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The Vampire Diaries Review: Bites in The Big AppleMatt Richenthal at .
Hey, Damon, do you like The Big Apple?
Well, Elena and Rebekah just totally broke your neck and foiled your plan to track down Katherine and force feed the cure to your quasi girlfriend.
How do you like them Big Apples?!?
"Because the Night" took Damon, Elena and Rebekah to New York City and if Frank Sinatra was correct, then the rest of world is in serious trouble. These two most definitely made it there. Can they make it... wherever the heck Katherine is located?
It was a fun twist to see this blonde bombshell and this newly pink-streaked siren team up for a change. We've grown so accustomed to Elena doing something with Stefan and defying Damon. Or hanging out with Damon and irritating Stefan.
Or just always being mixed up in some way with the brothers - getting in between them, deciding between them, prompting peace between them - that it's refreshing to have her basically show them both the back of her hand. Girlfriend now has herself her very own girlfriend and the two of them have a plan:
Find Katherine. Get the cure. Feed it to Rebekah. Be done with this game.
Elena told Damon to face the facts last week: he likes her better this way. But while that may not be the case - he still wants to make her human, after all - I like her better this way, at least temporarily. The character has so often been hated on by fans for being the typical damsel in constant distress. But no one can make that assertion right now, can they?
(As for that pink hair, vote on it now, TVD Fanatics.)
The action in modern day New York was far more intriguing than the flashbacks, even if they did involve everyone's favorite fixer, Lexi. Not a great deal of insight was offered by this visit to 1977. Damon turned his humanity off for a bit. Lexi tried to save him. They drank a lot. He fooled her into having sex with him on a rooftop and then left her to burn a little.
Eh, whatever. What woman out there would not trade some scars for rooftop sex with Damon Salvatore?!?
As for the action in modern day Mystic Falls, it was more of a mess than anything else.
We were simply dropped into a rather important conversation between Shane and Bonnie, in which she casually mentioned that he was really Silas in Shane's body. So okay. That secret was revealed. And yet even after all she's witnessed, after all the ways in which Shane deceived her, Bonnie got really angry at her dad and simply agreed to help with the Expression Triangle?!?
Come on, Bon Bon. There was talk later on about how Bonnie was "brainwashed" by Silas, but she only went over the witchy deep end after she was tied up and the cleansing process failed so miserably. She appeared to be very much in control of her decision-making before that.
And finally we come to Klaus and Caroline. Or "terrible" Klaus and "killer" Caroline, I should say. Some pointed words were expressed between these two, as the show is doing a solid job of evolving their relationship. What once seemed like a random pairing makes more and more sense as the weeks go on and as Caroline perhaps learns that one can't simply be defined by one's actions. Circumstances are always a factor. She learned that the hard way tonight.
Other thoughts:
- One is FEWER than 12, Klaus. Fewer. Not less than. You may win the geometry game, but check yourself because your grammar wrecks yourself.
- So Silas wants the cure to destroy The Other Side and live forever. Stefan and Damon wants the cure to feed it to Elena. Rebekah wants the cure to start a family. Katherine wants the cure to kill Klaus. And Matt is pulling a double at The Grill.
- Right? Just want to make sure everyone's motivations and plans are clear.
- We've posted the PROMO for next week's "American Gothic."
- And we've posted PHOTOS from that episode as well.
Browse, click, enjoy and sound off on "Because the Night" now!
Matt Richenthal is the Editor in Chief of TV Fanatic. Follow him on Twitter and on Google+.


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FluffyPaw is a clean and functional HTML template with incredibly responsive modern design, created for pet care and veterinary clinics.
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subset: commoncrawl


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LONDON – The legal fight is over: A hospital in the UK will take an infant off life support after his parents failed to convince a court that he could be saved with an experimental treatment.
The European Court of Human Rights ruled Tuesday that keeping 10-month-old Charlie Gard alive would do nothing but prolong his pain, reports the Guardian. He suffers from a rare disease known as mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome, and parents Chris Gard and Connie Yates wanted to take him to the US for experimental treatment.
His UK doctors, however, say it's hopeless, and parents' rights are not absolute in the UK in such cases, explains CNN. A number of courts ruled against them, with their last hope being the ECHR.
But the seven justices declined to overrule the British courts. "The decision is final," said the ruling. Charlie is currently on life support at Great Ormond Street Hospital in London, and a spokesperson said the hospital would not "rush" to take him off it.
"Our priority is to provide every possible support to Charlie's parents as we prepare for the next steps." The details on where Charlie's parents had wanted to take him in the US have been kept under wraps during the legal wrangling, and supporters had raised more than $1.6 million to cover expenses.
Medical experts in Britain said the treatment had no chance of saving the infant, but his parents made the case on their website that it was worth a try.
"He literally has nothing to lose but potentially a healthier, happier life to gain," they wrote. (These parents gave up everything to keep their sick baby alive.)
This article originally appeared on Newser: Baby to Come Off Life Support After Parents Lose Court Fight
More From Newser:


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18 U.S.C. 2257 Record-Keeping Requirements Compliance Statement
The owners and operators of www.coupons.xxx.xxx are not involved in the hiring, contracting for, managing, or otherwise arranging for the participation of any performers shown in the visual Content appearing on the www.coupons.xxx.xxx website. www.coupons.xxx.xxx is not a producer (as that term is defined in 18 USC § 2257 or 28 C.F.R. § 75.1) of any and all of the Content found on the website (www.coupons.xxx.xxx).
www.coupons.xxx.xxx has been informed and believes that the performers, models, and other persons that appear in any visual depiction of actual sexually explicit conduct (as defined in 18 U.S.C. § 2257) were over the age of eighteen years at the time of the creation of depictions in which they appear.
www.coupons.xxx.xxx abides by the following procedures to ensure compliance:
- Requiring all users to be 18 years of age to upload videos.
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Records required by Title 18 USC § 2257 are held by the Custodian of Records at the following location:
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Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen,
When I addressed the 2011 STS Forum a year ago, Japan was still dealing with the immediate aftermath of the Fukushima Daiichi accident.
Now, we are well into the post-accident phase. The emphasis for the IAEA and its 155 Member States is on implementing the IAEA Action Plan on Nuclear Safety, which was adopted just over a year ago.
Progress has been made in many areas. Possible safety weak points at nuclear power plants have been identified and are being addressed. These include issues such as ensuring adequate backup electrical power in case of a blackout.
The IAEA has expanded its programme of expert peer reviews. We undertook a systematic review of IAEA Safety Standards, taking into account lessons learned from the Fukushima Daiichi accident. And we held a series of international expert meetings focussing on different technical issues.
A lot has been done already, but a considerable amount of work still remains to be done under the IAEA Action Plan on Nuclear Safety. It is essential that all of us - Member States, the IAEA and other key stakeholders - maintain our sense of urgency and our commitment to implementing the Action Plan in full.
In December, the Fukushima Ministerial Conference on Nuclear Safety, organized by the Government of Japan and the IAEA, will take place in Fukushima Prefecture. This Conference will be a good opportunity for participants from abroad to learn first-hand lessons from the accident. For Japan, it will be an excellent opportunity to understand how other countries are reacting to the accident. For the IAEA, it will be an occasion to redouble our efforts to help people in Fukushima.
Mr. Chairman,
A year ago, I told the STS Forum that nuclear power looked set to remain an important option for many countries, despite the Fukushima Daiichi accident. This trend has become even clearer during the past year.
The latest IAEA projection is for global nuclear power capacity to grow by nearly 25 percent from current levels to 456 gigawatts by 2030. That is the low projection. Our high projection is 740 gigawatts, which is twice current levels.
Established users such as China, India, the Republic of Korea and the Russian Federation are expected to remain the main centres of expansion. Many so-called "newcomer" countries continue to show keen interest in nuclear power.
As for their reasons, countries cite the need to meet their growing energy requirements, global climate change, volatile fossil fuel prices, energy security and economic competitiveness.
The Japanese government recently announced a new policy related to energy in the future. During the IAEA General Conference last month, I was asked various questions about this policy. Of course, energy policy is a matter that each sovereign state should decide on its own. However, it is also a fact that a decision by a country like Japan has global implications. Therefore, the IAEA welcomes the willingness expressed by the Japanese government to engage in dialogue with the international community on this important issue. The IAEA will follow this issue with keen interest.
I also welcome the establishment of a new independent nuclear regulatory authority in Japan. The IAEA looks forward to working closely with the new authority in further enhancing nuclear safety in Japan.
Ladies and gentlemen,
In conclusion, the Fukushima Daiichi accident was a big wake-up call on nuclear safety. A lot has been done, but more still needs to be done. We must not relax our guard.
Despite the accident, the use of nuclear power will continue to expand steadily. It is wrong to believe that the Fukushima Daiichi accident means the end of nuclear power.
Finally, international cooperation has become increasingly important to address nuclear issues in the post-accident phase. The IAEA will continue to do everything possible to help countries to use nuclear power safely, securely and sustainably.
Thank you.


