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I am at TBS now and we have received little information on specific MOSs or MOS selection in general. Does anybody have any information on the status ...login to view the rest of this post
NC State Grad Dec 2010 and commissioned 2nd. LT Jan 2011
TBS 1-12 (October 2011) Arctic Alpha
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Frequently asked Veterans Questions
Question: What does your Veterans Service office do to help Veterans?
Answer: We do all of the following: We assist Veterans and their dependents in filing for VA benefits that would be appropriate. These include, but may not be limited to Service-connected Disability Compensation; Non-Service-connected Disability Pension; Educational Benefits for the Veteran as well as Family Members if they meet eligibility. There are also Burial Benefits for the Veteran; Survivors DIC if the military member died in the service or of Service-Connected Disabilities; and Death Pension, provided the Veteran served during wartime. We also provide benefits verifications and information which can be used for establishing social services assistance and we can help obtain Military Discharge papers.
Question: I have a VA Service-Connected Disability rating. I have never sought care for my condition(s), nor have I ever been reevaluated since my initial VA physical exam. Can I go to the VA to be reevaluated and receive care for my Service Connected Health conditions?
Answer: Yes you can! You can go to the VA Martinez Outpatient Clinic (150 Muir Road) to receive care for your service-connected conditions. You'll need to enroll for care if you haven't already done so. You'll need your DD-214 and a copy of your VA rating letter. If you want to have your conditions reevaluated, you'll need to file a new claim with new evidence showing that your service-connected conditions have become worse. This is something that we do all the time. You can file a new claim through our office. Gather up any treatment documentation you can get your hands on and we'll get a claim started.
Question: Will the VA provide hearing aids and eyeglasses?
Answer: Yes, if you are receiving VA healthcare. For Veterans who have hearing loss as a result of their military service, let's also talk about whether we should file a claim for disability compensation or not.
Question: My father is a wartime Veteran and he is now needing help with bathing, dressing, eating, using the toilet, and someone to keep him safe. Can the VA help?
Answer: If the Veteran served during a wartime period, they may be eligible for Disability Pension (commonly known as "Aid & Attendance"). This program is a monthly monetary benefit payable directly to the Veteran. It has income and net worth limits, and most Veterans do not qualify unless they require assisted living (help with Activities of Daily Living). The program is very complex, but we are experts in helping you understand if a Veteran is eligible to apply, and we can help you with the application. Please see our fact sheet on Disability Pension and then contact our office.
Question: I'm a Veteran, can I get dental work at the VA?
Yes, you can! VA Mare Island clinic provides necessary dental care for Veterans who were not provided dental examination and treatment within 180 days of discharge and apply within 180 days of separation from the service. The time limit does not apply to Veterans with dental disabilities resulting from combat wounds or service injuries. If a Veteran is 100% service-connected, the Veteran can receive dental care from the VA.
If you are enrolled in the VA for healthcare, you may be eligible to apply for dental coverage through the VA Dental Insurance Program. This program offers dental coverage plans through Delta Dental and Metlife. To apply, go here http://www.va.gov/healthbenefits/vadip/
Question: I believe that I have an Agent Orange-related disease. Can I receive compensation for my condition?
Answer: Yes you can! The VA has linked several diseases to exposure to Agent Orange in Vietnam. Some examples are Diabetes Type 2, Ischemic Heart Disease, and Prostate Cancer, but please see our Agent Orange fact sheet for a complete list. Currently, if you served in-country in Vietnam between 9 January 1962 and 5 May 1975, whether you knew it or not, you were exposed to Agent Orange. Currently, there are three sites that have been recognized by VA for Agent Orange exposure (1) Vietnam, (2) Korea along the DMZ, (3) and Veterans who served at or near the perimeter of bases in Thailand. If you think you qualify contact this office.
Question: I've heard about VA assistance with college for my kids. Is there such a program?
Answer: Yes there is, there are two programs!
The California Department of Veterans Affairs (CDVA) assists low-income children of Veterans who are presently rated 0% or higher for a Service-Connected Disability. Also, children of military personnel killed while on Active Duty, or who have died of service-connected disabilities may be eligible. The Tuition Fee Waiver Program may waive all of the tuition at a public university (including community colleges) in California. An application (DVS-40) is available by contacting this office.
The other program is called Dependents Educational Assistance (DEA) under Chapter 35. This is a monthly monetary benefit available to dependent children of a Veteran who has a Service-Connected Disability rated at 100%. There are age restrictions. Please contact our office, if you believe that you are eligible.
Question: When I die, what benefits can my spouse apply for?
Answer: If your death is attributable to a Service-connected cause, your surviving spouse may apply for Dependency & Indemnity Compensation (DIC), which is a monthly payment compensating your spouse for your loss. Another potential benefit, the Non-service Connected Death Pension, is payable if you served during one of the Wartime Periods (such as WWII, Korea, etc.) and your surviving spouse's monthly income falls below a certain amount established by the VA.
A burial benefit may be paid to a surviving spouse if at the time of your death you are: in receipt of a Service-connected Disability Compensation Award; or if as the Veteran, you were receiving a Non-service-connected Disability Pension, or your death occurs while you are in a VA Medical Facility.
Question: I cannot find my military discharge papers (DD-214) or Report of Separation from the Military. Can you help me obtain a replacement copy? And how long must I wait?
Answer: Yes we can!
We can assist you in completing the necessary form (SF-180) to be sent off to the National Archives. You will usually receive a replacement copy of your papers in one to three months.

subset: commoncrawl


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Before we get to the new challenge samples, we'd like to announce our challenge winners!
Our random winner is:
2. Helen H
2. Helen H
Please e-mail Audrey at email@example.com with your 3 images choices from Star Stampz Shop on Etsy! Congrats!! Please grab your badge below:)
Our Top 3 are:
8. Suze
13. Scrappy Scatty Jan
1. Paper Whims
Our Top 3 are:
8. Suze
13. Scrappy Scatty Jan
1. Paper Whims
Congrats to Top 3, you can find your Top 3 badge below and hope you will display it proudly on your blog!!
Our Rules can be found in the sidebar. Please make sure you have followed them before linking up to our challenge. Challenge ends 10pm EST on December 7.
We also hope you will come join our Star Stampz Fan Group on FB. We'd love for you to share your creations made using images from Star Stampz Shop on Etsy as well as join in on the chatter and we will have contests, games and promotions over there from time to time.
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Add projects here please:


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If predictions are like baseball, I'm bound to have a bad year in 2019, given how well things went the last time around. And given how my own interests, work life, and physical location have changed of late, I'm not entirely sure what might spring from this particular session at the keyboard.
But as I've noted in previous versions of this post (all 15 of them are linked at the bottom), I do these predictions in something of a fugue state – I don't prepare in advance. I just sit down, stare at a blank page, and start to write.
So Happy New Year, and here we go.
1/ Global warming gets really, really, really real. I don't know how this isn't the first thing on everyone's mind already, with all the historic fires, hurricanes, floods, and other related climate catastrophes of 2018. But nature won't relent in 2019, and we'll endure something so devastating, right here in the US, that we won't be able to ignore it anymore. I'm not happy about making this prediction, but it'll likely take a super Sandy or a king-sized Katrina to slap some sense into America's body politic. 2019 will be the year it happens.
2/ Mark Zuckerberg resigns as Chairman of Facebook, and relinquishes his supermajority voting rights. Related, Sheryl Sandberg stays right where she is. I honestly don't see any other way Facebook pulls out of its nosedive. I've written about this at length elsewhere, so I will just summarize: Facebook's only salvation is through a new system of governance. And I mean that word liberally – new governance of how it manages data across its platform, new governance of how it works with communities, governments, and other key actors across its reach, and most fundamentally, new governance as to how it works as a corporate entity. It all starts with the Board asserting its proper role as the governors of the company. At present, the Board is fundamentally toothless.
3/ Despite a ton of noise and smoke from DC, no significant federal legislation is signed around how data is managed in the United States. I know I predicted just a few posts ago that 2019 will be the year the tech sector has to finally contend with Washington. And it will be…but in the end, nothing definitive will emerge, because we'll all be utterly distracted by the Trump show (see below). Because of this, unhappily, we'll end up governed by both GDPR and California's homespun privacy law, neither of which actually force the kind of change we really need.
4/ The Trump show gets cancelled. Last year, I said Trump would blow up, but not leave. This year, I'm with Fred, Trump's in his final season. We all love watching a slow motion car wreck, but 2019 is the year most of us realize the car's careening into a school bus full of our loved ones. Donald Trump, you're fired.
5/ Cannabis for the win. With Sessions gone and politicians of all stripes looking for an easy win, Congress will pass legislation legalizing cannabis. Huzzah!!!! Just in time, because…
6/ China implodes, the world wobbles. Look, I'm utterly out of my depth here, but something just feels wrong with the whole China picture. Half the world's experts are warning us that China's fusion of capitalism and authoritarianism is already taking over the world, and the other half are clinging to the long-held notion that China's approach to nation building is simply too fragile to withstand democratic capitalism's demands for transparency. But I think there may be other reasons China's reach will extend its grasp: It depends on global growth and optimistic debt markets. And both of those things will fail this year, exposing what is a marvelous but unsustainable experiment in managed markets. This is a long way of backing into a related prediction:
7/ 2019 will be a terrible year for financial markets. This is the ultimate conventional wisdom amongst my colleagues in SF and NY, even though I've seen plenty of predictions that Wall St. will have a pretty good year. I have no particular insight as to why I feel this way, it's mainly a gut call: Things have been too good, for too long. It's time for a serious correction.
8/ At least one major tech IPO is pulled, the rest disappoint as a class. Uber, Lyft, Slack, Pinterest et al are all expected this year. But it won't be a good year to go public. Some will have no choice, but others may simply resize their businesses to focus on cash flow, so as to find a better window down the road.
9/ New forms of journalistic media flourish. It's well past time those of us in the media world take responsibility for the shit we make, and start to try significant new approaches to information delivery vehicles. We have been hostages to the toxic business models of engagement for engagement's sake. We'll continue to shake that off in various ways this year – with at least one new format taking off explosively. Will it have lasting power? That won't be clear by year's end. But the world is ready to embrace the new, and it's our jobs to invest, invent, support, and experiment with how we inform ourselves through the media. Related, but not exactly the same…
10/A new "social network" emerges by the end of the year. Likely based on messaging and encryption (a la Signal or Confide), the network will have many of the same features as the original Facebook, but will be based on a paid model. There'll be some clever new angle – there always is – but in the end, it's a way to manage your social life digitally. There are simply too many pissed off and guilt-ridden social media billionaires with the means to launch such a network – I mean, Insta's Kevin Systrom, WhatsApp's Jan and Brian, not to mention the legions of mere multi-millionaires who have bled out of Facebook's battered body of late.
So that's it. On a personal note, I'll be happily busy this year. Since moving to NY this past September, I've got several new projects in the works, some still under wraps, some already in process. NewCo and the Shift Forum will continue, but in reconstituted forms. I'll keep up with my writing as best I can; more likely than not most of it will focus the governance of data and how its effect our national dialog. Thanks, as always, for reading and for your emails, comments, and tweets. I read each of them and am inspired by all. May your 2019 bring fulfillment, peace, and gratitude.
Previous predictions:


