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Antennae Galaxies
|Antennae Galaxies
|Observation data (J2000 epoch)
|Right ascension
|12h 01m 53.0s / 12h 01m 53.6s[2]
|−18° 52′ 10″ / −18° 53′ 11″[2]
|1642 ± 12 / 1641 ± 9 km/s[2]
|45 Mly / 65 Mly
|Apparent magnitude (V)
|11.2 / 11.1[2]
|SB(s)m pec / SA(s)m pec[2]
|500,000 ly (150 kpc)[3][a]
|Apparent size (V)
|5.2′ × 3.1′ / 3.1′ × 1.6′[2]
|Notable features
|Interacting galaxies
|Other designations
|Ringtail Galaxy,[2] NGC 4038 / 4039,[2]
PGC 37967 / 37969, Arp 244,[2] Caldwell 60/61, UGCA 264/265[2]
The Antennae Galaxies (also known as NGC 4038/NGC 4039 or Caldwell 60/Caldwell 61) are a pair of interacting galaxies in the constellation Corvus. They are currently going through a starburst phase, in which the collision of clouds of gas and dust, with entangled magnetic fields, causes rapid star formation. They were discovered by William Herschel in 1785.[4]
General information[edit]
The Antennae Galaxies are undergoing a galactic collision. Located in the NGC 4038 group with five other galaxies, these two galaxies are known as the Antennae Galaxies because the two long tails of stars, gas and dust ejected from the galaxies as a result of the collision resemble an insect's antennae.
The nuclei of the two galaxies are joining to become one giant galaxy. Most galaxies probably undergo at least one significant collision in their lifetimes. This is likely the future of our Milky Way when it collides with the Andromeda Galaxy. This collision and merger sequence (the Toomre sequence) for galaxy evolution was developed in part by successfully modeling the Antennae Galaxies' "antennae" in particular.
Five supernovae have been discovered in NGC 4038: SN 1921A, SN 1974E, SN 2004GT, SN 2007sr and SN 2013dk.[5]
A recent study finds that these interacting galaxies are less remote from the Milky Way than previously thought—at 45 million light-years instead of 65 million light-years.[6]
They are located 0.25° north of 31 Crateris and 3.25° southwest of Gamma Corvi.[7]
The Antennae galaxies also contain a relatively young collection of massive globular clusters that were possibly formed as a result of the collision between the two galaxies.[8] The young age of these clusters is in contrast to the average age of most known globular clusters (which are around 12 billion years old), with the formation of the globulars likely originating from shockwaves, generated by the collision of the galaxies, compressing large, massive molecular clouds. The densest regions of the collapsing and compressing clouds are believed to be the birthplace of the clusters.
This section needs additional citations for verification. (October 2020)
About 1.2 billion years ago, the Antennae were two separate galaxies.[9] NGC 4038 was a barred spiral galaxy and NGC 4039 was a spiral galaxy. 900 million years ago, the Antennae began to approach one another, looking similar to NGC 2207 and IC 2163. 600 million years ago, the Antennae passed through each other, looking like the Mice Galaxies. 300 million years ago, the Antennae's stars began to be released from both galaxies. Today the two streamers of ejected stars extend far beyond the original galaxies, resulting in the antennae shape.[10]
Within 400 million years, the Antennae's nuclei will collide and become a single core with stars, gas, and dust around it.[11] Observations and simulations of colliding galaxies (e.g., by Alar Toomre) suggest that the Antennae Galaxies will eventually form an elliptical galaxy.[9][page needed]
X-ray source[edit]
Areas containing large amounts of neon (Ne), magnesium (Mg), and silicon (Si) were found when the Chandra X-ray Observatory analyzed the Antennae Galaxies. Heavy elements such as these are necessary in order for planets that may contain life (as we know it) to form. The clouds imaged contain 16 times as much magnesium and 24 times as much silicon as the Sun.
See also[edit]
- ^ R. W. Sinnott, ed. (1988). The Complete New General Catalogue and Index Catalogue of Nebulae and Star Clusters by J. L. E. Dreyer. Sky Publishing Corporation and Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-933346-51-2.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for NGC 4038 / 4039. Retrieved 2006-12-07.
- ^ Astronomy Picture of the Day Archive (28 April 2017). "Exploring the Antennae". Retrieved 2018-05-01.
- ^ "Corvus". Universe Today. Retrieved 2006-12-07.
- ^ "List of Supernovae". IAU Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams. Retrieved 2015-08-22.
- ^ "The Antennae Galaxies Found To Be Closer To Us". Space Daily. 2008-05-12. Retrieved 2008-06-30.
- ^ O'Meara, Stephen James (2002). The Caldwell Objects. Cambridge University Press. pp. 240–43. ISBN 978-0-521-82796-6.
- ^ Van Den Bergh, Sidney (2001). "van den Bergh, How Did Globular Clusters Form?". The Astrophysical Journal. 559 (2): L113–L114. arXiv:astro-ph/0108298. Bibcode:2001ApJ...559L.113V. doi:10.1086/323754. S2CID 44060272.
- ^ a b J. E. Barnes; L. Hernquist (1992). "Dynamics of interacting galaxies". Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 30 (1): 705–742. Bibcode:1992ARA&A..30..705B. doi:10.1146/annurev.aa.30.090192.003421.
- ^ Henderson, Edward (2019-12-18). "Caldwell 60/61". NASA. Retrieved 9 November 2021.
- ^ Wilkins, Alasdair (2010-08-05). "Antennae Galaxies are slowly colliding in beautiful chaos of black holes". Gizmodo. Retrieved 9 November 2021.
- ^ The quoted size is based on an assumed distance around 60 million ly although a more recent study gives a less remote distance of 45 million ly, giving consequently smaller values for the size.
External links[edit]
- Astronomy Picture of the Day: The Antennae Galaxies (10/22/1997)
- Astronomy Picture of the Day: The Antennae (05/07/2010)
- Astronomy Picture of the Day: The Antennae (04/29/2011)
- Astronomy Picture of the Day: The Antennae (02/12/2015)
- The Register: Galactic prang fingered in star formation mystery
- ESA/Hubble News Release
- ESA/Hubble images of Antennae Galaxies
- Animations of galactic collision producing antennae structures
- Antennae Galaxies on WikiSky: DSS2, SDSS, GALEX, IRAS, Hydrogen α, X-Ray, Astrophoto, Sky Map, Articles and images
- Antennae Galaxies at Constellation Guide


