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Edward D. Mansfield is the Hum Rosen Professor of Political Science and Director of the Christopher H. Browne Center for International Politics at the University of Pennsylvania. His research focuses on international security and international political economy. He is the author of Power, Trade, and War (Princeton University Press, 1994), Electing to Fight: Why Emerging Democracies Go to War [with Jack Snyder] (MIT Press, 2005), and Votes, Vetoes, and the Political Economy of Trade Agreements [with Helen V. Milner] (Princeton University Press, 2012). He is also the editor of 10 books and has published various articles in the American Political Science Review, British Journal of Political Science, Comparative Political Studies, International Organization, International Security, International Studies Quarterly, Journal of Conflict Resolution, World Politics, and other journals and books. The recipient of the 2000 Karl W. Deutsch Award in International Relations and Peace Research, Mansfield has been a National Fellow at the Hoover Institution and his research has been supported by grants from the Harry Frank Guggenheim Foundation, the Mershon Center, and the United States Institute of Peace. He is co-editor of the University of Michigan Press Series on International Political Economy and was an Associate Editor of International Organization. He has been a Term Member of the Council on Foreign Relations, a member of the Graduate Record Examination Political Science Committee, and Program Co-Chair for the 2001 annual meeting of the American Political Science Association. Mansfield received his B.A., M.A., and Ph.D. from the University of Pennsylvania; and before joining the faculty there, he taught at Columbia University and Ohio State University.
- International Relations Theory
- International Political Economy
- International Security
- The Politics of Global Problems
- International Political Economy
- Power, Trade, and War (Princeton University Press, 1994).
(Buy this book from the publisher)
- The Political Economy of Regionalism [Co-edited with Helen V. Milner] (Columbia University Press, 1997) (Buy this book from the publisher)
- The Nexus of Economics, Security, and International Relations in East Asia [Co-edited with Avery Goldstein] (Stanford University Press, 2012) (Buy this book from the publisher)

