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Jun 22, 2011
Don't get me wrong...they are nice pictures but not amazing. LOL.
I am joining in with Outdoor Wednesday over at A Southern Daydreamer to share these outdoor pics.
They went high enough up that there was still snow on the ground. Yikes.
Thanks for stopping by. Leave a comment so I know it was you. Then head over to A Southern Daydreamer to see the other Outdoor Wednesday posts.
14 comments:
They are amazing photos! What a glorious place to visit. Thanks for sharing them with us.ReplyDelete
Wow, snow still around in June. So much for global warming eh? Great off-roading there.ReplyDelete
Looks like they had some fun. And what did you do when they were gone?ReplyDelete
Shopping? Cooking? Girls night out?
Jen @ Muddy Boot Dreams
These are gorgeous shots, Lori! SNOW!! I didn't think I'd see any of that for awhile!! It looks like they were having a blast out in the wilderness though. What kept you at home?!!ReplyDelete
lovely shots! Thanks for sharing.ReplyDelete
What beautiful sights! Everything looks so green, crisp and clean. I'm like everyone else..what were you doing while the boys were away?ReplyDelete
Snow at the end of June... I would say that's amazing:@)ReplyDelete
Great pictures. I know you had tons of fun. Thanks for the comment about the garlic in the oil. I failed to mention that I actually remove the garlic clove after the oil has been infused. Thanks for visiting. Please come often.ReplyDelete
"O, Canada..." Wish we had some your precipitation. We've been so dry, now weReplyDelete
have had to close the forest here because of the danger of fire. An ATV here caused one wildfire so they are banned in our bone-dry forests. Looks like a wonderful weekend.
Preetttttyyyy! We have ATV adventures too. Well, I have an adventure every time I get on it. Even just to go up and get the mail.ReplyDelete
How cool is that? Snow in the summer? :D Awesome, looks like they had a good time! ;)ReplyDelete
Wow! Wilderness at its best. Beautiful pictures :)ReplyDelete
Wow! I was so enjoying this nice sunny day and the way the shadow from the fence fell across the ground...and then I saw it...ReplyDelete
I nearly gouged my eyes out...SNOW?!?!?! UGH!
I enjoyed my visit today....
Sincerely, The Drama Queen who hates snow. :o)
Whoa... Snow! They must have been pretty high up! We used to run into this in New Mexico and Colorado even as late as mid summer. I don't want to think of it now, though. I'm enjoying the sun! ~ SueReplyDelete
Thank you for taking the time to leave a comment. I appreciate every one of them and respond to all.


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Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)
This article needs additional citations for verification. (December 2022)
Մեծ Հայք
|Satrapy, Kingdom, Empire, Province
|Armavir (331–210 BC)
Yervandashat (210–176 BC)
Artashat (176–77 BC; 69–120 AD)
Tigranocerta (77 BC–69 AD)
Vagharshapat (120–330)
Dvin (336–428)
|Common languages
|Armenian (spoken native language)[1]
Iranian languages (Parthian and Middle Persian)
|King, King of Kings
|Orontes III
• 422–428
|Artaxias IV
|Historical era
|Antiquity, Middle Ages
• Satrapy of Armenia is formed
|c. 533 BC
• Reign of Orontes III begins
• Christianity declared state religion
• Last Arsacid king of Armenia deposed
Redgate, Anne Elizabeth (2000). The Armenians. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 7. ISBN 0-631-22037-2.
|History of Armenia
|Timeline • Origins • Etymology
Armenia, also the Kingdom of Greater Armenia,[4] or simply Greater Armenia (Armenian: Մեծ Հայք Mets Hayk;[5] Latin: Armenia Maior) sometimes referred to as the Armenian Empire, was a kingdom in the Ancient Near East which existed from 331 BC to 428 AD. Its history is divided into the successive reigns of three royal dynasties: Orontid (331 BC–200 BC),[6][7] Artaxiad (189 BC–12 AD)[8][9][10] and Arsacid (52–428).[11]
The root of the kingdom lies in one of the satrapies of the Achaemenid Empire of Persia called Armenia (Satrapy of Armenia), which was formed from the territory of the Kingdom of Ararat (860 BC–590 BC) after it was conquered by the Median Empire in 590 BC. The satrapy became a kingdom in 321 BC during the reign of the Orontid dynasty after the conquest of Persia by Alexander the Great, which was then incorporated as one of the Hellenistic kingdoms of the Seleucid Empire.
Under the Seleucid Empire (312–63 BC), the Armenian throne was divided in two—Greater Armenia and Sophene—both of which passed to members of the Artaxiad dynasty in 189 BC. During the Roman Republic's eastern expansion, the Kingdom of Armenia, under Tigranes the Great, reached its peak, from 83 to 69 BC, after it reincorporated Sophene and conquered the remaining territories of the falling Seleucid Empire, effectively ending its existence and raising Armenia into an empire for a brief period, until it was itself conquered by Rome in 69 BC. The remaining Artaxiad kings ruled as clients of Rome until they were overthrown in 12 AD due to their possible allegiance to Rome's main rival in the region, Parthia.
During the Roman–Parthian Wars, the Arsacid dynasty of Armenia was founded when Tiridates I, a member of the Parthian Arsacid dynasty, was proclaimed King of Armenia in 52. Throughout most of its history during this period, Armenia was heavily contested between Rome and Parthia, and the Armenian nobility was divided among pro-Roman, pro-Parthian or neutral factions. From 114 to 118, Armenia briefly became a province of the Roman Empire under Emperor Trajan. The Kingdom of Armenia often served as a client state or vassal at the frontier of the two large empires and their successors, the Byzantine and Sassanid empires. In 301, Tiridates III proclaimed Christianity as the state religion of Armenia, making the Armenian kingdom the first state to embrace Christianity officially.
In 387, Armenia was partitioned into Byzantine Armenia and Persian Armenia. The last Arsacid king of Armenia was deposed in 428, ending independent Armenian statehood until the emergence of Bagratid Armenia in the 9th century.
Prior to the 9th century BC, the geographic region known as the Armenian Highlands was inhabited by Proto-Armenian and other tribes which did not yet constitute a unitary state or nation. The first state to rule over a significant part of the Armenian Highlands was the Kingdom of Urartu, also known as the Kingdom of Van or Ararat and called Biainili in the Urartian language used by its rulers. The kingdom competed with Assyria over supremacy in the highlands of Ararat and the Fertile Crescent.
Both kingdoms fell to Iranian invaders from the east (the Medes, followed by the Achaemenid Persians) in the 6th century BC. Its territory was reorganized into a satrapy called Armenia. The Orontid dynasty ruled as satraps of the Achaemenid Empire for three centuries until the empire was defeated by Alexander the Great's Macedonian Empire at the Battle of Gaugamela in 331 BC. After Alexander's death in 323 BC, a Macedonian general named Neoptolemus obtained Armenia until he died in 321 BC and the Orontids returned, not as satraps, but as kings.
Orontid dynasty
Orontes III and the ruler of Lesser Armenia, Mithridates, recognized themselves independent, thus elevating the former Armenian satrapy into a kingdom, giving birth to the kingdoms of Armenia and Lesser Armenia. Orontes III also defeated the Thessalian commander Menon, who wanted to capture Sper's gold mines.
Weakened by the Seleucid Empire which succeeded the Macedonian Empire, the last Orontid king, Orontes IV, was overthrown in 201/200 BC and the kingdom was taken over by a commander of the Seleucid Empire, Artaxias (Artashes) I, who is presumed to have been related to the Orontid dynasty himself.
Artaxiad dynasty
The Seleucid Empire's influence over Armenia had weakened after it was defeated by the Romans in the Battle of Magnesia in 190 BC. A Hellenistic Armenian state was thus founded in the same year by Artaxias I alongside the Armenian kingdom of Sophene led by Zariadres. Artaxias seized Yervandashat, united the Armenian Highlands at the expense of neighboring tribes and founded the new royal capital of Artaxata near the Araxes River.[12] According to Strabo and Plutarch, Hannibal received hospitality at the Armenian court of Artaxias I. The authors add an apocryphal story of how Hannibal planned and supervised the building of Artaxata.[13] The new city was laid on a strategic position at the juncture of trade routes that connected the Ancient Greek world with Bactria, India and the Black Sea which permitted the Armenians to prosper.[12] Tigranes the Great saw an opportunity for expansion in the constant civil strife to the south. In 83 BC, at the invitation of one of the factions in the interminable civil wars, he entered Syria, and soon established himself as ruler of Syria—putting the Seleucid Empire virtually at an end—and ruled peacefully for 17 years. During the zenith of his rule, Tigranes the Great extended Armenia's territory outside of the Armenian Highland over parts of the Caucasus and the area that is now south-eastern Turkey, Iran, Syria and Lebanon, becoming one of the most powerful states in the Roman East.
Roman rule
Armenia became a Roman client kingdom in 66 BC, after the final defeat of Armenia's ally, Mithridates VI of Pontus by Pompey at the Battle of the Lycus.[14]
Mark Antony invaded and defeated the kingdom in 34 BC, but the Romans lost hegemony during the Final War of the Roman Republic in 32–30 BC. In 20 BC, Augustus negotiated a truce with the Parthians, making Armenia a buffer zone between the two major powers.