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Suppose we have a collection, $S$, of singularities types and consider a resolution of singularities (this is: a proper birrational morphism $Y\rightarrow X$ such that Y only contains singularities of the types in the collection $S$ and such that the map is an isomorphism over the points of $X$ with singularity types in $S$.).
For example, if $S$ consists only of the smooth points then $S$-strict resolution is just the standard resolution of singularities. If $S$ consists of smooth points and simple normal crossing points $S$-strict resolution exists. If $S$ consists of only the smooth points and normal crossings points then there is no $S$-strict resolution (in embedding dimension at least 3). As you can't resolve a pinch piont $(x^2+yz^2=0)$ without blowing up normal crossing points.
Have you come around situations in which it is needed strict resolutions (excluding the cases of the first two examples)?
Extension of question (I guess this should go here and no in a new question) It is exactly the same question but this time asking for resolutions that never involve blowing up a center that intersects the S-locus of the total transform.
eg: -)For S= the smooth points the usual resolution is still fine since it never need to blow-up smooth points. If S is the smooth points and the simple normal crossings singularities this is already not known (I think).
Again the question is: Have you come around situations in which it is needed strict resolutions in this sense (excluding the first example in this second part)?


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Up to [gforth] / gforth
Request diff between arbitrary revisions
Keyword substitution: kv
Default branch: MAIN
Current tag: MAIN
updated copyright year
Last fix to make function pointer call work
Add sanitizing of C function names
c-funptr variant for C calls
Library prefix is libgf for non-conflicting names
Removed engine stack arguments - now global states
Added lib prefix to library files
Better separation of different architectures on the same machine
Android shared library stuff works now
updated copyright years
Added strings into documentation
updated copyright years
Changed MAKE-PATH to $INIT
Changed path.fs to use string.fs to fix buffer overflow bug
add --tag=CC to libtool so that it knows what to do, even if the compiler is not plain gcc (but, say i486-linux-gnu-gcc).
updated copyright years
Added c-values/c-variables to libcc.fs Made all vocabularies available when hash.fs loads hashed other small fixes
named c libraries no longer reuse earlier \c lines, and they don't contribute their \c lines to the rest (bug report <firstname.lastname@example.com>)
Free c-prefix-lines at end-c-library
Added add-libpath
Fixes to make Windows install work better with libcc.fs
don't use libtool --tag=CC (doesn't work with libtool-1.5, and is unnecessary)
libcc now creates the directories where it puts its files make =MKDIR into a primitive to break bootstrapping problem (=MKDIR needs libcc, which needs =MKDIR)
libcc works now on Windows (though most of the examples don't)
Windows version of libcc interface (first attempt)
fixed documentation bugs
Fixed fflib.fs Real fix for the macro problem (define wrapper macro instead)
Fixed FILE* problem
updated copyright years updated copyright-blacklist (added libltdl) updated distributed files (don't distribute files without distribution terms) added copyright to preforth.in and build-ec.in
fixed some make install bugs updated date and version
eliminated libcc.fs.in by moving @CC@ into envos.fs.in.
Added tag so that different gcc names compile correctly
Try to get C compiler with options to work
Made libcc.fs compile with old kernels
fixed some bugs so "make install" works (DESTDIR still probably buggy)
builds .la files on install (untested and probably broken wrt DESTDIR) added check-libcc-named target and perform it on make check The libcc-path now also contains the common libcc-named directory reworked initialization of libcc to happen on every boot added MAKE-PATH (for making an empty path to paths.fs
first steps in having a LIBCC-PATH
OPEN-LIB now understands "~" for directories.
libcc files are now generated in ~/.gforth/libcc-{named,tmp}/
fflib.fs now is a named C interface library fixed bug in libcc.fs (unnamed libraries are now always rebuilt)
documented LIB-ERROR C-LIBRARY-NAME C-LIBRARY END-C-LIBRARY
Now libcc loads existing .la file instead of generating it anew Bug: also does this for generated (not user-provided) names
libffi now also uses C-LIBRARY prepare for loading existing c-library
added C-LIBRARY END-C-LIBRARY C-LIBRARY-NAME (yet undocumented) to specify the library wrapper file name used that feature in unix/socket.fs
lib.fs: only check those ffcall libraries we use libcc.fs: removed some debugging output unix/socket.fs: converted to libcc.fs style (partially thanks to Darren Bane <http://savannah.gnu.org/bugs/?23015>
added CLEAR-LIB ADD-LIB (libcc.fs), documented them, and used them in libffi.fs and fflib.fs OPEN-LIB no longer guesses library extensions (lt_dladvise_ext())
Bugfix: make and make dist don't need pre-installed Gforth FORCE_REG_UNNECESSARY now defined automatically and used better documentation bugfix
CPPFLAGS are now used by the Makefiles bugfix in libcc.fs OPEN-LIB now can open libraries without extension and the library's symbols become global libltdl from libtool-2.2 or higher required (will be included soon)
Added replacements for primitives to fflib.fs current status: the libcc-generated code compiles, but does not link Bugfix in libcc.fs
Support kernel building with 0.6.2 engine, 0.6.2 kernel, and current startup.fs and friends.
updated copyright notices for GPL v3
updated copyright years
deleted empty line
support different libtool names (based on configure.in)
libcc now outputs errors on stderr and does not require LIB-ERROR
libcc.fs now uses libtool OPEN-LIB and LIB-SYM now call libltdl (libtool) functions probably needs some additional adjustment in configure.in added LIB-ERROR
added -DBURG_FORMAT compile-time option for generating burg grammars etc. cleaned up debugp() definition documentation bugfix (ELSE)
Bugfix for <http://savannah.gnu.org/bugs/?20544> (mostly from Darren Bane)
Documented and tested calling C function pointers
documentation changes Updates in Makefile.in to reflect newer autoconf usage Distribution and installation of libcc stuff libcc header files are now found automatically Disabled vmgen installation
libcc.fs is now in gforth.fi documentation changes
more libcc.fs tests documented C interface (libcc) lib.fs now aborts if neither libffi nor ffcall are available (oldlib.fs is incompatible)
libcc now puts its files into
libcc now manages several batches
minor libcc.fs bugfix
split test/libcc.fs from libcc.fs
more libcc work: now can handle multiple functions (one batch)
more libcc work
more work on libcc
changed >OUTFILE ... OUTFILE< to OUTFILE-EXECUTE changed >INFILE ... INFILE< to INFILE-EXECUTE added BASE-EXECUTE related documentation changes
some work on batching c functions
more work on libcc.fs
lists and C prelude stuff in libcc.fs minor changes
libcc with first working function
more work on libcc
more work on libcc.fs
progress on libcc.fs renamed SAVE-STRING-DICT into SAVE-MEM-DICT (cf. SAVE-MEM).
added libcc.fs


