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GETTING READY FOR THE 1940 CENSUS: Searching without a Name Index
Stephen P. Morse
This article appeared in the Association of Professional Genealogists Quarterly (December 2011).
The US census has been taken every ten years starting in 1790. In 1942, all censuses up to and including the 1870 census were made available to the public. And since then, each census has been made available to the public 72 years after the census was taken (73 years in the case of the 1900 census). As of this writing (October 2011), the last census that has been made available is the 1930 census.
The pages of each of these censuses (with the exception of the 1890 census, most of which was destroyed due to a fire) have been scanned and placed online at various free and pay websites. And the names of all people in these censuses have been indexed, making it possible to search for people in the census by name.
Opening Day for the 1940 Census
The census day for the 1940 census was April 1, 1940. That doesn't mean that the census taker knocked on the door on April 1 and took down the information. He probably came a few days after April 1. But the questions he asked pertained to April 1. Uncle Sam wanted to get a snapshot of the nation as it existed on April 1.
Since the census is sealed for 72 years, opening day for the 1940 census should be April 1, 2012. But it will be delayed to April 2 since April 1 falls on a Sunday, and the National Archives is closed on Sundays.
In previous years, the release of each census involved making microfilm copies of the master census microfilms (the original census pages have long since been destroyed). These microfilm copies were then made available to various archives and libraries. It was from these microfilm copies that several companies and organizations scanned the census images and placed them online.
That will not be the case for the 1940 census. The master microfilm will not be copied onto distribution microfilm. Instead it will be scanned and put directly online. That will make it available to anyone with Internet access on opening day. Furthermore, it will be accessible to all for free.
But a complete name index will not exist until at least six months (best guess at this time) after opening day. That means that the only way to access the census initially will be by location. However the census is not organized by address but rather by the Enumeration District (ED). So to access the census, you will need to obtain the Enumeration District of your desired location.
An Enumeration District is an area that can be canvassed by a single census taker (enumerator) in a census period. Since 1880, all information in the census is arranged by Enumeration District. If you do not know the Enumeration District, you cannot access the census by location!
Each Enumeration District within a state has a unique number. In 1930 and 1940, the number consists of two parts, such as 31-1518. The first part is a prefix number assigned to each county (usually alphabetical) and the second part is a district number within the county. In 1940 (but not in 1930) some of the larger cities have their own prefix number. Such city prefix numbers come after the last county prefix.
As an example, in 1930 the prefixes in California went from 1 (Alameda County) to 58 (Yuba County). Los Angeles County was somewhere in the middle with prefix number 19. Long Beach City is in Los Angeles County, so in 1930 it too had prefix 19. But in 1940 it was given its own prefix, namely 59. It was followed by Los Angeles City (60), Oakland City (61) and San Diego City (62).
Now that you know what an Enumeration District is, you'll need to know how to obtain the Enumeration District for the location you are interested in.
Before you can determine the family's Enumeration District, you'll have to know where they were located. If you don't already have their address, here are several ways of finding it.
An old family address book might list the addresses not only of the family but of family friends as well.
Often vital records give the address at which the family resided. A birth certificate might list the residence of the mother. If the birth was a home birth, the certificate would list the family's residence as the location of the birth. A marriage license would usually list the address of both the bride and the groom. And a death certificate would give the last address of the deceased.
City directories are like phone books but without the phone numbers, and are a good source of addresses. They exist for many cities. Of course phone books themselves are another good source, but phones were still relatively rare back in 1940.
Old diaries might list family addresses.
Employment records for members of the family will certainly have addresses on them.
If the family saved some old letters that they've received, that would of course have the family's address on it.
If the family was mentioned in the local newspaper or in a local book, it might give the family's address.
A person's naturalization record would list where the person was living.
A photograph might have an address written on the back. If it is a picture of the front of the house the family lived in, it might show the house number. And the picture might show the street sign in the distance.
Some of the older relatives of the family might recall where the family lived, or they might have some of the documents mentioned here that can help determine where they lived.
Such records will most likely include an address.
Old scrapbooks are certainly a good source of obtaining the family's address.
Since social security started in 1936, there's a good chance that some of the family members applied for social security cards in the years around 1940, and those application would list the address.
World War II registrations occurred in the first half of the 1940s, so the address listed on the registration would likely be the address that the family lived at in 1940.
Information on the Census
What can you expect to find in the census? For the most part, it will be the same sorts of things that you are probably familiar with from previous census years. That includes things like street and house number, house owned or rented, house value or monthly rent, name of each person in household, relation of each person to the head of household, sex, color or race, age, marital status, place of birth, citizenship, current occupation, and industry.
In addition, there were several new and interesting questions in 1940. Some examples are name of informant (so you can see if the information was provided by someone knowledgeable), highest school grade completed (to see if education level affected whether or not person had a job in this recessionary period), country of birth as of 1937 borders (because the borders of Europe were changing fast and furiously in 1940), place of residence in 1935 (to see how migratory the population was due to the recession and great dust bowl of the 1930s), and income.
Furthermore, sampling was used for the first time on the census. Those people who happened to fall on one of two designated lines on the page (out of a total of 40 lines) were asked about the birthplace of their parents, their mother tongue, whether they were a veteran and of which war, whether they had a social security card, and their usual occupation and industry. That last question differed from the current occupation/industry question asked of everybody, and was intended to see if the recession caused people to work at jobs other than what they were trained to do. And if the person sampled happened to be a married woman, she was asked if she was ever married before, her age at first marriage, and number of children born alive.
There were many more questions that were considered for the census but were rejected. Examples of some of the rejected questions are whether you owned a bible, whether you are over six feet tall, your hair color, whether you owned a burial plot, and how many dogs you had.
The largest collection of tools for converting location information to Enumeration District is found on the One-Step website (http://stevemorse.org). And they are all free. But the number of census tools found there can be daunting. To simplify things, a Tutorial Quiz was developed whereby you will be asked a sequence of questions, and based on your answers you will be directed to the most appropriate One-Step tool or tools for your situation. The Tutorial Quiz is another tool on the One-Step website.
If you indicate that the family you are looking for lived in a large urban area, you will probably be directed to the One-Step Large City ED Finder. If they lived in a rural area, you will probably be directed to the One-Step ED Definition Tool. If the family hadn't moved since 1930 and you know the 1930 ED, you will probably be directed to the One-Step 1930 / 1940 ED Converter.
In addition, you might be directed to other One-Step resources for a second opinion to make sure that the ED number that you found is correct. Some of these additional resources include the One-Step Census Tracts Tool, the One-Step ED descriptions as appearing on the NARA microfilms, the One-Step ED Street List Tool, the One-Step ED Maps Tool, the One-Step Changed-Street-Names Tool, and the One-Step Census Image tool.