Augustus installed Tigranes V as king of Armenia in AD 6, but ruled with Erato of Armenia. The Romans then installed Mithridates of Armenia as client king. Mithridates was arrested by Caligula, but later restored by Claudius. Subsequently, Armenia was often a focus of contention between Rome and Parthia, with both major powers supporting opposing sovereigns and usurpers. The Parthians forced Armenia into submission in AD 37, but in AD 47 the Romans retook control of the kingdom. In AD 51 Armenia fell to an Iberian invasion sponsored by Parthia, led by Rhadamistus. Tigranes VI of Armenia ruled from AD 58, again installed by Roman support. The period of turmoil ends in AD 66, when Tiridates I of Armenia was crowned king of Armenia by Nero. For the remaining duration of the Armenian kingdom, Rome still considered it a client kingdom de jure, but the ruling dynasty was of Parthian extraction, and contemporary Roman writers thought that Nero had de facto yielded Armenia to the Parthians.[15]
Arsacid dynasty
Under Nero, the Romans fought a campaign (55–63) against the Parthian Empire, which had invaded the Kingdom of Armenia, allied with the Romans. After gaining Armenia in 60, then losing it in 62, the Romans sent the Legio XV Apollinaris from Pannonia to Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo, legatus of Syria. In 63, strengthened further by the legions III Gallica, V Macedonica, X Fretensis and XXII, General Corbulo entered into the territories of Vologases I of Parthia, who then returned the Armenian kingdom to Tiridates, king Vologases I's brother. An agreement was reached at the Treaty of Rhandeia in 63, according to which members of the Parthian Arsacid dynasty would rule Armenia as client kings of Rome.
Another campaign was led by Emperor Lucius Verus in 162–165, after Vologases IV of Parthia had invaded Armenia and installed his chief general on its throne. To counter the Parthian threat, Verus set out for the east. His army won significant victories and retook the capital. Sohaemus, a Roman citizen of Armenian heritage, was installed as the new client king. But during an epidemic within the Roman forces, Parthians retook most of their lost territory in 166. Sohaemus retreated to Syria, and the Arsacid dynasty was restored to power in Armenia.
After the fall of the Arsacid dynasty in Persia, the succeeding Sassanid Empire aspired to reestablish Persian control. The Sassanid Persians occupied Armenia in 252. However, in 287, Tiridates III the Great was brought to power by the Roman armies. After Gregory the Illuminator's spreading of Christianity in Armenia, Tiridates accepted Christianity and made it his kingdom's official religion. The date of Armenia's conversion to Christianity is traditionally held to be 301, preceding the Roman Emperor Constantine the Great's conversion and the Edict of Milan by a dozen years.
In 387, the Kingdom of Armenia was split between the Eastern Roman Empire and the Sassanid Empire. Western Armenia first became a province of the Roman Empire under the name of Armenia Minor, and later Byzantine Armenia; Eastern Armenia remained a kingdom within Persia until, in 428, the local nobility overthrew the king, and the Sassanids installed a marzban (governor) in his place, beginning the Marzpanate period over Persian Armenia. Those parts of historical Armenia remained firmly under Persian control until the Muslim conquest of Persia, while the Byzantine parts remained until being conquered, also by invading Arabic armies, in the 7th century. In 885, after years of Roman, Persian, and Arab rule, Armenia regained its independence under the Bagratuni dynasty.
Under Tigranes the Great
The army of the Kingdom of Armenia reached its peak under the reign of Tigranes the Great. According to the author of Judith, his army included chariots and 12,000 cavalrymen, most likely heavy cavalry or cataphracts, a unit also commonly used by Seleucids and Parthians. His army consisted mainly of 120,000 infantrymen and 12,000 mounted archers, also an important feature of the Parthian army. Like the Seleucids, the bulk of Tigranes' army were foot soldiers. The Jewish historian Josephus talks of 500,000 men in total, including camp followers. These followers consisted of camels, donkeys, and mules used for baggage, sheep, cattle, and goats for food, said to be stocked in abundance for each man, and hoards of gold and silver. As a result, the marching Armenian army was listed as "a huge, irregular force, too many to count, like locusts or the dust of the earth", not unlike many other enormous Eastern armies of the time. The smaller Cappadocian, Graeco-Phoenician, and Nabataean armies were generally no match for the sheer number of soldiers, with the organized Roman army with its legions eventually posing a much greater challenge to the Armenians.[16]
Note that the numbers given by Israelite historians of the time were probably exaggerated, considering the fact that the Hasmonean Jews lost the war against Tigranes.
Plutarch wrote that the Armenian archers could kill from 200 meters with their deadly-accurate arrows. The Romans admired and respected the bravery and the warrior spirit of the Armenian Cavalry – the core of Tigran's Army. The Roman historian Sallustius Crispus wrote that the Armenian [Ayrudzi – lit. horsemen] Cavalry was "remarkable by the beauty of their horses and armor". Horses in Armenia, since ancient times were considered as the most important part and pride of the warrior.[17]
Since antiquity, Kingdom of Armenia had a cavalary called "Azatavrear", which consisted mainly of elite Armenians. "Azatavrear" cavalry made up the main part of the king's court. In medieval times, the cavalry were collected from nobles (usually the youngest sons of Armenian lords), and were known as Ayrudzi, or "horsemen." During times of peace, Armenian cavalry were divided into small groups which took the roles of guarding the King and other Armenian lords, as well as their families. Some part of the Armenian cavalry force was always patrolling Armenian borders, under the command of an Armenian general (sparapet). The group of Armenian cavalry whose main mission was the protection of the Armenian king and his family consisted of 6000 heavily armored horsemen in the ancient period, and 3000 horsemen in the medieval period. During times of war, the number of Armenian cavalry would rise, with estimates ranging from 10,000 to at least 20,000 horsemen. Besides heavy cavalry, there was also light cavalry, which primarily consisted of mounted archers.[citation needed]
Legio I Armeniaca-Armenian First Legion
"Legio Armeniaca" translates from Latin as "Armenian Legion" and "prima" as "first". The Armenian First Legion was one of the later-period Roman imperial legions. This Legion was mentioned in the late-antique text known as Notitia Dignitatum. It is most likely that the Armenian First Legion was formed in the 2nd or 3rd century AD, in the western part of the Kingdom, with the mission to protect the lands of Armenia from intrusion. It might first have been the garrison of Armenian lands which had been under the control of the Roman Empire. The Armenian First Legion took part in the ill-fated Persian campaign of the emperor Julianus Apostata in 363.
Legio II Armeniaca-Armenian Second Legion
"Legio Armeniaca" translates from Latin as "Armenian Legion" and "Secunda" as "Second". Like the First legion, the Armenian Second Legion was one of the later-period Roman imperial legions. This legion is also mentioned in the Notitia Dignitatum. The Armenian Second Legion was thought to have been created around the end of the 3rd century or in the beginning of the 4th century. The Armenian Second Legion had a permanent camp in one of the Northern provinces of the Orient, and built a camp in Satala. The Armenian Second legion is mentioned in the year 360 AD as a part of the garrison of Bezabda (anciently called Phoencia) in upper Tigris. In Bezabde the Armenian Second Legion served together with the Legions Parthica and II Flavia. In 390 AD Bezabde was taken by the Persian army, and a terrible bloodbath ensued against the inhabitants and garrison. The legion seemed to have survived this battle, because it appears in Notitia Dignitatum, which was written in the 5th century.
Later on, the Armenian Second legion became a part of the Byzantine army.
Mythology and pre-Christian religion
The pre-Christian Armenian pantheon included:
- Aramazd – Cognate of the Iranian Ahura Mazda (or Ormazd). Head of the pantheon, identified with Zeus in the interpretatio graeca.
- Amanor and/or Vanatur – God of the Armenian new year, Navasard, at the end of July. His temple was located in Diyadin.
- Anahit – Cognate of the Iranian Anahita. The goddess of fertility and birth, and daughter or wife of Aramazd, Anahit is identified with Artemis and Aphrodite. Temples dedicated to Anahit were established in Armavir, Artashat, Ashtishat.
- Ara the Beautiful – a dying-and-rising god slain in a war against Semiramis.
- Astghik – Cognate of the Semitic Ishtar. Fertility goddess and consort of Vahagn, sharing a temple with him at Derik. The holiday of Vardavar was originally in honor of Astghik.
- Barsamin – God of sky and weather, probably derived from the Semitic god Baal Shamin.
- Hayk – Legendary forefather of the Armenian people, archer, and slayer of the Titan Bel.
- Mihr – Cognate with the Persian Mithra. God of the sun and light, son of Aramazd, the brother of Anahit and Nane. His center of worship was located in Bagaharich, and the temple of Garni was dedicated to him.
- Nane – Possible cognate of the Sumerian Nanaya. Daughter of Aramazd, war and motherhood goddess. Her cult was related to Anahit, both of their temples located near each other in Gavar.
- Tir or Tiur – God of wisdom, culture, science and studies, he also was an interpreter of dreams. He was the messenger of the gods and was associated with Apollo. Tir's temple was located near Artashat.
- Tsovinar – Also called Nar, she was the goddess of rain, sea and water, though she was actually a fiery being who forced rain to fall.
- Vahagn – Cognate of the Iranian Verethragna. The storm god and herculean dragon slayer. Derik housed the central temple to Vahagn.