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Friday, July 15, 2011
Get Your Bombshell Buttons!
How are your bombshell dresses going? I'm hard at work answering students' questions right now. Questions can be uploaded with a picture and I love the instant gratification of seeing everyone's progress!
26 comments:
- AnonymousJuly 15, 2011 at 10:13 AM
Love the badge!! Can't wait to start my dress (but I will wait so I can see what some of you more experienced seamstresses do first)!ReplyDelete
I'm so excited to start this class, just have to find the time! I'm sorry if this is a no-brained, but I'm totally new to adding structure to dresses, will all the padding/boning mean that we'll be able to wear our dresses bra-less? That would certainly be nice!ReplyDelete
- AnonymousJuly 15, 2011 at 11:04 AM
I'm loving it, Gertie! I honestly bought the class thinking that it would be too difficult for me now, but at least I could watch the lessons and sew the dress when my sewing skills improved. I've followed your blog for over a year and I wanted to support your efforts even though I didn't think I was ready to sew at the level of the course. That said, you make everything look so simple that I'm ready to jump up and tackle that bodice, and I've never even sewn a dress. :) Of course, I still need to wait for the movers to deliver my sewing stuff and to find a sewing machine in Germany, but at least the lessons give me something to watch and keep me busy, while I wait for everything else. Great job on the course, you are awesome! I look forward to your book! :)ReplyDelete
I love the class so much. I bought one for my sister, too. I am waiting on my japanese cotton in the mail and am working on drafting my alterations.ReplyDelete
- AnonymousJuly 15, 2011 at 11:30 AM
Hi GertieReplyDelete
Quick question about the dress as I am sooooo tempted to buy the course... Would it be suitable for us fuller chested girls? Most bodices I make need at least a 2 1/2" FBA made to them which is a real pain in the, well chest really!
Vicki x
- AnonymousJuly 15, 2011 at 11:57 AM
This course is great. Thanks for all the time and effort you put in. I've been watching the videos, and I hope to get to my muslin cut and made in the next week. As for the actual dress construction - I've maxed my budget for patterns and fabric and supplies for the summer. I tend to favor nicer fabrics, which means I get to sew less at a time (despite the fact that I have about three projects going right now!). I am trying to be good, which means I might not get to sewing the actual dress until the fall. I know the course says that these videos will be accessible forever, but will you be answering questions as frequently and quickly in the fall as you are now? I hope so! (Though, knowing me, I'll break down and buy my fabric before the month is up!)ReplyDelete
I love the badge! As soon as this birthday weekend is over I'm getting started.ReplyDelete
Hi Gertie! I feel like we're best friends now since I spend a good portion of each day re-viewing your lessons between sewing sessions. Your combination of enthusiasm, expertise, humor, and down-to-earthness (?) is incredibly inspiring and I am having more fun sewing the bombshell dress than I've had with any project for a long time.ReplyDelete
I love the nifty mid-century vibe of the title sequences and the whole production, not to mention your beautiful collection of retro dresses.
I had an awesome time fitting the muslin bodice and was just amazed that I could make something that fits me. I don't have any pics yet but if I can get the camera batteries charged I will grab a couple of shots along the way.
My blog has been inactive for more than a year (gasp!) so I won't bother putting the bombshell button over there - no one would see it. :(
Keep up the great work, please! I can hardly wait for your book, and I hope you will do another online course soon!
I've been watching but haven't gotten the nerve to start yet. I sort of wanted to watch a good bit first just so I had an idea of what was coming. Its funny though both my 3yo dd and my 8yo ds enjoy watching you sew.ReplyDelete
Along with @vickikatemakes, I'm also curious if this pattern would work for a full bust adjustment, especially if it requires foam cups (which I've been unable to find in sizes above a D.)ReplyDelete
Would this work for full-busted figures, with adjustments? Are there any specific supplies that might be difficult to find?
Hey, Gertie! I have to ask the same question I've read a few times about the bombshell dress - will it work for fuller bust sizes? Can't wait to get the course if it does!ReplyDelete
I have an active blog, and will put the button up right away!! Thanks for the time and effort you put into your sewing related projects!
I've been sewing the bombshell dress for 6 full days straight now. The course is absolutely AMAZING. I've learned so much which I can apply in so many future projects. I am also very happy with my dress which is nearly finished! The reason I'm sewing at Tazmanian devil speed is that I decided I'd sew it for a wedding that's this Sunday (in 48 hours from now!). It's been a lot of work but so gratifying and so much fun! You can see pictures (with comments) here:ReplyDelete
As for the FBA questions of the fuller busted girls that I saw here in the comments:
- There's a whole lesson on adjusting for a larger bra size, using a draping technique
- The cup padding is constructed (sewn) just like the bodice from the cotton batting / needle punch, so you don't need to worry about buying cups your size.
Enjoy the course - I did immensely and I am so grateful to Gertie for her patience with my never-ending questions!!! She is so talented and a great instructor and I am her biggest fan right now! :-)
Im so loving it....Im a crafter and only sewn a few clothing pieces heaps of kids stuff but to sew for me is something different. Ive learnt heaps...at the mo im hand sewing the cups into my bodice. That I can do...Loving the videos you are such a natural in front of the camera...well done to you!ReplyDelete
I'd signed up yesterday n just added this badge to my blog! :)ReplyDelete
I love your blog and would love to sign up to this but too broke right now, how long is the offer on to readers? I really do want to do it!ReplyDelete
Anyway if you could let me know that would be great!
Gertie, thanks so much for your course. I've just completed the bodice bits from lesson three. You make everything sound so possible that I'm really enjoying myself. I started this series of lessons as a refresher for myself, as I am making my daughter's wedding dress at the same time. (Must be mad!)I haven't quite decided whether this dress will turn out to be my mother-of-the-bride dress - but the process is fun anyway. Thanks again.ReplyDelete
Hi Gretchen! The badge looks great and it is of course on my blog right now! I honestly thought that it would be a little difficult for me at first, but with your clear instruction and great tips, everything is so easy! I really love the classes. I am right now working on the fitting, it is a but tricky since I don't have a dress form (let alone one my size)...but this is such a big learning curve for me! Thanks :)ReplyDelete
I've been thinking a lot about your class and am excited to enroll. I like the fact that you can do it at your own pace and access the lessons for as long as you like. And the price is great! Cute button!ReplyDelete
Okay, just bought the class and watched the first lesson, I'm already having so much fun! As someone with very few friends who sew, it is going to be so great to have all this personal help! And really coming at the perfect time for me, so many skills I've been dying to learn!ReplyDelete
- AnonymousJuly 17, 2011 at 12:00 AM
I just signed up! Can't wait till I sit my exam on the 4th so I can begin to look for materials and begin the course. I'm commenting anonymously as I can't seem to make google ID work. Thanks for making this course available Gertie.ReplyDelete
Very very excited! I have just signed up for your course and can't wait to get started. I love making clothes and have always wanted to make vintage inspired clothing too. Please also check out my online vintage shop.ReplyDelete
We have also joined ASOS Marketplace... which is doing really well! Can't wait to share my photos with you of the dress I will make.
Big love!
I am venturing out in downtown LA to look for supplies, your class is fantastic, really inspiring!ReplyDelete
I have a question... if I want to take the course but can't spend the time on it till the end of August, will that still work? I can sew the dress, no prob, but I'd love to see how you add the structure.ReplyDelete
Thanks for all the great comments and lovely feedback, ladies! Sorry I've been MIA this weekend. I've been organizing my sewing room. :)ReplyDelete
Yes, I do go into FBAs as Keren mentioned. You should look at her pics; she's a model student!
I will keep answering questions as frequently as possible--once a day or every other day, at the very least. You can sign up now and access the course whenever you want; you will have unlimited access to it FOREVER. :) If you're short on money now, don't worry, you can sign up anytime. There's not an expiration on the special blog offer--at least not that I know of. I will implore the nice folks at Craftsy to keep the offer as long as possible.
Thanks, all!
Great badge. I've placed it on my blog underneath my Buttons tab at the top. I've just signed up for the course. This will be my first online sewing course. Thank you so much for preparing it. It will be great to learn from you. We really don't have much in the way of classes in our area; so this is perfect. This will take my skills to the next level and give me more confidence in tackling more complicated projects.ReplyDelete
thanks admin good blog and text. mirc indir mevlana sözleri kapak sözler abiye modelleri moda sitesiReplyDelete


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text:
Sex: everyone - well almost everyone - does it. But like so many other fun activities, it carries its fair share of risks. Unwanted pregnancies and getting a nasty disease are the obvious ones, but there is also the risk of having a heart attack, getting injured when the bed collapses, even the chance of arrest in flagrante in a public place.
So, what appears to be a simple act (for some, at least) is actually rather more complex. And that means we can begin to look for juicy numbers to find out just how risky things are in the bedroom.
Let us start, as most of us did, with simple, unprotected sex between a man and a woman, and ask: what is the chance of it ending in a pregnancy? This, for understandable reasons, is rather difficult to study under laboratory conditions – a New Zealand study in which participants were only allowed to have sex once a month suffered, unsurprisingly, with a high dropout rate.
Perhaps the closest we have to a robust figure is from a European study that recruited 782 young couples who did not use artificial contraception and who carefully recorded the day of every act (and there were a lot of them) until there had been 487 pregnancies. The simplest way to estimate the chance of pregnancy was to consider only cycles in which there had been only one act of intercourse. Peak times for pregnancies seemed to occur two days before ovulation – the chances of getting pregnant during this time was around 25%, confirming previous estimates. But the chances drop fairly steeply either side of the peak, to a 5% average over the rest of the cycle.
The bottom line is that a single act of intercourse between a young couple has on average a one in 20 chance of pregnancy – this assumes the opportunity presented itself on a random day, as these things tend do when you are young.
Calculating success
So, given this, what are the chances of success for an average couple trying to have a child? People who study how populations change are called demographers, and they use the rather academic term to describe the chances of becoming pregnant during one menstrual cycle: "fecundability".
This, of course, varies between couples, but the estimated average is between 15% and 30% in high-income countries. Taking this lower figure we can estimate that for an average couple trying to have a child, there is an 85% chance of finishing each month without conceiving. If we assume each month is the same and independent, then there is a 0.85 x 0.85 (multiplied 12 times) chance of not getting pregnant in a year of trying, which is 14%.
So, in other words, fecundability of 15% means a 100 – 14 = 86% chance of getting pregnant in a year. A figure of 90% is often quoted as the proportion of young couples who will be expecting a child after a year without contraception, which corresponds to a fecundability of 18%.
Reducing risk
But suppose you do not actually want to get pregnant – how effective are different types of contraception?
This is generally expressed as pregnancy rate following one year of use, and strongly depends, of course, on the care with which precautions are taken. Devices such as the contraceptive pill, intrauterine devices, implants and injections are quoted as being 99% effective, so that less than 1 in 100 users should be pregnant after a year. Male condoms are around 98% effective if used correctly. And diaphragms and caps with spermicide are said to be 92-96% effective, which means that between 4 and 8 women using them will end up pregnant each year.
Such figures are particularly important when trying to minimise the incidence of unwanted teenage pregnancies. In 1998 in England 41,000 girls aged 15-17 conceived. That is 47 in every 1,000 girls, or 1 in every 21 – or to put it in more stark terms, one girl in every average-sized school class. The UK government's efforts to halve this rate by 2010 only partially worked; by 2009 the headline figure had dropped to 38 per 1,000 girls, a 19% drop instead of their 50% target.
Forty-nine percent of these teenage pregnancies end in abortions, but that still leaves many actual teenage births. In a 2001 UNICEF report, the UK had the highest rates in Europe with 30 births per women aged 15 to 19, with only the USA exceeding it among high-income OECD countries, with 52 births per 1,000. This is in staggering contrast to countries such as Korea, Japan, Switzerland, the Netherlands and Sweden, which all have birth rates of fewer than seven per 1,000 teenagers. The Netherlands is just over the channel from the UK and yet their youth clearly have a very different approach to sex.
Unfortunate end
Finally, we should never forget the risks of such an energetic pursuit. Last year, researchers estimated that 1 in 45 heart attacks are triggered by sexual activity. Luminaries such as Nelson Rockefeller, Errol Flynn, President Felix Faure of France, and at least two popes, are said to have succumbed in this way.
Solo sexual activity used to be associated with blindness and stunted growth, for which there is a limited evidence-base to say the least. But if it involves asphyxiation it is not recommended for the cautious, with numerous fatalities recorded, including the actor David Carradine, singer Michael Hutchence and a UK Member of Parliament. One study recorded as many as 117 deaths from just two provinces in Canada.
The moral of all this is, possibly, that sex can be just as much about risk as morality.
If you would like to comment on this story or anything else you have seen on Future, head over to our Facebook page or message us on Twitter.


