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WALLBRIDGE, LEWIS, lawyer, politician, and judge; b. 27 Nov. 1816 at Belleville, Upper Canada, son of William Wallbridge and Mary Everett; d. unmarried 20 Oct. 1887 at Winnipeg, Man.
Lewis Wallbridge's paternal great-uncle and grandfather had settled in the Bay of Quinte area in Upper Canada around the turn of the century and considered themselves New England loyalists. His father was a farmer, trader, and lumber merchant in Belleville. Lewis first attended Dr Benjamin Workman's school in Montreal for two years and from 1831 and 1833 studied at Upper Canada College in York (Toronto). He articled briefly in Belleville and then in the Toronto office of Robert Baldwin*. Called to the bar in 1839, he began to practise law in Belleville, taking mainly land, chancery, and criminal cases. In 1855 he became an elected member of the Law Society of Upper Canada and the next year a qc.
After running unsuccessfully for Hastings South in the election of 1854, as a moderate Reformer against Clear Grit Billa Flint*, Wallbridge won the seat in 1857 against a Conservative candidate. In the second campaign he advocated representation by population, national education, and the promotion of free enterprise by curtailing aid to the Grand Trunk Railway and by opening the northwest to competitive commerce; the Toronto Globe was pleased with his win. Wallbridge used his influence to secure moderate delegates from the Belleville area for the Reform convention of 1859, which he himself did not attend. Particularly dedicated to the issues of rep by pop and retrenchment rather than the more radical aspects of the Reform programme, he was not unfriendly towards John A. Macdonald* personally; many of his colleagues in the assembly he regarded as "babblers" given to longwinded theoretical speeches. He was reluctant to run again in 1861 and only did so, it was alleged, to keep the seat out of the hands of a government not dedicated to rep by pop.
Like George Brown*, he was ambivalent towards John Sandfield Macdonald*'s first Reform ministry in May 1862, which supported the double majority principle, and in 1863 he absented himself from the vote on the government-sponsored bill introduced by Richard William Scott* extending separate schools. However, in May 1863 he joined other moderate Reformers in the reconstructed ministry of Sandfield Macdonald and Antoine-Aimé Dorion*, becoming solicitor general for Canada West. He was re-elected in August 1863 with a stress in his campaign once more on retrenchment and liberal capitalism and on prohibition and sabbatarian regulations. When the house met, the premier enthusiastically proposed him as speaker. Immediately the former speaker, Joseph-Édouard Turcotte*, led a noisy outburst accusing Wallbridge of being anti-Catholic and anti-French. The majority of Lower Canadians opposed the nomination but it was successful thanks to support from the Upper Canadian Reformers. Although John A. Macdonald and most Conservatives had voted against him, the Conservative Daily British Whig of Kingston described the new speaker as a "sensible, intelligent man . . . perhaps the best man the Grit party could have chosen," one who was really "a Conservative at heart." He was retained as speaker during the administration of Sir Étienne-Paschal Taché* and John A. Macdonald, formed in 1864, and during the "Great Coalition" later that year.
Wallbridge was the last speaker for the Province of Canada, presiding with tact, skill, and firmness over the stormy debates in 1865 leading to confederation. During the time of coalition, although still a Reformer, he increased his ties with John A. Macdonald, and he carried considerable influence with Macdonald in local patronage. In June 1867 Wallbridge made it clear that, with rep by pop now secured, he would not follow Brown into Reform opposition but would support the continuing coalition led by Macdonald. He did not run in the 1867 elections, a decision influenced by his desire to avoid confrontation with his anti-confederate and dedicated Grit brother, Thomas Campbell Wallbridge, member for Hastings North from 1863 to 1867. Ten years later, in 1877, he announced his candidacy as a Conservative in Hastings West for the federal contest of 1878. He believed his election would be a mere formality, but the Catholic vote was against him and many old Conservatives viewed with bitterness his earlier Reform connections. Although he helped successful candidates in neighbouring ridings, he himself was defeated. Afterwards he often wrote to Macdonald, passing on "what the country folk think."
His private life prospered. He had served as a director of the Bank of Upper Canada from 1862 until 1865, and had the largest and most respected legal practice in the Belleville area. By 1880 he was being described as "one of the oldest and most prominent barristers . . . in the province of Ontario." Now a noted gentleman farmer, he was elected that year as 2nd vice-president of the newly formed Beekeepers' Association. Wallbridge was an active member of the Church of England, but he served on the senate of the Episcopal Methodists' Albert College, where in 1869 his brother had established the professorship of mining and agriculture.
In December 1882 Wallbridge was named chief justice of Manitoba by the John A. Macdonald government although he had never held a judicial appointment. Justice Minister Sir Alexander Campbell* defended this action on the grounds of Wallbridge's familiarity with Manitoba lawyers, many of whom had come from Ontario, and of his extensive knowledge of legal matters relating to land which were important in Manitoba. Mackenzie Bowell*, who had been defeated by Thomas Campbell Wallbridge in Hastings North in 1863 and then defeated him in 1867, was far from convinced and wrote bitterly to Macdonald, referring to Lewis' "extreme egotism." However, Wallbridge left Belleville with glowing testimonials, including some from local French Canadians to whom he emphasized that he would uphold everyone's "perfect equality" before the law.
In Manitoba, Wallbridge quickly secured the respect of the legal profession. He continued to act as a local informant for Sir John A. Macdonald and tried to calm the sometimes stormy relations between Conservative premier John Norquay and the prime minister. In 1886 he served, with some initial reluctance, as the royal commissioner investigating charges of corruption against the Manitoba premier; in his report he exonerated Norquay of any personal wrongdoing. Wallbridge died the following year and was buried in Belleville.
AO, Wallbridge family papers. PAC, MG 26, A. Canada Law Journal, new ser., 18 (1882): 429; 23 (1887): 361–62. Man., Legislative Assembly, Journals, 1886: 189–95. Daily British Whig, 14 Aug. 1863. Globe, 1882, 1887. Hastings Chronicle (Belleville, Ont.), 1857, 1861, 1867. Intelligencer (Belleville), 1880, 1887. Canadian biog. dict., I: 185–86. Cyclopædia of Canadian biog. (Rose, 1888), 374. Illustrated historical atlas of the counties of Hastings and Prince Edward, Ont. (Toronto, 1878; repr. Belleville, 1972). G. E. Boyce, Historic Hastings (Belleville, 1967).
© 1982–2023 University of Toronto/Université Laval
Cite This Article
Bruce W. Hodgins, "WALLBRIDGE, LEWIS," in Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. 11, University of Toronto/Université Laval, 2003–, accessed September 22, 2023, http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/wallbridge_lewis_11E.html.
The citation above shows the format for footnotes and endnotes according to the Chicago manual of style (16th edition). Information to be used in other citation formats:
|Author of Article:
|Bruce W. Hodgins
|Title of Article:
|Publication Name:
|Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. 11
|University of Toronto/Université Laval
|Year of publication:
|Year of revision:
|Access Date:
|September 22, 2023


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Many people have been pleased to hear that Facebook is now allowing users to choose full SSL/HTTPS encryption throughout their session to prevent their accounts from being compromised through unencrypted WiFi using tools like Firesheep.
After the announcement though, lots of people are confused and requested we provide better instructions on how to choose this more secure option. I have put together a brief (only 1.5 minutes!) YouTube video on how to enable this feature.
As of the time of this article (January 28, 2011) only a fraction of all Facebook accounts have been enabled to use this option. We expect it to be available to all Facebook users in a short amount of time.
(Enjoy this video? You can check out more on the SophosLabs YouTube channel and subscribe if you like.)
The myth that HTTPS sessions consume a large quantity of resource needs to be quashed. While encryption may seem to be a heavy duty task, modern algorithms are designed to create the maximum security for a minimum impact.
If you are a webmaster or IT administrator who is responsible for providing services to your customers, please look into securing your pages and following Facebook's lead. If they can provide an extra layer of protection for more than 500 million users, surely you can provide the same protections to your users.
For Facebook users, in addition to selecting the new HTTPS option, take a look at our guide on how to secure your profile.
And don't forget to join the Sophos page on Facebook, where we regularly alert on the latest security threats on the social network.
Creative Commons image courtesy of Dieselducy from the WikiCommons

subset: commoncrawl


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text: Climate Rush steps up campaign to end Waitrose's relationship with Shell Bethany Hubbard | 7th March 2012 Activists from Climate Rush this week occupied the oil aisle at a London Waitrose to protest against the 'ethical' supermarket's partnership with Shell The Ecologist guide to video activism Eifion Rees | 23rd November 2010 The video camera is the weapon of choice for activists and campaigners around the world, with campaign films an effective way to get a message across and fight back against mainstream media bias. Here's our guide to taking your stand... Just do it movie: direct action in the UK The Ecologist | 6th July 2010 A documentary that follows UK climate activists as they take on the combined forces of global capitalism, run-away climate change and the metropolitan police. Set for release in early 2011 How to campaign: climate change and energy Zofia Walczak Matilda Lee | 25th May 2010 From direct action campaigns to eco-village renewable energy systems, there are many ways to learn about and get involved in actions to prevent climate change Can direct democracy win a seat in Kilburn? Jeremy Smith | 1st April 2010 Environmental activist Tamsin Omond is running for a Westminster seat on a platform of more collaborative democracy, and resurrecting the idea of the Commons as a shared public good Rush! The Making of a Climate Activist Henry Unwin | 6th October 2009 Tamsin Omond's personal account of her journey from carefree student to 'climate suffragette' explores the world of climate activism in a manner that can only inspire Subscribe to Climate Rush


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Kālepa Baybayan & Kayla Baybayan Tanaka
Honolulu, HI - AAS 235 in 2020: Kālepa Baybayan & Kayla Baybayan Tanaka during the Plenary Lecture at the American Astronomical Society's (AAS) 235th meeting at the Hawai'i Convention Center. The American Astronomical Society (AAS), established in 1899 and based in Washington, DC, is the major organization of professional astronomers in North America. The annual meeting is the premier astronomical event with more than 3,000 astronomers, educators, industry representatives, and journalists in attendance and at least 1,600 oral and poster presentations scheduled. Photo by © CorporateEventImages/Phil McCarten 2020
Kalepa Baybayan and Kayla Tanaka Plenary Lecture K K Baybayan AAS 235 in 2020