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Thursday, December 30, 2010
Barefooting/Vibram Five Fingers for Rheumatoid Arthritis Feet
I grew up with a caring father that didn't appreciate barefooting. I can only really remember a few times of being barefoot as we were always reminded to put our shoes on before leaving the house to make sure we didn't step on something and hurt our feet. I have to admit that I have tried to enforce similar rules on my own children. Sophia, however, has never bought it. She has always loved being barefoot. She has a special way of showing her true feelings through her facial expressions and I have observed over the years a true love for having her feet touch the earth. There is almost something magical to being outdoors and having her feet experience the different sensations. So, between my chiropractor's advice and my observations of Sophia, I decided to do some research and found lots of exciting information out there about a growing movement towards barefooting. This article and many others like it shared the benefits that can come from barefooting:
• The introduction of the elevated heel and the pointed toe marked the beginning of modern foot disabilities. Children left to go barefoot more often had less toe deformity, greater ability to spread toes (this sounds glorious) and denser muscles on the bottoms of their feet.
• Keeps feet from getting lazy.
• Fights varicose veins.
• It is more relaxing.
• Greater amount of Chi can be absorbed.
While I have been researching barefooting benefits, I have also been moving away from wearing slippers in the house this fall/winter and working out barefoot as a way to slowly prepare my feet for this spring and summer when I plan to dive into minimalist shoe wearing/barefooting on walks with Izzy and when we hike. As always when I research something, everyone in my family has to hear all the details of my excitement. What a nice surprise for me on Christmas morning to unwrap a pair of brown Vibram Five Fingers without even asking for them. Someone is obviously listening to me.
There are a ton of reviews out there on Vibram Five Fingers, a minimalist shoe that fits your feet like a glove, but I couldn't find anything about how they work with RA feet. Here is what I have to say so far:
• Once my feet are in the shoes, I have absolutely no pain in the balls of my feet. (I can't wear regular tennis shoes at all. They kill my feet from the moment I put them on and continually get worse as I wear them.)
• These shoes are super lightweight.
• I have worked out in them twice. My feet experienced some swelling, but these shoes allowed for the changes and there was no pain at the end of my workout.
• I wore these shoes all day at home where I am getting a good feel for them. At the end of the day, no shooting pain when I took them off. This is huge!
• The KSOTrek pair can be worn with toe socks for extra warmth.
• Although these shoes look a little wacky and I plan to only wear them for walks/hikes, I can see how they will be so comfortable that I won't want to wear other shoes.
• They are initially a challenge to get on the feet. I especially had a difficult time working my baby toe into the toe slot and wonder how other folks with more deformities in their feet would do with these shoes.
• During a flare in my hands or shoulders, there is no way I would have the energy to put these shoes on.
• The Trek version of Vibram Five Fingers that I have can be worn with socks (Steve bought me Injinji socks) as I mentioned in the "pros". However, with poor circulation that causes my feet to become extremely cold even with a regular pair of socks under wool socks and insulated boots, there is no way I will be able to wear these outside until it warms up.
As I continue wearing the Vibram Five Fingers and transitioning into more barefoot walking, I will do some updates to let you know how it is going. In the meantime, here is a great video to watch on barefooting put out by Harvard Professor Daniel Lierberman, who is known for his research on barefoot running.
17 comments:
Hmm. I've seen these and would be willing to try them, but I don't think I could go barefoot. I don't even go barefooted or sock-footed in the house except for a few minutes in the morning and a few minutes late in the evening. My feet feel as if there is very little padding on the bottom, so just walking on non-carpeted floors without shoes hurts. Walking outside on concrete, wood decking, or even hard dirt hurts, too. :(ReplyDelete
Annie, from what I have read you have to slowly work into becoming a bare footer so you don't destroy your feet. One article suggesting walking outside to get your mail barefoot until your feet callous over a little and then add a short walk. I will probably take my Vibrams with me when I first start out on barefeet.ReplyDelete
ha, those look very interesting! that is also one of my problems, the toes swelling after walking and then my shoes feel really tight and it's a right pain. something to consider for sure! good luck with the experiment, there is something lovely about walking barefoot on grass or sand... unfortunately it'll be months before it's warm enough to do either!ReplyDelete
Wow Cathy, I have never heard of these. Very interesting. Even when the rest of my body is not hurting, my feet still are. I am looking forward to what you have to say about these after you have used them for a while. Thanks so much for sharing that information.ReplyDelete
Those are some wild looking shoes. I have gone barefoot all of my life. Most days I still go barefoot however occasionally, due to my damage in my feet from RA, I have to wear some cushy house shoes. At work I have to wear steel toe (heavy) work boots. Squirrel, sometimes my feet also swell inside my shoes or boots.ReplyDelete
I don't have RA but I love being barefoot. I have always felt that when I have shoes on I am suffocating. I can't wait to try these out, what a great sister to try them out first. Make sure you have a good foot lotion because your feet will dry out faster without shoes and need that extra tlc. It will take time but before you know it you will love not having shoes on your feet. Let those feet be free to wiggle and feel life.ReplyDelete
- AnonymousJanuary 15, 2011 at 1:25 PM
Have you seen the book Earthing? It's about the benefits of grounding - having bare skin in touch with the earth. They've created bed sheets and computer mats to replicate these effects. Some amazing testimonials for RA in the book.ReplyDelete
Isabelle, I had not heard of Earthing but found their website. Thanks for sharing. It will give me lots of good reading. :)ReplyDelete
I wanted to say thank you for this review. I've had RA since i was little though it did not bother me shoe wise till I took a bad turn after my daughter was born. It took me awhile to get better; however, it still hurts to wear anything other than flip flops and the occasional sandal for long. I've been looking into the VFF's recently since seeing them and am glad to hear from someone who had similar questions and problems before getting them. Thanks again!ReplyDelete
Hi Faen,ReplyDelete
Thanks for the comment. I have been wearing the Five Fingers regularly and the more I wear them the more comfortable they feel. Good luck!
Thanks! I actually ended up buying some today, your chronicle of your shoes tipped me over the edge on waiting or getting them now. lol. I loved them from the moment I put them on! I never thought a shoe would feel so natural and have a noticeable improvement immediately. XD I totally wore them out of the store and got my kiddo some too (she ran around in them for an hour straight lol), money may be tight but this was more than worth it. I ended up buying the bikina's but I already know I'll have to get the kso treks eventually so I can keep up with my baby when we go hiking! :) Thanks again hun!ReplyDelete
Faen,yay to you and your litle one! I am so happy about your new purchase. Thanks for sharing that with me. It made me smile thinking about your kiddo running around for an hour in new comfy shoes. If there was one thing I could do over with my kids it would be less shoe wearing and buying barefoot shoes for them. Good luck! I would love to hear how they do longterm.ReplyDelete
I stumbled upon this post when I googled "rheumatoid foot". I was diagnosed with osteo arthritis in my late teens (I'm 37 now), and RA 4 years ago. I have ALWAYS preferred to be barefoot, even for my hiking and rock climbing in my younger days. I was mortified when I was diagnosed with RA, because my Rheumatologist discovered that it is concentrated in my feet. She speculates that I've had it since my late teens, and because it wasn't treated for so long, I have a lot of damage in my feet. I can't wear closed toed shoes to save my life, they're just too painful. I'm always in hiking sandals when I do wear shoes, so my toes can spread and my feet can swell without being constricted. I recently started looking in to the Vibrams, and wondered how they were for folks with RA. I talked to my Orthopede and my Rheumatologist about they and they were both supportive of me trying them. Reading your post is the last of my research!! I'm going to take the dive! I'm lucky that I do't have too much deformation in my feet, and my hands are relatively unscathed, so putting them on shouldn't be too bad. I'm looking forward to trying them! Thank you for sharing your experience!ReplyDelete
Goddess Joy,ReplyDelete
I am excited for you and hope that you will let me know how your Vibram experience goes. There is another gal with Ra that wears Vibrams exclusively with good results.
Thanks for stopping by and good luck!
I have to say this. I wore a pair of these shoes and they prematurely gave me a serious case of premature arthritis. I did everything the seller said. I had a long period of short walks that were suppose to break my feet in. One day after a long walk I was in immense pain. Its now been three months since August 2012 and my foot feels like it will never be the same. Be cautious with these shoes. They are already being sued for making false health claims. contact me at email@example.com for further info.ReplyDelete
- AnonymousJuly 16, 2013 at 9:58 AM
I too have problems with my feet including bunions that may be RA and a toe that crosses over. I can now have all 5 toes on the ground. My heel has toughened up and does not crack anymore. I love being barefoot and these are the best!ReplyDelete

subset: commoncrawl


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Autodesk Ships Smoke 2013 Offering Stereoscopic 3D Editing and Effects
Smoke Software Development Process Shaped by Extended Free Trial and Extensive User Feedback
Endorsed by twenty five thousand Facebook fans, six industry awards and thousands of new users through the trial download and active forum communities, Autodesk, Inc., (NADSAQ: ADSK) announced that the new Autodesk Smoke 2013, professional video editing software is now shipping.
"The anticipation for Smoke, since its thrilling announcement at the National Association of Broadcasters convention in Vegas in April, has continued to build throughout the community of creative professionals. As a leader in high-end effects and 3D, Autodesk is committed to making that technology increasingly available to a new generation, and the new Smoke is case in point. The Smoke team has fielded thousands of inquiries and product recommendations in the process of developing Smoke 2013. I'm so excited to announce it's here," said Mark Strassman, Autodesk Media & Entertainment vice president strategy and marketing.
Smoke 2013 is designed to meet the needs of professional editors working in video production, corporate video, online video and other competitive creative environments where productions require editing and effects. The new Smoke offers editing and effects within a single, efficient timeline-based workflow, a sleek user interface and runs on a wide variety of Apple MacBook Pro and Apple iMac computers. Extensive customer research and feedback received during the pre-release trial actively helped drive the product development. New features which grew directly out of user recommendations include: ability to drag and drop a clip from the source player into the timeline; ability to expand/collapse the timeline FX pipeline area; and redesign and streamlining of the UI and interface elements to speed up workflows.
Key Features
• New Smoke User Interface (UI) — An intuitive all-in-one creative workflow that combines track-based editorial, industry-standard editing conventions and proven Autodesk creative tools
• ConnectFX — Powerful node-based compositing inside the timeline allows high-end effects and advanced compositing without leaving the editorial environment
• Creative Tools — A robust toolset with proven high-end finishing tools, Action for true 3D compositing, the Colour Warper for professional grading and color matching, the Master Keyer for one-click chroma keying and stereoscopic 3D editing and effects
• Flexible System Requirements — Runs on most Apple iMac and MacBook Pro systems using high-bandwidth Thunderbolt storage and IO bringing true high-end editing and effects to flexible desktop and mobile workflows
Autodesk revamped Smoke to address a growing niche for editors who need to do more than just edit. In a recent survey of over 300 active users of the trial download, over half of which were new to Smoke, many respondents called out the benefits of having an all-in-one package that integrates editing and effects. 51% called out ConnectFX as the top feature and one remarked, "My favorite thing about the new Smoke is the entire package as a whole. I think it's amazing that I can finally afford such an awesome suite of tools." The Twittersphere has been equally enthusiastic about connecting editing and effects: "Smoke 2013 is a phenomenal game changer. Loving the open sandbox creativity one can explore with. #AutodeskSmoke," tweeted Deelan Sital of The PPC in the UK.
Pricing and Availability
Autodesk Smoke 2013 is now shipping at a price of $3,495* SRP per license.


