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Respondent, employer, was charged with an unfair labor practice for inaugurating a premium pay plan during the term of a collective bargaining agreement without prior consultation with the union representing its employees, in violation of 8 (a) (5) and (1) of the National Labor Relations Act. The NLRB issued a cease-and-desist order, rejecting respondent's claim that its action was authorized by a provision of the agreement. The agreement provided for grievance machinery but not for arbitration. The Court of Appeals refused to enforce the order, reasoning that a contract provision which "arguably" allowed respondent to institute the premium pay plan divested the NLRB of jurisdiction to entertain the unfair labor practice charge. Held:
Daniel M. Friedman argued the cause for petitioner. On the brief were Solicitor General Marshall, Arnold Ordman, Dominick L. Manoli, Norton J. Come and Lawrence M. Joseph.
George J. Tichy argued the cause and filed a brief for respondent. [385 U.S. 421, 422]
MR. JUSTICE STEWART delivered the opinion of the Court.
The respondent employer was brought before the National Labor Relations Board to answer a complaint that its inauguration of a premium pay plan during the term of a collective agreement, without prior consultation with the union representing its employees, violated the duties imposed by 8 (a) (5) and (1) of the National Labor Relations Act. 1 The Board issued a cease-and-desist order, rejecting the claim that the respondent's action was authorized by the collective agreement. 2 The Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit refused, however, to enforce the Board's order. It reasoned that a provision in the agreement between the union and the employer, which "arguably" allowed the employer to institute the premium pay plan, divested the Board of jurisdiction to entertain the union's unfair labor practice charge. 351 F.2d 224. We granted certiorari to consider a substantial question of federal labor law. 384 U.S. 903 .
In August 1962, the Plywood, Lumber, and Saw Mill Workers Local No. 2405 was certified as the bargaining representative of the respondent's production and maintenance employees. The agreement which resulted from collective bargaining contained the following provision:
Less than three weeks after this agreement was signed. the respondent posted a notice that all members of the [385 U.S. 421, 424] "glue spreader" crews would be paid $2.50 per hour if their crews met specified biweekly (and later weekly) production standards, although under the "classified wage scale" referred to in the above quoted Art. XVII of the agreement, the members of these crews were to be paid hourly wages ranging from $2.15 to $2.29, depending upon their function within the crew. 5 When the union learned of this premium pay plan through one of its members, it immediately asked for a conference with the respondent. During the meetings between the parties which followed this request, the employer indicated a willingness to discuss the terms of the plan, but refused to rescind it pending those discussions.
It was this refusal which prompted the union to charge the respondent with an unfair labor practice in violation of 8 (a) (5) and (1). The trial examiner found that the respondent had instituted the premium pay program in good-faith reliance upon the right reserved to it in the collective agreement. He, therefore, dismissed the complaint. The Board reversed. Giving consideration to the history of negotiations between the parties, 6 as well as the express provisions of the collective [385 U.S. 421, 425] agreement, the Board ruled the union had not ceded power to the employer unilaterally to change the wage system as it had. For while the agreement specified different hourly pay for different members of the glue spreader crews and allowed for merit increases for "particular employee[s]," the employer had placed all the members of these crews on the same wage scale and had made it a function of the production output of the crew as a whole.
In refusing to enforce the Board's order, the Court of Appeals did not decide that the premium pay provision of the labor agreement had been misinterpreted by the Board. Instead, it held the Board did not have jurisdiction to find the respondent had violated 8 (a) of the Labor Act, because the "existence . . . of an unfair labor practice [did] not turn entirely upon the provisions of the Act, but arguably upon a good-faith dispute as to the correct meaning of the provisions of the collective bargaining agreement . . . ." 351 F.2d, at 228.
The respondent does not question the proposition that an employer may not unilaterally institute merit increases during the term of a collective agreement unless some provision of the contract authorizes him to do so. See Labor Board v. J. H. Allison & Co., 165 F.2d 766 (C. A. 6th Cir.), cert. denied, 335 U.S. 814 . Cf. Beacon Piece Dyeing Co., 121 N. L. R. B. 953 (1958). 7 The argument is, rather, that since the contract contained a provision which might have allowed the respondent to institute the wage plan in question, the Board was powerless to determine whether that provision did authorize [385 U.S. 421, 426] the respondent's action, because the question was one for a state or federal court under 301 of the Act. 8
In evaluating this contention, it is important first to point out that the collective bargaining agreement contained no arbitration clause. 9 The contract did provide grievance procedures, but the end result of those procedures, if differences between the parties remained unresolved, was economic warfare, not "the therapy of arbitration." Carey v. Westinghouse Corp., 375 U.S. 261, 272 . Thus, the Board's action in this case was in no way inconsistent with its previous recognition of arbitration as "an instrument of national labor policy for composing contractual differences." International Harvester Co., 138 N. L. R. B. 923, 926 (1962), aff'd sub nom. Ramsey v. Labor Board, 327 F.2d 784 (C. A. 7th Cir.), cert. denied, 377 U.S. 1003 . 10
The respondent's argument rests primarily upon the legislative history of the 1947 amendments to the National [385 U.S. 421, 427] Labor Relations Act. It is said that the rejection by Congress of a bill which would have given the Board unfair labor practice jurisdiction over all breaches of collective bargaining agreements shows that the Board is without power to decide any case involving the interpretation of a labor contract. We do not draw that inference from this legislative history.
When Congress determined that the Board should not have general jurisdiction over all alleged violations of collective bargaining agreements 11 and that such matters should be placed within the jurisdiction of the courts, 12 it was acting upon a principle which this Court had already recognized:
But in this case the Board has not construed a labor agreement to determine the extent of the contractual rights which were given the union by the employer. It has not imposed its own view of what the terms and conditions of the labor agreement should be. It has done no more than merely enforce a statutory right which Congress considered necessary to allow labor and management to get on with the process of reaching fair terms and conditions of employment - "to provide a means by which agreement may be reached." The Board's interpretation went only so far as was necessary to determine that the union did not agree to give up these statutory safeguards. Thus, the Board, in necessarily construing a labor agreement to decide this unfair labor practice case, has not exceeded the jurisdiction laid out for it by Congress.
This conclusion is reinforced by previous judicial recognition that a contractual defense does not divest the Labor Board of jurisdiction. For example, in Mastro Plastics Corp. v. Labor Board, 350 U.S. 270 , the legality of an employer's refusal to reinstate strikers was based upon the Board's construction of a "no strike" clause in the labor agreement, which the employer contended allowed it to refuse to take back workers who had walked out in protest over its unfair labor practice. The strikers applied to the Board for reinstatement and back [385 U.S. 421, 429] pay. In giving the requested relief, the Board was forced to construe the scope of the "no strike" clause. This Court, in affirming, stressed that the whole case turned "upon the proper interpretation of the particular contract . . . ." 350 U.S., at 279 . Thus, Mastro Plastics stands squarely against the respondent's theory as to the Board's lack of power in the present case. 14
If the Board in a case like this had no jurisdiction to consider a collective agreement prior to an authoritative construction by the courts, labor organizations would face inordinate delays in obtaining vindication of their statutory rights. Where, as here, the parties have not provided for arbitration, the union would have to institute a court action to determine the applicability of the premium pay provision of the collective bargaining agreement. 15 If it succeeded in court, the union would then [385 U.S. 421, 430] have to go back to the Labor Board to begin an unfair labor practice proceeding. It is not unlikely that this would add years to the already lengthy period required to gain relief from the Board. 16 Congress cannot have intended to place such obstacles in the way of the Board's effective enforcement of statutory duties. For in the labor field, as in few others, time is crucially important in obtaining relief. Amalgamated Clothing Workers v. Richman Bros. Co., 348 U.S. 511, 526 (dissenting opinion).
The legislative history of the Labor Act, the precedents interpreting it, and the interest of its efficient administration thus all lead to the conclusion that the Board had jurisdiction to deal with the unfair labor practice charge in this case. We hold that the Court of Appeals was in error in deciding to the contrary.
The remaining question, not reached by the Court of Appeals, is whether the Board was wrong in concluding that the contested provision in the collective agreement gave the respondent no unilateral right to institute its premium pay plan. In reaching this conclusion, the Board relied upon its experience with labor relations and the Act's clear emphasis upon the protection of free collective bargaining. We cannot disapprove of the Board's approach. For the law of labor agreements cannot be based upon abstract definitions unrelated to the context in which the parties bargained and the basic regulatory scheme underlying that context. See Cox, The Legal Nature of Collective Bargaining Agreements, 57 Mich. L. Rev. 1 (1958). Nor can we say that the Board was [385 U.S. 421, 431] wrong in holding that the union had not forgone its statutory right to bargain about the pay plan inaugurated by the respondent. For the disputed contract provision referred to increases for "particular employee[s]," not groups of workers. And there was nothing in it to suggest that the carefully worked out wage differentials for various members of the glue spreader crew could be invalidated by the respondent's decision to pay all members of the crew the same wage. 17
The judgment is accordingly reversed and the case is remanded to the Court of Appeals with directions to enforce the Board's order.
[ Footnote 2 ] The NLRB's order directed respondent to bargain with the union upon the latter's request and similarly to rescind any payment plan which it had unilaterally instituted.
[ Footnote 3 ] "Article XVII
[ Footnote 4 ] "Article XIX
[ Footnote 5 ] Workers in the three job classifications composing the glue spreader crews were to receive the following wages:
[ Footnote 6 ] The trial examiner found that "quite some time prior" to the execution of the contract, the respondent's general manager had proposed an "incentive bonus system" within the department where the glue spreader crews worked. The union's representative, however, declared that the union would not agree to such a plan. Sometime later in the negotiations, the respondent again made reference to the fact that it was "giving thought" to incentive pay, but the trial examiner was unable to conclude that this reference was related to the premium pay provision that eventually appeared in the contract.
[ Footnote 7 ] For illustrations of the limited discretion which the Labor Act allows employers concerning the wages of employees represented by certified unions, see Labor Board v. Katz, 369 U.S. 736 ; Labor Board v. Crompton-Highland Mills, Inc., 337 U.S. 217 .
[ Footnote 8 ] 301, Labor Management Relations Act, 1947, 61 Stat. 156, 29 U.S.C. 185.
[ Footnote 9 ] The Court of Appeals in this case relied upon its previous decision in Square D Co. v. Labor Board, 332 F.2d 360. But Square D involved a collective agreement that provided for arbitration. See Note, Use of an Arbitration Clause, 41 Ind. L. J. 455, 469 (1966).
[ Footnote 10 ] See also Cloverleaf Div. of Adams Dairy Co., 147 N. L. R. B. 1410, 1416 (1964), where the Board made the following observation to justify, in part, its decision to construe a labor contract in the course of an unfair labor practice proceeding:
[ Footnote 11 ] An earlier version of the Senate bill contained the following provision:
[ Footnote 12 ] 301, Labor Management Relations Act, 1947, 61 Stat. 156, 29 U.S.C. 185.
[ Footnote 13 ] Congress was also concerned with the possibility of conflicting decisions that would result from placing all questions of contract interpretation before both the Board and the courts. See 93 Cong. Rec. 4033, 2 Legis. History of LMRA 1043 (remarks of Senator Murray); 93 Cong. Rec. 6443, 2 Legis. History of LMRA 1539. But such a possibility does not arise in a case like the present one, since courts have no jurisdiction to enforce the union's statutory rights under 8 (a) (5) and (1).
[ Footnote 14 ] In Mastro Plastics Corp. v. Labor Board, 350 U.S. 270 , the employer was charged with a violation of 8 (a) (1), (2) and (3), and not with a failure to bargain. But nothing is suggested that would justify distinguishing the case on that ground.
[ Footnote 15 ] The precise nature of the union's case in court is not readily apparent. If damages for breach of contract were sought, the union would have difficulty in establishing the amount of injury caused by respondent's action. For the real injury in this case is to the union's status as bargaining representative, and it would be difficult to translate such damage into dollars and cents. If an injunction were sought to vindicate the union's contractual rights, the problem of the applicability of the Norris-LaGuardia Act would have to be faced. A federal injunction issuing from a court with 301 jurisdiction might be barred by 7 of that Act. See International Union of Electrical Workers v. General Electric Co., 341 F.2d 571 (C. A. 2d Cir.); Local No. 861 v. Stone & Webster Corp., 163 F. Supp. 894 (D.C. W. D. La.). Cf. Sinclair Refining Co. v. Atkinson, 370 U.S. 195 ; Publishers' Assn. v. New York Mailers' Union, 317 F.2d 624 (C. A. 2d Cir.), cert. granted, 375 U.S. 901 , judgment vacated in part for dismissal as moot, 376 U.S. 775 . Whether a state injunction might be similarly barred in suits governed by federal labor law, Teamsters Local v. Lucas Flour Co., 369 U.S. 95 , is an [385 U.S. 421, 430] open question. See Charles Dowd Box Co. v. Courtney, 368 U.S. 502, 514 , n. 8. Thus, it may be that the only remedy in court which would be available to the union would be a suit for a declaratory judgment, assuming such a suit in these circumstances would be maintainable under state or federal law.
[ Footnote 16 ] The instant charge, for example, was filed July 31, 1963.
[ Footnote 17 ] The respondent points to two other labor contracts in its area to support its version of the provision here in question, but those agreements, even if relevant, fall short of substantiating its position. In one, a premium was paid to members of two-man crews who accomplished prescribed production goals. But the respondent does not show that this premium leveled a wage differential set up by the collective bargaining agreement. In the other, a lumber company's head sawyer received an hourly bonus if the plant exceeded a certain monthly output. [385 U.S. 421, 432]
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Citation: 385 U.S. 421
Docket No: No. 53
Argued: November 15, 1966
Decided: January 09, 1967
Court: United States Supreme Court
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text:
Film Noir is a genre of "life in the shadows" movies that became popular in America during
the uncertain times of World War II. Westerns have remained a shorthand for the American
psyche with their sullen outsiders with a personal code of honor bucking the system.
Samurai films mirror the lone avenger protagonist, but set against a longing for a lost
society of incorruptible values. Now and again a notable contemporary noir or western or
samurai film emerges with little fanfare amidst all the commercial cacophony of the louder,
bolder, more spectacular action films that rule today's box office. One such gem of film
blending all three genres flashed out of the shadows briefly in 2011. It's called "Drive"
and I think it is the greatest artistic achievement of the past year.
The artworks for the two or three "Drive" posters show the eyes of a man looking in the rearview
mirror or a young man's back clothed in a flashy motorcycle jacket emblazoned with a scorpion
design. Got it. I looked forward to a cool stunts-filled chase movie. What I got was something
far more. Because sometimes the movie' poster is more than a tease – sometimes the poster indicates
a portal to be passed through – in this case into the darkness and pain that drives one man's bleak
existence, and into the deep recesses of memory and loss and flickering hope that serve as the "drive"
to all our lives. The word drive on the poster had a different definition than the one you presumed
as you walked into the theatre. "Drive" captures the desire to find life worth living in even the
direst circumstances like no other recent film I can quickly bring to mind.
While "Drive" might be likened to recent paeans to nihilistic violence as a response to our
stagnating, stupefying times – films such as "American Psycho" and "Fight Club" – it has a real
core humanity and heart missing from those stylishly cynical films. Where those films seek to
shock, "Drive" and the Driver himself simply seeks to survive, to find a way out, to live. There
is the already "instant classic" "scene in the elevator" that perfectly arcs from the fatalistic
melancholy of a doomed romantic love to the most brutal violence so brilliantly fitting that you
will never get it out of your head. It is the pivot encapsulating the soul of the film that is
both so beautiful and yet so horrible that it blows away any single scene of any other movie shot
recently. Talk about your "zero to sixty in under four seconds"...
The Driver by ~Bilou020285
Being perhaps emblematic of a force of nature just trying to
keep pushing forward. The character, played with effective understatement by Ryan Gosling, evokes
the silent hero who does not volunteer; his valor is in "sticking" despite danger, or in returning
to protect innocents or comrades in harm's way – very much like Clint Eastwood's "Man with No Name"
in Sergio Leone's spaghetti westerns or Han Solo in "Star Wars". There is a moral code underneath
all of that pain driven by a reverence in protection of the innocent rather than the usual imperative
of self interest.
Director Nicolas Refn frames the scenes of the story in a detached "observational" manner that makes them even
more starkly effective than any standard gritty "shaky-cam" treatment might achieve. His forensic POV calls
to mind such Stanley Kubrick classics as "The Killing" and "A Clockwork Orange". The ability to adapt stories
from exceptional original source material, like James Sallis's novella, is an art seemingly becoming lost with
so many of today's high-power directors shooting their own original screenplays. It as much a talent to be able to
"illuminate" an already great work of art to produce an equally or possibly even greater work of art as it is
to be an auteur of a singular vision. I hope Refn goes on to be our next Kubrick and decides to frame the
greatest novels of our time. Judging by this, he has a real shot.
The other unexpectedly magical ingredient running through this is film is the Bernie Rose character played by
Albert Brooks. He is brilliantly portrayed as a monster who's self awareness of the banality of his day to day
necessary cruelties has long since numbed him to taking any pleasure in being a gangster. He expresses not so much
as even a glimmer of self-satisfaction in the expert efficiency with which he eliminates human obstacles. The
scene in which he suddenly slices open the arm of a long time associate, then immediately, gently reassures his
victim that the worst is over and there would be no more pain in his imminent death aptly illustrates the boredom
of a killer long overdue for retirement.
Actor Gosling, screenwriter Hossein Amini and director Refn have managed to inject passion into a brilliant yet purposely
airless novella in such a way as to create a film burning from end to end with a compressed fire to light the darkest noir.
It is remarkable on every level. It will be initially lost amidst the crush of "bigger" entries. It is also destined to be one
of those movies that is "rediscovered" again and again, generation after generation, for years to come.
This article is also a call to the Film community here on dA to ask for your thoughts, input, and opinions on what types
of subject matter and articles you would like to see me focus on this year. I am going to begin with a feature dedicated
to Movie poster artists here on dA as a first step but I would love to hear feedback on where to take it from there. Are
there any deviants in the Film community that you feel I must interview as soon as possible?
- Which do you think is more important: the technical action sequences and general art design of a film? the quality of the writing, direction and acting? or the vision of "human truth" interwoven with the plot and action?
- Do you like it when "action films" turn out to have a powerful dramatic "message" as well? Or do you think this is an unnecessary distraction from what should be sheer "meaningless" entertainment?
- What are the "action" films you watched just to have some fun – but were unexpectedly greatly moved by, emotionally or intellectually?
- What were your favorite films of 2011?

