text:
BÉDARD, JEAN-CHARLES, Roman Catholic priest and Sulpician; b. 4 Nov. 1766 in Charlesbourg, Que., son of Pierre-Stanislas Bédard, a farmer, and Marie-Josephte Thibault; d. 2 July 1825 in Montreal.
Jean-Charles Bédard, the fourth of 13 children, belonged to a respectable family that gained distinction in the judiciary, church, and politics [see Pierre-Stanislas Bédard]. After finishing his studies at Quebec, he was ordained priest on 19 Dec. 1789. The next year, on the advice of Joseph-Octave Plessis, who was then secretary to the bishop of Quebec, he requested admission to the Séminaire de Saint-Sulpice in Montreal. He was made a member on 28 Sept. 1792 and spent the rest of his life there, serving as assistant bursar and bursar. Having also been named curate and master of rituals in the parish of Notre-Dame, he preached regularly and worked in close collaboration with Claude Poncin*, whose biography, as yet unpublished, he wrote. In addition he always took a lively interest in astronomy, physics, and mathematics.
During the final years of his life Bédard suffered greatly from the conflict between his Sulpician colleagues and Jean-Jacques Lartigue*, a Canadian Sulpician who had been appointed auxiliary bishop in Montreal on 21 Jan. 1821 by Archbishop Plessis of Quebec. Anxious to retain their influence in Montreal, the Sulpicians looked very unfavourably on the advent of an auxiliary bishop. When Lartigue took refuge in the Hôtel-Dieu of Montreal after the seminary expelled him in February 1821, Bédard was one of the few Sulpicians to visit him. He tried to intervene between the two sides but only brought upon himself the disapproval of his Sulpician superiors. Thus in June 1824, after much hesitation, he gave to Jean-Henry-Auguste Roux, his superior, and to his colleagues a document entitled "Déclaration et observations . . . au sujet du gouvernement ecclésiastique du district de Montréal," in which he expressed his opposition to the measures taken by the seminary to block Bishop Lartigue's installation. He examined in turn what was "permitted," "fitting," and "useful" with regard to the ecclesiastical administration of the District of Montreal, refuting along the way objections raised by Augustin Chaboillez, to whom he had previously sent two letters. The Sulpicians reacted strongly to their colleague's memoir; distressed, Roux protested his favourable sentiments towards Lartigue and Plessis. Both bishops approved of the step taken by Bédard, who in their view was sacrificing himself "for the good cause," was laying himself open to "many snubs," and was forcing "his naturally timid disposition to an extraordinary degree by asserting himself so openly" on their behalf. Plessis pressed to have the document, which in his view was excellent, brought to the attention of the authorities in Rome. Bédard agreed only after informing Roux. At the Séminaire de Saint-Sulpice in Paris it was held that in writing it Bédard had committed "a mistake that is inexcusable."
Overwrought by all these events, after making a final attempt in October 1824 to secure a reconciliation between Lartigue and the seminary, Jean-Charles Bédard died on 2 July 1825, "in as godly a manner as he had lived," according to Bishop Lartigue.
Jean-Charles Bédard is the author of "Déclaration et observations . . . au sujet du gouvernement ecclésiastique du district de Montréal." The manuscript is held at ASSM, 27, tiroir 90.
AAQ, 26 CP, VI: 109. ACAM, 901.137. ANQ-Q, CE1-7, 5 nov. 1766. Arch. du séminaire de Saint-Sulpice (Paris), Circulaires des supérieurs, I, Garnier Mollevault, 19 mars 1826; Saint-Sulpice, dossier III, no.12. ASSM, 24, dossiers 2–3; 27; 49, dossier 25. Allaire, Dictionnaire, 1: 36. [F.-M.] Bibaud, Dictionnaire historique des hommes illustres du Canada et de l'Amérique (Montréal, 1857). Gauthier, Sulpitiana, 168. Louis Bertrand, Bibliothèque sulpicienne ou histoire littéraire de la Compagnie de Saint-Sulpice (3v., Paris, 1900), 2: 62–63. Lemieux, L'établissement de la première prov. eccl., 179–83. Édouard Fabre Surveyer, "Pierre-Stanislas Bédard (1734–1814) et sa famille," BRH, 59 (1953): 153–56. Léon Pouliot, "L'abbé Jean-Baptiste-Charles Bédard, p.s.s.," BRH, 44 (1938): 172–73. P.-G. Roy, "Les sept frères Bédard," BRH, 44: 65–67.
© 1987–2023 University of Toronto/Université Laval
Cite This Article
Gilles Chaussé, "BÉDARD, JEAN-CHARLES," in Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. 6, University of Toronto/Université Laval, 2003–, accessed October 1, 2023, http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/bedard_jean_charles_6E.html.
The citation above shows the format for footnotes and endnotes according to the Chicago manual of style (16th edition). Information to be used in other citation formats:
|Author of Article:
|Gilles Chaussé
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|Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. 6
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|Access Date:
|October 1, 2023


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Hotel Olympia Reviews
Despite concerns about the lack of snow, last week was fantastic. Dolomiti ski had made the pistes nearly perfect, often a white carpet with grass both side, but the snow making and management excelled. Accomodation and food was excellent and Inghams rep, Federica, was exceptional. The heated boot room right next door to the lifts made easy work accessing the slopes. Après ski a bit lacking but suited us fine as we went to Ski not piss it up. All in all thoroughly recommend igluski
Apres Ski: 3/5
Accommodation & Value: 5/5
John hunt
Spent Christmas 2014 at the Hotel Olympia, Arabba. This was our first time at the Hotel and we had a great stay. We had a family room (apartment) in the annexe, which was spacious , clean and very comfortable. The food was excellent and more than enough for anyone. All the staff were helpful and friendly. The hotel ski lockers close to the chairlift were modern and a real bonus. The lack of snow around and about made it easier to get about but at the cost of a little atmosphere. The runs were kept open with snow canons and so the skiing was just fine for us. A few of the connecting runs were closed but it didn't detract too much. We will certainly return.
Apres Ski: 5/5
Accommodation & Value: 5/5
The G family

subset: commoncrawl


text: Dental care is central to having healthy teeth. This element of dental health is crucial as it greatly contributes to the general well-being. Although visiting a dentist regularly is a wise way of obtaining information that you need on proper dental care, minor changes to your diet and oral care routine can assist to reduce your time with the dentist. Practicing appropriate dental care will prevent bad breath, gum disease, improve your general health and save you money on expensive dental procedures. Here are some dental care tips that if followed will help you maintain healthy teeth that might last a lifetime.Floss and Brush for Dental HealthClean teeth are the beginning of dental health. Regular flossing and brushing is important for keeping your teeth and gums strong and healthy. Brush your teeth no less than two times every day using fluoride toothpaste, which helps to prevent cavities and tooth decay. Do not be in a rush. Instead, take your time to brush thoroughly. Ensure that you use a proper toothbrush that will go well with your mouth structure and teeth placement. The bristles of the toothbrush should be soft and rounded. Also carry out tongue cleaning to avoid bad breath, and ensure to replace your toothbrush every 2 months.Flossing daily is also imperative. Flossing helps you to get to the rigid spaces in between the teeth and under the gum line. Softly rub the sides of your teeth using the floss and do not skimp. If you find flossing between your teeth difficult, you can attempt the waxed dental floss. Be as gentle as possible when flossing to avoid gum injury. Also, consider catering for dentures like actual teeth in your dental care habits.Observe Your DietAvoid sugary foods as too much refined sugar boosts the growth of plaque. Make sure that you drink and eat healthier foods such as low fat milk products, whole wheat and green vegetables. Drink a lot of water to remain hydrated. Keep away from carbonated drinks like soda or caffeine since they can dehydrate you and damage your teeth. Do not use tobacco products because they cause gum disease and oral cancer. It should be noted that eating healthy should be a part of your daily routine and it is as essential as flossing and brushing.Schedule Regular Dental AppointmentsIt is very essential to make yearly visits to your dentist, irrespective of how strong your teeth are. Be sure to check your mouth between the dental appointments. In case you spot any lumps, chips, rare changes or red bumps in your mouth, see a dental doctor as soon as possible. With this routine, you might be able to save a lot of money on gum and teeth problems. Your dentist will give detailed treatments that will guarantee a cleaner and healthier mouth. Visit the dentist according to how often you require cleaning and exams.In conclusion, personal hygiene is certainly crucial to any person. Good dental care is an essential part of overall health. The above simple dental care tips will assist you to maintain a hearty smile and boost your overall dental health. All that is required is a bit of care, effort and awareness.


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Belledangles Review and Giveaway
Throw away those jewlery boxes girls! Belledangles is steppin in!
What's a BelleDangles?
BelleDangles is a jewelry organizer that displays and organizes all of your jewelry and accessories making your collection easy to find, untangled and clutter free. The BelleDangles 'Classic' Jewelry Organizer holds over 110 pieces of jewelry tangle-free plus other girlie accessories like hats, scarves and handbags!
