Rushton, R., Mounier-Jack, S., Karimuribo, R., Lutumba, P., Kambarage, D. et al., 2011, 'Towards a conceptual framework to support one-health research for policy on emerging zoonoses' The Lancet Infectious Diseases 11, 326–331. 5. Drummond, M.F., Sculpher, M.J., Torrace, G.W., O'Brien, B.J. & Stoddart, G.L., 2005, Methods for the economic evaluation of health care programmes, 3rd edn., Oxford University Press, Oxford. 6. McKeown, T. & Lowe, C.R. (eds.), 1974, An Introduction to Social Medicine, 2nd edn., Blackwell Scientific, Oxford. 7. Richard, M., Titmuss, Abel-Smith, B., Macdonald, G., William, A. & Wood, C., 1964, The Health Services of Tanganyika, Pitman Medical Publishing Company, London. 8. Solar, O. & Irwin, A., 2010, Conceptual framework for action on the Social determinants of health, Discussion Paper two (Policy and Practice), WHO, Geneva, Switzerland. 9. Rweyemamu, M., Otim-Nape, W. & Serwadda, D., 2006, Foresight: Infectious Diseases: Preparing for the Future Africa, Office of Science and Innovation, London. 10. Warner, J.H., 1992, The Fall and Rise of Professional Mystery in Laboratory Revolution in Medicine, Penguin Publishers, New York. 11. Winding, W., 2007, 'One health: Pulling animal health and public health together', Federation of Veterinarians of Europe, viewed 30 May 2011, from http://search.babylon.com/?q=%E2%80%9COne+Health%E2%80%9D+pulling+Animal+Health+and+Public+Health+together+Brussels%2C+3+October+2007&babsrc=HP_ss&s=web&as=0. 12. WHO, 2006a, 'The control of neglected zoonotic diseases: A route to poverty alleviation', in Report of a Joint WHO/DFID-AHP Meeting with the Participation of FAO and OIE, Geneva, 20–21 September, viewed 31 May 2013, from http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2006/9789241594301_eng.pdf 13. WHO, 2008, 'Closing the gap in a generation: Health equity through action on the social determinants of health', in Final Report of the Commission on Social Determinants of Health, WHO and Commission on Social Determinants of Health, Geneva. 14. WHO, 2010, 'World Health Statistics 2010' viewed 27 June 2013, from http://www.who.int/whosis/whostat/EN_WHS10_Full.pdf 15. World Bank, 2010, People, Pathogens and our Planet, Volume 1: Towards a One Health Approach for Controlling Zoonotic Diseases. Report No. 50833-Glb, World Bank: Agriculture and rural development health, nutrition and population, Washington DC, viewed 27 June 2013, from http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTARD/Resources/PPP_Web.pdf


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By David Crane defrev at gmail dot com January 29, 2009 DefenseReview ran into Rob Silvers (a.k.a. Robert Silvers) of Advanced Armament Co. (AAC) fame at the AAC booth at the very tail end of SHOT Show 2009, whereupon Rob showed us the ballistic computing software application a.k.a. ballistics calculating software application he had designed for the Apple iPod Touch …Read More »
Tag Archives: energy
AR-15/M4/M4A1 Carbine Reliability Issues: Why They Occur, and Why They're Our Fault!
Why M4's have reliability issues…and why it's our fault! By Michael Pannone December 24, 2008 I fired 15,000 rounds through a semi-automatic M4/M4A1-type direct-gas-impingement (DGI) carbine in 31 weeks without a single malfunction attributable to anything except bad ammunition or bad magazines, with a grand total of 9 malfunctions. The least number of rounds fired between cleanings was 960 rounds, …Read More »


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There something cheerful about this space. Not quite sure why I am drawn to this space but I am.
Could it be the light in the room? The high ceilings? Don't know.
I wouldn't mind visiting this room and sitting for awhile to have a cup of tea (or a glass of champagne if someone forced it on me).
I'm not a huge fan of bold stripes on walls…but for some reason the grey and white painted stripes work.
There doesn't seem to be any one thing that is supremely special about this room…but it feels slightly special to me. Huh? Bizarre.
What does your design eye say about this space? What do you think of this living room? Does it have the same appeal for you?
Happy Monday!
Photo: Unknown


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Founded in April, 1990, the Acton Institute is named in honor of John Emerich Edward Dalberg Acton (1834-1902), 1st Baron Acton of Aldenham and the historian of freedom. Known as "the magistrate of history," Lord Acton was one of the great personalities of the nineteenth century. Widely considered one of the most learned Englishmen of his time, Lord Acton made the history of liberty his life's work. Indeed, his most notable conclusion of this work is that political liberty is the essential condition and guardian of religious liberty. He thereby points to the union of faith and liberty, which has been the inspiration for the mission of the Acton Institute.
The mission of the Acton Institute is to promote a free, virtuous, and humane society. This direction recognizes the benefits of a limited government, but also the beneficent consequences of a free market. It embraces an objective framework of moral values, but also recognizes and appreciates the subjective nature of economic value. It views justice as a duty of all to give the one his due but, more importantly, as an individual obligation to serve the common good and not just his own needs and wants. In order to promote a more profound understanding of the coming together of faith and liberty, the Institute involves members of religious, business, and academic spheres in its various seminars, publications, and academic activities. It is our hope that by demonstrating the compatibility of faith, liberty, and free economic activity, religious leaders and entrepreneurs can contribute by helping to shape a society that is secure, free, and virtuous.
For further reading we recommend the Acton Book Shop, the Acton PowerBlog, and our weekly Acton Commentary articles.


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Trojan Remover aids in the removal of Malware – Trojan Horses, Worms, Adware, Spyware – when standard anti-virus software either fails to detect them or fails to effectively eliminate them. Standard antivirus programs are good at detecting this Malware, but not always good at effectively removing it.
The majority of Virus and Trojan Scanners are well able to detect malicious software – Trojan Horses, Internet Worms, Adware/Spyware etc. – but are not always very efficient in removing them once they have been triggered.
Trojan Remover is designed specifically to disable/remove Malware without the user having to manually edit system files or the Registry. The program also removes the additional system modifications some Malware carries out which are ignored by standard antivirus and trojan scanners.
Itscans ALL the files loaded at boot time for Adware, Spyware, Remote Access Trojans, Internet Worms and other malware. Trojan Remover also checks to see if Windows loads Files/Services which are hidden by Rootkit techniques and warns you if it finds any.


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First the good news: More adult Americans are getting in shape.
Now the cold water: Most are still slacking off.