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4 Tips For Running With Your Dog
Exercising with your pet offer double-duty benefits. Follow these guidelines to make your pooch the perfect running partner.
Heading out the door? Read this article on the new Outside+ app available now on iOS devices for members! Download the app.
Make your favorite furry friend your go-to running buddy!
Pounding the pavement with your puppy can do more than put a smile on your face. In a study published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology researchers found that dogs are even better than human friends at helping us cope with stress. Exercising with your pet improves its health as well by warding off joint issues, liver disease and diabetes. Aching to take Fido out for a jog? Follow these guidelines to make your pooch the perfect running partner.
Physical First
Lindsay Stordahl, a Fargo-based runner, has turned running with dogs into a career. As the founder of dog-running service Run That Mutt, she logs about 15 miles per day with various breeds. Stordahl's experience has taught her some important pooch precautions. Most importantly, you must get your pet a checkup before you take her out for a trot.
Dr. Janet Grace of Five Points Animal Hospital in Nashville, Tenn., sees a number of pups who regularly run with their owners. Grace believes an exercise-specific checkup should have an orthopedic focus to determine any hereditary issues. For example, your vet will be able to tell if your dog's ball-and-socket joints are prone to hip dysplasia. "If you start running with your pet, and he or she has looseness or laxity in the hip joint, the problem will only get worse," says Grace. Be specific with the vet about your training plans so she can best assess your pooch's preparedness.
Your dog's age is another major consideration. "We do not want to take dogs running until they are skeletally mature," Grace says, warning that the growth plate must be completely closed before our four-legged friends can stride safely. This may take one to two years, depending on breed. That's not to say you should prevent your puppy from playing fetch in the park. "Let your dog be a dog," Grace says. "Just don't start any high-impact exercise until she's ready."
Too Hot To Trot
If your vet gives the green light for a running routine, use common sense. Just as you had to go slow and take breaks when you first started running, so does your dog. Don't head out for a fast tempo run the first time Trixie tags along. Also, avoid leashing up during the dog days of summer.
"Dogs don't sweat," Grace cautions. "The only way they can compensate is by panting, and at some point panting will not be enough to cool them down. Dogs will run with you until they collapse." If the weather is warmer than 70 degrees, be extremely vigilant, keeping coat-length in mind. Siberian huskies will feel the heat much faster than Labradors. Even if you're out for a run in ideal weather, stop if your dog wants to, and be sure to carry enough water for your comrade. Grace says, "You should never force your dog to do X number of miles."
If the sun is baking the asphalt, it can also burn your dog's delicate pads. Additionally, paws are susceptible to abrasion, Grace notes. That's why owners should ease their often over-eager companions into an exercise regimen and allow their pads time to build calluses.
Dog Leashes And Loot
Sparky doesn't require much in the way of gear. A short leash—six feet or less—will give you better control, and a harness will discourage pulling while protecting your dog's fragile neck. If your buddy lacks leash manners, buy him a"no-pull" harness to teach him proper etiquette. Hook well-behaved canines up to a hands-free leash that encircles your waist.
Doggie backpacks allow your pal to carry his own water and travel bowl. Stordahl says she often equips larger breeds with a pack, as they enjoy having a "job to do."
If you notice Baxter has sensitive paws when it comes to ice, heat, snow or trail rocks, you can outfit him with protective doggie boots. Of course, some dogs will simply decide that footwear—be it yours or theirs—is only for chewing.
Mutt Manners
Early leash training will benefit both you and your pup. Work on obedience commands such as heel, sit, stay and "leave it" (used when Roxy finds a piece of trash). A puppy's growing months are a perfect time to teach good behavior that will last a lifetime. Simply learning the heel command will go a long way when it comes to running success. And speaking of conduct, be sure to train yourself to scoop up anything your pooch leaves behind!
Jennifer Chesak is a Nashville-based freelance adventure and travel writer with a passion for the marathon. Her schipperke, Fiver, demands to go along on Jennifer's shorter training runs.


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The Secret Beyond Matter
The position of women in Islam has recently been an issue of debate. Some misconceptions arise, either from traditional practices which are thought to be "Islamic," but are not, or else from prejudices. However, the real issue is how women are regarded in the Islamic faith, and when we look at this, we see that Islam gives women great social value, freedom and comfort.
Allah's commandments about the status of women and the relations between men and women, which have been revealed to us through the Qur'an, consist of full justice. In this regard, Islam suggests equality of rights, responsibilities and duties between the two genders. Islam is based on sympathy, tolerance and respect for human beings, and does not discriminate against women in this matter.
The examples of good morals communicated to us in the Qur'an are universally compatible with human nature, and are valid for all stages of history.
Respect for women and women's rights fall within this. In the Qur'an Allah insists that the tasks and responsibilities of women are the same as those of men. Furthermore, while performing these tasks and responsibilities men and women must help and support each other:
The men and women of the believers are friends of one another. They command what is right and forbid what is wrong, and establish prayer and pay alms, and obey Allah and His Messenger. They are the people on whom Allah will have mercy. Allah is Almighty, All Wise. (Surat at-Tawba, 71)
Allah emphasizes that believers will be rewarded in the same manner according to their deeds, regardless of their gender.
Their Lord responds to them: 'I will not let the deeds of any doer among you go to waste, male or female - you are both the same in that respect... (Surat Al'Imran, 195)
In another verse, (Surat al-Ahzab, 35) Muslim men and women are considered together, and it is stressed that both have the same responsibility and status in Allah's sight.
In the Qur'an there are many more verses stating that men and women are exactly equal in terms of their tasks and responsibilities and their rewards or punishments in return. There are a few differences in social issues, but these are for the comfort and protection of women. The commands of the Qur'an regard the congenital differences between the two genders resulting from their creation, and suggest a system maintaining equal justice for men and women in this light.
Islam does not see women as objects. Therefore, it is not seen appropriate that a woman of good morals should marry a man of bad morals. In the same way, it is not permitted for a woman of bad morals to marry a man of good morals:
Corrupt women are for corrupt men and corrupt men are for corrupt women, Good women are for good men and good men are for good women. The latter are innocent of what they say. They will have forgiveness and generous provision. (Surat an-Nur, 26)
Also as regards marriage, the duties and responsibilities of couples towards each other require equality. Allah demands that both spouses be protective of and supervise each other. This duty is expressed in the Qur'an in the following words.
They are covers for you and you for them... (Surat al-Baqara, 187)
Many rules and commandments exist in the Qur'an regarding the protection of women's rights on marriage. Marriage is based on the free will of both parties; the husband has to provide economic support for his wife (Surat an-Nisa', 4); the husband has to look after his ex-wife after divorce (Surat at-Talaq, 6).
As the verses make clear, Islam brings justice to male-female relations and puts an end to harmful practices resulting from customs and traditions of pre-Islamic societies. One example is the situation of women in pre-Islamic Arab society. The pagan Arabs regarded women as inferior, and having a daughter was something to be ashamed of. Fathers of daughters sometimes preferred to bury them alive rather than announce their birth. By means of the Qur'an, Allah prohibited this evil tradition and warned that on the Judgment Day such people will definitely have to account for their actions.


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Level up four unique classes to unlock over 65 weapons, multiple skills, and killstreaks, to customize your loadout. Play the campaign for a fully voiced, action-packed story, or create a custom quickmatch to let off some steam. Try the challenges to truly put your skills to the test.
en, flash, force, globex, heroes, kill, killstreak, raze, shoot, shooter, skill, strike, Strike Force Heroes
2012-07-20, 6:22pm