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But apparently, a lot of women are working and pumping these days. I guess if you don't now, you're supposed to feel bad. It's hard enough to be a working mother without having people upping the standard of what it takes to do it passably well.
But as for the women who want to do it... they'd like more active accommodation by their employers. In pursuit of this goal, the linked NYT article takes the equality tack: Professional women are nicely accommodated by employers who offer posh "lactation rooms" and lots of time but working class women are stuck using the bathroom during their regular breaks. Are you softened up for some legislation yet?
[F]ederal law offers no protection to mothers who express milk on the job — despite the efforts of Representative Carolyn B. Maloney, Democrat of New York, who has introduced such legislation. "I can't understand why this doesn't move," she said. "This is pro-family, pro-health, pro-economy."One solution that's not mentioned is giving women longer maternity leaves so they can breastfeed the baby directly. But that, ironically, would violate the Equal Protection Clause! Maternity leaves in excess of the pregnancy disability period of eight weeks -- unless an equal period is given to new fathers -- is unconstitutional sex discrimination. That's the plain implication of the Supreme Court's opinion in Nevada v. Hibbs -- upholding the Family and Medical Leave Act as an exercise of Congress's Fourteenth Amendment power -- as I pointed out in a law review article (PDF):
Meanwhile, states are stepping in. Twelve states have passed laws protecting pumping mothers — Oklahoma's law, the newest, will take effect in November. But like Oklahoma's, which merely states that an employer "may provide reasonable break time" and "may make a reasonable effort" to provide privacy, most are merely symbolic.
There was no recognition in Hibbs that a state might, without engaging in mere sex stereotypes, genuinely think that more than eight weeks are needed to recover from pregnancy and childbirth or might, quite apart from stereotypes about who ought to take care of a baby, want to facilitate breast-feeding for a period longer than eight weeks.When I was writing that article, I asked a colleague why no one brought up breastfeeding. She didn't have any ideas about why the states wouldn't use breastfeeding to account for treating men and women differently when it comes to giving leave to new parents (a key issue in Hibbs). But, she said, women's groups have not worked for breastfeeding leaves because it runs counter to their goal of pushing for requiring employers to accommodate breastfeeding employees. And, I would add, it conflicts with a preference for keeping women in the workplace. If a state offered more new parent leave to women in order to breastfeed, women's groups might construe it as an attempt to promote traditional sex roles, with the woman staying home with the baby. Can you tell the difference between a benefit and discrimination there? [ADDED: I should clarify that only government action violates the Equal Protection Clause, so that if the state is not the employer and if the new statutory law did not require longer leave for women, it would be possible to redo the statutory law that limits private employers.]
[FOOTNOTE} See Liz Galst, Babies Aren't the Only Beneficiaries of Breast-Feeding, N.Y. TIMES, June 22, 2003, § 15, at 4 (noting the developing scientific evidence indicating that breastfeeding offers greater health benefits to children as well as to mothers). It is puzzling that there is no mention in the briefs or in the opinions of the issue of breast-feeding, which entails a real physical difference that can justify treating new mothers differently from fathers. The importance of accommodating breast-feeding women in the workplace should not make it seem invidious to support a new mother who wants to take a longer leave to procure this health benefit for herself and the infant, instead of struggling with breast-pumping or bringing the infant into the workplace. That medical research is developing in this area suggests the value of leaving room for experimentation with maternal leave policies.
I think we could support giving women more of a choice whether to stay home and breastfeed or go back to work and continue to breastfeed. There is so much pressure on women! It's hard to go through pregnancy and childbirth and to take care of an infant. Breastfeeding a pretty simple part of this if you have your baby close by. But you may need to go back to work or want to go back to work. I strongly support that. And I support the pumping approach if you can do it. And of course the employer should accommodate the physical needs you will have. But it's a much harder question whether there should be laws that allow you to sue if you think your employer hasn't helped you enough. But of all the things we ought to do to make life easier for mothers, we should quit making them feel like they have to go through the pumping routine. It's hard to work and have an infant at home. It's going to be harder if you have to pump breastmilk throughout the day while you're trying to pay attention to your work -- regardless of how accommodating the employer is. Frankly, quite aside from the pumping task, I would not want to have to try to concentrate on work with my breasts acting up continually.
Now, before you pile on in the comments, let me restate my point. I think it's fine and admirable for women to pump breastmilk in the workplace, and employers should voluntarily accommodate them, but legislation may not be needed, we shouldn't put pressure on women to keep up breastfeeding when they go back to work, and women who decide they don't want to do it should feel perfectly justified in their decision.


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Bittersweet, achingly authentic, and so intimate it almost feels invasive, Weekend is a gay halfway-romance set in the United Kingdom's Nottingham that stretches over one fall weekend in which two men meet uncute at a club and form an attachment in the groggy morning after. But while it's accurate to describe it as a "gay film," that label needlessly condemns it to a niche when it deserves a wide audience, or at least as wide an audience as a drama that features frank, unabashed man-on-man hookups can manage. Weekend is, simply, a great indie romance. Its small scale allows for detailed looks at two men who are likeable and flawed, and who connect on a level neither expected—nor in one case, was even looking for.
Both men are, on the surface, representative types: Tom Cullen, who works as a lifeguard, is quiet, a little awkward, and at first glance, not secure in his sexuality, while Chris New is an aspiring artist—confident, brash, and confrontational. But as they begin chipping away at each other after meeting up again for a dawdling afternoon, then another evening out that turns into a cocaine-fueled all-nighter, they uncover complexities and contradictions. New confronts Cullen on his reserve, questioning whether he's out to his friends, suggesting he's ashamed, while Cullen uncovers the desire to keep people at a distance that lies at the heart of New's proclaimed rejection of anything resembling a conventional relationship.
Director Andrew Haigh (in his sophomore feature, after his 2009 debut Greek Pete) has cited mumblecore as an inspiration for Weekend, which offers an interesting view on that Amerindie sort-of genre. While shot in a naturalistic style with plenty of fluid camerawork, Weekend never looks like a mumblecore movie; it seems deliberately constructed, its dialogue is realistic in what doesn't appear to be an improvised fashion, and the production values are far sleeker overall. (Cinematographer Urszula Pontikos finds unfussy beauty in the everyday here.) The few similarities are thematic, suggesting that the legacy of the mumblecore mini-movement may not be how the films were made, but their content—the constricted timeline, the groundedness, the unhurried emphasis on believable conversation. It's enough to make it clear that even though "talky" gets thrown around as a possible pejorative, talking can be as sexy and revealing as any bedroom scene.


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SAN FRANCISCO — The U.S. Department of Homeland security is advising Americans not to use the Internet Explorer Web browser until a fix is found for a serious security flaw that came to light over the weekend.
The bug was announced on Saturday by FireEye Research Labs, an Internet security software company based in Milpitas, Calif.
"We are currently unaware of a practical solution to this problem," the Department of Homeland Security's United States Computer Emergency Readiness Team said in a post Monday morning.
It recommended that users and administrators "consider employing an alternative Web browser until an official update is available."
The security flaw allows malicious hackers to get around security protections in the Windows operating system. They then can be infected when visiting a compromised website.
Because the hack uses a corrupted Adobe Flash file to attack the victim's computer, users can avoid it by turning off Adobe Flash.
"The attack will not work without Adobe Flash," FireEye said. "Disabling the Flash plugin within IE will prevent the exploit from functioning."
While the bug affects all versions of Internet Explorer 6 through 11 it is currently targeting IE9 and IE10, FireEye stated.
The attacks do not appear to be widespread at this time. Microsoft said it was "aware of limited, targeted attacks that attempt to exploit" the vulnerability.
These are called "watering-hole attacks," said Satnam Narang, a threat researcher with computer security company Symantec in Mountain View, Calif.
Rather than directly reach out to a victim, the hackers inject their code into a "normal, everyday website" that the victim visits, he said. Code hidden on the site then infects their computers.
"It's called a watering-hole attack because if you're a lion, you go to the watering hole because you know that's where the animals go to drink."
FireEye said the hackers exploiting the bug are calling their campaign "Operation Clandestine Fox."
Microsoft confirmed Saturday that it is working to fix the code that allows Internet Explorer versions 6 through 11 to be exploited by the vulnerability. As of Monday morning, no fix had been posted.
Microsoft typically releases security patches on the second Tuesday of each month, what's known as Patch Tuesday. The next one is Tuesday, May 14. Whether the company will release a patch for this vulnerability before that isn't known.
About 55% of PC computers run one of those versions of Internet Explorer, according to the technology research firm NetMarketShare. About 25% run either IE9 or IE10.
Computer users who are running the Windows XP operating system are out of luck. Microsoft discontinued support of the system on April 8.
Symantec is offering XP users tools to protect themselves, which it has made available on its blog.
Adopted from usatoday.com