Let's look at some specific examples using the Tutorial Quiz. It will be shown as a dialog between you and the computer.
Computer: Do you know where your family lived on April 1, 1940?
You: I have no idea
Computer: Look for any of the following:
At this point the computer will present you with a list of sources for finding the address. These sources were discussed in a previous section. One of the items on the list is "local newspapers / books." Well for Donald there are lots of books – comic books that is. And in the March 1954 issue of "Uncle Scrooge" is a story titled "Secrets of Atlantis." That story shows Donald going to his house at 1313 Webfoot Walk in Duckburg Calisota. If Donald didn't move around too often, there's a good chance he will be at that address in 1940.
So Donald had the mystical house number of 1313. He was in good company, sharing that house number with none other than the Munsters at 1313 Mockingbird Lane, the new Addams family at 1313 Cemetery Lane, the Life of Riley at 1313 Blueview Terrace, and, most importantly, the writer of this paper (and that's not a joke).
Note above that we cited our source for obtaining Donalds's address. It is important to do so when obtaining genealogical information so that others can check on your work and make sure that you didn't overlook anything.
Continuing with the quiz:
Computer: Did that help?
You: Yes, now I have the address
Computer: What kind of an area did they live in?
You: A large urban area
Duckburg was indeed large. According to Wikipedia, it had a population of around 300,000, but of course many of the inhabitants were anthropomorphized animals.
Computer: Use the One-Step Large City ED Finder
Now go to the Large City Enumeration District Finder and select the state of Calisota. That's a fictional Disney state of course, and is a cross between California and Minnesota.
After selecting Calisota, a list of the cities in Calisota appears. Select Duckburg.
Upon selecting Duckburg, a list of the streets in Duckburg appears. Select Webfoot Walk.
At this point a list of Enumeration Districts appears – these are the Enumeration Districts that Webfoot Walk passes through. And the instructions say to select a cross street in order to narrow down the list of potential Enumeration Districts. A map of Duckburg shows that 1313 Webfoot Walk is at the corner of Webfoot and Quack. So select Quack Street, and the list of Enumeration Districts is reduced to just one – namely 5-38.
Now that you have the Enumeration District, you are ready to view the census images for that district. There's a One-Step Census Image tool that lets you do that of course! You start at the first page of the Enumeration District and look at the left margin for Webfoot Walk. Keep going, page by page, until you find it. Then look in the next column for 1313. When you find that, you will have Donald's census record.
The 1940 census has not yet been made public, so I shouldn't be showing you any of the information that is in it. But it seems innocent enough for me to show you Donald's record, although I must ask you not to tell anyone that I've shown it to you. Here it is:
Note that Donald is the head of household, and he is living with his concubine Daisy (no, they never got married) and his three nephews. There is a circled X next to Donald's name. That indicates that he was the informant. Donald rented the house, and his rent was $25 a month.
We all know that Superboy lived in Smallville, but I wonder how many know that Smallville is in Kansas.
©The CW Television Network
Computer: Do you know where your family lived in 1940?
You: Yes, in Smallville Kansas
Computer: What kind of an area did they live in?
You: A rural area
Computer: Use the One-Step ED Definition tool
So go to the One-Step ED Definition tool, select the state of Kansas, and enter Smallville as a keyword to be searched for.
This will result in a search of the definitions of all the EDs in Kansas, looking for any that contains the keyword Smallville. There are two such EDs.
We can assume that Superboy was not living in the Smallville Jail, so that narrows it down to ED 15-3.
Next let's find Uncle Harry in the 1940 census. Harry lived in Roswell New Mexico. In fact, Harry was an illegal alien. He entered the country by flying in, using a saucer-shaped flying machine. He lived in the same home in Roswell for many years, and he flew in and out many times. But in 1947 he had a tragic accident -- his flying machine crashed at what is known as area 51, and Uncle Harry was killed.
Computer: Do you know where your family lived on April 1, 1940?
You: Yes, in Roswell New Mexico
Did the family move between 1930 and 1940?
You: No
Computer: Do you have the 1930 ED number?
You: No
Computer: Do you have the 1930 census record?
You: Yes
Computer: Do you see the ED in the upper right-hand corner?
At this point you need to access the 1930 census record.
And there, in the upper right-hand corner is the ED, just where the computer said it would be. It's Enumeration District 3-6.
Computer: Do you see the ED in the upper right-hand corner?
You: Yes
Computer: Use the 1930 / 1940 ED Converter!
The ED converter takes a 1930 ED as input, and shows which 1940 ED or EDs cover the same area.
Note that the 1930 ED and 1940 ED are the same in this case – namely 3-6. That will often be true for rural areas in which there were not many changes. But it will not be the case for large cities, as shown in the next example.
Example 4: John D Rockefeller, Jr.
I have traced the Rockefeller family through the census from 1910 to 1930. In 1910 John Jr. lived with his family at 13 West 54th Street, Manhattan, and that was in ED 1180. However this address is suspicious since it follows 8 West 54th Street. We would have expected the census taker to do several houses on the same side of the street, so following 8 should probably be 10 and not 13.
1910 Census
In 1920 John Jr. was at 10 West 54th Street, and that was in ED 1052. The fact that the ED changed is not surprising, since the EDs in large cities were completely renumbered for each census.
1920 Census
In 1930 he was at 10-12 West 54th Street, and the ED was 31-572. If our suspicions about the 1910 census are correct and the house number really was 10 and not 13, John Jr has been in the same house from 1910 to 1930.
1930 Census
So there is good reason to believe that he would be at the same address in 1940.
Computer: Has the family moved since 1930?
You: No
Computer: Do you have the 1930 census record?
You; Yes
Computer: Do you see the ED in the upper right-hand corner?
You: Yes
Computer: Use the 1930 / 1940 ED Converter!
Enter 31-572 as the 1930 ED, and the One-Step ED Converter shows that the ED in 1940 is either 31-1391 or 31-1392.
That covers a lot of ground, so it is time for a review. Here are the major One-Step tools for determining EDs in the 1940 census, and the situations in which you would use each one.
It's not quite that simple, and the Tutorial Quiz will guide you through some of the subtleties.
Other Resources (Second Opinions)
Before running to view the census images, it would be a good idea to verify that the ED found is indeed correct. It could take a considerable amount of time to step through every page of an ED looking for the family, and it would be a shame to go through an entire ED only to later learn that it was the wrong ED.
So let's look at some examples of getting a second opinion.
Computer: Congratulations, you've found your ED. Would you like a second opinion?
You: Yes
Computer: Use the One-Step Census Tracts tool!
Many cities are broken up into census tracts. These tracts provide stable geographic units for the presentation of statistical data across census years. For our purposes, we can use the tracts as an aid for determining the Enumeration District because the ED definitions usually include tract numbers.