During the 1st century AD, Christianity spread through Armenia due to (according to legend) the efforts of the apostles Bartholomew and Thaddeus. After persecutions by kings Sanatruk, Axidares, Khosrov I, and Tiridates III, Christianity was adopted as the state religion by Tiridates III after he was converted by Gregory the Illuminator. Armenia's adoption of Christianity as the state religion (the first country to do so) distinguished it from Parthian and Mazdaen influence.[18]
Until the late Parthian period, Armenia was a predominantly Zoroastrian-adhering land.[19] With the advent of Christianity, both paganism and Zoroastrianism gradually started to diminish. The founder of the Arsacid branch in Armenia, Tiridates I, was a Zoroastrian priest or magus.[20][19] A noted episode which illustrates the observance by the Armenian Arsacids is the famous journey of Tiridates I to Rome in A.D. 65–66.[21] With the adoption of Christianity in the early 4th century, Zoroastrianism's influence in the kingdom gradually started to decline.
Little is known about pre-Christian Armenian literature. Many literature pieces known to us were saved and then presented to us by Moses of Chorene. This is a pagan Armenian song, telling about the birth of Vahagn:
Armenian version
Երկնէր երկին, երկնէր երկիր,
Երկնէր եւ ծովն ծիրանի,
Երկն ի ծովուն ունէր և զկարմրիկն եղեգնիկ։
Ընդ եղեգան փող ծուխ ելանէր,
Ընդ եղեգան փող բոց ելանէր,
Եւ ի բոցոյն վազէր խարտեաշ պատանեկիկ։
Նա հուր հեր ունէր,
Բոց ունէր մօրուս,
Եւ աչքունքն էին արեգակունք։
In travail were heaven and earth,
In travail, too, the purple sea,
The travail held in the sea the small red reed.
Through the hollow of the stalk came forth smoke,
Through the hollow of the stalk came forth flame,
And out of the flame a youth ran․
Fiery hair had he,
Ay, too, he had flaming beard,
And his eyes, they were as suns.
Before the Armenian alphabet was created, Armenians used the Aramaic and Greek alphabets, the last of which had a great influence on the Armenian alphabet. The Armenian alphabet was created by Saint Mesrop Mashtots and Isaac of Armenia (Sahak Partev) in AD 405, primarily for a Bible translation into the Armenian language. Traditionally, the following phrase translated from Solomon's Book of Proverbs is said to be the first sentence to be written down in Armenian by Mashtots:
Ճանաչել զիմաստութիւն եւ զխրատ, իմանալ զբանս հանճարոյ:
Čanačʿel zimastutʿiun yev zxrat, imanal zbans hančaroy.
To know wisdom and instruction; to perceive the words of understanding.— Book of Proverbs, 1:2.
By the 2nd century BC, according to Strabo, the inhabitants of Greater Armenia spoke the Armenian language, implying that modern Armenians descended from that population.[22][23][24][25]
|Armenian Statehood
- Yervandashat – The ancient town sits upon an escarpment overlooking the junction of the Arax River and Akhurian River. According to Movses Kaghankatvatsi, Orontes IV founded Yervandashat to replace Armavir as his capital after Armavir had been left dry by a shift of the Arax. The archaeological site has not been subject of major research, but fortifications and some remains of palaces have been uncovered. Ancient Yervandashat was destroyed by the army of the Persian King Shapur II in the 360s.
- Artashat – King Artashes I founded Artashat in 185 BC in the region of Vostan within the historical province of Ayrarat (Ararat), at the point where the Araks river was joined by the Metsamor river during the ancient era, near the heights of Khor Virap. The story of the foundation is given by the Armenian historian Movses Khorenatsi of the 5th century: "Artashes traveled to the location of the confluence of the Yeraskh and Metsamor [rivers] and taking a liking to the position of the hills (adjacent to Mount Ararat), he chose it as the location of his new city, naming it after himself."[26] According to the accounts given by Greek historians Plutarch and Strabo, Artashat is said to have been chosen and developed on the advice of the Carthaginian general Hannibal. The city's strategic position in the Araks valley on the Silk Road soon made Artashat a centre of bustling economic activity and thriving international trade, linking Persia and Mesopotamia with the Caucasus and Asia Minor. Its economic wealth can be gauged in the numerous bathhouses, markets, workshops, and administrative buildings that sprang up during the reign of Artashes I. The city had its own treasury and customs. The amphitheatre of Artashat was built during the reign of king Artavasdes II (55–34 BC). The remains of the huge walls surrounding the city built by King Artashes I can still be found in the area. After losing its status as a capital, Artashat gradually lost its significance.
- Tigranakert was founded by the Armenian emperor Tigranes the Great in the 1st century BC. Tigranakert was founded as the new capital of the Armenian Empire in order to be in a more central position within the boundaries of the expanding empire. Its population was 120,000 and it also had many temples and an amphitheater.
- Vagharshapat – In the first half of the 1st century, during the reign of the Armenian Arshakuni king Vologases I (Vagharsh I) (117–144), the old town of Vardgesavan was renovated and renamed Vaghasrhapat (Վաղարշապատ), which still persists as the official appellation of the city. The original name, as preserved by Byzantine historian Procopius (Persian Wars), was Valashabad—"Valash/Balash city" named after king Balash/Valash/Valarsh of Armenia. The name evolved into its later form by the shift in the medial L into a Gh, which is common in Armenian language. Khorenatsi mentions that the town of Vardges was totally rebuilt and fenced by Vagharsh I, eventually becoming known as Noarakaghak (The New City) or Vagharshapat. The city served as a capital for the Ashakuni Kingdom of Armenia between 120 and 330 AD and remained the country's most important city until the end of the 4th century. When Christianity became the state religion of Armenia, Vagharshapat was eventually called Ejmiatsin (or Etchmiadzin), after the name of the Mother Cathedral. Starting in 301, the city became the spiritual centre of the Armenian nation, home to the Armenian Catholicosate, one of the oldest religious organizations in the world. Vagharshapat was home to one of the oldest schools established by Saint Mashtots and the home of the first manuscripts library in Armenia founded in 480 AD. Starting in the 6th century, the city slowly lost its importance—especially after the transfer of the seat of the Catholicosate to Dvin in 452—until the foundation of the Bagratid Kingdom of Armenia in 885. After the fall of the Bagratid dynasty in 1045, the city gradually became an insignificant place until 1441, when the seat of the Armenian Catholicosate was transferred from the Cilician town of Sis back to Etchmiadzin.
- Dvin – The ancient city of Dvin was built by Khosrov III the Small in 335 on the site of an ancient settlement and fortress from the 3rd millennium BC. Since then the city had been used as the primary residence of the Armenian kings of the Arshakuni dynasty. Dvin had a population of about 100,000 citizens of various professions including arts and crafts, trade, fishing, etc. After the fall of the Armenian Kingdom in 428, Dvin became the residence of Sassanid-appointed marzpans (governors), Byzantine kouropalates and later Umayyad and Abbasid-appointed ostikans (governors), all of whom were of senior nakharar stock. In 640 Dvin was the center of the emirate of Armenia.
Political geography
The Kingdom of Armenia was bordered by Caucasian Albania in the east, Iberia in the north, the Roman Empire in the west, and Parthia, later succeeded by Sassanian Empire, in the south. The border between Iberia and the Kingdom of Armenia was the Kur River, which was also the border between Caucasian Albania and Kingdom of Armenia.
After 331 BC, Armenia was divided into Lesser Armenia (a region of the Kingdom of Pontus), the Kingdom of Armenia (corresponding to Armenia Major) and the Kingdom of Sophene. In 189 BC when Artashes I's reign began, many neighboring countries (Media, Caucasian Iberia, Seleucid Empire) exploiting the weakened state of the kingdom, conquered its remote regions. Strabo says that Artaxias I campaigned in the east and reunited Caspiane and Paytakaran, then campaigned in the north, defeated the Iberians, reuniting Gugark (Strabo also notes that Iberia recognized themselves as vassals of the Kingdom of Armenia at this time), to the west, reuniting Karin, Ekeghik and Derjan and to the south, where, after many battles with the Seleucid Empire, he reunited Tmorik. Artaxias I was not able to reunite Lesser Armenia, Corduene, and Sophene, something completed by his grandson Tigranes the Great. At its peak, under Tigranes the Great, it incorporated, besides Armenia Major, Iberia, Albania, Cappadocia, Cilicia, Armenian Mesopotamia, Osroene, Adiabene, Syria, Assyria, Commagene, Sophene, Judea and Atropatene. Parthia and also some Arab tribes were vassals of Tigranes the Great.
The 15 provinces of the Kingdom of Armenia with their capitals are as follows:
- Upper Armenia (Garin)
- Sophene (Arsamosata)
- Aghdznik (Tigranakert)
- Turuberan (Manzikert)
- Corduene (Pinik)[citation needed]
- Moxoene (Moks)
- Nor Shirakan (Her)
- Vaspurakan (Van)
- Syunik (Baghaberd)
- Artsakh (Shusha)
- Paytakaran (Paytakaran)
- Utik (Partav)
- Gugark (Ardahan)
- Tayk (Olti)
- Ayrarat (Armavir)
Other Armenian regions:
World in 323 BC
World in 200 BC
World in 100 BC
Orontid Armenia
Armenian Empire under Tigranes the Great
Arshakuni Armenia in 150 AD
Persian Armenia
Byzantine Armenia
- ^ Lang 1970, p. 126.
- ^ Canepa 2020, p. 101.
- ^ Curtis 2016, p. 185; Boyce 1984, p. 84; de Jong 2015, pp. 119–120, 123–125; Russell 1987, pp. 170–171, 268
- ^ "Kingdom of Greater Armenia". Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 20 November 2013.