subset: commoncrawl


text:
A military airplane with 21 people aboard was lost over Chile's sea this weekend. It disappeared from radar and the authorities didn't know where it crashed. Surprisingly, they started to recover their bodies thanks to Apple's Find My iPhone feature.
Remains from the CASA 212 from Chile's Air Force were found floating in the sea near Tierra Banca and Playa Larga, in a zone between the islands of Robinson Crusoe and Santa Clara, and Juan Fernández airport.
The crash point was located thanks to one of the victims' relatives. The victim had an active iPhone at the time of the crash. Presumably out of desperation, the relative tried the Find My iPhone feature that Apple offers for iOS devices. Surprisingly, the phone appeared on the map in the computer, according to one of the military officials in charge of the search operation:
One of the passengers carried [an iPhone]. When it fell into the sea, it was located and one of the relatives sent us that information.
It's surprising that the iPhone survived the impact and continued to work, even more so because the crash was really extreme, according to the military sources:
None of the pieces so far recovered is bigger than 50 centimeters (20 inches) which confirms that the airplane suffered a high fragmentation [on impact]
The search teams—on the image—are now trying to recover the bodies from the bottom of the sea using two Proteus 1000 robots, but the weather conditions are extremely bad at this time. Military divers will start the recovery as soon as the conditions clear up, but four bodies have been found already. [Infobae—Thanks Fran Velazquez!]
Note: Someone changed the headline after publication by mistake. The title has been reverted to the original. —JD