The tract for John D Rockefeller, Jr. can be obtained by using the One-Step Census Tracts tool. That tool will bring up the census tract map for Manhattan. And that map shows that Rockefeller lived in census tract 104.
Computer: Use the One-Step Census Tracts tool!
You: Got it. It's census tract 104
Computer: Enter that into the One-Step ED Definition Tool.
So enter "tract 104" as a keyword in the One-Step ED Definition tool and do the search.
The results show that there are four EDs in tract 104, namely 31-831, 31-832, 31-833, and 31-834. The latter two were the two EDs obtained previously. This confirms that those EDs are valid candidates.
But it would be nice to narrow it down to a single ED. So continue with the quiz and see if there is another second opinion.
Computer: Would you like another second opinion?
You: Yes
Computer: Go back to the One-Step ED Definition tool and click on link to view T1224
Doing so brings up the ED definition found on NARA microfilm series T1224, which is sometimes more complete than the abbreviated description displayed by the One-Step ED Definition tool.
These descriptions indicate that each of the two EDs includes a part of the city block bounded by W 54th Street, 5th Avenue, W 55th Street, and 6th Avenue That block is split by a diagonal line into two triangles, with one triangle in each ED. The triangle with W 54th Street belongs to ED 31-1392. So the desired ED is 31-1392.
But that description was very hard to follow. An easier way to see this would be from an ED map of the area. Another tool on the One-Step website lets us look at the maps for the various EDs. So use the One-Step ED Maps tool to bring up the map image that contains the two EDs in question.
Wanted still more confirmation? Another tool on the One-Step website shows the streets in any ED in a large city. It is the One-Step ED Street List tool. Applying that tool to ED 31-1392 in New York gives the following:
The One-Step tools for dealing with large cities involve selecting specific streets from a list of streets. But sometimes the desired streets or cross-streets are not in the list.. That's because the cross-streets might have been determined by using contemporary maps of the area whereas the streets listed in the One-Step tools are the streets that were there in 1940. Sometimes streets change names over the years, sometimes they no longer exist, and sometimes house numbers change. To help in such situations, there is a One-Step tool that deals with changed street names and changed house numbers. It consists of a list of about 250 cities, and shows the old street names and the corresponding new names for each.
After a while a name index will be produced for the 1940 census, and when that happens it will be much simpler to find people in that census. Two questions come to mind when a 1940 name index becomes available:
1. Will the One-Step website support the 1940 name index?
The One-Step site contains a search form for searching for people in prior census years, and that form will be expanded to include 1940 as well. The One-Step name search will involve accessing the name index on other websites, so you might wonder why you shouldn't simply go to those websites directly. That's because the One-Step search form will include features not found when you go to the underlying site directly.
One example is that there is a single One-Step name search form that lets you search in any particular year. Suppose you have just found your ancestor in the 1920 census and now want to search for him in the 1930 census. His name hasn't changed. His year and place of birth haven't changed. And he probably has other attributes that have remained the same from one census year to the next. Yet from many of the commercial sites that have a search-by-name capability, you are required to leave the 1920 search form, go up several levels through their site to get out of 1920, then come down several level in 1930 before you get to their 1930 search form. Then you have to enter your information again. From the One-Step search-by-name form you simply change the year, which is one of the fields on the form, and repeat the search with all the other values left in tact.
There are more advantages to using the One-Step name-search form. It will probably contain more search fields than will be found on the underlying websites (it already has more fields for the earlier census years). Another advantage is that the One-Step site will provide name search and location search all on the same site. And there will probably be other advantages as well.
2. Will the One-Step 1940 location tools become obsolete?
The One-Step site contains location tools for the years 1900 to 1930, and these are not obsolete even though name indexes exist for these years. And the reason the location tools are not obsolete is because not everyone can be found by doing a name search. To understand why, consider the way the census takers did their job.
The census taker arrived at your ancestor's door with his census book in hand. He didn't say "Here is the census book, please write your name in it." Instead he probably said that the book was government property, and not only couldn't your ancestor write in it, he couldn't even look at it. That was because the book contained confidential information on his neighbors. So the census taker asked your ancestor to say his name and the census taker would write it down. Your ancestor might have been an immigrant who spoke with a thick accent. In that case, the census taker would take his best guess as to what your ancestor said, and he would write down what he thought he heard. Seventy two years later, commercial websites are going to create a name index. They will do so by having transcribers read the census records and type in what the census takers wrote down. The census takers were not known for having excellent handwritings. So the transcriber will need to make his best guesses as to what the census taker wrote down, which would be the census taker's best guess as to what your ancestor said.
However it's not as bleak as all that, and in most cases there will be no trouble doing a name search. But there will be a non-insignificant number of cases in which it will not be possible to find a person by name, and in those cases the location tools will still be necessary.
There's more than one way to skin a cat. The trick is to try several of the One-Step tools and see if you get the same ED. The Tutorial Quiz can help determine a strategy.
Here's the One-Step toolbox of 1940 census tools.
And perhaps the most important is the One-Step Tutorial Quiz tool that will help you determine which of the above tools to use. And there is one more tool for those of you who want to just jump right in and not be bothered answering a lot of questions. That's the One-Step Unified ED Finder tool, described in the next section.
So far you have been presented with the choice of figuring out which of the many One-Step ED tools is right for you, or of answering a series of questions that will help you determine which tool to use. But if you don't have the time to do either of those, and simply want to enter your location and get the ED, then the One-Step Unified ED Finder is the tool you want. This unified tool provides access to the three most popular One-Step ED tools – namely the Large City ED Finder, the ED Definition tool, and the 1930/1940 Conversion tool. If the city you enter on the unified form is one of those supported by the Large City ED finder, it will take you directly to that tool with your state, city, street, and even house number prefilled. If you've entered a 1930 ED number on the unified form, it will take you directly to the results of the 1930/1940 ED conversion. And if neither of those apply, it will take you to the results that you would have gotten from the ED Definitions tool.
There are several anomalies in the 1940 census that were not present in previous census years. You'll need to know about them so that you don't get confused when searching in the census. These are the so-called Census Minute, and the Page Numbering gaps.
In previous years there was an enumeration day and a census day. The enumeration day was the day that the census taker knocked on your ancestor's door. The census day (April 1) was the day to which your ancestor's answers apply. A person born on April 1 was to be counted and one born on April 2 was not to be counted. Similarly a person who died on April 1 was to be counted, but one who died on March 31 was not to be counted.
In 1940 there was a census minute instead of a census day. That minute was 12:01 AM on April 1. A person born on April 1 but after 12:01 AM was not to be counted and will not appear in the census. In previous years, such a person would have appeared in the census.