Not surprisingly, both trends can be seen distinctly among aging baby boomers, a generation convinced of its indestructibility but prone to ignoring well-meaning advice — including the recommended amount of exercise they should get every week.
The most recent federal health data show a steady climb since 2007 in the number of US adults meeting weekly workout goals, which include a minimum of 150 minutes of moderate aerobic activity, or 75 minutes of vigorous activity. An estimated 49.7 percent of those interviewed met or exceeded the guidelines in the first six months of last year, the latest period sampled. That was the agency's highest recorded level of fitness ever.
However, that still means more than half of adults are not doing enough aerobic exercises, and many more are not doing the suggested amount of strength training, such as weightlifting. Just 20.7 percent of Americans between the ages of 25 and 64 worked out enough each week to meet the recommended levels for both strength and aerobic exercise.
Even so health professionals said more Americans now understand the benefits of exercise, diet, and healthy living, that more people from all backgrounds are embracing fitness goals than ever before. The goals for individuals vary widely.
"If you're the average American who doesn't get enough exercise, you're not going to run a marathon tomorrow," said Amy O'Neil, director of wellness program development for Blue Cross Blue Shield of Massachusetts, the state's largest health insurance company. "But you have to exercise a certain amount at a certain intensity almost every day of the week."
For younger people, the goal may be to look or feel better. Older people, meanwhile, work out to remain independent as they age.
Strength training, to cite one regimen, can prevent the loss of bone density in older people, especially postmenopausal women who may be more comfortable doing aerobics and other exercises than lifting weights.
"Purely aerobic training is great," said Ryan P. Sherman, a certified health and wellness coach at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston. "But if you're not doing strength training as well, it will put you at greater risk for orthopedic injuries. If you can stabilize those joints through muscle, whether it's a knee or a shoulder, you can better absorb that pounding."
In addition to cardiorespiratory activity and strength training, fitness coaches counsel avoiding tobacco, reducing stress, improving sleeping habits, and increasing flexibility through stretching or yoga. New research shows stretching is more important after running, walking, or other aerobic activity as opposed to beforehand, according to Sherman.
Sherman, a registered clinical exercise physiologist, works at Mass. General's experimental Ambulatory Practice of the Future, which now treats mostly hospital employees and their families. He hopes the wellness and goal-oriented preventive health concepts being pioneered at his practice and elsewhere will spread across the country in coming years.
"We're trying to change the way we look at things in health care," he said. "I always tell patients when they come in, 'You're going to drive this. I'm just going to be the GPS that helps you get to your goal.' As humans, we don't like to be told what to do. It has to come from the patient. For some, the goal is to run a marathon. For others, it's losing 60 pounds."
Both Sherman and O'Neil said many baby boomers — particularly those with grown children and financial security — recommit to exercise and are often more active than their younger working colleagues.
Some, however, push themselves too hard, they said, turning up in emergency rooms with stress fractures, Achilles tendon ruptures, and other overuse injuries.
O'Neil, a trained exercise physiologist, works with Massachusetts employers to design fitness and wellness programs, focusing on "health behavior changes," offering rewards, and introducing devices such as pedometers and accelerometers, which track employees' activity.
"All of these things, the gadgets and incentives, are to motivate people," O'Neil said. "When you're doing a worksite wellness program, one size doesn't fit all. People are really becoming aware that wellness is important. And they're understanding that unhealthy habits have financial consequences. But not everyone's doing it and some say it's not fun anymore."
Getting employees to buy-in up front — and letting employers and individuals design their own wellness programs and goals — is the approach most likely to succeed, she said.
"The awareness is there," O'Neil said. "But the question is how you get people to act on it. If it was just about education, everyone would be healthier because the information is out there."
Sherman said it's important to give patients positive reinforcement.
"People come in and say, 'I'm 60 years old, I'm 50 pounds overweight. Is it too late?' " he said. "The answer is no. They can get back to the weight they had in their 20s. I see it all the time. You can't be 20 again, but you can be fit at 60."
Robert Weisman can be reached at email@example.com. Follow him on Twitter @GlobeRobW.


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Houston, TX, USA – January 13, 2022 – When you hear "State Farm®," you think of insurance, excellent claim service, and Jake. But there's more. There's Ken Ross. While serving the entire state of Texas, he concentrates heavily on the Galveston, Harris, and Brazoria counties along with all of the surrounding areas. And Ken Ross isn't kicking back while 2022 gets started – he's giving other insurance agencies in the area a run for their money.
"We have a Spanish-speaking team member and offer free notary public services," Ross added enthusiastically. "When you arrive, you'll be greeted with southern hospitality and a smile!"
In an office located directly across from City Hall and the fire department on Bayou and Cedar Road, Ken Ross will protect your family's financial future by insuring your prized assets appropriately. Ross offers several types of insurance options, including auto, fire, life, health, commercial policies, and financial services accounts. Commercial auto insurance, along with coverage for renters, business owners, boats, and motorcycles, is also available.
Ken's mission is to be your first choice for your insurance needs while providing you with remarkably exceptional service. Ross strives to help State Farm customers in Texas manage the risks of everyday life.
About Ken Ross
Ken Ross has been an insurance agent with State Farm serving the community since 1985. His main goal is always to provide clients with the highest quality of service while ensuring that every individual's needs are met.
Ross is a true champion for Texan communities, where he regularly donates his time and money to help out those in need. Ross attended Sam Houston State University in Huntsville, TX, and supports the Houston Food Bank, the Harris County Hospital District Foundation (HCHO), COVID-19 Assistance Fund, and local police and fire departments.
Having a diverse background in many areas, Ross can contribute his experience and knowledge across all aspects. He currently serves as an active board member for Mud#20 and The Eldorado Social and is a Lifetime Member of Alpha Phi Alpha. Additionally, Ross is a Lifetime Alumni Member of SHSU and a committee advisor for the SHSU Strategic Plan Forum.
For more information, please visit www.kenrross.com.
Media ContactCompany Name: Zondra TV NetworkContact Person: Zondra EvansEmail: Send EmailPhone: 469-712-7168Country: United StatesWebsite: https://zondratv.com


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Battle Engine Core (YEP)
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Welcome to the wiki! This is where you can find resources from Yanfly.moe, Ækashics.moe,
VisuStella, Caz Wolf, Fallen Angel Olivia, Atelier Irina, and other affiliated content creators.
VisuStella, Caz Wolf, Fallen Angel Olivia, Atelier Irina, and other affiliated content creators.