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Paddle steamer
A paddle steamer is a steamship or riverboat powered by a steam engine that drives paddle wheels to propel the craft through the water.
In antiquity, paddle wheelers followed the development of poles, oars and sails, where the first uses were wheelers driven by animals or humans.
Modern paddle wheelers may be powered by diesel engines.[lower-alpha 1] Save for tourism and small pleasure boats (paddle boats), paddle propulsion is largely superseded by the screw propeller and other marine propulsion systems that have a higher efficiency, especially in rough or open water.
- 1 Paddle wheels
- 2 Types of paddle steamer
- 3 Feathering paddlewheel
- 4 History
- 5 Seagoing paddle steamers
- 6 Modern paddle steamers
- 7 Paddle tugs
- 8 See also
- 9 Notes
- 10 References
- 11 External links
Paddle wheels
The paddle wheel is a large steel framework wheel. The outer edge of the wheel is fitted with numerous, regularly-spaced paddle blades (called floats or buckets). The bottom quarter or so of the wheel travels underwater. An engine rotates the paddle wheel in the water to produce thrust, forward or backward as required. More advanced paddle wheel designs feature feathering methods that keep each paddle blade closer to vertical while in the water to increase efficiency. The upper part of a paddle wheel is normally enclosed in a paddlebox to minimise splashing.
Types of paddle steamer
There are two basic ways to mount paddle wheels on a ship; either a single wheel on the rear, known as a sternwheeler, or a paddle wheel on each side, known as a sidewheeler.
Both sternwheelers and sidewheelers were used as riverboats in the United States. Some still operate for tourists, for example on the Mississippi River.
Sidewheelers are used as riverboats and as coastal craft. Though the side wheels and enclosing sponsons make them wider than sternwheelers, they may be more maneuverable, since they can sometimes move the paddles at different speeds, and even in opposite directions. This extra maneuverability makes sidewheelers popular on the narrower, winding rivers of the Murray-Darling system in Australia, where a number still operate.
European sidewheelers, such as the PS Waverley, connect the wheels with solid drive shafts that limit maneuverability and give the craft a wide turning radius. Some were built with paddle clutches that disengage one or both paddles so they can turn independently. However, wisdom gained from early experience with sidewheelers deemed that they be operated with clutches out, or as solid shaft vessels. Crews noticed that as ships approached the dock, passengers moved to the side of the ship ready to disembark. The shift in weight, added to independent movements of the paddles, could lead to imbalance and potential capsizing. Paddle tugs were frequently operated with clutches in, as the lack of passengers aboard meant that independent paddle movement could be used safely and the added maneuverability exploited to the full.
Feathering paddlewheel
In a simple paddle wheel, where the paddles are fixed around the periphery, power is lost due to churning of the water as the paddles enter and leave the water surface. Ideally, the paddles should remain vertical while under water. This ideal can be approximated by use of levers and linkages connected to a fixed eccentric. The eccentric is fixed slightly forward of the main wheel centre. It is coupled to each paddle via a rod and lever. The geometry is designed such that the paddles are kept almost vertical for the short duration that they are in the water.[1]
Western world
The use of a paddle wheel in navigation appears for the first time in the mechanical treatise of the Roman engineer Vitruvius (De architectura, X 9.5-7), where he describes multi-geared paddle wheels working as a ship odometer. The first mention of paddle wheels as a means of propulsion comes from the 4th–5th century military treatise De Rebus Bellicis (chapter XVII), where the anonymous Roman author describes an ox-driven paddle-wheel warship:
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Animal power, directed by the resources on ingenuity, drives with ease and swiftness, wherever utility summons it, a warship suitable for naval combats, which, because of its enormous size, human frailty as it were prevented from being operated by the hands of men. In its hull, or hollow interior, oxen, yoked in pairs to capstans, turns wheels attached to the sides of the ship; paddles, projecting above the circumference or curved surface of the wheels, beating the water with their strokes like oar-blades as the wheels revolve, work with an amazing and ingenious effect, their action producing rapid motion. This warship, moreover, because of its own bulk and because of the machinery working inside it, joins battle with such pounding force that it easily wrecks and destroys all enemy warships coming at close quarters.[2]
The Italian physician Guido da Vigevano (c. 1280−1349), planning for a new crusade, made illustrations for a paddle boat that was propelled by manually turned compound cranks.[3]
One of the drawings of the Anonymous Author of the Hussite Wars shows a boat with a pair of paddle-wheels at each end turned by men operating compound cranks.[4] The concept was improved by the Italian Roberto Valturio in 1463, who devised a boat with five sets, where the parallel cranks are all joined to a single power source by one connecting-rod, an idea adopted by his compatriot Francesco di Giorgio.[4]
In 1704, the French physicist Denis Papin constructed the first ship powered by his steam engine, mechanically linked to paddles. This made him the first to construct a steam-powered boat (or vehicle of any kind). Then he has poured the first steam cylinder of the world in the iron foundry Veckerhagen.
In 1787 Patrick Miller of Dalswinton invented a double-hulled boat that was propelled on the Firth of Forth by men working a capstan that drove paddles on each side.[5]
One of the firsts functioning steamships, the Palmipède, which was also the first paddle steamer, was built in France in 1774 by Marquis Claude de Jouffroy and his colleagues. The 13-metre (42 ft 8 in) steamer with rotating paddles sailed on the Doubs River in June and July 1776. In 1783 a new paddle steamer by de Jouffroy, Pyroscaphe, successfully steamed up the river Saône for fifteen minutes before the engine failed. Bureaucracy and the French Revolution thwarted further progress by de Jouffroy.
The next successful attempt at a paddle-driven steam ship was by the Scottish engineer William Symington, who suggested steam power to Patrick Miller of Dalswinton.[5] Experimental boats built in 1788 and 1789 worked successfully on Lochmaben Loch. In 1802, Symington built a barge-hauler, Charlotte Dundas, for the Forth and Clyde Canal Company. It successfully hauled two 70-ton barges almost 20 miles (30 km) in 6 hours against a strong headwind on test in 1802. There was much enthusiasm, but some directors of the company were concerned about the banks of the canal being damaged by the wash from a powered vessel, and no more were ordered.
While Charlotte Dundas was the first commercial paddle-steamer and steamboat, the first commercial success was possibly Robert Fulton's Clermont in New York, which went into commercial service in 1807 between New York City and Albany. Many other paddle-equipped river boats followed all around the world.
In 1812, the first U.S. Mississippi River paddle steamer began operating out of New Orleans. By 1814, Captain Henry Shreve[lower-alpha 2] had developed a "steamboat" [lower-alpha 3] suitable for local conditions. Landings in New Orleans went from 21 in 1814 to 191 in 1819, and over 1,200 in 1833.
The first sternwheeler was built by Mr. Roentgeres at Rotterdam, and used between Antwerp and Ghent in 1827.[7]
Team boats, paddle boats driven by horses, were used for ferries the United States from the 1820s-1850s, as they were economical and did not incur licensing costs imposed by the steam navigation monopoly. In the 1850s, they were replaced by steamboats.[8]
After the American Civil War, as the expanding railroads took many passengers, the traffic became primarily bulk cargos. The largest, and one of the last, paddle steamers on the Mississippi was the sternwheeler Sprague. Built in 1901, she pushed coal and petroleum until 1948.[9][10][11][12][13]
East Asia
The first mention of a paddle-wheel ship from China is in the History of the Southern Dynasties, compiled in the 7th century but describing the naval ships of the Liu Song Dynasty (420–479) used by admiral Wang Zhene in his campaign against the Qiang people in 418 AD. The mathematician and astronomer Zu Chongzhi (429–500) had a paddle-wheel ship built on the Xinting River (south of Nanjing) known as the "thousand league boat". When campaigning against Hou Jing in 552, the Liang Dynasty (502–557) admiral Xu Shipu employed paddle-wheel boats called "water-wheel boats". At the siege of Liyang in 573, the admiral Huang Faqiu employed foot-treadle powered paddle-wheel boats. A successful paddle-wheel warship design was made in China by Prince Li Gao in 784 AD, during an imperial examination of the provinces by the Tang Dynasty (618–907) emperor.[14] The Chinese Song Dynasty (960–1279) issued the construction of many paddle-wheel ships for its standing navy, and according to historian Joseph Needham:
"...between 1132 and 1183 (AD) a great number of treadmill-operated paddle-wheel craft, large and small, were built, including sternwheelers and ships with as many as 11 paddle-wheels a side,".[15]
The standard Chinese term "wheel ship" was used by the Song period, whereas a litany of colorful terms were used to describe it beforehand. In the 12th century, the Song government used paddle-wheel ships en masse to defeat opposing armies of pirates armed with their own paddle-wheel ships. At the Battle of Caishi in 1161, paddle-wheelers were also used with great success against the Jin Dynasty (1115–1234) navy.[16] The Chinese used the paddle-wheel ship even during the First Opium War (1839–1842) and for transport around the Pearl River during the early 20th century.
Seagoing paddle steamers
The first seagoing trip of a paddle steamer was by the Albany in 1808. It steamed from the Hudson River along the coast to the Delaware River. This was purely for the purpose of moving a river-boat to a new market, but paddle-steamers began regular short coastal trips soon after. In 1816 Pierre Andriel, a French businessman, bought in London the 15 HP paddle steamer Margery (later renamed Elise) and made an eventful London-Le Havre-Paris crossing, encountering heavy weather on the way. He later operated his ship as a river packet on the Seine, between Paris and Le Havre.
The first paddle-steamer to make a long ocean voyage crossing the Atlantic Ocean was SS Savannah, built in 1819 expressly for this service. Savannah set out for Liverpool on May 22, 1819, sighting Ireland after 23 days at sea. This was the first powered crossing of the Atlantic, although Savannah was built as a sailing ship with a steam auxiliary; she also carried a full rig of sail for when winds were favorable, being unable to complete the voyage under power alone. In 1822, Charles Napier's Aaron Manby, the world's first iron ship, made the first direct steam crossing from London to Paris and the first seagoing voyage by an iron ship.
In 1838, Sirius, a fairly small steam packet built for the Cork to London route, became the first vessel to cross the Atlantic under sustained steam power, beating Isambard Kingdom Brunel's much larger Great Western by a day. Great Western, however, was actually built for the transatlantic trade, and so had sufficient coal for the passage; Sirius had to burn furniture and other items after running out of coal.[17] The Great Western's more successful crossing began the regular sailing of powered vessels across the Atlantic. Beaver was the first coastal steamship to operate in the Pacific Northwest of North America. Paddle steamers helped open Japan to the Western World in the mid-19th century.
The largest paddle-steamer ever built was Brunel's Great Eastern, but it also had screw propulsion and sail rigging. It was 692 ft (211 m) long and weighed 32,000 tons, its paddle-wheels being 56 ft (17 m) in diameter.
In oceangoing service, paddle steamers became much less useful after the invention of the screw propeller, but they remained in use in coastal service and as river tugboats, thanks to their shallow draught and good maneuverability.
The last crossing of the Atlantic by paddle steamer began on September 18, 1969, to conclude six months and nine days later. The steam paddle tug Eppleton Hall was never intended for oceangoing service, but was steamed from Newcastle to San Francisco. As the voyage was intended to be completed under power, the tug was rigged as steam propelled with a sail auxiliary. The transatlantic stage of the voyage was completed exactly 150 years after the voyage of the Savannah.
Modern paddle steamers
USA and Canada
A few paddle steamers serve niche tourism needs as cruise boats on lakes[lower-alpha 4] and others, such as the Delta Queen, still operate on the Mississippi River. In Oregon, several replica paddle steamers, which are non-steam-powered sternwheelers built in the 1980s and later, are operated for tourism purposes on the Columbia and Willamette Rivers.
PS Washington Irving, built in 1912 by the New York Shipbuilding Company, was the biggest passenger-carrying riverboat ever built with a capacity for 6,000 passengers. It was operated on the Hudson River from 1913 until it was sunk in an accident in 1926. One of the last paddle steamers built in the U.S. was the dredge William M. Black, built in 1934 and now a National Historic Landmark.
The Belle of Louisville is the oldest operating Mississippi River-style steamboat and was named a National Historic Landmark in 1989.[18] Previously named the Idlewild and Avalon, the Belle is based in downtown Louisville, Kentucky.
The Shelburne Museum of Vermont features the paddle steamer Ticonderoga, a preserved Lake Champlain ferry, which was transported overland to the museum after being retired from service in 1969, and is now open for tours.
The Toronto Island Ferry system in Toronto, Canada operates PS Trillium, a paddle steamer originally built in 1910 and restored for operation since 1976.
The Elbe river Saxon Paddle Steamer Fleet in Dresden (known as "White Fleet"), Germany, is the oldest and biggest in the world, with around 700,000 passengers per year.[19] The 1913-built Goethe was the last paddle steamer on the River Rhine.[20] Previously the world's largest sidewheeler with a two-cylinder steam engine of 700 hp (520 kW), a length of 83 m and a height above water of 9.2 m, the Goethe was converted to Diesel-Hydraulic power during the winter of 2008/09.[21]
Paddle wheelers are still in operation on some lakes in Southern Bavaria, such as the Diessen (49 m) on Ammersee, built in 1908 and converted to a Diesel system in 1975.[22] It has been completely rebuilt in 2006. As paddle wheelers have proven to be such a great tourist attraction, a new one was even built in 2002 on Ammersee, the Herrsching, but of course it has never been powered by steam. On lake Chiemsee, RMS Ludwig Fessler (53 m) is still in regular service.[23] It was built in 1926, but is now also powered by Diesel engines (since 1973). The original diesel engine was the last ship engine being built by Maffei (no. 576). Interestingly, this engine has ended up in Switzerland to drive the newly renovated Neuchâtel, launched in 2013.[24]
In Italy, a small paddle steamer fleet operates on Lake Como and Lake Garda, primarily for tourists.
PS Skibladner is the oldest steamship in regular operation. Built in 1856, she still operates on lake Mjøsa in Norway.
Switzerland has a large paddle steamer fleet, most of the "Salon Steamer-type" built by Sulzer in Winterthur or Escher-Wyss in Zurich. There are five active and one inactive on Lake Lucerne, two on Lake Zurich, and one each on Lake Brienz, Lake Thun and Lake Constance. Swiss company CGN operates a number of paddle steamers on Lake Geneva. Their fleet includes three converted to diesel electric power in the 1960s and five retaining steam. One, Montreux, was reconverted in 2000 from diesel to an all-new steam engine. It is the world's first electronically remote-controlled steam engine and has operating costs similar to state-of-the-art diesels, while producing up to 90 percent less air pollution.[25]
No paddle ship is currently in operation in France as of 2015 (though some Paris sighseeing tourist crafts sport a dummy sternwheel powered by a hydraulic motor) .
In Lac D'Annecy an almost intact paddle steamer called la France, resting on an even keel, can be visited by advanced divers (resting at 42 Metres - 130 Feet deep). She was built, like most of it's swiss counterparts by Escher-Wyss in 1909 (as a CKD dismantled kit to be transported by railway and assembled at the local annecy Puya Shipyard) and ran a regular line around Lac d'Annecy. During WW2 the ship was Laid up in Annecy and used as a prison by the German occupying forces and the Gestapo. La France made her last commercial voyage in 1965 and then fell into neglect and disrepair. Her owner had moored her some distance from the shore to save quay fees and she sprung a ice related leak and sunk in March 1971. It is a popular site among advanced divers (Level 2-assisted or 3-autonomous CMAS is requested to dive the wreck), an almost intact time capsuledue to the fresh and low temperature water. Some divers even (mimick to) play underwater french billiard on the intact billiard table in the main lounge.Paddle steamer La france (Annecy) Any hope of raising the ship is vain though: The hull was badly distorted when hitting the rocky lake bottom
United Kingdom
PS Waverley, built in 1947, is the last seagoing paddle steamer in the world. This ship sails a full season of cruises from ports around Britain, and sailed across the English Channel to commemorate the sinking of her predecessor of 1899 at the 1940 Battle of Dunkirk.
On the Isle of Wight, PS Monarch (one of the smallest passenger-carrying vessels of her type) takes trips on the River Medina. Monarch is a side wheeler built at Chatham Historic Dockyard.
In the River Dart (Devon) the PS Kingswear Castle (a coal-fired river paddle steamer) operates short cruises from Dartmouth and trips between Dartmouth and Totnes at high tide.[26]
In the USSR, river paddle steamers of the type Iosif Stalin (project 373), later renamed Ryazan-class steamships, were built until 1951. Between 1952 and 1959, ships of this type were built for the Soviet Union by Óbudai Hajógyár Budapest factory in Hungary. In total, 75 type Iosif Stalin/Ryazan sidewheelers were built. They are 70 m long and can carry up to 360 passengers. Few of them still remain in active service.[27][28]
Australia has a large collection of authentic and replica paddle steamers and paddle boats operating along the Murray and Darling Rivers, and in other areas around the country. Echuca/Moama has the largest fleet of paddle steamers in Australia, with 7 of them operating commercially and a large number of smaller privately owned vessels.
PS Adelaide is the oldest wooden-hulled paddle steamer in the world.[29] Built in 1866, she operates from the Port of Echuca, on Australia's Murray River, which has the largest fleet of paddle steamers in the world.
PS Pevensey built 1911 in Moama and based in Echuca is still working as a tourist attraction on the Murray River. The Pevensey also starred as the fictional paddlesteamer Philadelphia in the TV series All the Rivers Run.[30]
PS Alexander Arbuthnot built 1923 at Koondrook, named after the former owner of the Arbuthnot Sawmills, works today as a tourist boat at the Port of Echuca.[31]
PS Canberra, built 1913 at Goolwa, is currently operating public cruises in Echuca. Canberra was built for the Conner family of Boundary Bend as their flagship fishing vessel, however has been in the tourism industry since 1944.[32]
PS Emmylou, a replica steamer was built in 1982 at Barham, and operates a large range of cruises in Echuca - from 1 hour sightseeing trips to 3 night/4 day fully accommodated voyages. She is powered by an authentic steam engine, dating back to 1906.[33]
PS Murray Princess is the largest of the paddle wheelers operating in Australia, although she is a recent build (1987). The Princess measures in around 210' in length, 45' in width and has a remarkably shallow draft of 3'. It has accommodation for 120 passengers and up to 30 crew and operates 3,4 & 7 night cruises along the Murray from Mannum in South Australia. The Murray Princess was owned and operated for many years by Captain Cook Cruises in Sydney, but has recently been sold to Sealink Travel Group based in Adelaide.
The replica paddle steamer Curlip was constructed in Gippsland, Australia, and launched in November 2008.
PS Kookaburra Queen services the Brisbane River, operating as a floating restaurant or venue for hire.
PS Enterprise, built in Echuca in 1876-78 and now berthed at a wharf on the Acton Peninsula, Lake Burley Griffin, Canberra, has been restored to full working order. Recommissioned after restoration, she was used on the Murray River, the Darling River and the Murrumbidgee River in New South Wales between 1978 and 1988.
PS Marion, based at Mannum.
The Nepean Belle paddle wheeler operates cruises on the Nepean River at Penrith, NSW.
New Zealand
The restored paddle steamer Waimarie is based in Wanganui, New Zealand. The Waimarie was built in kitset form in Poplar, London in 1899, and originally operated on the Whanganui River under the name Aotea. Later renamed, she remained in service until 1949. She sank at her moorings in 1952, and remained in the mud until raised by volunteers and restored to begin operations again in 2000.[34]
The 1907 Otunui Paddleboat operated on the Whanganui River until the 1940s in her original form as a tunnel screw riverboat. Lost from her mooring in a flood she was refloated in the late 1960s and rebuilt as a sternwheeled jetboat. Around 1982 she went overland to Lake Okataina and was converted to the sidepaddle vessel as she is today. Currently operating on the Wairoa River at Tauranga, this 17m, diesel powered vessel with hydraulic drive for the paddlewheels offers scenic cruises and charters.
The Netherlands
The Kapitein Kok is a paddle steamer built in 1911 for ferry service on the river Lek. It was fully restored in 1976 and is still in use today as a party ship. Queen Beatrix chartered the ship in 1998 as part of her 60th birthday celebrations.
Paddle tugs
The Portland is a preserved steam-powered sternwheel tug based in Portland, Oregon, that is listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places.[35]
The British Admiralty used diesel-electric paddle tugs in recent times. Each paddle wheel was driven by an individual electric motor, giving outstanding maneuverability. Paddle tugs were able to more easily make use of the inherent advantage of side wheel paddle propulsion, having the option to disconnect the clutches that connected the paddle drive shafts as one. This enabled them to turn one paddle ahead and one astern to turn and maneuver quickly.
See also
- Category:Steamboat articles by route
- Experiment (horse-powered boat)
- Murray-Darling steamboats
- Pedalo
- River cruise
- Roller ship
- Technology of the Song Dynasty - Paddle-wheel ships
- Steamboats of the Columbia River
- Steamboats of the Mississippi
- Steamboats of the Willamette River
- ↑ Experience of economics: The paddle designs using diesels are tourist vessels servicing sightseeing attractions or replica riverboats and are mainly restaurants and casinos.
- ↑ The namesake of Shreveport, Louisiana..
- ↑ Vessels operating on the Mississippi River system are referred to as "boats".
- ↑ As a sampling: Steamers operate on Lake Champlain, Lake George, and Lake Winnipesaukee in the U.S. Northeast as of 2023.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ De Rebus Bellicis (anon.), chapter XVII, text edited by Robert Ireland, in: BAR International Series 63, part 2, p. 34
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Needham, 476
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Men of Iron : Brunel, Stephenson and the Inventions That Shaped the Modern World by Sally Dugan ISBN 978-1-4050-3426-5
- ↑ "About the Belle of Louisville," Belle of Louisville Web site (http://www.belleoflouisville.org/about-the-belle-of-louisville.html). Retrieved July 26, 2014.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ RMS Goethe KD - Köln-Düsseldorfer Rheinschiffahrt
- ↑ German Wikipedia on the ship Goethe
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ WALLER Roger: MODERN STEAM - AN ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL ALTERNATIVE TO DIESEL TRACTION, Institution of Mechanical Engineers, The Sir Seymour Biscoe Tritton Lecture, Pages 9-10
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Russian river ships (in English)
- ↑ Russian passenger river fleet (in Russian) Archived August 22, 2006 at the Wayback Machine
- ↑ Paddle steamers back on River Murray for largest gathering in more than 50 years The Advertiser, 2 September 2012. Accessed 5 September 2014.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Whanganui River Boat Centre
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- Clark, John and Wardle, David (2003). PS Enterprise. Canberra: National Museum of Australia.
- University of Wisconsin–La Crosse Historic Steamboat Photographs
- Dumpleton, Bernard, "The Story of the Paddle Steamer", Melksham, 2002.
External links
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Paddle steamers.
- links to videos on paddle wheelers
- links to photos of a modern design on paddle wheelers
- PS Enterprise A restored 19th century paddle boat at the National Museum of Australia
- Australian paddle steamers A brief history
- Paddle Steamer Preservation Society (PSPS)