text:
Why would I even ask that question? I've been trying (with virtually no success) to get everyone to drop the election obsession and focus on activism designed around policy changes, not personality changes. I want those policy changes to include stripping presidents of imperial powers. I don't see as much difference between the two available choices as most people; I see each as a different shade of disaster. I don't get distressed by the thought of people "spoiling" an election by voting for a legitimately good candidate like Jill Stein. Besides, won't Romney lose by a landslide if he doesn't tape his mouth shut during the coming weeks? And yet . . .
It matters to me whether our elections are stolen in any number of ways in which they can be stolen, some of which would simply mean Romney robbing Obama, but others of which are related to the barriers facing non-corporate candidates. Most of these dangers face congressional candidates as well; election theft is not exclusively a presidential problem. Bob Fitrakis & Harvey Wasserman have just published "Will the GOP Steal America's 2012 Election? Corporate Vote Theft & the Future of American Democracy," with an introduction by Greg Palast. I recommend it especially for the history of election fraud back through the centuries, but also for the collection of Fitrakis-Wasserman articles that make up the vast bulk of the book. The book opens, however, with a systematic survey of the ways in which your vote can be disappeared. Here's a taste:
"The Republican Party could steal the 2012 US Presidential election with relative ease.The purpose of this book is to show how, and to dissect the larger — potentially fatal — warning signs for American democracy, no matter which corporate party is doing the stealing.Six basic factors make this year's theft a possibility:
"1.The power of corporate money, now vastly enhanced by the U.S. Supreme Court's Citizens' United decisions;
"2.The Electoral College, which narrows the number of votes needed to be moved to swing a presidential election;
"3.The systematic disenfranchisement of — according to the Brennan Center — ten million or more citizens (a million in Ohio alone), most of whom would otherwise be likely to vote Democratic;
"4.The accelerating use of electronic voting machines, which make election theft a relatively simple task for those who control them, including their owners and operators, who are predominantly Republican;
"5.The GOP control of nine of the governorships in the dozen swing states that will decide the outcome of the 2012 campaign; and,
"6.The likelihood that the core of the activist 'election protection' community that turned out in droves to monitor the vote for Barack Obama in 2008 has not been energized by his presidency and is thus unlikely to work for him again in 2012."
Each of these points is explained and elaborated in the book. Why, you might ask, does it matter which party a governor belongs to? Well . . .
"Without his brother Jeb as governor of Florida 2000, and Kathleen Harris as secretary of state, George W. Bush could not have become president of the United States. As we have seen, Governor Bush purged Florida's voter rolls of tens of thousands of likely Democrats. Various ballot 'problems' emerged, including the electronic 'glitch' in Volusia County. Then Secretary of State Harris stalled a statewide recount and opened the door for the Supreme Court's Bush v Gore decision. Without Governor Robert Taft and Secretary of State J. Kenneth Blackwell in Ohio 2004, Bush could not have gotten a second term. Taft facilitated another purge of voter rolls, removing some 300,000 names from the lists. Then Blackwell ran an astonishing range of dirty tricks aimed at Democratic voters, culminating in his now-infamous late-night manipulation of the electronic vote count that moved the victory from Kerry to Bush. The personal, private election day visit the President and Karl Rove paid to Blackwell in his Columbus office may have been their most important stop of the campaign."
Fitrakis and Wasserman also don't skimp on proposals for actual change of the sort you won't hear discussed much, if at all, in the Romnobama Debates in October:
"1.Money must come out of politics. No nation can allow a tiny handful of million/billionaire corporatists to pour unlimited cash into our elections and expect to emerge with even a semblance of democracy. If elections can be bought, so can our government, to the detriment of us all. Citizens United must be reversed, corporations must be stripped of legal personhood, and money must be banned from the electoral process. This will take an unprecedented nation-wide grassroots campaign resulting in at least one Constitutional amendment. The odds may seem daunting. But George III was not Divine, and corporations are not people.
"2.Elections cannot be administered by partisans. All local, state and federal election officials must be banned from playing any role in any campaign relating to the election they are administering. A strict non-partisanship must apply to establishing congressional districts and all other aspects of our democratic process.
"3.All American citizens must be automatically registered to vote upon turning 18. The arduous, unfair practice of forcing pro-democracy organizations to go out and register voters is nonsensical. Voting is an inherent natural right and responsibility. Citizens should be removed from voter rolls only upon death or renunciation of citizenship.
"4.All places of voting must be convenient, stable, well-known and easily accessible.
"5.Voting should be available over a period of weeks by mail, and at polling stations through the Friday-Saturday-Sunday-Monday around Armistice Day, November 11. The polls should be largely worked by high school and college students who will get school credit for the day, and who will get a holiday that Tuesday to count the ballots.
"6.All electronic voting and counting machines should be banned (as Ireland has just done, and as has long been the case in Canada, Japan, Germany and elsewhere) with all ballots cast on recycled paper, to be hand-counted."
Not a bad list. Too bad you can't vote it into being. But we probably won't get it at all if we lose every last pretense of legitimate elections. Reforming our elections must be integral to our agenda, even once we've figured out that the Messiah hasn't been nominated. After all, that realization is tightly connected to the realization that our elections need major repairs. The Messiah will never be nominated, even after all of these reforms, but we might manage to nominate a junior assistant disciple — which is actually preferable, and which will be far superior to the current crop of moneychangers.


text:
Donald John Welch
Waunakee -Donald J. Welch, age 88, entered into eternal life on January 26, 2013. He was born in Madison. As a senior in high school he went into the US Army during WWII for 3 years. He started dating the love of his life, Ruth, shortly before he went into the service. Then they reunited upon his discharge. They met while he was playing baseball, when she was 12. He married Ruth on December 28, 1946 and they never left each other's side. He was a devoted and loving husband, father, grandfather and great-grandfather.
He is survived by his wife, Ruth; son, Michael (Patti) Welch; daughter, Susan (Rick) Stearns; grandchildren: Angela, Jennifer and Justin; and 6 great-grandchildren.
Private family services will be held at St. Mary of the Lake Catholic Church.
In lieu of flowers, memorials may be made to Ruth Welch.


text:
For a few days at the end of January, I got to go to New York City for the sixth annual Harry Frank Guggenheim Symposium on Crime in America. It was an honor to represent the Kitsap Sun and the good news is it gave me lots of new ideas for how to better cover criminal justice in our area.
This year's theme was "Law and Disorder: Facing the Legal and Economic Challenges to American Criminal Justice."
I was among 26 journalists from around the country that submitted a project and was awarded a chance to come to New York to hear from some of the most accomplished judges, prosecutors, police, corrections officials in the nation.
One of the best speakers was the symposium's first: Jonathan Lippman, chief judge of the New York state court of appeals. Lippman has done much work promoting "problem solving" courts. I immediately thought of Kitsap County's drug court.
I wonder if Lippman would say we could go further in this arena.
There are more than 180 drug courts in New York and he said 57,000 offenders have gone through them, giving those a chance to "get clean and avoid jail and prison," he said.
Lippman said problem solving courts, which include domestic violence and veterans courts, have saved the state two million days of incarceration. For more about his discussion, click here.
I'll blog about other experiences from New York that have stuck with me in the coming weeks and months.