- 1 Download
- 2 System
- 3 Extension Plugins
- 4 Yanfly Engine Plugins
- 5 Introduction
- 6 Battle Messages
- 7 Battle Windows
- 8 Battle Order
- 9 Multiple Hits
- 10 Popup Revamp
- 11 Common Events
- 12 Casting Animations
- 13 Changing Battle Systems
- 14 Sideview Actions
- 15 Custom Sideview Battler Anchor
- 16 Enemy Attack Animation
- 17 Automatic State Removal Conditions
- 18 Action Sequences
- 19 Tips & Tricks
- 20 Changelog
This is a plugin created for RPG Maker MV.
For help on how to install plugins, click here.
For help on how to update plugins, click here.
Got errors with your RPG Maker MV plugin? Click here.
Extension Plugins
The following plugins are Extension Plugins that require this plugin as its Parent Plugin.
Place the following plugins below this plugin located in the Plugin Manager if you plan on using them.
- Action Sequence Pack 1
- Action Sequence Pack 2
- Action Sequence Pack 3
- Action Cutin
- Action Sequence Impact
- Animated Sideview Enemies
- Battle Animation Speed Options
- Battle System - ATB
- Battle System - CTB
- Battle System - STB
- Counter Control
- Lunatic Pack - Action Beginning and End Effects
- In-Battle Status
- Selection Control
- Side Battle Status UI
- Turn Order Display
- Visual HP Gauges
- Weak Enemy Poses
- Tick-Based Regen
Yanfly Engine Plugins
This plugin is a part of the Yanfly Engine Plugins library.
This plugin alters the various aspects of the default battle system, allowing it to be more streamlined like most modern RPG's and less clunky like older RPG's. This ranges from choosing what text will appear in the battle log window at the top and how it will be displayed.
Battle Messages
When changing "Terms" and the "Messages" that appear in battle, inserting the following tag anywhere in the message will cause the message to center itself in the battle log. <CENTER> This tag must be all caps in order for the battle log window to recognize it as an instruction to center the displayed battle text message. There are a couple of notetags you can use to change the way certain skills and items will show up incase you don't want a name like 'Harold's Attack' to appear in the name. Skill and Item Notetags: <Display Text: x> This will change the text displayed to x. <Display Icon: x> This will change the icon displayed to x.
Battle Windows
There's various options to adjust the window settings found in the battle system to make navigating the battle system more intuitive. Such options include starting the turns with the Actor Command Window instead of the Party Command Window (the Fight/Escape Window). The Party Command Window is still accessible but only by pressing cancel on the first actor's window.
Battle Order
The battle turn order is also fixed, too. This way, any battlers that Have their AGI value changed over the course of battle will reflect those changes during the current turn rather than the following turn. The action speed calculation can also be adjusted and finetuned to have the random factor of its speed calculation formula removed, too, making AGI actually worthwhile as a tactical parameter. Skill and Item Notetag: <speed: +x> <speed: -x> This lets you break past the editor's limit of -2000 and 2000 allowing you to set the speed of your actions with more control.
Multiple Hits
Multi-hit action will no longer end prematurely if the target dies midway through the action. This is done through toggling immortal states. To make use of feature, make sure your database has an Immortal State somewhere. If you do not wish to use this feature, set the Parameter for Immortal State ID to 0 instead.
Popup Revamp
Although the damage popups may still look the same as the default ones from MV, the process in which they're created is now different to streamline the damage popup process. Before, popups would only appear one a time with a frame's different at minimum in order for them to show. Now, any actions that occur at the same frame will now all show popups at the same frame, making for smoother and less clunky damage popups.
Common Events
Common Events will now occur at the end of each action regardless of whether or not the enemy party is still alive. With proper placing of the action sequence tags, you can make the skill's common event occur in the middle of an action, too. However, keep in mind if you force an action in the middle of another action, the remainder of the former action's sequence list will become null and void in favor of the new forced action.
Casting Animations
Casting Animations help provide visual hints for players either by letting them know which battler is going to perform an action or what type of skill that action will be. This plugin enables skills to have casting animations that can be modified universally or customized for each individual skill. Skill Notetag: <Cast Animation: x> Sets the skill's cast animation to animation ID x. Setting x to zero will cause the skill to not have any animaton at all.
Changing Battle Systems
While the player is not in battle, you can change the battle system using a Plugin Command. With only this plugin, there is only one battle system included: the default battle system. Plugin Command: setBattleSys DTB Sets battle system to Default Turn Battle. Other future plugins may include other battle systems that may utilize the Battle Engine Core.
Sideview Actions
In RPG Maker MV's default battle system, both the sideview and the frontview settings do not display counterattacks, reflected magic attacks, nor any case of substituting for battle members. The Battle Engine Core provides games that are using the sideview settings small amounts of animations to relay information to the player in a more visual sense. Magic Reflection will also display a reflection animation to indicate the battler has reflection properties. This animation can be changed in the parameters, but certain actors, classes, enemies, weapons, armors, and states can display a unique kind of animation for reflection if desired. Actor, Class, Enemy, Weapon, Armor, and State Notetag: <Reflect Animation ID: x> Changes the user's reflect animation to x. This will take priority in the following order: Actor, Class, Enemy, Weapon, Armor, State, Default. Sometimes, you don't want your enemies to be able to move. Or you don't want certain actors to be able to move. They're just stationary for whatever reason. To accomplish that, you can use this notetag to forbid the battler from moving. Actor, Class, Enemy, Weapon, Armor, and State Notetag: <Sprite Cannot Move> Prevents the battler's sprite from moving. This will take priority in the following order: Actor, Class, Enemy, Weapon, Armor, and State. If an enemy is unable to move when it performs an action, it will flash white as if it normally does in front view.
Custom Sideview Battler Anchor
Sideview battlers are generally centered horizontally, and grounded at their feet. However, not all sideview battler spritesheets work this way. In the event you have a sideview battler that doesn't conform to those standards, you can 'anchor' them a different way. Actor, Class, Weapon, Armor, State Notetags: <Anchor X: y.z> <Anchor Y: y.z> This sets the anchor location for the actor's sideview battler at y.z. By default, the X anchor is 0.5 while the Y anchor is 1.0. If you want the X anchor to be a bit more to the left, make it less than 0.5. Make it more than 0.5 to make the X anchor more towards the right. To raise the Y anchor, set the number value to less than 1.0. Keep adjusting until you find that perfect anchor setting. If an anchor has multiple traits that yield different anchors, it will be used in a priority list akin to this order: States Weapons Armors Class Actor Default The higher it is on the priority list, the higher its priority.
Enemy Attack Animation
To give your enemies unique attack animations, you can use this notetag: Enemy Notetag: <Attack Animation: x> Replace x with the ID of the battle animation you wish to set as the enemy's default attack animation.