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Frazer v. Schlegel (2007)
On 20 August 2007, in Frazer v. Schlegel, the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit decided that researchers Ian Frazer and Jian Zhou owned the rights to the vaccine patent for Human Papillomavirus, or HPV, instead of a research team led by Richard Schlegel. Frazer v. Schlegel reversed the decision that the Board of Patent Appeals and Interferences had previously made, awarding the patent to Schlegel on the basis that Frazer's patent application contained inaccurate science.
Format: Articles
Subject: Legal, Technologies
Harry Clay Sharp (1870-1940)
Harry Clay Sharp was a surgeon who performed one of the first recorded vasectomies with the purpose of sterilizing a patient. Sterilization is the practice that makes a person unable to reproduce, and vasectomy accomplishes that by severing the vasa deferentia, the sperm-carrying tubes in the male reproductive system. Historically, sterilization procedures have varied in techniques, goals, and risks, but Sharp's method of vasectomy allowed restriction of a patient's reproductive functions without significantly affecting other bodily functions.
Format: Articles
Subject: Legal, Ethics, People, Organizations, Technologies
ABO Blood Type Identification and Forensic Science (1900-1960)
The use of blood in forensic analysis is a method for identifying individuals suspected of committing some kinds of crimes. Paul Uhlenhuth and Karl Landsteiner, two scientists working separately in Germany in the early twentieth century, showed that there are differences in blood between individuals. Uhlenhuth developed a technique to identify the existence of antibodies, and Landsteiner and his students showed that humans had distinctly different blood types called A, B, AB, and O.
Format: Articles
Subject: Theories, Legal, Technologies


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Patrick's Blog — By admin
2:26 am
As a Judge and a Defender of the Bond within our respective dioceses' Catholic marriage Tribunal, we encounter misunderstandings every day about the declaration of nullity (or annulment) process. Often, the people who come into our offices question the need for an annulment before approaching a new marriage. Their misunderstandings commonly arise from misconception as to what the Catholic Church teaches about marriage, and consequently, why the Catholic Church judges some relationships not to be marriages.
What is a Christian marriage according to the Catholic Church?
In the law of the Church, many ingredients make up a Christian marriage. First, marriage is a covenant. The New Catholic Encyclopedia provides the following insight about the word covenant: "The theology of the covenant in the Bible is consistently a theology of divine promise. Whether in a profane or a sacred sense, the sacred authors utilize the berit [Hebrew for "covenant"] to trace the line of salvation history toward its divinely willed goal." In short, the idea of covenant in the Bible is one of a strong pact between humans or between God and humans, in which each promises to assist the other towards a common goal.
In marriage, the covenant is between a man and a woman. The spouses establish this covenant through their marital consent, by which they intend to establish between themselves a partnership for the whole of life. This means each spouse will assist and support the other in all areas of their common life, the best he or she is able, so long as the other spouse is alive.
Marriage is permanent and exclusive (monogamous). The goal of this covenant, by its nature, is the mutual welfare of the spouses (physically, emotionally, and spiritually) as well as openness to the procreation, welfare, and education of children. The Church commonly refers to the good of the spouses and the good of children as the two elements of marriage. All genuine marriages, whether Christian or non-Christian, must contain these elements. Such a partnership is commonly referred to as a "natural marriage."
We base this understanding of natural marriage on the text of Genesis 2:18-25, which teaches that God's will has established all marriage. True marriage is heterosexual (between a man and a woman); it is monogamous (one man and one woman); it is exclusive (the two form a new and unique relationship; the two become one); and it is permanent (if the two become one, this new union cannot be divided; a conclusion Christ confirms in Matthew 19:3-12).
The purposes of marriage are also taught in Genesis. First, we read there how God told Adam and Eve to "be fruitful and multiply" (Gen 1:27-28). Thus marriage is about "fruitfulness," or bringing children into the world and raising them to maturity (procreation and education).
In addition, we read in Genesis 2:18-25 that God created all the animals and brought them before Adam to be named. But a "suitable partner" was not found for him among them. So God created the woman, and Adam responded: "This at last is bone of my bones and flesh of my flesh" (v. 23).
This passage confirms what the Church teaches about marriage: that it involves the partners being suitable for each other through the sharing of strengths and weaknesses. When Adam says, "bone of my bone," he is saying "this one is strong where I am strong." And when he says, "flesh of my flesh," he is saying, "this one is weak where I am weak."
Thus canon law defines natural marriage this way: "The matrimonial covenant, by which a man and a woman establish between themselves a partnership of the whole of life, is by its very nature ordered toward the good of the spouses and the procreation and education of children" (Canon 1055, § 1).
When both the husband and the wife are baptized Christians, this natural marriage takes on the element of sacramentality. A marriage between baptized persons is a sacrament, a visible sign of God's love in the world. This means that the couple finds in their relationship a source of God's grace, and through their partnership they assist one another in coming closer to God.
By the very fact that both the husband and the wife are baptized, their marriage becomes a sacrament. It is not a matter of where the wedding takes place or who officiates at the ceremony. Whether marriage is a sacrament is completely based upon the baptismal status of the parties.
When does a marriage come into being?
Marriage comes into being through lawfully manifested consent – that is, there must be a taking of the other as spouse in a way recognizable to the community. When two people give themselves to one another in order to create a partnership of life and love (marriage), and they do so in a manner recognized by the community, they marry. For two unbaptized people, this can be in front of a justice of the peace in the middle of a field. For a baptized Christian, this can be wherever their faith community recognizes the marriage.
For Catholics, as a faith community, when at least one of the parties is Catholic, the Church requires the parties to express their desire to give themselves in marriage before a priest, deacon, or designated minister, with two witnesses. We call this the canonical form of marriage. If a Catholic desires to enter marriage with a non-Catholic, a dispensation (relaxation of the law) may be granted, allowing the parties to exchange their consent in another manner. Nevertheless, this kind of dispensation is the exception.
What is an "annulment"?
A Catholic annulment, also known as a declaration of nullity or invalidity, is a statement of fact by the Catholic Church. After carefully examining the couple's broken relationship, the Church states that a valid marriage, as the Church defines marriage, never existed. It is not "Catholic divorce," as some have called it, since divorce looks at the moment the relationship broke down and says, "A marriage existed, and now we are ending it." The annulment process says, on the other hand, "From the very beginning, something was lacking that was necessary for this relationship to be called a marriage."
Quite often, what is lacking at the time of the civil contract is one of the essential elements or properties of marriage we have noted. The mature consent of the spouses in undertaking the marriage covenant may also be lacking.
Of course, the Church recognizes the couple's initial love for one another. It also realizes that this love led to some form of relationship. In addition, the Church acknowledges that there was a valid civil contract and recognizes that the spouses were lawfully married in the eyes of the state. Therefore, all children born of this valid civil contract are legitimate, according to the Catholic Church. In keeping with canon 1137, they are known as the legitimate children of a "putative marriage."
All these civil and legal realities the Church recognizes. But the annulment process looks at an entirely different realm – the spiritual – which falls within the Catholic Church's domain of competence to judge.
Why is an annulment necessary?
The Church teaches that marriage is permanent. If a sacramental marriage is created, no human power can separate what God has joined together (see Mt 19:6). According to the Church, not even a civil government with the power to end the civil contract (which the state calls "marriage") can terminate a sacramental marriage.
For this reason, once two people stand in front of God and contract a marriage, if they enter into a marriage covenant as defined by the Catholic Church, this covenant cannot be dissolved so long as both parties remain alive. The marriage bond is in place until death. As a result, no new marriage covenant can be created with someone else.
Any person who has entered a genuine marriage remains bound to that spouse. The spiritual bonds of marriage, if formed, cannot be ended by civil divorce. In the eyes of the Church, divorce ends the various civil, financial, and legal bonds previously contracted between spouses, but not the spiritual bonds.
For this reason, the Catholic Church investigates, through the annulment process, whether an actual marriage, as defined by the Church, came into being. In carrying out this investigation, the Church examines various facts presented to the marriage tribunal by those seeking the annulment and their witnesses. If the Church then determines that no genuine marriage came into being, these individuals are free to marry someone else if that person is also free to marry.
Why do I need an annulment if I'm not Catholic?
If you're not Catholic, but plan to marry a Catholic, you might be asked to go through the annulment process. This seems odd to most non-Catholics because neither person from the first union is Catholic. Therefore, why should the Catholic Church investigate this marriage?
The Catholic Church presumes the validity of any marriage between two people who are free to marry at the time of their wedding. (They must have no previous marriages.) Basically, if the non-Catholic religious community of either spouse recognized the marriage, so does the Catholic Church. Since marriage, as God created it, is permanent, then the Catholic Church must also investigate these marriages. Because the non-Catholic wishes to marry a Catholic, the Church's law applies to the proposed marriage, since canon law still binds the Catholic whom the non-Catholic wishes to marry.
In short, the Catholic Church believes her teachings concerning the essence and the properties of marriage bind all people, regardless of whether they are Catholic, as part of God's natural law.
Are there options for working with previous marriages other than the annulment process?
Yes. For a person who was either Catholic or married to a Catholic, and did not marry according to the canonical form of marriage (in front of a Catholic priest or deacon with two witnesses), and if the Catholic Church's permission was not obtained for this marriage (called a "dispensation from canonical form"), then the Church could process this case as a "Lack of Form." The Church calls this an administrative process.
In this case, the individual must prove that one of the former spouses was Catholic, that the couple attempted marriage outside of the Catholic form without first obtaining the proper dispensation, and that the marriage is now irreparable. The individual must also establish that this marriage was never subsequently convalidated (commonly, and mistakenly, referred to as "blessed" by the Church.) Most marriage tribunals accept as sufficient proof of these circumstances the Catholic's baptismal record, a copy of the marriage license, and the couple's divorce decree. Nevertheless, depending upon particular circumstances, more evidence may be necessary.
If one of the spouses was not baptized during the first marriage, and the lack of baptism can be proven (provided the person applying for this process did not cause the marital breakdown), then a "Privilege of the Faith" case (or "Petrine Privilege" case) can be sent to the Holy See. If the Holy See approves, the non-sacramental marriage may then be dissolved in favor of a new marriage.
If neither of the spouses was baptized during their marriage, and now one of the spouses wishes to become baptized and marry a Catholic, provided one can prove the non-baptism of each former spouse, a Pauline Privilege is possible. In this situation, the diocesan bishop or his lawful representative, having established the non-baptized status of both parties, allows the non-sacramental partnership to be dissolved in favor of the new marriage. Of course, the spouse desiring baptism and the new marriage must first receive baptism.
A Basic Rule
If you are trying to determine whether you need an annulment, these explanations may be helpful. In any case, keep in mind one basic rule as you approach the process: If either you or your intended attempted a previous marriage, be sure to tell your priest. Before you attempt another marriage, the Church must address the previous marriage in some form or another, either by a documentary case, a privilege case, or a formal annulment process.
Copyright © 2003-2012 Envoy Magazine www.envoymagazine.com
Article source: http://patrickmadrid.com/do-i-need-an-annulment-and-other-common-questions-about-divorce-and-remarriage/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=do-i-need-an-annulment-and-other-common-questions-about-divorce-and-remarriage