Organization that's Versatile
Have more earrings than necklaces? No problem. BelleDangles Jewelry Organizers accommodate your jewelry in multiple areas making it adaptable to your jewelry organization needs. The necklace bar can be used as a earring bar for dangles and the bracelet bar is perfect for necklaces... plus you save yourself necklace unclasping time. However you dress it, BelleDangles looks like a beautiful piece of art that highlights the style and color of the jewelry you love. See it, love it and accessorize in seconds every day!
Belledangles was kind enough to send me my very own Belledangles! It's a very cool system which screws into the wall (they provide you with the screws) and you can hang earrings, necklaces, bracelets, and rings from the hooks provided, and there's even a nice shelf above which you can store candles, or pictures, etc. I installed the shelf which was very easy and didn't take much time. It holds 110 pieces which is a LOT! I feel that this product makes my life so much easier, and my jewlery is organized now and it doesn't take time out of my day to scrounge around in my jewlery box for what I'm looking for! I feel that this product will be very successful! Thanks Belledangles!
Giveaway Rules:
I will be picking ONE (1) winner randomly to win a Belledangles!
One entry per day.
Mandatory Entry-Tell me what you would hang on your belledangles!
*Remember becoming a "fan" on FB is NOT an entry as per the new Facebook Laws*
Winner will be drawn January 15, 2010 at 10 PM and will then be emailed. Alternate winner will be chosen if winner does not respond after 48 hours. Thank you and good luck!
I was provided a product in exchange for my review.
You can read more about my blog policies in my disclaimer.
Sammi's Blog Of Life Follows All New FTC & Facebook Laws for Reviews & Giveaways.
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ha or lost
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ehhogan at bellsouth.net
I have never found a good way to organize necklaces. I would SO love to win these!! Thanks for the chance. email@example.com
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Jennifer, jennem22 at yahoo dot com
i've got lots of earrings to hang!ReplyDelete
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I would give this to my daughter I'm sure she will hang all her Twilight jewelry on it along with her glasses and probably put her cute little figurines on the shelf firstname.lastname@example.com
I would hang all my necklaces on it and put the whole thing in my walk-in closet.ReplyDelete
This would be great for my necklaces and earrings that get tangled in a jewelry box.ReplyDelete
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ktgonyea at gmail.com
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i would hang my jewelry on itReplyDelete
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i need this for my necklacesReplyDelete
I have quite a few necklaces and bracelets that need a home. They are tangles in a jewelry box drawer right now. Thanks for the giveaway.ReplyDelete
I definitely need this... I usually just lay my bracelets and necklaces on the table when I take them off and usually cant find them again. Would love to have this to keep up with my jewelryReplyDelete
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i would hang my jewelry this is so awesome..im so sick of my necklaces getting all tangled up in my jewelry box :(ReplyDelete
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Oh~this is the greatest thing ever! I have jewelry all over the house so this would solve all my problems{the jewelry part anyways :-) }ReplyDelete
Thanks so much for the chance!!
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The 'Future Book' Is Here, but It's Not What We Expected | WIRED
Craig writes about reading and publishing, from the memex and the dynabook to the Kindle, the iPhone, and the iPad, all the way back around to plain ol' email and good old-fashioned physical books.
We were looking for the Future Book in the wrong place. It's not the form, necessarily, that needed to evolve—I think we can agree that, in an age of infinite distraction, one of the strongest assets of a "book" as a book is its singular, sustained, distraction-free, blissfully immutable voice. Instead, technology changed everything that enables a book, fomenting a quiet revolution. Funding, printing, fulfillment, community-building—everything leading up to and supporting a book has shifted meaningfully, even if the containers haven't. Perhaps the form and interactivity of what we consider a "standard book" will change in the future, as screens become as cheap and durable as paper. But the books made today, held in our hands, digital or print, are Future Books, unfuturistic and inert may they seem.


text:
- Research article
- Open Access
- Published:
Soluble receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand/osteoprotegerin ratio is increased in systemic lupus erythematosus patients
Arthritis Research & Therapy volume 13, Article number: R175 (2011)
3455 Accesses
15 Citations
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients have lower bone mineral density and increased fracture risk when compared with healthy individuals, due to distinct factors and mechanisms. Bone remodeling is a tightly orchestrated process dependent on several factors, including the balance between receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG).
Our aim was to assess serum OPG and soluble RANKL (sRANKL) levels as well as sRANKL/OPG ratio in female SLE patients and compare it with female controls.
We have evaluated 103 SLE patients and 114 healthy controls, all Caucasian females. All participants underwent a clinical and laboratory evaluation. sRANKL and OPG were quantified in serum by ELISA based methods. sRANKL, OPG and sRANKL/OPG ratio levels were compared between SLE patients and age, sex and race matched healthy controls. For SLE patients, a multivariate analysis was performed, to find the possible predictors of the changes in sRANKL, OPG and sRANKL/OPG ratio levels.
Although sRANKL levels did not differ between the two groups, serum OPG was lower in SLE patients (P < 0.001). This led to an increased sRANKL/OPG ratio (P = 0.010) in the patients' group.
The multivariate analysis was performed considering age and other clinical and laboratorial potential confounders for these variations in the SLE patients group. We have showed that age (P = 0.001) and levels of anti-Sm antibodies (P = 0.016) were independent predictors of sRANKL/OPG ratio variations in SLE patients. No relationship with therapy or disease activity measured by SLEDAI2K was found.
These results are suggestive of increased osteoclastic stimuli driven by the SLE disease mechanisms.
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic, multisystemic disease of unknown etiology characterized by chronic inflammation and damage to various organs and systems due to the production of autoreactive cells and antibodies [1–3].
SLE patients have lower bone mineral density (BMD) when compared with healthy individuals and are at increased risk of fracture [4–7]. Although corticosteroid exposure is a major contributor to bone loss in SLE [4, 5, 8]. disease activity and associated co-morbidities may contribute to this process [5, 8]. In addition, vitamin D deficiency is a common finding among SLE patients, further contributing to impaired bone health [5].
Bone remodeling is a tightly orchestrated process in which osteoclasts attach to the bone surface and remove bone. After resorption, osteoblasts migrate into the lacunae and produce new bone, which then mineralizes [3, 9]. Expression of the receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL) by osteoblasts is essential to osteoclastogenesis. Osteoprotegerin (OPG) is a soluble receptor for RANKL that prevents RANK/RANKL interaction. Therefore, the RANKL/OPG ratio is critical for the control of bone resorption [10–12]. Increased RANKL/OPG ratio has been described in autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, and was associated with an increased bone loss [7, 13, 14]. Taking these arguments into consideration, we have hypothesized that a RANKL/OPG imbalance is also present in SLE patients.
In the present work we aimed to assess the RANKL/OPG balance in SLE patients by quantifying serum OPG and sRANKL levels and their ratio in SLE patients and healthy controls. Additionally, in SLE patients we have looked at predictors of serum levels of these proteins and having as covariates disease features, co-morbidities and medications.
Materials and methods
Consecutive Portuguese Caucasian SLE women were recruited from the rheumatology outpatient clinics of Hospital de Santa Maria, Lisbon and Hospital Garcia de Orta, Almada, Portugal. All enrolled patients fulfilled the classification criteria of the American College of Rheumatology for SLE (1997) and had normal renal function defined as serum creatinine < 1.5 mg/dl. A control group matched to age, sex and race was also recruited, and was composed of healthy Caucasian female volunteers, who had not been diagnosed with SLE, nor had any inflammatory or bone disease and were not receiving corticosteroids or other medications known to interfere with bone metabolism. In this study, 103 SLE patients and 114 healthy controls were enrolled. This study was approved by the local Ethics Committees and all participants signed a written informed consent.
All participants underwent a standardized clinical and laboratory evaluation [15]. Information about age, height, weight, body mass index (BMI), smoking habits, alcohol intake, menopause, co-morbidities (hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, hypo or hyperthyroidism) and medication was collected.
For SLE patients, information considering age at disease diagnosis, disease duration, cumulative clinical manifestations, presence of autoantibodies, current disease activity (evaluated using the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index 2000 (SLEDAI2K) [16]), and cumulative damage (scored in accordance to the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/ACR Damage Index (SLICC) [17]) were also obtained.
Laboratorial determinations
A blood sample was collected from all subjects for measurement of erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), lipids (total cholesterol, HDL, LDL and tryglicerides), and anti-dsDNA and anti-Sm antibody titers.
Serum was obtained by blood centrifugation at 1,250 g, 10', at 4°C and then preserved at -80°C until use for sRANKL and OPG quantification.
sRANKL quantification was performed using the ampli sRANKL human ELISA (Immunodiagnostic Systems, Boldon, UK). OPG was quantified using the Bender MedSystems (Vienna, Austria) bead-based assay for quantitative detection of soluble human analytes by flow cytometry. Both protocols were performed according to the manufacturer's instructions.