- ^ Adontz, Nicolas (1970). The Reform of Justinian Armenia. Lisbon: Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation. p. 310.
- ^ Mach Chahin (2001). Kingdom of Armenia. Surrey: Routledge. p185–190.
- ^ "Armenia – Geography & History". britannica.com. Archived from the original on 28 April 2015. Retrieved 27 March 2018.
- ^ "Artaxias | king of Armenia". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 2020-10-30. Retrieved 2021-09-11.
- ^ "Tigranes II The Great | king of Armenia". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 2015-09-05. Retrieved 2021-09-11.
- ^ "Artavasdes II | king of Armenia". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 2021-09-17. Retrieved 2021-09-11.
- ^ Maranci, Christina (2018-10-12). The Art of Armenia: An Introduction. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-026900-5. Archived from the original on 2022-10-01. Retrieved 2022-07-18.
- ^ a b Garsoïan 2004, p. 49.
- ^ Bournoutian 2006, p. 29.
- ^ Patterson 2015, p. 77.
- ^ Redgate, Anne Elizabeth (2000). The Armenians (First ed.). Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishers Inc. pp. 88–91. ISBN 0-631-22037-2.
- ^ W, Aa. (2005). Materia Giudaica X/1. Editrice La Giuntina. p. 93. ISBN 88-8057-226-1.
- ^ Gevork Nazaryan, Armenian Empire.
- ^ Gilman, Ian; Klimkeit, Hans-Joachim (11 January 2013). Christians in Asia before 1500. Routledge. ISBN 9781136109782. Archived from the original on 18 March 2015. Retrieved 27 March 2018 – via Google Books.
- ^ a b Boyce 1984, p. 84.
- ^ Lang, David Marshall (1980). Armenia: Cradle of Civilization. Allen & Unwin. pp. 84, 141, 149.
(..) Though Tiridates was to be a client king of the Romans, Nero rightly judged that his investiture would satisfy the honour of the Parthians as well. Three years later, Tiridates made the journey to Rome. As a magus or priest of the Zoroastrian faith, he had to observe the rites which forbade him to defile water by travelling. (...)
- ^ Russell 1987, pp. 170–171, 268.
- ^ Donabedian, Patrick (1994). "The History of Karabagh from Antiquity to the Twentieth Century". In Chorbajian, Levon; Mutafian, Claude (eds.). The Caucasian Knot: The History & Geopolitics of Nagorno-Karabagh. Zed Books. pp. 51–53. ISBN 978-1-85649-288-1.
- ^ Laitin, David D.; Suny, Ronald Grigor (1999). "Armenia and Azerbaijan: thinking a way out of Karabakh" (PDF). Middle East Policy. 7: 145. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4967.1999.tb00348.x. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-01. Retrieved 2013-11-24.
- ^ Daniela Dueck (2017). "Strabo and the history of Armenia". The Routledge Companion to Strabo. Routledge. pp. 97–98. ISBN 9781138904330. Archived from the original on 2021-02-16. Retrieved 2020-11-14.
- ^ M. L. Chaumont. "ARMENIA AND IRAN ii. The pre-Islamic period". Encyclopædia Iranica. Archived from the original on October 28, 2009.
At the same time Zariadris annexed Acilisene (Ekeleacʿ) and Taraunitis (Taron) (Strabo 11.14.5 and 15). The peoples who were thus brought together in the kingdoms of Armenia and Sophene all spoke one and the same language: Armenian (Strabo, ibid.)Alt URL Archived 2018-12-10 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ (in Armenian) Movses Khorenatsi. History of Armenia, 5th Century (Հայոց Պատմություն, Ե Դար). Annotated translation and commentary by Stepan Malkhasyants. Gagik Sargsyan (ed.) Yerevan: Hayastan Publishing, 1997, 2.49, p. 164. ISBN 5-540-01192-9.
- Bournoutian, George (2006). A Concise History of the Armenian People. California: Mazda Publishers, Inc. ISBN 1-56859-141-1.
- Boyce, Mary (1984). Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices. Psychology Press. pp. 1–252. ISBN 9780415239028. Archived from the original on 2021-03-02. Retrieved 2020-11-14.
- Canepa, Matthew P. (2020). The Iranian Expanse: Transforming Royal Identity Through Architecture, Landscape, and the Built Environment, 550 BCE–642 CE. University of California Press.
- Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh (2016). "Ancient Iranian Motifs and Zoroastrian Iconography". In Williams, Markus; Stewart, Sarah; Hintze, Almut (eds.). The Zoroastrian Flame Exploring Religion, History and Tradition. I.B. Tauris. pp. 179–203. ISBN 9780857728159. Archived from the original on 2021-06-24. Retrieved 2020-03-11.
- de Jong, Albert (2015). "Armenian and Georgian Zoroastrianism". In Stausberg, Michael; Vevaina, Yuhan Sohrab-Dinshaw; Tessmann, Anna (eds.). The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Zoroastrianism. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
- Garsoïan, Nina (2004). "The Emergence of Armenia". In Hovannisian, Richard G. (ed.). The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern Times, Volume I: The Dynastic Periods: From Antiquity to the Fourteenth Century. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 1-4039-6421-1.
- Lang, David Marshall (1970). Armenia: Cradle of Civilization. Routledge.
- Patterson, Lee E. (2015). "Antony and Armenia". TAPA. The Johns Hopkins University Press. 145, No. 1 (Spring): 77–105.
- Russell, James R. (1987). Zoroastrianism in Armenia. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674968509.
Further reading
- M. Chahin, The Kingdom of Armenia (1987, reissued 1991)
- Vahan Kurkjian, Tigran the Great (1958)
- Ashkharbek Kalantar, Armenia: From the Stone Age to the Middle Ages, Civilisations du Proche Orient, Série 1, Vol. 2, Recherches et Publications, Neuchâtel, Paris, 1994; ISBN 978-2-940032-01-3
- Ashkharbek Kalantar, The Mediaeval Inscriptions of Vanstan, Armenia, Civilisations du Proche-Orient: Series 2 – Philologie – CDPOP 2, Vol. 2, Recherches et Publications, Neuchâtel, Paris, 1999; ISBN 978-2-940032-11-2
- Ashkharbek Kalantar, Materials on Armenian and Urartian History (with a contribution by Mirjo Salvini), Civilisations du Proche-Orient: Series 4 – Hors Série – CPOHS 3, Neuchâtel, Paris, 2004; ISBN 978-2-940032-14-3
External links
- Media related to Kingdom of Armenia at Wikimedia Commons

subset: commoncrawl


text:
They Might Be Giants, kids show, Regent Theatre, Arlington MA, 23 May 2010
Image by Chris Devers
Via the Regent Theatre's web site:
A Special Family Show with . . .
They Might Be Giants
Benefit Concerts for Boston By Foot
Sunday, May 23 at 12pm and 3pm
Both shows sold out – thank you!
They Might Be Giants will be performing two special shows especially for families. These are full band, full length performances. Both shows are to benefit Boston By Foot, the non-profit group giving guided walking tours of Boston for over 33 years. All concert goers can also use their ticket stub to get a free tour from Boston by Foot, including Boston by Little Feet tours for kids, during the upcoming season. All profits will go to BBF. http://www.bostonbyfoot.org/
They Might Be Giants Biography
For alternative rock legends They Might Be Giants, rave reviews from the likes of Time Magazine, Rolling Stone, The Village Voice, Pitchfork, NPR and beyond might not be that unexpected, but we're not talking about their regular gig here. Sure, TMBG have sold millions of records, are multi-Grammy winners and have even composed a musical accompaniment for an entire issue of McSweeney's, but these most recent accolades are for the work TMBG has created for children and–as the reviews attest–no other band swings as effortlessly from adult music to children's fare and back again with the artistic and commercial success of They Might Be Giants.
John Flansburgh and John Linnell's latest CD/DVD is Here Comes Science (Idlewild/Disney Sound). It's an ultra-vivid crash course through topics that in lesser hands could easily put kids to sleep. With rock anthems and electronic goodies crafted to amuse, intrigue and deliver the 4-1-1 on evolution, solar system, photosynthesis, the scientific method and more. Following Here Comes the ABCs and Here Come the 123s, Science is geared for older kids and it introduces ideas in a way that not only inform but will stay in your head forever.
While it may seem like an odd move for a duo recognized as the progenitors of the American alternative rock movement, it really all makes perfect sense. From their earliest days with Dial-A-Song through their online music distribution, TMBG have always challenged rock's status quo and gone out of their way to take their music to brand new audiences, and by the looks of things, they're having a lot of fun doing it their way. The Giants use every bit of fan interactive technology by connecting with kids via regular podcasts and including a DVD of delightful animated interpretations of their songs with each Here Comes… album.
The band is constantly working on new music, new projects and touring–sometimes with 2 shows a day. Founders John Flansburgh and John Linnell, along with their long standing live combo of Dan Miller, Danny Weinkauf and Marty Beller, show no signs of swapping one successful gig (adult music) for another (children's music). Rejoice people of Earth–there's just that much more for us all to enjoy.
Question: You once said in an interview that TMBGs knew what you didn't want to do with your music geared for kids: You didn't want to tell them how to behave or write songs that are educational. But these songs are quite educational, and in fact, you have a science consultant on this record. Did you make a conscious decision to really teach something on Here Comes Science?
John Linnell: I think it's still a record you can listen to for enjoyment, and that's real important to us. I am perfectly comfortable with the idea of something that is pure entertainment, but I don't think there is any need for something just purely educational from us. My sense of this record is that it is mostly fun, musical and interesting and it happens to have lyrics that talk about science.
