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The Secret Origin of AIDS and HIV Alan Cantwell Jr., M.D.
Copyright 2000
How scientists produced the most horrifying plague of all time and then covered it up.
- The Green monkey theory
- The Special Virus Cancer Program (1962-1977)
- Biological Warfare, Primate research, and the SVCP
- The end of the SVCP and the birth of AIDS
- The pre-AIDS gay hepatitis B experiments (1978-1981)
- "Gay and Straight" strains of HIV and sexual preference
- Solving the mystery of the origin of AIDS
The Green Monkey Theory
Many people have heard the theory that AIDS is man-made. Thirty percent of New York City blacks polled by The New York Times (October 29, 1990) actually believe AIDS is an "ethnic weapon" designed in a laboratory to infect and kill black people. Some people even think the AIDS conspiracy theory is more plausible than the African Green monkey theory promoted by the leading AIDS scientists. Actually, the monkey theory was proven wrong by researchers as far back as 1988, but most AIDS educators continued to promote it to the public until recently. In a media blitz in 1999, the green monkey theory was totally replaced by the chimpanzee "out of Africa" theory, and the chimp origin of AIDS was fully accepted by the scientific community.
A phylogenetic "family tree" of primate viruses (which few people could understand) was presented to prove that HIV was descended from a primate virus in the African bush. Analysis of virus genetic data performed by the "supercomputer" at Los Alamos in New Mexico indicated that HIV had "jumped species" from a chimp to a human around the year 1930 in Africa. (Los Alamos is the official home of nuclear bomb-building, alleged Chinese spies, and the laboratory which directed secret human radiation experiments on unsuspecting civilians from the 1940s up to the beginning of the AIDS epidemic.)
At the international AIDS conference held in 2000 in South Africa, one scientist claimed the chimpanzee virus (SIVcpz) was "ancient" and jumped species as early as 1675 but didn't establish itself in the human population until 1930. This was dutifully reported by science writer Laurie Garrett, who give all the time-honored reasons for the rapid spread of AIDS in Africa: non-sterile needles, non-sterile blood products and widespread promiscuous sexual behavior.
The Special Virus Cancer Program (1962-1977)
Conveniently forgotten by scientists and medical journalists was the fact that surgeons had been transplanting chimpanzee parts into human beings for decades. When Keith Reemtsma died in June 2000, at age 74, he was hailed as a pioneer in cross-species organ transplants (now known as xenotransplantation). By 1964 he had already placed six chimpanzee kidneys into six patients. All his patients died, but eventually Reemtsma succeeded in many successful human-to-human organ transplants.
Much more likely to have spread animal viruses to human beings is the largely forgotten Special Virus Cancer Program (SVCP). This research program was responsible for the development, the seeding, and the deployment of various animal viruses, which were capable of producing cancer and immune system damage when transferred between animal species and into human cells and tissue.
The SVCP began in 1964 as a government-funded program of the National Cancer Institute (NCI) in Bethesda, Maryland. Originally designed to study leukemia and lymphoma forms of cancer, the program was soon enlarged to study all forms of cancer.
The SVCP marshalled many of the nation's finest virologists, biochemists, immunologists, molecular biologists, and epidemiologists, at the most prestigious institutions in a coordinated attempt to assess the role of viruses in causing human cancer. Many of the top AIDS scientists, including Dr. Robert Gallo (the co-discoverer of HIV), Myron (Max) Essex (of "cat AIDS" fame), and Peter Duesberg (who claims HIV is not the cause of AIDS), were connected with the program.
The scope of the program was international and included scientists from Japan, Sweden, Italy, the Netherlands, Israel, and even Uganda, Africa. A main mission of the SVCP was to collect various human and animal cancers from around the world and to grow large amounts of cancer-causing viruses. In the process, many animal viruses were adapted to human cells. These cultured viruses would then be shipped to researchers throughout the world.
An annual report of the accomplishments of the SVCP was published by the NCI. The 1971 SVCR report indicates a mouse leukemia virus had been adapted to grow in human cells. A "hybrid virus" a mixture of a mouse sarcoma and a cat (feline) leukemia virus was engineered and grown in cat cells. Chicken and feline retroviruses produced cancer in monkeys. Mouse-cat virus hybrids and feline leukemia virus were adapted to human cells in tissue culture. Thus "species jumping" was a common occurrence in these experiments.
Biological Warfare, Primate Research and the SVCP
Also joining forces with the SVCP at the NCI were the miltary's biological warfare researchers. On October 18, 1971, President Richard Nixon announced that the army's biowarfare laboratories at nearby Fort Detrick, Maryland, would be converted to research on the cause, prevention, and treatment of cancer. As part of Nixon's so-called War on Cancer, the military biowarfare unit was retitled the new Frederick Cancer Research Center. Litton Bionetics was named as the military's prime contractor for this project.
The 1971 annual report noted that one of the primary tasks of the now jointly connected National Cancer Institute-Frederick Cancer Research Center was "the large scale production of oncogenic (cancer-causing) and suspected oncogenic viruses to meet research needs on a continuing basis." Special attention was given to primate viruses (the alleged African source of HIV) and "the successful propagation of significant amounts of human candidate viruses." Candidate viruses were animal or human viruses that might be capable of intiating human cancers. And primate cancer-causing viruses were adapted to 'normal' human cells.
A steady supply of research animals (monkeys, chimpanzees, mice, and cats) was necessary, which resulted in the establishment of breeding colonies for the SVCP. Healthy animals were shipped in from various parts of the world for breeding purposes and experimentation; and virus-infected animals were shipped out again to various labs.
By 1971, a total of 2,274 primates had been inoculated at Bionetics Research Laboratories, under contract to Fort Detrick. Over 1000 of these monkeys had already died or had been transferred to other primate centers. (Some animals were eventually released back into the wild.) By this time, experimenters had spread lymphoma-producing viruses into several species of monkeys, and had also isolated a monkey virus (Herpesvirus saimiri) that would have a close genetic relationship to a new Kaposi's sarcoma virus that produced the "gay cancer" of AIDS a few years later.
In order to prime primates and other research animals to acquire cancer, their immune system was deliberately suppressed by drugs, radiation or cancer-causing chemicals or substances. The thymus gland and/or the spleen was removed, and viruses were injected into newborn animals or into the womb of pregnant animals. Some animals were also injected with malaria to keep them chronically sick and immunodepressed.
Primates (especially newborn and baby chimpanzees) were the most favored lab animals because they were most similar biochemically and immunologically to human beings, and because there would be no official testing of these lab viruses on humans. An irradiated rhesus monkey colony supplied animals for transplantation experiments.
Robert Gallo was a project officer of a primate study contracted by Bionetics that pumped cancerous human tissue, as well as a variety of chicken and monkeys viruses into newborn macaques (a small species of monkey). This 1971 SVCP report (NIH-71-2025) declared: "Inasmuch as tests for the biological activity of candidate human viruses will not be tested in the human species, it is imperative that another system be developed for these determinations and, subsequently for the evaluation of vaccines or other measure of control. The close phylogenetic relationship of the lower primates of man justifies utilization of these animals for these purposes."