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Happy Friday Friends!! I think I am very glad it is Friday. I am quite tired as I prepare this post and looking forward to weekend time. Although - I think our two older grandchildren, 9 and 5, will be visiting so I'm not sure how relaxing the weekend will be. :-)
[UPDATED NOTE - US entrants I prefer, please, that you pick a book as that is the first purpose of this giveaway - to find new homes for books. The GCs are for the international entrants because postage has jumped up.]
Thank you to all who entered the October 11 Pick. There were no Automatic wins this week (but several at 3 so might win next week!). (Automatic winners are those who requested the book four times and I did not note other people asking for that book during those weeks). There were FOUR blocked titles this week!
to Random.org picked Winners from October 11 Pick:
All winners please fill in the Winner's Acceptance Form or email me to confirm your win, send your snail mail address information and let me know if you would like bookmarks - sensual or sexy and I have a new supply of sweet bookmarks. {The form is new because Google changed their forms and the old one wasn't letting me print out the responses.}
New Book Group #42 September 27, 2013
Susan Spencer Paul
Beguiled and The Bride's Portion
Whisper on the Wind by Joan Smith
Portrait of Dreams by Victoria Malvey
No Other Lover by Julie Anne Long
Deceptions & Dreams by Debra Deir (spine creases)
Wet & Wild by Sandra Hill
Fulfillment by Barbara Delinsky
Something Extra by Janet Dailey
Trouble Becomes Her by Laura Van Wormer
Dead Silence by Brenda Novak
Remember Me by Mary Higgins Clark
The Hangman's Beautiful Daughter by Sharyn McCrumb
New Book Group #41 August 2, 2013
Wicked and Wonderful by Valerie King
Tabitha in Moonlight by Betty Neels
The Nightingale's Song by Jo-Ann Power
Caught in a Bind by Gayle Roper
Cattle Rancher, Secret Son by Margaret Way
White Heather by Jaclyn Reding
New Book Group #40 June 28, 2013
(Angels) Not Quite An Angel by Bobby Hutchinson and An Angel for Dry Creek by Janet Tronstad
Breakfast in Bed by Sandra Brown - Audio Cassette Tapes
Dance With Me by Luanne Rice
A Mother's Day Anthology - three stories
Star Light, Star Bright by Katherine Stone
Another View by Rosamunde Pilcher
New Book Group #39 May 31, 2013 - Plenty of "summer" titles!
Oops - I never added all the links last month so no promises on these either.
Touched by Fire by Kathleen O'Reilly
Shetland Summer by Janet Lynnford
That Summer by Joan Wolf
It All Began at Monte Carlo by Elizabeth Adler
New Book Group #38 April 20, 2013
Here is a group with many mysteries. Links to be added as I get time.
Sheer Dynamite by Jennifer Skully
Golden Chances by Rebbecca Hagen Lee
Awaken the Senses by Nalini Singh
New Book Group #37 March 22, 2013
Anthology: Something Borrowed, Something Blue - this book has spine creases and minor water damage...I thought I had read it and liked it but now I realize it was another anthology I read with Elaine Barbier.
Lady Ice by Joan Hohl
New Book Group #36 February 15, 2013
Tara Taylor Quinn
Father: Unknown and McGillus v.Wright
Timeline by Michael Crichton
The Trailsman: Texas Lead Slingers by Jon Sharpe
New Book Group #35 January 11, 2013
*asterisks indicate lighter, smaller books possibly suitable for international mailing
Singles-- I found a couple of boxes of romances (a lot of Harlequins) that I haven't gotten to read over the past 8 years so... I will send them off to others to read!
*Merger of Fortunes by Peggy Moreland
New Book Group #34 December 7, 2012--- (All gone)
New Book Group #33 October 27, 2012
*asterisks indicate lighter, smaller books possibly suitable for international mailing
SINGLES - CHRISTMAS TITLES (Better sizes for international)
*A Holiday Prayer by Deb Kastner (slight spine creasing)
New Book Group #32 October 5, 2012
New Book Group #31 August 31, 2012
I pulled some more books from several of my boxes.
An Honorable Man by Rosemary Rogers (spine creases)
New Book Group #30 July 27, 2012
This time I pulled some books from one of my older boxes.
*asterisks indicate lighter, smaller books possibly suitable for international mailing
The Willful Widow by Valerie King (spine wear)
Wild Escapade by Lisa Bingham
Dancing on Snowflakes by Jane Bonander (postage too much - replaced with GC)
New Book Group #29 June 29, 2012
*asterisks indicate lighter, smaller books possibly suitable for international mailing
*One is the Lonliest Number - Tom Clancey's Net Force
New Book Group #28 May 18, 2012 (All gone)
New book Group #27 April 13, 2012 (All gone)
New book Group #26 March 2, 2012--- (All gone)
New Group #25 January 12, 2012---(All gone)
New Group #24 Pick Books November 25, 2011---(All gone)
New Group #23 Pick Books October 14, 2011
I tried to pick some books that would be good for October -
Halloween or dark minded.
Ghost Writer (Shivers #3) by M.D. Spenser
New Group #22 Pick Books September 2, 2011---(All gone)
New Group #21 of Pick Books July 29, 2011
May, 2011 New Group of Pick books Group #20
Luciano's Luck by Jack Higgins - Audio Cassettes
3/25/11 I did get to set up a new group of books: Group #19
Primary Colors - audio tapes
2/19/11 Book Group #18- Pairs!---(All gone).
I have finally updated the intro and Entry paragraphs here:
If you saw the pictures posted of my bookshelves and boxes you know I do have lots of books! And that doesn't include the other eight or so boxes at my office!! And more books as I find deals too good to pass up! I am sharing my book bounty by these Friday Pick Giveaways.
I started Friday Pick in November 27, 2009 and in three years I have posted 33 groups of 16 (528) books to find new homes! (as of November 2012)
I periodically update the lists - deleting those won. You can still go to the Friday Pick list link to see older posts and the older lists book pictures if you want! I am happy to say that so far about 575+ books (I forgot to update this number for a month) have found new homes! YAY. I have to update my print out to check the exact number sent out - a few were never claimed.
I learned that The Book Depository does not ship to everywhere. The postage for some of the books to far away places runs between $
CUT OFF TIME IS THURSDAY NIGHTS AT 10:00 PM CENTRAL so I do not have to stay up past midnight to do the winner post!
I will randomly pick two winners to announce Friday mornings with the next Pick post.
Automatic wins are those who requested the book four times and I did not note other people asking for that book during those weeks.
WINNERS PLEASE CHECK THE WIN POST ON FRIDAYS AND fill in the Winner's Acceptance Form or email me at firstname.lastname@example.com. [I will confirm receipt of the addresses- well I realize I haven't always done this. But if you filled out the form and don't get the book within two weeks nudge me with an email please!] If I have the winners e-mail I will send a reminder in a week or so....
Thanks for helping these books find new homes!!
Repeating this helpful blog tip: You can right click on a link and you will be given the choice to open the link in a new window or tab so you do not navigate away from the screen you are on!! I use this all the time!
1/14/11 New List #17--- (All gone)
12/3/10 Book Set: #16
The Da Vinci Code by Dan Brown (postage too much - replaced with GC)
List #15---(All gone)
List #14---(All gone)
Here is set #13 of Used books! ---(All gone)
Group #12---(All gone)
Group #11
Alien Chronicles - The Crimson Claw by Deborah Chester
List #1
Circle of Stars by Anna Lee Waldo
Pick #2---(All gone)
Pick #3---(All gone)
Pick #4
Pick #5
See Jane Lead by Lois P. Frankel
Cold Hit by Linda Fairstein - Audio Tapes
Pick #6---(All gone)
Pick #7
Prey by Michael Crichton - Audio Tape
Princess Charming by Jane Heller (slightly creased)
Pick #8
(sc) = slightly creased on binding otherwise all in good shape
The Jury by Steve Martini - Audio Tapes
No Safe Place by Richard North Patterson - Audio Tapes
Pick #9
On Treacherous Ground by Earl Murray
Pick #10---(All Gone)