In previous years, all pages were numbered consecutively starting at 1A. The next page would be 1B, then 2A, then 2B, etc. If the census taker finished visiting all the homes in the district and went back to try to get people he might have missed, those people would appear on pages numbered immediately after the last page of the first set of visits. Since the census taker was being paid by the name, he was very motivated to find more people.
In 1940, his instructions were to start the second set of visits on page 61A, regardless of the page number on which the first set of visits ended. This assumes that the last page number of the first set of visits was less than 61A. Furthermore, on April 8th and 9th he was supposed to visit hotels and flop houses looking for transients, and those visits were to start on page 81A.
Assume that the first set of visits ended on page 40B. The second set of visits would start on 61A, and the pages from 41A to 60B will appear to be missing. But they aren't missing – they never existed.
So just because we see these numbering gaps, we shouldn't use them as an excuse for not being able to find our family in the census. True numbering gaps can be easily detected because each of the A pages (1A, 2A, etc) has a second number, which is stamped on the top rather than being handwritten. Those stamped numbers should not have any gaps.
The National Archives and Records Administration website (http://www.archives.gov/research/census/1940/) currently has a section on how to find people in the 1940 census. In that section are several references to the One-Step website. Specifically, on their main page on 1940 Census Records, in part 3 Finding Aids, they state "Find Census Enumeration Districts using Stephen P. Morse's Search Engines" and they give a link to the One-Step site. And in their section on "What you can do now in preparation for the opening of the 1940 Census" they say "Use the Search Utilities at http://stevemorse.org/census/."
On opening day for the 1940 census, April 2, 2012, there will be no name index. The only way to access the census will be by knowing the Enumeration District, and the easiest way to determine the Enumeration District will be by using the tools on the One-Step website (http://stevemorse.org). There is no charge for using the One-Step tools. So the One-Step website should be one of the first sites you visit on opening day.
None of the One-Step census tools would have been possible without the help of Joel Weintraub. He had the original idea of developing location tools for finding people in the 1930 census. He is also responsible for all of the tables used in all the One-Step census location tools. He developed many of the tables himself, and he supervised a team of volunteers to develop the remaining tables.


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On this page:
- Benefits
- Three types of exercise are recommended:
- Remember to warm up and cool down
- Tips for success
- How many calories does exercise use?
- For more information
Regular exercise has many benefits:
- Reduces stress, anxiety, tension, fatigue and depression
- Prevents injury
- Helps maintain a healthy body weight
- Increases resting metabolism and strength
- Tones and shapes muscles
- Improves confidence and self-awareness
- Improves sleep
- Decreases risk of disability and disease (e.g. heart disease, osteoporosis, high blood pressure, and diabetes)
Three types of exercise are recommended:
1. Aerobic
2. Strength-training
3. Flexibility
1. Aerobic exercise raises the heart rate during continuous and sustained activity. This is the most important form of exercise for cardiovascular health because it improves the efficiency of the heart and lungs.
Examples of aerobic exercise include: basketball, brisk walking, bicycling, rowing, running, soccer, swimming, tennis, and using machines such as an elliptical trainer, stair stepper or treadmill.
Current recommendations are to do:
- Moderately intense aerobic exercise 30 minutes a day, 5 times a week OR
- Vigorously intense aerobic exercise 20 minutes a day, 3 days a week
Also, several short (10-minute) sessions a day can also be effective in improving heart function.
- How to monitor the intensity of your aerobic workout: For aerobic exercise, moderate intensity is optimal, producing the greatest gains with the least risk of injury. To determine intensity, use any of these methods:
- Talk Test: You should be able to talk comfortably while exercising at moderate intensity. If you become too out of breath to carry on a conversation, slow down.
- Perceived Exertion Scale: Note how difficult or intense your workout feels and then rate yourself on the scale. You should normally exercise at 3-4 on the scale.
- 0 - Nothing
0.5 - Just noticeable
1 - Very light
2 - Light
3 - Moderate
4 - Somewhat heavy
5 - Heavy
7 - Very heavy
10 - Very, very heavy
- Heart rate: You can calculate your target heart rate (THR) with the American Heart Association. When you exercise, periodically stop to count your heart rate for 10 seconds. (Put your fingers on your neck to the side of your Adam's apple and feel your pulse.) Compare this to your 10-second THR, and adjust your workout if you are off your THR.
Stop exercising immediately if you notice light-headedness, dizziness, tightness in the chest, loss of muscle control or nausea.
Activity does not have to be strenuous to provide positive results. Benefits can be accumulated in small bits throughout the day, so every activity counts. It can be as simple as taking the stairs instead of the elevator or taking a walk during breaks.
2. Strength-training refers to repetitive movements of muscles against resistance using weights, machines, stretchy bands or your own body weight. The purpose is to increase muscle strength and bone density, which are important throughout life.
After warm-up (see following section), do 8-12 repetitions of 8-10 different strength-training exercises that affect all major muscle groups at least twice a week at moderate intensity.
To increase strength, use a load that is more than your muscles are accustomed to, on a regular and progressive basis. Your muscles should feel fatigue by the last repetition, for example you couldn't perform another repetition without breaking form or using other assistance.
3. Flexibility refers to exercises that increase the elasticity of muscles and joints. Slow, gentle stretching can be incorporated after warm-up or during cool-down of every exercise session. It can also be done as a separate activity, for example yoga. Each stretch should be held for about 30 seconds. Don't force it!
Remember to Warm Up and Cool Down:
Warm-ups prepare you for action by raising the temperature of muscles, ligaments, and tendons and gradually increasing heart rate and blood flow. Before exercising, warm up for 5-10 minutes by doing less vigorous rehearsals of the sport or exercise that you are about to perform. Other warm-up activities include walking, slow running, arm circles or trunk rotations.
You may have been taught to stretch to warm up, but in fact you need to warm up cold muscles with light exercise to increase blood flow before stretching.
Cool-downs can reduce stiffness as well as prevent a sudden drop in blood pressure. After exercising, reduce activity gradually and then stretch for 5-10 minutes.
Tips for success:
Consult a clinician before beginning an exercise program if you are over 35 and/or have current health problems or history of disease.
Begin an exercise program slowly. Allow time to build strength and stamina.
Make a plan and commit to it. Set both short and long term goals.
Keep a journal of exercise sessions (or track online) and how you feel. Look back periodically to see how far you've come!
To keep you motivated and prevent boredom, find a workout partner and continue trying new activities.
Use proper, high-quality equipment. If you run, wear well-cushioned, sturdy shoes to avoid injury -- see tips at Choosing the Right Shoe for You. If you cycle, ride a well-maintained bicycle and wear a helmet. For activities such as skating, wear a helmet, wrist guards, elbow and kneepads.