Researchers at Bionetics evaluated the long-term cancer effects of injecting human and animal cancer material into various species of monkeys. Newborn monkeys, irradiated monkeys, and monkeys primed with cancer-causing chemicals, were injected with blood ("using multiple sites and volumes as large as possible") taken from various forms of human leukemia. In other studies, tissue cultures infected with various animal viruses were inoculated into primates. Many kinds of human cancer tissue were injected into the animals. How many "new" and "emerging" viruses were created and adapted by the SVCP is not known. And it is unlikely that complete records of this animal cancer virus experimentation will ever be examined.
Cats were also bred for leukemia and sarcoma cancer studies. An inbred germfree colony of mice was established. Mouse cancer viruses were manipulated to produce resistant and non-resistant strains. These adapted viruses would be employed in the 1980s in human gene replacement experiments. Such experiments utilized a weakened strain of the mouse leukemia virus to infect and "taxi-in" the missing genes to genetically-defective human cells.
The End of the SVCP and the Birth of AIDS
By 1977 the SVCP came to a inglorious end. According to Gallo, "Scientifically, the problem was that no one could supply clear evidence of any kind of human tumor virus, not even a DNA virus, and most researchers refused to concede that viruses played any role in human cancers. Politically, the Virus Cancer Program was vulnerable because it attracted a great deal of money and attention and had failed to produce dramatic, visible results."
Despite all this, the SCVP was the birthplace of genetic engineering, molecular biology, and the human genome project. More than any other program it built up the field of animal retrovirology, which led to the vital understanding of cancer and immunosuppressive retroviruses in humans. Like manna from heaven, AIDS in gays put the virologists back in business. And HIV, a cancer-causing and immunosuppressive retrovirus, would make Robert Gallo the most famous scientist in the world.
Few people understand clearly that AIDS is a new form of cancer, and this aspect of AIDS has not been publicized for obvious reasons. Physicians have always told their patients that cancer is not contagious or sexually transmitted. Virologists wanted AIDS and "gay cancer" to be a new disease because HIV was supposedly brand new. It was easier to blame gays for initiating this new disease with their sexual lifestyle than it was to point the finger at scientists. And if AIDS was connected to animal cancer research, some people might wonder if the new disease had anything to do with all those species-jumping experiments in the 1970s. Making people understand that AIDS is cancer would only confuse them.
And so, instead of looking for the source of HIV in the thousands of animal cancer experiments performed througout the world, the virologists insisted on looking for the source of the virus in primates in the African rainforest.
The Pre-AIDS Gay Hepatitis B Experiments (1978-1981)
As the SVCP was winding down, thousands of gay men were signing up as guinea pigs for government-sponsored hepatitis B vaccine experiments in New York, Los Angeles, and San Francisco. In a few years these cities would become the epicenters for "gay-related immune deficiency syndrome, " later known as AIDS.
Could virus-contaminated vaccines lie at the root of AIDS? In the early 1970s the hepatitis B vaccine was developed in chimpanzees, now widely accepted as the animal from which HIV supposedly evolved. To this day, some people are fearful about taking the hepatitis B vaccine because of its original connection to gay men and AIDS; and older physicians remember the original experimental hepatitis vaccine was made from the pooled blood serum of hepatitis-infected homosexuals.
Was HIV "introduced" into gays during these vaccine trials when thousands of homosexuals were injected in New York beginning in 1978, and in the West Coast cities in 1980-1981?
AIDS first erupted in gays living in New York City in 1979 a few months after the experiment began in Manhattan. The astounding and statistically significant fact is that 20% of the gay men who volunteered for the hepatitis B experiment in New York were discovered to be HIV-positive in 1980 (a year before AIDS became "official" in 1981). This would mean that Manhattan men had the highest incidence of HIV anywhere in the world, including Africa, the supposed birthplace of HIV and AIDS. The fact is that definite, proven cases of AIDS in Africa would not appear until 1982.
Some researchers are convinced that these vaccine experiments served as the vehicle through which HIV was "introduced" into the gay population in America. Nevertheless, AIDS scientists have downplayed any connection of AIDS with the vaccine. My own extensive research into the hepatitis B experiments is presented in AIDS and the Doctors of Death: An Inquiry into the Origin of the AIDS Epidemic, published in 1988. Also included in this book is evidence suggesting [the erroneous] "Patient Zero" story of 1987, which claimed a promiscuous gay Canadian airline steward brought AIDS to America. Montagnier "is doubtful that the American epidemic could have developed from a single patient."
Montagnier admits that he stands apart from Robert Gallo on many matters. In a mind-blowing statement he declares "Gallo was not a medical doctor, but rather a biochemist by training. His limited experience with viruses at the time perhaps explains his misinterpretations and the contaminations that occurred in his laboratory." ( Gallo has always declared himself as a physician. If he is not, then we certainly do have a conspiracy problem on our hands.)
What is obvious from their authored books is that while the continent of Africa dies, these two top scientists in AIDS research continue their vendetta in print, and continue to promote their own pet theories on the origin of HIV and AIDS to an adoring scientific community.
"Gay and Straight" Strains of HIV and Sexual Preference
It is common knowledge that AIDS is a heterosexual disease in Africa, and that AIDS started exclusively as a gay disease in the United States. Although the public was told early on that "no one is immune from AIDS", the fact remains that even now (20 years after the first AIDS cases) 80% of the new AIDS cases in America are gay men, IV drug addicts, and their sexual partners. Why is this? Certainly HIV does not discriminate between sexual preference and race! Or does it?
In the mid-1990s molecular biologists identified at least 8 different subtypes (or "clades" or "strains") of HIV that were infecting various people around the world. Remarkably, it turns out that the "B" strain is the predominant strain infecting gays in the U.S. Even more remarkable is that this strain of HIV has an "affinity" to infect rectal tissue, thus explaining why gays are more likely to get AIDS than straights. In contrast, the HIV strains common in Africa have an affinity for vaginal and cervical cells, as well as for cells of the foreskin of the penis. Thus, HIV is more likely to infect heterosexuals in Africa.
How do we know this? Max Essex (a Harvard veterinarian who performed pre-AIDS experiments transferring feline leukemia virus between cat populations) tested subtype E strains of HIV from Thailand. He discovered that this Asian strain readily infected women's genital cells of the vagina and cervix. But the "gay" B strain of HIV did not infect them as easily.
AIDS experts tell us American AIDS came from Africa, but the strain of HIV prevalent in gay men is almost never seen in Africa! How is this possible? Were strains of HIV engineered to adapt easily to cells likely to be infected in gay sex? Or adapted to genital cells involved in vaginal sex?
We know scientists in the SVCP were able to adapt certain retroviruses to infect specific kinds of cells. As early as 1970 biowarfare scientists were learning to design certain infectious agents (particularly viruses) that would attack the cells of certain racial groups.
More recently, in 1997, Stephen O'Brien and Michael Dean of the Laboratory of Genomic Diversity at the National Cancer Institute have shown that one out of ten white people have AIDS-resistant genes, whereas blacks in Africa have none. Is this simply another peculiarity of a virus that jumped species in the African bush? Or is HIV a designer virus, specifically adapted in its subtypes to infect certain racial groups and gay people?