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Friendly Persuasion: Lessons on social change, from Newman to 'Juno'
Did you ever wonder: How does a culture change its mind? What makes an entire people repudiate a position once held with blithe certainty? The question has long intrigued me.
Two great examples of this kind of transition are the seismic shifts that occurred in the United States in regard to slavery and civil rights. In the 18th century, both in Europe and America, most decent, rational people held that slavery was defensible. Even well-educated, thoughtful commentators—relying on the arguments of Aristotle, the witness of the Bible and uncontested tradition—argued that slavery was a positive feature of civil society. And as recently as the middle of the last century, many upstanding, pious and intelligent people felt that the segregation of the races, bolstered by Jim Crow laws throughout the South and by informal customs in the North, was a legitimate social arrangement. But now, it is fair to say, only mad people would hold that slavery or segregation is good. Today these practices cause revulsion in the hearts of rational people.
But how did such changes occur?
Rational argument played a role. Regarding slavery, one need only consult the arguments offered by Fra Bartolomé de las Casas in the lecture halls of 16th-century Europe, or the speeches of William Wilberforce in 18th-century England, or the polemical writings of the 19th-century American abolitionists. And in regard to civil rights, Frederick Douglass, W. E. B. Dubois, Booker T. Washing-ton and the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. advanced vigorous arguments in speeches and books against the practice of segregation. But the fact that these rational arguments were in play for decades before social change occurred demonstrates that they alone were not the sufficient or even primary reason for the changes.
Other factors were clearly operative. Would slavery have become repugnant to the American conscience without the personal witness of John Brown and the songs and paintings presenting him as a romantic hero? Without the face of Dred Scott, as captured by early photographers? Without the heroism of the all-black Massachusetts 54th volunteer regiment? Without Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin? Didn't Lincoln himself bear witness to the power of imagination to change the course of public affairs when he greeted Stowe with the words, "So you're the little lady who started this great war!"
More recently, would segregation have struck the American mind as morally reprehensible without the televised scenes of black protesters knocked to the ground by water hoses and threatened by snarling police dogs? The courage of Rosa Parks? The photograph of Dr. King being pelted with rocks while marching in Chicago? Or the image of King as he lay bleeding on the balcony of the Lorraine Hotel in Memphis?
All these, which appealed to the imagination and the heart, had at least as much influence on the decision-making process as rational argument.
In his late-career masterpiece The Grammar of Assent, John Henry Newman proposed a nuanced and textured account of the act of coming to assent. Formal inference (the Aristotelian syllogism in its various forms) played a key role but by no means the decisive one. Alongside strict argument, there was what he called "informal inference." By this he meant that whole range of instinct, intuition, feel, hunch, half-formed argument and unconscious motivation. John Locke had opined that the quality of assent must be commensurate with the quality of the inferential support that one was able to muster for it. Newman countered that the mind simply does not work that way. Very often we give full assent to propositions for which there is no clinching argument. The reason is that the nonrational is not necessarily the irrational.
This nuanced analysis might prove helpful in our consideration of the culture's attitude toward abortion. To be clear: I am convinced by the arguments that thoughtful people have introduced against abortion. Further-more, I am convinced that 100 years from now (sooner, I hope), only mad people will think that partial-birth abortion—to give the most extreme example—is a practice that should be protected by law.
Although we should continue to formulate arguments, these will never be enough to change the mind of the culture. In line with Newman's principles, we must rely on various visual, visceral and imaginative means. I think, for example, that the pro-life marches on Washington for the anniversary of Roe v. Wade—at which the vast majority of participants are under the age of 30—have been extraordinarily effective at convincing the country that the future might not belong to the pro-choicers. The prevalence of ultrasound images of unborn children have made the pro-life position more persuasive to more people than have 30 years of arguments. As archbishop of New York, Cardinal Edward Egan once issued a letter on abortion in which he cogently presented the position of the Catholic Church. Along with the letter, he included a photograph of an unborn child at 20 weeks of development, as human in appearance as any newborn infant. Several times in the course of the letter, he urged the reader simply to "look at that picture."
Two years ago, the movie "Juno" inspired a great deal of commentary, not only because it was beautifully written and acted, but because it presented a young woman who decided not to end her problem pregnancy by abortion. In one of the film's pivotal scenes, Juno approaches an abortion clinic to terminate her pregnancy and runs into one of her classmates, a simple but earnest girl who is demonstrating there. As Juno brushes by, her classmate says, "Your baby has fingernails!" Once inside the somewhat squalid clinic, Juno begins to notice the fingernails of the people who surround her, and she leaves the place.
What happened to Juno through this encounter? She did not consider a new argument. Instead, she made a connection at a visual, visceral level, and her mind changed.
John Henry Newman, Harriet Beecher Stowe and "Juno," among others, have much to teach about changing the minds of individuals and the collective mind of a culture. It takes arguments, to be sure, but it requires much more—deft and clever use of those things that appeal to the eyes, the imagination and the gut.
Indeed, that one simple scene from "Juno" seemed to speak more powerfully than years of arguments by even the most impassioned defenders of the unborn (which often repel as much as they attract or persuade). Yet, unfortunately, many would fault "Juno" for being too ambiguous or for not taking a clear stand. But I think you affirm the important point that God speaks to us at the intersection of ambiguity and imagination (if we allow it) at least as often-if not more often-than God does at the intersection of precision and reason. Thanks for the reminder!
I think that the pro-abortion forces have defined the argument: it is not a child rights issue, it is a women's rights issue. Until we shift the ground, and make it a child rights issue, Roe v Wade will stand, with support by a plurality of the American public.
Consider: if Roe vs. Wade was overturned (which it will not be, due to political entrenchment, despite being the worst case of legislating from the bench prior to Bush vs. Gore) - the stated aim of the pro-life movement - abortion would not be illegal. Instead, the power to regulate it would be returned to the states, the majority of whom would not ban it. This would not appease either special interest, but would reflect the opinions of citizens, particularly in the degree of regulation, from IDX to abortifacients.
The centrism shown by the majority of citizens indicates that they do not think that life begins at conception, nor that restriction of abortion is restriction of women's liberty. Rather, their gut reactions to the viable fetus and the fertilized egg terminated by IDX or abortifacients determine their opinions. These reactions are culturally conditioned, but not necessarily more easily manipulated than any other more steady moral axiom. Frankly, aggregate public opinion on abortion has not shifted significantly since the Sexual Revolution. Much greater shifts, more similar to those regarding slavery and segregation, are afoot regarding queer issues, from gay marriage to responses to intersexuality.
Work has been done on these cultural shifts under the name of "thresholding" by Stephen A. Erickson, drawing on a Heideggerian foundation.
There is a statistic that if a person were told they would die of heart disease unless they changed their diet and exercise seven out of ten people would choose death than change. To change a culture, to change the way we think, to see things with a new optic takes an incredible amount of conviction. So how would one change if faced with heart disease - you paint a picture, "Would you like to see your children finish college? see them launch into their careers? get married? play with your grandchildren?" This is the impetus for change, when you see a world without yourself; you see what you would miss and the people who would miss you.
We need to paint a picture - a picture without the new Mother Teresa, the new Einstein, new Mozart, new Bishop Tutu, new Mandela. We need to paint a picture of the missing brother or sister due to abortion, the husband and wife who cannot have a child and are alone because they could not adopt and do not have grandchildren running around. The picture of cousins who do not have other cousins. We need to paint a picture of the longing and broken hearted, a picture of the grandmother who longed to hold her grandchild who did not come, a picture of a finger nail in "Juno".
There are endless pictures one can paint and then there are realities which are so horrid, the death of a child, the death of a nation's soul, the death of a society because we will not care for the least among us. The realities are extremely painful and bitter especially when the fullness of the action sets in. What have I done? What have I participated in? Why do I not speak up? Why do I lack courage? What am I doing to the least of my brothers and sisters? Do I ignore their fate? What can I do? It all seems so overwhelming and out of control.
The images of hope are seeing the child who was born because one was standing outside a clinic in prayer, a person willing to take the time to counsel with compassion and love, and willing to speak about life and life more abundantly that comes from Him. The pictures of my niece who plays, laughs and brings joy to her daughter and her daughter has brought blessing upon blessing to all those in our family.
Images stopped wars, images created change in South Africa, images changed future outcomes, images are powerful and bring forth conviction. The Berlin wall coming down, the man in Tiananmen Square standing against a tank, the images of war from Vietnam (no wonder we do not see the images from Iraq because it would change the course of war) all these images are powerful and stir up something within us.
There are numerous ways to paint the pictures and the realities are the horror we do not want to look at. Spending time in the holocaust museum in Washington just made me depressed and sad. Why? Because of the images, the shoes, the bodies, the inhumanity of it all and ultimately what stuck in my mind was the reality. The reality of abortion as a nation and even as the "people of God" we do not want to look at - it is to horrible, to unconscionable, to grotesque, to painful. As a nation we are not ready to look at the realities, the images but when we do then the time will come for change, because the change will come from within not from someone imposing rules and laws, but there will be a conviction that will not go away until true change occurs within the conversion of ones heart and this all happens through various images.
The person with heart disease can change given the images placed before him/her. Without the images the person most likely will die and as a nation without images we are dying. So whether we look at a beautiful child within the womb or we look at a horrid child killed due to abortion it is all about the images. We are not ready to face the realities, we are not ready to look at the images, we are simply not ready for change. To look at the images is to admit our wrong as a nation and we would have to acknowledge the horror. We are simply not ready. It is to horrible to contemplate. Please take the images away. We would rather die than to change. We would rather die as a nation then to admit the wrong, it is all to painful. As a nation we have overcome adversity, we have overcome the painful realities of our history because as a nation we had the courage, the forthright and the passion to do what is right. The day we allow the images, the realities to imprint on our nations soul is the day change will occur.


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The following is a copy of a letter sent to the Wall Street Journal. You might ask why I have a copy of it, but if you read it I believe you will understand. I also want assure it does NOT disappear into the quagmire of the media.
On July 31, 2008, the Wall Street Journal had an article titled, "Where's the Outrage?" Really. I can tell you where the outrage is. The outrage is here, in this middle-aged, well-educated, upper-middle class woman. The outrage is here, but I have no representation, no voice. The outrage is here, but no one is listening for who am I? I'm not a billionaire like George Soros that can fund an entire political movement. I'm not a celebrity like Barbra Streisand that can garner the attention of the press to promote political candidates. I'm not a film maker like Michael Moore or Al Gore that can deliver misleading movies to the public. The outrage is here, but unlike those with money or power, I don't know how to reach those who feel similarly in order to effect change.
Why am I outraged? I am outraged that my country, the United States of America, is in a state of moral and ethical decline. There is no right or wrong anymore, just what's fair. Is it fair that millions of Americans who overreached and borrowed more than they could afford are now being bailed out by the government and lending institutions to stave off foreclosure? Why shouldn't these people be made to pay the consequences for their poor judgment? When my husband and I purchased our home, we were careful to purchase only what we could afford. Believe me, there are much larger, much nicer homes that I would have loved to have purchased. But, taking responsibility for my behavior and my life, I went with the house that we could afford, not the house that we couldn't afford. The notion of personal responsibility has all but died in our country.
I am outraged, that the country that welcomed my mother as an immigrant from Hitler's Nazi Germany and required that she and her family learn English now allows itself to be overrun with illegal immigrants and worse, caters to those illegal immigrants. I am outraged that my hard-earned taxes help support those here illegally; that the Los Angeles Public School District is in such disarray that I felt it incumbent to send my child to private school; that every time I go to the ATM, I see 'Do you want to continue in English or Spanish?' .. that every time I call the bank, the phone company, or similar business, I hear 'Press 1 for English or press 2 for Spanish.' WHY? This is America, our common language is English, and attempts to promote a bi- or multi-lingual society are sure to fail and to marginalize those who cannot communicate in English.
I am outraged at our country's weakness in the face of new threats on American traditions from Muslims. Just this week, Tyson's Food negotiated with its union to permit Muslims to have Eid-al-Fitr as a holiday instead of Labor Day. What am I missing? Yes, there is a large Somali Muslim population working at the Tysons plant in Tennessee. Tennessee, last I checked, is still part of the United States. If Muslims want to live and work here they should be required to live and work by our American Laws and not impose their will on our long history. In the same week, Random House announces that they have indefinitely delayed the publication of The Jewel of Medina, by Sherry Jones, a book about the life of Mohammed's wife Aisha due to fear of retribution and violence by Muslims. When did we become a nation ruled by fear of what other immigrant groups want? It makes me so sad to see large corporations cave rather than stand proudly on the principles that built this country.
I am outrage d because appeasement has never worked as a political policy, yet appeasing Mahmoud Ahmadinejad is exactly what we are trying to do. An excellent article, also published recently in the Wall Street Journal, went through over 20 years of history and why talking with Iran has been and will continue to be ineffective. Yet talk, with a madman no less, we continue to do. Have we so lost our moral compass and its ability to detect evil that we will not go in and destroy Iran's nuclear program? Would we rather wait for another Holocaust for the Jews, one which they would be unlikely to survive? When does it end?
As if the battle for good and evil isn't enough, now come the environmentalists who are so afraid of global warming that they want to put a bag tax on grocery bags in California; to eliminate Mylar balloons; to establish something as insidious as the recycle police in San Francisco. I do my share for the environment, I recycle, I use water wisely, I installed an energy efficient air conditioning unit. But when and where does the lunacy stop? Ahmadinejad wants to wipe Israel off the map, the California economy is being overrun by illegal immigrants, and the United States of America no longer knows right from wrong; good from evil. So what does California do? Tax grocery bags.
So, America, although I can tell you where the outrage is, this one middle-aged, well-educated, upper middle class woman is powerless to do anything about it. I don't even feel like my vote counts because I am so outnumbered by those who disagree with me.
Alisa Wilson, Ph.D. Beverly Hills, California