If you are exercising outdoors, carry identification and let someone know your route.
How many calories does exercise use?
See Calorie Use Chart from Choose My Plate.gov.
For more information:
U-M Recreational Sports and Facilities
RecSports offers drop-in recreation, club sports, intramural sports, outdoor adventure, personal trainers, fitness assessments and exercise and relaxation classes, as Group X, and in partnership with M-Fit and U-Move.
- Central Campus Recreation Building - 734-763-3084
- Intramural Sports Building - 734-763-3562
- North Campus Recreation Building - 734-763-4560
MapWalk --Try this fun tool to create your own routes for walking, running or biking.
Ann Arbor Recreational Sports and Activities lists local exercise opportunities.
ActiveU for U-M employees offers an online exercise tracker.

subset: commoncrawl


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It is really so: the purpose of our lives is to reveal God to men. And only where God is seen does life truly begin. Only when we meet the living God in Christ do we know what life is. We are not some casual and meaningless product of evolution. Each of us is the result of a thought of God. Each of us is willed, each of us is loved, each of us is necessary. There is nothing more beautiful than to be surprised by the Gospel, by the encounter with Christ. There is nothing more beautiful than to know Him and to speak to others of our friendship with Him.
(Homily of his holiness Pope Benedict XVI. St. Peter's Square Sunday, 24 April 2005)


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As with Costco, bulging SUVs, and childhood obesity, toy haulers bother me. They're just too much. I get why someone might want one: comfort + capacity = fun. But I'll wager that many of us could have a pretty enjoyable experience without schlepping so much stuff around.
One couple wanted to travel across the country in their car, but wanted more comfort than a tent could provide. So they found plans for a build-it-yourself travel trailer. Here's how they did it.
Chris and Carrie Himes are do-more-with-less types, and they wanted to enjoy this summer's extended cross country road trip using nothing more than their four-cylinder Pontiac Vibe and a little creativity. They found what they were looking for in the Sept. 1947 issue of Mechanix Illustrated — the Trailer for Two.
The DIY plans, which can be found on several blogs and websites, called for a small teardrop travel trailer that can be towed behind a normal car. It's so common to hear people say they need a big truck to tow things, but this little camper was designed to trail behind run-of-the-mill 1940s sedans, many of which didn't crank out much more than 100 hp. The Mechanix Illustrated model worked out perfectly for the Himes', whose diminutive Pontiac delivers a modest 130 hp.
"It's a little slow on hills, but it's doable," said Chris Himes.
The couple could have bought one pre-made — mini teardrops sell for anywhere from $5,000 to nearly $20,000 depending upon options — but Chris Himes said he and his wife wanted to save money. Following the magazine's plans, they had a friend help them weld a frame for it, and then built the trailer's wooden body themselves at home. Neither of them are particular geniuses when it comes to carpentry, but they got the job done.
"Once we got the sides up, we just had to figure out how to fill the space," he said.
Himes said the 940-pound (empty) trailer cost less than $3,000 to build, and they played with the template a little bit to suit their needs. In addition to altering some of the storage space layout, they also replaced the plan's old style incandescent lighting with super efficient USB-powered LED lighting. They decided not to put in a sink, using the extra counter space for food preparation.
When I caught up with the Himes', they were cooking breakfast out of the back of their teardrop at the Colorado Chautauqua in Boulder, Colo. They had already driven from their home in West Palm Beach, Fla. With the exception of a little bit of bubbling on some of the exterior wood — Chris said he'd try using a different sealant — the little homemade trailer had held up well.
Now it's your turn. You know you want one of these (I do). Like the Himes', most of us can fabricate the wooden parts for one of these trailers in whatever parking lot we've been using as a garage. Welding a custom frame is a different story. Personally, I'd have trouble doing something like that since I a) don't own a welder, and b) don't know how to weld (yet...it's on my list of classes to take).
So I did some digging around and found a company based near Sacramento, Calif. that will build you a custom single axle flatbed trailer of the correct dimensions for $1,568, out the door. (There are probably other companies closer to where you live that do the same thing, but this one picked up the phone and answered all of my weird questions, so they get the official Jalopnik nod today.) That's not bad considering that the trailer is the hardest part to build. And as Hi Sibley noted in the Mechanix Illustrated article, you can make the camper shell removable, allowing you to use the trailer for utility purposes as well.
For the few who have complained that Parking Lot Mechanic is too puerile for your taste, here's a project that will keep you busy while I teach your less knowledgable gearhead brethren how to add cool train horns to beater cars and scrape rust off of things. All you have to do is print out the plans and get started.
Photo credit: Mechanix Illustrated, Sept. 1947


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National Cattlemen's Beef Association (NCBA) News Release
WASHINGTON (Aug. 10, 2012) – National Cattlemen's Beef Association (NCBA) President J.D. Alexander expressed disgust following an announcement that the Organization for Competitive Markets (OCM) has formed a partnership with the Humane Society of the United States (HSUS) to destroy more than 25 years of market development and consumer demand building by the Beef Checkoff Program.
Specifically, OCM announced yesterday evening that it will file a lawsuit today seeking an injunction against the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Agricultural Marketing Service, Cattlemen's Beef Board and the Beef Promotion Operating Committee. OCM President and Director Fred Stokes stated during the press briefing that HSUS is helping fund its efforts to file the lawsuit. OCM claims to advocate for a fair, competitive agricultural marketplace; however, in doing so it partnered with an organization known for its anti-agriculture agenda. According to Alexander, independent research shows the beef checkoff is supported by nearly 75 percent of cattlemen and women.
"HSUS is an organization going state by state vowing to end production agriculture by outlawing scientifically validated production practices in animal agriculture. Their efforts put people out of business and often jeopardize the well-being of livestock," said Alexander.
OCM made no secrets about its connection to HSUS during the press conference.
Stokes said, "OCM and every cowboy out there owes a deep gratitude to the Humane Society of the United States."
Alexander, who is also an independent cattle feeder from Pilger, Neb., said it is paramount for cattlemen and cattlewomen to know that OCM is working with an extremist animal rights group to disable a program dedicated to building demand for beef.
"Their actions will impact consumers by increasing protein costs at the grocery store. They are no friend to family farmers and ranchers or consumers and will be challenged at every corner by NCBA," said Alexander. "Animal agriculture is vital to sustaining food production and we will not sit by and allow these organizations to stifle our ability to mitigate hunger and feed people here and abroad."
Contacts at NCBA:
Mike Deering
Cristina Llorens


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SAC Capital, the hedge fund firm run by billionaire Steve Cohen, officially pleaded guilty Friday to criminal insider trading charges.