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text:
Hi Bellas,
Happy Friday, I'm back with another Face of the Day. I'm still trying to catch up with life, school, and blogging after vacay lol, but luckily I had taken some pics of makeup before I left...it's crucial to have a buffer of material as a blogger when life gets busy. This look is actually bright on the eyes and lips, hope you enjoy!
The makeup in this feature is actually a day to to night look. I had neutral makeup on and just added some extra oomph for an evening look. An easy way to accomplish this was to put a pop of color on the lower lashline - I added purple.
You can also add a bright lip for instant drama - I used a hot pink lipstick crayon from Eyeko.
Atlanta Makeup Artist
Atlanta Photographer


text: Lowry is tied for first in the NBA with James Harden for efficiency per game. In related news, Demar has cracked the top 50 (47th). Toronto is one of only three teams with two players in the top 20 for guards (Milwakee and LAC are the others). It's early but Lowry and Demar have both been playing at a level that they should be able to maintain all season so they should stay near the top.


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Silverton Skiing 1/10/2009
Well, I finally made it to Silverton. And yes, it totally lived up to the hype. We went guided, and brought the magic number of people to have your own group (8). This proved to be absolutely the right choice, as we ended up with a great guide who found great snow and lines for us to ski.Read More


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MA, Stanford University
Teaching in the San Francisco Bay Area
Alissa is currently a teacher in the San Francisco Bay Area and Brightstorm users love her clear, concise explanations of tough concepts
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MA, Stanford University
Teaching in the San Francisco Bay Area
Alissa is currently a teacher in the San Francisco Bay Area and Brightstorm users love her clear, concise explanations of tough concepts
There are different rules to follow when multiplying exponents and when dividing exponents. If we are multiplying similar bases, we simply add the exponents. If we are dividing, we simply subtract the exponents. If an exponent is outside the parentheses, it is distributed to the inside terms. It's important to understand the rules of multiplying exponents so that we can simplify expressions with exponents.
When you get to the chapter on exponents, your teacher is going to be assigning lots and lots of homework of problems. Mostly because they'll probably be short. Well you got to be really careful though because a lot of times when I assign lots of exponents problems, students do most of them incorrectly because they try to rush through. Please be careful when you're doing these exponent problems there's lots of places to make mistakes. One place students make mistakes is they to memorize all of these exponents properties that we'll go over in a second and then they end up getting them confused in their brain. So I am going to go over these but I'm going to ask that you don't memorize them unless you think you're like an A level student. It's okay if you're a good memorizer and you're like a B or C student, you can also try to memorize these. But be really careful a lot of errors happen when students are just going through carelessly and they make silly mistakes because they thought they memorized the properties.
And one more thing before we go over these, these are just the properties of multiplying and dividing with exponents, there are other properties have to do with exponents that are zero and negative exponents, we'll get to those in another video. But for now let's just check this out I'm going to do these both using variables and also using numbers you guys can get a sense of what I mean. x to the n, to the m power is equal to the x to the n multiplied by m. Here's what it means if you're using numbers, 3 squared to the fourth power would be equal to 3 to the eighth power. That's what it would look like in terms of numbers, and we'll get into why that is when we start doing more and more practice problems.
Here's another property, if I have 3 times 2 to the fourth power like xy to the m, it's equal to x to the m times y to the m. So that would be 3 to the fourth times 2 to the fourth, it's almost like that little exponent distributes on the each of these pieces in the base as long as they are in parenthesis. Here is another property are you getting tired of trying to memorize them yet, don't worry with memorizing. You can work on that and I'll show you that when we do problems. x to the n times x to the m is equal to x to the n plus m. What does that mean? It means this, if you have the same base, like 3 to the 1 times 3 to the second power see how all those are the same base but different exponents that can be simplified by adding those guys 1 plus 2.
Again if you're not a good memorizer don't be memorizing these, we're going to go over them and make them make more sense in just a second. Next one x to the n divided by x to the m is equal to the difference of the exponents. So if I had 3 to the fourth power on top of the 3 squared that would be equal to the same thing as 3 to the 4 take away 2 or 3 squared.
Last but not least if you have a fraction raised to an exponent it's kind of like this exponent gets distributed on to both pieces of that base. Like 3 halves to the fourth is the same thing as 3 to the fourth over 2 to the fourth. So I'm just going to say this one last time I know I've already said it like lots of times, if you're not someone whose a good memorizer don't even try to memorize these because you're going to get them jumbled in your head. It's always better to write out every number and get it correct than to do it shortcut method easy in memorizing but you get it wrong.


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WASHINGTON – A 30-year-old Virginia man has been arrested and charged in the hit-and-run death of a 22-year-old man in Ocean City, Md.
Ocean City police say Mathew Jude Cheswick of Cooksville, Md., was crossing Coastal Highway at about 1:20 a.m. Monday when an Isuzu Rodeo driven by Diogo Miller Facchini hit him.
Cheswick was pronounced dead at Peninsula Regional Medical Center in Salisbury, Md.
Police say Facchini — of Lorton, Va. — continued driving after hitting Cheswick, but witnesses followed his car and he was later apprehended. He was arrested and charged with homicide by a motor vehicle while intoxicated, leaving the scene of a fatal collision, driving under the influence of alcohol, driving while impaired by alcohol and other traffic-related charges.
Police say Facchini also was speeding when he hit Cheswick. He was awaiting a court appearance.
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(Copyright 2012 by WTOP. All Rights Reserved.)