Question: Did any Children's books or albums make an impression on you when you were a child? Because now you're making that impression on children.
John Flansburgh: We get that question a lot, and it's a valid question, but speaking for myself, I feel like we have something to contribute to kid's music because what we're doing is actually lacking in the general culture. Generally, our stuff is not really coming out of any amazing experience with the kid's stuff from the past. Our childhood was during the really golden era of classic pop and singles. Those songs weren't really designed for kids, but the power of it spoke to us and a lot of other kids quite directly.
Curiously–although I see the obvious connections–we didn't really grow up with all of the progressive kids stuff of the 70's. We were that micro generation of glitter-rock young teens listening to Alice Cooper and David Bowie and we totally missed the boat on Sesame Street and School House Rock and Free To Be You and Me. But even being a bit too old for it, you could tell there was something cool about that stuff. Basically the cartoons of our generation were either super-violent, like Spiderman, or the really simple-minded Hanna-Barbera cartoons.
Question: Which one of you was the science student? Either or you? Neither of you?
J. Linnell: Specifically into science? I would say we were both middling students in school, but philosophically we are both, as adults, very pro-science. We like living in the post-enlightenment era in history. Are we still living in the enlightenment or is it over now, I can't tell? Are we in the "en-darkenment" now?
J. Flansburgh: I think we're actually in to the "gee whiz" part of science–all the scientific phenomenon that sparks your imagination. We certainly aren't academics, but there is something remarkable about the world of science and there are ideas in science that just send your mind reeling.
J. Linnell: One the things that is exciting about it is that it makes you realize that things that are true, that can be proven, aren't always intuitive. There is a difference between what seems to be the case and what turns out to be proven to be the case, and that's really exciting. The world isn't always what it seems to be and it makes everything more wonderful in a way. You have an experience of the world, walking around, and then science provides knowledge about the world that is not always anything like the experience.
The history of scientific discovery is partly revealing things that you don't always experience directly, it's bizarre in a way that so much of what we know is stuff we can't always experience directly, like molecules and galaxies.
Question: Does that make it easier or harder to write about Science?
J. Linnell: Well, both. There is a point that you do reflect that you're trying to explain something preposterous. And luckily, I think kids know the whole world is strange and preposterous, but as they get older, they get used to the idea that there are facts they just have to take someone's word for.
Question: Considering you guys once used an answering machine to showcase your material, how amazed are you that you have all of this media at your disposal – podcasts, internet, video, etc…how has it changed the way you work?
J. Flansburgh: We enjoyed having an easy-breezy, loose reputation in terms of getting our music out to people. It was very great to be the one of the few acts in the United States who wasn't preoccupied with getting on the radio or a cash return on our music. Of course now there is almost no end to the free stuff, and it is cool to see how much you can get in to the world, but with the most popular videos on YouTube being cats jumping into a box or people getting pushed down escalators, part of me worries that all this electronic media is just in the service of turning our culture into an endless episode of America's Funniest Home Videos.
J. Linnell: A lot of what the technology suggests to people is the democratizing of culture and the notion of interactivity kind of caught fire online early on. What's weird for John and I is that we were never interested in either one of those things. We actually like the idea of controlling what we are doing and we like the old fashioned idea of there being quality control on culture, that you would get the "good stuff" and there would be a way, through a critical apparatus or institutions, that would deliver the good stuff and filter out the bad stuff. It feels like the big problem nowadays is that everything should be available to everyone at all times and the result is a lot of garbage to wade through…not to sound like an 80 year old man! (laughs)
Question: With your accompanying DVD, how did the directors and animators come together? Are they the same people from Here Come the 123s? How much creative control do you give the animators with your songs?
J. Flansburgh: We are the producers on all the animated material and we select the artists we collaborate with pretty carefully. We've been involved in a lot of television and video projects over the years and that was very good training for these projects. There is an expression in rock video production: "Good. Fast. Cheap. Choose two" It's a very unreasonable thing to expect everything to come together on a tight budget. Our strategy is to give the animators a relatively long lead time so they can do something that will be a good portfolio piece for them and something cool for us. And although we're on a tight budget, we can offer a large amount of artistic freedom, and that gives us the opportunity to work with the most creative people out there.
Question: For this tour, you're doing both "kid" and "adult" shows, sometimes 2 in one day. How is it different when you perform in front of kids versus when you perform in front of adults?
J. Flansburgh: Whatever pretensions you might have about your performance get totally re-calibrated when you're playing for kids–playing a kid show is probably a bit closer to being a school teacher than being a rock star. There are also a lot of parents in the audience and we address them as well which kind of breaks forth the wall of "kiddie-ness."
Just to address the questions we always get: "how is it different writing a song for kids or writing for adults?" or "performing for kids and performing for adults?" Well, there is a real overlap, but there are meaningful differences too. A good song works in a way that is kind of irreducible whether or not it's for kids or adults. If a song has a strong melody or an interesting concept, it will animate any audience, but in performance, kids have a really short attention span, so keeping things moving is important. Routinely the confetti machine gets the biggest response of the day. That will keep your ego in check.
Although in the past, "Clap your Hands" and "Alphabet of Nations" worked for adults, by and large the kid stuff stayed in the kid show just because it's, well, for kids! (laughs). But with "Here Comes Science" a lot of the songs work good in the adult show. and that's unusual. "Meet the Elements," "My Brother the Ape," "A Shooting Star is not a Star," and "Why Does the Sun Shine" slid into the adult show without any second thoughts, and "I Am a Paleontologist" is totally rocking live.
Question: What's next for They Might Be Giants?
J. Flansburgh: We're working on a rock album right now, but we have so much touring interrupting our effort it's hard to know when it will get done, so the real answer is we're going to be spending a lot of time on a tour bus trying to figure out how to get the WiFi working!
Our children's book collaboration with Pascal Campion, Kids Go, just came out at the end of last year on Simon & Schuster. It's actually a very beautiful project and a fulfillment of a dream of mine. When we were approached, I wanted to do an actual picture book, which very few people get to do, and it was exciting to realize that dream. A good picture book is something that really stays with you.


text:
GitHub is reaching out to developers with the formation of a program encouraging them to link to the popular code-sharing site.
The GitHub Developer Program offers resources to work with the GitHub API, which includes features like project management, authentication, and the triggering of code-testing when committing code to GitHub. "Really, almost anything you can do on GitHub, we open up an API for it," said Ryan Day, head of business development at the company.
The program, arriving on the heels of GitHub's offer of bounties to researchers who can find vulnerabilities in its products, is open to developers with a paid GitHub account and who are developing or have developed an integration with GitHub. Sign-up for the program is atGitHub's developer site, and participating developers will receive notifications about changes to the API, as well as early access to select feature releases. They also can request a development license for GitHub Enterprise, the behind-the-firewall version of GitHub.
"Over time, the API we've offered has evolved -- adding increased flexibility and more capabilities and endpoints. Launching the developer program today represents the next chapter in this story," GitHub said in a draft blog post.
One API endpoint in preview mode right now is a deployment API, which takes a Web application developers are collaborating on in GitHub and deploys it to a production environment, such as Amazon Web Services.
The company also is unveiling GitHub Integrations, a program to help GitHub users better understand what integrations are available between GitHub and other services. It will be a microsite within GitHub.com showcasing popular GitHub integrations. "Today there are thousands of applications and services that work with GitHub," GitHub said in a draft blog post on this program. "Tools like Asana help you and your team stay on top of recent code changes by linking GitHub commits and issues to relevant project tasks. Services like CircleCI and Code Climate integrate with GitHub to test the quality of your code."


text:
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text:
There are many types of desks. Messy ones, clean ones, ones to work at and ones just for show. There are fancy desks referred to as secretaries, computer desks, executive desks and roll top desks. Ernest Hemmingway and Winston Churchill preferred a stand-up desk. United States presidents have used the Resolute Desk, and then there is Thomas Jefferson's lap desk.
Of course, students have desks as well. They generally have gum stuck underneath or inside them, and the tops are adorned with identifying tags left behind by precious owners extolling what they hate or who they love.
The desk I featured in my Wordless Wednesday is a U.S. Senate desk, and they have quite a history.
The desks date back to 1819 when 48 desks were commissioned following the destruction of the previous desks by the British during the War of 1812. There are only four of the original desks…..two are in private collections, one desk is in the Senate collection and another was housed at Beauvoir, Jefferson Davis' plantation. It was destroyed by Hurricane Katrina. It is hard to determine which desks are original or were commissioned later.
Some of the desks are distinguishable by their trapezoid shape. This enabled the desks to be arranged in a semi-circle. Today, the desks are arranged according to political party. In the 1950s, Senator Wayne Morse switched parties from Republican to Democrat. He actually placed his desk in the middle between each party compromising the normal arrangement.
The Cherokee Strip is an area of the Senate chamber that when used compromises the original arrangement. The area gets its name from an section of Oklahoma that was part of a dispute between the United States and the Cherokees dating back to the Kansas Nebraska Act in 1854. Today the section of the Senate chamber is used when one party has a significant majority and desks are included on the side of the other party.
Just like the desks belonging to my fourth and fifth graders some of the Senate desks contain graffiti. The earliest names and dates go back to the early 1900s and unfortunately, some of the names like Daniel Webster are deemed forgeries. It is not known if some of the desks contain the words, "For a good time call….."