U.S. District Judge Laura Taylor Swain deferred her ruling on whether to accept the plea until March 14, saying she wanted time to review case documents and ensure the penalties are appropriate.
Prosecutors announced earlier this week that SAC had agreed to pay $1.8 billion to resolve criminal charges and a related civil case. The firm also agreed to close its investment advisory business, meaning it would no longer manage money for outside investors.
"Subject to the Court's acceptance, today four SAC Capital companies pled guilty to serious federal crimes that undermined the integrity of our securities markets," Manhattan U.S. Attorney Preet Bharara said in a statement.
The plea agreement would still allow SAC to operate as a "family office," with Cohen and others at SAC investing their own money. The civil portion of the settlement was approved Wednesday.
"We're determined to learn from this and emerge as a different firm," SAC lawyer Peter Nussbaum said at Friday's hearing.
The guilty plea follows a multi-year effort that FBI Special Agent in Charge April Brooks called "the largest insider trading investigation in history."
The probe has already yielded charges against eight current or former SAC employees, six of whom have pleaded guilty. The two others -- Mathew Martoma and Michael Steinberg -- are awaiting trial.
Government lawyers asserted at Friday's hearing that they could prove additional SAC employees beyond those eight had also engaged in insider trading.
Cohen himself has not been charged criminally. The Securities and Exchange Commission announced civil charges against him in July, accusing him of failing to supervise employees who engaged in insider trading, in a case that is still pending.
This week's plea agreement does not include immunity from future charges for Cohen or any other individuals at the firm
Cohen is one of the country's most famous hedge fund managers, with a net worth estimated at $9.4 billion in September.
Prosecutors accused SAC in their indictment of fostering a culture of insider trading "that was substantial, pervasive, and on a scale without known precedent." The indictment excerpts a number of e-mails and instant messages from SAC traders suggesting they had illicit information from corporate insiders.
"We take responsibility for the handful of men who pleaded guilty and whose conduct gave rise to SAC's liability," the firm said in a statement Monday. "The tiny fraction of wrongdoers does not represent the 3,000 honest men and women who have worked at the firm during the past 21 years. Even one person crossing the line into illegal behavior is too many and we greatly regret this conduct occurred."
Outside investors have already been fleeing SAC in droves this year as its legal problems have mounted. SAC managed $15 billion as of Jan. 1, but that total has since dropped to roughly $9 billion, nearly all of which is from Cohen and his employees.
In March, SAC agreed to pay the SEC roughly $616 million to settle civil charges related to alleged insider trading by employees. That payment will be credited to the amount owed in this week's plea agreement, meaning the firm will pay an additional $1.2 billion.
The decision to charge SAC criminally was a significant step. Prosecutors have generally been reluctant to indict companies since accounting firm Arthur Andersen collapsed a decade ago -- taking down nearly 28,000 jobs -- after being convicted in connection with the Enron scandal.
-- CNNMoney's Aaron Smith and Maureen Farrell contributed to this report


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What a difference a few months makes. Back in May, Microsoft shipped the Beta 2 version of Office 2007 and made it available to the public. Since then, over three and a half million people downloaded and installed the beta. This proves a few things, primarily that there is a lot of interest in Microsoft's next office productivity suite. And that interest is based primarily around its innovative new user interface (see my review), of which I'm an unabashed fan.
3.5 million people don't go quietly into the night. Over the preceding several months, many of those people have provided Microsoft with feedback about the new UI and the new capabilities in the software suite formerly known as Microsoft Office (but now, annoyingly, called the 2007 Microsoft Office System). Given what I know about the folks working on this amazing product, I'm not surprised to discover that they've taken the feedback to heart. So today, on September 14, 2006, they're releasing an update for Beta 2 users, called the Beta 2 Technical Refresh (TR), that showcases the changes Microsoft has made since Beta 2. This release is, of course, the basis for this review.
Where we're at
Before heading into the changes in the TR, let's step back for a second and reflect on what's really happening here. In Office 2007, Microsoft is dramatically changing the user interface for what is arguably the most-often used software on the planet after Windows itself. It is, however, only changing the UI for some applications. While Word, Excel, Access, PowerPoint and, to a lesser extent, Outlook have been wonderfully retrofitted with the new ribbon-based user interface, other Office applications retain the older menu- and toolbar-based UI that everyone loves to hate.
There's been some concern that the new UI will turn off enterprises, particularly, because of possible high training costs. I can't claim to offer any kind of scientific data to refute that, but my own experience with Office 2007 (and the TR) suggests this won't be the huge issue that some think. Indeed, I consider myself both experienced with Office and pretty set in my ways, and I've had no major issues moving to the new software. If anything, the ribbon-based UI makes it easier to find functionality that was previously hidden. My only complaint is that this will lead to the modern equivalent of those "ransom note" documents that cropped up when Apple and Adobe first made desktop publishing possible. But instead of multi-font documents, we're going to see overly colorful charts and graphs.
Anyway, the state of Office 2007, in the Beta 2 timeframe, was already good. Presumably, it gets a lot better with the TR release.
Office 2007 Beta 2 TR: The mile-high view
From a purely aesthetic point of view, the TR is much, much nicer-looking than was Beta 2. The icons (Figure) and loading images (Figure) have all been updated, for starters, giving the whole thing a much-needed spit-shine.
The upper-left corner of the application windows has been cleaned up quite a bit, answering a number of complaints. The round Office Button, as it's called, can now be double-clicked to close the window, similar to the way a standard window button has worked in Windows applications for ages. And it's got a nice pop-up help window that show up when you mouse-over it (Figure).
The Quick Access Toolbar, to the right of the Office Button, has also been updated significantly. Thanks to a slightly redesigned UI, it looks more natural up there, but the big change is in its Customize menu, which offers more choices and handy ways to customize its appearance (Figure).
The big news, of course, is the ribbon. It's hard to argue that the ribbon isn't a better interface for the multitude of functionality offered by the various Office applications than was the old menu- and toolbar-based UI. But while the ribbon doesn't really take up that much more onscreen real estate than does a standard set of menus and toolbars in an equivalent Office 2003 application, there remains a strange feeling that, gee, that ribbon really does take up a lot of space.
So they've fixed it. No, they haven't just made it smaller, though it is indeed a bit smaller. What Microsoft has done, instead, is offered a way to hide the ribbon so that users can ensure that the truly important part of the application--the text editing area in Word, for example--is given the maximum amount of space. This is ingenious and, for people like me that live in Office, a wonderful change. It also has the side effect of completely obsoleting all of those outdate comedy routines depicting how one could fill an Office application's UI with toolbars, leaving just a tiny window of space in which to type. David Pogue, sorry, but you're going to have to try a bit harder in the future.