When AIDS appeared in 1981, health officials assured the "general public" that there was nothing to fear. "AIDS is a gay disease" was the phrase repeated over and over again in a media blitz. As late as 1987, Robert Gallo told Playboy reporter David Black, "I personally don't know of a single case (in America) of a man getting the (AIDS) virus from a woman through heterosexual intercourse."
In Africa, where AIDS affects men and women in equal numbers, Gallo's explanation to Black was: "It happens, but that may be due to differences in sexual practices, more promiscuity or to a greater incidence of venereal disease." Gallo give Playboy his reassurance of the future of heterosexual AIDS in America: "AIDS will never become an overwhelming danger to the general public."
Solving the Mystery of the Origin of AIDS
The pre-AIDS species-jumping experiments of the Special Virus Cancer Program (SVCP) have been largely expunged from the history of HIV and AIDS. The viral contamination problems inherent in viral research have also been downplayed. As a result, the origin of HIV and AIDS has been distorted and obscured.
A serious examination of the SVCP provides "missing links" to the possible laboratory origin of HIV. The ability of SVCP scientists to produce "new" diseases with cancer-causing animal viruses is a matter of record. The ability of animal viruses to easily contaminate laboratory experiments and vaccine manufacture is also well known. All these factors make the man-made theory of AIDS rational and compelling.
Some areas of HIV/AIDS history that require further analysis are:
- The connection between AIDS and cancer
- The connection of HIV to known (pre-AIDS) animal cancer lab viruses
- The connection of the SVCP to the outbreak of AIDS
- The connection of vaccine programs to the outbreak of AIDS
- The connection of biological warfare research to the outbreak of AIDS
- The disinformation surrounding the origin of AIDS
- The disinformation blaming the "victims" of AIDS for the disease
- The total secrecy of biological warfare and its implications for science
- The wedding of cancer and AIDS scientists to biological warfare scientists
- The "sworn to secrecy" problem of the government/military scientists
- The wedding of government to medical science for military biowarfare purposes
- The long history of secret medical experiments on unsuspecting citizens
All these factors need to be explored more fully and impartially in order to more fully elucidate the man-made, laboratory origin of HIV and AIDS.
To continue to ignore these issues is to ignore the fate of countless millions who will die from AIDS and other "emerging viruses" in the future.
The Special Virus Cancer Program (and biowarfare experimentation worldwide) has forever changed the course of history of medical science, resulting in the current dangers of biological terrorism and the fear of newly emerging man-made viruses and other infectious agents.
To study the theories of origin of HIV/AIDS and to ignore the SVCP with its biowarfare implications is like studying the Holocaust and failing to mention the Nazis. Some readers may find this analogy offensive, but in light of the close connection of the SVCP with the outbreak of HIV and AIDS, it is suggested that final judgement be reserved until all the pertinent facts are ascertained.
The SVCP and "the hand of man" lie at the root of HIV. The flowering of the worldwide epidemic of AIDS [40 million people infected by 2003, with three million dying from AIDS in 2003] is proof that the seeds were well planted.
- Butel JS: Simian virus 40, poliovirus vaccines, and human cancer: research progress versus media and public interests. Bulletin World Health Organization 78:195-198, 2000.
- Cantwell AR Jr: AIDS & The Doctors of Death: An Inquiry into the Origin of the AIDS Epidemic. Los Angeles: Aries Rising Press, 1988.
- Cantwell AR Jr: Queer Blood: The Secret AIDS Genocide Plot. Los Angeles: Aries Rising Press, 1993.
- Cantwell AR Jr: Bacteriologic investigation and histologic observations of variably acid-fast bacteria in three cases of Kaposi's sarcoma. Growth 45: 79-89, 1981.
- Cantwell AR Jr: Kaposi's sarcoma and variably acid-fast bacteria in vivo in two homosexual men. Cutis 32: 58-64,68, 1983.
- Cantwell AR Jr: The Cancer Microbe. Los Angeles: Aries Rising Press, 1990.
- Cantwell AR Jr: "Gay cancer, emerging viruses, and AIDS." New Dawn (Melbourne), Sept 1998.
- Connor S: "AIDS science on trial." New Scientist, February 12, 1987, pp 49-58.
- Faden RR (Chair): The Human Radiation Experiments: Final Report of the President's Advisory Committee. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.
- Gallo R: Virus Hunting: AIDS, Cancer and the Human Retrovirus. New York: Basic Books, 1991.
- Garrett L: "AIDS virus traced to 1675." Newsday, July 11,2000.
- Gold M: A Conspiracy of Cells. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1986
- Hatch R: Cancer Warfare. Covert Action Bulletin 39, Winter, 1991.
- "HIV sub-types showing signs of spreading differently," All Things Considered (NPR), 10-02-1995.
- Hooper E: The River: A Journey to the Source of HIV and AIDS. Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Company, 1999
- Horowitz LG: Emerging Viruses: AIDS & Ebola. Rockport, MA: Tetrahedron Publishing Group, 1996.
- Larson CA: Ethnic weapons. Military Review, Nov 1970, pp 3-11.
- Ljungqvist KI: AIDS Tabu. Stockholm: Carlssons Bokforlag, 1992.
- Mathew A, Ennis FA, Rothman AL: Transient decreases in human T cell proliferative responses following vaccinia immunization. Clin Immunol 96: 100-107, 2000.
- Montagnier L: Virus. New York: WW Norton Co, Inc, 2000.
- O'Brien SJ, Dean M: In search of AIDS-resistence genes. Scientific American, September 1997, pp 28-35.
- O'Brien TR, Kedes D, Gamem D, et al: Evidence for concurrent epidemics of human herpesvirus 8, and human immunodeficiency virus type I in US homosexual men: rates, risk factors, and relationship to Kaposi's sarcoma. J Infectious Disease 180: 1010-1017, 1999.
- Special Virus Cancer Program (Progress Report #8). Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health, July 1971.
- Special Virus Cancer Program (Progress Report #9). Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health, July 1972.
- Stevens CE, Taylor PE, Zang EA, et al: Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type III infection in a cohort of homosexual men in New York City. JAMA 255; 2167-2172, 1986.
- Quinnan GV Jr (Ed): Vaccinia Viruses as Vectors for Vaccine Antigens. New York: Elsevier, 1985.
Acknowledgement: I am grateful to Robert E Lee, Vincent Gammill, Billi Goldberg and Boyd "Ed" Graves for their contributions of research material for this study.
[Dr. Cantwell is a medical researcher and author of AIDS & The Doctors of Death, and Queer Blood, both published by Aries Rising Press, PO Box 29532, Los Angeles, CA 90029, USA. These books are available on the Internet at Amazon.com, Barnes & Noble, or through mail order at Book Clearing House @ 1-800-431-1579.]
Related webpages:
- The Global Spread of HIV
- Dr. Horowitz Continues To Expose True Origins Of HIV And Ebola
- The Man-Made Origin of AIDS: Are Human and Viral Experiments Responsible For Unleashing The HIV Holocaust??
- Blaming Chimps, Blacks, and Gays for AIDS
- AIDS: An Explosion of the Biological Timebomb?
- AIDS: Quirk of Nature or Mass Murder?