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Sermon Seeds from the PsalmsbyWilliam G. HeslopCopyright @ 1956THE HIGLEY PRESS Indianaedited for 3BSB by Baptist Bible Believer~ out-of-print and in the public domain ~No Evidence of a Current Copyright for the Printed Book FoundDuring online Internet searches of the Library of Congress database in Washington D.C.,performed on 7-29-2005, no evidence of a current copyright was found for this publication.
Please note: Below is the Introductory material of the book, however, if you wish to continue reading this fine book [and I truly hope you do!] download the chapter(s) from the document file (which is absolutely free). You will have the option to either simply open it or to save it as your own possession. GOD bless you from the Baptist Bible Believers website!Please tell all of your friends and Church about this website, pray for this ministry - and that will be payment enough!TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTIONThe Book of Psalms has been called, very properly, "an epitome of the Bible" (Athanasius, Luther). It reflects the cosmology of Genesis. It honors GOD's law, making of it the supreme subject-matter for the meditation of the godly. Its hymns express the praises to GOD which filled the hearts of saints in ages past, and they have lived to find their way to an important place in our best modern hymnals. The Psalms abound with a strain of triumph by GOD's people over the tests of life, and they point to the sure hope in GOD, which has been the boon of mortals from the times of early Genesis to the consummation of the Revelation.
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The great American lawn is one of the last dirty frontiers. We started Clean Air Lawn Care in 2005 when we found out 10-12% of our country's air pollution came from small engines mostly from lawn care. That lawn care pollution can be 0%.
In 2008, our Grassmasters started wondering why our client's fertilizer companies were spraying a seemingly harmless clear liquid but leaving disturbing skull and crossboned lawn decoration flags. "Keep your kids and pets off the grass for a day… or three if it were my dog?" Thanks, but NO.
While working for the City of Fort Collins Climatewise program, our current Chief Sustainability Officer, John "Heavy" Armstrong collaborated with Clean Air to create an accurate and understandable lawn care calculator that would educate and empower lawn owners.
Check out a quick video with Heavy and learn the Clean Air Lawn Care way. Use our calculator and understand the meaningful and easy impact you can have on you and your family's quality of life.
Live well with healthy dogs, safe children, the earthy smell of fresh cut grass, BBQ's with neighbors, and clean air.


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We're almost certain that a giant meteor hit Earth 65 million years ago. But a mysterious "three-meter gap" in the fossil record might mean dinosaurs were already dying off. Now a newly discovered fossil might finally reveal the whole story.
Until now, paleontologists were unable to find any dinosaur fossils in the three meters below the KT boundary, which is the point where the meteor hit Earth. This strange gap has been interpreted as evidence that dinosaurs were already on the way out long before the meteor hit, and that their extinction might have been a gradual process due to more terrestrial forces rather than a sudden wave of destruction from space.
But now Yale researchers have discovered a triceratops horn just five inches from the KT boundary, which means it likely lived only a few tens of thousands of year before the impact, perhaps even just a few thousand. And it isn't merely a question of finding the fossil close to the boundary - the researchers have used more advanced techniques to make absolutely sure that the horn wasn't moved from an initial position that would have placed it earlier in time.
Of course, a single horn isn't enough to erase the three-meter gap. But the paleontologists are confident that using the same advanced techniques they utilized to confirm the horn's age will also reveal that many fossils discovered near the KT boundary actually died out far closer to the time of impact than originally realized. With some more careful testing, the researchers say, the three-meter gap may disappear entirely.
Via Yale University.


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Burton - 1st floor - Reading Room - space with Mac - Evening
Event box
Print the page Add to a Calendar using iCal Share page on Facebook Add to Google Calendar Share page on Twitter
Burton - 1st floor - Reading Room - space with Mac - Evening
These are spaces with Mac computers. If you do not require a Mac, other spaces are available separately. This is the large reading room on the first floor of the Burton.
Directions: Right at the helpdesk, and along the corridor into the Burton. Go up the stairs to the first floor. Turn left, and bear left into the reading room.
- Date:
- Monday, 14th December 2020 Show more dates
- Time:
- 17:00 - 23:30
- Categories:
- Burton Evening Long Stay Mac
Registration has closed.