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Iroquois River in Indiana
A web viewer reports the following information on the Iroquois river:
The Iroquois is a slow, winding, lazy river, which in large part was by-passed by the settlers and developers who pushed progress into Indiana. The muddy waters flow approximately 94 miles through rich farmland which was once swampland and was untouched by pioneers until as late as 1850. Today the area has been extensively drained and the Iroquois flows through prairies and narrow woodlands passing a few cabins as it twists westward into Illinois.
The river is very shallow and slow-moving, dropping only inches per mile. It is usually canoeable year round from east of Brook, Indiana and continuing to the state line, a trip of approximately 16 miles, lasting about seven hours. The banks are pocketed with swamp milkweed and swamp rose mallow, oak, hickory, walnut, cottonwood, willow and ash. The canoeist can chance upon squirrels, raccoon, chipmunks, ducks and turtles and can fish for carp and catfish around the drifts or smallmouth bass and panfish downstream.
We recommend putting in at the State Road 16 bridge, two miles east of Brook, Indiana. Parking is available at a small rest area on the west side of the bridge. The bank at the northwest corner of the bridge is steep but footing is good along the 50-yard trek to the water. A small picnic area and access point is located on the north side of the Iroquois just before the first bridge. Watch for log jams before the second bridge and slightly beyond. Throughout the trip there no dams, but one can expect to encounter these infrequent log jams or pullovers. An additional access site on the left side at County Road 450 West is difficult but can be used in the event of an emergency.
The take-out site is at the state line bridge. The bridge is washed out over the river and unapproachable by car from the north, but on the south there is room to park and turn around. The bank on the southwest corner of the bridge is steep but passable with a climb of 50 yards to the road. From the put-in site your car shuttle should drive west on State Road 16 to Highway 41 then turn south. Across the Iroquois, turn right on the first road, County Road 1250 S. Go west about 5 1/2 miles to the state line then turn right 1/2 mile to the river.
Camping and recreation facilities are located at Tippecanoe River State Park. Hunting, fishing, bird and animal watching, and camping opportunities are available at Willow Slough State Fish and Wildlife Area near Morocco, Indiana on State Highway 41, about twelve miles north of the take-out site. For emergencies George Ade Hospital is located within 300 yards of the put-in site on State Road 16.
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Water SA
On-line version ISSN 1816-7950
Print version ISSN 0378-4738
Water SA vol.36 n.1 Pretoria Jan. 2010
Organic matter and heavy metals in grey-water sludge
E Eriksson*; S Srigirisetty; AM Eilersen
Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
Grey-water intended for non-potable reuse is being intensively studied, but little attention has been given to the associated solid fraction, the grey-water sludge. In this study grey-water sludge originating from bathroom grey-water has been screened with respect to organic matter; particles; short-chain fatty alcohols and acids; selected metals and basic parameters as well as characterization of the organic matter content by oxygen utilization rate (OUR). The grey-water sludge contains metal loads comparable to Danish sewage sludge, and it exceeds the Danish quality criteria for spreading on agricultural land for cadmium and nickel. If dewatered and managed as soil it would be classified as 'Class 3; polluted soil' with respect to cadmium, copper and nickel. The OUR results indicate that the grey-water biological sludge contains an equivalent amount of readily degradable organic matter compared to municipal activated sludge. But it contains 35% more readily, and 90% more slowly, hydrolysable organic matter than municipal sludge.
Keywords: cadmium, copper, grey wastewater, lead, nickel, suspended solids.
Grey-water, namely, domestic wastewater without input from toilets and bidets, is an alternative water source for non-potable applications, such as toilet flushing and ornamental irrigation, after appropriate treatment. The development of grey-water use is driven by environmental concerns such as mitigation of resource depletion, adaptation to climate change and the desire for a sustainable lifestyle. As such the pool of knowledge on grey-water composition and flow has been expanded during the first decade of the 21st century, especially with respect to xenobiotic organic compounds (XOCs). However, little attention has been given to its corresponding solid compartment, the grey-water sludge, which consists of semi-solid material which has settled and precipitated in grey-water treatment systems. In an urban context, many treatment and reuse systems discharge into the combined sewer system and are subsequently subjected to treatment in municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTP), but in rural areas it may be disposed of on land without any preceding sludge treatment. The information regarding the composition of grey-water sludge available in the literature is sparse if not non-existent. Thus, it is important to characterise the grey-water sludge with respect to organic matter, particles, nutrients, heavy metals, XOCs and micro-organisms, in order to be able to determine the best available practice for sludge management in both urban and rural contexts. The aim of this research was to screen the composition of grey-water sludge derived from grey-water originating in bathrooms (hand basins and showers), with respect to particulate and organic matter, nutrients and selected metals (cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni) and lead (Pb) as requested in the European Water Framework Directive (WFD, 2000/60/EC) (European Commission, 2000) as well as copper (Cu)).
Sampling site and sampling
Samples were collected in a grey-water treatment plant located in Copenhagen (Denmark), which utilises a treatment train comprising a collection tank, a 3-stage rotating biological contactor (RBC), a secondary settling tank, a sand filter, and a UV-disinfection step before the treated water is collected in a service water tank prior to application for toilet flushing. The average daily demand is 5 to 6 m3 and feed water of potable water is added to the service water tank covering 8% of the total flow. The hydraulic retention time (HRT) of the whole plant is 29 to 33 hours (Eriksson et al., 2009). Three grab samples of sludge fractions and effluent grey-water were taken, as well as 12 grab samples of the influent grey-water. Sampling locations are shown in Table 1. Acid-washed equipment was used.
Dissolved oxygen (DO) and pH were analysed by calibrated field-kit equipment (WTW Oxi 340i/SET and WTW pH330i pH-meter). Organic matter, chemical oxygen demand (CODCr) and biological oxygen demand (BOD5) were analysed according to standard methods (ISO 6060:1989 and ISO 5815-1:2003). Particulate matter, total solids (TS), total suspended solids (TSS) and volatile suspended solids (VSS) were analysed according to Eaton et al. (2005). Nutrients; nitrate and nitrite (NO3-N+NO2-N) and ammonia (NH4-N) were analysed according to standard methods (ISO 13395:1996 and ISO 11732:2005) whereas ortho-phosphate was analysed spectrophotometrically after a filtration at <0.45 mm (Eaton et al., 2005). Short-chain fatty alcohols and acids (ethanol, 1-propanol, 1-butanol, iso-amylalcohol, acetate, propionate, iso-butyrate, butyrate, iso-valerate, valerate and hexanoic acid) were analysed according to Pind et al. (2003). Samples intended for metal analysis were filtered through a 10 mm filter (Munktell 00R) and acidified (DS 259:2003) before analysis by Inductively Coupled Plasma (Varian Vista-MPX CCD Simultaneous ICP-OES). The analyses were conducted according to internal quality control procedures. An oxygen utilisation rate (OUR) experiment was conducted according to Ledin et al. (2006). For comparison a sludge sample from an activated sludge tank at Lundtofte Municipal WWTP were also tested as a reference simultaneous to the grey-water biological sludge (B1) sample. Lundtofte WWTP receives both domestic and industrial wastewater and stormwater, has a capacity of 114 000 person equivalents (PE), and applies tertiary treatment of the wastewater (physical, chemical and biological treatment) (Mølleåværket, 2008).
Results and discussion
The results presented here reflect a limited screening of sludge samples in different tanks in the treatment plant. As no data on grey-water sludge characteristics could be found in the literature during an international review (covering 1969 to 2009; for grey-water see Eriksson et al., 2002), the result is compared with municipal sewage sludge when relevant. Hence, in order to evaluate the efficacy of grey-water treatment systems, perform mass balances and govern grey-water reuse it is of vital importance to further investigate grey-water sludge, also addressing sludge retention time (SRT) and biomass composition.
Basic parameters and organic matter
The influent grey-water and the initial 3 sludge fractions are low on oxygen, but after treatment in the RBC, which is open to the ambient air, the DO concentrations are sufficiently high to avoid any unpleasant odours (Table 2). The dewatered primary settled sludge (SRS) is anaerobic (<1 mg DO/ℓ). The pH shows a similar pattern to DO and the lowest pH (7.0-7.1) was noted for SRS. This can be explained by degradation of organic matter yielding short-chain fatty acids.
The highest influent COD value (850 mg/ℓ) is greater, but in the same order of magnitude as found for bathroom grey-water in literature (Eriksson et al., 2002). BOD in the influent stream agrees with data reported in the literature. As the data set is limited, no detailed analysis of the treatment efficiency can be made, but for COD and BOD it seems as if the treatment efficiency from A0 to A7 is high, in the range of 83 to 99% and >94 to >99%, respectively. The COD show a substantial variation for B1 and ET, which could be a consequence of cleaning the tanks with tap water before the final sampling (Sørensen, 2008). The SRS COD content also differed between samplings but in this case the water content is highly dependent on the dewatering cycle.
In the 12 influent samples only ethanol, out of all the short-chain fatty alcohols, was found to be present above the detection limit (DL), namely 24 to 59 mg/ℓ. As ethanol is a common solvent used in household chemicals and personal care products (Eriksson et al., 2003) it is also likely to be found in the influent water. Ethanol was detected (24 to 141 µg/ℓ) in B1. Acetate was found to be present in concentrations between 43 and 48 µg/ℓ in the SRS, thus yielding 7.8 to 18 mg acetate/kg dry weight (dw). In municipal sewage sludge the content of acetate varies between 40 and 400 mg/kg dw (Ucisik and Henze, 2008). All of the short-chain fatty acids were at levels that did not exceed the DL in all of the other samples. As many substances have been proven to be present in both grey-water and municipal wastewater, and as it is a well-known fact that municipal sewage sludge often cannot be disposed of on agricultural land due to the presence of many XOCs, it is also likely that grey-water sludge will contain an important part of the XOCs which were removed from the water phase during treatment, depending on the inherent properties of the concerned XOC.
Particulate matter and nutrients
TSS, VSS, and nutrients in the influent do not differ from what has been published in the literature for 'bathroom' grey-water (Eriksson et al., 2002). In Table 3 the TSS results confirm what could be seen by visual inspection during sampling; dewatered (SRS) and biological (B1) sludge contain more solid matter than the other sludge fractions. The same variability noted for organic matter can be seen here. TSS and VSS were also analysed in the same samples, and are thus directly comparable. The ratio between VSS and TSS in the influent ranged from 29 to 75% with an average of 49%, but in the sludge phases the ratio is generally a little higher: 46 to 66% in A1, 60 to 63% in SRS, 70 to 73% in B1, 72 to 82% in C3 and 57 to 64% in ET.
The decrease in ammonium and the increase in nitrate-nitrite seen along the treatment train confirm what has been suggested before for the same treatment plant (Eriksson et al., 2009); namely, that nitrification occurs. Nitrification has previous been identified in a membrane bio-reactor (MBR) treating grey-water (LesJean and Gnirss, 2006). As expected, the ammonium and phosphate concentrations are higher in the SRS than in A1 due to the dewatering.
LesJean and Gnirss (2006) found that in a membrane bioreactor the nitrogen mass captured in the grey-water sludge derived from bathroom and kitchen grey-water would be around 36 g/d for a load of 50 PE, while using an ammonium concentration of 5.7 mg N/ℓ, which is within the range found here. The nutrient concentrations in municipal sludge show a wide range, and nitrogen and phosphorus can be assimilated into biomass in the ranges of 80 to 120 mg N/g VSS and 10 to 25 mg P/g VSS (Henze et al., 2002). For the biological grey-water sludge (B1), the corresponding values were 0.22 to 11 mg N/g VSS (nitrite, nitrate and ammonium) and <0.1 to 1.1 mg P/g VSS (phosphate). The measured nitrogen fraction does not represent the total nitrogen as the organic nitrogen is missing; nonetheless the sludge in B1 contained less nitrogen per gram of VSS than that of municipal sewage sludge. The same can be said for phosphorus.
Selected metals in grey-water and grey-water sludge
WFD metals and other metals have not been studied in great detail in grey-water (Eriksson et al., 2002) but the concentrations found in the influent and effluent grey-waters (Table 4) agree with results obtained in Sweden (Palmquist and Hanaeus, 2005), with the exception of 1 high Cd value (9.0 µg/ℓ) in A7. Here, of course, the background concentrations in hot and cold tap water (from piping, etc.), and not only the household activities, will have a profound effect on the metal content.
The results for the sludge samples were normalised to dry weight (Table 5). The ET had not been cleaned since the installation of the plant in 2001, according to the plant manager (Sørensen, 2008); hence, this could be a plausible explanation for the comparably high metal concentrations found in the ET sludge (Table 5).
The sludge metal concentrations for the WWTP to which the grey-water treatment plant is connected (Lynettefællesskabet, 2008) were calculated to be 1.2 mg/kg dw for Cd, 300 for Cu, 22 for Ni and 83 for Pb. These figures fit well with the concentrations in the grey-water sludge and it cannot be confirmed that there is a significant difference based on this study. The limit values for applying (municipal) sludge on agricultural land in Denmark are 0.8 mg/kg dw for Cd, 1 000 for Cu, 30 for Ni and 120 for Pb (The Danish Ministry of the Environment, 2006). The grey-water sludge complies with the limits for Cu and Pb but exceeds it for Cd and Ni, which means that this sludge could not be spread on agricultural land. If the grey-water sludge were to be dewatered and handled outside the sewer system, but not used in agriculture, it would be regarded as contaminated soil and be graded according to the local soil classes (Counties of North Zealand, 2004). In such a case Cd, Cu and Ni would be 'Class 3; polluted soil' requiring treatment or disposal, whereas Pb would be Class 2; lightly polluted soil' which can be used for, e.g., construction, after an environmental permit has been obtained. As the samples were filtered before analysis it cannot be excluded that the total metal content would be higher if the larger (>10 µm) particulate fraction were also included.
Table 6 exhibits the degradation of organic matter, expressed as DO, in grey-water sludge and activated sludge from Lundtofte WWTP over 50 h. The OUR results indicate that the grey-water biological sludge and municipal activated sludge contain equivalent amounts of easydegradable organic matter at 8 mg COD/g VSS. However, the grey-water sludge contained 35% more easily- and 90% more slowly-hydrolysable organic matter than municipal sludge, assuming a yield factor of 0.5 (Smidt, 2008) (Table 6).
The total amount of COD measured was 91 mg/g VSS for the grey-water sludge and 57 mg/g VSS for the municipal sludge. The final fractionation of COD in the grey-water sludge is therefore 9% readily degradable, 28% easy hydrolysable and 63% slowly hydrolysable organic matter, whereas the fractions are distributed as 15% readily degradable, 33% easyhydrolysable and 52% slowly hydrolysable organic matter for municipal activated sludge Fig. 1). Further research is needed but Henkel et al. (2009) have observed that the degradation processes in grey-water laboratory and pilot-scale systems improve with increasing SRT, which advocates for good management of the grey-water sludge.
The grey-water sludge in this study was found to contain the same amount of metals (in mg/kg dry weight) as the municipal sewage sludge produced by the wastewater treatment plant to which the grey-water treatment plant is connected. The oxygen utilisation rate test indicated that the grey-water biological sludge has a higher content of organic matter, but the same content of readily degradable organic matter, when compared to municipal activated sludge. In order to determine the best way to manage grey-water sludge in a sustainable manner it is important that more data on the composition and production rate become available.
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LEDIN A, AUFFARTH K, ERIKSSON E, SMITH M, EILERSEN AM, MIKKELSEN PS, DALSGAARD A and HENZE M (2006) Udvikling af metode til karakterisering af gråt spildevand. Miljøstyrelsen, København. Økologisk byfornyelse og spildevandsrensning, 58 2006. URL: http://www2.mst.dk/Udgiv/publikationer/2006/87-7052-116-6/pdf/87-7052-117-4.pdf (Accessed 8 August 2009). [ Links ]
LESJEAN B and GNIRSS R (2006) Grey water treatment with a membrane bioreactor operated at low SRT and low HRT. Desalination 199 432-434. [ Links ]
LYNETTEFÆLLESSKABET I/S (2008) Environmental data 2007 for WWTP Lynetten and Damhusåen.URL: http://www.lyn-is.dk/Lynettef%C3%A6llesskabet/Publkationer.aspx (Accessed 21 May 2009). [ Links ]
MØLLEÅVÆRKET (2008) Renseanlæg Lundtofte (Wastewater treatment plant Lundtofte). URL: http://www.renslundtofte.dk/ (Accessed 10 December 2008). [ Links ]
PALMQUIST H and HANAEUS J (2005) Hazardous substances in separately collected grey- and blackwater from ordinary Swedish households. Sci. Total Environ. 348 151-163. [ Links ]
PIND PF, ANGELIDAKI I and AHRING BK (2003) Dynamics of the Anaerobic Process: Effects of Volatile Fatty Acids. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 82 791-801. [ Links ]
SMIDT M (2008) Investigation of the VFA potential in aquaculture sludge using anaerobic hydrolysis and characterization of the organic fraction by OUR. Masters thesis, Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, April 2008. [ Links ]
SØRENSEN J (2008) Personal communication, December 2008, with the Nordhavnsgården plant manager, employed by FSBbolig, Denmark. [ Links ]
THE DANISH MINSTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT (2006) Statutory order on use of waste for agricultural land (Slambekendtgørelsen) BEK nr 1650 from 13 December 2006. URL: http://www.retsinformation.dk/ (Accessed 31 August 2007). [ Links ]
UCISIK AS and HENZE M (2008) Biological hydrolysis and acidification of sludge under anaerobic conditions: The effect of sludge type and origin on the production and composition of volatile fatty acids. Water Res. 42 (14) 3729-3738. [ Links ]
Received 30 October2009; accepted in revised form 8 January 2010.
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text:
A light-heavyweight bout between Cyrille Diabate (19-8-1 MMA, 4-2 UFC) and Jimi Manuwa (12-0 MMA, 1-0 UFC) is the latest addition to the quickly filling UFC on FUEL TV 7 card.
UFC officials today announced the fight.
UFC on FUEL TV 7 takes place Feb. 16 at Wembley Arena in London. The event's main card, including a title fight between interim bantamweight champion Renan Barao and challenger Michael McDonald, airs on FUEL TV following Facebook prelims.
It's not clear where Diabate vs. Manuwa will end up on the lineup.
Diabate, a former kickboxer who's steadily rounding out his game, is on a two-fight win streak (with victories over Tom DeBlass and Chad Griggs) with three wins in his past four fights, all in the UFC. The former PRIDE and EliteXC fighter is 9-2 since 2007.
Manuwa, who fights in his home country at February's event, made his long-awaited UFC debut in September and scored a dominant TKO victory over Kyle Kingsbury at UFC on FUEL TV 5 in Nottingham. The 32-year-old has now posted 11 knockouts in 12 career wins, and he's never gone beyond the second round in his career.
The latest UFC on FUEL TV 7 card now includes:
- Champ Renan Barao vs. Michael McDonald – for interim bantamweight title
- Che Mills vs. Matthew Riddle
- Danny Castillo vs. Paul Sass
- Terry Etim vs. Renee Forte
- Vaughan Lee vs. Motonobu Tezuka
- Josh Grispi vs. Andy Ogle
- Ulysses Gomez vs. Phil Harris
- Cyrille Diabate vs. Jimi Manuwa
For more on UFC on FUEL TV 7, stay tuned to the UFC Rumors section of the site.
(Pictured: Jimi Manuwa)