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On Meditating
Adjusted Living in a Maladjusted World
One writer describes the "silence" of mystical prayer: "When one enters the deeper layers of contemplative prayer one sooner or later experiences the void, the emptiness, the nothingness . . . the profound mystical silence . . . an absence of thought."[1] In his new book Life with God, Richard Foster describes Spiritual Disciplines to be activities Christians engage in so that they might become the athletae dei, the athletes of God. Foster pairs some of the disciplines to be, "fasting and prayers, study and service, submission and solitude, confession and worship, meditation and silence . . ."[2] Both authors associate spirituality with contemplative prayer, meditation, and silence. These aspects of spirituality do seem to connect with one another. But biblically, do they? Does the Bible ask us to approach God through a spirituality of silence?
To answer the question, we must go to the Old Testament where, especially in the book of Psalms, meditation, which contemplative spiritualists presume should be silent, is portrayed as a path to quality living, both spiritual and material. For example, the first Psalm exclaims, "How blessed is the man who . . . [delights] in the law of the Lord, And in His law he meditates day and night . . . And . . . whatever he does . . . prospers" (Psalm 1:1-3; See 119:15, 23, etc.). In that meditation appears to be such an important avenue to "blessing," it would be well to understand from a biblical perspective what the activity is, and its relation, if any, to silence.
The word "meditate" (Hebrew, haga) occurs approximately twenty-five times in the Old Testament. Though the activity of meditation is not as specific in the New Testament as it is in the Old, Paul does encourage believers to "think upon" the positive values of life, things which are "honorable . . . right . . . pure . . . lovely . . . [and] of good repute" (Philippians 4:8). But integral to meditation under the Old Covenant dispensation was the law of God for it defined the conditions of God's relationship to and presence with His people. For example, after having broken the divine law, David pleads with God, "Do not cast me away from Thy presence, And do not take Thy Holy Spirit from me" (Psalm 51:11). Thus, believers in the ancient nation of Israel found spiritual communion with God through meditation concentrated upon God's law, which focus then stimulated their obedience to the law, and which compliance then created a favorable spiritual climate in which God would rain blessing upon their lives (See Deuteronomy 28:1-68.). Meditation upon and obedience to God's law affected prosperity.
Therefore, the Psalmists encouraged meditation upon the "law, precepts, statutes, word, and commandments" of God (Psalm 1:2; 119:15, 23, 48, 78, 148).[3] Indicating the role that mediation played in Hebrew spirituality, one inter-testamental apocryphal book advises: "Let thy mind be upon the ordinances of the Lord, and meditate continually in his commandments" (Sirach 6:37). But how are we to understand "meditation" (Hebrew, haga or siah)? Did Hebrew meditation involve cultivating silence? On this point, the Old Testament meaning of meditation becomes instructive. Several lines of evidence argue that Old Testament meditation did not involve seeking to enter a state of subjective silence.
First, that mediation was to concentrate upon the law indicates that biblical meditation did not involve cultivating a wordless void. Words comprised the law (See paragraph preceding.). For a moment, let's assume that meditation involves cultivating a silence in which the mind is emptied, self-creating, as it were, a tabula rasa (i.e., a hypothetical blank state of mind that must be achieved before the contemplator receives outside impressions). If by meditation the Psalmist meant that the devout were to enter into a zone of suspended thought, a tabula rasa, then there would have been no need to pray, "Let . . . the meditation of my heart, be acceptable in thy sight, O Lord, my strength, and my redeemer," (Psalm 19:14), for there would have been nothing there for God to be either pleased or displeased with!
Second, the word "meditation" (Hebrew, haga) does not connote silence. As the word's usage in the Old Testament indicates, "meditation" can refer to the growling of a lion (Isaiah 31:4). Such meditation hardly qualifies as a state of silence!
Third, some scriptures indicate that "meditation" involved the "mouth." For example, in one classic passage on meditation, the Lord told Joshua, "This book of the law shall not depart out of thy MOUTH; but thou shalt MEDITATE therein day and night, that thou mayest observe to do according to all that is written therein: for then thou shalt make thy way prosperous, and then thou shalt have good success" (Emphasis mine, Joshua 1:8, KJV). In this verse, note the association of "mouth" and "meditate." In the 19th Psalm the Psalmist prays, "Let the words of my MOUTH and the MEDITATION of my heart / Be acceptable in Thy sight, / O Lord, my rock and my Redeemer" (Emphasis mine, Psalm 19:14, NASB). Again, the Psalmist juxtaposes "words" with "meditation." In that "the meditation of my heart" parallels "words of my mouth," Wolf notes that "the psalmist compares his own speech with what God communicates in nature and in Scripture."[4] The Old Testament portrays meditation to be different than the spirituality of silence. Of the process, Wolf concludes, "Perhaps the Scripture was read half out loud in the process of meditation."[5]
Fourth, according to the Old Testament, meditating involves thinking or devising. The 2nd Psalm begins with a question: "Why do the heathen rage, and the people imagine a vain thing?" (Psalm 2:1, KJV). Interestingly, the word "imagine" means "meditate." Thus, one version translates the verse, "Why do the nations rage, And the peoples MEDITATE a vain thing?" (Emphasis mine, Psalm 2:1, ASV 1901). In other words, unrestrained by God's Word, the heathen were meditating (i.e., devising, plotting, conspiring) a vain thing; namely, that they could build a messianic kingdom without Yahweh, who is the Lord Jesus Christ. According to the second Psalm, meditation can become a fertile state of mind in which to hatch plans for rebellion against God. Such is the commentary of God upon our sinful state of soul (Genesis 6:5; 11:6; Jeremiah 17:9). Such antagonistic meditation hardly qualifies as a silent void of mind. In this regard, John Calvin warns: "If Scripture does not direct us in our inquiries after God, we immediately turn vain in our imaginations."[6] But God has not called us to build imaginary spirituality through silent meditation.
More ominously, when not concentrated upon the Word, meditating can even facilitate spiritualism. Regarding the meditations and mutterings of mediums, Isaiah the prophet warned Israel, "When men tell you to consult mediums and spiritists, who whisper and mutter (i.e., haga, or "meditate"), should not a people inquire of their God? Why consult the dead on behalf of the living?" (Isaiah 8:19, NIV). If devoid of God's Word, meditation can describe an activity by which people enter into the forbidden zone of the occult. (See Deuteronomy 18:9-14.) Seemingly, even Richard Foster was aware of this danger, for he warned regarding the practice of silent contemplation: "I also want to give a word of precaution. In the silent contemplation of God we are entering deeply into the spiritual realm, and there is such a thing as supernatural guidance that is not divine guidance . . . there are various orders of spiritual beings, and some of them are definitely not in cooperation with God and his way!"[7]
Foster's warning highlights exactly why biblical meditation demands the sights and sounds of Scripture. As when the devil tested Jesus - when in His humanity, Jesus experienced solitude and starvation in the wilderness - at the moment of His temptation He fought off silence by audibly quoting the Code of Deuteronomy (Matthew 4:4, 7, 10), what stood "written." Of Jesus' response, thrice Matthew records that Jesus, "answered and said . . . Jesus said . . . [and] Jesus said . . ." Though Jesus often practiced solitude, there is no evidence in the Gospels that, in His life and ministry, He practiced a spiritual discipline of silence.
As one authority characterized the activity,
"[M]meditation means active contemplation, not wandering reverie [i.e., a state of dreamy or fanciful musing). It depends on purposeful concentration of the mind on the subject of meditation and deliberate expulsion of discordant thoughts and images. Later mysticism describes a further stage of meditation in which personal activity is inhibited, rational thought transcended, and the individual is carried on a current of contemplative feeling into a state of ecstasy which marks the summit of religious experience. Of this there is no trace in the Psalter . . ."[8]
It might be added that, neither is there a trace of it in the rest of Holy Scripture.
In summary then, biblical meditation does not necessitate cultivating silent silence.[9] The Hebrew words for "meditation" (haga and siah) do not suggest it does. As we have seen, meditation in the Old Testament is a conscious activity whereby devout souls think and speak the "law, precepts, statutes, word, and commandments" of God. Thus, the meditation is objective, not subjective; is active, not passive; is conscious, not unconsciousness; and is even spoken, not quiet. Biblical meditation is neither silent nor empty-headed. As believers focus their minds upon the words of Scripture, meditation involves the participation and response of the whole person, body (speaking and hearing) and soul (cognition, feeling, and obedience), to God's communication, a communication that comes through the words, works, wonders, ways, and wisdom of the most holy and beauteous God (See Psalms 1:2; 63:6; 77:11-14; 119:15, 23, 27, 48, 78, 148; 143:5; 145:5).
Silent contemplation, as least as defined by many contemporary spiritualists, does not qualify as biblical meditation. Our silence does not invoke His Presence. But according to the Old Testament paradigm of spirituality, thinking upon and reciting God's Word does. As Scripture is intellectually engaged and willfully obeyed, they are meditated. As always, Word mediates meditation.
The Truth:
"That we henceforth be no more children, tossed to and fro, and carried about with every wind of doctrine, by the sleight of men, and cunning craftiness, whereby they lie in wait to deceive; But SPEAKING the TRUTH in love, may grow up into him in all things, which is the head, even Christ;" (Ephesians 4:14-15)
[1] Ray Yungen, A Time of Departing, How Ancient Mystical Practices are Uniting Christians with the World's Religions, 2nd Edition (Silverton, Oregon: Lighthouse Trails Publishing Company, 2006) 33, citing William Johnson, Letters to Contemplatives (Orbis Books, 1992) 13. Johnson is a Roman Catholic writer.
[2] Richard J. Foster, Life with God, Reading the Bible for Spiritual Transformation (New York: HarperCollins, 2008) 14.
[3] Herbert Wolf, "haga 467," Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament, Volume 1, R. Laird Harris, Editor (Chicago: Moody Press, 1980) 205. The Old Testament also uses another word for "meditate" (Hebrew, siah, Psalm 119:15, 23, 27, 48, 78). As with haga, the range for meaning of siah is broad. Gary Cohen notes: "The basic meaning of this verb seems to be 'rehearse,' 'repent,' or 'go over a matter in one's mind.' This meditation or contemplation may be done either inwardly or outwardly. Since English differentiates these two notions, the word is usually rendered 'meditate,' or 'talk.' . . . In the first instance it is used of silent reflection on God's works . . . and God's word . . . In the second instance it is used of rehearsing aloud God's works . . . If the subject, however, is painful, it is translated 'to complain'." See Gary G. Cohen, "siah 2255," Theological Wordbook, Volume 2, 875-876. However else biblical meditation may be understood, it does not qualify to be the attempt by contemplators to create within themselves, by the application of certain meditative techniques, a silent void.
[4] Wolf, "haga," Theological Wordbook.
[5] Ibid. In January of 1984, I was privileged to tour Israel by bicycle. Yes, I pedaled from Dan to Beersheba. But before departure from New York, via El Al Airlines for Tel Aviv, I noticed several Hassidic Jews standing before an airport wall. Holding a book in their hands, they alternately moved their upper torso forward to and then backward from the wall as they read the Torah aloud. What were they doing? Seemingly, and according to an Old Testament understanding of haga, they were meditating!
[6] John Calvin, Institutes of the Christian Religion, Volume I, Henry Beveridge, Translator (Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1972 Reprint) I.14.1, 141-142. Calvin concludes: "Therefore, let us willingly remain hedged in by those boundaries within which God has been pleased to confine our persons, and, as it were, enclose our minds, so as to prevent them from losing themselves by wandering unrestrained."
[7] Richard Foster, Prayer, Finding the Heart's True Home (San Francisco: Harper Collins Publishers, 1992) 157.
[8] James S. McEwen, "Meditate," A Theological Word Book of the Bible, Alan Richardson, Editor (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1950) 142.
[9] Trappist monks of the Cistercian order practice silence. Thomas Merton (1915-1968), well known author and contemplative spiritualist who in his later life converted to Buddhism, was a Trappist monk from the Abbey of Our Lady of Gethsemani near Bardstown, Kentucky. See "Trappists," Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trappist).
Pastor Larry DeBruyn is the author of Church on the Rise: Why I am not a Purpose-Driven Pastor. This article used with permission.