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Fancy barber shop
Lots of cool toys in a barber shop!
Tree house in the back yard
Seafood buffet at Restaurant Reykjavik
More at Restaurant Reykjavik
Robin can find a discount sale anywhere!
Nice girl in the flea market
At the flea market
Water slide. Its summer here!
The Puffin shop!
Hotel Borg. Stayed here several days. Grand old hotel.
Robin and Don at Italian restaurant


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Research surrounding the extraordinary Gobekli Tepe temple in Turkey ~ whose pillars are judged to be 5,000 years older than any other structure ever found on earth ~ continues to ignite debate.
An article this week on EurasiaNet, an online news service, discusses what the temple tells us about the origins of agriculture. Scientists are taking deeper looks into the impact of climate change as well as the more mundane motive of supplying large amounts of food necessary for huge hunter-gatherer ceremonies.
Here is that portion of the article.
But debate still rages - and probably always will - about what it was that led Neolithic groups to transfer almost all their energies into farming.
For many experts, climate change was behind the transformation. Global temperatures had been warming gradually since the last Ice Age. Between 10,800 and 9,500 BC., they suddenly plummeted again.
The Greenland ice cap cooled by roughly 15 degrees. Rain stopped falling on the Fertile Crescent. "The region where grasses could be cultivated shrank to the very upper edges of the Middle East, northern Syria and southeastern Turkey," says Ofer Bar-Yosef, MacCurdy Professor of Prehistoric Archaeology at Harvard and a doyen of paleolithic studies.
"Even there, resources were limited - people wanted to keep them for themselves."
But the location, age and sheer size of Gobekli Tepe have led some to posit a radically different explanation for the change. "The intense cultivation of wild wheat may have first occurred to supply sufficient food to the hunter-gatherers who quarried 7-ton blocks of limestone with flint flakes," writes Stephen Mithen, Professor of Archaeology at the University of Reading, in the United Kingdom.
The move to farming may "have been driven as much by ideology as by the need to cope with environmental stress."
Klaus Schmidt appears in two minds about the theory. In a book he wrote in German about Gobekli Tepe, he suggests that "temples came first, and cities followed." Sipping sugary tea outside a portakabin at the entrance to the site, he is more circumspect.
"There is no doubt this was a place of huge feasts, and hunter-gatherers would have had difficulty gathering together enough food to feed large groups," he says. "Some American colleagues say such feasts may have been the origin of domestication."
His caution stems from growing evidence uncovered over the last five years or so that domestication was a much longer process than previously believed.
Experts now think farmers probably sowed grain for at least a thousand years before domesticated strains appeared. In 2004, French archaeologists showed how neolithic settlers had corralled wild cattle in southern Turkey before transporting them to Cyprus.
Professor Bar-Yosef has had his doubts about the theory of ideological farmers since the start. "First you need to get your economy working," he says. "Then you build the monuments that justify the complex social organization that requires."
Complex, he adds, can sometimes mean unjust. "You can't build places like Gobekli with kibbutzim," he says. "I wouldn't be surprised if somebody somewhere in the Fertile Crescent finds evidence of slave labour in the near future."


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• trope •
trop • Hear it!
Part of Speech: Noun
Meaning: 1. Any figure of speech, a turn of phrase that uses words in a nonliteral metaphorical way. 2. A phrase introduced as simple decoration of a text. 3. (New) A motif, recurrent theme.
Notes: The meaning of the adjective for today's word, tropical, seems to have lost contact with its mother. Some dictionaries suggest it may still be used in the sense of tropical writing, but we do not recommend it. One adjective from this word, tropic, become the noun tropics, and the adjective tropical now belongs to it and it alone. When we call people dogs, rats, cows, pigs, and the like, we are using a kind of trope called a simile [sim-ê-lee].
In Play: Because trope comes from the Greek word for "turn", I like to think of tropes as turns of phrases, maybe even twists: "I'm tired of political speeches filled with tropes and claptraps but lacking in specifics and practical proposals." Any time we "turn" a phrase to alter its literal meaning, we are resorting to a trope: "When you called your friend Gabriel your guardian angel, I thought you were just using a trope. I didn't realize he is imaginary and has wings!"
Word History: Today's is yet another Latin word come to English via French. Latin tropus "a figure of speech" was borrowed from Greek tropos "turn, direction" from trepein "to turn". Today's sense began with the Greek word in the sense of "a turn of phrase", to turn a phrase away from its original meaning. We see this root in other words borrowed in their literal (not tropic) sense such as heliotrope, a flower that turns to follow the sun (Greek helios). Phototropic plants turn to follow the light while hydrotropic roots grow toward a water source (Greek hydor "water"). An ancient master of tropes was the troubadour, a lyric poet in southern France in the 12th and 13th centuries. Troubadours took their name from an Old French relative of trope, trobar "to compose", before troubadours took to their feet to sing their compositions. (To say that our luck took a turn for the better when George Kovac suggested today's Good Word would be a trope but a true one.)
P.S. - Register for the Daily Good Word E-Mail! - You can get our daily Good Word sent directly to you via e-mail in either HTML or Text format. Go to our Registration Page to sign up today!
Come visit our website at <http://www.alphadictionary.com> for more Good Words and other language resources!


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Weird Tales Magazine has been many different things, under many different sets of eyes, over the decades. And now, the magazine is starting yet another new chapter, as a new owner and editor takes over.
Hugo-winning editor Ann VanderMeer (who also writes a regular column for io9) announced that she's leaving the magazine as of the next issue, because it's been bought — and the new owner wants to be the editor.
In an announcement, VanderMeer writes:
I am very sad to have to tell you that my editorship at Weird Tales, which has included one Hugo Award win and three Hugo Award nominations, is about to come to an end. The publisher, John Betancourt of Wildside Press, is selling the magazine to Marvin Kaye. Kaye is buying the magazine because he wants to edit it himself. He will not be retaining the staff from my tenure. I wish him the best with the different direction he wants to pursue, including his first, Cthulhu-themed issue. The current issue of Weird Tales is #358, just published. My last issue will be #359, which Kaye plans to publish in February of next year. Other stories I bought will be published in various issues thereafter.
The past five years reading fiction for Weird Tales magazine has been an honor for me. I had a blast doing this but I have also contributed to the canon of "the weird tale"-a responsibility I take seriously, not only for the readers of today, but for the readers of tomorrow. This iconic magazine originally blazed a trail for new approaches to dark fantastical fiction, and I did my best to return to that legacy. In addition to bringing home the first Hugo Award win in the history of Weird Tales, I was also only the second female editor of the magazine, and presided over the only all-female staff ever for the magazine.
My current plans include final work on THE WEIRD: A Compendium of Dark and Strange Stories out from Atlantic in October. This huge reprint anthology, perhaps the largest ever published for this kind of fiction, includes 116 stories from the last one hundred years and totals 750,000 words. I will also be shepherding the anthology ODD? to completion through my and my husband's e-book imprint Cheeky Frawg, along with completing several other anthology projects. In addition, I will continue to talk about and promote weird fiction through a new blog associated with THE WEIRD that will act as a repository of information and features, as well as providing a home for a new slate of "one-minute Weird Tales," although they will of course be called something else. Beyond that I am considering this a chance to explore new and exciting opportunities.