text:
Timeline of Church History (Byzantine Era (451-843))
|Timeline of Church History
|This article forms part of the series
Introduction to
Orthodox Christianity
|Holy Tradition
|Holy Scripture
The Symbol of Faith
Ecumenical Councils
Church Fathers
|The Holy Trinity
|God the Father
Jesus Christ
The Holy Spirit
|The Church
Holy Mysteries
Church Life
|Edit this box
The History of the Church is a vital part of the Orthodox Christian faith. Orthodox Christians are defined significantly by their continuity with all those who have gone before, those who first received and preached the truth of Jesus Christ to the world, those who helped to formulate the expression and worship of our faith, and those who continue to move forward in the unchanging yet ever-dynamic Holy Tradition of the Orthodox Church.
Byzantine era (451-843)
- 451 Fourth Ecumenical Council meets at Chalcedon, condemning Eutychianism and Monophysitism, affirming doctrine of two perfect and indivisible but distinct natures in Christ, and recognizing Church of Jerusalem as patriarchate;
- 451 The city of Lutetia (Gallo-Roman Paris) is spared from Attila's Huns due to the ministrations of St. Genevieve of Paris; Attila the Hun defeated at Battle of Chalons, last major military operation of the Western Roman Empire, where the Christian allied forces under Roman general Aetius defeated Attila and his Hunnic host, allowing Christianity and western civilization to continue to flourish;[note 1] uprising of Armenian Christians reacting to the pro-Zoroastrian policy of Sassanid Persian king Yazdegerd II; Armenia was guaranteed religious freedom after the Battle of Avarayr.
- ca.451-480 Flight of the Nine Saints (Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church) from Byzantine Syria, following the Fourth Ecumenical Council; first translation of the Greek Septuagint into the Ge'ez language (i.e. the Ethiopian Bible), becoming the official Bible of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church as well as of the Ethiopian Jewish community.[note 2][note 3]
- 452 Proterius of Alexandria convenes synod in Alexandria to reconcile Chalcedonians and non-Chalcedonians; second finding of the Head of John the Forerunner; Attila the Hun invades northern Italy, but is convinced to withdraw from Ravenna by Pope Leo the Great; Venice founded by fugitives from Attila's army.
- 455 Vandals under Gaiseric sack Rome; Germanic Saxons and Angles conquer Britain, founding several independent kingdoms.
- 457 Victorius of Aquitania computes new Paschalion; first coronation of Byzantine Emperor by patriarch of Constantinople.
- 459 Death of Symeon the Stylite.
- 461 Death of Leo the Great; death of Patrick of Ireland.
- 462 Indiction moved to September 1; Studion Monastery founded.
- 466 Church of Antioch elevates bishop of Mtskheta to rank of Catholicos of Kartli, rendering the Church of Georgia autocephalous; death of Shenouda the Great, abbott of White Monastery in Egypt, considered the founder of Coptic Christianity.
- 471 Death of Patr. Gennadius of Constantinople.
- ca.471 Patriarch Acacius of Constantinople was first called "Oikoumenikos" (Ecumenical).
- 473 Death of Euthymius the Great.
- 475 Emperor Basiliscus issues circular letter to the bishops of his empire, supporting Monophysite Christological position.
- 476 Fall of Western Roman Empire; martyrdom of Thomais of Alexandria.
- 477 Timothy Aelurus of Alexandria exiles Chalcedonian bishops from Egypt.
- 482 Byzantine emperor Zeno I issues Henotikon in an attempt to reconcile the differences over the Christology of Chalcedon.
- 484 The Catholicos-Patriarch of the Church of the East Babowai (457–484) was executed by Sassanid king Peroz I, for his pro-Byzantine leanings, for which he was often in conflict with other members of the anti-Byzantine Church of the East (i.e. such as Barsauma); Synod of Beth Lapat is convened under the Metr. of Nisibis Barsauma, declaring Nestorianism as the official theology of the Assyrian Church of the East, permanently separating the Assyrian church from the Byzantine church, pleasing the Zoroastrian Persian kings, who were at constant war with the now Christian Byzantine Empire.
- 484 Acacian Schism; Founding of Mar Sabbas Monastery by Sabbas the Sanctified.
- 488 Death of Peter the Fuller.
- 489 Emperor Zeno I closes Nestorian academy in Edessa, which was then transferred under Sassanian Persian auspices to Nisibis, becoming the spiritual center of the Assyrian Church of the East.
- ca.490 Apparition of the Archangel Michael on Mount Gargano in southern Italy, to Bishop Laurence of Siponto, in memory of which the famous Monastery of the Archangel was founded.
- 490 Brigid of Kildaire founds monastery of Kildare in Ireland.
- 494 Pope Gelasius I of Rome delineates relationship between church and state in his letter Duo sunt, written to Emperor Anastasius I.
- 496 Pope Gelasius I of Rome dedicates February 14 to Valentine of Terni in the West, banning the pre-Christian Roman festival of Lupercalia; Bp. Remigius of Rheims baptizes Franks into Orthodox Christianity.
- ca. 500 Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite writes The Mystical Theology; Babylonian Talmud completed.
- 502 Start of Byzantine-Sassanid wars, lasting until 562.
- 506 Church of Armenia separates from Chalcedonian Orthodoxy.
- 507 Clovis I defeats Visigoths at Battle of Vouillé near Poitiers, ending their power in Gaul; Byzantine emperor Anastasius I made Clovis I a consul.
- ca.507-11 Lex Salica (Salic Law) is issued in the reign of Clovis, the most important, although not the oldest, of all Teutonic laws (Leges Barbarorum).
- 512 Death of Genevieve of Paris.
- 518 Severus of Antioch deposed by Emperor Justin I for Monophysitism; Patriarch John II of Constantinople is addressed as "Oikoumenikos Patriarches" (Ecumenical Patriarch).
- 519 Eastern and Western churches reconciled with end of Acacian Schism.
- ca. 520 Elesbaan (Caleb), King of Ethiopia (Axum), invades Jewish Himyarite kingdom of Yemen, which was persecuting the Christians there, thus establishing Axumite control of South Arabia.
- 521 Birth of Columba of Iona.
- 522 Byzantine monk Cosmas Indicopleustes (literally "who sailed to India") visits the Malabar Coast and Ceylon, writing about Christian Communities in his book Topografia Christiana.
- 523 Death of Martyr Arethas (al-Haarith) and over 4,000 with him, executed during the persecution of Christians by the Jewish Himyarite king Dhu Nuwas.
- 527 Dionysius Exiguus calculates the date of birth of Jesus incorrectly; foundation of St. Catherine's Monastery on the Sinai peninsula by Justinian the Great.
- ca. 528 Death of Procopius of Gaza.
- 529 Pagan University of Athens closed and replaced by Christian university in Constantinople; Benedict of Nursia founds monastery of Monte Cassino and codifies Western monasticism; Council of Orange condemns Pelagianism; Church of the Nativity burned down in Samaritan revolt of 529; death of Theodosius the Great; Second Council of Vasio (Vaison-la-Romaine), November 5, (Consilium Vasense II), attended by 12 Bps. presided over by Caesarius of Arles.
- 529-534 Justinian's Corpus Juris Civilis issued.
- 530 Brendan the Navigator lands in Newfoundland, Canada, establishing a short-lived community of Irish monks.
- 532 Justinian the Great orders building of Hagia Sophia; death of Sabbas the Sanctified.
- 533 Mercurius elected Pope of Rome and takes the name of John II, the first pope to change his name upon election.
- 533 Foundation of the Diocese of Selefkia in Central Africa by the Emperor Justinian.
- 534 Roman Empire destroys the Arian kingdom of Vandals; Malta becomes Byzantine province.
- 536 Mennas of Constantinople summons a synod anathematizing Severus of Antioch.
- 537 Construction of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople completed; Justinian decrees that all dates must include the Indiction.
- 538 Emperor Justinian the Great, via deportations and force, manages to get all five patriarchates offcially into communion.
- 539 Ravenna becomes exarchate of the Byzantine Empire.
- 541 Jacob Baradeus organizes the Non-Chalcedonian Church in western Syria (the "Jacobites"), which spreads to Armenia and Egypt.
- 543 Doctrine of apokatastasis condemned by Synod of Constantinople.
- 544 Jacob Baradeus consecrates Sergius of Tella as bishop of Antioch, opening the lasting schism between the Syriac Orthodox Church and the Chalcedonian Church of Antioch; founding of the monastery at Clonmacnoise in Ireland by Ciaran.
- 545 Synod of Brefi at Llandewi Brefi in Wales condemns Pelagianism ; Saint David of Wales moved the Primatial See of Britain from Caerleon to Menevia (St. Davids's).
- 546 Columba founds monastery of Derry in Ireland.
- 547 Convent of Our Lady of Saydnaya founded in Damascus of Syria ; Saint David of Wales does obeisance to the Patriarch of Jerusalem.
- 553 Fifth Ecumenical Council held in Constantinople in an attempt to reconcile Chalcedonians with non-Chalcedonians—the Three Chapters of Theodore of Mopsuestia, Theodoret of Cyrrhus, and Ibas of Edessa are condemned for their Nestorianism, and Origen and his writings are also condemned.
- 553 Bishops of Aquileia, Milan, Venetia and the Istrian peninsula in Italy all refuse to condemn the Three Chapters, causing Schism of the Three Chapters in those areas, leading to independence of Patriarch of Venice from Patriarch of Aquileia; Ostrogoth kingdom conquered by the Byzantines after the Battle of Mons Lactarius.
- 554 Church of Armenia officially breaks with the West in 554, during the second Council of Dvin where the dyophysite formula of Chalcedon was rejected.
- 556 Columba founds monastery of Durrow in Ireland; death of Roman the Melodist.
- 557 Brendan the Navigator founds monastery at Clonfert, Ireland.
- 563 Re-consecration of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople after its dome is rebuilt; Columba arrives on Iona and establishes monastery there, founding mission to the Picts.
- 564 Death of Petroc.
- 565-78 The Cherubic Hymn was added to the Divine Liturgy by Emperor Justin II.
- 569 Final schism between Chalcedonians and non-Chalcedonians in Egypt; David of Wales holds Synod of Victoria to re-assert the anti-Pelagian decrees of Brefi.
- 570 Death of Gildas; birth of Muhammad, founder of Islam.
- 571 Death of Yared, Ethiopian musician credited with inventing the sacred music tradition of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church.
- 576 Dual hierarchy henceforth in Alexandria, Chalcedonian (Greek) and Monophysite (Coptic).
- 577 Patr. John III Scholasticus is responible for the first collection of Canon Law, the Nomocanon, of the Orthodox Church.
- 579 400 Martyrs slain by Lombards in Sicily.
- 580 Monte Cassino sacked by Lombards, sending its monks fleeing to Rome; Slavs begin to migrate into the Balkans and Greece; death of Martin of Braga, "Apostle of the Sueves".
- 586 Martrydom of Hermengild, Prince of the Visigoths, whose martyrdom was a catalyst in the Visigoths' conversion from Arianism to Nicene Christianity.
- 587 Visigoth King Reccared renounces Arianism in favor of Orthodoxy.
- 589 Council of Toledo adds Filioque to Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed in an attempt to combat Arianism.
- ca. 590 Parthenon in Athens converted into a Christian church dedicated to the Theotokos.
- 590 Columbanus founds monasteries in France.
- 593 Anastasius the Sinaite restored as Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch.
- 596 Gregory the Dialogist sends Augustine along with forty other monks to southern Britain to convert pagans.
- 597 Death of Columba of Iona.
- 598 Glastonbury Abbey founded - the Church in the British Isles numbers 120 bishops, hundreds of monasteries and parishes organized under a Primate with his See at Menevia.
- ca. 600 The Ladder of Divine Ascent written by John Climacus; Gregory the Dialogist inspires development of Gregorian Chant through his liturgical reforms.
- 601 Augustine of Canterbury converts King Ethelbert of Kent and establishes see of Canterbury.
- 602 Final series of wars between Byzantine Empire and Sassanid Empire; Augustine of Canterbury meets with Welsh bishops to bring them under Canterbury.
- 604 Mellitus becomes first bishop of London and founds first St. Paul's Cathedral; death of Gregory the Dialogist.
- 605 Death of Augustine of Canterbury.
- 609 Pantheon in Rome converted into church, consecrated to the Virgin Mary and All Saints (Santa Maria dei Martiri).
- 610 Heraclius changes official language of the Empire from Latin to Greek, already the lingua franca of the vast majority of the population.
- 612 Holy Sponge and Holy Lance brought to Constantinople from Palestine.
- 614 Persians sack Jerusalem under Chosroes II of Persia; Church of the Holy Sepulchre damaged by fire, True Cross captured, and over 65,000 Christians in Jerusalem massacred.
- 615 Death of Columbanus in Italy.
- 617 Persian Army conquers Chalcedon after a long siege.
- 618 Death of Kevin of Glendalough.
- 620 Slavs attack Thessaloniki.
- 622 Year one of the Islamic calendar begins, during which the hejira occurs; Muhammad and his followers emigrating from Mecca to Medina.
- 626 Akathist Hymn to the Virgin Mary written, after Constantinople liberated from a siege of 80,000 Avars, Slavs and the Persian fleet.
- 627 Emperor Heraclius decisively defeats Sassanid Persians at Battle of Nineveh, recovering True Cross and breaking power of the Sassanid dynasty.
- 628 Muhammad issues Charter of Privileges to monks of Saint Catherine's Monastery.
- 630 Second Elevation of the Holy Cross.
- 633 Death of Modestus of Jerusalem.
- 635 Founding of Lindisfarne Monastery by Aidan, a monk from Iona; Cynegils, king of Wessex, converts to Christianity.
- 636 Capture of Jerusalem by Muslim Arabs after Battle of Yarmuk.
- 638 Muslim Arabs allow Jews to return to Jerusalem.
- 639 Christian monastery built in Ch'ang-an, capital of China.
- 640 Muslim conquest of Syria; Battle of Heliopolis between Arab Muslim armies and Byzantium opens door for Muslim conquest of Byzantine Exarchate of Africa; death of Gallus (Gall), enlightener of Switzerland.
- 641 Capture of Alexandria by Muslim Arabs.
- 642 Muslim conquest of Egypt; Arabs invade Christian Nubia for the first time.
- 646 Alexandria recaptured by Muslim Arabs after a Byzantine attempt to retake Egypt fails, ending nearly ten centuries of Greco-Roman civilization in Egypt.
- 648 Pope Theodore I of Rome excommunicates patriarch Paul II of Constantinople.
- 649 Arabs invade and conquer Cyprus.
- 650 Final defeat of Arianism as Lombards convert to Orthodox Christianity.
- 651 End of Persian Empire as the last shah of Persia Yezdegherd III of the Sassanid dynasty is killed at Merv.
- 653 Pope Martin the Confessor arrested on orders of Byzantine Emperor Constans II.
- 654 Invasion of Rhodes by Arabs.
- 655 Martyrdom of Martin the Confessor.
- 657 Founding of Whitby Abbey in Yorkshire, England.
- 662 Death of Maximus the Confessor.
- 663 Emperor Constans II is last Eastern emperor to set foot in Rome; Constans II declares the Pope of Rome to have no jurisdiction over the Archbishop of Ravenna, since that city was the seat of the exarch, his immediate representative.
- 664 Synod of Whitby held in northern England, adopting Roman calendar and tonsures in Northumbria; Ionian monk Wilfrid appointed as Archbishop of York; death of Cedd.
- 668 Theodore of Tarsus appointed Archbishop of Canterbury.
- 669-78 First Arab siege of Constantinople; at Battle of Syllaeum Arab fleet destroyed by Byzantines through use of Greek Fire, ending immediate Arab threat to eastern Europe.
- 670 Composition of Caedmon's Hymn by Caedmon of Whitby.
- 672 The First Synod of Hertford called by Theodore of Tarsus, adoption of ten decrees paralleling the canons of the Council of Chalcedon.
- 673 The Second Council of Hatfield upholds Orthodoxy against Monothelitism.
- 680-681 Sixth Ecumenical Council held in Constantinople, condemning Monothelitism and affirming Christology of Maximus the Confessor, affirming that Christ has both a human will and a divine will; Patr. Sergius I of Constantinople and Pope Honorius I of Rome are both explicitly anathematized for their support of Monothelitism.
- 680 First Bulgarian Empire established after a successful war with Byzantium.
- 682 Foundation of Monkwearmouth-Jarrow Abbey in England.
- 685 First monastics come to Mount Athos; death of Anastasius of Sinai.
- 685 John Maron elected first Maronite Patriarch, becoming the founder of what is known today as the Maronite Catholic Church, which embraced Monothelitism, rejected the teaching of the Fifth Ecumenical Council, and separated from the Orthodox Church.
- 687 Destruction of Whitby Abbey by Danish raiders; death of Cuthbert of Lindisfarne.
- 688 Emperor Justinian II and Caliph al-Malik sign treaty neutralizing Cyprus.
- 690c. The Witenagamot of England forbade appeals from the Local Church to the Patriarch of Rome.
- 691 Dome of the Rock completed in Jerusalem.
- 692 Quinisext Council (also called the Penthekte Council or Council in Trullo) held in Constantinople, issuing canons which are seen as completing the work of the Fifth and Sixth Ecumenical Councils, and declaring the Church of Jerusalem to be a patriarchate.
- 694 Byzantine army of Justinian II defeated by Maronites, who became fully independent afterwards.
- 697 Council of Birr accepts Roman Paschalion for northern Ireland; at this synod, Adomnán of Iona promulgates his Cáin Adomnáin.
- 698 Muslim conquest of Carthage; at Synod of Aquileia, bishops of the diocese of Aquileia end the Schism of the Three Chapters and return to communion with Rome; persecution of Christians in China under Empress Wu's strong pro-Buddhist policies (China had declared Buddhism the state religion in 691).
- ca. 700 Death of Isaac of Syria.
- 705 Long period of fighting begins between Trebizond in eastern Asia Minor and the Arabs.
- 706 Greek replaced by Arabic as administrative language in Egypt.
- 707 Byzantines lose Balearic Islands to Moors; death of John Maron.
- 709 Bp. Aubert of Avranches founds the monastery of Mont Saint-Michel, after the Archangel Michael appeared him in 708, instructing him to build a church on the rocky islet; Mont Saint-Michel becomes popular and prestigious as a centre of pilgrimage.
- 710 Pope Constantine makes last papal visit to Constantinople before 1967.
- 711 Umayyad Islamic invasion of Spain.
- 712 Death of Andrew of Crete.
- ca. 715 Lindisfarne Gospels produced in Northumbria (Northern England).
- 715 Grand Mosque of Damascus built over the Cathedral of St. John the Baptist; Al-Aqsa Mosque constructed over site of Church of St. Mary of Justinian; Pictish King Nechtan invites Northumbrian clergy to establish Christianity amongst the Picts.
- 716 Monastery at Iona conforms to Roman liturgical usage; Boniface's first missionary journey to Frisia.
- 717 Pictish king Nechtan expels monks from Iona.
- 717-18 Second Arab siege of Constantinople.
- 719 Nubian Christians transfer allegiance from Chalcedonian church to Coptic church.
- 723 Boniface fells Thor's Oak near Fritzlar.
- 726 Iconoclast Emperor Leo the Isaurian starts campaign against icons.
- 730 Emperor Leo the Isaurian orders destruction of all icons, beginning the First Iconoclastic Period.
- 731 Bede completes Ecclesiastical History of the English People.
- 732 Muslim invasion of Europe stopped by Franks at Battle of Tours, establishing a balance of power between Western Europe, Islam and the Byzantine Empire.
- 733 Byzantine Emperor Leo the Isaurian withdraws the Balkans, Sicily and Calabria from the jurisdiction of the Pope in response to Pope Gregory III of Rome's support of a revolt in Italy against iconoclasm.
- 734 Egbert becomes bishop of York, founding a library and making the city a renowned centre of learning.
- 735 Death of Bede; See of York achieves archepiscopal status.
- 739 Emperor Leo III (717-41) publishes his Ecloga , designed to introduce Christian principle into law; Byzantine forces defeat Umayyad invasion of Asia Minor at Battle of Akroinon; death of Willibrord.
- 740 Khazars voluntarily convert to Judaism.
- 742 After a forty-year vacancy, Stephen IV becomes Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch, at the suggestion of Umayyad caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik.
- 746 Byzantine forces regain Cyprus from the Arabs.
- 747 The Witenagamot of England again forbids appeals to the Roman Patriarch ; Council of Clovesho I adopts Roman calendar, observance of the feasts of St. Gregory the Great and Augustine of Canterbury, and adopts the Rogation Days.
- 749 Death of John of Damascus.
- 750 Donation of Constantine accepted as a legitimate document, used by Pope Stephen II to prove territorial and jurisdictional claims.
- 751 Lombard king Aistulf captures Ravenna and the Romagna, ending Byzantine Exarchate of Ravenna.
- 752 Death of Pope Zacharias of Rome.
- 754 Iconoclastic Council held in Constantinople under the authority of Emperor Constantine V Copronymus, condemning icons and declaring itself to be the Seventh Ecumenical Council; Constantine begins dissolution of the monasteries.
- 754 Death of Boniface.
- 756 Donation of Pepin cedes lands including Ravenna that became basis of Papal States.
- 768 Wales adopts Orthodox Paschalion and other decrees of the Synod of Whitby at teaching of Elfoddw of Gwynedd.
- 769 Pope Stephen III of Rome holds a council changing papal election procedure and confirming veneration of icons.
- 772 Charlemagne starts fighting Saxons and Frisians; Saxony is subdued and converted to Christianity.
- 781 King Charlemagne of the Franks summons Alcuin of York to head palace school at Aachen (Aix-la-Chapelle) to inspire revival of education in Europe.
- 785 The Synod of Cealchythe erects the Archbishopric of Lichfield.
- 786 Beatus of Liébana publishes Commentary on the Apocalypse.
- 787 Seventh Ecumenical Council held in Nicea, condemning iconoclasm and affirming veneration of icons; two councils held in England, one in the north at Pincanhale, and the other in the south at Chelsea, reaffirming the faith of the first Six Ecumenical Councils (the decrees of the Seventh having not yet been received), and establishing a third archbishopric at Lichfield.
- 792 The Synod of Regensburg condemned Adoptionism.
- 793 Sack of Lindisfarne Priory, beginning Viking attacks on England.
- 794 Charlemagne convenes council in Frankfurt-in-Main, rejecting decrees of Seventh Ecumenical Council and inserting Filioque into Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed.
- 796 Alcuin made Abbot of Saint-Martin in Tours by Charlemagne.
- 800 Charlemagne crowned as Holy Roman Emperor by Leo III of Rome on Christmas day, marking the break of Frankish civilisation away from the Orthodox Christian Roman Empire; Book of Kells produced in Ireland.
- 800 Ambassadors of Caliph Harunu al-Rashid give keys to the Holy Sepulchre to Charlemagne, acknowledging some Frankish control over the interests of Christians in Jerusalem ; establishment of the Western Rite Monastery of Saint Mary in Jerusalem.
- 801 Controversy in Jerusalem over Frankish pilgrims using Filioque.
- 802-803 Lex Saxonum is issued by Charlemagne at the Council of Aachen, officially determining the laws of the Saxons and other tribes.
- 803 Council of Clovesho II abolishes archbishopric of Lichfield, restoring the pattern of the two metropolitan archbishoprics (Canterbury and York) which had prevailed before 787, and requires the use of the Western Rite amongst the English speaking peoples.
- 809 Heretical Council of Aachen decreed belief in Filioque as necessary for salvation.
- 810 Pope Leo III refused permission for the Filioque to be inserted in the Creed.
- 814 Bulgarians lay siege to Constantinople; conflict erupts between Emperor Leo V and Patr. Nicephorus on the subject of iconoclasm; Leo deposes Nicephorus, Nicephorus excommunicates Leo.
- 824 Byzantine Crete falls to Arab insurgents fleeing from the Umayyad Emir of Cordoba Al-Hakam I, establishing an emirate on the island until the Byzantine reconquest in 960.
- 826 Ansgar arrives in Denmark and begins preaching; King Harald Klak of Denmark converts to Christianity.
- 828 Death of Patr. Nicephorus I of Constantinople.
- ca. 829-842 Icon of the Panagia Portaitissa appears on Mount Athos near Iviron Monastery.
- 836 Death of Theodore the Studite.
- 838 Caliph al-Mu'tasim captures and destroys Ammoria in Anatolia.
- ca. 839 First Rus'-Byzantine War, where the Rus attacked Propontis (probably aiming for Constantinople) before turning east and raiding Paphlagonia.
- Some of these dates are necessarily a bit vague, as records for some periods are particularly difficult to piece together accurately.
- The division of Church History into separate eras as done here will always be to some extent arbitrary, though it was attempted to group periods according to major watershed events.
- This timeline is necessarily biased toward the history of the Orthodox Church, though a number of non-Orthodox or purely political events are mentioned for their importance in history related to Orthodoxy or for reference.
See also
- Timeline of Orthodoxy in America
- Timeline of Orthodoxy in Australia
- Timeline of Orthodoxy in China
- Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece
- Timeline of Orthodoxy in New Zealand
- Timeline of Orthodoxy in Japan
- Timeline of Orthodox Church and Roman Catholic relations
- ↑ Allied with the Romans under General Flavius Aetius ("Last of the Romans") were the Christian Visigoths of King Theodoric, the Alans under Sangiban, Salian Franks, Burgundians, Saxons, Armoricans and Sarmatians.
Allied with the Hunnic army of Attila ("The Scourge of God") were the Gepids under their king Ardaric, an Ostrogothic army led by the brothers Valamir and Theodemir (the father of the later Ostrogothic king Theodoric the Great), Vandals, Thuringians, Scythians, and Alamanni; the Ripuarian Franks fought on both sides as some of them lived outside the Empire.
This was the first major battle since the death of Constantine I where a predominantly Christian force faced a predominantly pagan opponent. This factor was very much apparent to the contemporaries, who often mention prayer playing a factor in this battle (e.g., Gregory of Tours' story of the prayers of Aetius' wife saving the Roman's life in Historia Francorum 2.7).
- ↑ Charles Bryant-Abraham (PhD), and The Hon. Knight de Bryan (OAA). "An Interview with the Venerable Getahun Atlaw, Archdeacon of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church of Jerusalem, Israel." Courtesy of the Augustan Society.
- ↑ The Ethiopian Jews (Beta-Israel, Falashas) are the only Jewish community in the world today who accept the Septuagint (minus Ecclesiasticus). (Septuagint. BiblicaHebraica.org, BiblicaGreece.org.)
Published works
The following are published writings that provide an overview of Church history:
From an Orthodox perspective
- Ekonomou, Andrew J. Byzantine Rome and the Greek popes: Eastern influences on Rome and the Papacy from Gregory the Great to Zacharias, A.D. 590-752. Lexington Books, 2007. 347 pp. (ISBN 9780739119778)
- Heiska, Nina. The Economy and Livelihoods of the Early Christian Monasteries in Palestine. Master of Arts Thesis. University of Helsinki: Institute for Cultural Studies, Archaeology. November 2003 (Period covered: AD 324-636)
- Keegan, Paul, and B.J. Kidd. The Churches of Eastern Christendom: From A.D. 451 to the Present Time. Ed. Prof. Daniel Herwitz. Publ. Paul Kegan, 2006. 541 pp. (ISBN 9780710310811)
- Meyendorff, John. Imperial Unity and Christian Divisions: The Church, 450-680 AD. The Church in History Vol. II. Crestwood, N.Y. : St. Vladimirs Seminary Press, 1989. ISBN 9780881410563
- Meyendorff, John. Justinian, the Empire and the Church. Dumbarton Oaks Papers. Vol. 22, (1968), pp.43-60.
- Schmemann, Alexander. The Historical Road of Eastern Orthodoxy.
- Tsai, Dr. Kathryn. A Timeline of Eastern Church History. Divine Ascent Press, CA, 2004. ISBN 0971413924
- Ware, Timothy. The Orthodox Church: New Edition. (ISBN 0140146563)
From a Heterodox perspective
- Cairns, Earle E. Christianity Through the Centuries: A History of the Christian Church. (ISBN 0310208122)
- Collins, Michael, ed.; Price, Matthew Arlen. Story of Christianity: A Celebration of 2000 Years of Faith. (ISBN 0789446057)
- Gonzalez, Justo L. A History of Christian Thought, Volume 2: From Augustine to the Eve of the Reformation. (ISBN 0687171830)
- Gonzalez, Justo L. The Story of Christianity, Volume 1: The Early Church to the Reformation. (ISBN 0060633158)
- Hastings, Adrian, ed. A World History of Christianity. (ISBN 0802848753)
- Hussey, J. M. The Orthodox Church in the Byzantine Empire: Oxford History of the Christian Church. (ISBN 0198264569)
- Jones, Timothy P. Christian History Made Easy. (ISBN 1890947105)
- Noll, Mark A. Turning Points: Decisive Moments in the History of Christianity. (ISBN 080106211X)
- Pelikan, Jaroslav. The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine, Volume 1: The Emergence of the Catholic Tradition (100-600). (ISBN 0226653714)
- Pelikan, Jaroslav. The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine, Volume 2: The Spirit of Eastern Christendom (600-1700). (ISBN 0226653730)
- Pelikan, Jaroslav. The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine, Volume 3: The Growth of Medieval Theology (600-1300). (ISBN 0226653749)
- Schaff, Philip. History of the Christian Church. (ISBN 156563196X)
- Walton, Robert C. Chronological and Background Charts of Church History. (ISBN 0310362814)
External links
- History of Orthodox Christianity (QuickTime movies)
- Timeline of Patriarchal History. Order of St. Andrew the Apostle. Archons of the Ecumenical Patriarchate. (Pop-up Video Presentation, in Sections)