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MANCELONA, Mich. – When state and federal environmental officials visited this tucked-away town 15 years ago, their presence surprised local residents.
"My heart and most of my life has been spent here in Antrim County," said Gary Knapp, a long-time resident. "And I knew nothing of its environmental problems."
While removing metal contamination from local groundwater, officials had stumbled upon one of the nation's largest plumes of an industrial solvent called trichloroethylene, or TCE. Drinking-water wells tap into this aquifer, so the state asked the town's help in preventing the chemical from flowing out of people's taps.
"People were helpless, frustrated and angry," said Knapp, who was recruited by the state to start a regional water authority.
Fifteen years later, the underground plume of the carcinogenic chemical is now six miles long and continues to grow.
Over the past decade, new wells have been built and millions of dollars have been spent to ensure the 1,390 residents of Mancelona – known for its deer-hunting contests and bass festivals – aren't drinking toxic water. But the TCE swirling beneath this remote, low-income town continues to vex state officials and residents as it creeps toward new wells that Knapp and others dug to replace tainted ones. The plume is another industrial scar in Michigan – one that is seemingly not going away.
"There's no silver bullet to take care of this thing," said Scott Kendzierski, director of environmental health services at the Health Department of Northwest Michigan.
"It's just a monster."
A small town's industrial legacy
Though hours away from where the Rust Belt tightens across southern Michigan, Mancelona historically has had more in common with the economies of Flint, Detroit, Lansing and Saginaw than its tourism-dependent neighboring towns in the northwestern Lower Peninsula.
For decades, three factories employed most of Mancelona. One by one they closed, the most recent in 2009, leaving unemployment and economic stagnation behind. But one left something more toxic.
From about 1947 to 1967, Mt. Clemens Metal Products Company used the solvent TCE as a degreaser during the manufacture of car parts. The company dumped it near the building when they were done with it, according to officials with the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality.
The chemical slowly seeped into the porous, sandy soil, contaminating the aquifer.
The plume – now polluting 13 trillion gallons of groundwater – is advancing northwest at a rate of about 300 feet per year. It has reached the Cedar River, which flows to a chain of lakes that wash into Lake Michigan.
In Mancelona's groundwater, TCE concentrations as high as several hundred parts per billion have been detected in the center of the plume. The federal drinking water standard for the chemical is 5 parts per billion.
Used in large volumes by an array of industries, TCE is one of the most widespread contaminants in U.S. water supplies.
Its use has declined substantially over the past 15 years, said James Bruckner, a University of Georgia professor who specializes in TCE research. But widespread contamination remains. Michigan alone has about 300 TCE-contaminated sites, and about 60 percent of the nation's Superfund sites contain the chemical.
Many large, miles-long TCE plumes remain in aquifers, particularly near military bases and their contractors. The Mancelona plume is the largest known one in the Great Lakes region and one of the largest in the country, said Janice Adams, a senior geologist with the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality.
There is no longer any sign of the manufacturing responsible for dumping the chemical. The old Mt. Clemens Metal building has been torn down – leaving an empty lot scattered with nappy weeds, broken rebar and torn plastic fencing. The toxic aquifer is an "orphan site", Adams said, because the company went bankrupt before the water contamination was discovered.
The state, which is responsible for cleanup, is monitoring the plume and working with local officials to make sure residents aren't exposed to the carcinogenic chemical, Adams said.
TCE was declared a human carcinogen in 2011, after the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency spent three decades analyzing its health risks. TCE can lead to kidney and liver cancer and non-Hodgkin lymphoma, according to the EPA's report. The chemical also may be linked to bladder, esophageal, prostate, cervical and breast cancers, and leukemia.
No health study conducted
Some residents say the state isn't doing enough to protect people.
"If this existed in a large metro area, like Detroit or Lansing or Grand Rapids, it would have gotten more attention a long time ago," said Gary Street, an engineering consultant with Freshwater Future, a nonprofit working to address the contamination. "It's a small community that's been neglected."
Despite three decades of contamination, there have been no human health studies in Mancelona, which has a median household income of $27,614 compared to Michigan's $48,669, according to the 2010 U.S. Census.
"Some people asked about it [cancer prevalence] years ago, but we're a small local health department," said Charles Edwards, an environmental health supervisor at the Health Department of Northwest Michigan, which covers four counties. "We don't even have an epidemiologist on staff."
The state's Department of Community Health has "no record of involvement at the site," said Angela Minicuci, a public information officer at the department in an email.
Cancer rates in Antrim County since 1985 have roughly mirrored that of the rest of Michigan, according to state data.
But once the plume was made public, county residents started worrying.
"There was a push for a cancer cluster study," Knapp said. "People started saying 'well, my neighbor died of cancer and drank the water for years.' "
Over the past decade, Knapp helped form a countywide community group called ACUTE (Antrim Coalition United Through Ecology), an avenue for local residents, businesses and organizations to keep tabs on what the state was doing about the TCE - and where it was heading.
Ann Baughman, associate director of Freshwater Future, said the people deserve to know whether they face a cancer risk.
"We (Freshwater Future) want to stop the plume but are also very concerned about the health both now and in the past. Did this company cause a spike in cancers here?" Baughman said.
Plume on the move
The state's strategy for the past decade has been to annually test residential wells at the leading edge of the plume to make sure their water isn't tainted.
"At one point we were sampling about 160 homes around the perimeter of the plume, and we were getting hits right away – as many as nine or ten [homes] with TCE and three or four of those with levels above the drinking water standard," Edwards said.
The monitoring coincided with creating a countywide water system to get clean water to those affected. About a decade ago, state and local officials bought Mancelona's aging, leaky water system and connected it with the Cedar River system, roughly five miles northwest of Mancelona. With a series of new pipes crisscrossing the county, they were able to get clean water to everyone, Knapp said.
This worked great until the spreading plume extended its toxic reach northwest.
Edwards said he now tests wells at about 44 homes and one church. Just a few months ago, state monitors detected two homes at the leading edge of the plume with private wells that had TCE in their water. One home was below the 5 ppb standard, while the other, at the leading edge of the plume, was at 5.8 ppb.
"We've placed them on bottled water and we're scheduled to hook them up [to the municipal wells] next month," said David DeYoung, an environmental quality analyst with the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality.
Everybody is getting safe drinking water, which is the state's main concern, Adams said.
But that's not enough, Street said.
"This stuff can be dangerous as a vapor … it can migrate out of soil in places like crawl spaces and basements," Street said. People also are exposed to the vapor during showers. "That's an issue that often gets ignored."
In addition, the TCE is now venting into the Cedar River, which drains into the Lake Michigan watershed. TCE apparently is not a threat to fish, but the river is a drinking water source for thousands of people in northwest Michigan coastal communities. And the plume is on a direct path toward the new wells that are now relied upon for clean water in Antrim County.
The Cedar River well field, which is providing water to those living above the plume, taps deep into the aquifer, at about 600 feet below the surface. The plume is about 3 to 5 years from reaching the well field, but the deep wells "should buy us more time," Adams said.
"This will be left for our children"
There are no current plans to clean up the plume.
In 2008, the Michigan DEQ came up with three options to tackle the problem: the first two would have extracted the water, cleaned it and pumped it back underground. But pumping the water out would take decades and cost up to $34 million, too much for the state, Adams said.
The state instead chose to focus on monitoring the plume and replacing the tainted water. The state has spent $17.8 million to expand the countywide water system.
"It's the magnitude of the problem. If you look at how much we'd have to pump out to keep up, it's mind-boggling," DeYoung said. "They ran the numbers years ago and it's just not feasible right now."
The state has avoided applying for federal Superfund status because it wants the site to be redeveloped, Adams said. Michigan has an environmental liability program that allows new owners of a contaminated area to conduct an environmental assessment and, if there's contamination from previous owners, the new owners are not liable. Since the plume will most likely not be removed, maintaining state control over the area will allow for potential development there.
The state will spend another $2.5 million in the next couple of years to continue monitoring and expanding the well system, DeYoung said.
Street and Baughman have different plans. Reaching out to university researchers and private engineers, their hope is to remove the TCE or, at the very least, "lasso" it to stop the spread, and conduct health studies.
"As we speak, no one is drinking bad water, but there's still a dark side – you've left 13 trillion gallons of water contaminated," said Dean Branson, past president of the Three Lakes Association, an environmental organization in Antrim County. "As of now this will be left for our children, grandchildren and great-grandchildren."
As the plume extends toward resorts frequented by downstate residents and inhabited by well-to-do retirees, it is getting increased attention. Right or wrong, Knapp said, hopefully that will spur more efforts to address it.
"Mancelona is numb to poverty, problems," he said. "But the plume doesn't seem to be stopping and now the resorters are getting scared.
"The bottom line is everyone deserves to know that they're drinking water that won't hurt them."
This article originally ran at Environmental Health News, a news source published by Environmental Health Sciences, a nonprofit media company.