Here's how it works. If you'd like to give a ribbon-based Office application the maximum amount of editing space possible, simply double-click any of its tabs (or, open the Customize Quick Access Toolbar menu and choose Minimize the Ribbon). When you do, the application hides the ribbon, leaving a UI layout that is as simple as that of Notepad (Figure). Best of all, in this mode, you can temporarily bring the ribbon back by simply clicking any of the tabs once (Figure). In minimized mode, the ribbon appears floating over the document temporarily. It disappears when you make a selection in the ribbon or click anywhere in the document. It is, in many ways, perfect.
Microsoft has also added a third color scheme (sometimes erroneously called a theme) choice. So in addition to blue (XP style) and black (Vista style), Office 2007 Beta 2 TR now offers silver, which looks quite nice in tandem with XP's popular silver color scheme (Figure).
Application improvements
In addition to the broad changes that affect all ribbon-enabled applications, Microsoft has also made a number of improvements to specific applications in the TR. Let's take a look.
One of the things I really disliked about Word 2007 back in Beta 2 (see my review) was that the new default formatting styles were horrible, quite different from the previous Word version defaults, and impossible to change back to the old style. In Beta 2 TR, this has been largely fixed: You can now go into the Change Styles and change the Style Set to "Classic" and get something that is almost (but not quite) identical to that used in previous versions (Figure). And, get this, you can make it the default. Thank you for that, Microsoft.
The big problem with the new style set (called Default in Word 2007) is the paragraph spacing for the Normal style (well, that and the silly colored headings). This hasn't been fixed, per se, in the TR, but with the Classic style set, all is well from a spacing perspective. It's enough.
Word's blogging functionality--itself a handy if almost hidden feature--has been updated with enhanced picture support that doesn't require FTP access to the server hosting your blog. If your blogging service offer picture uploading, Word will handle it natively now. Well, sort of: It works with Wordpress and Typepad, at least, but not Blogger (the new Blogger Beta is, however, supported).
Outlook 2007 is a huge and excellent update over Office 2003 (see my Beta 2 review) and it's gotten even better in the TR (Figure). The anti-phishing and anti-spam filters have been updated significantly. And it requires a new, more powerful, version of Windows Desktop Search (WDS) for its integrated search feature. On Windows XP, you must download this component before integrated search will work. On Vista, it's just built-in. I did have some issues with one install of Vista, in which Outlook 2007 Beta 2 TR was unable to find email fairly regularly, but this issue wasn't happening in XP, so I'll need to test that more before declaring it broken. I'm curious, however, if anyone else has those issues.
Excel 2007 (Figure) gets a number of stability and performance enhancements in the TR, so that charts work both better and faster. Chart styles, available from the Insert tab, are much better organized than before.
PowerPoint's Home tab has been significantly redesigned in the TR (Figure). Now, you can access commonly-needed drawing and formatting tools from the Home tab, while less-commonly-needed functionality, like Word Art, has been moved to the Insert tab. The end result, according to Office 2007 design guru Jensen Harris, is something that "feels way more natural and efficient to work with. You have a stable Home tab from which to do most of your slide authoring: adding slides, typing and formatting text, and adding, arranging, and formatting shapes." I have to agree. (Though I still humorously refer to PowerPoint as child abuse. Kidding, folks. It's a great way to communicate. Seriously.)
Allow me to wax romantically about my love for Microsoft OneNote. Actually, just read my Beta 2 review and understand that this is one of the great unheralded successes in Microsoft Office. In the TR, OneNote has been updated with a new "Blog This" right-click option that lets you publish any note page or page section to your blog (Figure). This feature integrates with the blog publishing functionality in Word, of course, so you'll be redirected to Word 2007 during the process.
Like Outlook 2007, OneNote now integrates with the new version of Windows Desktop Search (WDS). This has two results: First, searches are returned quite quickly. Second, you can search OneNote notes from within Windows. Score!
The Microsoft Office 2007 Beta 2 Technical Refresh is available as a whopping 495 MB download from the Microsoft Web site. Note that this download is an update only. You need to have downloaded and installed Office 2007 Beta 2 first. Thankfully, that download is still available as well. Office 2007 Beta 2 TR requires Windows XP with Service Pack 2, Windows Vista RC1, or Windows Server 2003 with SP1.Office 2007 Beta 2 - Download
Office 2007 Beta 2 Tech Refresh - Download
Final thoughts
I'm often unfairly labeled as a Microsoft fan boy, which is ridiculous when you consider the number of times I've called the software giant to task for its anti-competitive behavior and various product-related mistakes. But when it comes to Office 2007, I lapse completely into the stereotype: This is a major upgrade of a venerable software suite that literally no one thought needed updating, and it's generating a deserved buzz online by those who are using the beta. If you haven't downloaded Office 2007 Beta 2 for some reason, do so now and grab the Tech Refresh update. You'll be amazed at how nicely this suite has come along. If you're already using Beta 2 (and no doubt dreading having to return to a previous Office version), the TR release is a no-brainer. Grab it now, and start smiling. Rarely have I been able to associate the word "innovative" with "Microsoft Office," but Office 2007 is the most exciting product the software maker has in the works this year. And Office 2007 Beta 2 Technical Refresh is the best version yet. Highly recommended.


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Chesapeake Bayhawks attackman Ben Rubeor was named Major League Lacrosse Offensive Player of the Week after scoring a career-high seven goals in a 9-3 win over the New York Lizards on Saturday night at Navy-Marine Corps Memorial Stadium.
The sixth-year veteran from Loyola High connected on 64 percent of his shots and extended his point streak to 31 games.
College women's honors: Florida senior defender Sam Farrell (Severna Park) and senior midfielder Brittany Dashiell (John Carroll) earned spots on the American Lacrosse Conference All-Tournament team after the No. 2 Gators lost to No. 4 Northwestern, 8-3, on Sunday in the conference championship at Homewood Field. ... McDaniel senior midfielder Paige Messersmith (Dulaney) was named to the All-Centennial Conference first team, while sophomore attacker Danielle Entrot (Centennial) was chosen to the second team. Junior defender Kate Keim earned honorable mention. From Washington College, senior attacker Mollie Shipley and sophomore midfielder Emily Hubley were named to the All-Centennial first team, while senior attacker Corinne Ziccardi (Loch Raven) and senior goalie Stephanie Seibert were selected to the second team. From Gettysburg, freshman Amanda Borucki (North Carroll) was honored as the Centennial Rookie of the Year, while seniors Mairead McGuirk (John Carroll) and Hayward Sawers (St. Paul's) were named to the first team.