text:
NATICK — Sometimes, the world can seem overwhelming. Overbearing. If only you were tiny enough to build a house out of cards and climb inside, or escape to a miniature treehouse suspended between stalks of broccoli.
Or better yet, just fly away. Fold a giant paper airplane, then grasp its thin fuselage for dear life and sail across a field into summertime.
Such is Zev Hoover's fanciful photographic take on reality. His arresting images evoke a wonderland of imaginary environments, built from f-stops and pixels, and hinting at characters with secret stories to tell.
Hoover's work, which he posts on the photo sharing site Flickr using the handle "Fiddle Oak" (a play on "Little Folk"), has caught fire across the Internet. He has been profiled in the media and on design and photography blogs. On Monday, he will fly to New York to appear on ABC's "Good Morning America Live" webcast.
One post touting his "surreal photo manipulations" has received 108,000 Facebook likes.
"Maybe a million people saw it," said the slightly stunned Hoover, who is only 14.
"He's enjoying this little ride," said his father, Jeff. "But he's familiar with Andy Warhol's idea of 15 minutes of fame and realizes this may be transitory."
The skinny teen deadpanned, "If I was older, it wouldn't make as good of a story."
But it's Hoover's talent that has captured imaginations. A film production company contacted him about designing a movie poster. He has been approached by a publisher for a potential narrative photo textbook project. Nikon World magazine asked him to contribute a photo. A lens manufacturer sent him a free lens, saying only: "Take some pictures with it."
No doubt he will. Plenty of his peers would be happy playing soccer or video games, but not Hoover. He needs to be creating. "I get anxious if I'm not doing something," he said, sitting outside his family's Natick home this week. "What's next?"
His series of "Little Folk/Fiddle Oak" images began during a walk in the woods with sister, Aliza. He remembers thinking, "Oh, wouldn't little people be cool?" Crouching near the ground, he imagined seeing the world from their perspective. He felt the miniature genre had never been done in photography — "at least not very well."
"There's a fine line to walk between having it be too abstract and having it be too cheesy-obvious," he said.
He performs his sleight of hand in Photoshop, which he taught himself via Internet tutorials.
Hoover started shooting pictures six years ago. "I put a camera in his hand when he was 8 years old and told him about f-stops," said his mother, Michele Gutlove. "See what he did with that little bit of knowledge?"
"Fiddle Oak" is not his first photography endeavor. When he was 10, Hoover embarked on "The Snugg Project," taking a photo of his teddy bear in unique, whimsical settings for 365 consecutive days. "It became a little like work," his father said, "but made him be creative every single day." Some of the pictures were displayed at J.P. Licks ice cream shops.
Aliza, 18, his sometimes collaborator, helped by writing ideas for him to riff off of.
"I often motivate/annoy him," wrote Aliza in an e-mail from Finland, where she has been studying. She has served as her brother's secretary, brainstorming partner, and assistant, "placing props on cliffs and trudging through the river holding a tripod and camera and supplying Zev with endless batches of toast and criticism while he slaves away on Photoshop."
It helps that "Zevi," the youngest of four children, was raised in a family of artists, dancers, and mathematicians. Both parents are architects, and his mother, also a glass artist, home schooled Hoover and his three siblings, Jacob, 23, Ian, 21, and Aliza. His interests in photography, technology, origami, music, model airplanes (which he designs and test-flies), even tree climbing are "all sides of the same thing," he said.
Hoover's family lives in the last house on a dead-end street next to a cemetery, with the Charles River and a meadow for a backyard, and he shoots most of the Little Folk images in this landscape. Others are shot in the studio.
"When I say 'studio'," he corrected, "I mean bathtub with a towel or a sheet."
His first camera was a cheap point-and-shoot. Now he shoots with a Nikon D7000, and his father said the teen often knows more about gear than experts working in a camera shop.
"Zevi," wrote Aliza, "bubbles with brilliance, determination, and a thirst for adventure."
Yet his art also feels tinged with melancholy. In "Summer Tales," he and his sister sit on a popsicle stick raft on a pond at night. Where are they going? Have they been abandoned? In an ominous work called "Inspecting," a giant hand wielding a magnifying glass looks ready to interrogate a tiny Hoover, or fry him like an ant. Another piece shows him walking through fire as wild as his unruly auburn hair.
"All the pictures have a very lonely feeling to them," he said. "Even if they have more than one person in them, it's 'big world, little people.' "
But the mood isn't "loneliness out of control," he added. "It's loneliness like it's a beautiful feeling."
Whether Hoover's work is photography or digital art is a question his fans, and some detractors, have debated. Some online commenters have been nasty, attributing his success to parents who could afford to buy him expensive equipment. Others think he's a hoax.
"It doesn't really matter," Hoover said of how people label his work. "It's all art."
He takes the criticism in stride as well. "That's the Internet for you. Don't feed the trolls."
Whatever you call the images, his work reflects a sophisticated and complex relationship with the natural and human-made world. Hoover sat down at his computer to show a visitor the dozens of elements that go into each image.
"Slowly they've gotten more fantastical and magical," he said. The productions, too, have become more complicated. One image, "Fly," featuring a miniature Hoover clinging to a paper airplane in mid-air, involved a three-hour shoot. He suspended paper airplanes from strings, then suspended himself from a pole between two ladders. He then tiled together multiple takes of the large- and small-scale scenes, added shadows and blur effects, and adjusted the color.
"What I am doing always is really quite basic," he said. "All the techniques stuff is Day 1 Photoshop."
But to make a fantasy world believable is an arduous process. His mother said he will spend 8 to 10 hours, endlessly tweaking each image until he gets the desired effect.
As for what's next, the young photographer remains undecided. With all the Internet buzz, he has begun to sell prints of his work. Beyond that, he has the summer ahead of him — flights of fancy to contemplate, trees to climb and conquer. He is thinking about an aerial photography project. Big adventures for a young man still navigating a small world.
"I don't have a plan or anything," he said. "I'm not sure if I'll consider myself a photographer forever."
Ethan Gilsdorf can be reached at firstname.lastname@example.com or Twitter @ethanfreak.