- Polio vaccines and the origin of AIDS: some key writings
- Ed Hooper's AIDSOrigins
Ed Hooper "proposed the hypothesis that AIDS might be iatrogenic (caused by physicians), and that scientists might have unwittingly started the pandemic through an experimental oral polio vaccine (OPV) administered in central Africa in the 1950s."
Has HIV/AIDS become an industry? A cash cow for the pharmaceutical companies? Was that the reason it was invented?
Rian Malan: Africa isn�t dying of Aids
The headline figures are horrible: almost 30 million Africans have HIV/Aids. But ... the figures are computer-generated estimates and they appear grotesquely exaggerated when set against population statistics.
Has HIV in fact been proven to cause AIDS? Is there actually any such virus?
A RETHINKING AID$ WEBSITEA growing group of bio-medical scientists claim the cause of AIDS is still unknown. These heretics do not believe in the lethal AIDS virus called HIV. They claim that the virus is indeed harmless. Most of them think AIDS is also not sexually transmitted; it probably has toxic causes. People die because they are poisoned to death by toxic antiviral drugs. Part of the AIDS dissidents even question the existence of a virus entity. These HIV skeptics say that the AIDS virus has never really been isolated, and the AIDS tests are worthless ...
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News Releases
Ontario Alternative Budget 2004-05 recaptures public initiative, provides resources to meet Ontario's needs
TORONTO--The 2004-05 Ontario Alternative Budget advocates new investments of $14.7 billion over four years to address the serious decline in the state of Ontario's public services. "The public...May 10, 2004 | Ontario Office
(Vancouver) A report released today by the Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives says that despite sweeping policy changes by the current government, external factors like low interest rates and US...May 6, 2004 | BC Office
Ottawa--Canadians remember Paul Martin as the man who slew the deficit dragon "come hell or high water. " He fulfilled that promise by making the largest non-military public program cuts in Canadian...April 26, 2004 | National Office
OTTAWA - Canada is hoarding unprecedented economic wealth while human insecurity - at home and abroad - deepens, says a new international report. Squandering Canada's Surplus, a report to Social...April 26, 2004 | National Office
(Vancouver) Privatization has eliminated 30 years of pay equity gains and has put BC at the bottom of the barrel nationally when it comes to wages and benefits for women working in health support...April 21, 2004 | BC Office
OTTAWA--Among the proposals for closer economic ties between Canada and the United States is a call for a Customs Union, which would entail a common external tariff, a common trade policy, and the...April 15, 2004 | National Office, BC Office
OTTAWA-The 2004 Federal Budget fails to address the flaws in Canada's equalization program, which needs to be reformed if it is to meet its constitutionally required objectives, according to a study...March 30, 2004 | National Office, Nova Scotia Office
OTTAWA--The Martin government is hiding behind the sponsorship scandal as a pretext for inaction in Budget 2004, charges the Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives. The Prime Minister says it's...March 23, 2004 | National Office
OTTAWA--The 10th annual Alternative Federal Budget cuts to the heart of federal funding scandals - not with more tax cuts and spending restraints but with hard measures of accountability to clean up...March 16, 2004 | National Office
OTTAWA—La 10e édition de l'Alternative budgétaire pour le gouvernement fédéral s'attaque à la racine des scandales sur le financement, non pas à coups de compressions de dépenses et de réductions d'...March 16, 2004 | National Office
ST. JOHN'S--While Newfoundland and Labrador must face a number of important issues of financial management in the next few years, provincial finances are not spiraling out of control, and they do not...March 11, 2004 | National Office
The debate over Winnipeg mayor Glen Murray's proposed New Deal for Winnipeg is central to the City's future. His assertion that the services gap that Winnipeg currently faces is not sustainable, and...March 9, 2004 | Manitoba Office
Cancer has become such an epidemic that 41% of Canadian males and nearly 38% of Canadian females will develop some form of the disease, and 27% of males and 23% of females will die from it. While...March 4, 2004 | National Office, Manitoba Office
(Vancouver) Recent changes to the province's Employment Standards Act mean BC is now the most child labour-friendly jurisdiction in North America. Who's Looking Our for Our Kids? Deregulating Child...March 4, 2004 | BC Office
(Vancouver) Gary Collins tabled his first balanced budget as Finance Minister today, but his projections for 2004/05 leave little room to move. "This budget is balanced, but on a razor's edge," says...February 17, 2004 | BC Office


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Today is International Human Rights Day and UN Ambassador Susan Rice released a statement marking it:
On Human Rights Day, we celebrate a simple but powerful declaration that "all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights." Adopted 64 years ago today, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights stands as a monument to the courage of its founders and to freedoms longed for by every human being. But the fight for these freedoms—from demagogues and from tyrants, from the shackles of slavery and from the censor's pen—did not end with the historic adoption of the Universal Declaration on December 10, 1948. As Eleanor Roosevelt said, success in the struggle "is a question of actually living and working in our countries for freedom and justice for each human being."
Today, we pledge to live up to Eleanor Roosevelt's inspirational example, for in far too many places human freedoms are still denied. As long as a family anywhere is tormented by a state-sanctioned killer; a peaceful agitator is hounded by a violent brigade; an artist is locked away for expressing what she thinks; an LGBT individual is harassed because of whom he or she loves; a community is beleaguered because of how it worships; a person with a disability is marginalized by those who ignore plain injustice; or a girl is threatened for having the audacity to pick up a book; all of our rights have been violated.
The United States is relentless in pursuit of a world that protects these rights. We fight for them at the United Nations, where we have made important strides, because we know that American leadership in the world can bring action against oppressors and hope to the oppressed. Our job is not done and the path ahead is fraught. But may we work together every day for the cause of human rights, so that our efforts can forge a world that respects our differences, protects our dignity, gives our children opportunities to pursue their dreams, and ensures that freedoms we have pledged to protect are universally enjoyed.


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The iphone-dev team has officially stated "all that remains is implementation". They've developed all the pieces they need to perform a software unlock for the iPhone 3G, now it's just a matter of putting them together in user friendly fashion. They've managed to run unsigned code on the baseband, developed custom AT tools, and are now showing injection of a background task. They will combine all of these techniques to override the carrier lock baseband code. As usual, they warn against performing any official firmware updates to the phone.
11 thoughts on "Iphone-dev Team 3G Soft Unlock Coming Soon"
i must have that song
what song is that
give us that song
The Boomtown Rats – I Don't Like Mondays
It flashes it at the end. Combined with the first line it will go ahead and reveal the name of the song.
"I Don't Like Mondays" by The Boomtown Rats
Youtube goodness!
Thats the song in the video.
I think the best buy Iphone 3g 16 gb. and install it on his software version 2.2. Its
large touch screen and very comfortable realized sensory management. I bought a Iphone and happy!)
@john nox
Wtf? Waste of brainpower…
help me update2.3 my iphone cannot active How to unlock
ATT has a 3.5G network. They use HSPA+ which is a pretty fast 3G network in it's own right. The problem is that the mass amount of iPhones causes a bog down on the network. That is why they are reworking the data plans. As for the EVO, Sprint only has about 6 4G network. So you might be stuck paying a 10 premium above whatever data package you get. They each have their strong fronts, as iOS4 (iPhone's new opperating system) is bringing a lot of new things to the mix. The EVO on the other hand, is already a beast in how fast it is. The update to Android 2.1 called Froyo (2.2) is also on the way. Once that comes out, it will boost Android speeds up to 450%. It will be good to compare them at that point, not when things are stacked in one favor. It comes down to what the consumer wants. I prefer Android, but to each their own.