Automatic State Removal Conditions
By default, RPG Maker MV's battle system has automatic state removal under three different conditions: none, action end, turn end. None and Turn End are working as intended. However, Action End, however, had the states removed at the start of the battler's action rather than the end. This is changed and updated to occur only at the end of a battler's action. Two more automatic conditions are now added: Action Start and Turn Start. These can be added and implemented using the following notetags: State Notetags: <Action Start: x> <Action Start: x to y> This will cause this state to update its turns remaining at the start of an action. x is the number of turns it will last. If you use x to y, upon applying the state, the state will be removed a random number of turns from x to y. <Turn Start: x> <Turn Start: x to y> This will cause the state to update its turns remaining at the start of a battle turn. x is the number of turns it will last. If you use x to y, upon applying the state, the state will be removed a random number of turns from x to y. States with Action End have a unique trait to them where if the caster of the state is the current active battler (subject) and if the state is then applied on the user itself, they will gain a 'free turn'. The 'free turn' is to mitigate the user from losing 1 duration of the turn since with an Action End timing, they would lose the benefit of being under the state for that turn's timing.
Action Sequences
The Yanfly Engine Plugins - Battle Engine Core includes the capability of using custom action sequences. Action sequences are basic instructions for the game to creating a customized skill both visually and mechanically. The Battle Engine Core, however, will only include the most basic of action sequences so the instructions on how to create a custom action sequence will be included in the Help file on future extension plugins for this plugin.
Tips & Tricks
The following Tips & Tricks effects use this plugin:
- Auto-Life
- Bide
- Cagnazzo's Tsunami
- Damage Over Time Stacking
- Destiny Bond
- Enemy Thieves
- Flare Gun
- Joint Penalty
- Leech Seed
- Roaming Mend
- Spirit Shell
- Statikk Shiv
- Thief's Revenge
- Thievery
- Thorn Bind Hostage
- Unstable Affliction
- Rod of Ages
Version 1.50: - Action sequences allow for unlimited arguments now. Version 1.49: - Added failsafe for 'furthestRight()' errors. Version 1.48: - Optimization update. Version 1.47: - Bypass the isDevToolsOpen() error when bad code is inserted into a script call or custom Lunatic Mode code segment due to updating to MV 1.6.1. Version 1.46: - Updated for RPG Maker MV version 1.6.1. Version 1.45: - Updated for RPG Maker MV version 1.5.0. Version 1.44: - Fixed a bug where the enemy name windows disappear if you change scenes mid-way through battle and return to it. Version 1.43b: - Bug fixed to prevent crash if non-existent actions are used. - Optimization update. Version 1.42: - Optimization update. Version 1.41: - Fixed a bug that allowed certain sprites to remain in the active pool while party members were removed midway through battle. Version 1.40: - Updated for RPG Maker MV version 1.3.2. Version 1.39c: - Fixed a bug that caused dead actors to not be a part of action sequence targeting for "Not Focus". - Optimization update. - Updated "queueForceAction" to utilize both numbers and actual targets. Version 1.38a: - Optimization update. - Compatibility update for Selection Control v1.08. - Bug fixed for mirrored animations on enemies. Version 1.37: - Fixed a bug where if the enemy's size is too small, the enemy's name during selection will be cut off. Version 1.36d: - Made an update for the battle background image snaps when there is no battleback being used. This will prevent the player party and enemy troop from appearing in the background snapshot when entering menus mid-battle. - 'Death Break' action sequence now only triggers upon dead status and not an 'or 0 HP' condition. - Updated Forced Action sequencing for more efficiency. - 'Action Times+' traits now work properly for DTB again. - Optimized message displaying for battle log. - Optimized z sorting algorithm for sprites. Verison 1.35d: - Scopes that target a dead ally will automatically target the first dead ally now. Scopes that target all dead allies will lock onto the first dead ally. This will hopefully provide less confusion amongst playing. - Added anti-crash measure for sprite bitmaps. - Added anti-crash measure for faux actions. - Added anti-crash measure to prevent non-existant animations from playing. - Added a check that prevents hidden battlers from appearing when using certain action sequences. Version 1.34a: - Fixed a bug where 'NOT FOCUS' targets were not including dead members. - Fixed a bug where using NOT FOCUS would cause dead targets to be visible. Version 1.33: - Updated for RPG Maker MV version 1.1.0. Version 1.32d: - Fixed a bug that caused a crash when an actor died. - Added a motion engine to be used for future plugins. - Preparation for a future plugin. - <Anchor X: y.z> and <Anchor Y: y.z> notetags for actors are now extended to actors, classes, weapons, armors, and states. - Added <Display Text: x> and <Display Icon: x> notetags for skills and items. These notetags will alter the display name shown and icon shown respectively while performing a skill. - Switched Magic Reflect checking order with Counterattack checking order. This is to give priority to reflected actions over countered actions. Version 1.31b: - States with Action End now have a unique trait to them where if the caster of the state is the current active battler (subject) and if the state is then applied on the user itself, they will gain a 'free turn'. The 'free turn' is to mitigate the user from losing 1 duration of the turn since with an Action End timing, they would lose the benefit of being under the state for that turn's timing. - Added failsafes for Free Turns in case other plugins have overwritten the on battle start functions. - Added a compatibility update to Animated SV Enemies for dead motion. Version 1.30: - Optimization update. - Fixed a bug that prevented added state effects be unable to apply if they are an added Death state. - Battlelog lines are now able to display text codes. Version 1.29: - Fixed a bug with the 'else if' action sequences not working in the right order of sequence conditions. Version 1.28d: - Fixed a bug if instant casting a skill that would make an opponent battler to force an action to end incorrectly. Thanks to DoubleX for the fix. - Fixed a bug with mouse over not working properly. - Fixed a bug regarding forced actions that will cause the battle to freeze if the forced action causes the main active subject to leave the battle. - Fixed a bug with timed states not updating their turns properly. - Changed priority of IF action sequences to higher to no longer interfere other action sequences. Version 1.27: - Mechanic change. This will only affect those using turn-based state timing mechanics. Turn End state updates are now shifted from Turn End to occur at Regeneration timing to have a more synchronized aspect. The timings are very close so there's next to no notice in difference. Buff turn updates are also moved to the regeneration timing, too. Version 1.26: - Added 'Mouse Over' parameter to Selection Help. This parameter enables mouse users to simply hover over the enemy to select them rather than having to click an enemy twice to select them. Version 1.25f: - Added failsafes for Forced Action queues. - Added 'Show Select Box' parameter when selecting enemies. - Fixed a bug that caused End Turn events to not function properly. - Battle animations, by default, are positioned relative to the base bitmap for its target sprite. However, actor sprites do not have a base bitmap and therefore, battle animations, regardless of position, will always target the actor sprite's feet. This update now gives actor sprites a base bitmap. - Readjusted