text:
Wednesday, 15 August 2012
Sepia Saturday 139 : 18 August 2012
28 comments:
I'm going to be away so I'm in very early but I didn't want to miss another week!
- 15 August 2012 at 16:40
- ScotSue said...
With a dog in the poster prompt, there could only be
one theme for me -
so see Pets on Parade.
- 16 August 2012 at 14:54
- Little Nell said...
Once again I had resist the urge to delve into my music collection this week. For some reason I had 'Bone Digger, Bone Digger' and 'Get these mutts away from me' from Paul Simon's 'You Can call Me Al' going through my head.
- 16 August 2012 at 14:55
- Kristin said...
Got done early this week. Several skeleton sketches.
- 17 August 2012 at 02:36
- Wendy said...
Bones didn't click with me but I have a great dog story, if I do say so myself (not so much the telling -- but the dog is great!)
- 17 August 2012 at 11:41
- Alan Burnett said...
In praise of the Paragon of Annotation and in response to those who saw me and Amy in the prompt image.
- 17 August 2012 at 12:16
- Bob Scotney said...
Is it only me but there is no dog that I can see in the main picture?? It appears in the smaller 139 picture at the end.
- 17 August 2012 at 13:31
- Mike Brubaker said...
I have got a perfect fit picture for this weekend's theme. Thanks Alan for another super choice.
- 17 August 2012 at 14:05
- Kathy said...
Yes - it does seem that the dog has disappeared in the main image. No post from me yet - just commenting on the dog.
- 17 August 2012 at 15:04
- Postcardy said...
My theme is calf meal because of your mention of bones in animal feed.
- 17 August 2012 at 20:31
- Rosie said...
I went with a cartoon postcard this week. Looking forward to seeing all the great entries this Saturday!!!
- 17 August 2012 at 23:32
- DougVernX said...
Well there is an animal in my post. Hope I made the theme criterion. haha
- 18 August 2012 at 00:33
- 21 Wits said...
Hello Alan, I had planned on going to the bones, or boneyard, but then I watched a movie called Cupid Inc. and just had to change my entire post! I hope your weekend is exciting !
- 18 August 2012 at 05:04
- Bruno Laliberté said...
I've rummaged through the many skeletons in my closet and dug up as many bones as I could find,
from 1961 'till now!!
- 18 August 2012 at 05:17
- Peter said...
I dug up some bones but maybe not in the way you expect...
- 18 August 2012 at 06:45
- Alan Burnett said...
Whoops sorry about the picture changing - that was not supposed to happen! I will return the proper one as soon as possible (it's that Amy again and the Begging Dog Liberation Front)
- 18 August 2012 at 08:08
- Lavender and Vanilla Friends of the Gardens said...
No bones, but many dogs;
- 18 August 2012 at 09:38
Combining the words 'war, oil, resistant' I came to the subject of 'foul-weather gear'
- 18 August 2012 at 13:04
my blog is 2 today so you're all invited round for ice cream and jelly :-)
- 18 August 2012 at 14:41
- Sheila @ A Postcard a Day said...
I missed last week because I was away but this week I felt it in my bones that I could find something suitable.
- 18 August 2012 at 15:09
- Sheila @ A Postcard a Day said...
- This comment has been removed by the author.
- 18 August 2012 at 15:09
- dakotaboo said...
Back after my holidays ... just a short post this week but did manage to stay on theme.
- 18 August 2012 at 17:48
- Jana Iverson Last said...
A Vintage Postcard showing the "explosively" powerful and beautiful Iguacu Falls.
- 18 August 2012 at 17:55
- Bob Scotney said...
Don't blame Amy. Have a whale of a time.
- 18 August 2012 at 19:14
- Cartle Postale said...
Bit of a tenuous link with my post about a puppet cat who was a barrow boy...
- 18 August 2012 at 19:47
- Wibbo said...
This week I have an old man and a dog with the added bonus of a canary.
- 18 August 2012 at 21:02
- Unknown said...
I was late getting on this a.m. but forgot to leave a comment. Love the prompt photo. Alan you make a get ad star.
- 19 August 2012 at 01:08
- Brett Payne said...
A nbit late, but at least I made it this week.
- 19 August 2012 at 06:42