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UNIVERSAL CITY, Calif. – Over two years ago, a fire ravaged the Universal Studios Hollywood backlot, turning several famous outdoor sets into ashes and apparently setting iconic giant gorilla King Kong free. At least, that's how the fact-meets-fantasy story line goes in "King Kong 360 3-D," an immersive addition to the studio tour opening July 1.
Full Story and another Pic after the Jump...
Rather than simply move past the real-life blaze that destroyed the theme park's original 30-foot-tall animatronic ape in 2008, the fire has become part of the revamped attraction's mythology, addressed by tour guides and featured in footage broadcast inside the tour's trams. One doctored image ominously depicts the figure of King Kong emerging from the smoke. "The fire presented us with a unique opportunity to rebuild King Kong, which had been without a doubt one of the most popular stops on the studio tour," said Universal Studios show producer Valerie Johnson-Redrow. "The initial thought was, of course, to go back to Peter Jackson's 2005 film and reimagine King Kong in an entirely new way for the studio tour."
Instead of recreate the animatronic Eighth Wonder of the World that burned down alongside exterior sets from "Back to the Future" and "To Kill a Mockingbird," Universal Studios enlisted Jackson and his team at special effects company Weta Digital in New Zealand to craft an entirely new adventure that would transport visitors to his rendition of Skull Island. During the breakneck three-minute encounter, the computer-generated battle-scarred big ape tussles with a dinosaur gang on the side of a cliff. As the beasts seemingly smash into and lunge over the tram, a system underneath the winding vehicle jolts in sync with the action while bursts of air and water mimic King Kong's breathy roar and the dinosaurs' wet slobber.
The sequence, which was previewed for the media Tuesday, is screened 60 frames per second from 16 hidden high-definition film projectors on two 40-foot-tall, 180-foot-long curved screens. The screens envelop the tram inside a soundstage, nestled in a new hillside location on the backlot across from the newly rebuilt New York set. Before boarding the tram, riders are given 3-D glasses and instructed by Jackson in a video when to don them for the brawl, which at one point cleverly depicts the last car of the tram being ripped off. Some moments, such as King Kong toying with his prehistoric prey and a foolhardy tourist snapping a photo, can only be viewed from certain vantage points. Joe Letteri, visual effects supervisor for "King Kong" and "Avatar," said the team was tasked with several challenges in bringing 3-D to the studio tour. Most noticeably, the gorilla-versus-dinos smackdown is entirely seamless, so there are no cuts during the battle, and unlike a typical 3-D movie, the audience isn't always looking in the same direction.
"Everyone is seeing something different because they're not facing the same screen," said Letteri. "Every time someone goes through this ride, they're going to have a different experience depending on where they sit and look. We're making sure that everybody in the tram — whether in the front or the back — experiences something interesting and exciting." The attraction was first constructed 20 miles away inside the massive 281,000-square-foot hangar where Howard Hughes built his 200-ton plane dubbed the Spruce Goose and where James Cameron filmed several scenes for "Titanic" and "Avatar." A mock tram filled with balloon-headed mannequins was fabricated to aid technicians in tweaking the audiovisual systems.
"King Kong 360 3-D" is expected to breathe new life into the venerable 46-year-old tram tour, which includes stops at the Bates Motel from "Psycho" and Amity Harbor from "Jaws." Attendance at Universal Studios Hollywood dipped from 4.6 million in 2008 to 4.3 million in 2009, according to the most recent report from the Themed Entertainment Association. The theme park's sister resort in Orlando, Fla., has already experienced a surge in visitors since the opening of The Wizarding World of Harry Potter at the Islands of Adventure theme park earlier this month. Disney's California Adventure in Anaheim, Calif., is also drawing big crowds this summer with the debut of the high-tech "World of Color" lagoon show.
"The hype surrounding Kong is certainly going to give people a reason to visit and see it for themselves," said Duncan Dickson, who teaches theme park management at the University of Central Florida. "The allure of seeing something totally new and remarkable in 3-D, and the fact that Peter Jackson is involved, is going to make people naturally curious."
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East Moline, IL facility achieves nearly 100 years of manufacturing excellence while helping farmers feed the world.
John Deere Harvester Works recently rolled the half millionth self-propelled combine , a 9870 model, off the assembly line at the East Moline, Ill. manufacturing facility.
"Reaching 500,000 self-propelled combines is a significant milestone for us and our dedicated employees." said Dennis Muszalski, factory manager, John Deere Harvester Works. "We are proud of the legacy we've built and the singular goal we've had since our inception: To provide our customers with products that deliver the quality and value they've come to expect from John Deere while also partnering with farmers to help feed the world."
The factory first began producing binders in 1910 and broke ground on John Deere Harvester Works in 1912. The factory initially manufactured horse-drawn grain binders, mowers, rakes and corn binders. In 1927 John Deere introduced its first combine, uniting harvesting and threshing in one operation. Twenty years later, John Deere manufactured the company's first self-propelled combine.
"In the first 20 years, the harvesting capacity of John Deere self-propelled combines doubled and then again between 1980 and 2000," said Katie Dierker, Division Marketing Manager, John Deere Harvester Works. "Within the past 10 years, we've seen productivity nearly double again. This means farmers can get more done in less time – and more adeptly meet the world's growing food demands."
John Deere Harvester Works marked the milestone with a special Gold Key tour for customer Greg Briggs, of Cisco, Ill. The John Deere Gold Key Tour program provides customers an exclusive, V.I.P. tour of the factory and the opportunity to be the first to start their own machine on the line. Mr. Briggs will take ownership of the combine this fall after it is displayed for the summer at the John Deere Pavilion, Moline, Ill.
John Deere Harvester Works exports to over 35 countries and currently manufactures four models in its 70 series line up as well as a complete line of front end equipment. Approximately 2400 employees are employed at the factory which includes the John Deere Product Development Center in Silvis, Ill.
John Deere (Deere & Company — NYSE: DE) is a world leader in providing advanced products and services for agriculture, forestry, construction, lawn and turf care, landscaping and irrigation. John Deere also provides financial services worldwide and manufactures and markets engines used in heavy equipment. Since it was founded in 1837, the company has extended its heritage of integrity, quality, commitment and innovation around the globe.


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The Red Cell Filter Market research report was compiled after careful observation and analysis of numerous elements that influence regional growth, including the region's economic, environmental, social, technological, and political conditions. This helps the buyer of the Red Cell Filter report to gain a clear view of the competitive landscape and accordingly plan Red Cell Filter market strategies. An isolated section with top key players is provided in the report, which provides a complete analysis of price, gross, revenue(Mn), Red Cell Filter specifications, and company profiles.
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Asahi Kasei Medical, Shandong Zhongbaokang, Haemonetics, Nanjing Cellgene, Macopharma, Chengdu Shuanglu, Nanjing Shuangwei …
Product Type Segmentation
Whole blood transfusion, Platelet transfusion, Red cell transfusion
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Blood bank blood bags, Besides blood transfusion
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text:
I give an account of the Machian approach to dynamics,
from Mach's critique of Newton to the work of Barbour, Bertotti, York and
O'Murchadha, which culminated in the theory of Shape Dynamics, a new and
original way of thinking about General Relativity. I conclude commenting on the
present research lines in Shape Dynamics, and the opportunity it offers to
solve the problem of time in quantum gravity.
for this colloquium is provided by The Templeton Frontiers Program.


text:
Tuesday, March 15, 2022: Join us for "Praying for America", hosted by Father Frank Pavone of Priests for Life.
Stay up to date on Right Side Broadcasting Network coverage, go to rsbnetwork.com/newsletter or download our new mobile app to get notifications for important events!
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I put it next to a gift card, so you can see how big they are.
Black Sapotes are hard and green when you buy them. You can't buy them much riper than this, because they are too delicate -- even picking them up can be tricky, so transporting them ain't gonna happen. Look at what happens to the bottom when they go ripe -- the weight of the fruit pushes down, and the bottom goes super flat.
Just ignore all the mess in the background.
You can slow the ripening process by putting firm sapotes in the fridge until a few days before you want them to ripen. Then, once you bring them back to room temperature, they finish ripening and away you go.
The big one ripened much quicker than the littlie.
Black Sapote also makes a yummy port, so if you're ever in Far North Queensland you should treat yourself to a tasting at Shannonvale Tropical Fruit Winery.
Black Sapote is, as I said in 2007, also known as the Chocolate Pudding Fruit. However, they don't really taste all that chocolatey. If you think really hard about it, you can faintly taste a bit of chocolate, but that may just be imagined. It's hard to say. What they do taste like is yummy - sort of persimmony, which is unsurprising since the two fruits are in the same family.
So what things can you do with a Black Sapote? This is what we've done recently...
1) In a pie. Scoop the flesh, separating out the seeds. Mash or blend it up with a splash of Cointreau.
Pour into a pre-baked Granola Nut Crust (the best recipe from The Ultimate Uncheese Cookbook, in my opinion). Chill, and eat.
This was actually a bit of a fail, because I didn't mix anything, like agar, into the fruit to make it set. So instead, I put it in the freezer.
2) In ice cream. I made an easy-pants custard with coconut milk simmered with a cinnamon stick, and then a bit of corn flour. Once it cooled, I blended in the flesh of a Black Sapote, took out the cinnamon, and churned it in the ice cream maker. Cinnamon + Sapote = a super yummy flavour combo.
3) With a spoon. Still the easiest, and possibly the best way to eat sapote -- straight up.
Have you ever tried a Black Sapote? Were you convinced of their chocolate-likeness, or a skeptic like me?


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Just 16 months after opening its doors, Future Shop in West Kelowna has closed its doors permanently.
The store closed Thursday much to the surprise of employees who had no advance warning of the closure.
Tyler Frohlich had worked at the store less than three months. He says he received a phone call asking him to come in today.
"I thought I was in trouble or something," says Frohlich who last worked Wednesday.
"No one knew. I looked at the morning schedule board. There was no sign of it happening. It was sprung on everyone."
Frohlich says he thought sales were good. He was surprised the store was closing.
"Business was good. I don't see why this place got closed down," says Frohlich.
"I think we beat Kelowna in a lot of areas at times."
The West Kelowna Future Shop opened October 7, 2011.
The closure means the loss of between 40 and 45 jobs.
Here is Frohlich's audio interview:
In an email sent to Castanet.net confirming the closure, parent company Best Buy Canada says this is phase one of what it terms a 'long-term transformational strategy' to optimize the company's retail footprint across the country.
As part of this plan, Best Buy is permanently closing eight Future Shop and seven Best Buy Big Box stores today (Thursday, Jan. 31) in 'select markets nationwide.'
The West Kelowna store is the only Future Shop in BC closing.
Five Best Buy locations are closing in BC, South Surrey, Queensborough, Langford, Victoria and Nanaimo.
A total of 900 employees are affected by the 15 closures.
The company says those losing their jobs will receive severance support as well as access to employee assistance programs and career transition support.
The company says over the next 36 months Best Buy will move into phase two of the 'Renew Blue' strategy.
That includes plans to open state-of-the-art new Future Shop Small-Concept web stores and new Best Buy Mobile locations across Canada where, and when, appropriate.
A sign on the West Kelowna store says any customer with items in for repair or is scheduled to have something to pick-up can do so at the Kelowna location beginning Friday, Feb. 1.