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Anonymous hit the Arizona police force hard tonight and released some scathing emails and images from deep within the FOP.
Meet Microsoft's New Surface Laptops
We scoured their booty and picked out some of the juiciest emails for you to read. A few of the images were way NSFW so you will have to find those on your own in the leaked files. Have fun.


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Carol Paulson thought the worst was surely behind her.
Her daughter, Katherine, after years of struggling with mental illness, had moved with her from Massachusetts to Kennebunk in 2009 and become a wonderful companion.
A caring and generous soul, Katherine Paulson attended to her mother after she developed a heart condition and bleeding ulcers. She also looked after her grandmother – now 100.
But in early 2011, Carol began to worry about her 39-year-old daughter, who had stopped taking her medications and become increasingly quiet and moody. She and her daughter's counselor were concerned, and they discussed strategies to get her back on her medication.
One of the options was for Carol to call police and have her daughter involuntarily committed to a hospital, so she would have to take medications.
That's what Carol resolved to do on the night of March 27, 2011. But 19 seconds after police arrived at her door, her daughter had been shot dead.
After reviewing the circumstances of the encounter in Paulson's home, the Maine Attorney General's Office, which investigates all police shootings, concluded that the shooting was justified.
Carol and James Paulson adopted Katherine from an Alaskan Eskimo family in Nome, where a relative had been doing anthropological work. Most of the babies in the Nome nursery were sick, and the Paulsons arranged to have their new daughter flown to Anchorage and then to the East Coast. She arrived in Boston weighing just 4 pounds at 2 weeks old.
Katherine was a determined child growing up. She was intent on performing well as an equestrian and could swim at age 2. She made friends easily.
When she was in middle school, she began showing signs of mental illness. When her parents went through a bitter divorce, she was hospitalized and at times forcibly restrained, said Greg Bogojavlensky, her biological brother.
Katherine Paulson was diagnosed with bipolar disorder, paranoid schizophrenia, obsessive compulsive disorder and attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder, he said.
She had two runs-ins with the law, which led to charges of assault and battery with a dangerous weapon, assault and battery on a police officer, and disorderly conduct, as well as episodes where she was taken into protective custody.
Katherine Paulson lived with her father after her parents' divorce, but when he retired and moved to the West Coast a few years ago, she moved in with her mother and grandmother.
"Things were working out well there for all three of them, and Kate did not have any psychological episodes or trouble with the law of any kind," said her brother.
But last spring, Carol Paulson became worried about her daughter, who was refusing to take her medication. "There was nothing violent, nothing that I can put my finger on, but I could just tell something was going on," she said.
One night she called 911 and told police that she and her daughter had had a dispute, and that she was concerned for her own safety. Paulson told the dispatcher that her daughter had psychological problems, and she referred to a recent conversation with a crisis worker, according to a report on the shooting incident by the Attorney General's Office.
Kennebunk police Sgt. Juliet Gilman and Officer Joshua Morneau responded to the call.
Morneau approached Katherine Paulson in the kitchen, with Carol Paulson sitting 10 feet away in the living room, speaking with Gilman and unable to see the interaction.
"Katy was blocked. She was in the kitchen, on the far wall. … If I had an officer coming at me with a gun, I might pick up a weapon," Carol Paulson said.
The attorney general's report said Morneau was introducing himself when Katherine Paulson grabbed a kitchen knife with an 8-inch blade and advanced on him. He couldn't back up because of "a physical obstruction," the report says, and drew his gun and fired four shots after she refused several orders to drop the knife.
The attorney general concluded that Morneau, who was not told about Katherine Paulson's psychological problems by the 911 dispatcher, reasonably feared for his life. In his statement to investigators, the officer said, "I thought she was coming for me. I was scared."
A separate, administrative review of the incident found that Paulson was too close to Morneau for him to use others types of force, including a Taser. It determined that the department's policies were adhered to and that training was adequate.Lt. Anthony Bean Burpee said after the shooting that the police response could have been different if the officers had known about Katherine Paulson's mental illness.
Paulson said she still cannot bring herself to go through the photo album containing pictures of her daughter.
"My life has been destroyed because of what happened that night," she said in a March interview. "It's hard for me to put one foot in front of the other foot, even though it's almost a year."
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OpenGL Context
|This article is a stub. You can help the OpenGL Wiki by expanding it.
An OpenGL context represents many things. A context stores all of the state associated with this instance of OpenGL. It represents the (potentially visible) default framebuffer that rendering commands will draw to when not drawing to a framebuffer object. Think of a context as an object that holds all of OpenGL; when a context is destroyed, OpenGL is destroyed.
Contexts are localized within a particular process of execution (an application, more or less) on an operating system. A process can create multiple OpenGL contexts. Each context can represent a separate viewable surface, like a window in an application.
Each context has its own set of OpenGL Objects, which are independent of those from other contexts. A context's objects can be shared with other contexts. Any OpenGL object types which are not containers are sharable, as well as Sync Objects and GLSL Objects (excluding program pipeline objects). All container objects are not shared between contexts.
Any object sharing must be made explicitly, either as the context is created or before a newly created context creates any objects. However, contexts do not have to share objects; they can remain completely separate from one another.
In order for any OpenGL commands to work, a context must be current; all OpenGL commands affect the state of whichever context is current. The current context is a thread-local variable, so a single process can have several threads, each of which has its own current context. However, a single context cannot be current in multiple threads at the same time.
Context types
Until version 3.0, all versions of OpenGL were fully backwards compatibile with earlier ones. Code written against OpenGL 1.1 could execute just fine on OpenGL 2.1 implementations.
OpenGL version 3.0 introduced the idea of deprecating functionality. Many OpenGL functions were declared deprecated, which means that users should avoid using them because they may be removed from later API versions. OpenGL 3.1 removed almost all of the functionality deprecated in OpenGL 3.0. This includes the Fixed Function Pipeline.
However, since many implementations support the deprecated and removed features anyway, some implementations want to be able to provide a way for users of higher GL versions to gain access to the old APIs. Several techniques were tried, and it has settled down into a division between Core and Compatibility contexts.
There are other context variations as well.
OpenGL 3.1 and ARB_compatibility
A new extension, ARB_compatibility, was introduced when OpenGL 3.1 was revealed. The presence of this extension is a signal to the user that deprecated or removed features are still available through the original entrypoints and enumerations. The behavior of such implementations is defined with a separate, much larger, OpenGL Specification. Thus, there was a backwards-compatible specification and a non-backwards compatible specification.
OpenGL 3.2 and Profiles
When OpenGL 3.0 was introduced, a new context creation mechanism was introduced as well. Since later versions could remove functionality, it was important that the user be able to ask for a specific version of OpenGL, one that they had written their code against.