sprite width and sprite height calculations. - Added a failsafe for when no sideview actor graphics are used. Version 1.24: - Implemented a Forced Action queue list. This means if a Forced Action takes place in the middle of an action, the action will resume after the forced action finishes rather than cancels it out like MV does. Version 1.23: - Fixed a bug that didn't regenerate HP/MP/TP properly for tick-based. Version 1.22: - Fixed a bug within MV that caused Forced Actions at Turn End to prompt and trigger all turn-end related activities (such as regeneration and state turn updating). - Made a mechanic change so that Action Start and Action End state turns do not update their turns through forced actions. Version 1.21: - Fixed a bug where states Action End weren't going down properly with DTB. Version 1.20: - Fixed a bug where revived actors using instant cast aren't properly set to use actions immediately. Version 1.19: - Added <Attack Animation: x> notetag for enemies. - Added 'AI Self Turns' for Tick-Based Battles. Enemies can now have their A.I. revolve around their own individual turns rather than the battle's. - Mechanic change for states. Following suit with the change to Action End removal, there are now two more conditions added: Action Start, Turn Start. - Added <Action Start: x>, <Action Start: x to y>, <Turn Start: x>, and <Turn Start: x to y> notetags for automatic state removal. Version 1.18: - Fixed a bug with irregular targeting scopes. - Fixed an MV-related bug with Recover All event not refreshing battlers. Version 1.17b: - Fixed a bug with action end states to remove multiple at once. - Fixed a visual error with flinching sprites. - Added 'Current Max' parameter to change HP current/max display in battle. - Mechanic change for states that update on Action End to end at the end of a battler's turn instead of at the start. - Began preparations for another battle system. Version 1.16: - Fixed an issue with mirrored enemies having mirrored state icons. Version 1.15a: - Fixed a bug revolving the status window not updating. - Updated default home position formula to better fit other party sizes. New Home Position X: screenWidth - 16 - (maxSize + 2) * 32 + index * 32 New Home Position Y: screenHeight - statusHeight - maxSize * 48 + (index+1) * 48 - 16 Version 1.14: - Fixed a bug with Forced Actions locking out the battle. - New mechanic: For tick-based battle systems, states with action-end will go down in turns based on how many actions took place for the actor instead. Previously, they were indistinguishable from states with Turn End removal. - New mechanic: Using Instant Skills/Items from YEP_InstantCast.js will also cause states with action-end to go down in turns upon using actions. Version 1.13a: - Fixed a bug that made battlebacks disappear. - Reworked visual enemy selection. - Victory phase doesn't immediately display level up changes in battle status window. - Fixed a bug with the visual enemy select showing dead enemy names. Version 1.12b: - If the Battle HUD has been hidden for whatever reason during the victory sequence, it will be returned. - Added <speed: +x> and <speed: -x> notetags to break past editor limits. - Added new conditions where the battle won't end until all action sequences have been fulfilled. Version 1.11: - Fixed a bug that didn't show HP/MP Regeneration. Version 1.10: - Removed immortal state dependancy. Immortality is now its own setting. - Added more abbreviated variables for action speed calculation. - Fixed a bug where all-scope attacks would reveal Appear-Halfway enemies. - Fixed a bug where the battle wouldn't end if the final enemy was killed by state damage. Version 1.09: - Fixed a undefined actor bug for refreshing the status window. - Added 'Show Shadows' parameter to the plugin settings. - Reworked the default action sequences so that forced actions do not appear on top of each other and party-heal animations occur simultaneously. Version 1.08: - Fixed a bug where battlers gaining HP/MP in the damage formula for themselves wouldn't trigger popups. - Fixed a bug where if the party failed to escape from battle, states that would be removed by battle still get removed. *Fixed by Emjenoeg* - Fixed a bug where instant death skills didn't work. - Changed Sprite Priority settings to decide whether actors, enemies, or neither would always be on top. Version 1.07: - Optimized status window to refresh at a minimum. - Set up frame work for future plugins: - Added 'Escape Ratio' and 'Fail Escape Boost' to parameters to allow users to set the escape ratio they want. - Added 'Front Sprite Priority' and 'Side Sprite Priority' to parameters to dictate if actor sprites are always on top. - Added 'Tick-Settings' category for tick-based battle systems. Version 1.06: - Fixed a bug that causes dead actors at the start of battle to not spawn. - Fixed a bug where the help window on an empty slot would show the previous skill's message. Version 1.05: - Added new target typing: Character X, which allows you to select specifically the actor with an actor ID of X if he/she/it is in the party. - Fixed a bug that prevented Miss and Evade popups from showing. Version 1.04: - Fixed a bug where popups didn't show under certain animation types. - Fixed certain battler motions from not refreshing correctly. - Actions with no scope will not trigger the confirmation selection window. Version 1.03: - Added 'Wait for Effect' action sequence. - Actions now wait for effects (such as collapsing) to be done before continuing on with battle or to end battle. Version 1.02: - Fixed a bug where the help window would retain descriptions on no skills. - Synched up weapons with actor sprites so they would occur simultaneously. - Fixed an issue where requesting certain motions from enemies that don't exist would cause them to crash. Version 1.01: - Skills and items that affect both HP and MP will now show popups for both. Version 1.00: - Finished plugin!


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Welcome to Wise Bread's Best Money Tips Roundup! Today we found some stellar articles on performing a financial checkup on yourself, business ideas for college students, and maximizing your time and money.
How to Perform a Financial Checkup on Yourself — When giving yourself a financial checkup, don't forget to review your insurance policies. [Money Smart Life]
5 Online Business Ideas for College Students — Are you a college student trying to start a business? Consider freelance writing or online tutoring. [Cash Money Life]
Maximize Your Time, Maximize Your Money — Creating detailed plans of what you must accomplish each day will help you maximize your time and money. [MoneyNing]
5 Tips to Save Energy (and Money!) When Doing Laundry — Cleaning your dryer's lint filter can help you save energy and money when you are doing laundry. [Girls Just Wanna Have Funds]
How to plan a fun bachelorette party for less — Save money on bachelorette gear by recycling the sashes and crowns you use at one bachelorette party at the next one you plan! [Living on the Cheap]
How to Kick Your Bad Money Habits — To kick your bad habit of not saving, start saving something from each paycheck. [Generation X Finance]
6 Tips For Easing Back Into Work After Vacation — To ease yourself into work after you get back from a vacation, write a to-do list and review any progress on projects that may have been worked on in your absence. [PopSugar Smart Living]
How Can a College Student Invest? — College students can invest by starting with stocks. Stocks are easy to relate to and widely talked about. [Young Adult Finances]
4 Ways to Have Summer Camp at Home — If you want to have summer camp at home, start by setting a theme. [Parenting Squad]
Kitchen Clutter Rules — Beat kitchen clutter by not leaving anything in your sink. [TheDollarStretcher.com]
Disclaimer: The links and mentions on this site may be affiliate links. But they do not affect the actual opinions and recommendations of the authors.