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The marina offers facilities for super-yachts of up to 115m, cruising yachts and local leisure craft. There are over 1000m of piled pontoon berths of which180m is available for super-yachts, with stern on berthing available both sides. The super-yacht pontoon section is 4m wide with varying 500mm to 750mm of freeboard. Berthing is available astern to or alongside, depending on occupancy. With stern to berthing there are laid lines for securing bows. The depth of the water in the Marina basin is 11m but the approach channel to the marina is restricted to 5.1m.
The location of the marina on the inland side of Eden Island provides ideal sheltered conditions. With stern to berthing, boats lie in line with both prevailing winds (SE & NW).
To ensure that your stay at the marina is pleasant and trouble free, golf carts are available for delivering your stores and transporting your guests to their waiting yachts; there are also several manual trolleys with a 500kgs load capacity.
One Captain described Seychelles as "Magnificent scenery, a fantastic climate, some of the friendliest people one could hope to meet; that's the Seychelles. Imagine the Virgin Islands, double the size, cancel the hurricanes, take out the crowds and you have the Seychelles… as close to paradise as you are likely to get."
Stretching from 4o South to 10o South, the Seychelles' geographical position and climate makes a twelve month season perfectly feasible. You could cruise the full 700 miles from the Main Island of Mahé to the Aldabra Atoll (a UNESCO World Heritage Site) whilst island hopping though the other 115 without having to go through a single immigration check.
Seychelles comprises 115 islands spread over a wide area of the Western Indian Ocean, with over 700 nautical miles separating the most northern and southern islands. Broadly speaking Seychelles comprises three groups – the main islands of Mahé, Praslin and La Digue with their various satellite islands, the Amirantes, the Alphonse group and then the most southern islands comprising Aldabra and the Farquhar group. The main islands on the Mahé plateau are granitic oceanic islands, a unique feature. All the other islands, including Aldabra, a World Heritage site, are coraline.
Most of the population live on Mahé, where the International Airport is located, Praslin and La Digue. Some of the smaller islands remain in private hands and a number are government owned and operated by the Island Development Company. Activities on these islands vary from luxury resorts to specialised fishing with some remaining uninhabited and in a virgin state.
Detailed information on Seychelles can be found at www.seychelles.travel
The main islands are 4° south and as such do not suffer from tropical cyclones. Seasons are split by the SE and NW trades, the former running from around May until late September, early October, when the NW takes over until around February. March and April tend to be doldrum months. The seasons arise from the north/south movement of the ITCZ (Doldrums), which lies in winter north of the islands and in summer across or south of them. South of the ITCZ are found the SE Trades and north of the ITCZ are found the NE Trades which, when they cross the equator, become deflected and blow from the N to NW.
Berth services
The marina management office is located on the upper floor of Marina House which is adjacent to the marina. Office hours are 8am until 7pm. Our clients benefit from a complete service package including power, water, club cars and 24-hour security.
Service bollards
All pontoon walkways are illuminated with solar powered lights. There are 3 x pump-out service units located on the super-yacht pontoon section with 50mm sanitation pipes. There are three mobile Fire Caddies, each with 15mm of 38mm lay flat fire-fighting hose and a 250 litres per minute delivery capability.
All service pedestals are individually controlled and monitored by a computerised Berthmaster system supplied by Omron. This provides itemised billing for all services used by vessels.
Eden Island Marina
P.O. Box 14, Victoria,
Mahe, Seychelles,
Indian Ocean.
Tel: +248 4346300
Fax: +248 4346346
Praslin Office
Baie Ste Anne, Praslin, Seychelles
Tel: +248 4232301 / 4380300
Fax: +248 4232220


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In this feature-length film on the art of the documentary, director Pepita Ferrari interviews 33 leading documentarians and shows clips from over 50 films. From cinéma-vérité pioneers like Albert Maysles and Michel Brault to mavericks like Errol Morris and Nick Broomfield, it explores the challenges of capturing reality on film. Directors as diverse as Pakistani feminist Sabiha Sumar and new media guru Peter Wintonick reflect on ethical issues and the contested status of the "truth."
Featured interviews include German iconoclast Werner Herzog; Chilean filmmaker Patricio Guzmán; British director Kim Longinotto and Alanis Obomsawin, the First Lady of First Nations cinema. Visit Capturing Reality for additional interviews and background.
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Gati Packers and Movers Guwahati
Welcome to Gati Packers and Movers in Guwahati, We are providing Packing and Moving in Services in Guwahati. We are a national packing moving company having branches in all India for any type of Packers Movers Services in Guwahati and all India. Our team is having experts with knowledge, experience and counseling along with spirited rates, which enables us to give our clients the highest international quality standards.
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They care utmost care of your goods while packing and moving. They have a team of professionals who are expert in their job. Hiring professional packers and movers can be very beneficial for shifting. There are many packers and movers services in Guwahati, Bangalore, Bhubaneshwar, Chandigarh, Chennai, Cochin / Ernakulum, Delhi, Goa, Guwahati, Hyderabad, Indore, Jaipur, Patna, Lucknow, Mumbai, Nasik, Patna , Pune, Bihar, Vijayawada, Vizag, Kolkata etc. People can hire packer mover within their cities. Choosing local Moving services can be more beneficial than of choosing from other cities.


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Happy Holidays! {Atlanta, Johns Creek, Alpharetta, Lawrenceville, Surrounding Areas – Senior Portrait Photographer}December 24, 2012
Merry Christmas Eve everyone!!
I got to spend last weekend being a little Christmas elf, spreading good cheer!
I wanted to give each of my Class of 2013 clients a little something for the holidays as a Thank You and since I LOVE storyboards, I made one for each of them!
While the weather was not so cheerful that day, I hope that I brought a little joy to each of my seniors and their families. :)
and lastly…I want to wish each and every one of you a very Merry Christmas!
If you want to stay up to date with all the most recent sessions, click HERE and "LIKE."


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O'Nine PureGel AR061. Gel polish only or in a set with a matching nail lacquer.
O'Nine PUREGEL AR is a new innovation in gel polish system that features: Acetone, Formaldehyde, Toluene, DBP and TPHP FREE, VIRTUALLY ODORLESS, and ALCOHOL REMOVABLES. It provides long lasting application of gel polish but removable by soaking with Rubbing Alcohol in 10 minutes. If you are tired with the acetone and the harsh odor of the regular gel polish, then PureGel Gel System is a healthy alternative for you or your clients. The system needs base coat and top coat. Size .5 oz/15ml. Made in USA.
- Buff the nail surface lightly.
- Remove dust and wipe the nail with Nail Cleanser using a lint-free wipe.
- Apply a very tin layer of AR Base coat, cure your base coat underneath the LED lamp for 30 seconds.
- Apply AR Gel Color cure in LED lamp for 30 seconds.
- Apply AR Gel Color one more time, cure in LED lamp for 30 seconds
- Apply AR Coat, cure in LED lamp for 30 seconds, then wipe of tacky surface with nail cleanser.