However, the ARB_compatibility extension posed a problem: the implementation decided whether to define it or not. A user could not request to deactivate ARB_compatibility; it was forced on them. This also meant that the core specification had to be a proper subset of the compatibility specification; the core specification couldn't provide functionality that the compatibility one did not provide.
Thus, another change was made to context creation.
The 3.0 form of context creation did not have the concept of profiles. There was only one form of OpenGL: the core specification. In 3.2, OpenGL was effectively split into two profiles, core and compatibility. An implementation was only required to define core, so compatibility is not guaranteed to be available. However, on most implementations, the compatibility profile will be available.
The 3.2 wording also changed what kind of contexts can be returned, allowing 3.0 and higher versions to be given when not directly asked so long as they support ARB_compatibility or are the compatibility profile of that version of OpenGL. So if you ask for 2.1, the implementation is free to give you 3.2 compatibility; it was not previously free to do this.
Because of the change in wording, the way to detect the changed functionality is to check the extension string. If WGL_ARB_create_context_profile is present, then it uses the 3.2 wording. Otherwise it uses the 3.0/3.1 wording.
Forward compatibility
A context, of version 3.0 or greater, can be created with the "forward compatibility" bit set. This will cause, for the given profile, all functionality marked "deprecated" to be removed. You can combine the forward compatibility bit with core and compatibility contexts.
For 3.0, this means that all deprecated functionality will no longer be available. This simulates the 3.1 experience.
For 3.1, this means that any remaining deprecated functionality (things deprecated in 3.0 but not removed in 3.1) will be removed. Basically, wide-lines. Also, you're not likely to see implementations offer ARB_compatibility if you pass forward compatibility.
For 3.2+ compatibility, it should mean nothing at all. Since no functionality is marked deprecated in the compatibility profile, the forward compatibility bit removes nothing.
For 3.2+ core, it again means that all functionality that is still deprecated (wide-lines) will be removed.
Debug contexts
A context can be created in debug mode. This allows, among other things, debug output functionality to work more effectively.
No error contexts
These contexts do not report OpenGL errors, except for GL_OUT_OF_MEMORY. This cannot be combined with debug contexts, for obvious reasons.
Robust access context
Normally, many buffer memory access operations that access data outside of the bound range of storage have undefined results (potentially including program termination). However, if the program doesn't crash, this can lead to being able to read values that were written by other applications, which is a security concern.
Robust access means that out-of-bounds reads will provide well-defined results (usually zero). And such accesses will never cause program termination. It provides better process isolation.
Context information queries
There is a lot of information about an OpenGL context can be queried.
OpenGL version number
To get the OpenGL major and minor version numbers, you can call these functions:
glGetIntegerv(GL_MAJOR_VERSION, *); glGetIntegerv(GL_MINOR_VERSION, *);
These are available on OpenGL version 3.0 and above contexts. If those are not available, you can use this instead:
The string returned starts with "<major version>.<minor version>". Following the minor version, there can be another '.', then a vendor-specific build number. The string may have more content, which is completely vendor-specific (thus not a part of the OpenGL standard).
For example, the returned string may be like "2.0.6914 WinXP SSE/SSE2/SSE3/3DNow!". 2.0 is the actual version number of GL supported. 6914 is a driver build number. WinXP is the OS. SSE/SSE2/SSE3/3DNow! are CPU features that the driver can use.
Sometimes glGetString(GL_VERSION) also returns also the bus type used, such as AGP or PCI or PCIEx.
Vendor string
The OpenGL implementations have a vendor string associated with it that is used for identifying the maker of the implementation.
It could be "ATI Technologies", "NVIDIA Corporation", "INTEL" and so on. Note that there's no guarantee that the string for a specific vendor will remain the same in future implementations. On Windows, if it says "Microsoft" then you are using the Windows software renderer or the Windows Direct3D wrapper. You probably haven't installed the graphics drivers yet in that case.
Renderer name
This names the renderer used by the implementation.
This string is often the name of the GPU. In the case of Mesa3d, it would be i.e "Gallium 0.4 on NVA8". It might even say "Direct3D" if the Windows Direct3D wrapper is being used.
Extension list
Extensions can be queried one by one. To do this, first use glGetIntegerv(GL_NUM_EXTENSIONS, *) to get the number of extensions supported by the implementation. Then iterate over each one with this:
glGetStringi(GL_EXTENSIONS, k);
Where k is less than the GL_NUM_EXTENSIONS value.
Legacy extension list
|Warning: This section describes legacy OpenGL APIs that have been removed from core OpenGL 3.1 and above (they are only deprecated in OpenGL 3.0). It is recommended that you not use this functionality in your programs.
A string containing a space-separated list of extension names can be queried as follows:
Context flags
There are multiple kinds of OpenGL contexts.
You can detect which profile the context supports with this query:
glGetIntegerv(GL_CONTEXT_PROFILE_MASK, *);
This can contain the bits GL_CONTEXT_CORE_PROFILE_BIT or GL_CONTEXT_COMPATIBILITY_PROFILE_BIT, but not both at the same time.
Other features of contexts can be detected via context flags:
glGetIntegerv(GL_CONTEXT_FLAGS, *);
The available context flags are:
- The context is a forward compatible context.
- The context is a debug context.
- The context supports robust memory access functionality.
- The context does not report OpenGL errors.
Shading language version
The primary version of GLSL supported by the implementation can be queried:
The version string has almost the same format as the context version string. The difference is that the minor version always has two digits.
Supported GLSL versions
|Core in version
|Core since version
Support for specific versions of GLSL can be queried via an indexed get. The number of supported GLSL versions is queried with glGetIntegerv(GL_NUM_SHADING_LANGUAGE_VERSIONS, *). Each individual version can be queried from an indexed string:
glGetStringi(GL_SHADING_LANGUAGE_VERSION, k);
Where k is on the range 0 to GL_NUM_SHADING_LANGUAGE_VERSIONS - 1.
These strings use the formatting of GLSL's #version declaration. This has the following forms:
number profile
The profile is only present for versions of GLSL that have this distinction.
Note that GLSL only gained the #version declaration in version 1.10; if an implementation exposes support for GLSL 1.00 (through ARB_shading_language_100), then it will return an empty string ("").
Versions of the GLSL for OpenGL ES can also be supported. If an implementation returns "100", this does not refer to GLSL 1.00. It instead refers to support for OpenGL ES's 2.0's GLSL ES version 1.00. The profile can also be "es", which represents a version of OpenGL ES's shading language. So version "300 es" represents GLSL ES 3.00. GLSL ES 1.00 does not use the "es" profile name.


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Free forum : Home of the Vanguard, a superhero RPG/Group originally using Squadron UK/Golden Heroes rules now using heavily adapted DC Heroes/Blood of Heroes game rules. Started in October 09 and still going strong!
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Place Holder
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A Cardfight!! Vanguard RPG
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Free forum : This site offers comfort, understanding, guidance, relaxation, and much more for those who seek it. No questions are stupid, no problems are too small or silly. It's supporting family.
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Free forum : Community forum. Free forum : Vanguard
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Free forum : Warhammer Online Guild forum for Sigmarian Vanguard
Eternity Rise Academy is an online community that exists to bring it's members some of the best entertainment and fun around for them to enjoy.