Statistical analysis
For statistical purposes samples undetectable or below the limit of detection (LOD) were considered to have the lower LOD value supplied by the manufacturer. Results were reported as means (standard deviation), medians (interquartile range) for continuous or proportions for categoric variables. sRANKL and OPG levels and sRANKL/OPG ratio were compared between SLE patients and healthy controls groups using the non-parametric Mann-Whitney test.
Subsequently, the impact of demographic parameters, clinical features, therapeutics and disease characteristics on these proteins and their ratio was investigated for SLE patients using univariate followed by multivariate linear regression analyses. All variables related to the studied outcome in univariate analyses at a P-value < 0.05 were considered potential predictors and entered in multivariate linear regression models. The selection of covariates was stepwise by backward selection, according to the level of significance. Before performing regression analysis, sRANKL, OPG, and sRANKL/OPG ratio were logarithmically transformed for approximation to normality and to approximate the residuals to the normality in multiple linear regressions.
Statistical calculations were performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Statistics Software, v.15.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, USA) and a two-tailed P-value < 0.05 was selected as significant.
A total of 103 SLE patients and 114 healthy controls with comparable baseline demographic characteristics and co-morbidities were studied (Table 1). SLE patients had a mean age at disease diagnosis of 35.6 ± 14.4 (range 9.0 to 80.0) years, 8.2 ± 6.6 (range 0.2 to 34.2) years of disease duration, a mean SLEDAI2K of 3.5 ± 4.5 (range 0 to 21) and a SLICC damage score of 0.8 ± 1.4 (range 0 to 8). A total of 60.2% of the patients were currently receiving corticosteroids in a mean daily dose of 12.7 mg.
No significant differences were found between the two groups regarding sRANKL concentration. However, a statistically significant lower value was found for OPG levels in SLE patients (P < 0.001) compared to healthy controls. Consequently, an increase in sRANKL/OPG ratio (P = 0.010) was found in SLE patients compared to the healthy control group (Table 2).
The adjusted relationship between demographic parameters, clinical features, therapies and disease characteristics with sRANKL, OPG and sRANKL/OPG ratio was further analyzed in SLE patients (Table 3).
In univariate analysis, age, BMI, menopausal status, age at disease onset, the presence of malar rash, and anti-Sm and anti-dsDNA antibody quantifications were significantly associated with sRANKL levels. These possible predictors were included in a multivariate analysis and age (β = -0.232, 95% CI -0.043 to -0.004; P = 0.017), malar rash (β = 0.243, 95% CI 0.150 to 1.230; P = 0.013), and levels of anti-Sm antibodies (β = 0.227, 95% CI 0.005 to 0.051; P = 0.018) were identified as independent predictors of sRANKL levels in SLE patients.
The variables associated with OPG levels in univariate analysis were age, menopausal status, antihypertensive therapy, diabetes mellitus, triglycerides, age at disease onset, arthritis and anti-dsDNA titers. All these potential predictors were included in a multivariate analysis. Diabetes mellitus (β = 0.247, 95% CI 0.117 to 0.984; P = 0.013), anti-dsDNA levels (β = -0.239, 95% CI -.004 to 0.000; P = 0.016), and triglycerides (β = 0.306, 95% CI 0.001 to 0.004; P = 0.002) were found to be independent predictors of OPG levels in the serum of SLE patients.
The same reasoning was applied to the analysis of the sRANKL/OPG ratio in SLE patients. In the univariate analysis age, BMI, menopausal status, lipid-lowering therapy, age at disease onset, the presence of malar rash, pleuritis and the levels of anti-dsDNA and anti-Sm antibodies came out as possible predictors for changes in the ratio values. After multivariate analysis age (β = -0.326, 95% CI -0.055 to -0.015; P = 0.001) and levels of anti-Sm antibodies (β = 0.229, 95% CI 0.006 to 0.053; P = 0.016) were independently associated with sRANKL/OPG ratio levels in SLE patients.
We found no relationship between sRANKL/OPG ratio and the inflammatory parameters ESR and CRP. In addition, we found no association between the ratio and concomitant medications, such as methotrexate, cyclophosphamide, mycophenolate mofetil or azathioprine. Furthermore, there was also no correlation with corticosteroids (use or actual dose) or disease activity measured by the SLEDAI2K with this ratio.
Although the studied SLE patients presented a wide range of disease duration, this variable did not come out as a predictor of sRANKL, OPG or SRANKL/OPG levels.
The present work provides evidence of increased pro-osteoclastogenic stimuli in SLE women as a result of decreased serum OPG levels and increased sRANKL/OPG ratio.
OPG serum levels were lower in SLE patients than in controls and these levels were negatively associated with anti-dsDNA levels, independently from the contribution of multiple confounders. Raised anti-dsDNA levels are associated with active disease, suggesting that patients with active SLE might be more exposed to the effect of RANKL/RANK interaction as a consequence of diminished OPG levels. We have also found a positive association between serum OPG levels and diabetes mellitus, which is in accordance with previous results [18, 19]. Gannagé-Yared and colleagues found an inverse correlation between OPG and triglycerides levels, in a nondiabetic, elderly Lebanese male population [20]. Although in a different population, this relation was not confirmed by our study, since we have found a positive relation between serum OPG and triglycerides.
Serum OPG levels have been scarcely analyzed in the context of SLE. There is a single study reporting higher serum OPG levels in SLE patients, and this relation is even greater in patients with antiphospholipid syndrome, as OPG levels were related to the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies [21]. This relation between OPG and these antibodies was not confirmed by us (data not shown).
On the other hand, urinary OPG levels have been described to be raised in lupus nephritis and correlated with renal disease activity and anti-dsDNA levels [22, 23]. However, at this moment it is not clear how these results can be compared with ours as the relationship between serum and urinary OPG levels is unknown.
We have found sRANKL levels to be similar between SLE and healthy control women, but the sRANKL/OPG ratio was increased in SLE patients as compared to controls at the cost of elevated serum OPG levels in SLE. Interestingly, malar rash and elevated levels of anti-Sm autoantibodies, often present in active disease, were associated with sRANKL serum levels. Moreover, in multivariate analysis levels of anti-Sm antibodies were positively associated with sRANKL/OPG ratio. Studies based on sRANKL are sometimes limited by the high percentage of patients that have undetectable circulating levels, due to the fact that the majority of RANKL is membrane bound. Nevertheless, half of our patients had detectable levels of sRANKL and, importantly, it was possible to determine serum OPG levels in all individuals.
Despite the fact that there are no previous references in the literature to the possible effect of SLE on sRANKL and sRANKL/OPG ratio, an imbalance of this ratio has been described in autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis [13, 24]. This finding may be of clinical relevance as the increase of the sRANKL/OPG ratio has been related with increased bone loss in immune mediated inflammatory diseases [12, 25]. The independent association of the sRANKL/OPG ratio with anti-Sm autoantibodies and the absence of association with corticosteroid use or dose are particularly relevant, as they are suggestive that SLE per se might be important in accelerating osteoclastogenesis and consequently, bone loss.
In summary, we have shown reduced OPG levels and consequently a raised sRANKL/OPG ratio in female SLE patients as compared to healthy controls. An association between anti-dsDNA and OPG levels and between anti-Sm and sRANKL levels and sRANKL/OPG ratio were also observed in SLE patients. Taken together, these observations are suggestive of increased osteoclastic stimuli driven by SLE disease mechanisms.
- Anti-dsDNA:
anti-double stranded DNA
- Anti-Sm:
bone mineral density
body mass index
C-reactive protein
ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid
enzyme linked immunosorbent assay
erythrocyte sedimentation rate
high-density lipoprotein
low-density lipoprotein
limit of detection
systemic lupus erythematosus
receptor activator of nuclear factor κB
receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand
- sRANKL:
soluble RANKL
SLE disease activity index
systemic lupus international collaborating clinics/ACR damage index
statistical package for the social sciences.
Santos MJ, Vinagre F, Nero P, Barcelos F, Barcelos A, Rodrigues AM, de Matos AA, Silva C, Miranda L, Capela S, Marques A, Branco J, da Silva JC: Predictors of damage progression in Portuguese patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2009, 1173: 822-828. 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04669.x.
Garcia-Carrasco M, Mendoza-Pinto C, Escarcega RO, Jimenez-Hernandez M, Etchegaray Morales I, Munguia Realpozo P, Rebollo-Vazquez J, Soto-Vega E, Deleze M, Cervera R: Osteoporosis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Isr Med Assoc J. 2009, 11: 486-491.
Lane NE: Therapy Insight: osteoporosis and osteonecrosis in systemic lupus erythematosus. Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol. 2006, 2: 562-569. 10.1038/ncprheum0298.
Lee C, Ramsey-Goldman R: Bone health and systemic lupus erythematosus. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2005, 7: 482-489. 10.1007/s11926-005-0056-1.