Wise Bread is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to amazon.com.


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The Pittsburgh Steelers have announced this week's prizes and giveaways for their game day promotion, 1st-IN-GOAL, which is sponsored by the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. The promotion, in its third year, continues to reward more fans with prizes who enter Heinz Field early on game days. All 25,000 scratch cards will reveal a prize.
The 1st-IN-GOAL promotion, which began at the beginning of the 2011 regular season, will continue throughout the 2013 season. Kickoff for Sunday's game is set for 1 p.m. and gates will open at 11 a.m.
Fans are encouraged to arrive early for a chance to win many great prizes, including the opportunity to be on the field during pre-game warm-ups and to participate in the pre-game Terrible Towel Twirl, just prior to kickoff.
The first 25,000 fans who enter the stadium will be given scratch-off cards, which will be distributed at all gates, as well as suite and club entrances. The following is a list of this week's prizes and partners:
- Steelers gift cards (Steelers Sideline stores)
- Pre-game field passes for participation in the Terrible Towel Twirl
- Free in-stadium fountain drink (Pepsi)
- Free in-stadium pizza (Augustine's)
- Free in-stadium Super Hot Dog (Silverstar Meats)
- Concert Tickets (Stage AE)
- Big Mac (McDonald's)
- Medium Premium Roast Coffee (McDonald's)
- Medium French fries (McDonald's)
- Free Appetizer (Andora)
- Replica jersey (Nike)
- PG Store offer
- Official 9Forty League Cap (New Era)
- Free Sabra product
- Overnight stays (Nemacolin Woodlands Resort and Spa)
- Pepsi fountain drink (GetGo)
- Free haircut (Sport Clips)
- Admission to the Pro Football Hall of Fame
- Free Helluva Good Dip product
- Free Dole Squishems product


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This article is more than 1 year old
Official: PhD in 'Essential Oils' or 'Natural Toiletries' = 'a Scientist'
Also herbal medicine, homeopathy - amazing ruling
The Advertising Standards Authority - in these benighted short-attention-span days, perhaps one of the most important guardians of the English language - has described the fields of "Natural Preservatives in toiletries" and "Essential Oils" as being "traditional scientific disciplines" and ruled that people qualified in these areas may fairly be described as "scientists".
The gobsmacking ruling arises from a complaint made by a member of the public regarding advertising material issued by the well known bogo-smellies company Neal's Yard (Natural Remedies) Ltd. This featured a picture of four women wearing white coats standing in a garden holding various Neal's Yard products, headed "Green Science ... Meet Our Green Scientists Who Make It All Happen". It went on to specify the women's qualifications.
An anonymous member of the public complained to the ASA challenging the idea that the women were qualified enough to be considered scientists.
According to the ASA, Neal's Yard defended its "green scientists" claim vigorously, offering the idea that "science is beginning to be viewed more widely, such as the emergence of 'green science', defined by Carnegie Mellon University as 'the application of eco-friendly thinking to scientific disciplines' and 'a holistic approach to sustainability science'."
The smellies vendors went on to say that even if you stuck to a more rigid definition of "scientist" as someone who frames and tests hypotheses, their team would still qualify. The ASA goes on to say:
[Neal's Yard] provided biographies for all four women, which showed that Dr Dhushyanthan and Dr Hili had PhDs in traditional scientific disciplines while Ms Curtis and Ms Vilinac had undertaken study in Homeopathy and Medical Herbalism respectively. NYR said those two women had qualified in their fields before degrees were possible, and now those courses were available as BSc degrees at UK universities.
In fact, Doctor Dhushyanthan - according to the catalogue in question (pdf) - holds a PhD in "Natural Preservatives in Toiletries" and Doctor Hili holds a PhD in "Essential Oils". There are probably a few old fuddy-duddies around who might argue with the ASA's suggestion that these are "traditional scientific disciplines", but Neal's Yard says "Dharmini [Dhushyanthan] has more than fulfilled her childhood dream of becoming a scientist".
Ms Vilinac apparently has training in "western herbal medicine and traditional Chinese medicine", while Curtis "is a homeopath". Terrifyingly, it is indeed a fact that British universities will nowadays issue a "Bachelor of Science" degree in herbal and homeopathic medicine, though again many would quibble with the idea that a bachelor's degree makes a scientist in the commonly understood sense.
Bachelor's degrees in law, medicine or engineering don't permit their holders to practice as lawyers, doctors or engineers, after all. And there will still be many diehards who simply don't accept that homeopathy or herbalism are sciences no matter what.
But these views meet with no sympathy down at the Advertising Standards Authority. The ruling states:
The ASA noted... that science was continually evolving, and that "green" and holistic approaches to science were becoming more common. We considered that because the ad was in a catalogue for natural remedies, readers were likely to be familiar with alternative or less traditional approaches to science, and therefore to the idea of a "green scientist". We noted that the evidence showed that the four women... all had significant experience in "green" science.
Perhaps it might be OK to describe the four ladies as "green scientists" then, though this would probably rile a lot of climate physicists and the like. But the ASA, not content with describing essential oils and natural toiletries as "traditional science", goes on to say bluntly that these women are not merely green scientists:
We therefore considered it was acceptable for the ad to refer to the women as scientists, and concluded the ad was not misleading.
Truly these would seem to be the end times for the public image of science and scientists. ®


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Giving Employers What They Don't Really Want
Often what we think other people think is not what they think. For example, Michael Barnes and I conducted a study some years ago, published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, on the extent to which partners in intimate relationships understood what each other wanted. We computed the correlation between what one partner actually wanted and what the other thought he or she wanted. On a scale of 0 to 1, the correlation was a meager 0.3. In other words, even people in intimate relationships don't know very well what each other wants.
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Often what we think other people think is not what they think. For example, Michael Barnes and I conducted a study some years ago, published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, on the extent to which partners in intimate relationships understood what each other wanted. We computed the correlation between what one partner actually wanted and what the other thought he or she wanted. On a scale of 0 to 1, the correlation was a meager 0.3. In other words, even people in intimate relationships don't know very well what each other wants.