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Book Blitz: The Foreigner by A.C. Jade
Genre: Contemporary Romance
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Jasmine Lao is an exotic thirty-year-old virgin from The Philippines. She has been married to her career as a healthcare professional, saving lives day in and day out. But she's become bored…wanting something new and exciting.
Steven Gates is strikingly handsome and knows what he wants. The owner of The Gates Energy dropped into Jasmine's office for an appointment, and the moment they met, the mutual attraction was undeniable. However, Steven is married… and he could have cancer.
Nigel Gates, the globetrotting identical twin brother of Steven sees Jasmine as a precious flower sent from heaven. He is determined to win her heart and to take her with him to the ends of the earth.
Jasmine finds herself entangled in an unexpected love affair involving intense passion, deception, and loss at the hands of the Gates brothers.
ⓐⓤⓣⓗⓞⓡ ⓛⓘⓝⓚⓢ


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The Great Persian Empire of Calradia
Republic of Tajikistan
|Motto: "Our Nation shines with the Sun and Silmaril"
|Anthem: "Calradia Never Dies"
|Minas Tirith (Before Ubeki Invasion)
|Largest city
|Minas Tirith
|Official language(s)
|Counsil of Knights, Magicians and Elves
|‑ King
|Emomalii Rahmon
|‑ Dead
|Ahmad Shah Massoud
|‑ Dead
|Burhanuddin Rabbani
|National Hero(es)
|Prince of Persia, Empress Kaileena, Prince Dastan, Abu Muslim
of Independence
|Since Calradia exists
|Gold Dinar
|The Force
|20million Persians+N billion Persian cats
|Ethnic groups
|Elves, Wizards, Persian cats, Persians
Tajikistan (Elf Language: فارسی زمین Persian Land) is a Persian country in the Land of Calradia, called by Europeans Gondor according to a KGB spy named J.R.R.Torkin. Though once a beautiful and rich land, it has now been threatened under Dark Side of The Force and its servant, Sauron of Wal-Mart and Jizzlam Karimov, the devil Darth of Ubekis, who plot to extend Wal-Mart and KFC to Calradia. However, people in Calradia who love freedom are all put their faith and trust in this mountainous country.
Mythical Age[edit]
In the beginning Khuda created the Heaven and the Earth in his masturbation. However the earth was only a float of semens and very nasty. So the penis of Khuda moved upon the face of his piss. And Khuda said: "Let there be Penis", and there was a white penis erected from Heaven to Earth ,which Khuda later called Light. Khuda saw the white penis, thought it was good, then he cut off white penis and planted it on Earth to create humans. Afterwards Khuda took a dump, his shit grew larger, then there was the Land of Calradia.
When tall and beautiful Aryan people were created by God, the Land of Calradia was a place with huge giants, angels, centaurs, peris, wizards and little puppies who can speak to humans. All races lived in peace under the rule of a lion named Keyumars Arslan. Devil Ahriman, who wanted to take his revenge because having been analplayed by Mithra, the Son of Khuda, summoned his army of rebellion to rise against the whole Calradia. Keyumars, under the protection of iranium weapon system, defeated Ahriman and turned him into a circuit ballon, with which he traveled to the whole world and made performance, until Ahriman promised to built Minas Tirith for him, then he founded the Jedi Order and The Magician Committee to provide magic and lightsword performance during afternoon tea time. Meanwhile some nomad tribes moved west to extend the border, where they found another land flowing with semen and pussyjuices outside Calradia and named it Iran, which means "the land of Freefuck".
Kay Kavus, Dastan and Ali Alibaba[edit]
Though Darth Osaka had been eliminated by The Prince of Persia, Calradia had been ripped apart later because of the sheep-butchering and horse-exporting business conflict between Persia Trade Federation and Northern Tribe Federation (NTF), but both were still stay cool until Kay Kavus, a donkeybrain, chicken-hearted but ambitious emperor, decided to merge both federation together, therefore started the 30-years-who-wants-to-be-a-millionaire-war between Persia and NTF. Both teams worked really hard though both cannot merge each other because of the Khuda's order of the game, until the birth of Kay Khosrow (Ali Alibaba), a love child of Siyavush and Farangiz, heir of both company, after their drunken one-night-sex. Kay Kavus then used his influence to make his illegitimate grandson the successor of himself and his rival, Afrasiab. Siyavush and Farangiz, however, were stoned according to Khomeini's law for the crime of adultery. (Their sad stories were adapted to Romeo and Juliet by an asshole William Shakespeare, also being abused as inspirational source of Beren and Lotherien in Torkin's The Lord of the Rings.)
Calradia was at last ruled after a coup-d'etat by Prince Dastan, which proved to be a handsome and brave asshole dictator in his later years. He was exiled by the new Shah Ali Alibaba after his 120 years of military service. Ali Alibaba was a very sexy emperor with big penis and it is said that he was the founder of Isengrad (Tashkentistan). He had another invention, that is the most famous spell in Ancient Persia "Open Sesame" (in Age of Empires if you use this spell once you'll gain 10 billions Gold, 100000 woods and 1000 stones and kick the shit out of other players). He had many wives and concubines who wanted to fuck with his big penis, one of them who is jealous of others cut his penis off and used it to make a dildo.
Greek Invasion[edit]
In approximately 330 BCE, the Macedonian barbarians, under the rule of a dickless homosexual freak Alexander the Great, became the major force in the world to touch hot Persian babes. After he conquered Minas Tirith, for compensate his loss of army force he ordered every Macedonian soldier carry a Persian babe back to
his bed Kandahar to breed Taliban. But Calradia still erects like a penis.
Fighting with Pashtuns and Arabs[edit]
In the next hundreds of years the Calradian Persians had to fight with Talibans, and continued to lose until their Sassanid brothers rose up. The Sassanids kicked the shit out of Talibans and drove them back to cold, dark holes in Hindu Kush.
When tha Sassanids were eaten by Arab raptors down the bank of Eupharates, the citizens in Minas Tirith built a Jurassic park to welcome the invaders, which turned out to be a trap. The Persians adopted the religion of raptors, but killed all raptors to prevent them from eating all the Elves, Wizards and Peris in Calradia and ensure the truth of their new religion. In fact, no raptors lived in Calradia over 100 years, as the rest of them been hunted by Turanian horsemen randomly.
However now there are still some mutant Arab dinosaurs who think themselves Tyrannosaurus rex and wish to continue the glorious jihad of raptors, that is, extend the Jurassic Park to Calradia. These creatures have been respectfully mentioned as "MUSLIMS"
Khwarezm Empire and Mongol Invasion[edit]
In 751, Darth Kim Jong Il, Lord of Goguryeo, who was a puppy of Mordor and thought he is a deity, invaded Calradia for extending his Korean pickles business in worldwide Wal-Mart foodchain monopoly. However, Abu Muslim Aragorn Hormozd, who was a Jedi, along with his old buddy Gandalf, organized the First Fellowship of The Ring and found the Lord of Rings, using it to seal Kim Jong II's evil soul in the Battle of Taraz until his resurrection in 1941.
Calradia remained freedom and prosperity and reached its peak in the next centuries. In 1000 AD, after the Uyghurs came to rule Isengrad and Minas Tirith, they decided to found a new trade federation which united all Persians and Turanians to secure the horse-exporting and steel industry, and so the Seljuk Federation (later Khwarezm Federation) was founded, directly controlled by Jedi Order and The Magician Committee. However, Muhammad II, the dumbest Shah in history, lost all his property in a Casino-Royale gamble to James Bond and his secret friends, Darth Temujin and his evil queen Borte. So the Siths finally conquered the whole Calradia with his bloody troops.
Revival of Calradia[edit]
After the rise of Timur Handicapp, the Calradian Persians shared a cultural revival and economical prosperity till the invasion of Darth Muhammad Shaybani. When Darth Shaybani thought he won the game, critically a 15-year-old brat Jedi from poor South Caucasus mountains named Ismail The First called a duel against him. It is said their duel lasted so long that the Sun and the Moon got very tired and fell asleep in the middle of the sky. Ismail The First won the duel and cut Darth Shaybani into half with his lightsaber. Two centuries later Ismail the First's apprentice Nader Shah led his army to eliminate all Ubekis and Orcs remaining in the south bank of Jaxartes River and ruled their territories till the arrival of bloody Russians and Uncle Joe. When Uncle Joe's soul was diminished with USSR in 1992 the Calradian Persians got freed but were soon drown into the war against Talibans and Ubekis, which almost turned Gondor into a bloody desert even God wouldn't care.
Sith Invasion and Judgement Day[edit]
In 2012 the Siths from a galaxy far far away will attack the Earth with Death Star. They destroyed the Moon for a warning. Amerikanistan, which is always good at talk and creating Hollywood Dreamworks but really sucks at fighting and screwing tough armies, set up a debate and vote in UN to discuss whether to send a troop to give a try or surrender to Darth Sidious, who came back from a dark place in Ubiverse. The UN decided to send an ambassador to negotiate with Darth Sidious. However, before the UN ambassador arrived, three fearless Calradian Jedi Aushedar, Aushedarmah and Soshyant sneaked into Death Star and destroyed it by throwing Darth Sidious into
its central reactor a fried pan. Then Khuda came over and blew the Earth off with his assblow.
Basic Facts[edit]
Most of Tajikistan is hilly. A notable exception to this are the plain between Minas Tirith and Annuminas, enough for Calradian Persians to feed themselves. The hill mountains are usually used for growing meat, especially genetically modified sheeps (used for baking Kebab). There are many holes in the mountains which was digged by moles, Elves, and gangsters who want to hide their treasure and set its entering code to "Open Sesame". Some stories told us Aladdin's Lamp and Aladdin's Slut are hiding somewhere among these holes. South to the Tajikistan is what Americans called Talibanistan, which was bombed into plains because Darth Osaka was thought to be hiding there.
Major Cities[edit]
Samarkand (Minas Tirith), the City of Shahs[edit]
Samarkand in Farsi (Persian language) means "The City of Shahs from Jamshid and Fereydun to Mohammed Pahlavi". Nobody knows since when it was established because it was built before Noah's Flood and is the only place hadn't been submerged. About 1992 AD some jackass invaded this holy city and left donkeyshit on its streets, making it very stinky. Samarkand is the capital of West Tajikistan Republic.
Bukhara (Annuminas)[edit]
Was a beautiful city of literary and arts once, I mean, before Darth Temujin brought his Orcs and donkeys into Persia. It is said to be the capital of Samaritans and an also-missing ethnic group, the Dunedans. It is also hometown of a great post-Muhammad Jedi master, Ibn Sina (Avicenna).
Tajikistan gained its fame only by these two cities. What else can we ask?
Tajikistan is full of big-boobs beauty whose pussies are exclusive for Persian men. Persian men all over the world come to Tajikistan to find wives and concubines, producing Aryan children with pure Aryan blood, directly led to over population. Then King Rahmon signed a law to prevent this obvious sexual exploitation. The new order doesn't care you are a Persian from where or even whether you are Persian (it's a dumb assumption because the only people can live in this country alive are Persians), if you want to claim for the pussies which you have right to own, then buy a big house of chocolate and lollipop and some Dove packed with golden foil to satisfy your bride or concubine, or you'll be the one who get fucked in the ass.
Military Tradition[edit]
Despite the world has moved on to 21st century, people in Tajikistan still fight and live like Jedis. However they also use modern weapons, for example, AK-47. In Tajikistan it is very easy to get a lightsaber or lightdagger of even lightaxe, if you look at the street you will find out 90% of souvenir shops and 98% of factories are selling of producing lightsabers, especially Philips. However, Volga (the brand of lightsaber) is always what Persians like most.
Persian cats are the most famous specialties in Tajikistan, and are the main exports of this country. The second and third specialties are Persian magic carpets and Persian kebab.
Ahmad Shah Massoud[edit]
Ahmad Shah Massoud was a popular figure in Tajikistan. He was the most famous and successful action film star in Bollywood, mostly known as "the enemy of Cowmunist and Taliban". He began his Jedi lesson under the arrangement of his father, a local gangster leader in Panjshir, then opened his first Karate training basement as his Jedimates do. After earning a large sum of money he decided to go to Bollywood for more fame, which soon made him the best anti-Pashtunistan figure on the screen. He co-acted with superstar Amitabh Bachchan in Fighting for Uncowmunism (1979) and Kick Pakistan-backed Taliban's Big Ass (1992). In 1996 he began to screen a new war film by himself, later well-known as Battle Royale (released in November 2001, it is said Steven Seagal even quit Under Siege III to require a second-role in this film), but he died accidentally in an explosive sport race organized by Osaka Bin Laden before the film was released by his broker Burhanuddin Rabbani. All Persians in the world mourned for this excellent superstar, Tajikistanis soon set up a memorial for him in Dushanbe.
Prince Dastan[edit]
Prince Dastan was a very famous historical figure in Persian saga Shahmaneh. According to his biography, he was abandoned by his noble parents because he was born with handsome beard and totally-grown penis. To avoid the tragedy of Oedipus, his parents decided to feed him to wolves. Out of expectation, the she-wolves liked his big cock and lollipoped it, using their milk to feed the poor little thing. When he was 15 years old he left the high mountains for Sistan, in halfway he raped a jenny named Farah, enslaved and took her with him. In Sistan he encountered Princess Elika, the beautiful daughter of Faridun and Zahra, to whom he fell in love with. After Elika was pregnant after several nights of awesome sex, they decided to fled from Persia to Jewish Jerusalem. In Jerusalem they found Elika's grandfather, Master Abraham. Abraham gave them the Persian version of Jewish Holy Bible, asked Elika and Dastan to finish it then went to heaven. So Elika added her mother's story in Holy Bible, later well-known as Esther. Several years later, Faridun's grandson Kay Kavus decided to wage a business conflict with Turanians, and Dastan, who had a PH.D in military negotiation, was given absolute right to order the whole Persian army. He definitely crushed Turan to pieces and almost ruined the whole Turanian economy, later he was officially admitted as Faridun's son-in-law and a prince of Persia. There are rumors that he had relationship with Princess Tamina of Turan when he stayed in Isengrad and had a son named Sohrab with her. Sohrab later became the Godfather of Calradia under his father's protection, which forced his father exiled him from Ubiverse. This rumor has been recorded in Shahmaneh but many Dastan's fans refused to accept.
Noruz (the meaning of Noruz is "Let's ROCK and FUCK")is also known as Calradia New Year Carnival. It is said that after God created white penis he ordered humans to purify their soul in every year's beginning, after their purification they can rock and fuck as usual. However, as the humans became more uncivilized, they are purified from the first day of a year to the last day of the year, leading to sexual frigidity. In the end most people decided to reset the Day of Purification, but not for purification but for rock and fuck. This festival then became Noruz, the most famous carnival in Calradia.
On Noruz day people usually buy gifts for each other, bake breads and kebabs, and drink some kumis (beer mixed with horse piss). The gifts for children are mostly light pipes. Of course the most liked are 24-hours parties which last for 72-100 hours, on which teenagers and stupid kids can fuck freely and openly on their parents' bed because their parents are busy in collecting lollipops. For some people Noruz is also a day to memorize the past heros.
Gold Dinars are forever currency in Calradia. Since the Federal Reserve System can't do anything to Calradia, a Golden Dinar now equals $100, 100000 Euros and 100 million Pounds. Meanwhile, the Arab Caliphate who insisted on using second-hand fake pepper currency had to use spices to solve the problem of global financial crisis, then got perverted by Gold Dinars. The Orcs in Calradia still use donkeycrap as currency until accept western-style kebab in the order of Jizzlam Karimov. The Elves, on the contrary, prefer to use Mitril, Lembas and pubic hair of Arwen.
|Countries and territories of Asia
|Armenia - Azerbaijan - Cyprus - Georgia - Japan-France - Russia - Turkey (the country, not the bird) - Lebanon
|East Asia
|People's Republic of China - Hong Kong - Japan - Kansai Republic - Korea (north) (south) (pick 'em) - Macau - Mongolia - Taiwan (Republic of Taiwan) - Tibet
|Western Asia
|Arabia - Bahrain - Iran - Iraq - Israel - Jordan - Kuwait - Oman - Palestine - Qatar - Saudi Arabia - Syria - United Arab Emirates - Wherethefuckistan - Yemen
|Central Asia
|Kazakhstan - Kyrgyzstan - Tajikistan - Turkmenistan - Uzbekistan - other-stan
|South Asia
|Afghanistan - Bangladesh - Bhutan - India - Maldives - Nepal - Pakistan - Sri Lanka
|Southeast Asia
|Cambodia - East Timor - Indonesia - Laos - Burma - Malaysia - Philippines - Singapore - Thailand - West Timor - Vietnam