Alele JD, Kamen DL: The importance of inflammation and vitamin D status in SLE-associated osteoporosis. Autoimmun Rev. 2010, 9: 137-139. 10.1016/j.autrev.2009.05.001.
Weiss RJ, Wick MC, Ackermann PW, Montgomery SM: Increased fracture risk in patients with rheumatic disorders and other inflammatory diseases -- a case-control study with 53,108 patients with fracture. J Rheumatol. 2010, 37: 2247-2250. 10.3899/jrheum.100363.
Walsh NC, Crotti TN, Goldring SR, Gravallese EM: Rheumatic diseases: the effects of inflammation on bone. Immunol Rev. 2005, 208: 228-251. 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2005.00338.x.
Panopalis P, Yazdany J: Bone health in systemic lupus erythematosus. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2009, 11: 177-184. 10.1007/s11926-009-0024-2.
Dalbeth N, Pool B, Smith T, Callon KE, Lobo M, Taylor WJ, Jones PB, Cornish J, McQueen FM: Circulating mediators of bone remodeling in psoriatic arthritis: implications for disordered osteoclastogenesis and bone erosion. Arthritis Res Ther. 2010, 12: R164-10.1186/ar3123.
Boyce BF, Xing L: Biology of RANK, RANKL, and osteoprotegerin. Arthritis Res Ther. 2007, 9: S1-
Wright HL, McCarthy HS, Middleton J, Marshall MJ: RANK, RANKL and osteoprotegerin in bone biology and disease. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2009, 2: 56-64. 10.1007/s12178-009-9046-7.
Hofbauer LC, Schoppet M: Clinical implications of the osteoprotegerin/RANKL/RANK system for bone and vascular diseases. JAMA. 2004, 292: 490-495. 10.1001/jama.292.4.490.
Narducci P, Bareggi R, Nicolin V: Receptor Activator for Nuclear Factor kappa B Ligand (RANKL) as an osteoimmune key regulator in bone physiology and pathology. Acta Histochem. 2011, 113: 73-81. 10.1016/j.acthis.2009.10.003.
Caetano-Lopes J, Canhao H, Fonseca JE: Osteoimmunology--the hidden immune regulation of bone. Autoimmun Rev. 2009, 8: 250-255. 10.1016/j.autrev.2008.07.038.
Silva C, Canhao H, Barcelos A, Miranda L, Pinto P, Santos MJ: [Protocol for evaluation and monitoring of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (PAMLES)]. Acta Reumatol Port. 2008, 33: 210-218.
Gladman DD, Ibanez D, Urowitz MB: Systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index 2000. J Rheumatol. 2002, 29: 288-291.
Gladman D, Ginzler E, Goldsmith C, Fortin P, Liang M, Urowitz M, Bacon P, Bombardieri S, Hanly J, Hay E, Isenberg D, Jones J, Kalunian K, Maddison P, Nived O, Petri M, Richter M, Sanchez-Guerrero J, Snaith M, Sturfelt G, Symmons D, Zoma A: The development and initial validation of the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology damage index for systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 1996, 39: 363-369. 10.1002/art.1780390303.
Knudsen ST, Foss CH, Poulsen PL, Andersen NH, Mogensen CE, Rasmussen LM: Increased plasma concentrations of osteoprotegerin in type 2 diabetic patients with microvascular complications. Eur J Endocrinol. 2003, 149: 39-42. 10.1530/eje.0.1490039.
Browner WS, Lui LY, Cummings SR: Associations of serum osteoprotegerin levels with diabetes, stroke, bone density, fractures, and mortality in elderly women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001, 86: 631-637. 10.1210/jc.86.2.631.
Gannage-Yared MH, Fares F, Semaan M, Khalife S, Jambart S: Circulating osteoprotegerin is correlated with lipid profile, insulin sensitivity, adiponectin and sex steroids in an ageing male population. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2006, 64: 652-658. 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2006.02522.x.
Kwok SK, Shin YJ, Kim HJ, Kim HS, Kim JY, Yoo SA, Choi JJ, Kim WU, Cho CS: Circulating osteoprotegerin levels are elevated and correlated with antiphospholipid antibodies in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus. 2009, 18: 133-138. 10.1177/0961203308094819.
Kiani AN, Johnson K, Chen C, Diehl E, Hu H, Vasudevan G, Singh S, Magder LS, Knechtle SJ, Petri M: Urine osteoprotegerin and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in lupus nephritis. J Rheumatol. 2009, 36: 2224-2230. 10.3899/jrheum.081112.
El-Shehaby A, Darweesh H, El-Khatib M, Momtaz M, Marzouk S, El-Shaarawy N, Emad Y: Correlations of Urinary Biomarkers, TNF-Like Weak Inducer of Apoptosis (TWEAK), Osteoprotegerin (OPG), Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 (MCP-1), and IL-8 with Lupus Nephritis. J Clin Immunol. 2011, 31: 848-856. 10.1007/s10875-011-9555-1.
Fonseca JE, Cortez-Dias N, Francisco A, Sobral M, Canhao H, Resende C, Castelao W, Macieira C, Sequeira G, Saraiva F, da Silva JA, Carmo-Fonseca M, Viana Queiroz M: Inflammatory cell infiltrate and RANKL/OPG expression in rheumatoid synovium: comparison with other inflammatory arthropathies and correlation with outcome. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2005, 23: 185-192.
Khosla S: Minireview: the OPG/RANKL/RANK system. Endocrinology. 2001, 142: 5050-5055. 10.1210/en.142.12.5050.
This work was supported by a grant from Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, Portugal (PIC/IC/82920/2007) and by an unrestricted grant from Wyeth Portugal.
We wish to thank Dr. Vinagre F. from the Rheumatology Department at Hospital Garcia de Orta for helping with patients' data collection and Dr. Caetano-Lopes J. from the Rheumatology Research Unit at Instituto de Medicina Molecular for advice with statistical analysis.
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Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
DCF carried out laboratorial protein determinations and participated in the design of the study, statistical analysis and manuscript elaboration. MJS performed clinical evaluation of the patients and participated in the design of study, statistical analysis and manuscript elaboration. IPP helped on laboratorial protein determinations and on manuscript revision. JEF participated in the design of the study and on manuscript revision. HC participated in the design of the study and on manuscript and statistical analysis revision. All authors read and approved the final manuscript for publication.
Diana Carmona-Fernandes, Maria José Santos contributed equally to this work.
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Carmona-Fernandes, D., Santos, M.J., Perpétuo, I.P. et al. Soluble receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand/osteoprotegerin ratio is increased in systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Arthritis Res Ther 13, R175 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1186/ar3500
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/ar3500
- sRANKL
- osteoprotegerin
- systemic lupus erythematosus
- osteoclastogenesis


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The complaint alleged that the plaintiff was a citizen of the state of Illinois, and a resident in the city of Chicago; and that the defendant was a citizen of the state of New York, a resident in the city of New York, and a corporation created and existing by force of and under the laws of that state, and having its chief place of business in that city, and its business that of editing, publishing, selling, and distributing a newspaper called the World.
The complaint further alleged that prior to September, 1892, the plaintiff had composed and written out in manuscript, but had not published, a lyrical ode, the work of her intellect and imagination; that on September 23, 1892, a committee of the World's Columbian Exposition made an agreement with the plaintiff, whereby, for a good consideration, they were licensed by her to use the ode, for the sole purpose of having it read or sung, or partly read and partly sung, on the public occasion of the dedicatory ceremonies of that exposition in the city of Chicago, on October 21, 1892; that the general ownership of the literary production, with the right of unlimited publication after that date, remained in the plaintiff; that, during the 10 days preceding said 23d of September, she delivered to the committee the manuscript of the ode, for the purpose expressed in the agreement of license, and with the injunction that the manuscript should be held secret, in order that the plaintiff's right of property should be preserved inviolate, and especially that premature publication should be avoided; and that the utmost care was taken, both by the plaintiff and by the committee, to prevent or forestall piratical attempts on the part of newspapers; but that the defendant, through its officers and agents, between September 14 and September 23, 1892, sureptitiously obtained from the rooms of the committee the manuscript, or a copy thereof, and sent the same to its office in New York, and, disregarding a protest sent by the plaintiff by telegraph, published in its paper of September 25th [164 U.S. 105, 107] the ode, with many errors, making portions of the poem appear meaningless, and with a grotesquely incorrect analysis, calculated to produce a false and ludicrous impression of the work; and that these wrongful acts of the defendant deprived the plaintiff of gains she would otherwise have received from the sale of the ode, and damaged her reputation as an author, and were a willful, wanton, and unlawful trespass upon her rights, and subjected her to shame, mortification, and great personal annoyance; and alleged damages in the sum of $25,000.
A motion by the defendant, at the commencement of the trial, to compel the plaintiff 'to elect between the two causes of action set forth in the complaint,' was denied by the court as immaterial, because the plaintiff's counsel declared in open court that 'there is but one cause of action stated in the complaint, to wit, literary piracy of a manuscript before publication, and a violation of a common-law right.'