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Tests & Procedures
Instructions and Information for Tests and Procedures
If you are scheduled to have a procedure or test, there are probably many questions that you have about the procedure or test, as well as the facility and department performing the test. As a service to our patients and their families, we want to help you become more informed and try to answer as many of your questions as possible. We have developed this online repository of data that will address many of your questions. Use this form below to find information and patient instructions about procedures or tests, the department performing the procedure or test, where you will need to report, and other helpful information.
Please keep in mind that while we have consulted with physicians to obtain this information, your specific situation may require additional instructions. Always consult with your physician to determine if all of the patient instructions listed are applicable to you.
Featured Services
Center for Bariatrics and Health Weight
Emergency Services
Surgical Services
The Women's Health Center
Heart & Vascular Services


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Saltwater anglers choose the PENN® Fierce® III spinning combos for power and performance in any inshore, boat, or surf fishing situation. The rod features a graphite composite blank, one-piece stainless steel Dura-Guides, and finger grooves in the EVA grips which provide extra traction when fighting fish. The reel features a full metal body and sideplate, along with PENN's HT-100™ carbon fiber drag washers. The Fierce III combo can handle any inshore or nearshore situation.
Prop 65


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Atlanta Track Club announced today that it is partnering with the Atlanta Falcons as part of their continued effort to promote health and fitness in the Atlanta community. The organizations will host the Back to Football Run 5K and Play 60 Fun Run on Saturday, September 14 at 8:00 a.m. at the Georgia Dome.
"We are happy to partner with the Atlanta Track Club in this League wide initiative," said Jim Smith, Falcons senior vice president of sales and marketing. "We encourage and support health and wellness and are excited to give runners throughout Georgia an opportunity to participate in the Falcons Back to Football Run."
The partnership between the Atlanta Falcons and Atlanta Track Club is a natural fit given both organizations' commitment to the community and volunteerism, as well as fighting childhood obesity by teaching youth the importance of a healthy and active lifestyle. Atlanta Track Club's Kilometer Kids youth running program and the NFL Play 60 programs aim to reach young people through schools in the Atlanta community, sporting events and online tools.
"Promoting health and fitness in the Atlanta community is one of Atlanta Track Club's top priorities, and we are thrilled to team up with the Atlanta Falcons to do just that through the Back to Football Run 5K and Play 60 Fun Run," said Sue Payne, Atlanta Track Club interim executive director. "This event promises to be fun and exciting for participants, especially Atlanta Falcons fans."
The Back to Football Run 5K is a run/walk for ages eight and older, while those ages seven and under can participate in the Play 60 Fun Run, a 100 yard dash. The Back to Football Run will start outside of the Georgia Dome and finish on the field's 50 yard line. The Play 60 Fun Run will be held on the field.
Afterwards, participants can celebrate their accomplishment at State Farm Falcons Landing, located between the Georgia Dome and Philips Arena. Activities include interactive games, giveaways and appearances by Freddie Falcon and the Atlanta Falcons Cheerleaders. All participants will receive a commemorative shirt from the event.
Registration for the Back to Football Run 5K and Play 60 Fun Run is open through Wednesday, September 11 at 8:59 p.m. Participants can register by visiting atlantatrackclub.org. For more information visit http://www.atlantafalcons.com/community/back-to-football-5k.html.


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2014 Movies for Grownups Awards
From space-age thrills to historic shame, we pick the year's best films and performances
Best Movie for Grownups
12 Years a Slave
En español | America had a century or so to make the definitive movie about slavery, but it took the British-born team of director Steve McQueen and star Chiwetel Ejiofor to finally do it. The true story of a free black man sold into slavery in the years before the Civil War manages to crystalize the diabolical combination of savage brutality and condescending paternalism that sustained America's Original Sin. Through sheer artistry, it remains a beautifully realized film.
Best Actor
Bruce Dern, Nebraska
We invested in Dern in the 1970s, when his brooding performances in such movies as Coming Home held Brando-class promise for his career. Now, with his turn as a cranky, determined fellow who is convinced he's won a million dollars, Dern, 77, finally pays that 40-year-old dividend.
Watch: 'Nebraska' movie trailer
We Also Loved: Tom Hanks, Captain Phillips | Brad Pitt, World War Z | Robert Redford, All Is Lost | Forest Whitaker, Lee Daniels' The Butler
Best Actress
Judi Dench, Philomena
She's never less than brilliant, but this time — as a woman seeking the son she was forced to give up — Dame Judi, 79, takes our breath away. Wronged by the world at every turn, her Philomena is fierce, innocent and, it turns out, a better person than we may ever hope to be.
Watch: 'Philomena' movie trailer
We Also Loved: Julia Louis-Dreyfus, Enough Said | Paulina García, Gloria; | Meryl Streep, August: Osage County | Emma Thompson, Saving Mr. Banks
Best Supporting Actor
Chris Cooper, August: Osage County
As the good-natured but picked-upon husband of a domineering wife (Margo Martindale), Cooper, 62, brings a refreshing breeze of humanity to a cast of characters whose chief family value seems to be an enduring disdain for each other.
We Also Loved: Steve Carell, The Way Way Back | Tony Danza, Don Jon | John Goodman, Inside Llewyn Davis | Bill Nighy, About Time
Best Supporting Actress
Oprah Winfrey, Lee Daniels' The Butler
Easy to forget that the talk show queen, 59, has already been an Oscar-nominated actress (The Color Purple), but her searing performance as the conflicted wife of a career White House butler (Forest Whitaker) is all the reminder we need.
Watch: 'The Butler' movie trailer
We Also Loved: Allison Janney, The Way Way Back | Margo Martindale, August: Osage County | Julianne Moore, Don Jon | June Squibb, Nebraska
Best Comedy
The Way Way Back
We meet 14-year-old Duncan (Liam James) during the summer when he learns how to fit into a world that seems to be populated solely with girls and grownups. It's his movie but it's the grownups we love here: an all-star cast of well-meaning (if often clueless) folks including Toni Collette, Allison Janney, Steve Carell, Maya Rudolph and Sam Rockwell.
We Also Loved: Don Jon | Last Vegas | Mental | The Secret Life of Walter Mitty
Best Director
Alfonso Cuarón, Gravity
In the exquisite opening scene, the Mexican-born director, 52, confirms every would-be astronaut's dreams of the tranquil romance of space. One mind-bending disaster scene later, he has those potential space cowboys asking, "What, was I crazy?"
Watch: 'Gravity' movie trailer
We Also Loved: J.C. Chandor, All Is Lost | Paul Greengrass, Captain Phillips | Nicole Holofcener, Enough Said | Stephen Frears, Philomena
Best Screenwriter
Richard Linklater (with Julie Delpy and Ethan Hawke), Before Midnight
We've hung in there with this couple (Delpy and Hawke) for three movies spanning 20 years. Now in middle age with two daughters, they ask each other the inevitable deep questions about love, commitment, and the wax and wane of each. Their conversations are so heartfelt they seem improvised; so ingeniously constructed they should be required reading.
We Also Loved: Joel and Ethan Coen, Inside Llewyn Davis | Richard Curtis, About Time | Nicole Holofcener, Enough Said | David O. Russell and Eric Singer, American Hustle
Best Intergenerational Film
David (Will Forte) is willing to suffer his insufferable dad (Bruce Dern) in the hope of having one warm moment with him. When the moment finally comes it's far from a sentimental gusher, but you'll find yourself choking back a tear all the same.
We Also Loved: Bless Me, Ultima | The Book Thief | Philomena | The Way Way Back
Best Grownup Love Story
Enough Said
Middle-age love arrives at your door with a baggage cart, and that's what makes this rom-com starring Julia Louis-Dreyfus and the late, great James Gandolfini so darned irresistible. Mismatched in every way, their characters yell, laugh, cry and throw emotional haymakers. It's all part of burrowing through the strata of their lives and finding there's gold there.
Watch: 'Enough Said' movie trailer
We Also Loved: Before Midnight | Lee Daniels' The Butler | Still Mine | Unfinished Song
Best Documentary
20 Feet From Stardom
They sang backup for the greatest stars of the past half-century; this triumphant musical documentary finally gives the folks in the back their due.
We Also Loved: Herb & Dorothy: 50x50 | Muscle Shoals | Running from Crazy | Running Wild: The Life of Dayton O. Hyde
Best Foreign Film
Renoir (France)
Writer/director Gilles Bourdos' lush telling of the last years of the impressionist painter Pierre-Auguste Renoir — and the early years of his son, the film director Jean — is as painterly as its elder protagonist.
We Also Loved: The Act of Killing (Denmark) | Child's Pose (Romania) | Gloria (Chile) | Hannah Arendt (Germany/Luxembourg/France)
Breakthrough Accomplishment
Mary Steenburgen, Last Vegas
She's already won an Oscar and is one of TV's most welcome faces; now, for her role as an aspiring Vegas lounge singer, Steenburgen, 60, reveals herself to be a first-rate vocalist (and she even wrote her own song).
Best Buddy Picture
Last Vegas
At first glance, writer Dan Fogelman's tale of four old pals meeting up in Vegas seems like superficial fun; by the end, it's a surprisingly thoughtful look at the profound importance of lifelong friendship.
Watch: 'Last Vegas' movie trailer
Best Time Capsule
American Hustle
Maybe it's the spot-on music choices; perhaps it's Jeremy Renner's Chris Isaak-style quiff hairdo. Director David O. Russell and production designer Judy Becker have infused their screen, end-to-end, with the go-go essence of late-'70s-early-'80s America.
Watch: 'American Hustle' movie trailer
We Also Loved: Lee Daniels' The Butler | Dallas Buyers Club | Inside Llewyn Davis | The Wolf of Wall Street
Best Movie for Grownups Who Refuse to Grow Up
Saving Mr. Banks
Walt Disney's efforts to woo Mary Poppins author P.L. Travers into selling him the rights to her now so-well-known children's story makes for a fascinating film and conjures up memories of our own childhood movie experiences. In revealing Mary's roots in P.L.'s own early years, it also savvily reminds us that even when we've grown up, the child we were in the past is never far from the surface.
Watch: 'Saving Mr. Banks' movie trailer
We Also Loved: Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs 2 | Frozen | The Lone Ranger
Bill Newcott writes about Movies for Grownups and other entertainment stories for AARP Media.
Also of Interest
- 10 essential Boomer movies
- Get free, individualized tax preparation; find a Tax-Aide location near you
Visit the AARP home page for great deals and savings tips