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Truth for Life - June 8, 2012
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- 2012 Jun 08
June 8
Look to the Creator
God had made a positive promise to Moses that for the space of a whole month He would feed the vast company in the wilderness with meat. Moses is then overtaken by a fit of unbelief, looks to the outward means, and is at a loss to know how the promise can be fulfilled. He looked to the creature instead of the Creator. But does the Creator expect the creature to fulfill His promise for Him? No; He who makes the promise always fulfills it by His own unaided omnipotence. If He speaks, it is done—done by Himself. His promises do not depend for their fulfillment upon the cooperation of the puny strength of man. We can immediately see the mistake that Moses made. And yet how routinely we do the same!
God has promised to supply our needs, and we look to the creature to do what God has promised to do; and then, because we perceive the creature to be weak and feeble, we indulge in unbelief. Why do we look in that direction at all? Will you look to the North Pole to gather fruits ripened in the sun? You would be acting no more foolishly in doing this than when you look to the weak for strength, and to the creature to do the Creator's work. Let us, then, put the question on the right footing. The ground of faith is not the sufficiency of the visible means for the performance of the promise, but the all-sufficiency of the invisible God, who will definitely do what He has said.
If after clearly seeing that the onus lies with the Lord and not with the creature we dare to indulge in mistrust, the question of God comes home forcefully to us: "Is the LORD's hand shortened?" May it also be that in His mercy the question will be accompanied by this blessed declaration: "Now you shall see whether my word will come true for you or not."
Family Bible reading plan
verse 1 Isaiah 40
verse 2 Revelation 10
Click here to learn more about Truth For Life
From Morning & Evening revised and edited by Alistair Begg copyright © 2003. Used by permission of Crossway Books, a publishing ministry of Good News Publishers, Wheaton, IL 60187, www.crossway.org.