At the trial, the plaintiff introduced evidence tending to support the allegations of the complaint (except that no evidence of pecuniary damage was offered), and put in evidence a receipt, signed by the plaintiff, and in these terms:
The plaintiff testified that portions of the ode consisted of lyrical songs intended to be set to music and sung by the chorus, and that the rest was to be read; that a musical composer was engaged to write the music for the portions to be sung, and she gave him permission to publish those portions, because it was necessary for rehearsals by the chorus, and they were published in connection with the music; but that she [164 U.S. 105, 108] never, before the dedication day, gave any permission for the publication or public use of any other part of the poem.
The plaintiff also testified that in May, 1892, she applied to the librarian of congress for a copyright of the ode, and deposited with him a copy of its title only, and on October 22d, the day after the dedicatory ceremonies, and not be fore, deposited with him two copies of the ode.
At the close of the whole evidence, the defendant moved the court to direct a verdict for the defendant, upon the grounds that the plaintiff had failed to show title to the ode; that she had disposed of her rights of property in the ode to the World's Columbian Exposition; that, in view of the contemplated publication in the newspapers, there could be no valid retention of any copyright; that any newspaper publication was an infringement of the rights of the Exposition, and not of the plaintiff; and that the only reservation in the contract between her and the Exposition was of her copyright, and, in view of the fact that no copyright was taken out until after October 21st, there had been no infringement of her copyright; and upon the further grounds 'that the plaintiff has failed to make out a cause of action, in that this is an action founded upon a statute which authorizes the maintaining of an action for damages occasioned to the plaintiff, and, in view of the fact that there is no evidence in this case of the plaintiff's having suffered damage, no cause of action has been made out'; and 'that the statutes and constitution of the United States have taken away the commonlaw right, and all remedies, except under the statutes of the United States.'
The court overruled this motion, as well as a subsequent motion to instruct the jury accordingly, and instructed the jury as follows:
The court further instructed the jury that the Exposition, by the terms of its contract with the plaintiff, 'had the legal right to distribute copies to the newspaper press, and for free publication, before as well as after the day of dedication'; but that, 'subject to those concessions, the author reserved her other rights of copyright therein'; and that the plaintiff, upon the evidence in the case, might recover exemplary damages against the defendant.
The defendant excepted to the instructions given, and to the refusal to instruct as requested. The jury returned a verdict for the plaintiff in the sum of $5,000, and judgment [164 U.S. 105, 110] was rendered thereon, which was affirmed by the circuit court of appeals. 38 U. S. App. 410, 19 C. C. A. 429, and 73 Fed. 196. The defendant thereupon sued out the present writ of error, and a motion was now made to dismiss it for want of jurisdiction.
John M. Bowers, for plaintiff in error.
Geo. H. Yeaman and Henry S. Monroe, for defendant in error.
Mr. Justice GRAY, after stating the case, delivered the opinion of the court.
Of suits of a civil nature, at law or in equity, the circuit courts of the United States have original jurisdiction, by reason of the citizenship of the parties, in cases between citizens of different states, or between citizens of a state and aliens; and, by reason of the cause of action, 'in cases arising under the constitution or laws of the United States, or treaties made or which shall be made under their authority,' including, of course, suits arising under the patent or copyright laws of the United States. Act Aug. 13, 1888, c. 866, 1 (25 Stat. 433; Rev. St. 629, cl. 9). In order to give the circuit court jurisdiction of a case as one arising under the constitution, laws, or treaties of the United States, that it does so arise must appear from the plaintiff's own statement of his claim. Mining Co. v. Turck, 150 U.S. 138 , 14 Sup. Ct. 35; Tennessee v. Union & Planters' Bank, 152 U.S. 454 , 14 Sup. Ct. 654; Railway Co. v. Skottowe, 162 U.S. 490 , 16 Sup. Ct. 869; Hanford v. Davies, 163 U.S. 273 , 16 Sup. Ct. 1051
From final judgments of the circuit court in civil suits an appeal or writ of error lies to this court, or to the circuit court of appeals. It lies directly to this court in any case in which the jurisdiction of the circuit court is in issue; and in such case the question of jurisdiction only is certified to and decided by this court. It also lies directly from the circuit court to this court in cases involving the construction or application of the constitution, or the constitutionality of a law, or the validity or construction of a treaty, of the United States, [164 U.S. 105, 111] or in which the constitution or a law of a state is claimed to be in contravention of the constitution of the United States; and in any of these cases the appellate jurisdiction of this court is not limited to the constitutional question, but extends to the determination of the whole case. Act March 3, 1891, c. 517, 5 (26 Stat. 827, 828); Horner v. U. S., 143 U.S. 570 , 12 Sup. Ct. 522; Chappell v. U. S., 160 U.S. 499 , 16 Sup. Ct. 397.
From final judgments of the circuit court in all other civil suits, an appeal or writ of error lies to the circuit court of appeals; and the judgments rendered thereon by the circuit court of appeals are final ( unless this court, by writ of certiorari or otherwise, orders the whole case to be brought up for its decision) in all cases in which the jurisdiction of the circuit court 'is dependent entirely upon the parties being aliens and citizens of the United States, or citizens of different states,' as well as in cases arising under the patent laws or under the revenue laws. In all other civil actions (including those arising under the copyright laws of the United States), if the matter in controversy exceeds $1,000, besides costs, there is, as of right, an appeal or writ of error to bring the case to this court. Act March 3, 1891, c. 517, 6.
This plaintiff in error, having been defeated in the circuit court, did not bring the case directly to this court, as one involving the construction or application of the constitution of the United States, or upon any other of the grounds specified in section 5 of the act of 1891. But it took the case, under section 6, to the circuit court of appeals, and, having been again defeated in that court, now claims, as of right, a review by this court of the judgment of the circuit court of appeals.
The judgment of the circuit court of appeals being made final in all cases in which the jurisdiction of the circuit court is dependent entirely upon the parties being citizens of different states, but not final in cases arising under the copyright laws of the United States, where the matter in controversy exceeds $1,000, the test of the appellate jurisdiction of this court over the case at bar is whether it was one arising under the copyright laws of the United States, or was one in which [164 U.S. 105, 112] the jurisdiction of the circuit court wholly depended upon the parties being citizens of different states.
The complaint, alleging that the plaintiff was a citizen of illinois, and the defendant a citizen of New York, and claiming damages in a sum of more than $2,000, showed that the circuit court had jurisdiction of the case by reason of the parties being citizens of different states. The plaintiff, in her complaint, did not claim any right under the constitution and laws of the United States, or in any way mention or refer to that constitution or to those laws; and, at the trial, she relied wholly upon a right given by the common law, and maintained her action upon such a right only. It was the defendant, and not the plaintiff, who invoked the constitution and laws of the United States. This, as necessarily follows from the foregoing considerations, and as was expressly adjudged in Mining Co. v. Turck, above cited, is insufficient to support the jurisdiction of this court to review, by appeal or writ of error, the judgment of the circuit court of appeals.
The jurisdiction of the circuit court having been obtained and exercised solely because of the parties being citizens of different states, the judgment of the circuit court of appeals was final, and the writ of error must be dismissed for want of jurisdiction.
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Citation: 164 U.S. 105
Docket No: No. 489
Decided: November 09, 1896
Court: United States Supreme Court
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Azithromycin to prevent post-discharge mortality and morbidity in Kenyan children
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Ever since The 40-Year-Old Virgin laid the first row of bricks in Judd Apatow's comedy kingdom, profane tales of arrested development have become so ubiquitous that they're seemingly the only type of comedy Hollywood is interested in producing. Though Apatow started this trend of overgrown man-children and the women who tolerate them, the blame can't rest entirely at his feet. In fact, the two films Apatow has written and directed—Virgin and Knocked Up—help account for where disappointments like Step Brothers go wrong. No matter how absurd the situations can get in Apatow's films, they're always grounded in characters and observations that are recognizably human and unbound by high-concept gimmicks.
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Featuring a two-tone body finish the 2013 Volkswagen Milano Taxi is 1.60 m tall, 3.73 m long and 1.66 m and its emission-free electric motor that generates 85 kW or 50 kW of continuous power will enable top speeds of 120 Km/h.
The 2013 Volkswagen Milano Taxi also uses a lithium-ion battery pack with a storage capacity of 45 kW/h integrated under the vehicle's body that enables an autonomy of 300 Km.
Designed to operate in cities like Milan, Berlin, New York, Beijing, Cape Town, London, Moscow or Tokyo, the 2013 Volkswagen Milano Taxi will be equipped with an engine Start/Stop system and gearbox control (D,N,R).
Extensive details regarding the 2013 Volkswagen Milano Taxi in the official release after the jump.