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Ranchers forced into numbers game
Imagine the Western range as a half-billion acre game board. It's not hard; section lines, pasture lines, power lines, irrigation lines, and roads straight as lines subdivide it into as many playing squares as there are players. But it is not chess or checkers. It's a deadly serious game, where the stakes are the health of the land and the livelihood of its people.
The rules are simple: Put as many cattle and sheep on the range as will fit between a rock and a hard place. Ranchers are the most visible players, but they are far from the most culpable. What they do with their cattle and sheep is more complex than simple greed might explain or lack of caring for the land might suggest.
When public lands were snatched from the chaos of the open range, the Forest Service and the BLM-to-be had a brilliant idea: They would muzzle the excesses of livestock by issuing grazing permits to ranchers - official-looking pieces of government paper that would set the numbers of cattle and sheep allowed on federal ranges, and thereby eliminate overgrazing.
Brilliant ideas backfire from time to time, and the grazing permit system is one example. Rather than limiting them, ranchers discovered that the permits were the next best thing to fee simple (unrestricted) title to federal ranges. Ranchers couldn't own the land but they could own, (and if they wanted, trade) their permits to other ranchers. Thanks to this quirk in policy, numbers of livestock, not the land itself, became the economic mainstay of stockmen. Human nature and the grazing system led ranchers to steward the one thing they possessed - not soil and grass, but mere slips of government paper. In the numbers game, the prize is not biological carrying capacity and sustainable living, but political carrying capacity and subsidized living.
The permit system was supposed to stop overgrazing; instead, it fostered it. When permits were first assigned, the land agencies handed out more paper numbers than there was forage for cattle and sheep to eat - about 50 percent more. They stretched nature to its limits and then took it one step beyond. That explains why federal managers and cattlemen have devoted so much time and taxpayer dollars to slugging it out over how many cows should graze the public domain. Agencies have fought to cut grazing permits, and ranchers, fearing loss of the value of their permits, have struggled to preserve them. Both have won, and lost. Cattle numbers on public lands are down by almost 50 percent; yet since breeding programs have created larger animals, cattle weights coming off federal ranges are nearly doubled. Stalemate. At best, range recovery inches forward, and, at worst, chronic overgrazing persists and deepens.
The impasse between agencies and ranchers has altered the rules of the game. Since World War II, one attempted solution has been to spend billions of tax dollars to prop up stocking. The Forest Service spent hundreds of millions in just the 1950s and 1960s to fence, water, seed, chain and spray millions of federal acres to keep grazing permits intact. Land-grant universities kicked in with research convincing a generation of range managers that growing red meat is the best use of public lands. The range improvements they dreamed up, however, had short life spans. Today, in places like Catron County, N.M., decades-old range improvements are in a state of decay, forcing the Forest Service to cut livestock numbers, thus fanning the flames of local sagebrush rebellions.
Much the same has happened on BLM lands. In the Vale District of southeastern Oregon, public ranges were overgrazed by an estimated 40 percent by 1963. Rather than suffer cuts in their permits, ranchers joined with the BLM and Oregon State University to lobby Congress for massive federal dollars for major range "reclamation." All told, over $56 million (1992 dollars) was spent to keep 184 ranchers and their permits afloat. Despite this, and enough new grass to support 17,000 head of cattle, the Vale project is now in ecological shambles. Overstocking worked as long as federal dollars were paying to chain and spray the range and keep the effects of overgrazing at bay. But when the money stopped flowing, things fell apart. Last year, the project reached rock bottom; Vale ranchers received $30,000 to $50,000 apiece in emergency feed payments to make up for the grass that their overgrazed public and private ranges could no longer grow.
Since the heyday of Forest Service and BLM mega-range projects, Congress has spent millions more on experimental stewardship programs, grasshopper and coyote control, weed and brush eradication, emergency feed handouts and sundry other subsidies, all aimed at sustaining livestock numbers. Land-grant universities are doing their share, too. New Mexico State, for example, is spending tax dollars to genetically engineer rumen microorganisms so that cattle can safely graze locoweed, a by-product of overgrazing and the numbers game. Thanks to deep federal pockets and the Cadillac range mentality of land agencies and Western universities, there are more cattle on public lands today than either economics or ecology would dictate. Still, the billions spent to prop up public-land grazing have not helped. Ranching incomes are at historic lows and public-land conditions are mostly static. Only Forest Service and BLM budgets and state and federal funding for land-grant schools are at record highs.
Tragically, the numbers game touches and infects even the best ranchers - those whose livestock numbers are, by choice, well below the capacity of the range and whose management is, by choice, free of public subsidy.
Barbara Cosimati is one of those ranchers. When she bought the grazing permit to the Afton Allotment in southwestern New Mexico, she knew what she was getting: a 26,000-acre, grazed-to-the-ground stretch of BLM wasteland that included a sizable chunk of the Aden Lava Flow Wilderness Study Area. But she knew she could improve the land and was hopeful she could double the numbers on her grazing permit at the same time.
Cosimati's strategy was to understock her allotment. Starting in 1980, and continuing for a decade, conservative grazing worked its magic. Seas of knee-high black grama and hip-high sand dropseed flowed back across ranges once sandpapered of grass.
But, from the start, BLM made it clear that understocking would not be enough; Cosimati would have to intensively develop her rangelands to justify a grazing increase. It's the old siren song: Build more watering holes, erect more fences, spray and seed more rangelands and the carrying capacity will come. BLMers believe this because it's what range professors have hammered into their heads since student days. Barbara Cosimati accepted it because it was the only way she could make her stewardship pay in tangible terms of more cows on her permit. So she did what the experts told her; she spent over $100,000 to build stock ponds and miles of new fences on an allotment that today, thanks to a declining market, is worth less than $150,000.
In late 1985, Cosimati asked the BLM for a temporary increase in grazing use from 130 to 150 head. Despite overwhelmingly favorable monitoring data, the BLM refused, arguing in part that her long-term understocking raised the question "as to whether or not an increase in grazing use is really needed." Two years later Cosimati filed an agency appeal, costing her $50,000 in legal fees. Interior Judge John R. Rampton awarded her a permanent increase to 150 head and granted an additional 52 head pending monitoring results.
Barbara Cosimati's hard work was close to paying off. A grazing permit increase of 72 head would easily cover her legal expenses and defray part of the cost of Cadillac range management. It was time to get down to business. By 1992, she had 170 head on the ground and range conditions were still climbing. But just as she was upping the ante to 190 cows, and then to the 202 allowed by Rampton's decision, drought struck. It was mild in 1993, but by 1994 the area was bone-dry and hot - over 60 days above 100 degrees with barely a hint of rain.
As her neighbors began destocking their ranges in July, Cosimati hesitated. If she left her cattle in place, she knew the grass would be grazed to the ground; if she took them off voluntarily, even in the face of drought, she knew with equal certainty that her action could be held against her - just as the BLM had used her long record of conservative grazing to deny her first request for a stocking increase. She was not naive; she knew that the BLM had bent with the political winds in 1985. In 1994, with her stocking so near the magic number of 202, the agency would surely be buffeted even more by environmentalists opposed to a grazing increase on a prospective wilderness.
In the end, she decided it would be more damaging to her permit aspirations to destock than to hold her cattle on the Afton Allotment and wait - and pray - for summer rains.
Cosimati's crisis was deepened by the BLM's insistence on Cadillac management. More range improvements made it possible for her cattle to mow the grass more efficiently, and more stock ponds meant more complete use of the grass and more overgrazing near the water sources. By the time drought arrived there were no ungrazed areas - forage reserves - left in the Afton Allotment to help her and her cattle weather hard times. By diverting her attention from raising grass to raising range improvements through indebtedness, the BLM had sped up Cosimati's timetable for increasing her permit. Over-capitalization was squeezing her profits. There was no way a 130-head herd could ever pay back a financial burden in infrastructure and legal fees that matched or exceeded the value of her ranch. She needed more cattle on the land to just break even, and she needed them sooner rather than later.
Barbara Cosimati was simply doing what ranchers before her had done: protecting grazing interests by defending paper numbers. It's the incentive of law and the custom of public ranching. It explains her hesitation as drought marched across the Southwestern desert. Fifteen years of permittee caring, BLM oversight and land-grant range science ended in a crescendo of destructive grazing. The circle was complete; the numbers game had been played to the hilt. By the time Cosimati destocked in November, the land looked as it did in 1980 and environmentalists were appealing her request for a 170-head permit. Her worst nightmare had come true.
Cosimati is not the first rancher, nor will she be the last, to be seduced by the numbers game. The irony and tragedy of the Afton Allotment is that she is one of the better, more caring ranchers - a strong, intelligent, and good woman who by all logic should have stayed at arm's length from perverse incentives and alluring subsidies. She escaped the subsidies, but not the incentives. And the fact that she didn't escape says much about the numbers game, its pervasive influence on the ranchers of the public-land West, and the rot that lies at the core of our public-land grazing system.
It tells us that the rules are rigged in favor of overgrazing, and that they will remain that way so long as loyalty to numbers takes precedence over fidelity to the land.
Karl Hess is author of Visions Upon the Land: Man and Nature on the Western Range. Jerry Holechek is professor of range management at New Mexico State University, which is New Mexico's land-grant university.