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After dramatic last-minute machinations, it has just been revealed that the secret ballot to elect the new president of the Brunello di Montalcino consortium revealed that arch-modernist Ezio Rivella of Banfi garnered most votes and will now direct the fortunes of this controversial wine.
Until very recently it looked as though the most prominent woman in Montalcino, Donatello Cinelli Colombini, would win, but at the eleventh hour, in a move that took many by surprise, she withdrew her candidacy and threw her weight behind Rivella. Concerned that this would be the final nail in the Brunello coffin, and that Piemonte-born Rivella would encourage the use of grape varieties other than Brunello (Sangiovese), veteran winemaker Fabrizio Bindocci of the respected estate Il Poggione declared his own bid for the presidency yesterday.
In an open letter sent to and published by Italy's leading wine blogger Franco Ziliani, traditionalist Bindocci asked his fellow council members for their support, having previously endorsed Cinelli. An English-language version of the letter can be found on his son Alessandro Bindocci's blog, MontalcinoReport.com, where the result of the ballot has just been published.
It seems as though the juggernaut rolling towards the likes of Syrah di Montalcino is unstoppable.


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text:
34 S.Ct. 756
58 L.Ed. 1149
ERIE RAILROAD COMPANY, Plff. in Err.,
No. 266.
Argued April 24 and 27, 1914.
Decided May 25, 1914.
Messrs. Frederic D. McKenney and George F. Brownell for plaintiff in error.
Messrs. Wilber W. Chambers, Claude T. Dawes, and Mr. Thomas Carmody, Attorney General of New York, for defendant in error.
[Argument of Counsel from pages 672-675 intentionally omitted]
Mr. Justice McKenna delivered the opinion of the court:
Action for penalty, brought by the people of the state of New York against defendant in error, herein called the railroad company, for an alleged violation of the labor law of the state, entitled, 'An Act in Relation to Labor, Constituting Chapter Thirty-two of the General Laws,' as amended by chapter 627 of the Laws of 1907.
'Section 1. Chapter 415 of the laws of 1897, entitled, 'An Act in Relation to Labor, Constituting Chapter Thirty-two of the General Laws,' is hereby amended by adding a new section after § 7 thereof, to be § 7a, to read as follows:
'Section 7a. Regulation of hours of labor of block-system telegraph and telephone operators and signalmen on surface, subway, and elevated railroads.—The provisions of § 7 of this chapter shall not be applicable to employees mentioned therein. It shall be unlawful for any corporation or receiver, operating a line of railroad, either surface, subway, or elevated, in whole or in part, in the state of New York, or any officer, agent, or representative of such corporation or receiver to require or permit any telegraph or telephone operator who spaces trains by the use of the telegraph or telephone under what is known and termed the 'block system' (defined as follows): Reporting trains to another office or offices or to a train despatcher operating one or more trains under signals, and telegraph or telephone levermen who manipulate interlocking machines in railroad yards or on main tracks out on the lines, or train despatchers in its service whose duties substantially, as hereinbefore set forth, pertain to the movement of cars, engines, or trains on its railroad by the use of the telegraph or telephone in despatching or reporting trains or receiving or transmitting train orders as interpreted in this section, to be on duty for more than eight hours in a day of twenty-four hours, and it is hereby declared that eight hours shall constitute a day of employment for all laborers or employees engaged in the kind of labor aforesaid; except in cases of extraordinary emergency caused by accident, fire, flood, or danger to life or property, and for each hour of labor so performed in any one day in excess of such eight hours, by any such employee, he shall be paid in addition at least one eighth of his daily compensation. Any person or persons, company or corporation, who shall violate any of the provisions of this section, shall, on conviction, be fined in the sum not less than $100, and such fine shall be recovered by an action in the name of the state of New York, for the use of the state, which shall sue for it against such person, corporation, or association violating this act, said suit to be instituted in any court in this state having appropriate jurisdiction. Such fine, when recovered as aforesaid, shall be paid without any deduction whatever, one half thereof to the informer, and the balance thereof to be paid into the free school fund of the state of New York. The provisions of this act shall not apply to any part of a railroad where not more than eight regular passenger trains in twenty-four hours pass each way; provided, moreover, that where twenty freight trains pass each way generally in each twenty-four hours, then the provisions of this act shall apply, notwithstanding that there may pass a less number of passenger trains than hereinbefore set forth, namely, eight.
'Section 2. This act shall take effect October 1st. 1907.' It is alleged that at the times hereinafter mentioned the railroad company was a corporation under the laws of the state of New York, and was and is operating a line of railroad in the state of New York, in Rockland county and other counties, extending from Piermont to Dunkirk, both in that state.
The following facts are also alleged: The railroad company, in violation of § 7a of the labor law, required and permitted one David Henion, a telegraph operator, to be on duty more than eight hours, that is, from 7 o'clock, A. M. to 7 o'clock, P. M., on the 1st day of November, 1907, in the railroad company's tower at Sterlington, in the county of Rockland, New York, there being no extraordinary emergency caused by accident, fire, flood, or danger to life or property.
His duty was to space trains by the use of the telegraph under what is known and termed the 'block system,' and to report trains to another office or offices and to train despatchers, whose duties pertain to the movement of cars, engines, and trains on the company's railroad, by the use of the telegraph.
There passed over the tracks of the railroad company on the day named more than eight regular passenger trains each way.
Judgment is prayed in the sum of $100.
The answer of the railroad company admits its incorporation and that it is operating a railroad as alleged, but alleges that its road extends from Jersey City, New Jersey, to Suffern, New York, and from Salamanca, New York, to Marion, state of Ohio, and elsewhere, passing through New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, and Ohio, and that at all times mentioned in the complaint it was and is now engaged in interstate commerce and the transportation of persons, goods, and merchandise by railroad from one state of the United States to other states of the United States, and to foreign countries.
It admits that the company required and permitted Henion to work as charged, but alleges that the cars, engines, and trains that he was engaged in spacing and reporting were engaged in interstate commerce.
That the labor law of the state violates the 5th and 14th Amendments to the Constitution of the United States, as applied to Henion and other employees in the same class of work, in that it deprives both the railroad company and Henion of the liberty of contract and of property without due process of law, and of the equal protection of the laws.
The answer also set up in defense the Federal 'hours of service' act approved March 4, 1907, in force one year after its passage (34 Stat. at L. 1415, chap. 2939, U. S. Comp. Stat. Supp. 1911, p. 1321), entitled, 'An Act to Promote the Safety of Employees and Travelers upon Railroads by Limiting the Hours of Service of Employees Thereon.'
The law, among other things, authorizes the employment of employees such as Henion was, for nine hours in twenty-four-hour periods when employed night and day, and for thirteen hours when employed only during the daytime, and, in case of extraordinary emergency, to be on duty for four additional hours in such period on not exceeding three days in any week.
'Sec. 2. That it shall be unlawful for any common carrier, its officers or agents, subject to this act, to require or permit any employee subject to this act to be or remain on duty for a longer period than sixteen consecutive hours. . . .
'Provided, That no operator, train despatcher, or other employee who, by the use of the telegraph or telephone, despatches, reports, transmits, receives, or delivers orders pertaining to or affecting train movements, shall be required or permitted to be or remain on duty for a longer period than nine hours in any twenty-four-hour period in all towers, offices, places, and stations continuously operated night and day, nor for a longer period than thirteen hours in all towers, offices, places, and stations operated only during the daytime, except in case of emergency, when the employees named in this proviso may be permitted to be and remain on duty for four additional hours in a twenty-four-hour period on not exceeding three days in any week; . . .' The answer also alleges that the jurisdiction of Congress is exclusive, and that the labor law of 1907 is in excess of the power of the legislature of the state of New York and unconstitutional and void, in that it is an attempt to regulate commerce between the states.
A jury was waived and the case tried by the court, which found the facts as alleged in the complaint, and that upon the trains which passed the tower at Sterlington there 'were passengers whose journey commenced and ended in the state of New York, and did not extend into any other state, and some of said trains carrying passengers and property from one point to another in the state of New York.'
As a conclusion of law the court found that the railroad company violated the law, had incurred a penalty of $100 by so doing, and that § 7a of the law 'is valid and its provisions do not violate and are not in conflict with the Constitution of the United States or the Constitution of the state of New York.'
Upon the request of the railroad company the court also found the facts of the interstate character of the railroad as alleged in the answer, and that Henion was employed as alleged, and found a number of other facts concerning the manner of operating the 'block system' and the duties of Henion. There were also findings relative to the labor law, the penal law, so called, and the act of Congress of March 4, 1907. The findings only serve to emphasize the defenses of the company, and need not be set out at length.
The court also made the following findings:
'That at all times mentioned in the complaint, or hereinafter mentioned, the defendant was, and now is, engaged in interstate commerce, and the transportation of persons, goods, and merchandise by railroad from one state of the United States to other states of the United States.