Volkswagen press release :
Wolfsburg / Hanover, 19 April 2010 – Volkswagen has announced that it will launch its first production electric vehicles in 2013. Electric cars that are driven emissions-free will revolutionise mobility over the mid-term, especially in urban areas. However, Volkswagen is not just thinking of individual mobility here, but is also considering its possibilities as a vehicle in public transportation. That is why Volkswagen is now showing – in a world premiere at the Hanover Trade Show – just how a large-scale production taxi driven by an electric motor might look. The "Milano Taxi" concept car that has been created is a city MPV tailored to the needs of taxi drivers and their passengers in its many innovative details such as a swivel-sliding door that opens in a forward direction and customisable taxi touchscreens.
Design for a new automotive era
The two-tone paint of the concept car – green and black – is the Volkswagen brand's tribute to the fashion metropolis of Milan. That is where taxis were once painted in precisely this colour combination. A beautiful tradition and an example of how this concept can be visually adapted to the specific taxi look of any metropolis on the globe. Until then, it must be said that the Milano Taxi is still purely a concept vehicle. However, its styling that bears similarities to the legendary Volkswagen Samba bus, its emissions-free drive system and the very tangible, practical benefits of a compact space wonder could very quickly make it a highly coveted vehicle in cities like Milan, Berlin, New York, Beijing, Cape Town, London, Moscow or Tokyo.
The exterior: "One door less is all the more for a taxi," is what Walter de Silva, Head of Design for the Volkswagen Group, decided, and this had a crucial impact on this vehicle's technical and visual concept even before the first pen stroke was made. And in fact, De Silva is right. The safest way for passengers to enter and exit a taxi in city traffic is on the sidewalk side. And that is why the development crew sent the Milano Taxi on its way with just a single swivel-sliding door that opens far forward (!) on the passenger's side. Thanks to the entirely new development of a mechanism with two-axis kinematics, this door opens wide to offer a broad entrance. The swivel-sliding door also extends well into the roof, so it also offers an enormous opening in terms of height. Apropos: The Milano Taxi is 1.60 metres tall, 3.73 metres long – or more accurately short, and 1.66 metres wide.
Similar in style to the Volkswagen Samba Bus of the 1950s, the outer roof areas are designed to be transparent (as part of the doors in front and at the right rear). This unmistakable design characteristic of the brand – together with a panoramic glass roof – creates a bright and friendly interior ambiance. In addition, passengers aboard the taxi will appreciate the added viewing perspective of the city's architecture. Also designed in a translucent material is the taxi sign mounted over the glass roof; the taxi lettering lights green when the taxi is available and red when it is not, and it is unlit whenever the car and driver are taking a break.
Form and function on the Milano Taxi – designed by Klaus Bischoff, Head of Design for the Volkswagen Brand, and his team – engage in an interplay that benefits the vehicle. That is because every detail follows the goal of realising a taxi concept that is as appealing as it is practical in everyday use. For example, the lateral surfaces and the rear of the car body rise steeply upward; not only is this stylistic characteristic reminiscent of the first generation of VW buses; it also creates even more space in the interior.
The concept car now being presented in Hanover also opens a window to the future, since the genes of a future Volkswagen "design DNA" are already recognisable in the Milano Taxi. Consider the front end: It is no coincidence that it displays a prominent friendly and self-assured "face" with stylistic hints of Volkswagen icons such as the Beetle and the Samba bus. These specific genes also include the front bonnet that is drawn down low as well as the "elimination" of the classic radiator grille. An entirely new element is the transparent crossbar that joins the two headlights.
Another prime example of the reversal of the "form follows function" design principle is the interface for charging the batteries: The connector is located beneath the VW logo that swivels upward on the "E-motor bonnet". Meanwhile, styled in a black, transparent look, like the roof, is the laterally swinging rear door with its 60:40 split.
Intelligent screens reign in the automobile
Volkswagen is one of the most successful taxi producers in the world. Even in New York, the first Volkswagens are appearing as Yellow Cabs. Volkswagen's decades of experience in the taxi business are also expressed in the Milano Taxi's interior concept.
The interior: The front passenger seat was quite intentionally left out on this taxi. In its place, there is a cargo space for luggage; the design of the instrument panel in this area was modified accordingly, creating additional space. Since luggage does not need to be lifted high over a sill, it is easy for passengers to stow the luggage themselves and secure it with a holding bracket at the press of a button. The actual bootspace behind the rear bench is only intended for small articles of gear; this is done to free up as much space for rear passengers as possible. And it is truly abundant: Knee room behind the driver's seat rivals that of full-size luxury saloons (120 millimetres). A passenger sitting on the right rear seat can even stretch out his or her legs completely thanks to the nonexistent front passenger seat. In the rear, interior height is nearly unlimited too, thanks to a headroom dimension of 994 millimetres.
In the Milano Taxi, the need for passengers to always have to gaze at the taximeter in the front to see the current charges is now a thing of the past. The reason: There is an 8-inch touchscreen in the rear next to the driver's seatback. It not only displays taxi charges but simultaneously offers the option of paying by credit card via a card reader. During the drive, passengers can also call up information (in various languages) about "points of interest" (POIs) along the route, navigation data (route overview, remaining route and arrival time), weather data and the current date and time. In addition, passengers can make climate control adjustments for the rear from the touchscreen.
Yet, a taxi is not just the most comfortable means of transportation for passengers; it is also the workspace for the driver. That is why Volkswagen placed high priority on an optimal design in this area of the Milano Taxi as well. One result of development work: a new Taxi Interface, on which important indicators and controls are bundled on an 8-inch touchscreen near the centre console. This screen is intuitively operated and includes the following functions: taximeter, door opener for the passenger space, trip computer, navigation system (destination input by keypad, handwriting or speech control), energy flow and power status indicator of the electric drive, climate control (for driver and rear seating space), taxi radio and telephone, clock time and online data showing a regional events calendar and weather data. The driver can call up the menu interfaces for basic functions in just seconds by shifting the application pages up or down on the touchscreen.
In addition, taxi drivers can load their personal applications and customise the sequence of functions in the display. A clever feature: The instrument cluster in front of the driver (including speedometer, odometer and navigation instruments) is networked with the touchscreen on the centre console. Up to four functional modules may be "moved" to the instrument cluster by a simple stroke movement of the fingers, so that they can be visualised there in a smaller form.
The driver sits in a specially customised space. Its ergonomics are designed for a long work day with a sport seat and an armrest integrated in the stationary seat border (separating the driver's space from the rear and luggage spaces). Located in front of this are the multifunction switch for the engine (Start/Stop) and gearbox control (D, N, R).
Driving emissions-free
The Milano Taxi, with its top speed of 120 km/h is driven by an electric motor with a peak power of 85 kW (continuous power: 50 kW). The motor is supplied with energy via a lithium-ion battery integrated in the concept car's underbody. Thanks to the implemented battery storage capacity of 45 Kilowatt-hours (kWh) and the relatively low vehicle weight (1,500 kilograms), despite the battery, it is possible to cover distances of up to 300 kilometres (per NEDC) depending on driving style. The storage battery can readily be recharged to up to 80 percent of its total capacity in just over one hour, the exact time depending on the available recharging infrastructure and battery's momentary charge state.
2013 Volkswagen Milano Taxi
The 2013 Volkswagen Milano Taxi is an electric vehicle that is part of the German automaker's plan to revolutionise public mobility in urban areas.


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Council to Review Reduced Courthouse Construction Cost Recommendations
Contact: Leanne Kozak, 916-263-2838
April 19, 2012
Judicial Council to Review Recommendations to Reduce Courthouse Construction Costs
Public Meeting Next Week in San Francisco
SAN FRANCISCO—The Judicial Council of California will review recommendations to reassess 13 court construction projects at a public business meeting April 24th, 2012. The meeting will be held from 10:30 a.m. to 3:00 p.m. in the Judicial Council Conference Center, Hiram Johnson State Office Building, Third Floor, Ronald M. George State Office Complex, 455 Golden Gate Avenue, San Francisco.
Chaired by Chief Justice Tani Cantil-Sakauye, the council is the administrative policymaking body of the California courts. A live audiocast will be on the California Courts website. The complete agenda and reports for the meeting will be posted on the Judicial Council meetings web page.
Justice Brad Hill, chair of the Court Facilities Working Group, and Justice Jeffrey W. Johnson, chair of the Courthouse Cost Reduction Subcommittee of the Court Facilities Working Group, will present recommendations to reassess the courthouse projects with a goal of significantly lowering their costs and to continue with 25 active projects funded under Senate Bill 1407 but with other cost reductions.
Other council agenda items include:
Audit Report for Mono Superior Court: The Advisory Committee on Financial Accountability and Efficiency for the Judicial Branch and the Administrative Office of the Courts will recommend that the council accept the audit report for the Superior Court of Mono County. If accepted, the audit report will be placed on the California Courts public website for public access.
Judicial Branch Contracting Manual: The council will also consider adopting proposed revisions to the Judicial Branch Contracting Manual based on comments received since December 13, 2011, and will consider directing staff to report in August 2012 about further revisions to the manual. The proposed revisions would make the manual more effective and workable for judicial branch entities in their procurement and contracting activities.