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Today, we've assembled some of our recent photo finds into this post, which takes us north, south, east, and west around the Chicago area. As always, if you have any interesting tidbits of information to share regarding these pictures, don't hesitate to either leave a Comment on this post, or contact us directly at:
-David Sadowski
The Chicago & West Towns Railways:
Recent Additions:
FYI, this photo has been added to Our 150th Post (August 6, 2016), joining two other pictures of the same car:
A Fare Exchange
We had some recent discussion about Chicago Surface Lines (and Chicago Transit Authority) fares recently on the Chicagotransit Yahoo discussion group. I'll reproduce some of that here. It also prompted some reminiscences from one of our regular readers.
I wrote:
Someone has written me, regarding how her aged mother, who can no longer answer such questions, would have used transit in Chicago in 1932. I still don't know where she lived, or where she was going.
But how much was the CSL fare back then? Was it a nickel? And how much for a transfer?
(The transfer would only have worked on the Surface Lines, since transfers to the "L" only began in 1935. I think the date was even later if you include the Chicago Motor Coach company.)
I have a question too. When did the L stop using fare tickets?
I replied:
The only fare tickets I have seen pictures of were from the World War I era…
I know there were CRT tickets because I saw images of them in the L book that came out several years ago and I know they used tickets at Howard street because it operated with open platforms, perhaps into the CTA era. I have a duplex ticket of unknown vintage but issued by cRT, one coupon valid In the inner zone and the other valid in the outer zone. I believe the company was already in receivership when the form was printed.
Dennis McClendon:
Surface Lines fare was 7 cents from 1919 to 1942. See Bill Vandervoort's website http://www.chicagorailfan.com/fares.html
A more detailed history of CTA transit fares was on Andre Kristopans's now-defunct WebTV website. Luckily, it is preserved at
I replied:
Thanks… there are still some things missing in the information provided on these two comprehensive sites.
For example, when did reduced fares for students begin? I am sure they would have started in the CSL era.
(Those proponents of privatized transit ought to know that the private operators were often bitterly opposed to such things as reduced fares for students.)
Transfer regulations are also not fully sketched out. I get the impression that at one time, by reading these articles, that at one time CSL transfers did not cost anything? Andre mentions that they cost a nickel starting in 1961. Nothing before that?
When I was growing up, a paper transfer could be used twice within two hours, and each time it would be punched by the operator on the new vehicle. Reverse riding was prohibited, meaning you generally had to pay a second full fare for your return trip, unless there was a creative way of doing it.
For example, someone could head south to downtown on route 22 (Clark) and head north on 36 (Broadway), since as long as you were going only as far as Diversey, they were going over much the same route. This you could do with a paper transfer.
There was also a thing called a "Supertransfer" for a while, that allowed unlimited rides (but cost more money).
Reverse riding on the same route is permitted today under transfer regulations.
Andre's article does not mention that at some point in the early CTA era, when they were trying to put pressure on the Chicago Motor Coach company, you had to pay a fare differential when transferring from CMC to the CTA.
I think the CMC fare was 15c, CTA 20c. So if you went from CMC to CTA, you had to pay an additional 5c. (CTA and CMC sued each other over stuff like this, and both lawsuits were dropped when CMC sold out.)
This went away, of course, as of 10-1-1952, when CTA purchased the CMC assets (but not the name, which is why there is a different Chicago Motor Coach bus operation today). At that point, all former CMC routes began charging CTA fares, which must have been quite a jolt for regular riders.
CTA had tried to soften the blow by selling tokens in packs of 10 at a discount.
Before 1961 transfers were free. I don't know about transfers to the CRT from CSL where there was a fare differential as that was before my time on this earth.
I would think that CSL-CRT transfers (which started in 1935) were free. This was a step in the City of Chicago's path towards transit unification. To some extent, the two systems competed with each other, and it was realized that eventually, they were going to be joined and would have to operate in a more rational and cooperative fashion.
Transfers to CMC came later (1943?).
George Foelschow:
In the late CSL/CRT and into the CTA era, the principle followed was "one city – one fare". I don't recall a maximum number of rides on one transfer. You could go from the far Northwest Side at the border with Park Ridge to the Indiana state line on one fare. A trip starting on the surface (white paper) permitted more than one ride, punched each time, a transfer to rapid transit, changing routes if needed within the paid area, and transfer back to surface lines for one or more rides, punching the time when leaving the rapid transit system. A trip starting on rapid transit (blue paper) was valid for the surface after a time punch, and back to rapid transit, but not again on the surface.
I would do this by boarding a Garfield Park train at Desplaines after a CA&E ride from Elgin, transfer to a trolley bus on Central, Cicero, Pulaski, or Kedzie, and board a Lake Street train for the Loop, avoiding the slow trip on VanBuren Street, in the same amount of time. I remember passengers form a Central Avenue bus literally throwing pennies at the "L" agent and running for the train.
Reverse riding could be successful with advance planning. I recall taking the Milwaukee Avenue subway from downtown to Division and transferring to a eastbound 70-Division bus for the return trip downtown.
M. E. adds:
Regarding your recent discussion on Yahoo groups about CSL and CRT, and some of the replies:
I confirm that a free CSL transfer could be used on three conveyances maximum. That includes either three CSL lines; or CSL + CRT + another CSL. Using free connections on the CRT, it was indeed possible to go from the northwest corner of Chicago to the Indiana state line on a single transfer. I think, though, there were extra fares on the CRT Evanston and Niles Center lines because they entered suburbs. I don't know whether there were extra fares outside Chicago on the Lake St., Garfield Park or Douglas Park CRT lines.
CRT transfers were also free, issued at the start of a trip. But as I recall, they were not blue, they were dark green. Sorry, I don't remember whether a station agent had to punch a CRT transfer before issuing it.
To transfer from CRT to CSL, the user had to insert the left side of a CRT transfer into a time validation machine at the conclusion of the CRT trip. The validation machine was located at ground level just before exiting the pay area. I'm not certain whether in the three-conveyance scenario (CSL then CRT then CSL), the CSL transfer had to be time-stamped before exiting the CRT. I don't recall seeing any space for a time validation on a CSL transfer. The left side of a CSL transfer was where a clock was printed; the CSL bus driver or streetcar conductor punched that clock before issuing the transfer at the start of the first CSL trip.
I never did a trip CRT then CSL then CRT, so I don't know how the CRT transfers worked in that situation. Your other responders who did this kind of trip may know.
In the early 1950s, I wasn't yet age 12, so I traveled using kids' fares. I think the kids' fare on the CRT was 10 cents cash, but 8 cents with a ticket. I distinctly remember buying five tickets for 40 cents. The tickets were orange, with black print.
As for reverse-direction travel on a single fare, the L system made it easy. oarding at 63rd and Halsted, I could travel either to Lawrence and Kimball, cross the platform, and board the next departure south; or I could travel as far north as Jarvis, cross the platform, and return. During my lifetime, the Englewood L first ran to Ravenswood, while the Jackson Park L ran to Howard. Later, both the Englewood and Jackson Park ran to Howard.
Off-topic somewhat: BART in San Francisco told people they could board at one
station, travel the system, and return to the original station for a fixed price. It wasn't cheap. But, where stations were close together, it was much cheaper to board at one station, travel the system, and return to a station close to, but not, the original. The fare software calculated all this travel as just a short trip between the original and final stations. This was a long time ago. Maybe by now BART has caught on and eliminated this possibility.
Another off-topic: Using Wikipedia, I see that the date was January 1, 1952 when the Post Office raised the price of postcards 100%, from 1 to 2 cents. People used postcards a lot back then. Compounding the price increase, the Post Office began charging $1.10 for 50 postcards pre-wrapped. People quickly caught on and asked for 49. The Post Office didn't take long to rescind the premium charge.
Thanks! Since you mention the 1950s, I assume you are writing about the Chicago Transit Authority, even though you refer to CSL and CRT.
Andre Kristopans adds:
Child fares (7-11 years old) apparently date back to at least 1908. Rate was 3 cents, two kids for 5 cents. High school students were added to the half-fare rate September 1956.
CMC-CSL transfers started 10/1/43. CSL to CMC were salmon, CMC to CSL were green. I believe CMC-CRT started at the same time.
Supertransfers were indeed Sundays (and holidays) only. Started June 1974. Ended about 1996.
Transfers were free until 7/23/61, then a 5 cent rate was started. Increased to 10 cents 7/8/70.
Paper transfers as we knew them were replaced by magnetic transfer cards 6-15-97, when magnetic fare cards went into general use.
Keep those cards and letters coming in, folks.
-The Editor
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How nature's patterns form
When people on airplanes ask Alan Newell what he works on, he tells them "flower arrangements."
He could also say "fingerprints" or "sand ripples" or "how plants grow."
"Most patterns you see, including the ones on sand dunes or fish or tigers or leopards or in the laboratory even the defects in the patterns have many universal features," said Newell, a Regents' Professor of Mathematics at the University of Arizona.
"All these different systems exhibit strikingly similar features when it comes to the patterns they form," he said. "Patterns arise in systems when they're under some kind of stress, applied stress."
Newell will be talking about the universality of patterns in nature and how those patterns are created, with an emphasis on plants, on Friday, Feb. 18 at the 2011 American Association for the Advancement of Science annual meeting at the Washington Convention Center in Washington, D.C.
In 1917, Thompson published an extremely influential book, "On Growth and Form," in which he argued that biological forms are controlled more by the laws of physics than by evolution.
Newell agrees that many of the biological and non-biological forms in nature are the products of physical forces, rather than evolutionary ones.
In his talk, he will discuss how the arrangement of flowers, bracts, florets and stickers near the growth shoots of plants known as phyllotaxis -- is a consequence of biochemically and mechanically induced pattern-forming instabilities.
"All the lovely patterns on plants have their origins in mechanical forces and biochemical processes," he said.
Newell and his students approach the problem of patterns in plants from a mechanistic point of view, he said.
"We look at the phenomenon we're interested in, and we learn about it, we read about it, we find out what other people say about it, and we look at the experimental evidence," he said. "Then we try to capture what we see using mathematical models."
Patterns arise when the symmetry of a system is broken, Newell said. The similarity in patterns from system to system occur when the systems have similar symmetry, rather than because the systems are made from the same materials.
"The mathematics elegantly captures the fact that pattern structure depends more on shared geometrical symmetries than material properties, because the simplified equations for all these very different situations turn out to be the same," he said.
Newell said, "Mathematics is like a good poem, which separates the superfluous from the essentials and fuses the essentials into a kernel of truth."
More information: Newell's talk, "The Universal Nature of Fibonacci Patterns," is scheduled for 9 a.m. EST and is part of the symposium, "The Growth of Form in Mathematics, Physics and Biology," to be held in Room 147A of the Washington Convention Center. The symposium begins at 8 a.m. EST. The symposium honors the 150th anniversary of the birth of mathematical biologist D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson.
Provided by University of Arizona