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EARTHSTONE ENERGY, INC. (NYSE MKT: ESTE) reported net income
of $370,000, $0.22 per diluted share, on revenue of $2.8 million for the
third quarter of fiscal 2013 compared to net income of $1,152,000, $0.68
per diluted share, on revenue of $3.9 million for the third quarter of
fiscal 2012. For the nine months ending December 2012, the Company
reported net income of $1,126,000, $0.65 per diluted share, on revenue
of $8.0 million compared to net income of $2,545,000, $1.49 per diluted
share, on revenue of $8.9 million for the same period ended December
2011. Total revenue and net income decreased $1,032,000 (27%) and
$782,000 (68%), respectively, from the comparable three month prior year
period. These results were due to both decreases in oil and gas prices
and oil and gas sales volumes in 2013 as compared to 2012. In addition,
total revenue and net income declined as the result of the sale of a
group of Colorado properties in the comparable prior year period that
did not contribute to this quarter coupled with an uncharacteristic,
one-time, positive revenue adjustment that occurred in the 3rd quarter
of fiscal 2012. Other factors which contributed to our quarterly results
are disclosed in the Company's most recent Form 10-Q.
"The results for this quarter were predictable given the dynamics of our
operational transition to a very active drilling program in our North
Dakota Bakken project," commented Ray Singleton, President of
Earthstone. "Expected production increases from horizontal wells in
North Dakota were masked by the absence of revenue and income from our
Colorado wells. Nevertheless, the sale of the Colorado properties last
year was instrumental in raising the cash to fund these ongoing Bakken
efforts. Furthermore, production and revenues from our Bakken wells have
been delayed following the shift to multiple well 'pad drilling' in our
North Dakota Bakken project. This strategy shift has significantly
reduced costs, but has lengthened the time frame from the commencement
of drilling to establishing production. Finally, declining oil prices
relative to the fiscal 2012 quarter had a noticeable effect on revenue."
Singleton continued, "Moving forward, we believe the anticipated
production from our recent drilling program should begin to be realized
in the current quarter and we anticipate further recognition in the
quarter ending June 30, 2013. In addition we expect a new surge in
drilling activity as our partners implement their calendar 2013
budgets. In an effort to achieve continued long-term growth, the Company
continues to pursue its strategy of drilling non-operated, horizontal
Bakken wells where we have built the foundation for production
growth. We are excited, as the investments we made in growth projects in
past years are expected to benefit the Company in the future."
Earthstone Energy, Inc. is a growth-oriented independent oil and gas
exploration and production company with primary operations in the
Williston Basin and southern Texas. Earthstone is currently traded on
NYSE MKT under the symbol ESTE. Information on Earthstone can be found
at its web site: www.earthstoneenergy.com.
THE PRIVATE SECURITIES LITIGATION REFORM ACT OF 1995. Some statements
contained in this release are forward-looking, and therefore involve
uncertainties or risks that could cause actual results to differ
materially. Forward-looking statements can be identified by words such
as "could," "should," "may," "will," "anticipate," "expect," "estimate,"
"intend" or "continue," or comparable words or phrases. In addition, all
statements other than statements of historical facts that address
activities that Earthstone intends, expects or anticipates will or may
occur in the future are forward-looking statements. Forward-looking
statements also include comments regarding assumptions regarding
production rates and growth, operating costs, reduction of operation
costs, commodity prices, industry outlook, future drilling activities,
acquisitions and industry opportunities. Factors that could cause actual
results to differ materially include availability of rigs and services,
price volatility of oil and gas, estimated production rates and
adjustments to ownership percentages in addition to economic and
political events affecting supply and demand for oil and gas, loss of
customers for oil and gas production and government regulations. These
and other factors are discussed in more detail in Earthstone Energy's
filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, including the
Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for March 31, 2012 and Quarterly
Reports on Form 10-Q for the three and six months ended June 30, 2012
and September 30, 2012, respectively. The Company disclaims any
obligation to update forward-looking statements.
Earthstone Energy, Inc.
1400 Woodloch Forest Drive, Suite 300
The Woodlands, TX 77380
Phone: (281) 298-4246
Direct Transfer Corporation
500 Perimeter Park Drive, Suite D
Morrisville, North Carolina 27560
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Golgi bodies
|Live, reproduce, die
|Life as we know it
|Divide and multiply
|Great Apes
Golgi bodies, the Golgi complex or the Golgi apparatus, named after the Italian biologist Camillo Golgi, are composed of numerous sets of smooth cisternae, which are coated with lipid membranes. Each disc-shaped cisternae forms a structure that resembles a stack of plates, called a Golgi stack. The Golgi complex contains a great number of vesicles. These vesicles are used to send molecules to the cellular membrane, where they are excreted. There are also larger secretory vesicles, which are used for selective excretion.
The Golgi is principally responsible for directing molecular traffic in the cell - nearly all molecules pass through the Golgi complex at some point in their existence. The sorting is mediated by the vesicles. When proteins bind with their appropriate receptor on the vesicle, they are encoated in the vesicle and transported away.
The Functions of the Golgi Complex[edit]
What types of secretion are controlled by the Golgi complex?[edit]
The Golgi complex controls trafficking of different types of proteins. Some are destined for secretion. Others are destined for the extracellular matrix. Finally, other proteins, such as lysosomal enzymes, may need to be sorted and sequestered from the remaining constituents because of their potential destructive effects. This figure shows the two types of secretory pathways. The regulated secretory pathway, as its name implies, is a pathway for proteins that requires a stimulus or trigger to elicit secretion. Some stimuli regulate synthesis of the protein as well as its release. The constitutive pathway allows for secretion of proteins that are needed outside the cell, like in the extracellular matrix. It does not require stimuli, although growth factors may enhance the process.
Golgi complex regulation of insertion of plasma membrane proteins[edit]
Plasma membrane proteins are inserted in the membrane at the level of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. The protein sequence is coded for membrane insert start and stop sites. This directed the insertion and alignment points. Those that are multipass proteins have multiple start and stop sites.
The important role of the Golgi Complex is to make certain the plasma membrane proteins reach their destination.
This figure shows the route. Note that the orientation of the protein is maintained so that the region destined to project outside the cell (a receptor binding site, for example), ends up in that place. In order to do this, it must be placed so that it faces inside the vesicle.
Golgi complex adding carbohydrate groups to a glycoprotein[edit]
The Golgi complex is compartmentalized. Phosphorylation occurs in the Cis region. In other regions, different types of carbohydrates are added as a glycoprotein passes through the cisternae. This figure illustrates the different regions where sugars like mannose (man), galactose (gal), etc are added. The final sorting is done in the Trans Golgi complex.
The functional differentiation of the Golgi complex can be studied with the electron microscope with specific techniques that detect enzymes. The cis region is rich in lipid-bearing membranes and can be delineated by osmium tetroxide labeling. The middle regions label for enzymes that add carbohydrates or other groups on the product. The inner, or Trans region, is the area where the lysosomes are sorted. Therefore, it is heavily labeled for acid phosphatase.
There is much interest in understanding how the different Golgi cisternae are organized and differentiated. A number of models exist, however a favorite is called the "Maturational model" [1]
The Maturational model suggests that the new vesicles from the ER enter the cis Golgi network and retrograde vesicles (bearing COPI) coats move to merge with the cis region cisternae. These carry Golgi complex processing enzymes and their targeting to this region may be dependent on the low concentration of these processing enzymes. Then, as processing continues, the middle cisternae contain more mature product and lower amounts of the enzymes needed in the beginning. Finally, the trans region is specialized for sorting, containing receptors to sort and isolate lysosomal enzymes, for example.[2]
Protein transport to the rough endoplasmic reticulum[edit]
Sometimes vital proteins needed in the rough endoplasmic reticulum are transported along with the other proteins in the Golgi complex.[3] The Golgi complex has a mechanism for trapping them and sending them back to the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
This cartoon shows the process. The protein destined for secretion is red. The blue protein must remain in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. The rough endoplasmic reticulum has inserted a receptor protein on the membrane it sends to the Golgi complex in the transitional vesicles (shown in green). These are retrograde vesicles and are therefore coated with "COPI" (coatamer). The ER protein receptor captures all of the protein that carries the ER residency signal. . Vesicles then bud from the Golgi complex and move back to the rough endoplasmic reticulum. The receptor can circulate and continue to return the proteins needed by the endoplasmic reticulum.
Golgi bodies are known as the mailroom of the cell. Golgi bodies identify any substance and delievers it to the part of the cell that needs it the most. They receive those materials from the endoplasmic reticulum.
See also[edit]
- ↑ Bannykh S.I. and Bakch, W.E. Membrane Dynamics at the Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Interface J Cell Biol 138: 1-4 1997)
- ↑ Wooding, S and H.R.B. Pelham, The dynamics of Golgi protein traffic visualized in living yeast cells. Molecular biology of the cell. 9: 2667-2680 1998
- ↑ Cole, N.B., Ellenberg, J, Song, J, DiEuliis, D and Lippincott-Schwartz, J. Retrograde transport of Golgi-localized proteins to the ER. J Cell Biol 1-15, 1998.