'On that day [the day Henion was employed] there were fourteen eastbound and twelve westbound passenger trains, and twelve eastbound and fifteen westbound freight trains, which passed the Sterlington tower during said twelve hours.
'On November 1st, 1907, a majority of the trains which the said David Henion was engaged in spacing and reporting were engaged in interstate commerce or in the transportation of passengers, persons, or property from one state to another.'
The court refused to find—'That on November 1, 1907, said David Henion, in the performance of his duties, was an employee of the defendant, engaged in interstate commerce.'
The court further found that the effect of the labor law 'was materially to inerease the cost to the Erie Railroad Company of operating the 'Block System."
Judgment was entered for the penalty sued for. It was reversed by the appellate division, and a new trial granted, the court deciding that the jurisdiction of the subject-matter was exclusively in Congress and was exercised by the hours of service law of March 4, 1907.
The court of appeals reversed the action of the appellate division and affirmed the judgment of the trial court. The court of appeals rested its decision on three propositions: (1) The labor law of the state was a legal exercise of the police power of the state. (2) There was no conflict between it and the act of Congress of March 4, 1907. 'The state,' the court said, 'has simply supplemented the action of the Federal authorities. It is the same as if Congress had enacted that the classes of employees named might be employed for nine hours or less, and the state had then fixed the lesser number, which was left open by the Federal statute. The form of the latter fixed the outside limit, but not expressly legalizing employment up to that limit, fairly seems to have invited and to have left the subject open for supplemental state legislation if necessary.' (3) A statute does not become controlling until it actually becomes operative; and that therefore, even if it should be decided that there was a conflict between the Federal and the state legislation after the former became effective, as the act of Congress did not take effect until March 4, 1908, in the meantime the state law was in operation.
The propositions decided by the court of appeals express the contentions made here by defendant in error, and they are attempted to be supported by a citation of a number of cases in which this court has sustained legislation by the states more or less affecting interstate commerce. A review of them is unnecessary. Whatever difficulty may otherwise have been in the questions presented by the record has been met and overcome by decisions more apposite than the cited cases. The relative supremacy of the state and national power over interstate commerce need not be commented upon. Where there is conflict, the state legislation must give way. Indeed, when Congress acts in such a way as to manifest its purpose to exercise its constitutional anthority, the regulating power of the state ceases to exist. Adams Exp. Co. v. Croninger, 226 U. S. 491, 57 L. ed. 314, 44 L.R.A.(N.S.) 257, 33 Sup. Ct. Rep. 148, and cases cited. Also Chicago, R. I. & P. R. Co. v. Hardwick Farmers' Elevator Co. 226 U. S. 426, 57 L. ed. 284, 46 L.R.A.(N.S.) 203, 33 Sup. Ct. Rep. 174; Chicago I. & L. R. Co. v. Hackett, 228 U. S. 559, 57 L. ed. 966, 33 Sup. Ct. Rep. 581; McDermott v. Wisconsin, 228 U. S. 115, 57 L. ed. 754, 47 L.R.A.(N.S.) 984, 33 Sup. Ct. Rep. 431; Minneseta Rate Cases (Simpson v. Shepard) 230 U. S. 352, 57 L. ed. 1511, 48 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1151, 33 Sup. Ct. Rep. 729; Taylor v. Taylor, 232 U. S. 363, 58 L. ed.——, 34 Sup. Ct. Rep. 350.
This is the general principle. It was given application to an instance like that in the case at bar in Northern P. R. Co. v. Washington, 222 U. S. 370, 56 L. ed. 237, 32 Sup. Ct. Rep. 160. The case arose upon an asserted conflict between the hours of service law of March 4, 1907, the one involved here, and a law of the state of Washington which also regulated the hours of railway employees. The latter became effective June 12, 1907; that is, before the time the Federal hours of service law was in force, but after its enactment. The state act resembled the Federal act, and prohibited the consecutive hours of service which had taken place on the Northern Pacific Railroad, and on account of which the action was brought by the attorney general of the state against the comjany for the penalties prescribed for violation of the act. The railroad company admitted the facts, but denied liability under the act, asserting that its train was an interstate train and was not subject to the control of the state, because within the exclusive control of Congress on that subject. The trial court granted a motion for judgment on the pleadings, which was affirmed by the supreme court of the state. That court held that the train was an interstate train, and conceded that Congress might prescribe the number of consecutive hours an employee of a carrier so engaged should be required to remain on duty; and when it is so legislated upon the subject, its act superseded any and all state legislation on that particular subject. But the court held that the act of Congress did not apply because of its provision that it should not take effect until one year after its passage, and until such time it should be treated as not existing.
We reversed the judgment on the ground that the view expressed was not 'compatible with the paramount power of Congress over interstate commerce,' and we considered it elementary that the police power of the state could only exist from the silence of Congress upon the subject, and ceased when Congress acted or manifested its purpose to call into play its exclusive power. It was further said that the mere fact of the enactment of the act of March 4, 1907, was a manifestation of the will of Congress to bring the subject within its control, and to reason that because Congress chose to make its prohibitions take effect only after a year, it was intended to leave the subject to state power, was to cause the act of Congress to destroy itself. There was no conceivable reason, it was said, for postponing the prohibitions if it was contemplated that the state law should apply in the meantime. The reason for the postponement, it was pointed out, was to enable the railroads to meet the new conditions.
The reasoning of the opinion and the decision oppose the contention of defendant in error and of the court of appeals, that the state law and the Federal law can stand together, because, as expressed by the court of appeals, 'the state has simply supplemented the action of the Federal authorities,' and, on account of special conditions prevailing within its limits, has raised the limit of safety; and the form of the Federal statute, although 'not expressly legalizing employment up to that limit, fairly seems to have invited and to have left the subject open for supplemental state legislation if necessary.'
We realize the strength of these observations, but they put out of view, we think, the ground of decision of the cases, and, indeed, the necessary condition of the supremacy of the congressional power. It is not that there may be division of the field of regulation, but an exclusive occupation of it when Congress manifests a purpose to enter it.
Regulation is not intended to be a mere wanton exercise of power. It is a restriction upon the management of the railroads. It is induced by the public interest or safety, and the 'hours of service' law of March 4, 1907, is the judgment of Congress of the extent of the restriction necessary. It admits of no supplement; it is the prescribed measure of what is necessary and sufficient for the public safety, and of the cost and burden which the railroad must endure to secure it.
Defendant in error attempts to distinguish Northern P. R. Co. v. Washington, on the ground that the state was dealing with a corporation organized under the laws of another state, and, the state of Washington had no power to alter or repeal its charter. This power, it is contended, the state of New York has over the Erie Railroad, and exercised the power in the law under review, and that the court of appeals has so decided. It is asserted besides, that Henion was not engaged in interstate commerce. These assertions are not justified. The court of appeals did not decide that the labor law constituted an alteration or repeal of the charter of the company. The learned judge who delivered the opinion of the court expressed such to be his view, saying that 'if the statute violated is a valid exercise of the power, personally' he was 'not doubtful that under its reserved control over corporations the legislature might pass such an act in regulation of the performance of the business for which a railroad was organized.'
It is clear that the learned judge did not express the views of the court. We have no doubt that if the court entertained such view it would have been declared. It would have been a direct, and, from the standpoint of the state, and adequate, solution of the questions involved, and would have made unnecessary the elaborate consideration of the extent of the police power of the state and its coincident exercise and adjustment with congressional power of regulation. The contention of defendant in error, therefore, has not the foundation asserted for it, and we may pass it without further comment, not considering whether it is competent for a state, through its power to alter or repeal the charter of railroads incorporated under its laws, to displace or share the jurisdiction of Congress over interstate commerce.
The assertion that Henion was not engaged in interstate commerce is also without foundation, and is, besides, precluded by the opinion of the court of appeals. The interstate character of the business was recognized by the court, and the law considered in view of such recognition. The court said 'that the labor law purports and attempts, indiscriminately and inseparably, to regulate the hours of the classes of employees designated, whether engaged in interstate or local traffic, and that, therefore, its validity must be tested by the power of the legislature over the former.' [198 N. Y. 376, 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 240, 139 Am. St. Rep. 828, 91 N. E. 849, 19 Ann. Cas. 811.]
The trial court, it is true, undertook to make a distinction between the interstate business of the railroad and Henion's duties, but, in view of the cases which we have cited, and of the decision of the appellate division and of the court of appeals, the distinction is untenable. Baltimore & O. R. Co. v. Interstate Commerce Commission, 221 U. S. 612, 55 L. ed. 878, 31 Sup. Ct. Rep. 621; Second Employers' Liability Cases (Mondou v. New York N. H. & H. R. Co.) 223 U. S. 1, 56 L. ed. 327, 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 44, 32 Sup. Ct. Rep. 169, 1 N. C. C. A. 875.
Judgment reversed and cause remanded for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.