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A Forum For The Vanguard Crew. Free forum : The Vanguard
Free forum : Forum for the game Cardfight! ! Vanguard
#vanguard, cardfight!!, anime, manga, card, game, yu-gi-oh, dueling, network, byond, chat, deck, shop, role, play, academy, duel
Cardfight Vanguard TCG community based on the VMundi blog
Free forum : After Llyod Iving and Emil Castiganier have fallen. The evil of the Cruix Angels, the New Vanguard, and the Tetha'allen Kingdom have fallen into a great war. The new World Tree has starte
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Both Yu-Gi-Oh and Cardfight Vanguard are tought here
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Vanguard's guild forum. Vanguard. Vanguard Sporeggar Horde Raid wow world of warcraft
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Vanguard, Darkfall, MMO Gaming community, Quests, Guides, BLOODFEST, Oracles of Vanguard
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Home of the Silver Vanguard, defenders of the Galactic Republic.
Free forum : PWI Vanguard - RT server
A Vanguard: Saga of Heroes information source. The Telon Times
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A forum for Cardgame strategies and the like. Join up to talk about Yu-Gi-Oh, Cardfight! ! Vanguard, Magic: The Gathering, and more!
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Welcome to CFA
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We are a halo 4 clan.


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Absolut Bottles Form Holiday Singing Quartet
Promoting some kind of special plastic holiday packaging, Stockholm agency Great Works has created a microsite for Absolut featuring a quartet of singing Absolut bottles sharing drink recipes (which, as one commenter points out, is misspelled on the site) and singing about where Absolut, and the quartet's songs, can be bought. There's even a singing send to a friend feature.
Topic: Online, Viral


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Deep Drawable Steels: Part One
Thermo-Mechanical Treatment (TMT) of Non-Ferrous Alloys: Part One
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Bonfiglioli Industrial Gearmotors, Bologna, Italy
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Prof. Dr. Viktor Pocajt, CEOKey to Metals AG
Interest in high-strength steel has a lengthy history in the steel industry. Recent development of high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) sheet steel depends upon the large amount of technical information available in this field. In response to the automobile industry's demand to reduce overall vehicle weight and thereby improve fuel economy, and to satisfy safety and crash-worthiness requirements, the steel industry has developed a large variety of steels and processes for producing high-strength hot-rolled and cold-rolled steel sheets.
Several types of hot-rolled dual-phase sheet steels have been compared in this article with conventional micro alloyed steels through various forming tests.
Several types of hot-rolled dual-phase sheet steels prepared by simple temperature control in hot strip mill or by heat treatment on a continuous annealing line have been compared in this article with conventional micro alloyed steels through various forming tests.
Thickness of these steels ranges from 1.8 to 2.5 mm and yield strength from 300 to 520 MPa. Forming tests employed include stretching, drawing, flange stretching or hole expansion, and simulative model forming of automotive parts such as rear axle housing and spring support, and the behavior of these sheets is discussed.
Interest in high-strength steel has a lengthy history in the steel industry. Recent development of high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) sheet steel depends upon the large amount of technical information available in this field. In response to the automobile industry's demand to reduce overall vehicle weight and thereby improve fuel economy, and to satisfy safety and crash-worthiness requirements, the steel industry has developed a large variety of steels and processes for producing high-strength hot-rolled and cold-rolled steel sheets.
The overall suitability of various steels for automobile body panel applications is assessed by evaluating their characteristics with regard to the performance requirements (formability, weldability, paintability, etc.). The formability of the steel sheets is perhaps the most important requirement for automotive component applications.
The aim of this article is to shed some light on the properties of steels which are controlled by the manufacturing conditions, and to recover the loss of formability that occurs as strength increases. The possible applications to automotive parts can be divided into two general categories, namely body panels and structural and safety-related parts. This article describes the formability of hot-rolled high-strength sheet steels for the latter category and the principal material properties which become the indication when producing such materials.
Dual phase steels, which have much better ductility for a given strength than conventional high-strength steels, have been developed. They have microstructures consisting of two major phases: martensite and ferrite. The suitable method of making these steels is to roll to the required thickness and then make use of heat treatment on a continuous annealing line. Another method is to find out the cooling condition and steel compositions which achieve typical dual phase properties directly from a continuous hot strip mill. These lead to the availability of hot-rolled dual phase steels made by two different methods and substantially different compositions.
Despite the differences between the steels, it is necessary for the automotive industry that they should have similar forming behavior and performance. This study therefore compares some of the properties for nine as- hot-rolled dual phase steels, two continuously heat treated dual phase steels, two conventional high-strength steels, and a commercial low carbon steel with yielding strength of 300 to 520 MPa.
The press forming of these steels is studied to gain an understanding of the influence of increasing strength on formability parameters. The formability investigation is performed through an evaluation of the response of the sheet steel in three deformation modes in the forming limit diagram: stretching, plain strain, and drawing.
Stampings are judged acceptable if there are no obvious tears, cracks, buckles, wrinkles, or necks in the finished stamping. In the forming of hot-rolled steels applied to the frame members of automobiles, which generally require thicker sheet than that of exposed panels, it is important that the steels exhibit good stretch flanging and punch stretching ability.
Tension testing is performed on parallel-sided specimens with a nominal width of 25 mm. Testing is carried out using a constant cross head speed, and elongation to fracture measured with a 50-mm gage length extensometer. Average mechanical properties are obtained from a minimum of five specimens in three test directions.
Hole expansion testing is carried out as follows: a 20-mm hole is punched into the sheet before deformation and is expanded with a conical punch. The expansion of this hole prior to the point of failure is referred to as the ratio of hole expansion.
The stretch forming test is performed with a hemispherical and flat bottom punch in which 400 and 450 mm square blanks are held in the die.
Simulative model forming is carried out with two types of dies. One is a spring support of which a character is stretching, and the other is a rear axle housing of which a character is drawing.
Springback is measured after a simple bending over three dies of different radius of curvature. Thickness of specimen is reduced to 1.7 mm by surface grinding in order to establish a constant strain of bending.
Formability parameters affect the ability of a material to be transformed from its original shape into a defined final shape by a specific forming process. Material, process, and shape interact in forming parts; therefore, they must be considered simultaneously in a formability study.
Mechanical properties such as yield strength, tensile strength, total elongation, work hardening exponent, plastic strain ratio, and strain rate sensitivity exponent, which are determined in the tension test, generally indicate the forming behavior of the material. The importance of these material parameters, which all interact in forming processes, depends upon the shape of the part and the manufacturing processes. Better understanding and accurate determination of these forming parameters help to predict the behavior of these steels in stamping operations.
The work hardening behavior of sheet steels is often characterized by the n-value, defined as the exponent in the Ludwig's equation. For most dual phase steels, and also for highly formable interstitial free steels, the stress-strain curves do not conform to the Ludwig's equation. To compare the work hardening behavior of the steels, it is suggested that the most useful parameter is the instantaneous work hardening rate normalized with respect to the flow stress. The distinct expression of the work hardening behavior is obtained by this parameter. However, it is tedious to establish the curves of the normalized work hardening rate in the function of the tensile strain.