The stakes for understanding our partner's wants in an intimate setting are pretty high. Equally high for academe are the stakes for understanding what employers want in college graduates. Students pay many thousands of dollars for a college education in order to prepare themselves for the job market. If the college or university is providing the wrong stuff, that's a poor investment for the students.
Reading the recent literature in the field of higher education, you might notice that what educators think employers want involves several trends:
1. Employers want students to have college majors that provide them with readily transferable job knowledge and skills. The more professional the major, the better.
2. They want students who have had access to top-quality means of knowledge transfer. In this view, perhaps MOOCs are hot because, in the ideal, the lectures would cost the students (and the colleges) next to nothing and be taught by the most famous scholars in the world.
3. They want students who have demonstrated, through grades and standardized-test scores, that they are high achievers. In addition, employers want evidence of knowledge acquired in college.
The problem is that none of those three assertions holds up well, at least according to two recent surveys of what employers really want, one conducted by the Association of American Colleges and Universities and the other by The Chronicle.
What do employers want? The association surveyed employers in the business and nonprofit sectors to find out what they most value in hiring college graduates.
With regard to Trend No. 1, 93 percent of the employers surveyed said that "a demonstrated capacity to think critically, communicate clearly, and solve complex problems is more important than [a candidate's] undergraduate major." They were not saying that a student's major does not matter, but that, overwhelmingly, the thinking, problem-solving, and communication skills a job candidate has acquired in college are more important than the specific field in which the applicant earned a degree. Looking at successful leaders in business and in the nonprofit sector, you find that they have majored in everything under the sun. Many ended up, by choice, pursuing careers in fields other than the one in which they majored.
On Trend No. 2, the association's survey found that "more than nine in 10" employers surveyed said it was important that job candidates "demonstrate ethical judgment and integrity; intercultural skills; and the capacity for continued new learning. More than 75 percent of employers say they want more emphasis on five key areas, including critical thinking, complex problem-solving, written and oral communication, and applied knowledge in real-world settings."
Those are not skills optimally developed through passive learning in lecture settings, including MOOCs. Rather, they are skills developed through active learning in settings that encourage dialogue, give-and-take, real-world problem-solving, and active mentorship. Put another way by the association, "Across many areas tested, employers strongly endorse educational practices that involve students in active, effortful work—practices including collaborative problem-solving, internships, senior projects, and community engagements."
As for Trend No. 3, educators seem to assume that employers want concrete evidence of achievement, in the form of grades, for example. But, the association's survey found, "employers consistently rank outcomes and practices that involve application of skills over acquisition of discrete bodies of knowledge." High grades on tests just don't cut it alone in terms of the broader knowledge and skills that employers value.
If we were to summarize the survey results, we might say that employers want the knowledge and skills that will be crucial not only to a student's first job, but also to his or her second, third, and fourth jobs. They want a student who has learned how to learn and how to adapt flexibly to rapidly changing demands. They're not all that concerned about specific majors or things like what gets academic credit and what does not.
The Chronicle also conducted a survey of employers, with similar results. It found, for example, that employers tend to place more emphasis on practical work and internships than on academic work. As The Chronicle survey also reported:
- College graduates were most lacking in "written and oral communication skills, adaptability and managing multiple priorities, and making decisions and problem-solving."
- "Only 19 percent of employers look for specific majors and do not consider candidates without them, while the majority—78 percent—will consider any major."
- "Executives are least interested in considering candidates with specific majors (14 percent)."
Again, the survey did not say that major does not matter—simply that other qualifications matter more.
Why do we as educators often misperceive what employers want? Why are many of our impressions about what they want not entirely or even barely correct? At the very least, several current emphases in the higher-education literature do not seem to match well with the real demands of employers. Given that many students' main goal in going to college is to find a good job, why do we read so much about MOOCs, majors, and college-credit acquisition? Those issues may be important, but—according to the employer surveys—they are not central to generating the skills that best lead to employability.
Daniel Kahneman and the late Amos Tversky, two of the great cognitive psychologists, have proposed that many of our errors in thinking are a result of cognitive habits that work some of the time but not all of the time. Two such habits are representativeness and availability.
Representativeness is the degree to which something is similar in its essential characteristics to whatever population of things it is viewed as representing. The college major, for example, seems representative of what employers look for, because a major in a particular field seems to be what employers in that field want in a candidate. The student's major is viewed as representing the job. In some cases, it well may. But the association's survey makes clear that employers care more about ethics, critical thinking, creative thinking, and common sense. So in that case, representativeness leads us astray.
The cognitive habit of availability is thinking that what comes easily to mind must certainly be important. The more we hear about college majors, MOOCs, and college credit for knowledge acquired outside the campus, for example, the more we may think that those things are important and provide the answers to our problems, whatever the problems may be. So solutions to other problems somehow seem to become solutions to the problem of employability, even though they are not.
For those who really care about most students' No. 1 concern, employability, it would behoove them to read the results of those two surveys carefully. They tell us what employers really want—not just what we imagine they want—and, more important, what students need to succeed in life.
And they tell us that creative, critical, practical, and wisdom-based decision-making and problem-solving skills, along with a mindset of lifelong learning and a strong work ethic, are far more important than current fads in the literature.


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Meet Jinkx Monsoon, the Narcoleptic Jewish Drag Queen
Jerick Hoffer, also known as Jinkx Monsoon, is the most recent winner of "RuPaul's Drag Race," Logo TV's reality competition in which contestants compete to become America's "Next Drag Superstar." Originally from Portland, Ore., Hoffer, 25, has been performing in drag for 10 years. He configured Jinkx Monsoon as "the hardest working single mother in show business," an overbearing mom and aspiring actress with delusions of grandeur. With a heaping helping of class and crass, Jinkx is a sexy yet silly baby boomer who strives for fame while trying to navigate the modern world.
On the first episode of "RuPaul's Drag Race" this season, Hoffer introduced himself as "Seattle's premier Jewish narcoleptic drag queen." He was poking fun at himself — he actually does have the sleep disorder — but he also put his religion in the spotlight, a rare move in the drag world. Forward contributor Elyssa Goodman talked with Hoffer about the evolution of Jinkx Monsoon, channeling his mother through drag and finding out he was Jewish at age 18.
Elyssa Goodman: How did you craft the character of Jinkx Monsoon?
Jerick Hoffer: Jinkx Monsoon is loosely based on my own mother. The first time I started creating this middle-aged woman character was the first time I was asked to host a drag show. I had never spoken into a microphone in drag before, so when put on the spot I just started doing an impression of my mom. It cracked me up and it cracked the audience up and it's how I started the whole persona.