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Tuesday, March 6, 2012
Jana's Top Ten Covers of 2012 (that we know of so far!)
78 comments:
I'm loving the Unbreak My Heart cover too -- soo pretty. And Statistical Probability made my list too so yay!ReplyDelete
Gorgeous cover choices!! I love the cover of Statistical Probability!!ReplyDelete
Michele | Top 10
Born Wicked is gorgeous, and Unbreak My Heart is just so pretty! There are so many amazing YA covers to choose from- it was so hard to whittle my list down. Great topic as always :)ReplyDelete
I was THIS close to putting Gravity on my list as well! I love it with its intense blues.ReplyDelete
Looks like we had one cover in common, Incarnate, and it's such a beautiful cover, too! :) I love all of your other covers, too, Jana. I'm especially taken with Gravity since the Earth looks so beautiful and bright from space.ReplyDelete
The cover of Gravity is really gorgeous! :)ReplyDelete
You picked some very attractive and intriguing covers. I confess that I don't pick books for their covers so my choices were made on books that I could think of having fun or intriguing covers, but I had a hard time doing it.ReplyDelete
I love the cover for TSPOLAFS. It fits the book so well and is just so pretty. Great picks.ReplyDelete
Crap! The cover of Gravity has me wanting to read it!ReplyDelete
I remember seeing Incarnate in stores and stopping because it was just so beautiful! I also adore The Statistical Probability's cover - so simple but so fitting! Great picks :)ReplyDelete
I forgot to add Incarnate, Born Wicked, and Gravity! I love all of those covers! Great picks, I really love the Flirting in Italian cover. Awesome covers :DReplyDelete
Poseidon looks absolutely gorgeous -- the cover is almost hypnotizing! I love the quirkiness of Statistical Probability too. Awesome picks!ReplyDelete
What's Left of Me is so beautiful. Amazing choices!ReplyDelete
"Shadow of Bone" looks indeed mysterious. Well, my list turned out a mix of 2012 and 2011. :D Hope it will still be okay.ReplyDelete
I absolutely judge books by their covers. My list is of the covers of books that are currently in my room :) happy tuesday!ReplyDelete
These books look amazing!ReplyDelete
Nice choices! I haven't even heard of some of these, but now I'll have to check them out! Thanks for sharing!ReplyDelete
Here are my Top Ten YA Covers of 2012.
I love the covers for Of Poseidon and Born Wicked and Gravity. And I agree about The Statistical Probability of Love at First Sight. Love those blurred images of others in motion while the two characters are standing still and in perfect clarity.ReplyDelete
Awesome picks!
Love the cover for Of Poseidon too!ReplyDelete
Souly based on covers, since I have no read them yet Of Poseidon and Born Wicked may definitely be my favorite cover of 2012ReplyDelete
Those are some beautiful covers, especially Imcarnate with those colors. Great picks.ReplyDelete
Great picks, I love all these covers!ReplyDelete
We have two books in common on our lists, almost three. Great picks! I love the cover of Shadow and Bone!ReplyDelete
Here are my top cover picks of 2012.
Incarnate is on my list too!ReplyDelete
Those are gorgeous covers - my favorite is probably Born Wicked.ReplyDelete
- AnonymousMarch 6, 2012 at 7:20 AM
I've never heard of Mr Darcy forever and now I must go find it because omg Mr Darcy.ReplyDeleteReplies
Yes. I am in complete agreement! Le sigh!!Delete
They're all gorgeous, by my favorite is Incarnate. There's just something about those colors that are eye catching!ReplyDelete
I absolutely love the cover of Shadow and Bone!!ReplyDelete
- AnonymousMarch 6, 2012 at 7:55 AM
Lovely ones, especially 'A Greyhound Kind of Girl' (may need to buy that based on cover and title alone) and 'Unbreak my Heart'!ReplyDelete
- AnonymousMarch 6, 2012 at 8:01 AM
Those are some really nice book covers. I really like the cover for "The Statistical Probability of Love at First Sight."ReplyDelete
- AnonymousMarch 6, 2012 at 8:08 AM
I was poster number 100 today! Wow--looks like there are lots of favorite book covers out there and I can't wait to see what everyone else came up with. :)ReplyDelete
I LOVE the cover for The Statistical Improbability of Love At First Sight. I keep seeing it around and just thinking it's amazing!ReplyDelete
There are so many awesome covers. I almost put TSPoLaFS. There are just too many to choose from, so I went with the first ones I thought of.ReplyDelete
I love the covers for Incarnate, Statistical Improbability, and Flirting in Italian! Great choices!ReplyDelete
- AnonymousMarch 6, 2012 at 9:06 AM
Those are all beautiful covers. I really want to read "What's left of me" now. That cover is gorgeous and based on your summary looks like it's perfect for the book.ReplyDelete
- AnonymousMarch 6, 2012 at 9:14 AM
Great Top 10 Today! My link is posted above!ReplyDelete
This has been a dangerous top ten for me. As I Have been reading the various posts I have been adding to my TBR pile! I love the cover for Flirting in Italian!!! Thanks!ReplyDelete
- AnonymousMarch 6, 2012 at 9:22 AM
I did my favorite covers from my childhood... since I was way more into covers as a kid than I am now!ReplyDelete
- AnonymousMarch 6, 2012 at 9:35 AM
This was an awesome theme - there's so much to choose from! I love that cover for "Shadow and Bone."ReplyDelete
I have post about nice covers that comes out this month:)Lovely covers:)Born Wicked is my favorite:)ReplyDelete
Born Wicked is one of my favorite covers this year.ReplyDelete
I love the cover of The Statistical Probability of Love at First Sight and put it on my list, too. I totally forgot about Born Wicked, but I adore that cover!ReplyDelete
I love Shadow and Bone as well- I am with you on the those types of covers!ReplyDelete
LOVE the Of Poseidon cover!! :]ReplyDelete
That Gravity cover is sublime. I love outer space, too.ReplyDelete
First time joining the top ten Tuesday! Looking forward to checking out some of the favorite covers. :-)ReplyDelete
Love the covers you choose! I had a hard time picking my favorites, but eventually I came up with:ReplyDelete
Looks like a popular topic--I know I had fun with it. :) Beautiful list here; it made me want to look up some of these books.ReplyDelete
Lovely Covers! I think covers are commercials for the story within kaye—the road goes ever ever onReplyDelete
- AnonymousMarch 6, 2012 at 12:22 PM
Great TTT choices! Incarnate is on my lsit as well. It's so beautiful! What's Left of Me sounds sooo interesting and it was a must add to my TBR :)ReplyDelete
Great covers! Love these!ReplyDelete
I love the cover of Gravity! The Statistical Probability... made my list, too. Great cover choices!ReplyDelete
Awesome covers!ReplyDelete
Heres mine: http://emily-confessionsofabookaholic.blogspot.com/2012/03/top-ten-tuesday-3.html
I love the cover for Incarnate. It's beautiful.ReplyDelete
Your choices are all gorgeous! I think my favourite would be 'What's Left Of Me'...ReplyDelete
Love the Poseidon cover!! :) Great theme--I had so much fun finding the covers.ReplyDelete
This comment has been removed by the author.ReplyDelete
Nice covers, especially the last one ;)ReplyDelete
I love all these covers! My personal favorite of these is probably Incarnate...so pretty!ReplyDelete
Jennifer @ Feminist Fairytale Reviews
All great covers. My favorite has to be Incarnate!ReplyDelete
What's Left of my is such a brilliant cover! Love it! I agree about the all design covers too though! Loved Mercy Falls books, Jackson Pearce's and The Castor Chronicles books! Check out our Top 10 this week! Fun Top 10! Loved this one!ReplyDelete
This is a great idea for a list. Out of those I really like Born Wicked and Shadow and Bone. Shadow and Bone kind of reminds me of The Night Circus cover, which I love!ReplyDelete
GREAT topic! I did an all Wuthering Heights edition at www.thehunsblog.com!ReplyDelete
Born Wicked made my list, too! And I am really jazzed for Of Poseidon! :)ReplyDelete
Thanks y'all for hosting this, as always!
We have a few of the same books on our list! I love Incarnate and Of Poseidon! They are both such stunning books!ReplyDelete
I've never even heard of Unbreak My Heart, but I love the cover so I'll have to check it out. Flirting in Italian has such a cute cover too! It was so close to making my Top Ten list this week.ReplyDelete
First time participating in this meme! Very cool. Of Poseidon and What's Left of Me were also in my Top Ten! I'm looking forward to participating in more TTTs!ReplyDelete
Agreed - "Born Wicked" and "Gravity" - two of my favorite covers ever!! :D Especially Born Wicked! Love this list! :)ReplyDelete
- AnonymousMarch 6, 2012 at 11:09 PM
Love Mr Darcy forevers cover! Adding some to my tbr....ReplyDelete
Love this Top Ten!ReplyDelete
Just joined!ReplyDelete
Love your list!
Does anyone ever select adult book covers. Meaning non ya books?ReplyDelete
I love the cover of Mr. Darcy Forever. Excellent choice!ReplyDelete
Here's the link to my top ten covers post:
I love all these covers! Although the cover for What's Left of Me always makes me go cross-eyed!ReplyDelete
I'm very excited for Shadow and Bone and the simplicity of the cover is actually quite a draw! I also love the photo aspect of The Statistical Probability of Love. Two more books to add to my to read list...ReplyDelete


text:
What is a good way to get LaTeX formulas into CorelDRAW figures?
I will provide a solution below, based on a rather old macro adapted to work on 64 bit systems as well as 32 bit - it works well, but if anyone knows of a newer and/or better solution, please post it!
Note: I am not sure whether this is the right place for a question like this one, but as I find it very useful to integrate CorelDRAW and LaTeX, and it cost me quite some time around the internet to make it work, I think this information should be up somewhere where it is easily accessible.


text:
Just Host Web Hosting Help
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Clients in China are unable to view my website. My website's content doesn't contain any objectionable material.
Knowledgebase Article 307,479 views tags: access block blocking censor censorship china domain firewall people peoples project proxy shield site view website