One desk drawer has more than just a signature, however. Desk number 86 has a notation that reads, "Spoke 24 hours, 18 minutes from this desk in 1957….Senator Strom Thurmond (SC) in opposition to the Civil Rights Act." Back then Senator Thurmond had to rely on his own voice to be heard, but today, each desk is equipped with an amplification box and a microphone…
Today Senators choose their desk based on seniority except for the Daniel Webster desk which the senior senator from New Hampshire uses. Jefferson Davis' desk is used by the senior senator from Mississippi, and the Henry Clay desk is used by the senior senator from Kentucky.
When Senators leave the Senate they have to leave their desk behind, but can tote their chair with them New chairs are made to replace them.
During each legislative session the Senate pages are responsible for making sure each desk is equipped with items that will be needed such as the Congressional Record, Executive Calendar, Calendar of Business, the day's legislation, any legislative notices or bulletins and just like my students……two pencils.
It's a wonder the Jefferson Davis' desk is still intact. During the Civil War soldiers camped out in the Senate chamber. They identified the desk Jefferson Davis, the president of the Confederacy, had used and began to tear it apart. One of the Capital employees stopped them.
If a senator happens to pass away during a legislative session his or her desk is draped in black crepe and flowers are placed on the desk. The flag at the U.S. Capital is flown at half staff. In past years actual funerals were held in the Senate chambers, but that hasn't happened since 1959.
The best desk of all is the candy desk. Ever since 1965 when George Murphy began to keep a supply of candy in his desk The candy desk currently sits on the back row of the Republican side.
Hmmm…..seating arrangements, two pencil requirements, candy, desks defaced with graffiti……it would seem the Senate isn't too different from fourth or fifth grade….


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Neighbors Helping Neighbors
Wellesley Friendly Aid Association is a community-based, non-profit organization that works to improve the well-being and quality of life of the residents of Wellesley, Massachusetts. Through our evolving range of programs and services, made available both directly and in collaboration with other organizations and agencies, we offer assistance to Wellesley individuals and families of all incomes and ages who have a variety of unmet needs.
Although Wellesley has a reputation as an affluent town, reality can be quite different for some of our residents, including those living in public or affordable housing.
Our programs for low income families include:
► Providing scholarships for children to attend camp - 65 in 2023!
► Through Wellesley Connects, providing Wellesley High School juniors with coaching to assist with the college application process
► Distributing grocery gift cards for holiday meals at Thanksgiving
► Granting financial aid in critical situations
► Helping to complete applications for fuel assistance and food stamps
Other programs that serve all residents, regardless of income, include:
► Lending medical equipment free of charge
► Hosting a social group for senior women
► Supporting ESL programs
All of our volunteers are Wellesley residents. Almost all our financial support comes from Wellesley residents, businesses and other organizations. We are neighbors helping neighbors.
Find our trifold description here. Please contact us if you'd like a hard copy.
Karen Mondell, our Program Administrator, described our work in this video with Kate Burnham of the Wellesley Council on Aging.


text:
Deciding where to stay for your best holiday experience. Find and share information about the various accommodations on offer, from hotels to villas.
There are currently 1 users browsing this forum. (0 members & 1 guests)
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text:
The Root of Health
Hi there. How are you feeling? So-so?
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I created this website for those who are not feeling as well as they should, for those who know how to eat well but something is still off, and for those who are at their wit's end. Consider it a resource to learn about the digestive process, food allergies and healing the damage done. Perhaps you don't have time to research gluten intolerance, IBS and the importance of gut flora, or maybe you just don't want to. Maybe you want to learn how to cook without dairy or flour, or just really need to make some gluten-free brownies. I get it! Let me share what I know so you don't cause further damage to your body or spend the next 10 years as lost as I was.


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text:
British Airways approves projectiondesign® FL32 ReaLED™
projector for use in Level D full-flight simulation
ReaLED technology passes the most stringent aviation industry tests
Fredrikstad, Norway, 12 September 2011 – In one of the most exciting and prestigious applications of LED technology to date, and after successfully completing a rigorous trial period, the FL32 solid-state ReaLED™ DLP® projector from projectiondesign® has been approved for use in Level D full-flight simulators by British Airways.
The airline took delivery of three FL32's in May of this year after it was recommended by its systems integration partner RSI Visual Systems. Michael Freeman, managing director of RSI takes up the story:
"BA had been using LCoS projectors for showing what we call 'Out The Window' (OTW) content in its full-flight simulators. We were tasked with finding an alternative projector and then integrating it into the existing RSI XT-64 visual systems, with minimal impact on BA's pilot training schedule.
"We believed that the FL32 would address a number of the issues that BA had with its previous projector. Standard deliverable LCoS projectors are essentially 'consumer' products modified for use in flight simulation. BA found that frequent lamp changes, along with regular set ups, are a fundamental requirement of LCoS projectors to maintain consistent image quality.
"By comparison, the FL32 is designed from the ground up to be a professional-quality product that is manufactured for industrial use. Its LED light source means there is no requirement to replace a lamp and the day-to-day maintenance required is minimal. The projector also easily meets the minimum resolution, highlight brightness and black level requirements for Level D qualification, which is currently the most stringent standard for full-flight simulation systems."
After passing its initial seven-day Level D qualification regulatory testing, the FL32 projectors have now completed an extended 90-day trial with impressive results. Mike Burtenshaw, General Manager British Airways Flight Training comments, "Our requirements for low maintenance, consistent image quality and predictable cost of ownership have all been met; we are very pleased with the performance of the projectors and visual system."
RSI's Freeman adds that as well as offering the right technology for the job, projectiondesign also provided indispensable technical support during the design and installation phases. "Our customers trust us to find the right solution, so it was very important to us that projectiondesign was able to make adjustments to the black level and luminance of the FL32 before we took delivery. They continued to support us through the on-site installation and integration with the existing simulator systems, and we receive ongoing support from them whenever we need it."
Mike Raines, visual simulation manager, projectiondesign, concludes: "Our RealLED implementation of solid-state illumination technology promises not just reduced maintenance and increased consistency compared with conventional projector light sources, but many other benefits including enhanced black levels and a much greater available colour gamut.
"It is extremely gratifying that such leading-edge technology has been so quickly adopted and approved for use in Level D-certified flight simulation applications – a testament not just to this particular product but to our whole philosophy of providing professional-grade projectors that are brilliantly engineered, fully customizable, and always properly supported."
About projectiondesign
projectiondesign is a Norwegian company that designs, manufactures and markets a range of high performance projectors for professional, business and consumer applications. Amongst its core markets are high resolution scientific visualization, visual training and simulation, medical imaging, broadcast and post production, public media and entertainment. Numerous industry milestones that distinguish projectiondesign's award winning, innovative technology include the introduction of the world's first single-chip SXGA DLP projector in 2002, the first commercially available 1080p DLP projector in 2006, the first WUXGA resolution DLP projector, and the first portable and high-resolution active 3D stereoscopic projector in 2008. In 2009, projectiondesign introduced its first 3-chip projector and debuted LED illumination. 2010 signified the company's first image warp and blend product with the Multi Image Processors, as well as the world premiere of the WQXGA resolution (2,560 x 1,600) projector, and revolutionary patented Remote Light Source technology. The entire professional product range is warranted for 24/7 usage. projectiondesign is located in Fredrikstad, Norway, with representatives in more than 20 offices throughout the world, and regional headquarters New York and Hong Kong.
About RSI Visual Systems
Headquartered near the Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport, RSI Visual Systems provides complete turnkey visual systems solutions for both commercial and military flight-training environments. As the largest independent visual system supplier, RSI's products are designed for upgrading existing legacy visual systems as well as complete solutions for newly manufactured simulators.
About British Airways Flight Training
BAFT has 15 full flight simulators covering all the British Airways fleet of A320/B737/B747/B757/B767/B777 aircraft types. These CAA qualified simulators are used, in conjunction with the ground school, to provide BA and many other airlines around the world the necessary pilot recurrent and conversion training. Our aim is to ensure that we deliver the highest quality, cost effective, safe, leading edge aviation training environment.


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284211316 Select Specialty TownCountry Training Invoice 12-26-2022
284211316 Select Specialty TownCountry Training Invoice 12-26-2022 quantity
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Three weeks into his tenure at Google, Rajen Sheth -- a former Microsoft and EMC VMware employee -- met with Larry Page, Sergey Brin, and Eric Schmidt to propose a way of turning Gmail into a business-class email system. And he was soundly rejected.
Today, Google Apps -- which began life as "Gmail For Your Domain" -- is giving Google a small foothold in the enterprise IT world, and sparking a fierce rivalry with Microsoft.
[ The InfoWorld Test Center's hands-on review: Does Office Web Apps actually work? And find out one IT admin's experience in switching from Exchange to Gmail. | Discover what's new in business applications with InfoWorld's Technology: Applications newsletter . ]
Google Apps vs. Microsoft Office
But in 2004, Sheth's early attempts to bring Gmail into the enterprise were stymied, as Google's trinity of leaders in Page, Brin, and Schmidt challenged him to come up with something better.
"At the time I was soundly rejected," Sheth said during an interview. "Because at the time we were proposing the idea of bringing Gmail into an appliance and have it be an on-premise solution for businesses. They rightly pointed out that we could do that, but we're not fully taking advantage of everything we have here at Google. And at that time, too, the idea of a cloud model was very much not on the minds of any CIO anywhere."