Hole expansion ratio is influenced by the plastic strain ratio, by total elongation (which affects the critical hole expansion), and by quantity and shape of inclusions (which cause cracks). Results indicates that the hole expansion ratio decreases with the increase of total quantity of inclusions.
As reported previously, sulfide shape control becomes important in achieving a higher ductility along the sheared edge. Without sulfide shape control in these hot-rolled steels, lower expansion can occur due to the tearing which initiates on the punched edge at elongated sulfide inclusions. However, even in a material with sulfide shape control, there is a rather important degradation of sheared edge ductility as strength increases.
It is noted that a high-strength material which has a hole expansion ratio of more than 1.5 may be considered satisfactory, compared with the low-carbon steels. An investigation is made of the influence of the clearance between punch and die when a hole is punched into the sheet. It is indicated that the clearance has relatively little effect on the hole expansion ratio.
For automotive components the formability of sheet steel is determined principally by biaxial stretchability and deep draw ability. The total elongation and work hardening exponent are measures of the biaxial stretchability of sheet, and these parameters decrease as the yield strength of the sheet steel increases. As a general rule, the average plastic strain ratio, which is a measure of deep draw ability, also decreases as strength increases. For all the steels examined, the values are in a very narrow range and similar to those for low-carbon steel.
There is a good correlation between the forming index and work hardening exponent. This test is performed both parallel and transverse to the rolling direction, so the fracture properties of the sheet in both directions can be evaluated. There is a difference in formability due to the rolling direction.
The shape of automotive sheet components is apt to deviate from the design configurations because of various elastic recovery effects including springback. Defects in shape precision of finished parts are responsible for difficulties in assembly processes. Materials must be as uniform as possible with regard to thickness and properties in order to minimize springback after stamping.
Various types of hot rolled dual phase steels are examined by forming tests. Dual phase steels containing manganese and silicium are characterized by improved formability. Good correlation is obtained between the hole expansion ratio and inclusion shape control.
The work hardening exponent is the principal factor determining the press performance of hot-rolled dual-phase steels. In particular, n-value from 5 to 10 percent strain in tension testing is shown to have a good correlation with formability. This will allow the setting of guidelines for optimizing manufacturing conditions for these steels.
It is expected that the superior properties of dual phase steels will result in significant increases in their use for automotive applications in the immediate future.
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Archive for the 'prayer' tag
Reflections on Prayer
Thom Rainer, a prolific Baptist writer and former seminary dean, recently published an article titled "9 Reasons Why Church Leaders Struggle with Prayer." I've thought about the article several times since it appeared about a week ago and decided to record some of those thoughts here. Read the article, then come back here.
In no particular order:
- I believe he's fundamentally correct that many, and perhaps most, church leaders, including Orthodox clergy and laity, struggle with prayer. I know this has been true for me at several points, and I hear of it often from others. Read the rest of this entry »
Iniquity for the Children
"For God is not the author of confusion, but of peace, as in all churches of the saints" -1 Corinthians 14:33
I start today's brief post with a couple of Scripture passages that pertain to our current situation in the OCA. Please read them now, rather than skipping over them to get to my comments below. If you're not reading the Scriptures regularly, you've got no business even thinking about this situation.
And the Lord passed by before [Moses], and proclaimed, "he Lord, The Lord God, merciful and gracious, longsuffering, and abundant in goodness and truth, keeping mercy for thousands, forgiving iniquity and transgression and sin, and that will by no means clear the guilty; visiting the iniquity of the fathers upon the children, and upon the children's children, unto the third and to the fourth generation." -Exodus 34:6-7
I therefore, the prisoner of the Lord, beseech you that ye walk worthy of the vocation wherewith ye are called, with all lowliness and meekness, with longsuffering, forbearing one another in love; endeavouring to keep the unity of the Spirit in the bond of peace. –Ephesians 4:1-3
Most of the readers here already know of the situation that has developed between Metropolitan Jonah, the Holy Synod, and the Metropolitan Council. Like me, most readers know little beyond what has been produced by two web sites and a couple of less-than-edifying mailing lists.
The basic trajectory was an internal dispute within the Holy Synod, followed by a leak by a former bishop with less than honorable intentions, a lot of other chatter and documents, and, in the end, the Metropolitan himself postponing the spring meetings of both the Holy Synod and the Metropolitan Council. Since that time, the Holy Synod has been quiet, as has the Metropolitan Council. Perhaps they're all talking privately, but that's generally no problem (absent a legal gag order).
Nonetheless, the continuing spitefulness from the retired bishop in a public forum, the ongoing conjectures and accusations from a site claiming to be committed to the truth, resolutions from a diocesan council, more negative gossip in the various mailing lists and discussion fora, has served only to sow discord and distrust in many corners of the Orthodox Church in America.
This discord is already having tragic consequences. The distrust is daily making it more difficult for our leaders – the bishops of the Holy Synod, the esteemed members of the Metropolitan Council, the officers and administrators in Syosset – to be reconciled. His Beatitude talked pointedly about the role of discord prior to his selection as Metropolitan: "If we can build that community of love and respect, seeing how our passions have distracted us from that living communion with God, have turned us against one another, and have created all sorts of hostility between–well, we just saw it, between the body of the All-American Council and the Synod of the Bishops. … Between the Synod of the Bishops and the Metropolitan Council–talk about a sick dysfunctional situation!"
Indeed. We are quickly moving to a position where each of us will be at each other's throats, every part of it built on suspicion, accusation, and, saddest of all, falsehood. Such would be a position that makes reconciliation and resolution nearly impossible. (Of course, all is possible with the Holy Spirit, but human freedom can and does interfere.)
In spite of the difficulties within the Holy Synod, our bishops appear more united, and more cohesive, than they have been in decades. But, if this continues, we can expect a return to the old order of parochialism, meanness, and dysfunction. We can expect a return of the manipulators and thieves who stand ready to gorge themselves on money and sin amid the chaos. They will not be easily pushed out, if the last go-round was any indication. Once again, our own children will grow up distrustful of Christ's own Church, and even more individuals – men, women, boys, girls, those enslaved to their passions, those who've never known a god willing to take on human flesh – will not hear the Gospel. Our sins will be visited upon our children, and our children's children.
Lent is half over. We have spent these preceding weeks listening to all of this, distracting ourselves from holy things in favor of the trashy fare of the checkout lane. It's time for us to let our leaders pray (and even repent) rather than respond to the darts being hurled at them. It's time for us to pray ourselves. I encourage each of us to add twelve metanias (prostrations) and accompanying prayers to our prayer rule for each time we think on this affair in the course of the day, simply to ensure that prayer is part of our deliberations.
I have written this in haste, and I ask your forgiveness for editorial sins and for any offense it causes. Kyrie eleison.


text:
Stollen from Santa Claus!
I am posting for this for my creative sister Barbra.
Santa Claus made an early delivery because the Stollens from last month are but a memory. Since there was no time to really age the more traditional type, they are from the easy recipe from Good Housekeeping archives.
Greedybread has inspired two more breads for this week plus our Chanukah challenge of Yeast Raised Donuts. Looks like a great floury week coming up!
Happy Holiday Baking to you all!
Diane (Barbra's apprentice)