text:
That mixture in the English Government, that harmony between King, Lords, and commons, did not always subsist. England was enslaved for a long series of years by the Romans, the Saxons, the Danes, and the French successively. William the Conqueror particularly, ruled them with a rod of iron. He disposed as absolutely of the lives and fortunes of his conquered subjects as an eastern monarch; and forbade, upon pain of death, the English either fire or candle in their houses after eight o'clock; whether was this to prevent their nocturnal meetings, or only to try, by an odd and whimsical prohibition, how far it was possible for one man to extend his power over his fellow-creatures. It is true, indeed, that the English had Parliaments before and after William the Conqueror, and they boast of them, as though these assemblies then called Parliaments, composed of ecclesiastical tyrants and of plunderers entitled barons, had been the guardians of the public liberty and happiness.
The barbarians who came from the shores of the Baltic, and settled in the rest of Europe, brought with them the form of government called States or Parliaments, about which so much noise is made, and which are so little understood. Kings, indeed, were not absolute in those days; but then the people were more wretched upon that very account, and more completely enslaved. The chiefs of these savages, who had laid waste France, Italy, Spain, and England, made themselves monarchs. Their generals divided among themselves the several countries they had conquered, whence sprung those margraves, those peers, those barons, those petty tyrants, who often contested with their sovereigns for the spoils of whole nations. These were birds of prey fighting with an eagle for doves whose blood the victorious was to suck. Every nation, instead of being governed by one master, was trampled upon by a hundred tyrants. The priests soon played a part among them. Before this it had been the fate of the Gauls, the Germans, and the Britons, to be always governed by their Druids and the chiefs of their villages, an ancient kind of barons, not so tyrannical as their successors. These Druids pretended to be mediators between God and man. They enacted laws, they fulminated their excommunications, and sentenced to death. The bishops succeeded, by insensible degrees, to their temporal authority in the Goth and Vandal government. The popes set themselves at their head, and armed with their briefs, their bulls, and reinforced by monks, they made even kings tremble, deposed and assassinated them at pleasure, and employed every artifice to draw into their own purses moneys from all parts of Europe. The weak Ina, one of the tyrants of the Saxon Heptarchy in England, was the first monarch who submitted, in his pilgrimage to Rome, to pay St. Peter's penny (equivalent very near to a French crown) for every house in his dominions. The whole island soon followed his example; England became insensibly one of the Pope's provinces, and the Holy Father used to send from time to time his legates thither to levy exorbitant taxes. At last King John delivered up by a public instrument the kingdom of England to the Pope, who had excommunicated him; but the barons, not finding their account in this resignation, dethroned the wretched King John and seated Louis, father to St. Louis, King of France, in his place. However, they were soon weary of their new monarch, and accordingly obliged him to return to France.
Whilst that the barons, the bishops, and the popes, all laid waste England, where all were for ruling the most numerous, the most useful, even the most virtuous, and consequently the most venerable part of mankind, consisting of those who study the laws and the sciences, of traders, of artificers, in a word, of all who were not tyrants--that is, those who are called the people: these, I say, were by them looked upon as so many animals beneath the dignity of the human species. The Commons in those ages were far from sharing in the government, they being villains or peasants, whose labour, whose blood, were the property of their masters who entitled themselves the nobility. The major part of men in Europe were at that time what they are to this day in several parts of the world-- they were villains or bondsmen of lords--that is, a kind of cattle bought and sold with the land. Many ages passed away before justice could be done to human nature--before mankind were conscious that it was abominable for many to sow, and but few reap. And was not France very happy, when the power and authority of those petty robbers was abolished by the lawful authority of kings and of the people?
Happily, in the violent shocks which the divisions between kings and the nobles gave to empires, the chains of nations were more or less heavy. Liberty in England sprang from the quarrels of tyrants. The barons forced King John and King Henry III. to grant the famous Magna Charta, the chief design of which was indeed to make kings dependent on the Lords; but then the rest of the nation were a little favoured in it, in order that they might join on proper occasions with their pretended masters. This great Charter, which is considered as the sacred origin of the English liberties, shows in itself how little liberty was known.
The title alone proves that the king thought he had a just right to be absolute; and that the barons, and even the clergy, forced him to give up the pretended right, for no other reason but because they were the most powerful.
Magna Charta begins in this style: "We grant, of our own free will, the following privileges to the archbishops, bishops, priors, and barons of our kingdom," etc.
The House of Commons is not once mentioned in the articles of this Charter--a proof that it did not yet exist, or that it existed without power. Mention is therein made, by name, of the freemen of England--a melancholy proof that some were not so. It appears, by Article XXXII., that these pretended freemen owed service to their lords. Such a liberty as this was not many removes from slavery.
By Article XXI., the king ordains that his officers shall not henceforward seize upon, unless they pay for them, the horses and carts of freemen. The people considered this ordinance as a real liberty, though it was a greater tyranny. Henry VII., that happy usurper and great politician, who pretended to love the barons, though he in reality hated and feared them, got their lands alienated. By this means the villains, afterwards acquiring riches by their industry, purchased the estates and country seats of the illustrious peers who had ruined themselves by their folly and extravagance, and all the lands got by insensible degrees into other hands.
The power of the House of Commons increased every day. The families of the ancient peers were at last extinct; and as peers only are properly noble in England, there would be no such thing in strictness of law as nobility in that island, had not the kings created new barons from time to time, and preserved the body of peers, once a terror to them, to oppose them to the Commons, since become so formidable.
All these new peers who compose the Higher House receive nothing but their titles from the king, and very few of them have estates in those places whence they take their titles. One shall be Duke of D- , though he has not a foot of land in Dorsetshire; and another is Earl of a village, though he scarce knows where it is situated. The peers have power, but it is only in the Parliament House.
There is no such thing here as haute, moyenne, and basse justice-- that is, a power to judge in all matters civil and criminal; nor a right or privilege of hunting in the grounds of a citizen, who at the same time is not permitted to fire a gun in his own field.
No one is exempted in this country from paying certain taxes because he is a nobleman or a priest. All duties and taxes are settled by the House of Commons, whose power is greater than that of the Peers, though inferior to it in dignity. The spiritual as well as temporal Lords have the liberty to reject a Money Bill brought in by the Commons; but they are not allowed to alter anything in it, and must either pass or throw it out without restriction. When the Bill has passed the Lords and is signed by the king, then the whole nation pays, every man in proportion to his revenue or estate, not according to his title, which would be absurd. There is no such thing as an arbitrary subsidy or poll-tax, but a real tax on the lands, of all which an estimate was made in the reign of the famous King William III.
The land-tax continues still upon the same foot, though the revenue of the lands is increased. Thus no one is tyrannised over, and every one is easy. The feet of the peasants are not bruised by wooden shoes; they eat white bread, are well clothed, and are not afraid of increasing their stock of cattle, nor of tiling their houses, from any apprehension that their taxes will be raised the year following. The annual income of the estates of a great many commoners in England amounts to two hundred thousand livres, and yet these do not think it beneath them to plough the lands which enrich them, and on which they enjoy their liberty.
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AUBURN, Maine — Gov. Paul LePage brushed off allegations Tuesday that he pressured unemployment claims appeals examiners last month in an effort to skew their decisions in favor of business owners.
LePage, who had just met with students at Fairview Elementary School's Maine French Heritage Language Program, told reporters repeatedly that "nobody" was pressured by him at a March 21 luncheon at the Blaine House.
LePage said Tuesday he'd received "hundreds" of complaints about the unemployment claims process, calling it a "one-sided system."
Published reports have shown that the U.S. Department of Labor finds Maine's unemployment appeals hearing examiners are rated above the national average for equitable hearings. Having been an employer in Maine, LePage said he was surprised to learn that.
He attacked David Webbert, president of the Maine Employment Lawyers Association, who last week called for an "immediate investigation" into the governor and "other high-level officials for violations of federal laws requiring the impartial and prompt administration of unemployment insurance benefits."
"Attorney Webbert, he's pulling the wool over Maine people's eyes" LePage said Tuesday, speaking publicly for the first time since the allegations surfaced two weeks ago.
"I think Webbert made it up," LePage said.
A Sun Journal investigation cited sources in an April 11 report that LePage had called hearing officers at the Division of Administrative Hearings at the Maine Department of Labor to a mandatory meeting at the governor's mansion where he scolded them for finding too many unemployment-benefit appeals cases in favor of workers. They were told they were doing their jobs poorly. Afterward, they said they felt abused, harassed and bullied by the governor, according to the newspaper's sources.
LePage said Tuesday that Webbert must be fabricating the allegations because none of the hearing officers has stepped forward and spoken publicly.
"If he's got witnesses, bring 'em forward," LePage said, "because anonymous letters in my book go in the trash can."
In a phone call last week with Seth Harris, acting secretary of the U.S. Department of Labor, LePage said they spoke only about "fairness and "equity," not partisan politics.
Harris "said there was no investigation," only routine auditing, LePage said.
When told of LePage's comments, Webbert told the Sun Journal on Tuesday that emails released last week under the Freedom of Access Act by state officials "provide strong evidence of unlawful interference with their job duties as impartial judges of unemployment cases. I have confirmed directly with the U.S. Department of Labor that it is investigating what happened at the March 21 meeting."
An email to Webbert from the U.S. Department of Labor's Office of Inspector General said his complaint had been forwarded within that department to the Office of Labor Racketeering and Fraud Investigations.
LePage said Tuesday his meeting with the examiners was "friendly" and "cordial."
He said the roughly eight examiners "had agreed they were gonna work with their supervisors, look at the ambiguity in the laws and send it over to our office. We would put a governor's bill upstairs and try to get the ambiguity out of the law."
LePage said he didn't understand how characterization of the luncheon became "negative and nasty."
He said he "learned a lot from some of the folks that work in unemployment. I understand some of the dilemmas they face when they deal with employers [and] employees. I said, 'Let's work together and find ways to make it easier for you.' That was the whole meeting."
LePage said Tuesday he had named co-chairmen of a blue ribbon commission charged with reviewing Maine's Unemployment Compensation System.
"The goal of the commission is to ensure Maine's unemployment insurance system provides benefits for workers who are rightly entitled to them, while ensuring businesses are not charged when they appropriately let employees go," according to a news release from the governor's office late Tuesday. "Additionally, the commission will review the rules and laws governing the system to assure Mainers they are consistently applied."
The commission will include representatives of employers and employees, LePage said.
Co-chairman Daniel Wathen served for two decades on the Maine Supreme Judicial Court, half of that time as chief justice. George Jabar, a Waterville lawyer, serves as a commissioner in Kennebec County government.


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Given the way both handhelds are able to interact, along with the fact their handheld hasn't been selling that well, it was inevitable that Sony would eventually start selling the two devices together. Which they now are. Only it's not that great a deal.
Sony Europe have confirmed that a bundle including both the PS4 and Vita - rumoured earlier in the week - will be on sale as of today, priced at "a little under £500". As Eurogamer point out, however, that constitutes a saving of "around £10" on their individual prices, meaning it's not exactly a huge incentive if you weren't already planning on getting both machines at once anyway.
Still, it's early days. I'm sure one day, someone, somewhere will make a game that uses both consoles together in a neat and compelling manner, and a bundle can come along that not only saves people some cash, but presents a decent argument for wanting to own devices in the first place.
Sony confirms PS4 and Vita bundles for under £500 [Eurogamer]