Even before joining Google, Sheth worked on some of the most well-known products in the IT landscape, both on the consumer and enterprise side.
In 1999 and 2000 he was a program manager for Hotmail, owned by Microsoft, where he led the effort to create Hotmail's first spam filter. The Stanford University graduate later spent a year at VMware, where he was product manager for VMware's ESX Server.
The storage company EMC purchased VMware in January 2004, and Sheth helped lead integration efforts between the two companies but ultimately left in July of that year to join Google's newly created enterprise division, where he is now the Google Apps senior product manager.
Slideshow: Visiting the Googleplex
"It was probably the toughest decision I've ever had to make because VMware was doing fabulously at the time, and Google was taking off," Sheth says. "One of the things that really attracted me was this idea of being able to go into a completely new market with a lot of great technology at Google."
Sheth's charter was "to figure out how we can take some of the other technologies within Google, specifically around collaboration and communication, and bring it into the enterprise." Sheth was joined by enterprise division leaders Matthew Glotzbach and Dave Girouard when he proposed Gmail For Your Domain to Brin, Page, and Schmidt.
Although that first meeting ended in frustration, it was only temporary. "In May of the following year I brought it back to them, and said, 'Let's do a cloud-based hosted infrastructure for businesses [instead of a physical appliance] and start with Gmail, but as we have more applications we'll bring more apps into the suite,'" Sheth says.
Gmail For Your Domain launched in an invitation-only beta in February 2006, letting organizations -- mainly small businesses and universities -- use an entirely Web-based email system with a personalized domain name. The expanded Google Apps for Your Domain launched later in 2006 and by February 2007 Google had created an enterprise version of Google Apps. Another key moment in 2007 was the acquisition of Postini, which helped Google incorporate spam filtering and virus blocking into the Apps suite.
Today, Google Apps includes Gmail, Google Calendar, Google Docs, Google Sites, and several other applications in a cost-friendly package of $50 per user per year. The individual apps are still free to consumers.
"More than 2 million businesses run Google Apps," the company boasts, but Google is still a long way from displacing Microsoft as the king of the business email and collaboration market. An IDC survey in July 2009 showed that nearly 97 percent of businesses were using Microsoft Office, and 77 percent were using only Microsoft Office. Nearly 20 percent reported extensive use of Google Docs, but not at the exclusion of other tools.
Google's adoption figures have likely risen since then, but even Google's marketing has at various times described Google Apps as a technology that is complementary to Microsoft Office, rather than one that could completely replace it.
There was some controversy recently when Google reportedly began stripping Windows out of its own offices in favor of Linux, Macs and Google's own forthcoming Chrome OS. But Sheth says numerous Google employees still use Microsoft Office and have no plans to switch. At Google's offices in Mountain View, Calif., "we have people using [Microsoft] Office, we have people using exclusively [Google] Docs, and we have people using a mix. It really depends on the user," Sheth says.
People who tout Microsoft's capabilities over Google's are likely to cite several reasons, such as difficulty importing Microsoft documents into Google Apps without losing formatting, and disparity between the features of spreadsheet creators.
Sheth acknowledges that Google Docs can't meet everyone's needs as it stands today. "If you are a financial analyst and you have a massive spreadsheet that is intrinsically linked together in very complicated ways, and you're doing particular models and things like that, we probably don't meet that need yet," Sheth says. "I think there are similar things in other areas. [Microsoft] Office has a tremendous amount of functionality. There are going to be pockets of the enterprise in the long term that would not necessarily be able to use Google Docs for anything."
That being said, Google has succeeded because many business users need only a small amount of the functionality offered by Microsoft and who thus may be fully satisfied by what's in Google Docs. Google is continually adding to Apps so it can meet the needs of a larger percentage of users, for example by upgrading Docs to improve the quality of documents imported from other programs.
"We now have that ability to represent a more complex document in a Web browser. As a result of that, the import experience is a lot better and the export experience is a lot better," Sheth says. "What we've focused on is how do we make the Docs suite better, such that more people can use that as their primary office productivity tool."
Sheth has good things to say about Microsoft, stemming from his time as a Hotmail program manager. "Microsoft is a great company, just like Google is," he says. "In a lot of ways the product teams at Microsoft and the product teams here are very similar. A lot of very, very sharp people, and a really solid, quality organization. And you know, I think the operating model isn't all that different, but I do think the philosophies are very different in terms of where we see technology going, and where we're investing in technology."
Microsoft still relies on on-premise deployments of packaged software for most of its revenue, but has been pushed into the cloud by rival Google. Microsoft now offers Office Web Apps, a Web-based version of the Office productivity tools, and the Business Productivity Online Suite, which lets businesses host their Exchange and SharePoint servers in the Microsoft cloud.
Microsoft's cloud strategy may be "all in," as CEO Steve Ballmer says, but Google has not stood idly by. Sheth takes a subtle shot at Microsoft when he says "if all we did was make Office, as it is, in a Web browser, there's not a whole lot of value there." Microsoft's Web apps "are very good for viewing, and not as good for editing," he continues.
Google is trying to enable collaboration between employees who use Google Docs and those who use the noncloud version of Microsoft Office, in part by acquiring DocVerse, which brings the collaborative functionality of Google Docs to Microsoft Office. "It's an Office add-on," Sheth says. "The idea there is we could be working in Microsoft Word together, but the document actually resides on the server on Google Docs."
Because of this integration, Sheth says, organizations can let users pick whichever tool they want and still be able to work together while gaining the benefit of Google's real-time collaboration, which lets users collaborate on a document and see each other's changes immediately. "We now have character-by-character recognition," he says. "I'll see a cursor in the document where you are and as soon as you type something I see it on my side."
Google's biggest challenge, most likely, is convincing customers with complex legal requirements that it's safe to move email and collaboration systems into the cloud. Many companies want assurances that their data won't be moved outside certain legal jurisdictions, but Google's systems are designed to move data from country to country at will to provide the best possible experience for users, possibly running afoul of government regulations. "If you travel, you'll get a good experience because you're connected to our data centers [in whichever region you've traveled to]," Sheth says. "You could connect to that Google data center and we'll route the data accordingly to be able to get it to you."
That being said, Google has complied with the United States and European "Safe Harbor" framework, and is building a government cloud to meet the specific needs of customers in the public sector. Certain government regulations, such as the International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR), prevent customers from storing data in Google Apps, but Sheth says Google has built interoperability bridges so companies can keep ITAR data outside of the Google cloud while still using Google Apps to collaborate.
The biotech company Genentech has adopted Google Apps, Sheth notes, despite having to comply with various legal requirements specific to the healthcare field. "You name the vertical, we have a customer in that vertical," Sheth says. "Even in things like financial services and health care." Many of those customers have not publicly admitted they use Google Apps, however. If you go to the Google site that lists customer success stories, you won't see any in the financial services field.
But the IT industry is clearly seeing a shift toward cloud computing for many types of applications, particularly those that focus on end user experience. Besides services like Google Apps, Sheth says the proliferation of new types of devices, such as netbooks, tablets, and Android phones, will ultimately drive a complete overhaul in the way users interact with their data and applications.
"The way things are going to be in the future is we'll each have multiple devices," Sheth says. "You may have a desktop computer at work, you might have a $200 netbook you carry around, or a tablet computer you carry around to meetings like this. "You may have a mobile device you do a good portion of your work on. Things like Chrome and Android are revolutionizing that. It will give businesses and users a choice of what kinds of devices they want to use. You don't necessarily have to put a laptop onto every desk in your corporation. You as a user don't necessarily have to carry your laptop around wherever you go. You have choices in terms of having the right device for the right setting."
Follow Jon Brodkin on Twitter: www.twitter.com/jbrodkin
Read more about software in Network World's Software section.
This story, "Meet the father of Google Apps (who used to work at Microsoft)" was originally published by Network World.


text: Silicon Valley is the epicenter of startups on America's west coast, coming in at number one on the global startup report. New York on the east coast comes in second, proving that the United States is full of entrepreneurial spirit. From talent reach to experience, the country startup report for the United States is unsurpassed. While the west coast garners 18% of the global investments for startups, followed by New York and Beijing at 11%, it isn't difficult to imagine why the United States is topping the startup country rating. Additionally, startup jobs have created well over 2-million jobs throughout the country in the last few years. However, a sizable gap remains in the gender rates. Reports have seen the percentage of new female entrepreneurs rise from .22% to .26%. This is a definite step in the right direction for the market, especially since the startup monitor for the United States is strong and continues to garner support from a rapidly globalizing market.


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Sometimes you have friends you feel at home with the moment you meet them. You shake hands, and turn a corner into a forever kind of friendship you somehow just know will stand the test of distance and time and hardship. I don't know how it happened, or why, but the second Brian reached out to shake my hand, I knew that's what we'd be.
We spent two summers side by side, teaching kids and teens about the Gospel as camp counselors. Together, with eight other counselors, we worked through hundreds of chapel services, roasted marshmallows, and campers who had lost their toothbrushes.
After camp we kept in touch, even though life started looking a little different for both of us. I moved to Colorado and got married. Brian decided to follow his passions and moved to Afghanistan for a season.
On August 5, 2010, Brian was doing some work with a humanitarian aid organization in Afghanistan. His group was attacked, and many of them died, including Brian.
This news devastated me. All of a sudden I couldn't understand why the world was still spinning, the sun was still shining, people were still working. I wanted to run out into the middle of a busy intersection with a megaphone and start yelling,
"Hey! Don't you people understand we've just lost one of the most awesome guys here on earth? Why do you act like everything's still normal?"