Security and Operational Funding for El Dorado Superior Court: The council will consider four options for funding one-time and ongoing operational and security for the remodeled El Dorado Superior Court juvenile facility that is expected to open on June 11, 2012. The council previously approved funding for this facility, but it has taken longer than expected for the work to be completed.
Update on Technology Activities: Judge James E. Herman, chair of the CCMS Internal Committee will provide the council with an update on technology activities. No action is required.


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A fresh design for one of the most popular items on our page! The added sleeves not only give you that extra bit of warmth but also gives the dress a more elegant edge. Have fun being your own personal fashion designer and create a unique piece that is your own.
Attention: Due to bleeding and fabric stretch, the previewed image is only an approximated display of the final product.


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tour with Pinterest
Rubina Ramesh
All She wanted was love...
Shefali is a die-hard romantic. Having lost her parents at a very tender age, she is in search of a place which she can call home. Her passion for Art lands her a job as an art curator to the famous artifacts of the Ranaut Dynasty. When she meets the scion, Aryan Ranaut, she feels that her dream might come true until…
All He wanted was to trust…
Living the life of a modern day Prince is no easy task for the young and dashing Aryan Ranaut. Having lost his father to a rapacious woman, Aryan has severe trust issues. But upon meeting Shefali, he feels he could let down his guard. Until…
All They need is to find The Angel…
Just as Aryan realizes his love for Shefali, one of the most precious artifacts, The Angel, goes missing from the Ranaut collection. All fingers point towards Shefali—more so because she leaves the palace without telling anyone on the very night of the theft.
Finding the Angel is a story where duty clashes with love and lack of trust overrides passion. Under these circumstances, can The Angel bring the star-crossed lovers together?
Click here to read my review of #FindingtheAngel
Grab your copy @
Grab your copy @
Amazon.com.au | Amazon.ca
Follow the tour of Finding The Angel on Pinterest
Follow the tour of Finding The Angel on Pinterest
About the author
Rubina Ramesh is an avid reader, writer, blogger, book reviewer, and marketer. She is the founder of The Book Club, an online book publicity group. Her first literary work was published in her school magazine. It gave her immense pride to see her own name at the bottom of the article. She was about 8 years old at that time. She then went to complete her MBA and after her marriage to her childhood friend, her travel saga started. From The Netherlands to the British Isles she lived her life like an adventure. After a short stint in Malaysia, she finally settled down in the desert state of USA, Arizona. Living with her DH and two human kids and one doggie kid, Rubina has finally started living the life she had always dreamed about – that of a writer.
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text: To "bring thought and creativity to everyday items through original design," is how Umbra describes its mission. With their range of aesthetically astounding designs and the sheer quantity of awards they've received in the last 30 years, it's clear they've succeeded. Both practical and playful, their selection of home decor is perfect for adding personality to any place.


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Young people aged 15 to 17 years in the Netherlands say they have little interest in politics. Once they are entitled to vote when they turn 18, they do start to find politics more interesting. At the same time, young people place a great deal of faith in politicians, more so than the older generations.Read publication
In 2017/'18, more girls than boys in the third year of secondary education were studying at a higher level than recommended by their primary school.Read publication
Slightly over half of Dutch young people between the ages of 15 and 24 occasionally do volunteer work. More than half are also active in associations.Read publication
In 2017, more than half of all children aged 4 to 11 complied with the standards for physical activity as set by the Health Council of the Netherlands. Almost two-thirds were taking part in sports at least once per week.Read publication
In 2017, disrespectful behaviour was encountered relatively most often by women between the ages of 18 and 24 years; 33 percent experienced such behaviour on the street and 22 percent did so in public transport.Read publication
In 2017, 29 percent of 18 to 24-year-olds were addicted to social media in their own view, up from 19 percent in 2015. The share of 25-year-olds who consider themselves addicted is relatively lower.Read publication
A very large majority of Dutch 18 to 24-year-olds are satisfied with their lives in general and with their social lives in particular: around 85 percent in 2016. Young adults who are currently enrolled in or who have completed higher education are often more positive than their lower educated peers.Read publication
Fewer young, highly educated people have completed technical studies compared to ten years ago. Among these engineering graduates, the number of men is four times as high as the number of women. According to Statistics Netherlands, nearly 30 percent of female and almost half of male engineering graduates start working in technical occupations.Read publication
In 2014, 73 thousand young people between the ages of 12 and 25 (2.4 percent of the total youth population) were registered as suspects of a criminal offence. This is a decline of 43 percent since 2007. One third of all registered suspects in 2014 were young, down from 39 percent in 2007.Read publication
Between 2010 and 2014, over 14 percent of young Dutch between the ages of 12 and 20 were smoking. This percentage is particularly high in the north of the Netherlands. The share of young people smoking is highest in the province of Drenthe (19 percent), followed by the province of Groningen and the northern Netherlands region, each with 18 percent. The lowest share of smokers aged 12 to 20 is found in the middle region of the country. The municipal health care regions of Amsterdam, Utrecht and the Gooi- en Vecht area report a percentage share of 11 percent young smokers.Read publication


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WASHINGTON (CNS) — Today's "economic and political forces have led to increasingly lowered economic prospects for Americans without access to higher education, which is having a direct impact on family health and stability," said Archbishop Thomas G. Wenski of Miami.
He made the comments as the author of this year's Labor Day statement from the U.S. bishops.
Linking the decline in good jobs to family woes, Archbishop Wenski said, "Over half of parents between the ages of 26 and 31 now have children outside of a marriage, and research shows a major factor is the lack of middle-skill jobs — careers by which someone can sustain a family above the poverty line without a college degree — in regions with high income inequality."
The statement, dated Sept. 5, Labor Day, was released Aug. 22. Archbishop Wenski is chairman of the U.S. bishops' Committee on Domestic Justice and Human Development.
"Divorce rates and the rate of single-parent households break down along similar educational and economic lines," he continued. "Financial concerns and breakdowns in family life can lead to a sense of hopelessness and despair. The Rust Belt region now appears to have the highest concentration in the nation of drug-related deaths, including from overdoses of heroin and prescription drugs."
Archbishop Wenski quoted from Pope Francis' address to Congress during the pope's U.S. visit last September: "I would like to call attention to those family members who are the most vulnerable, the young. For many of them, a future filled with countless possibilities beckons, yet so many others seem disoriented and aimless, trapped in a hopeless maze of violence, abuse and despair. Their problems are our problems. We cannot avoid them."
The pope added, "We live in a culture which pressures young people not to start a family, because they lack possibilities for the future. Yet this same culture presents others with so many options that they too are dissuaded from starting a family."
Archbishop Wenski said, "When our leaders ought to be calling us toward a vision of the common good that lifts the human spirit and seeks to soothe our tendencies toward fear, we find our insecurities exploited as a means to further partisan agendas. Our leaders must never use anxiety as a means to manipulate persons in desperate situations, or to pit one group of persons against another for political gain."
In touting the "sanctity of work," Archbishop Wenski said, "Dignified work is at the heart of our efforts because we draw insight into who we are as human beings from it." St, John Paul II, in his encyclical "Laborem Exercens" ("On Human Work"), "reminded us that human labor is an essential key to understanding our social relationships, vital to family formation and the building up of community according to our God-given dignity," the archbishop added.
"As we engage with our neighbors and our communities, we quickly find ways to deepen solidarity in a broader way, and to act on the structures and policies that impact meaningful work and family stability," Archbishop Wenski said.
"Simply put, we must advocate for jobs and wages that truly provide a dignified life for individuals and their families, and for working conditions that are safe and allow for a full flourishing of life outside of the workplace," he added. "Unions and worker associations, while imperfect, remain an essential part of the effort, and people of faith and goodwill can be powerful leaven to ensure that these groups, so important in society, continue to keep human dignity at the heart of their efforts."
And "if you are an employer, you are called to respect the dignity of your workers through a just wage and working conditions that allow for a secure family life," Archbishop Wenski said.
"With time, we will begin to restore a sense of hope and lasting change that places our economic and political systems at the service of the human person once more."
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One Response
A good place to start would be a recognition that our present educational system is poorly designed to educate and train people for lifelong success. While no one likes high property taxes to support schools the US must recognize that older people and young people need lifelong learning to achieve decent incomes if we want families to survive. Fast food jobs should be a stepping stone to better paying and more demanding and challenging jobs that pay more. Higher education costs need to be brought down.


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Marijuana has been used for centuries to relieve pain, improve mood and increase appetite. Outlawed in the United States in 1937, its social use continues to increase and public opinion is swinging in favor of the medicinal use of marijuana. There are an estimated 17.4 million current users of marijuana in the United States. Approximately 4.6 million of these users smoke marijuana daily or almost daily. A synthetic form of its active ingredient, tetrahydrocannabinol, commonly known as THC, has already been approved to treat side-effects of chemotherapy, AIDS-induced anorexia, nausea, and other medical conditions. With the recent legalization of recreational marijuana in two states and the legalization of medical marijuana in 19 states and the District of Columbia, physicians will increasingly encounter marijuana use among their patient populations.