Many of your influences are women of a different generation: Little Edie, Meryl Streep, Lucille Ball. What is their appeal?
I really like women who are able to be classy and poised and really well put together when the time is right, but also be complete clowns. With Jinkx Monsoon, I strive to make her pretty and likable and have this bubbly, lovely personality. But then she can also be the most crass, out of the blue, kooky character.
Does your religious background influence your drag performance?
I was raised Catholic, in a primarily Irish Catholic family, and then when I was 18 I found that I was actually of a Jewish bloodline on my mom's side of the family. I became interested in learning about Jewish culture and Jewish heritage. I wasn't about to presume that I should change my faith or change my whole lifestyle. But I did decide to start to explore Jinkx as a Jewish female character. It just fit for her. Jinkx is a single mother and I've seen so many really strong Jewish women — Sarah Silverman is a particular inspiration of mine. There's a mixture of pride and self-loathing in Jewish female comedians that I've always really admired and wanted to bring into Jinkx. It was my way to get in touch with something that I found out really late in life that I was a part of.
Also, in the gay community there are not very many Jewish drag queens. I always found that funny because there are a lot of Jewish gay people out there, so why aren't there more Jewish drag queens?
What role does Judaism play in your life as an out, gay man?
I think if you are raised with any religious background and you come out, you have a certain amount of reckoning. A certain amount of "can I be this and this?" When I found out so late in life, when I thought I was from this Irish stock and there was actually quite a bit more Russian Jew in me than anything else, it told me you don't have to let your bloodline or the way you were raised dictate the way you live your life. I think religion, self-expression, all of this has to be in the hands of the individual.
Why drag?
Ever since I was a kid I just thought that women had the better outfits, women had the better hair, women got to wear makeup. I just got jealous of what women got to do onstage. You dress up a man and ultimately it's just a different variation on the same kind of suit. There's a whole wide world of what women wear onstage. I just always wanted to wear the big dresses with the petticoats and the hoop skirts and all the bells and whistles rather than just a three-piece suit.
What's up next for you?
I am going to be performing the role of Velma Von Tussle in 5th Avenue Theatre's concert production of Hairspray this summer in Seattle. In New York, I am doing a run of my show "The Vaudevillians," which is an original musical comedy I created with my music partner Richard Andriessen, at the Laurie Beechman Theatre in July. We keep adding more and more shows there, it looks like we might end up doing a month-long run!
What is the greatest misconception about drag performance?
That it's easy. I don't think many people realize just how much of an endeavor it is. It's a head to toe transformation. It's not just putting on a little bit of makeup and putting on a dress. Some drag queens duct tape their heads, some drag queens are bound and strapped and pulled in every which direction. To be in drag is no small endeavor.
What are the challenges and rewards of performing in drag?
The greatest challenges are the time it takes to get into drag. When I'm going to be onstage, it pretty much takes up my whole day to get ready for it. Also, drag queens are not only critiqued as performers, but as "a vision of loveliness." You get critiqued by not just how you act on stage and what you deliver for your performance but for how you look. But the greatest rewards are when you get those moments where you're living this childhood fantasy onstage. When I get to perform the numbers that my favorite female performers did so long ago, like when I perform a number based on "Death Becomes Her" onstage, it's like a dream coming true for me.


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According to the new market research report "Risk-based Monitoring Software Market by End User (Pharma & Biopharmaceutical Co., Medical Device Co., CROs), Delivery Mode (Web Hosted, On-premise, Cloud-based), Type (Enterprise, Site), Component (Software, Services) – Global Forecast to 2025", published by MarketsandMarkets™, the RBM software market is expected to reach USD 511 million by 2025 from USD 273 million in 2020, at a CAGR of 13.3%.
The key factors driving the growth of this market are the cost and time efficiency of RBM solutions, rising number of clinical trials, and increasing government funding and grants to support clinical trials.
Enterprise RBM Software segment:
Based on type, the market is segmented into Enterprise RBM Software and Site RBM Software. In 2020, the Enterprise RBM Software segment is expected to command the largest share of the market. The large share of this segment can be attributed to the widespread adoption of enterprise RBM software by end-users as it allows all authorized professionals to have access to clinical trial data and metrics placed at a centralized location.
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Software segment:
Based on the component, the market is segmented into Software and Services. In 2020, the software segment is expected to command the largest share of the market. The large share of this segment can be attributed to the increasing R&D expenditure in the life science and clinical research industries, increasing number of clinical trials, and rising customer base.
Browse in-depth TOC on "Risk-based Monitoring Software Market"
114 – Tables
30 – Figures
137 – Pages
Delivery Mode:
Based on delivery mode, the market is segmented into Web-based (On-demand), Licensed Enterprise (On-premise), and Cloud-based (SaaS). In 2020, the Web-based (On-demand) segment is expected to command the largest share of the market. The large share of this segment can be attributed to the advantages offered by web-based software, such as easy access, improved productivity, time efficiency, and cost-efficiency.
Growing Demand in Pharmaceutical and Biopharmaceutical Companies:
Based on end user, the market is segmented into pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical companies, CROs, medical device companies, and other end users. In 2020, the pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical companies segment is expected to command the largest share of the RBM software market. The increasing R&D expenditure of pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical companies is the major factor driving the growth of this end-user segment.
North America and Europe to Dominate The Industry:
North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, and the Rest of the World (RoW) are the regions considered for geographic analysis of the global Risk-based Monitoring Software Market study. North America is expected to account for the largest share of the global market. The large share of North America is attributed to the to the increased adoption of RBM software solutions for clinical trials.
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Key Players:
The prominent players in the global RBM software market include Oracle (US), Medidata Solutions (US), and Parexel (US). Other prominent players in the market are Bioclinica (US), Bio-Optronics (US), IBM Corporation (US), DATATRAK (US), Veeva Systems (US), DSG (US), MasterControl (US), ERT (US), Forte Research Systems (US), MedNet Solutions (US), ArisGlobal (US), Anju Software (US), MaxisIT (US), Techsol Corporation (US), OpenClinica (US), CRF Health (US), and Covance (US).
Recent Developments:
1. In 2018, Bioclinica (US) launched the SMART technology suite available with Medical Imaging, Electronic Data Capture (EDC), and Interactive Response Technology (IRT) combined.
2. In 2019, Veeva Systems (US), acquired Crossix Solutions (US), a provider of privacy-safe US patient data and best-in-class analytics platform to help maximize media and marketing effectiveness.
3. In 2019, Parexel International Corporation (US), partnered with Datavant (US) to enable the connection of real-world data across all clinical trials conducted by Parexel.
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