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NASDAQ OMX Announces Quarterly Dividend of $0.13 per Share
NEW YORK, July 24, 2013 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- The Board of Directors of The NASDAQ OMX Group, Inc. (Nasdaq:NDAQ) has declared a regular quarterly dividend of $0.13 per share on the company's outstanding common stock. The dividend is payable on September 27, 2013, to shareowners of record at the close of business on September 13, 2013. Future declarations of quarterly dividends and the establishment of future record and payment dates are subject to approval by the Board of Directors.
Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements
Information set forth in this communication contains forward-looking statements that involve a number of risks and uncertainties. NASDAQ OMX cautions readers that any forward-looking information is not a guarantee of future performance and that actual results could differ materially from those contained in the forward-looking information. Such forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements about our capital return initiatives. Forward-looking statements involve a number of risks, uncertainties or other factors beyond NASDAQ OMX's control. These factors include, but are not limited to, NASDAQ OMX's ability to implement its strategic initiatives, economic, political and market conditions and fluctuations, government and industry regulation, interest rate risk, U.S. and global competition, and other factors detailed in NASDAQ OMX's filings with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, including its annual reports on Form 10-K and quarterly reports on Form 10-Q which are available on NASDAQ OMX's website at http://www.nasdaqomx.com and the SEC's website at www.sec.gov. NASDAQ OMX undertakes no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.
About NASDAQ OMX Group
The inventor of the electronic exchange, The NASDAQ OMX Group, Inc. fuels economies and provides transformative technologies for the entire lifecycle of a trade - from risk management to trade to surveillance to clearing. In the U.S. and Europe, we own and operate 26 markets, 3 clearinghouses and 5 central securities depositories supporting equities, options, fixed income, derivatives, commodities, futures and structured products. Able to process more than 1 million messages per second at sub-40 microsecond speeds with 99.99% uptime, our technology drives more than 70 marketplaces in 50 developed and emerging countries into the future, powering 1 in 10 of the world's securities transactions. Our award-winning data products and worldwide indexes are the benchmarks in the financial industry. Home to over 3,300 listed companies worth $6.9 trillion in market cap whose innovations shape our world, we give the ideas of tomorrow access to capital today. Welcome to where the world takes a big leap forward, daily. Welcome to the NASDAQ OMX Century. To learn more, visit www.nasdaqomx.com. Follow us on Facebook (http://www.facebook.com/NASDAQ) and Twitter (http://www.twitter.com/nasdaqomx). (Symbol: NDAQ and member of S&P 500)
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Mars Rover Detects Simple Organic Compounds
Unclear whether substances are entirely Martian, scientists say.
NASA's Mars rover Curiosity has detected several simple carbon-based organic compounds on Mars, but it remains unclear whether they were formed via earthly contamination or whether they contain only elements indigenous to the planet.
Speaking at the American Geophysical Union annual meeting in San Francisco, Curiosity mission leaders also said that the compound perchlorate—identified previously in polar Mars—appeared to also be present in Gale Crater, the site of Curiosity's exploration.
The possible discovery of organics—or carbon-based compounds bonded to hydrogen, also called hydrocarbons—could have major implications for the mission's search for more complex organic material.
It would not necessarily mean that life exists now or ever existed on Mars, but it makes the possibility of Martian life—especially long ago when the planet was wetter and warmer—somewhat greater, since available carbon is considered to be so important to all known biology.
(See "Mars Curiosity Rover Finds Proof of Flowing Water—A First.")
The announcements came after several weeks of frenzied speculation about a "major discovery" by Curiosity on Mars. But project scientist John Grotzinger said that it remains too early to know whether Martian organics have been definitely discovered or if they're byproducts of contamination brought from Earth.
"When this data first came in, and then was confirmed in a second sample, we did have a hooting and hollering moment," he said.
"The enthusiasm we had was perhaps misunderstood. We're doing science at the pace of science, but news travels at a different speed."
Organics Detected Before on Mars
The organic compounds discovered—different combinations of carbon, hydrogen, and chlorine—are the same or similar to chlorinated organics detected in the mid-1970s by the Viking landers.
(Related: "Life on Mars Found by NASA's Viking Mission?")
At the time, the substances were written off as contamination brought from Earth, but now scientists know more about how the compounds could be formed on Mars. The big question remains whether the carbon found in the compounds is of Martian or Earthly origin.
Paul Mahaffy, the principal investigator of the instrument that may have found the simple organics—the Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM)—said that while the findings were not "definitive," they were significant and would require a great deal of further study.
Mahaffy also said the discovery came as a surprise, since the soil sample involved was hardly a prime target in the organics search. In fact, the soil was scooped primarily to clean out the rover's mobile laboratory and soil-delivery systems.
Called Rocknest, the site is a collection of rocks with rippled sand around them—an environment not considered particularly promising for discovery. The Curiosity team has always thought it had a much better chance of finding the organics in clays and sulfate minerals known to be present at the base of Mount Sharp, located in the Gale Crater, where the rover will head early next year.
(See the Mars rover Curiosity's first color pictures.)
The rover has been at Rocknest for a month and has scooped sand and soil five times. It was the first site where virtually all the instruments on Curiosity were used, Grotzinger said, and all of them proved to be working well.
They also worked well in unison—with one instrument giving the surprising signal that the minerals in the soil were not all crystalline, which led to the intensive examination of the non-crystalline portion to see if it contained any organics.
Rover Team "Very Confident"
The simple organics detected by SAM were in the chloromethane family, which contains compounds that are sometimes used to clean electronic equipment. Because it was plausible that Viking could have brought the compounds to Mars as contamination, that conclusion was broadly accepted.
But in 2010, Chris McKay of NASA's Ames Research Center and Rafael Navarro-Gonzalez of the National Autonomous University of Mexico published an influential paper describing how dichloromethane can be a byproduct of the heating of other organic material in the presence of the compound perchlorate.
They conducted the experiment because NASA's Phoenix mission had discovered large amounts of perchlorate in the northern polar soil of Mars, and it seems plausible that it would exist elsewhere on the planet.
"In terms of the SAM results, there are two important conclusions," said McKay, a scientist on the SAM team.
"The first is confirming the perchlorate story—that it's most likely there and seems to react at high temperatures with organic material to form the dichloromethane and other simple organics."
"The second is that we'll have to either find organics without perchlorates nearby, or find a way to get around that perchlorate wall that keeps us from identifying organics," he said.
Another SAM researcher, Danny Glavin of Goddard, said his team is "very confident" about the reported detection of the hydrocarbons, and that they were produced in the rover's ovens. He said it is clear that the chlorine in the compounds is from Mars, but less clear about the carbon.
"We will figure out what's going on here," he said. "We have the instruments and we have the people. And whatever the final conclusions, we will have learned important things about Mars that we can use in the months ahead."
Author of the National Geographic e-book Mars Landing 2012, Marc Kaufman has been a journalist for more than 35 years, including the past 12 as a science and space writer, foreign correspondent, and editor for the Washington Post. He is also author of First Contact: Scientific Breakthroughs in the Hunt for Life Beyond Earth, published in 2011, and has spoken extensively to crowds across the United States and abroad about astrobiology. He lives outside Washington, D.C., with his wife, Lynn Litterine.