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issues 1–44 appeared in Dutch only
issues 1–110 are available in PDF format
issues 1–44 appeared in Dutch only
issues 1–110 are available in PDF format
does the author's 'owning' of a project mean? And does this sense of
ownership still prevail in contemporary architecture culture? Other more
open forms of cooperation and co-creation are emerging alongside the
concept of individual singular authorship.
Through a
series of concrete projects, the contributions in this issue explore the
field of tension between architectural aesthetics and issues of energy,
technology and materiality. Ecological practices in architecture must
not only be effective in providing solutions, but inevitably raise
questions of beauty, affection and perception as well.
Call for Abstracts OASE #115 about "Interferences: Migrating Practices in Europe", written by Justin Agyin, Kornelia Dimitrova,
Christoph Grafe and Bernard Colenbrander. Deadline is June 19, 2022. Read the full text of the OASE #115 Call for Abstracts in the PDF.
Museums stage public encounters between visitors, objects and
stories. This is not limited to a tour through the exhibition spaces, it
starts already with monumental or 'tresholdless' entrances.
This issue of OASE makes a critical analysis of how soil connects to
urban planning and urban design, and how it can adjust those practices
in exploring new agendas.


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Dormer A100 series general purpose HSS jobber drills are suitable for use in the majority of general purpose engineering applications.
They have good self-centring capability on a wide range of materials and are suitable for both hand and machine use.
Tip diameter: 7/64in.Working length: 33mm.Overall length: 61mm.
1 x Dormer A100 7/64in HSS Jobber Drill
All Prices Shown are Inclusive of VAT


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The first ever Muslim minister in the Norwegian Cabinet is Hadia Tajik of Pakistani origin, who was handed the culture portfolio
On Sunday, with no precedent in Norwegian history, Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg appointed Hadia Tajik, a 29-year-old Muslim woman, as minister of culture, making Tajik the youngest minister in the Norwegian Cabinet and the first ever Muslim in the Norwegian government.
Tajik, of Pakistani origin, anounced that her programme will focus on cultural diversity as part of the Norwegian people's daily lives and how this reflects on Norweigan society as a whole. The programme will delve into the protection of minority rights, whether cultural or racial, including the right of Muslims to wear the veil in public places, among other issues.
The new focus, however, will not be unopposed. Most right wing groups are against these policy changes, considering the increase in diversity in society a challenge to European culture.
Last year Anders Breivik randomly shot 69 people at a summer camp organised by the Workers' Youth League (AUF) of the Labour Party after blowing up a Norweigan state building. During his trial, Breivik reasoned that multi-cultural policies are harming Norway, adding that he considers Islam his enemy.
Born in Strand, Norway, on 18 July 1983, Tajik studied human rights at the University of Kingston in the UK and holds a Bachelor's degree in journalism and Master's in law, the latter awarded by the University of Oslo this year.
An activist from a young age, Tajik led the Young Workers Movement between 1999 and 2002. She also worked as a political advisor to Norway's minister of justice, 2008-2009. During this time Norweigan women members of the police were afforded the right to wear the veil at work. The decision was, however, rescinded due to harsh criticism from conservative parties.
In 2009, Tajik was elected to parliament as a member of the Labour Party in the Oslo constitutency. She was placed on a list of six seats generally considered safe for the party.


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- Jul 8, 2013
- 57
- 3
- 19
Was driving home from work yesterday and noticed a very obvious loss of power. Was idling rough, different exhaust noise. My fuel pressure gauge doesnt move from about 19# regardless of throttle. It normally idles at 24# and increases with throttle. You can smell fuel when its running. Under the hood i noticed a plug wire came loose and fell off. I assumed that was causing the problems, but after i put it on and tightened the rest of them nothing changed. Any ideas? Im finally going to get a code reader tonight. Just wanted ideas. I recently changed plugs and wires, but that was a couple weeks ago and its been fine.


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Mint: Don't melt money
Government threatens prison for violators; at current prices the metal value of the coins may exceed their face values.
NEW YORK (CNNMoney.com) -- The U.S. Mint has implemented a rule against melting down pennies and nickels which, at current metal prices, could be worth more as metal than as currency.
The Mint has received numerous questions over the past several months regarding the metal value of the coins and the legality of melting them.
"We are taking this action because the nation needs its coinage for commerce," said Director Ed Moy in a statement.
"We don't want to see our pennies and nickels melted down so a few individuals can take advantage of the American taxpayer. Replacing these coins would be an enormous cost to taxpayers."
The new regulations authorize a fine of up to $10,000, or imprisonment of up to five years, or both, against violators.
The rule also bans the exportation of the coins, beyond traveling with $5 worth and shipping up to $100 for legitimate purposes.


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1:00, ESPN. Little League Baseball. Columbus, Ga. vs. Phoenix, Ariz. Famous athletes from Columbus, Georgia: Mack Strong, Frank Thomas, and Tim Hudson.
1:00, TBS. MLB. Atlanta Braves @ Florida Marlins. I'm a Hanley Ramirez fan, and nothing you can say is going to change my mind.
1:00, ESPN2. ATP Tennis. Western & Southern Financial Group Masters. Juan Carlos Ferrero vs. Andy Rodick.
1:30, ABC. WNBA. Washington Mystics @ Connecticut Sun. I'm going to root for the rare WNBA team that actually has a plural nickname.
2:00, CBS. Golf. PGA Championship, Final Round. Even if you don't like golf, it's almost worth tuning in to see what Sergio Garcia's going to wear.
2:30, NBC. Action Sports. Dew Action Sports Tour, Vans Invitational, Day 2. I do not do the Dew, nor will I allow the Dew to do me.
3:00, ESPN. Little League Baseball. Beaverton, Ore. vs. Lake Charles, La. Nike's world headquarters are located in Beaverton.
3:00, ESPN2. WTA Tennis. Rogers Cup, Final. Ana Ivanovic or Dinara Safina vs. Martina Hingis.
3:00, Fox Soccer. Argentine Soccer. Racing vs. River Plate. I don't know what it means, but River Plate is a cool name for a soccer team.
4:00, TNT. NASCAR Racing. Nextel Cup, GFS Marketplace 400. I think GFS stands for "Go Faster, Stupid."
4:30, NBC. Beach Volleyball. AVP Brooklyn Open. When I think Brooklyn, I think beach volleyball.
5:00, ESPN. Little League Baseball. Saipan CNMI vs. Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia's got a dude who stands 6'8". I'm gonna need to see a birth certificate.
5:00, ESPN2. WNBA. Seattle Storm @ Los Angeles Sparks. The last of four televised WNBA games this weekend. It has been pure bliss.
5:00, ABC. Ice Skating. Gershwin on Ice. How did this sneak up on me? Next year... Deadspin field trip.
1:00, ESPN. Little League Baseball. Columbus, Ga. vs. Phoenix, Ariz. Famous athletes from Columbus, Georgia: Mack Strong, Frank Thomas, and Tim Hudson.


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I was apprehensive at first on whether to take the plunge of trying a new eye cream because 'if it ain't broken, don't change it'. After my second round of Clinique All About Eyes eye cream panned out (perfect timing!), I decided that although it did the basic duties of eye creams (like moisturizing), it had its flaws too (like TOO MOISTURIZING).
Time for a new contender!
Welcome the KOSE Sekkisei Eye Cream!
The texture of the cream makes it one of the top reasons I like this KOSE Sekkisei Eye Cream. It absorbs quickly into the skin and turns matte seconds after application without any heaviness around the eye area. It is definitely thicker in consistency than most eye gels and eye lotions since it is a cream. Creams usually feel oilier but this eye cream doesn't feel a wee bit greasy. I need to just dip my right ring finger lightly into the little blue jar and that little bit that gets onto my finger is more than enough for both eyes. A little really does go a long way for this eye cream!
In a simple yet elegant-looking little blue container with a white cap and silver top is 20ml/0.7oz of creamy white goodness that promises to hydrate, revitalize, pamper and provide anti-ageing moisturizing capabilities.
It comes with a spatula, which KOSE is obviously trying to encourage a more hygienic way of swiping the product than using our fingers. A spatula helps in minimizing bacteria input from the hands with the rest of the product, but really, to scoop the product out and then transfer it to the fingers and then wash it and then find a hygienic place to dry it afterwards is one extra step too many!
I just use my right ring finger and transfer some to my left ring finger before dotting and patting the product under and around my eyes.
Absorption Power
Just for comparison, Clinique All About Eyes eye cream took forever to dry on the undereye area and I could feel a layer of substance over the skin even long after. I could never put on my contact lenses 5 minutes after applying the Clinique All About Eyes eye cream because the skin around the eye area would still be very slippery.
The KOSE SEKKISEI Eye Cream absorbs quickly into the skin, fades into a matte texture, yet keeps the eye area moisturized. What's not to love? Oh! And do you know having eye cream underneath face primer, foundation and concealer also helps in making makeup stay on longer? It's just like how our face must be moisturized first before any makeup goes on!
Gentle to the skin
In KOSE SEKKISEI Eye Cream are Herbal Extracts: Coix Seed Extract, Licorice Extract,Citrus Junos Extract, White Tea Extract, Ginseng Extract. KOSE products always give me the feeling that they're very 'herbal-oriented'. They even have a medicated line.
I haven't had any allergic reaction to the KOSE Sekkisei Eye Cream, which is important to the delicate eye area. After we hit 25, the speed of deterioration of elasticity and firmness around the eye area (or any part of the body!) is like a unstoppable bullet train. If we can't stop it, at least give it more TLC and try to slow down the ageing process.
They say 'Feel inspired by the refreshing scent that brings revitalizing and pampering fulfillment to your over-worked eyes'. I wouldn't say I feel like *ooh wow!* refreshed every time I open it, but KOSE products consistently smell like that and I can recognize the scent every time there's a KOSE counter in a departmental store. The KOSE SEKKISEI Eye Cream scent doesn't bother me much, I don't like it nor dislike it. It's just a scent to me. It actually smells very... neutral, if there's such a thing called neutral smell~
One thing I don't understand is that it says ''Apply nightly after your usual skincare routine." But why only nightly? I like to apply it in the day too! After my routine cleansing, I apply this eye cream to moisturize the skin under the eyes. This helps smooth the under eye area for easier makeup application and prevents dry patches. Remember to let it dry before applying primer or concealer on top.
I have been using the KOSE SEKKISEI Eye Cream for about 5 weeks now. I love how silky, gentle and light it feels on my eye area. Hydration, moisturizing and absorption power are excellent however I don't see any significant reduction in puffiness or dark eye circles. I have serious eye baggage since young so I don't think anything except surgery can reduce it. As for dark eye circles, I think I should just sleep earlier, sleep more.
Buy KOSE Sekkisei Eye Cream here:
Bun Bun thinks of the KOSE sekkisei eye cream as:
So tell us, what is the BEST eye cream you've tried? Or worst?