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It's been almost a week since the state of New Jersey took Deborah Campbell's three children from her home and she says officials have yet to tell her and her husband why. But Campbell suspects it has something to do with the names they bestowed upon their kids.
Not sure when she will be able to see her kids again, Deborah decided to break a judge's gag order and make a public plea for the return of her children.
"They belong home with their mother and father. They don't belong out there in a stranger's home," Campbell told NBC10's Mike Strug Monday night.
Officials from the NJ Division of Youth and Family Services took the children -- Adolf Hitler Campbell, 3, JoyceLynn Aryan Nation Campbell, 1, and Honszlynn Hinler Jeannie Campbell, who will turn 1 in April – from the Campbell's home in Milford, N.J. last Tuesday, saying only that they felt the children were in danger.
"They felt the children were in danger for their lives. They didn't say physically, mentally…nothing like that," said Campbell.
The Campbell's three children were dropped into the center of a media firestorm last December when they asked a grocery store in Greenwich, N.J., to write "Adolf Hitler" on their son's birthday cake. The store refused, saying it was inappropriate.
The store refused to give an apology when the parents demanded one. A local Wal-Mart ended up honoring their request.
DYFS officials were tight-lipped when asked why the children were removed from the parents' care, citing confidentially laws, and local police would only acknowledge that they escorted DYFS to the Campbell's home the week before.
In an interview with the New York Times, The Campbell's landlord Larry Lippincot said he would hear the kids playing late into the night and that the family would often argue with a family member who "threatened to firebomb the house:"
It is not clear if these circumstances have any bearing on DYFS' decision, but Deborah has her own theory. She believes the childrens' names are to blame.
"The names, I believe are the problems. But they just don't want to come out and say that," Campbell said.
The couple has defended the names of their children saying they reserve the right to name the kids whatever they like.
"A name is a name," Heath Campbell said last December.
Jeanne Coverdale, the kid's aunt, offered an analogy to people who feel the names are in bad taste.
"What about tomorrow night when the President of the United States stands up and say, is forced to say, my name is Barack Hussein Obama. How's that going to hit the world?" Coverdale said. "I'm saying the one with the middle name he has, was a terrorist."
Coverdale says it's "no different" than having a name like Adolf Hitler.
Deborah insists they are not part of the Aryan Nation or fans of what Hitler is famous for and said the swastika tattoo her husband displays on his arm is simply art.
The Campbells are asking for an attorney to help them fight to bring the children home.
"We would like you to please help us get my three innocent children back."
Timeline of Related Stories:
Dec 17, 2008: "Nein" Cake for You, Little Adolf
VIDEO: 3-Year Old Adolf Hitler Causes Cake Mess
Dec 20, 2008: "Adolf Hitler's" Parents Want Apology
Dec. 20, 2008: Wal-Mart Taking Heat for "Adolf Hitler" Cake
Dec. 23, 20008: Hitler Cake Death Threat Sent to Wrong Family
VIDEO: Jan. 14, 2009: Adolf Hitler Campbell & Sisters Taken From Home
Jan 16, 2009: Adolf Hitler, Sisters, Taken from Parents
Jan 19, 2009: Hitler's Mom Speaks Out, Defies Court Order
VIDEO: Hitler's Mom Speaks Out, Defies Court Order
RAW VIDEO: Interview with Adolf Hitler Campbell's Mom
RAW VIDEO: Interview with Aunt Defending Names
RAW VIDEO: Plea for Legal Help


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Marvel's 'Captain America: Civil War' – Posters Released
A new set of posters were released today for Marvel's "Captain America: Civil War." The movie finds Steve Rogers leading the newly formed team of Avengers in their continued efforts to safeguard humanity. But after another incident involving the Avengers results in collateral damage, political pressure mounts to install a system of accountability, headed by a governing body to oversee and direct the team. The new status quo fractures the Avengers, resulting in two camps—one led by Steve Rogers and his desire for the Avengers to remain free to defend humanity without government interference, and the other following Tony Stark's surprising decision to support government oversight and accountability.
Marvel's "Captain America: Civil War" stars Chris Evans, Robert Downey Jr., Scarlett Johansson, Sebastian Stan, Anthony Mackie, Don Cheadle, Jeremy Renner, Chadwick Boseman, Paul Bettany, Elizabeth Olsen, Paul Rudd, Emily VanCamp, Frank Grillo and Martin Freeman, with William Hurt and Daniel Brühl.
Get ready to pick a side and join the nonstop action playing out on two fronts when Marvel's "Captain America: Civil War" opens in U.S. theaters on May 6, 2016.