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Consumers slashed their borrowing in July by the largest amount on record as job losses and uncertainty about the economic recovery prompted Americans to rein in their debt.
Economists expect consumers will continue to spend less, save more and trim debt to get household finances decimated by the recession into better shape. Such behavior, though, is a recipe for a lethargic revival, because consumer spending accounts for 70 percent of economic activity.
The Federal Reserve reported Tuesday that consumers in July ratcheted back their credit by a larger-than-anticipated $21.6 billion from June, the most on records dating to 1943. Economists had expected credit to drop by $4 billion.
July's retreat translated into an annualized decline of 10.4 percent. That followed a cut of $15.5 billion in June, or a 7.4 percent annualized drop, and was the most since a 16.3 percent decline in June 1975.
The latest cut still left total consumer credit at $2.47 trillion.
Wary consumers and hard-to-get credit both factor into the scaled-back borrowing. But economists are split on which force — lack of demand by consumers or lack of supply from banks — is having the bigger influence.
"It's really a tug of war," said Mark Williams, professor of finance and economics at Boston University and a former Fed bank examiner. "It's true that consumers are being more responsible, saying 'I don't really need that extra credit card,' but it is more related to banks clamping down on lending."
But Erik Hurst, economics professor at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business, says it is impossible to know for sure. "We are seeing declines in demand for loans from consumers but also declines in the supply of loans from banks. How much of the credit cutback is due to the decline in supply or demand, you can't really tell."
Last month, the Federal Reserve, in a survey of bank loan officers, found somewhat weaker demand for all types of consumer loans. But fewer banks reported tightening their standards on credit card and other consumer loans, the Fed survey said.
Still, a report earlier this year by the company that produces the most widely known credit scores found that companies slashed limits for an estimated 58 million card holders in the 12 months ended in April, even though a high percentage had good credit scores when their limits were cut.
The cuts affected about a third of consumers, according to the study by FICO. But most people did not see a big impact on the credit scores because lenders often cut limits on cards that were unused or lightly used.
In Tuesday's report, demand for non-revolving credit used to finance cars, vacations, education and other things fell by $15.4 billion, also a record decline. That 11.7 percent pace was on top of an 8 percent annualized decline in June.
Consumers' appetite for revolving credit, primarily credit cards, declined by $6.1 billion in July, an annualized rate of 8 percent that followed a 6.4 percent drop in June.
The magnitude of the drop surprised analysts. Some thought the Cash for Clunkers program — which began in July and aided auto sales and car loans — would have blunted cutbacks in other lending areas.
The Fed's measure of consumer borrowing does not include debt secured by real estate, such as mortgages or home equity loans.
Even though the unemployment rate dipped in July, it jumped in August to a 26-year high of 9.7 percent. Already, the recession has snatched 6.9 million jobs and unemployment is expected to top 10 percent this year as employers keep cutting.
That will make it harder for Americans to keep up with payments on credit cards and other kinds of loans, analysts said.
"As great as the clunkers program has been, it's tough to head out and buy a big ticket item when you don't have a job," said Richard Yamarone, economist at Argus Research. "Don't expect consumer credit to increase any time soon; the job situation is dismal, at best."


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Global High Performance Servo Actuators Market Research Report 2020
SKU ID : QYR-15928743 | Publishing Date : 17-Jul-2020 | No. of pages : 97
The global High Performance Servo Actuators market size is projected to reach US$ XX million by 2026, from US$ XX million in 2020, at a CAGR of XX% during 2021-2026.
This report focuses on High Performance Servo Actuators volume and value at the global level, regional level and company level. From a global perspective, this report represents overall High Performance Servo Actuators market size by analysing historical data and future prospect. Regionally, this report focuses on several key regions: North America, Europe, Japan, China, Southeast Asia, India, etc.
Global High Performance Servo Actuators Market: Segment Analysis
The research report includes specific segments by region (country), by company, by Type and by Application. This study provides information about the sales and revenue during the historic and forecasted period of 2015 to 2026. Understanding the segments helps in identifying the importance of different factors that aid the market growth.
Segment by Type
Segment by Application
Automatic Underwater Vehicle
Global High Performance Servo Actuators Market: Regional Analysis
The report offers in-depth assessment of the growth and other aspects of the High Performance Servo Actuators market in important regions, including the U.S., Canada, Germany, France, U.K., Italy, Russia, China, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Southeast Asia, Mexico, and Brazil, etc. Key regions covered in the report are North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Latin America.
The report has been curated after observing and studying various factors that determine regional growth such as economic, environmental, social, technological, and political status of the particular region. Analysts have studied the data of revenue, production, and manufacturers of each region. This section analyses region-wise revenue and volume for the forecast period of 2015 to 2026. These analyses will help the reader to understand the potential worth of investment in a particular region.
Global High Performance Servo Actuators Market:
Competitive Landscape
This section of the report identifies various key manufacturers of the market. It helps the reader understand the strategies and collaborations that players are focusing on combat competition in the market. The comprehensive report provides a significant microscopic look at the market. The reader can identify the footprints of the manufacturers by knowing about the global revenue of manufacturers, the global price of manufacturers, and production by manufacturers during the forecast period of 2015 to 2019.
The major players in the market include etc.
Frequently Asked Questions
- By product type
- By End User/Applications
- By Technology
- By Region


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Our mission is to provide the highest quality care in Traditional Chinese Medicine for the integration of body, mind and spirit. We strive to empower patients with education to promote their longevity and well-being.
Eastern philosophy is based on finding balance within our lives. Everyday our physical, emotional and financial stress upsets this delicate system. People need to regain their balance each day.
Authentic Oriental Healthcare Center - advises each patient with Traditional Chinese Medicine, including dietary and lifestyle changes, which they can implement, to regain their balance and maintain a stronger health.
When people follow this path they are choosing a natural and holistic medical system. This path empowers them and allows them to gain inner strength.
We welcome you to this unique healing option and are here to help guide your health concerns.
Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is based on ancient Taoist philosophy. This philosophy embraces the human spirit and the unique balance within each individual. By understanding the intimate connection between body, mind, spirit and environment, we are able to gently guide the energy that allows the body to heal.
Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) sees the body as an integrated whole. All parts of the body and organ systems are linked in obvious or subtle ways. Disease may originate locally or be caused by an imbalance in the whole system.
We view the body as organ systems and have a holistic approach to treatment. We believe the body is a complete energetic system with the innate knowledge to heal. By utilizing the various modalities Traditional Chinese Medicine has to offer, we are able to bring the body back into a state of balance.
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Dr Zhang's commitment and great passion for acupuncture and Oriental Medicine allows her to continually excel in the Chinese healing arts and enables her to help many people who seek better quality of life. She listens to the needs and concerns of each patient, and recognizes each patient as a whole. She finds the root cause of discomfort through a careful evaluation of a patient's medical history, and selects appropriate treatment based on her diagnosis. With her successful work, she has earned the trust and confidence and referrals from many local physicians and her patients.
In her practice, Shanna integrates acupuncture, herbs, acupressure, moxibustion, cupping, Guasha, Massage and other Chinese healing arts to successfully treat a wide range of diseases.
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By utilizing diagnostic methods of this 4,000 year old tradition, along with acupuncture, herbal therapy and various other modalities, we are able to correct many of the imbalances caused by the stress of living in the hectic pace of today's world. Each patient receives health care that is customized for their individual needs.
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What's It All About?
–Kiss Collector from HarperTeen & Wendy Higgins-
–Genre: YA Contemporary Romance ♥ Release Date: December 18th, 2018-
When seventeen-year-old Zae Monroe gets cheated on by the only guy she's ever loved, then watches her parents' marriage crumble, she decides to forget about relationships and turn the tables on the boys of the world. It's time to take what she wants, and what she wants are kisses. Athletes, musicians, poets, and bad boys—their lips are all on her agenda, and it's time to collect.
Zae proposes a contest with her friends to see who can kiss the most boys during spring break. But what starts as a harmless competition leads to a downward spiral she can't seem to break free of. As family, academic, friend, and guy drama come to a head, Zae is forced to face the reasons behind her boy angst, and starts to wonder if she was wrong about the male race…or at least some of them.
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