text:
Celebrated chef Marcus Samuelsson knows kitchens better than most people, but today he is mixing them up with chickens. "I never forgot that lesson, even though as a kid we didn't kill the kitchens we ate for dinner," reads Samuelsson.
He says the line into a large, futuristic-looking microphone, reading from a stack of pages in front of him—chapter 4 of his new memoir, Yes, Chef, which will be published by Random House in late June. Samuelsson is a James Beard Award–winning chef, among stacks of other culinary distinctions, and a fixture of Food Network programming, and has his own popular and acclaimed restaurants, including most recently, Red Rooster Harlem.
But today he sits perched on a stool in a cramped sound booth at Beatstreet Productions in New York City, being corrected about the word he just used.
"You said 'kitchens' instead of 'chickens,'" says John McElroy, a veteran audio director and owner of Eljin Productions Inc., who sits at a large desk in the main room of the recording studio, on the other side of the booth's soundproof door. "Let's take that again."
McElroy is following along with his own set of pages and is broadcast into Samuelsson's booth by pressing and speaking into a device that hangs from his neck. The chef, now narrator, pauses and takes a breath, which can be heard crystal-clear from the speakers piping his voice into the acoustically enhanced studio. He takes the sentence again. This time it is the chickens getting eaten for dinner.
McElroy has been hired by Random House Audio, which is producing the audiobook, to direct Samuelsson's performance, ensuring that the narration is accurate and engaging. He assists when the narrator's soft, Swedish-accented reading skips over a word or hits a verbal snag.
For example, Samuelsson's tongue-twisting description of attika, a vinegar popular in Sweden for making pickles: "A beechwood-based product that has a sinus-clearing, eye-tearing bite to it." He reads this as a "beechbood-based product" and "beechbased-wood product" before finally nailing it.
Sitting next McElroy is Dan Zitt, director of audio production for Random House Audio. Zitt has been with the company for 13 years and oversees the production of 350–400 books a year. His responsibilities include dropping in on recordings to see how things are going, though he stays silent for most of this session, letting McElroy do the talking and interrupting.
The dim lighting and precise temperature and sound controls give the studio a bunker-like feel, as if cut off from the outside world, even if it is just blocks from Madison Square Park. A pair of stuffed Bert and Ernie dolls sitting on top of an equalizer help to lighten the atmosphere.
Besides Zitt and McElroy, Matt Longoria, an engineer for Beatstreet, follows the reading. He sits on a swivel chair between the table and a massive console with dozens of switches, which dominates the room but is barely touched during an audiobook recording like this. Longoria is more concerned with the monitor set on top of the console, with the Pro Tools waveforms displayed as it tracks the recording, as well as the equalizer, which tells him whether Samuelsson's volume is too soft or too loud.
"Once more for movement," Longoria occasionally interjects when the microphone picks up Samuelsson's shifts during the recording.
While the director listens for performance and accuracy, the engineer is what Longoria calls "the audio police," keeping an ear out for any technical issues or sounds that are not supposed to be there. Though the Yes, Chef session goes without background noise problems, Zitt explains that he has seen the slightest things trip up a recording, from a ticking wristwatch to rustling clothing.
"If you're wearing a shirt with too much starch in it, we're going to hear that," says Zitt.
They must also listen for dry-mouth. While a cup of water can usually keep the diction well lubricated, if the narrator is having a lot of trouble, the director may give him or her a green apple to chew on before recording, which restores the pH in a person's mouth and makes it less sticky. An actor Zitt worked with years ago solved the problem by gargling olive oil.
Keeping It Personal
This is the end of the third session that Samuelsson has spent in the studio, reading for two to three hours with periodic breaks (his packed schedule makes full days of recording impossible). The chef has done voiceover work for television, but this is the first extensive project he has done in a sound booth.
Taking all that into consideration, occasional verbal slips are to be expected, according to McElroy, especially toward the end of a session. The members of the production team say they are pleased with how the session went.
But the narration challenges Samuelsson in another way.
"It gets to me—emotionally gets to me," says Samuelsson. "Even the stories between my sister and my mother in the beginning. I stop and think about it. It's hard to be objective with something that you're so close to."
Unlike his last four books, all cookbooks, Yes, Chef is deeply personal. Samuelsson tells of his early childhood in Ethiopia, where his mother died of tuberculosis when he was three years old, leading to his adoption by a middle-class family in Sweden and early years learning the basics of cooking while assisting his adoptive grandmother in the kitchen—the portion he reads during this studio session.
Samuelsson has spent five years on the book, which he describes as a "self search," to tell of starting at the lowest rungs of top European kitchens before eventually coming to New York City to work at Aquavit, where his work first as an apprentice and eventually as executive chef brought him to national culinary prominence. Recording the audiobook is one of the final steps in what has been a lengthy and "cleansing" process, according to the chef, and he wants to get it right.
"It's all my journey and it's not just talking about a recipe," says Samuelsson. "I laugh when I think about me and my sisters with our mother yanking our hair or kicking my sister's feet under the table to share a joke."
While the personal nature of the book can challenge a narrator, it can strengthen the performance as well. Zitt recommends that narrators imagine that they are telling a story in a bar in order to help generate the one-to-one intimacy experienced when listening to the book on headphones or in the car.
"A good audiobook reader will make you sit in your car at work for that extra 20 minutes just so they can finish the chapter," Zitt says.
Yes, Chef is just one of dozens of productions Zitt is overseeing this season. He manages teams on both coasts, with the East Coast group consisting of five audio producers renting out studio spaces throughout the city, of which Beatstreet is one (though Random House is in the process of installing a studio in its own New York offices). In Los Angeles, the company owns eight studio spaces, overseen by two producers.
Changes in technology as well as in consumer expectations have driven up demand for audiobooks, keeping Zitt and his team busy. When Zitt started in the industry 16 years ago, three-hour abridgments of books were the norm. Now the market demands many more titles, almost always at unabridged length, leading to eye-popping numbers like the 4,000 hours of finished audio that Random House's Los Angeles studios produced last year.
A seasoned actor working for an eight-hour recording session can deliver about three hours of finished audio, though this can vary from one narrator to the next. Some performers might take a 15-minute break every hour, while others prefer to go as long as they can until they start losing their focus. Zitt recalls a recent recording with Bob Costas in which he stood up and read for six hours straight with minimal retakes.
"The process for us is very organic," says Zitt.
Before Setting Foot in the Studio
Though all recording happens during these in-studio sessions, every person involved has done plenty of work before entering. For example, Samuelsson listened to other audio memoirs to get a sense of the tone and performance qualities that worked well for other authors.
"I read Bill Clinton's book, but I also listened to it this summer, and it was great to hear his voice throughout," he says. "It just felt very close."
For actors who may not be familiar with the book they will be reading, Zitt sends them the work weeks in advance to familiarize themselves. A performer like Jim Dale, who narrated all the Harry Potter books, will highlight sections to specify the different characters and voices he needs to shift into, even recording samples of his character voices to access during the session.
Others may take the project less seriously, like an actor Zitt worked with recently who showed up with the book in hand, still in its wrapping, and asked, "So what's this book about?"
McElroy also has to research the book before production begins, confirming how words are to be pronounced and what accents the narrator needs to hit—not such a problem here, since Samuelsson knows how to pronounce the various words in his own book, whether it's an Ethiopian spice mixture or the Swedish city of Göteborg.
Zitt believes that over the past two decades, authors have become more involved in the preparation of their audiobooks, even when they are not narrating them.
"Sixteen years ago, you would call an author about the audiobook, and they would say, 'What is this?'" says Zitt. "Now I have authors who call me months in advance before we start to produce their audiobook, saying, 'What are we going to do with this?' "
Elmore Leonard, for example, suggested actor Steve Buscemi narrate his novel Pagan Babies. Zitt loved the idea and Buscemi signed on. For World War Z, author Max Brooks worked closely with both Zitt and McElroy to cast for the book's multicharacter "oral history."
It's Alive!
As director, McElroy's involvement with this production ends when he exits the studio. The recordings go to the post-production team of editors, who go through it and determine if there are any misspoken words, muffled lines, or other bits that they need to retake. But the editors' jobs are made much easier—or harder—depending on what happens in the studio.
One of the skills in directing is listening for pauses—hunks of sound where editors can cut easily and drop in narration from another part of the recording. At several points McElroy asks Samuelsson to retake a line because it needs clearer edges.
If the recording does have clear divisions between words, an editor may try "Frankensteining"—taking parts of words or sounds from the narration and splicing them together to create whole new words. It is in these cases when a flat delivery from a narrator can actually be a benefit.
"If you get an animated read, it can be very difficult to do a substitution," McElroy explains.
The engineer's work is also crucial to the later editing process. As Longoria listens, he makes notations on his copy of the pages, writing a vertical line from where each take begins down to where it ends, or where the author makes a word change, creating a map for the editors to follow as they go. Some pages look relatively clean, others are covered in streaks.
At the end of the session, the stack of pages are scanned and put on an FTP site, from which Zitt's team of editors in Los Angeles will retrieve them and get to work.
"Without the map, you're in trouble," says Zitt. "You're not sunk, but if you get a 12-hour audiobook with no map, you're sitting there listening to every little bit of it, cutting out every little take."
Once the editing is complete, a third-party quality controller will listen through the entire recording from start to finish using a clean script, listening for any mistakes in the edit or technical flaws. These notes are sent back to the executive producer and editor, where they decide what needs to be fixed.
No matter how skillfully recorded or edited, there may still be need for a few retakes, or "pickups," once it is all patched together. When working with a schedule like Samuelsson's, this will usually just mean McElroy asking the narrator to do the few pickups needed for the previous session at the end of the current one. But then, Zitt says, there are those celebrities who tell Random House, "You're getting me these two days, and don't even think about calling me again." In those cases, the production team just has to work with what they have.
Like Making Soup
In Los Angeles, Zitt estimates there are about 25 directors who work specifically on audiobooks, with more than that in New York City. When selecting a director for the Yes, Chef production, he not only had to consider his or her experience, but how the director would interact with Samuelsson.
"The worst thing you can have is an actor and a director who don't want to work together," says Zitt. "You see it in Hollywood; it's the same thing in audiobooks."
Zitt and McElroy have to be aware if Samuelsson's energy starts flagging, something that even the narrator might not notice.
Samuelsson puts it in more philosophical terms.
"It's trust—I've never met these people. You've got to go into this and trust whoever's hands you are in," says Samuelsson. "If this is going to work, I'm going to be in their hands. I have to add my passion to it, but I'll be in their hands."
He compares it to the collaboration in a kitchen, and how the various chefs and assistants must jell if they are going to create something of which everyone can be proud.
"The great thing about being a chef is that it's process-based and it takes time," says Samuelsson. "This is what we have to do now, and I'm doing it."
The right choices have allowed for this level of collaboration and smoothness on display at this session at the Beatstreet studio.
"We're a tribe of people putting this book out—it's my team, it's Random's team, and collectively together, and now it's my job to do this part of it," says Samuelsson. "Just like you make a soup in the kitchen."
And this time, he definitely means "kitchen."
Alex Palmer is a freelance journalist who lives in Brooklyn.


text:
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text:
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