A multicenter research team analyzed data obtained during the National Health and Nutrition Survey (NHANES) between 2005 and 2010. They studied data from 4,657 patients who completed a drug use questionnaire. Of these, 579 were current marijuana users, 1,975 had used marijuana in the past but were not current users, and 2,103 had never inhaled or ingested marijuana. Fasting insulin and glucose were measured via blood samples following a nine hour fast, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated to evaluate insulin resistance.
Participants who reported using marijuana in the past month had lower levels of fasting insulin and HOMA-IR and higher levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). These associations were weaker among those who reported using marijuana at least once, but not in the past thirty days, suggesting that the impact of marijuana use on insulin and insulin resistance exists during periods of recent use. Current users had 16% lower fasting insulin levels than participants who reported never having used marijuana in their lifetimes.
Large waist circumference is linked to diabetes risk. In the current study there were also significant associations between marijuana use and smaller waist circumferences.
"Previous epidemiologic studies have found lower prevalence rates of obesity and diabetes mellitus in marijuana users compared to people who have never used marijuana, suggesting a relationship between cannabinoids and peripheral metabolic processes, but ours is the first study to investigate the relationship between marijuana use and fasting insulin, glucose, and insulin resistance," says lead investigator Murray A. Mittleman, MD, DrPH, of the Cardiovascular Epidemiology Research Unit at the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston.
"It is possible that the inverse association in fasting insulin levels and insulin resistance seen among current marijuana users could be in part due to changes in usage patterns among those with a diagnosis of diabetes (i.e., those with diabetes may have been told to cease smoking). However, after we excluded those subjects with a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus, the associations between marijuana use and insulin levels, HOMA-IR, waist circumference, and HDL-C were similar and remained statistically significant," states Elizabeth Penner, MD, MPH, an author of the study.
Although people who smoke marijuana have higher average caloric intake levels than non-users, marijuana use has been associated with lower body-mass index (BMI) in two previous surveys. "The mechanisms underlying this paradox have not been determined and the impact of regular marijuana use on insulin resistance and cardiometabolic risk factors remains unknown," says coauthor Hannah Buettner.
The investigators acknowledge that data on marijuana use were self-reported and may be subject to underestimation or denial of illicit drug use. However, they point out, underestimation of drug use would likely yield results biased toward observing no association.
Editor-in-Chief Joseph S. Alpert, MD, Professor of Medicine at the University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, comments, "These are indeed remarkable observations that are supported, as the authors note, by basic science experiments that came to similar conclusions.
"We desperately need a great deal more basic and clinical research into the short- and long-term effects of marijuana in a variety of clinical settings such as cancer, diabetes, and frailty of the elderly," continues Alpert." I would like to call on the NIH and the DEA to collaborate in developing policies to implement solid scientific investigations that would lead to information assisting physicians in the proper use and prescription of THC in its synthetic or herbal form."


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Now that I have entered the ranks of the smart phone users, I see how irritating it is to try to read this blog on an Android. Luckily, blogspot has custom templates for mobile devices. It's activated now, so go ahead and read us on your phone, and you shouldn't have to twiddle your fingers quite so much.
Thursday, March 31, 2011
This blog is now mobile friendly
15 comments:
Ach, that might as well be written in Sanskrit for all the sense I can make of it. How I miss wax tablets.ReplyDelete
Oh, wow. Thanks Russell. Had I known about this I'd have done it ages ago. Big improvement in readability.ReplyDelete
Meh, thats what RSS readers are for. I use to use newsrob as it synced to google reader, but the google reader mobile site is pretty nice and the android app is really good as well.ReplyDelete
(as a plus RSS readers will sync and allow for offline viewing if you happen to be in a bad reception area without wifi)
Cool! Does it work as well with iPod?ReplyDelete
It apears its not working for Brazilian Nokia!ReplyDelete
This is a large improvement on my DX, one that I've really been hoping for - it was a nightmare trying to read posts before.ReplyDelete
I don't get it. I read the blog in my Android HTC Desire and it always came in a collumn, screen-wide, that you only scrolled down to read. If you changed the text size, the text would rearrange itself so that it woud still be in a single column screen-wide. What was irritating? Btw for some reason i still get the normal page instead of the mobileReplyDelete
Of course you do it AFTER the Ray Comfort ep...ReplyDelete
- Anonymous3/31/2011 11:11 PM
come see the LAST!ReplyDelete
Cool! God can read it on his iPhone...ReplyDelete
"I refuse to prove that I exist," says God, "for proof denies faith, and without faith I am nothing."
"But," says Steve Jobs, "the iPhone is a dead giveaway isn't it? It could not have evolved by chance. It proves you exist, and so therefore, by your own arguments, you don't. QED."
"Oh dear," says God, "I hadn't thought of that," and promptly vanishes in a puff of logic."
(With lots and lots and lots of apologies to Douglas Adams and most of the human race. What am I drinking, tonight? :-) )
- Anonymous3/31/2011 11:35 PM
come see the LAST!ReplyDelete
Thank you, thank you, thank you.ReplyDelete
Can I activate just such a template on my blog without messing with the custom HTL I have employed?ReplyDelete
Thanks Martin.ReplyDelete
I appreciate it!
I still don't see the difference... :-(ReplyDelete
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The Supervisors want to retain some control over the agency or the split or the functions before granting independence from Alameda County.
The separation was started last year by State Senator Mark DeSaulnier in SB1337. The bill would have made Zone 7 an independent District instead of a branch of the Alameda County Flood Control and Water Conservation District. Supervisors Haggerty and Miley objected to DeSaulnier's Bill in a letter to Zone 7 last June.
"We also strongly feel that a matter such as the proposed separation should include local citizen input which the LAFCo process provides. To bypass the LAFCo process in favor of special legislation takes the matter out of the hands of the local community and makes the decision a state-wide matter." As a result of their opposition to SB1337, Senator DeSaulnier put SB1337on hold.
LAFCO's (Local Agency Formation Commissions) are organized by County, so there is a Contra Costa County LAFCO and an Alameda County LAFCO.
Surprise! Haggerty and Miley are both on the Alameda County LAFCO, along with Supervisor Wilma Chan as an alternate; so essentially Haggerty and Miley want to continue their input into the separation process via their roles on the Alameda County LAFCO.
The Contra Costa County LAFCO is composed of Supervisor Federal Glover, who represents Northern Contra Costa County, and Mary Piepho, our previous County Supervisor. Candace Andersen, our current County Supervisor, is the Alternate. This should make for some interesting cross-County positions on the separation.
The tug of war is over flood control. Zone 7 wants to keep doing it, but Supervisors Haggerty and Miley want Alameda County to keep it. I've been told there's money in flood control. According to the Zone 7 website, flood control is paid for out of property taxes with development fees going to a flood control expansion fund. In addition, Zone 7 reclaims some of the water from flood control to recharge ground water.
In a reply to my blog on [Zone 7 Needs You, Bill Williams (a resident of Dublin) wrote, "Splitting these duties between two entities would only muttle (sic) things and raise the cost, while lowering the quality of services." I don't know who Bill Williams is, but this supported what was presented at the meeting last August. This meeting was to assure employees that the separation would not affect their employment. A small group of eight or ten employees opposed the separation, but they were in the minority.
At the end of the Supervisor's Committee meeting on Tuesday night, Supervisor Haggerty made a cryptic reference to a group of people he was expecting who did not show up. He said the meeting was promoted well and "I waited to hear from the people affected and they are not here. They did not show up."
It appeared he was expecting some opposition, which didn't materialize. Haggerty claimed his office received a call saying that the Zone 7 employees had been discouraged from coming to this public meeting. He asked how many people in the audience work at Zone 7 and quite a few stood up. Two employees said they supported the separation. One said he was not discouraged from attending the meeting.
If this meeting was promoted well to a specific group, it wasn't to the general public. I was tipped off to it by a friend at DSRSD and she hardly knew any of the details. I had to dig for the location and time the meeting started. I was originally told it would be at Zone 7 at 7 pm, but it was at 6 pm at the Alameda County Public Works building in Dublin, which I never even knew existed.
I was surprised by the size of the audience. I counted 20 before the start of the meeting and more arrived later. Dolores Ciardelli wrote a detailed story on the home page about who was there and what was said.
The issue they all agreed on was making sure residents of Dougherty Valley are able to vote in Zone 7 elections. "We need to make sure San Ramon gets a seat on the board." That sounds like the Supervisors want Directors elected by District rather than at large. This would assure that San Ramon gets at least one seat on the Board. It took ten years for San Ramon to win a seat back on DSRSD, so I would certainly support dividing up the Zone 7 board by district for true "Local Control."