But I didn't. Instead, I started looking for things to do to stem my grief. And I prayed. A lot.
Around this time the first child I ever sponsored through Compassion departed the program, so I began to look for another child.
For a long time I didn't feel like I could sponsor any of the kids I saw, which is weird for me. I usually want to sponsor every kid I see.
After a couple months I saw one little boy on the "longest waiting" list. His name was Brian. So I clicked for more information. That's when God's attention to detail totally blew my mind.
This little boy shared a first name with my friend. He also shared a middle name with my friend. And he was born the first week my friend and I had started working together. I sponsored him and decided I would visit him someday, no matter what.
Someday came a lot faster than I expected when an invitation to join a sponsor tour showed up in my inbox after a couple months. I tried to put it off and told myself hundreds of excuses. Ultimately I booked the trip in a moment of insanity the day of the deadline, hoping it was the right decision.
When we received the trip itinerary, I thumbed through it, hoping we might visit Brian's student center or something like that.
When I got to the last page about meeting our sponsored children, I cried. God was working in my grief. The day I would meet my little Brian would be one year exactly after my friend Brian died.
As the trip grew closer and closer, my mind filled with doubts. What if I got sick? What if I couldn't eat the food? And, worst of all, what if Brian didn't like me?
That question hovered in my mind for the entire trip, almost suffocating me with the implication that God might not be big enough to handle that particular detail. There was no reason so believe such a thing, but Brian was 7 years old. And 7-year-old boys think girls are icky. Right?
I was so nervous I almost threw up waiting in line to meet our sponsored kids. The pressure was intense: the pressure to be liked, the pressure for this to work, the pressure to honor my friend's life and death through a new friendship.
And then they called my name. I walked through the doorway begging God to make this boy smile at me just once so the whole trip wouldn't be for nothing.
Suddenly, this 7-year-old boy came barreling towards me and rocketed himself into my arms. The first thing I noticed was his hair. My little Brian had the same haircut as my dear friend.
I totally lost it, weeping and grinning all at the same time. He wrapped his arms around my neck and didn't let go. All I could think was, Thank you, God.
On August 5, 2010, I lost one of my dearest and most treasured friends on earth. On August 5, 201,1 a little boy who shared his name and his haircut leaped into my arms and my heart forever.
ABOUT THE AUTHOR: Ashley Mays and her husband live in Colorado Springs where she enjoys rock climbing, playing the guitar, and writing. You can find out more about Ashley on her website at: www.ashley-mays.com.


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First Annual Kentucky Gender and Women's Studies Conference
The Department of Gender & Women's Studies at the University of Kentucky is proud to host the first annual Kentucky Gender & Women's Studies Conference (KYGWS).
Organized by GWS doctoral students, the KYGWS conference will provide attendees with a chance to connect with, learn from, and strengthen solidarities with one another. We seek to give students and faculty an opportunity to transform their lived experience or classroom study into illuminating analysis or applied research that can pave the way for greater understanding of marginalized individuals, disadvantaged communities, and/or cultural differences.
In addition to creating a space for undergraduate and graduate students to practice and acquire skills for further conference presentations, the KYGWS conference will allow attendees to meet and learn from other students from diverse worldviews and cultures. Conference attendees will have the opportunity to present their research, but we also invite students to attend the conference to be in community and conversation with scholars of all levels.
For more information please see http://kygws.as.uky.edu/


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MEXICO CITY – A panel of Mexican judges on Thursday agreed to the extradition of a suspected drug trafficker known as the "Queen of the Pacific," who is wanted in the United States on cocaine-related charges.
The three federal appellate judges said Sandra Avila Beltran could be tried outside of Mexico, but only on one of the two charges prosecutors sought.
Avila cannot be tried for the seizure of more than nine tons of U.S.-bound cocaine off a vessel in Mexico's western port of Manzanillo because a Mexican judge acquitted her in that case in December 2010. An appeals court upheld the verdict last August.
Previous requests to extradite the high-profile suspect have been denied twice by a panel and then by a judge, who argued that the confiscation of the nine tons of cocaine would inevitably be part of the foreign trial.
But the judges on Thursday ruled that Beltran has to answer to a charge stemming from several seizures in Chicago in 2001 that amounted to 100 kilograms of cocaine. The 2004 indictment in the Southern District of Florida does not specify Beltran's role in the drug-dealing case.
Mexico's Foreign Relations Department must re-file the extradition request to leave out the charge related to the Manzanillo seizure. The department did not respond on Thursday to a request by The Associated Press for comment.
Avila remains in a prison in the Mexican state of Nayarit, pending trial for a separate money-laundering charge. It was not immediately clear how Mexican prosecutors would proceed with that charge.
Avila, who was arrested in 2007 sipping coffee in a Mexico City diner, has said she is innocent. Her attorney could not be immediately reached for fresh comment.
Her case is widely known in Mexico because Avila is the niece of Miguel Angel Felix Gallardo, "the godfather" of Mexican drug smuggling who is serving a 40-year sentence for trafficking and the murder of U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration agent Enrique Camarena in 1985.
Prosecutors have alleged that Avila spent more than a decade working her way to the top of Mexico's drug trade. They say her romance with Colombian Juan Diego Espinoza brought together Mexico's powerful Sinaloa cartel with Colombia's Norte del Valle.
The Sinaloa cartel led by Joaquin "El Chapo" Guzman has been locked in a vicious fight with violent Los Zetas gang in several regions of the country.
In the northern state of Tamaulipas, 14 bodies were abandoned Thursday inside a bus near the city hall building of Ciudad Mante. Soldiers deployed in the area found a message in which a gang took responsibility for the killings, according to a Tamaulipas statement. It did not say which gang or give more details.
Drug cartels often leave messages in crime scenes as a threat to enemies.
The bodies of the three women and 11 men have not been identified.
Also Thursday, the U.S. Treasury Department announced that it is placing financial sanctions on a wife and son of Guzman, who is Mexico's most-wanted man.
The department's Office of Foreign Assets Control said that it had designated Maria Alejandrina Salazar Hernandez and Jesus Alfredo Guzman Salazar, 26, under the U.S. Kingpin Act. That bars American citizens from making business transactions with them and allows authorities to freeze their assets in the U.S.
Guzman escaped prison in 2001 and has evaded authorities ever since, moving from hideout to hideout as he directs the operations of his powerful cartel. The U.S. and Mexican government have been intensifying their actions against Guzman's family in recent months.
Authorities in the U.S. and Mexico have said they believe Guzman has children with several partners, including an 18-year-old woman whom he married in an elaborate public ceremony in 2007. The Treasury Department described Salazar Hernandez, 53, as a wife of Guzman, without providing details.
The department last month announced sanctions against Guzman's sons Ivan Archivaldo "El Chapito" Guzman Salazar, 31, and Ovidio Guzman Lopez, 22.
Adriana Gomez Licon on Twitter: http://twitter.com/agomezlicon


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Sickle Cell: Why Blacks need to be more aware
Sickle cell disease is an inherited red blood cell disorder affecting people of all races, not just African Americans
By Dr. Althea Grant, BDO Sickle Cell Expert
Sickle cell disease is an inherited red blood cell disorder affecting people of all races, not just African Americans.
Healthy red blood cells are round, and they move through small blood vessels to carry oxygen to all parts of the body. In someone who has sickle cell disease, the red blood cells become hard and sticky and look like a C-shaped farm tool called a "sickle." The sickle cells die early, which causes a constant shortage of red blood cells.
It can also cause pain.
Pain is the most common complication of SCD. When sickle cells travel through small blood vessels, they can get stuck and prevent blood flow and oxygen from reaching vital organs. This causes pain that can start suddenly, be mild to severe, and can last for any length of time.
More than three million people in the United States have sickle cell trait, meaning they carry the sickle cell gene that allows them potentially to pass the disease on to their children if their partner also has sickle cell trait.
Thanks to newborn screening tests, all babies born in the United States are screened for abnormal hemoglobin, a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen. These tests show if your baby has sickle cell trait, sickle cell disease, or any other abnormal hemoglobin. Each year, 1,800 – 2,000 babies are born with sickle cell disease. About 90,000 to 100,000 Americans are living with sickle cell disease.
People with sickle cell disease can live full lives and enjoy most of the same activities as other people, but they often experience many health challenges and complications that can be life-threatening. If you have sickle cell disease, it's important to learn how to stay as healthy as possible.
Download CDC's Living Well with Sickle Cell Disease Self-Care Toolkit from our website to help you get started. http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/sicklecell/documents/LivingWell-With-Sickle-Cell%20Disease_Self-CareToolkit.pdf
If you have questions about sickle cell disease or sickle cell trait:
· Talk with your doctor and family to find out your sickle cell disease status.
· Learn more about sickle cell disease www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/sicklecell/
· Follow me on Twitter twitter.com/drgrantcdc
If you want to know how you can help:
· Get involved in local community activities to raise awareness and education www.sicklecelldisease.org/
· Consider donating blood (American Association of Blood Banks http://www.aabb.org/) or registering to become a bone marrow donor at www.marrow.org
Althea Grant, PhD, is Chief of the Epidemiology and Surveillance Branch in the Division of Blood Disorders of the National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities. Dr. Grant has specifically been recognized for her contribution to developing public health programs and resources for sickle cell disease and sickle cell trait.