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Savings Bonds or 529 for Kid's College Fund?
Dear Dr. Don, Is there any way to get a paper copy of a Series I saving bond that you now have to purchase online? Also, when saving for college, is it a better investment to buy Series I savings bonds or use a Section 529 college savings plan? Thanks. --John Juncture
Dear John, As you point out, the U.S. Treasury no longer sells physical (paper) savings bonds, with the one exception that you can buy paper Series I savings bonds with your tax refund. In other cases, you now own the bonds in electronic form in a Treasury Direct account.
You're not going to be able to get a print-out that resembles the old physical bonds, but you can print out the specifics of any individual electronic savings bond purchase.
Both Series I savings bonds and Section 529 college savings plans offer tax-advantaged ways to save for college. Savings bond interest can be exempt from federal income tax when bonds are used to finance a child's education. But parents must own the bonds in their name and cannot exceed certain income limitations when the bonds are redeemed. If it's going to be 15-18 years until Junior goes to college, your income may rise to the point where you can't take advantage of the savings bond's education tax exclusion.
Section 529 college savings plans come in two flavors: prepaid tuition plans and college savings accounts. In some states, you get a tax deduction or tax credit when you contribute to the plan, as well as the tax breaks available when the plan is used to fund qualified higher education expenses.
The typical investment in a prepaid tuition plan keeps pace with college cost tuition. An investment in Series I savings bonds will keep pace with general cost inflation as measured by changes in the consumer price index, or CPI. Over the past three decades, college cost inflation has outstripped the CPI inflation rate.
I'd lean toward your state's prepaid tuition plan if it's in good financial shape and offers enough flexibility that Junior won't be at big disadvantage if he wound up going somewhere other than a state university. Look into the type of return you'd earn on the prepaid tuition plan if junior goes out of state. If you'd earn the same increase in tuition rates over time that would apply at a state university, that's good. Something less than that isn't as good.
Review your state's 529 plan(s) with an eye on tax breaks for contributions, its financial strength and how the prepaid tuition option is structured.
Guesstimate whether you think you'll qualify to use the education tax exclusion on the Series I savings bonds. Check out investment choices, fees and expenses on a 529 college savings plan, which is essentially an investment account for education savings. Decide which approach makes the most sense for you and your child. There's not one right answer; you're just trying to find the answer that's right for you.
Bankrate's content, including the guidance of its advice-and-expert columns and this website, is intended only to assist you with financial decisions. The content is broad in scope and does not consider your personal financial situation. Bankrate recommends that you seek the advice of advisers who are fully aware of your individual circumstances before making any final decisions or implementing any financial strategy. Please remember that your use of this website is governed by Bankrate's Terms of Use.


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It's cheaper in the long run & I like knowing what's going into my food & not having all the "extras" that I can't pronounce. Can I get a witness?
I have two favourite from-scratch pumpkin muffin recipes & this is one of them! It's low fat, has extra veggies snuck in, & is packed with yummy fall flavour!


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Topraz Injection
By VERITAZ HEALTHCARE LTD
1 Powder For Injection(s) in Dry Vial
Inclusive of all taxes
7 days return policyRead More
All the Products are packed and stored Safely
Topraz 40 MG Description
Topraz Injection contains the active substance Pantoprazole that belongs to a group of medicines called "Proton pump inhibitor," medications that reduce the amount of acid produced in the stomach.
Product Summary
|Offer Price
|You Save
|₹102.00 (15% on MRP)
|Pantoprazole(40.0 Mg)
Check more medicines with composition as Pantoprazole(40.0 Mg)
Uses of Topraz 40 MG
- Treatment of heartburn, acid regurgitation (sensation of acid in your throat or mouth), pain while swallowing that is caused due to gastro-oesophageal reflux disease
- In the treatment of reflux oesophagitis (inflammation of oesophagus with regurgitation of acid in the stomach)
- In adults, it is used to prevent small intestine and stomach ulcers that are caused by long term use of painkillers called NSAIDs, e.g., Ibuprofen
- To treat one or more tumors formed in pancreas or upper part of small intestine (Zollinger-Ellison syndrome)
Contraindications of Topraz 40 MG
- You are allergic to Pantoprazole, or any other proton pump inhibitors
- If you are allergic to any of the other ingredients of this medicine
- If you are on a medicine called Rilpivirine
Side effects of Topraz 40 MG
- Injection site inflammation that forms clot or block in the vein (thrombophlebitis)
- Headache
- Dizziness
- Diarrhea
- Nausea (feeling sick)
- Vomiting
- Polyps in stomach
- Bloating and flatulence
- Constipation
- Dry mouth
- Stomach pain and discomfort
- Sleep disorders
- Skin rash, rash with fever, redness or inflamed skin, itchy skin
- Fracture of the hip, wrist or spine
- Lack of energy
- Tiredness
Precautions and Warnings of Topraz 40 MG
Can I take Topraz Injection during pregnancy?
A moderate amount of data indicates that the use of Topraz Injection in pregnant women does not affect the baby; however this medicine is preferred to be avoided during pregnancy. If you are pregnant, you should use this medicine only if your doctor considers the benefit for you are more significant than the potential risk to your unborn baby.
Breast Feeding
Can I take Topraz Injection while breastfeeding?
Topraz Injection can pass into breast milk. It is advised not to take medicine unless prescribed by your doctor.
Can I drive if I have consumed Topraz Injection?
Topraz Injection has a negligible influence on the ability to drive. If you experience side effects like dizziness or disturbed vision, you should avoid driving or using machines.
Can I consume alcohol with Topraz Injection?
Drinking alcohol when you are taking Pantoprazole does not affect the way this medicine works; however, you must avoid drinking large quantities of alcohol as it is known to increase acidity and can make your acidity worse.
Other General Warnings
Talk to your doctor if
- You have severe liver problems
- You are taking NSAIDs (painkillers)
- You have a personal or family history of stomach cancer
- You are taking medicines used to treat HIV
- You have low levels of vitamin B12 (like Cobalamin). This medicine is known to reduce the absorption of vitamin B12 after a long term use.
- Taking this medicine for more than one year may increase chances of developing bone fractures
- If you are on this medicine for more than three months, your blood magnesium levels may drop. Your doctor may perform regular tests for the same
- On exposure to sun, you get rash on your skin, stop your treatment with Pantoprazole and inform your doctor as this may be a symptom of Subacute Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus (SCLE)
Mode of Action of Topraz 40 MG
How Does It Work?
A pump called the proton pump in the stomach is responsible for the secretion of stomach acids. Pantoprazole binds to this proton pump in stomach cells, thus blocking acid secretion. Therefore, it is used in conditions where there is excessive acidity....
Directions for Use of Topraz 40 MG
- This medicine will be given in hospital by your doctor or nurse as an injection
- Do not self inject this medicine
Interactions of Topraz 40 MG
Interactions with other medicines
- Medicines that are gastric pH dependent such as Itraconazole, Ketoconazole (used to treat fungal infections)
- Medicines given in HIV or AIDS such as Atazanavir, Tenofovir
- Medicines used for thinning, or thickening of the blood like Warfarin and Phenprocoumon
- Medicines used for certain types of cancer such as Methotrexate
Interactions with food items
- There are no known interactions with food or beverages.
- However, nicotine and caffeine (coffee, tea, chocolate and cola) can increase stomach acid or delay ulcer healing and hinder the treatment process.
Storage and disposal of Topraz 40 MG
- Store below 25°C
- Protect it from direct sunlight
- Please keep it away from children
Dosage of Topraz 40 MG
Your doctor or nurse will give this injection; therefore, it is unlikley that you overdose on the medicine.
Missed a Dose
- Your doctor or nurse will monitor you about when the medicine should be given to you
- It is unlikely that the dose will be missed. However, if you think your doctor or nurse might have missed a dose, inform them
Content Details
Dr. Ravi Kakarla
Dr. Ritu Budania
MBBS, MD (Pharmacology)
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Q: I get recurring acidity, what should I do to avoid it?
- Avoid spicy, oily food.
- Reduce smoking and alcohol intake as these are known to worsen the reflux.
- Avoid carbonated drinks like cold drinks, soda as the carbon dioxide gas in these is known to aggravate acid reflux.
- Reduce chocolate, mint intake.
- Some medicines are known to increase the acidity and worsen the condition such as pain killers, Ibuprofen. You should avoid using these for long duration.
Q: I have been given Pantoprazole for some months now, what should I watch for?
- This medicine will be given only for the duration as prescribed by your doctor.
- If there is relief in your symptoms, your doctor may reduce its dose.
- This medicine is known to cause fractures, low magnesium levels, vitamin B12 levels on long term use.
- You need to be cautious about these and keep checking your blood levels regularly, and if needed, your doctor may prescribe the supplements for these deficiencies.
View All
Product Details
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Forget that diamond computer for billionaires—here's the processor of the future, for the everyman. It's powered by crabs! Safe, edible, pinchy crabs. Thank you science, for this crab computer.
Why this research was conducted, we don't know. But we're glad it was. PhysOrg reports this crustacean computing feat, pictured above:
The team constructed logic gates that exploit the swarming behavior of soldier crabs. They said that "We demonstrate that swarms of soldier crabs can implement logical gates when placed in a geometrically constrained environment." The swarms of soldier crabs herded through tunnels can form the AND, OR and NOT logic gates.
Logic gates are super simple building blocks of any basic computer—and now science has created them out of crabs running into each other. And how do you get crabs to run into each other?
The swarms were placed at the entrances of the logic gates and encouraged to move by a shadow intended to convince the crabs that there was a predatory bird overhead.
Crabs! This computer sounds very slow and probably not as fun to use as a MacBook Pro, but it surely uses a lot less electricity! And you can't fry your MacBook Pro and dip it in tartar sauce, can you? But don't worry about the computer crabs' wellbeing: "the crabs were released to their natural habitats" after they were done swarming and bumping into each other, terrified by a fake bird shadow to execute basic calculations. [PhysOrg]
Photo: forcefeed:swede