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Designed to capitalize on the lumber boom, the tiny 19th-century town of Watervale now offers a premiere, step back in time Northern Michigan vacation spot filled with hiking, biking and fabulous food.
A short distance from the skeletal remains of a pier that was used in the shipping of lumber, dune grass sways in living testament to the power of preserving Northern Michigan nature. Alongside the inn, where bachelor loggers once boarded, a rock garden memorializes the contributions of the families who enabled the Grand Traverse Regional Land Conservancy to create expansive nature preserves. And all around the property, forests and marshes grow thick and dense on once-logged-over land, protected for the sake of their beauty, environmental importance and the enjoyment they provide to those who love the outdoors. A lumberman built Watervale as a tiny Northern Michigan town—complete with school, post office, market and government—all dedicated to harvesting trees with 19th-century industrial might, but today it stands as a testament to an opposite notion, a place to check out from the 21st-century digital rush and honor nature in its full form.
Perched on the Lake Michigan shore and owned by a family committed to tradition, The Inn at Watervale makes an idyllic home base for adventure-seekers of varied interests and skill levels. Hiking, paddling (river and big water) and cycling (road and trail) are a stone's throw from Watervale's front door, and there is no better time to explore everything in Northern Michigan than late summer and early fall.
"September, to me, is the best kept secret in Northern Michigan," says Watervale's Jennie Schmitt. "Lake Michigan's still warm, there are really fun waves, and there aren't many crowds. It still feels like summer, but without the chaos of it all."
Schmitt helps run Watervale, which is owned by her mother and her mother's two siblings. The original Northern Michigan town named Watervale was built by a logging company in 1892 to house its employees and their families, but within just a few years, the company went bankrupt and the people abandoned the little burg. It was left to waste until Schmitt's great-great uncle, Dr. Oscar Kraft, purchased it in 1917.
"He had a lot of very elaborate plans when he initially purchased it, and I think the Depression is what kind of saved it all from happening because nobody could afford to do anything," Schmitt says. A map in the dining room shows what Kraft envisioned: a golf course, a tennis pavilion, a country club.
Watervale embraces a mile of Northern Michigan frontage on Lower Herring Lake and a mile of pristine Lake Michigan beachfront, perfect for swimming, paddling or surfing. The resort is surrounded on all sides by Grand Traverse Regional Land Conservancy preserves, with networks of trails for hiking, mountain biking and running. Cyclists seeking curvy, rolling, lightly traveled road routes find them nearby too.
"There are so many great scenic trips right around here," Schmitt says. "The nice thing about this part of Benzie County is there just isn't the car traffic that you get north of Frankfort on M-22. You get down on some of these side roads and you won't even see a car. It's relaxing, not to mention stunning."


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AUSTIN, Texas – Texas wide receiver Cayleb Jones has been released five months after he was accused of punching a Longhorns tennis player and breaking his jaw.
Coach Mack Brown on Wednesday night said Jones has been given an unconditional release and wished him well.
The sophomore's father, Robert Jones, said it's best for his son to get a fresh start and transfer. The family didn't immediately say where Jones will attend school.
Jones was charged with felony aggravated assault after a February incident involving an ex-girlfriend and her male friend. The charge was later reduced to a misdemeanor.
Jones last month was reinstated to the Longhorns but faced missing the season opener against New Mexico State as punishment. He played in 11 games as a backup last season.


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To Every Thing, There is a Season … Preparing Garden & Shed for Winter Part One: Bulbs & Tubers
Cleaning and Preparing Pots & Tools for Winter Storage
Most years, by the time sleet and snow begin to fall, both my garden and home are well prepared for winter. By mid-November, my firewood is stacked, dahlias are boxed up, spring-blooming bulbs are planted and vegetable beds are neatly mulched with chopped leaves and clean straw. But this season's early snow really took me by surprise. Even in New England, where we're known for our unpredictable weather, who expects two feet of snow before Halloween? And now —with white drifts covering much of the garden— even though I'm actually well ahead of schedule, it suddenly feels as if I've fallen far behind. It's only the first week of November, and I still have many chores to finish up! Fortunately —with frost-free ground and daytime temperatures in the high 50s— the snow is quickly receding!
Out go the bulbs (I'm planting extra Tulips this year — including long-standing favorites: Queen of the Night & Apricot Beauty— just for cutting)
I plant a large number of bulbs every fall, both for myself and for my garden design clients. Some early bloomers, like Galanthus, Eranthus and Erythronium for example, need extra time to settle in and are planted in late summer or very early autumn (or even better, in the case of Galanthus, transplanted in-the-green, after blooming). But I find that other springtime favorites —especially tulips and daffodils— perform best when planted in cooler soil, after a hard frost. Of course for some of us in the northeast, the first killing frost came in the form of a snow storm this year. That really threw a monkey wrench in my schedule! But no matter, there's still plenty of time. In the next few weeks I'll be digging more holes than my resident squirrels; planting daffodils, tulips and anything else I find on sale, until the ground freezes! In small spaces —or for dramatic effect— I often plant bulbs in layers (click here to see how), and I also buy extra bulbs to chill and force later on in winter (click here for tutorial).
And in come the Dahlias. Sweet dreams, my beauties …
In my cold climate, another unfinished garden chore, lifting and boxing up tender Dahlia tubers, needs to be completed over the next couple of weeks. Usually, I pull Dahlias two weeks after the frost, when their foliage has completely withered. But this season, my Dahlias were still blooming in late October, right up until the first snow (and if they could, I'm sure the Dahlias would be telling you that this year's weather was all very strange and confusing). Yesterday I cut away the blackened remains of my beloved Karma Choc, Ferncliff Illusion, and other favorite Dahlias, and began lifting them (gently now, with fingertips and a bit of assistance from a trowel) from their pots. After shaking soil from Dahlias, I rinse and air dry the tubers for a day before nestling them into newspaper-lined cardboard boxes, filled with damp cedar shavings (I've stopped using peat moss for enviromental reasons). Once boxed up, I put my Dahlias to sleep on shelves in a cool, but not freezing part of my cellar (somewhere around 45 degrees is good).
And so now, I'm off to plant spring-blooming bulbs for my clients. Have you ever known a gardener to say that they planted too many? Impossible!
Although I'm Sad to See Many Things Go, There's an Undeniable Beauty to Stark and Skeletal Winter
A Confetti Display of Leaves and Seeds in Melting Snow
Photographs and Text ⓒ Michaela Medina/The Gardener's Eden. All photos, articles and content on this site (with noted exceptions) are the original, copyrighted property of The Gardener's Eden and may not be reposted, reproduced or used in any way without prior written consent. Contact information is in the left side bar. Thank you!
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6 Replies to "To Every Thing, There is a Season … Preparing Garden & Shed for Winter Part One: Bulbs & Tubers"
Thank you for the instructions regarding dahlia bulbs… are tuberous begonias handled the same way?
Jane Rexing
What else can be used to store tubers if you do not have cedar shavings? Is perlite okay? This is my first season to grow dahlias and attempt to store them.
Thank you for the Dahlia tips. Want to tell you how much I love your website. I don't always comment, but I come here once or twice a week and I just enjoy it so much. Emily.
Comments are closed.


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Junk Removal Marin
Fast, eco-friendly junk removal in Marin
Meet the Owner
Matt Verga and Maggie Verga are the owners of Junk King Marin which services all of Marin, Sonoma and Napa counties. Matt became a Junk King franchise owner after spending over 25 years in corporate America. He wanted to make his own decisions and implement his own ideas. As an individual owner of a business like junk removal, he could define his own success. This brought him to Junk King. He purchased his own franchise in February of 2013. Matt says, "I learn something new every day. I look forward to every day."
Matt received a degree in finance from Chico State University. His work experience in accounting and sales gave him the experience to grow the Sonoma Junk Removal Business over 40% a year. He has been able to accomplish this by testing and learning marketing ideas. His pricing is fair. His operation is efficient and his employees do the job. His services are needed. Items hauled include things like: television disposal & recycling, yard waste removal, foreclosure clean outs, appliance removal and hot tub disposal. His clients have changes in their lives that need immediate hauling service. They are either moving out of an apartment, selling a home, having an estate sale, recovering from a home disaster flooded basement, or moving out of the area. Matt says, "My clients see first hand the value of our service and they recognize the effort needed to get their life back to normal." He is fully invested in his Sonoma junk removal business and enjoys the daily challenges. His 5 star rating on yelp indicates that he provides excellent customer service.
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Family, friendships, and humor are Matt's outside interests. He works hard at his business so he can focus on his other interests on his off time. Matt and Maggie like music. They enjoy going to concerts. They also like skiing, swimming, golfing, and bike riding. Schedule Matt and his Sonoma junk removal team by calling 1-888-888-5865(JUNK) or book online.


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2010 Studio On Fire Letterpress Calendar
Studio On Fire, Saint Paul, Minnesota, 2009
We produce an annual letterpress calendar, working with illustrators from around the world to inspire others and showcase the beauty of letterpress. Created primarily for designers and design firms, the calendar is mailed as a promotional piece and is also available for purchase on our website.
Juror Notes
Great concept and design execution for a promotional.
Great choice and unique graphic application for a calendar format.
Truly pushes the company's letterpress capabilities and ideas.
Great use of illustration.
Great characters! And I'm a sucker for the neon orange.
This entire piece is letterpress. So good, you really have to "feel" it. Nice illustrations and every detail is thought out.
Collections: AIGA 365: 31 (2010)
Repository: Denver Art Museum
Discipline: Promotional design and advertising
Format: Calendar
- Design firm
- Studio On Fire
- Illustrators
- Rilla Alexander (Rinzen), Cecilie Ellefsen, ghostpatrol, Brian Gunderson, Little Friends of Printmaking, Studio on Fire
- Printer
- Studio on Fire
- Printing method
- Letterpress
- Paper
- Canaletto, Grana Grossa Bianco; French Pop-Tone, Pink Lemonade; Wausau Royal Resource, Weathered Oak
- Client
- Studio on Fire


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609 Winnipeg Street Regina, SKS4R 8P2
Open today 07:30 AM - 07:00 PM
Open today 07:30 AM - 08:00 PM
Open today 08:00 AM - 08:00 PM
Based on Natural Resources Canada's (NRCan) approved guidelines. Refer to NRCan's Fuel Consumption Guide available at https://fcr-ccc.nrcan-rncan.gc.ca/en for more information. Full battery charge and ideal conditions are required. Figures will vary based, amongst others and non-exclusively, on driving and charging habits, speed, accessory use, weather and temperature, battery age, vehicle condition, road condition and other factors. In sub ideal conditions, figures may worsen by more than 50%. Battery capacity decreases with time and use which will further reduce range. See the owner's manual or NRCan's Fuel Consumption Guide for details.
Complete form to be sent an alert when the price for 2017 Jeep Grand Cherokee Trailhawk 4X4 | OFF-ROAD PACKAGE | ALPINE AUDIO matches your desired price.
Can't find what you want? Complete form to be notified when a vehicle matching your criteria is listed.
Down payment ($)
Term (mo)