text:
Guitar Fundamentals: Wavelength, Frequency, & Speed
AbstractThis is a rockin' project for guitarists with an interest in the physics behind the music. Have you ever wondered why the pitch of the note changes when you fret the string? You can find out for yourself with this project on the fundamental physics of stringed instruments.
Andrew Olson, Ph.D., Science Buddies
The goal of this project is to measure the frequency of the vibrations of a guitar string as the effective length of the string is changed by fretting it.
In this project, you'll investigate the basic physics of standing waves on guitar strings. You'll learn how the frequency (perceived as pitch) of the string vibration changes as the effective length of the string is changed by fretting it.
You'll need to understand some basic properties of waves to get the most out of this project. We'll provide a quick introduction here, but for a more complete understanding we recommend some background research on your own. The Bibliography section, below, has some good starting points for researching this project. We especially recommend exploring the "Sound Waves and Music" articles (Henderson, 2004).
What is sound? Sound is a wave, a pattern-simple or complex, depending on the sound-of changing air pressure. Sound is produced by vibrations of objects. The vibrations push and pull on air molecules. The pushes cause a local compression of the air (increase in pressure), and the pulls cause a local rarefaction of the air (decrease in pressure). Since the air molecules are already in constant motion, the compressions and rarefactions starting at the original source are rapidly transmitted through the air as an expanding wave. When you throw a stone into a still pond, you see a pattern of waves rippling out in circles on the surface of the water, centered about the place where the stone went in. Sound waves travel through the air in a similar manner, but in all three dimensions. If you could see them, the pattern of sound waves from the stone hitting the water would resemble an expanding hemisphere. The sound waves from the stone also travel much faster than the rippling water waves from the stone (you hear the sound long before the ripples reach you). The exact speed depends on the number of air molecules and their intrinsic (existing) motion, which are reflected in the air pressure and temperature. At sea level (one atmosphere of pressure) and room temperature (20°C), the speed of sound in air is about 344 m/s.
One way to describe a wave is by its speed. In addition to speed, we will also find it useful to describe waves by their frequency, period, and wavelength. Let's start with frequency (f). The top part of Figure 1, below, represents the compressions (darker areas) and rarefactions (lighter areas) of a pure-tone (i.e., single frequency) sound wave traveling in air (Henderson, 2004). If we were to measure the changes in pressure with a detector, and graph the results, we could see how the pressure changes over time, as shown in the bottom part of Figure 1. The peaks in the graph correspond to the compressions (increase in pressure) and the troughs in the graph correspond to the rarefactions (decrease in pressure).
Sound waves move in a pattern of high density and low density air molecules as they approach a detector. The detector measures air pressure and sends data to a monitor which displays a graph of pressure over time. The graph peaks when the air molecules are moving closely together and dips / troughs when the air molecules are spaced further apart.
Figure 1. Illustration of a sound wave as compression and rarefaction of air, and as a graph of pressure vs. time (Henderson, 2004).
Notice how the pressure rises and falls in a regular cycle. The frequency of a wave describes how many cycles of the wave occur per unit time. Frequency is measured in Hertz (Hz), which is the number of cycles per second. Figure 2, below, shows examples of sound waves of two different frequencies (Henderson, 2004).
The graph of high frequency waves has a wavelength that has 6 peaks and 6 troughs. The low frequency wave graph on the bottom has only 3 peaks and 3 troughs in the same amount of time.
Figure 2. Graphs of high (top) and low (bottom) frequency waves (Henderson, 2004).
Figure 2 also shows the period (T) of the wave, which is the time that elapses during a single cycle of the wave. The period is simply the reciprocal of the frequency (T = 1/f). For a sound wave, the frequency corresponds to the perception of the pitch of the sound. The higher the frequency, the higher the perceived pitch. On average, the frequency range for human hearing is from 20 Hz at the low end to 20,000 Hz at the high end.
The wavelength is the distance (in space) between corresponding points on a single cycle of a wave (e.g., the distance from one compression maximum (crest) to the next). The wavelength (λ), frequency (f), and speed (v) of a wave are related by a simple equation: v = fλ. So if we know any two of these variables (wavelength, frequency, speed), we can calculate the third.
Now it is time to take a look at how sound waves are produced by a musical instrument: in this case, the guitar. For a scientist, it is always a good idea to know as much as you can about your experimental apparatus! Figure 3, below, is a photograph of a guitar.
Figure 3. Top view of an acoustic guitar.
The guitar has six tightly-stretched steel strings which are picked (plucked) with fingers or a plastic pick to make them vibrate. The strings are anchored beneath the bridge of the guitar by the bridge pins (see Figure 4). Each string passes over the saddle on the bridge. The saddle transmits the vibrations through the bridge to the soundboard of the guitar (the entire front face of the instrument). The soundboard, with its large surface area, amplifies the sound of the strings. (One way to see this for yourself is with the mechanism from a music box. First try playing it while holding it in the air. Then, place it in contact with the soundboard of the guitar and play it again. You'll see that the sound is greatly amplified by the wood.)
Figure 4. Detail view of an acoustic guitar bridge, showing the bridge pins and saddle.
The string vibrates between two fixed points:
- where it is stretched over the saddle of the bridge (Figure 4) and
- near the opposite end of the string, where it passes over the nut(Figure 5).
Figure 5. Detail view of an acoustic guitar headstock, showing the nut and tuning pins. The top portion of the neck (first fret) is also shown. The strings are labeled, from low "E" to the high "e."
When a guitar string is picked, the vibration produces a standing wave on the string. The fixed points of the string don't move (nodes), while other points on the string oscillate back and forth maximally (antinodes). Figure 6, below, shows some of the standing wave patterns that can occur on a vibrating string (Nave, 2006a).
Figure 6. Standing waves on a vibrating string, showing the fundamental (top), first harmonic (middle), and second harmonic (bottom) vibrational modes. (Nave, 2006a)
The fundamental mode (Figure 5, top) has a single antinode halfway along the string. There are only two nodes: the endpoints of the string. Thus, the wavelength of the fundamental vibration is twice the length (L) of the string.
Figure 6 shows that the string can vibrate at several different natural modes (harmonics). Each of these vibrational modes has nodes at the fixed ends of the string. The higher harmonics have one or more additional nodes along the length of the string. In this project, we will be focusing on the fundamental mode of vibration, where the two endpoints are the only nodes of the standing wave. See the Variations sections for a project that goes a little further to explore the higher harmonics.
In this project you'll use the equation relating the speed, frequency, and wavelength of a wave (v = fλ) to predict how the fundamental frequency of vibration of the string will change as you change the effective length of the string by fretting it.
Terms and Concepts
To do this project, you should do research that enables you to understand the following terms and concepts:
Guitar parts:
- Strings
- Bridge
- Saddle
- Nut
- Frets
- Soundboard
- String vibrations
- Standing waves
- Wavelength
- Frequency
- Wave velocity
- What is the relationship between the length of a string and the wavelength of the fundamental tone it produces when plucked?
- What is the relationship between the velocity, frequency, and wavelength of a wave?
- Waves: the first reference is a good general introduction, and those that follow cover the specific topics indicated by their titles:
- Note: all five lessons in this Sound Waves and Music section are worth reading!
Henderson, T., 2004. "Sound Waves and Music," The Physics Classroom, Glenbrook South High School, Glenview, IL. Retrieved July 5, 2007.
- Nave, C.R., 2006a. Standing Waves on a String, HyperPhysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Georgia State University. Retrieved July 5, 2007.
- Nave, C.R., 2006b. Resonances of Open Air Columns, HyperPhysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Georgia State University. Retrieved July 5, 2007.
- Note: all five lessons in this Sound Waves and Music section are worth reading!
- Here's an introduction to how the guitar works:
FlashMusicGames, 2007. How Guitar Works, FlashMusicGames.com. Retrieved July 5, 2007.
- This webpage shows the frequencies of the various notes you can play on the guitar:
Aubochon, V., 2004. Musical Note Frequencies: Guitar and Piano, Vaughn's One-Page Summaries. Retrieved July 5, 2007.
- This is the source for the piano keyboard/note frequency figure in the Experimental Procedure section:
Irvine, T., 2000. An Introduction to Music Theory, VibrationData.com Piano Page. Retrieved July 5, 2007.
- Here is an Excel tutorial to get you started with using a spreadsheet program:
Excel Easy. (n.d.). Excel Easy: #1 Excel tutorial on the net. Retrieved March 10, 2014.
Materials and Equipment
To do this experiment you will need the following materials and equipment:
- As you can see from the pictures in the Introduction, we used an acoustic guitar for this project.
- An electric guitar—or other stringed instrument—can be used instead.
- Guitar pick
Electronic tuner (to tell you what note you've played)
One alternative is to use a computer with tuning software, such as enable Tuner by Enable Software®. To use this software, you'll need:
- A Windows-based computer with a 16-bit soundcard
- A microphone
- A big advantage of this tuner is that it displays the frequency of the note that you played
- Another alternative is to use a stand-alone electronic tuner. There are many models, available at most music stores. You want a chromatic tuner with a built-in microphone. It will sense the note that you play and indicate whether you are sharp (above) or flat (below), relative to the closest reference note. If you can find one that displays the frequency of the note you played, that is best.
- Yet another alternative is to work with a partner who has an electric keyboard or piano and who knows how to match notes to the guitar.
- One alternative is to use a computer with tuning software, such as enable Tuner by Enable Software®. To use this software, you'll need:
- Sewing tape measure (best if marked in metric units)
- Lab notebook
- Pen or pencil
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Experimental Procedure
- Do your background research so that you are knowledgeable about the terms, concepts, and questions, above.
For each string, measure:
- The full length of the string. This is the distance between the saddle (see Figure 4) and the nut (see Figure 5).
- The distance between the saddle and each fret.
- The simplest way to do this is to tape the zero end of the sewing tape measure to the string right at the saddle. Line up the zero mark with the point where the string touches the saddle. Align the tape measure along the length of the string, and tape it in place at the nut end of the string. Now you can easily read off the total length of the string, and the string length at each fret.
Get set up to play and record the notes with your tuner software (or chromatic tuner).
- The experiment is best done with a guitar that is in tune, so the first step is to tune the guitar.
- Place the microphone (or chromatic tuner) close enough to the guitar so that the tuner software (or tuner) registers the note even when you play softly.
Pluck the open high E string. From the readout of the tuner software, write down the frequency of the note played. The screenshot in Figure 7 shows where to read the measured frequency from the enable Tuner software display.
Figure 7. Screenshot of the enable Tuner® software display, showing where to read the measured frequency of the note that was played. The target frequency of the open strings is displayed in the lower portion of the window, as shown.
- If you are using a chromatic tuner without a frequency readout, write down the note played from the chromatic tuner readout.
- You can look up the standard frequency of the note using Figure 8.
- Now fret the string just behind the first fret.
- Pluck the string again.
Make sure the note is clear and ringing, then write down the frequency of the note played. If the note does not play properly, adjust your fretting finger if necessary, and play the note again.
- If you are using a chromatic tuner without a frequency readout, write down the note played from the chromatic tuner readout.
You can look up the standard frequency of the note using Figure 8, below.
Figure 8. Fundamental frequencies of the 88 notes on the piano (Irvine, 2000). The six open strings on the guitar (E2, A2, D3, G3, B3, E4) are marked with blue asterisks.
- When using a tuner without a frequency readout, you will have to use your knowledge of music and careful listening to determine the correct octave of the note played. For example, the open high E-string on the guitar is E4 (329.63 Hz). When fretted on the twelfth fret, the note is E5 (659.25 Hz).
- Repeat steps 5-7 for frets 2-12.
- Repeat steps 4-7 for each of the other five strings.
You can organize the data you collect for each string in a table like the one below.
String ___ fret string length
(open string)
1 2 etc.
- Using your length and frequency data and the equation v = fλ, calculate the speed of the wave on each string. Remember that the wavelength of the fundamental (lowest) frequency of a vibrating string is twice the length of the string.
Ask an Expert
- Use a spreadsheet program (like Microsoft Excel® or WordPerfect QuattroPro®) to make your wave velocity calculations. The Bibliography has an Excel® tutorial to get you started working with spreadsheets (James, date unknown).
- To see how you can make a guitar string vibrate at higher frequencies (harmonics) by lightly touching the string at certain points instead of fretting it, see the Science Buddies project Don't You Fret! Standing Waves on a Guitar.
- If you play acoustic guitar, maybe you've noticed that sometimes one (or more) of the guitar strings will vibrate after you've picked a different string. This is called sympathetic vibration. You can investigate the physics behind sympathetic vibrations with the Science Buddies project How to Make a Guitar Sing.
- For an experiment on sympathetic vibrations using a piano, see the Science Buddies project How to Make a Piano Sing.
If you like this project, you might enjoy exploring these related careers:


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Ionic liquids – salts that are liquid at room temperature – could potentially be made more cheaply and greenly by recycling by-products from biofuel production processes, according to US researchers. These ionic liquids derived from biofuel waste could then actually be turned to extracting sugars from biomass to be made into fuels.
One of the biggest challenges in breaking down biomass into useful chemicals suitable for making biofuels is finding ways to selectively depolymerise lignocellulosic biomass into its monomers: glucose, xylose and lignin. Imidazolium-based ionic liquids have previously been shown to be highly selective and efficient for this process, compared with thermochemical methods. However, use of these petroleum-based ionic liquids has been held back due to their high cost.
Now, Seema Singh and colleagues at the Joint BioEnergy Institute and other US institutions have developed a closed-loop system that could potentially reduce the cost and environmental impact of making ionic liquids suitable for biomass processing. 'Until now ionic liquid cations have been petroleum based,' says Singh. 'Using by-product from biofuel production to convert it into ionic liquids closes the loop and make the process sustainable, non-toxic and much cheaper than petroleum-based ionic liquids.'
The researchers made their ionic liquids using furfural, vanillin and p-anisaldehyde, which are aromatic aldehydes derived from lignin and cellulose. These were each treated with diethylamine and sodium triacetoxyborohydride, which causes reductive amination and the synthesis of tertiary amine-based ionic liquids. They then used these ionic liquids to pre-treat lignocellulosic biomass from switchgrass.
The furfural and p-anisaldehyde derived ionic liquids performed best with both providing 90–95% glucose and 70–75% xylose yields from switchgrass after 72 hours incubation with digestive enzymes. 'We demonstrated that these ionic liquids are excellent in pre-treating biomass and compare well with imidazolium-based ionic liquids,' Singh explains.
'This is the first time I have heard of anybody using biomass to make ionic liquids,' says George Huber, who investigates biofuel production at University of Wisconsin-Madison. 'The reason it has not been considered before is that the chemistry community is only now starting to realise the vast amount and complexity of products that can be made from biomass. Everything that can be made from petroleum can be made from renewable resources but the challenge is all with the economics.'
Indeed, the new biomass derived ionic liquids still have economic challenges to overcome – one disadvantage Huber raises is that the process to make them uses expensive commodity chemicals, diethylamine and sodium triacetoxyborohydride, for reductive amination. Seema and colleagues also estimate that making the ionic liquids from biomass currently costs around $12–$15/kg. They say this could be cut in half to $4/kg if the diethylamine and sodium triacetoxyborohydride can be replaced with ammonia and hydrogen. Imidazolium ionic liquids can cost in the range of $17–$25/kg.
This article is reproduced with permission from Chemistry World. The article was first published on August 27, 2014.