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1917 (2019) full movie watch online on 123Movies At the height of the First World War, two young British soldiers, Schofield and Blake are given a seemingly impossible mission. In a race against time, they must cross enemy territory and deliver a message that will stop a deadly attack on hundreds of soldiers—Blake's own brother among them.
Andrew Scott, Benedict Cumberbatch, Claire Duburcq, Colin Firth, Daniel Mays, Dean-Charles Chapman, George MacKay, Mark Strong, Richard Madden
Director: Sam Mendes


text: 81-60015 HO Scale MTH HO 2-Car Parlor Passenger Set For availability see 'Find it locally' tab $149.95Product InformationDescription2-Car Parlor Passenger Set- Erie Car Names:1010, 1015 Roadname: ErieProduct Item Number: 81-60015Catalog: DE 2011 HO Volume 1Product Line: MTH HOScale: HO ScaleDelivery Status: Delivered Jun. 2012This product is compatible with all HO 2-Rail track including those systems offered by Atlas and Bachmann.. OverviewIt is hard to match the excitement and beauty of a long, sleek passenger train speeding down the rails. M.T.H.'s HO scale streamlined passenger cars and sets will bring exactly the right, realistic look to your passenger consists. No other manufacturer matches the quality and value found inside an M.T.H. HO passenger car. Using an intricately detailed, yet durable ABS body atop smooth rolling trucks results in a lightweight car that won't bog down a locomotive struggling to pull heavy passenger cars. What's more, each HO passenger car features detailed car interiors and overhead, constant voltage LED lighting for a realistic and authentic appearance. Features Durable ABS Intricately Detailed Bodies Metal Wheels and Axles Constant Voltage Overhead LED Interior Lighting Detailed 4-Wheel Trucks Authentic Paint Scheme End-of-Car Diaphragms Separate Metal Handrails Detailed Car Interiors Detailed Car Undercarriage Kadee Couplers Unit Measures:11 1/2" x 1 7/16" x 1 7/8" Operates On 22" Radius Curves Find It LocallyThis product may not have shipped yet or is completely sold out. Click on the show button to see who might have it on order. Support


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Vice President
First Lady
Mrs. Cheney
News & Policies
History & Tours | Kids | Your Government | Appointments | Jobs | Contact | Graphic version
Email Updates | Español | Accessibility | Search | Privacy Policy | Help
For Immediate Release
Office of the Press Secretary
January 3, 2005
President Signs Condolence Book at the Indian Embassy
The Indian Embassy
Washington, D.C.
In Focus: Tsunami Relief
Q Mr. President, you have come this far; are you planning to extend your visit someday to India? It could be before your presidency --
THE PRESIDENT: I appreciate that very much. I was just telling the Ambassador, when I spoke to the Prime Minister I assured him that my intentions were to make it this year to India. In the meantime, though, our country stands with the people who've suffered. We want the Indian government, the Indian people to know that we'll help in any way we can. I've asked President Clinton and President Bush to lead an effort to raise private contributions to go to the families of those who have suffered, and to help provide food, medicine, water, shelter, whatever the Indian government thinks is necessary.
I want to thank the Indian government for taking a lead in this issue. One of the first things that we did was to put together a core group of nations, nations that are capable of organizing relief efforts around the region, and the Indian government has been especially strong, as a part of this core group. And I told the Ambassador to thank the Prime Minister for his very strong leadership.
Our navies are coordinating together; our search and rescues are coordinating together. And now the American people and the American government want to help where help is needed.
Thank you all.
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A permanent anti-fog coating for motorcycle face shields that works and is a better solution than the Pinlock or temporary anti-fog coatings.
Just a few weeks ago, in March of 2011, the Université Laval sent us a press release announcing a new permanent anti-fog coating for motorcycle helmet face shields. They claimed it is the "very first permanent anti-fog coating".
Not long after that, an email arrived from the RIA Company in St. Ouen l'Aumone, France.
RIA has been producing a permanent anti-fog coating used for aviation instruments, windshields and military applications.
The coating is called the RIA2 permanent anti-fog coating and it is also used on motorcycle helmet face shields.
RIA invited me to send over a few face shields for treatment and we could evaluate the results and report back to our readers. This is my report.
Technical Details
RIA originally developed the RIA2 anti-fog coating for use on aviation instruments, which can become fogged during changes in altitude, temperature and humidity.
They have since expanded the use of the coatings to other aviation, sports, police, fire and military uses.
There are some unique applications for the coating, including windshields in hybrid and electric automobiles, to help reduce the load on the air-conditioner and defrosting systems.
The coating is a permanent treatment that is flow-coated on to the glass or polycarbonate surface and then "fixed" at high temperatures.
According to RIA, the RIA2 coating is a water-based solution which is crystallized on the substrate. After the flow-coating, the face shield or visor is processed in an oven at +130°C, or with infrared heat.
The RIA2 coating has a "highly hydrophilic permanent characteristic", according to RIA. They said that "the bonding of molecules with the substrate and between each other prevents the dilution of coating".
The RIA2 coating can be applied to glass or on any plastic substrate by first using a primer coating. Typical uses include polycarbonate or PPSU plastic, which can withstand the brief exposure to high temperatures required to "fix" the anti-fog coating.
It is an original equipment (OE) process, designed for a continuous process, high volume use.
However, RIA manually coated the face shields I sent and I asked them to partially treat the face shield shown in the photos, so we could compare the treated vs. the non-treated areas.
RIA said that "the RIA2 coating absorbs and allows a thermal exchange, which further reduces the condensation phenomenon and the surface of material is also then less subject to the condensation phenomenon.
The thickness of the coating enables the visor to sustain high temperatures variances, from -40 degrees C to +90 degrees C and humidity levels over 95%.
Typical thickness of the RIA2 coating application ranges from 5 µ to 10 µ and features less than 1% loss in light transmission.
The face shields to be treated with the RIA2 coating must be "raw", right out of the mold, and before any other anti-scratch or anti-fog treatment has been applied.
The optical quality is unchanged, although there are a few very minute artifacts in the face shields I received, due to the fact that these face shields has been previously used on motorcycle helmets and had been coated with anti-fog treatments that were first removed by RIA.
RIA says that the optical properties on both glass and plastic is considered to be one of the major advantages.
RIA also stated that the less than 1% light transmission loss after the RIA2 coating is applied which cannot be perceived by human eye.
The RIA2 coating exceeds the requirements of ECE22/05 – EN166:2001 – EN168:2001 and is compliant to MIL-I-83336B.
The service life of the RIA2 coating is considered as the lifetime of the visor or substrate. It is a permanent coating and needs no refurbishment or maintenance.
RIA said that the RIA2 coating has been in service on some Airbus airplanes for 14 years so far on their flight instruments, despite daily exposures to high humidity and numerous thermal cycles.
Water tests have demonstrated that the performances levels of the RIA2 coating do not change at 13 days at 50 degrees Celsius.
For motorcycle use, face shields treated with the RIA2 coating have gone the equivalent of 10 years with no degradation of performance. RIA says the coating is resistant to scratching.
The RIA2 permanent anti-fog coating seems to be the "Holy Grail" of motorcycle helmet face shields.
It obsoletes the Pinlock system, in my opinion, which is a clumsy approach, due to the requirements for special attachments and its soft nature, which makes it difficult to keep clean without scratching.
Many users report changes in optical quality at night when using the Pinlock system.
The RIA2 coating is also a permanent resolution of the fogging problem, unlike the temporary anti-fog treatments, which work only up to a point.
So what's the next step? I will be corresponding with our contacts at the various motorcycle helmet manufacturers to let them know about the RIA system, which is ready and available to bring "in house" to any visor manufacturing location.
RIA does not coat end-user face shields as the process is not designed for individual coatings but optimized for large quantities. They are interested in working with manufacturers for original equipment processing.
I would think that if enough webBikeWorld readers sent an email to their favorite helmet manufacturer, requesting that they use the RIA2 treatment on their face shields, the manufacturers would get the message.
Surely, motorcyclists would be willing to pay a little extra to buy a helmet with a face shield that has a real permanent anti-fog coating that actually works, and this is it.
Owner Comments and Feedback
See details on submitting comments.
From "G.H." (November 2013): "I hereby pronounce that this is a safety measure that should have been developed by manufacturers and rolled out a long time ago.
And in not doing so find the helmet manufacturers to be complicit to the accidents that have occurred due to fogging up of visors (let's just hazard a guess that even one death should give them all conscience).
I now ask that this is promoted with all strength as it can save lives and make the riding experience a lot more comfortable.
Can we really imagine the head on collision of an 800 Harley or large tourer — and more to the point — the damage it would do to a car and its owner (its because we are vulnerable that no one has given a toss)?
I really wish I had a few million- I'd definitely invest in a motorcycle helmet to have these fitted standard."


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Galileo: Contributions to Astronomy
Contributions to Astronomy
In 1592 he began lecturing on mathematics at the Univ. of Padua, where he remained for 18 years. There, in 1609, having heard reports of a simple magnifying instrument put together by a lens-grinder in Holland, he constructed the first known complete astronomical telescope. Exploring the heavens with his new aid, Galileo discovered that the moon, shining with reflected light, had an uneven, mountainous surface and that the Milky Way was made up of numerous separate stars. In 1610 he discovered the four largest satellites of Jupiter, the first satellites of a planet other than Earth to be detected. He observed and studied the oval shape of Saturn (the limitations of his telescope prevented the resolving of Saturn's rings), the phases of Venus, and the spots on the sun. His investigations confirmed his acceptance of the Copernican theory of the solar system; but he did not openly declare a doctrine so opposed to accepted beliefs until 1613, when he issued a work on sunspots. Meanwhile, in 1610, he had gone to Florence as philosopher and mathematician to Cosimo II de' Medici, grand duke of Tuscany, and as mathematician at the Univ. of Pisa.
Sections in this article:
- Introduction
- Conflict with the Church
- Contributions to Astronomy
- Contributions to Physics
- Bibliography
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2023, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
See more Encyclopedia articles on: Astronomy: Biographies


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The modern JavaScript specification is divided into a series of modules, which includes the HTML5 APIs. All of these APIs depend entirely on JavaScript to work, so they're included in the JavaScript reading list. However, they are officially HTML5 APIs; Dialog even introduces an element of the same name.
Both the HTML5 Fullscreen and Dialog APIs are vital to modern web applications: the Fullscreen API eliminates browser UI and scrollbars, leaving just the elements on the web page you want the user to focus on, while the Dialog API presents modal windows in front of content, focussing the user's attention and limiting their interactivity. Both are useful in a variety of applications, from games to kiosks.
The Speech Synthesis and Recognition APIs have a more refined focus, and are not yet supported in all modern browsers… but will be part of making accessibile, fully featured sites act like modern applications.
Time: 1 hour
Prerequisites: A good understanding of both HTML & CSS.
The FullScreen API
The Dialog API
The Speech Synthesis & Recognition APIs
The Web Storage API
Photograph by Tim Haynes, licensed under Creative Commons
Enjoy this piece? I invite you to follow me at twitter.com/dudleystorey to learn more.