College men's honors: Four local players on the Ohio State men's lacrosse team received All-Eastern College Athletic Conference honors last week. Defenseman Joe Meurer (McDonogh) was selected to the first team, goalie Greg Dutton (Calvert Hall) was chosen to the second team and attackman Carter Brown (Calvert Hall) was named Rookie of the Year. Joining Brown on the All-Rookie team was teammate Robby Haus (Gilman) at defense, as well as Denver attackman Gordie Koerber (Gilman) and Fairfield midfielder TJ Neubauer (Loyola).


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Secure Payments
Securing the perfect cottage holiday is a moment of anticipation and joy – we work hard to make sure it stays that way. We operate in an increasingly digital world and are proud to be at the forefront of this trend by providing an intuitive, friendly and above all safe platform with which to search for and book your ideal holiday or short stay.
We understand that online safety is every bit as important as the care we take when managing our hand-picked holiday homes, which is why we rely on our own team of digital experts and employ SagepayTM to facilitate secure payments across each of our websites.
You can be sure that you are in safe hands when booking with the Original Cottages family, which leaves you with the freedom and peace of mind to plan your next big adventure or relaxed getaway.


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This is about becoming united in verse to live in harmony, flow and joy!
Everybody has a little bit of the sun and moon in them. Everybody has a little bit of man, woman, and animal in them. Darks and lights in them. Everyone is part of a connected cosmic system. Part earth and sea, wind and fire, with some salt and dust swimming in them.
We have a universe within ourselves that mimics the universe outside. None of us are just black or white, or never wrong and always right. No one. No one exists without polarities. Everybody has good and bad forces working with them, against them, and within them.


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hey folks,
i had been working of a web app and security of that web app is handed to someone. but when testing part come i wanna be ready. so i wanted to know. where to start and where to be guru of it coz i can see if the security of that web app is foolproof or not.
hey folks,
thank u folks for such wonderful feedback. actually i wanna learn it myself rather than to hand over to another person/outsource because i wanna upgrade my skills in web so i thought why not "web security"
For hands-on approach GIAC/SANS certification/courses:
Aleksejs, I think you are correct!
That's http://www.owasp.org - (The Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP) is a 501c3 not-for-profit worldwide charitable organization focused on improving the security of application software.
I think you meant www.owasp.org (~;
http://www.owas.org is an excellent resource for web application security.
There are a lot of tools both open source and commercial that will allow you test the security of a web application, however it is a must that you understand what those tools are doing to understand the results.
Check out a project from google for learning web application security over here -> http://google-gruyere.appspot.com/
Sure you could do this doublecheck yourself, but I would recommend outsourcing that task to a vendor who can perform the web application security testing, give you a report, and maybe assist with remediation. If you want to make a go of it yourself, take a look at this list of potential software products that you can pick from:
I was going to say Qualys before I saw it was on this list, but the truth is you have a lot of options from Apache mod_security (see modsecurity.org) to simply getting on your coders to use more secure coding techniques.
Microsoft has a pretty good writeup for ASP .NET and web app security.
To study up further on this topic, checkout the Open Web Application Security Project (see owasp.org), and the Web Application Security Consortium (see webappsec.org). Curious to see more posts from you describing what you've learned. Thanks!
haha, no problem…
Now that is a heck of a question!
In order to be a "guru" of web security, you will need "experience" building up towards becoming that "guru".
Web security and ethical hacking/penetration testing is not something you can fully understand after reading 1 or 2 pdfs or etc.
Go check out penetration testing techniques and the like. There are the top few ways to securing your code on the web, these include XSS and SQL Injections mainly. Most of the time the rest is quite strongly based around the site's environment it lives on.
Ah, finally someone stood up and answered my post. thanks man!


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How Much Does A Vinyl Fence Cost For
Prairie Ridge, Washington?
Vinyl fences are a great choice for those that live in Prairie Ridge, Washington.
Below are the most common questions it comes when people are considering a vinyl fence.
How much does a vinyl fence cost?
The price largely comes down to 3 main factors.
- How big your yard is.
- The style of the fence you choose.
- The height of the fence.
- The color of the vinyl fence you choose.
how does yard size determine the cost?
Just like anything else in life the more that you need the more that it will cost.
how does the style of the fence determine the cost?
Some styles of vinyl fence cost more than others due to the a more labor intensive process to assemble it.
Typically your cheapest option is to get the standard solid privacy panel.
how does the Height of the fence determine the cost?
Since you'll be using more material for a 6′ fence compared to a 4′ fence it's going to cost you more money.
how does the color of the fence determine the cost?
When it comes to vinyl fences your cheapest option is white. There's two reasons for this.
- It's much more common so more of it is produced than any other color.
- It costs the manufacturer more money to produce fences with different colors.
The general rule of thumb is that darker you go, the more it will cost.


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Active Member
Boris FX Continuum Complete 11.0.3
Windows x64 | Languages: English | File Size: 149.11 MB | 135.65 MB
A plug-in collection for Adobe, Apple, Avid and OFX host applications, Continuum features range from Image Restoration, to Extruded Text, titling and 3D Objects, to Chromakey and Compositing, Particles, and Image Stabilization. Continuum serves NLE editors and Compositors alike with the newly integrated Masking and Planar Tracking Pixel Chooser powered by Academy Award-winning Mocha technology.
What's New:
Primatte Studio
Easily chroma key and composite using the same Academy Award nominated compositing tech (Photron's Primatte) as major blockbusters like the Lord of the Rings series, Harry Potter films, and Spider-Man. The new Primatte Studio is the ultimate blue/green screen toolset. Exclusive features include:
- Automatic green/blue screen analysis
- Manual transparency tuning
- Adjust lighting to correct unevenly lit screens
- Foreground object detection to deliver a perfect key with a single color sample
- Integrated Academy Award winning Mocha masking and planar tracking system
VR Unit
Editing and finishing immersive 360 video is a time consuming task. The VR Unit gives editors five new 360 optimized filters to speed up post workflows. Work inside your host timeline while avoiding the seams inherent to regular non-VR filters. Supports 180, 360, mono, and stereoscopic! Based on Mocha VR's award-winning 360/VR tech.
Broadcast Safe
Tired of your projects failing broadcast safe standards? The new Broadcast Safe filter is the one click-solution you've been looking for. Simply choose the desired broadcast standard preset and the filter automatically produces the final picture-perfect result - guaranteed. Part of Image Restoration Unit, the Broadcast Safe filter offers:
- Automatic operation - just select the desired preset
- Presets included for all broadcast standards such as EBU 103, PAL, NTSC
- Filter automatically detects correct color range for both 709 and 601 color spaces
- Multiple color modes including RGB, YRGB, Composite, Chroma
- Custom mode with total manual control over knee and clip across all color ranges
- Develop and save customized presets
Title Studio Updates
New improvements to Title Studio include a 3D render engine for realistic 3D cast shadows and depth-of-field, a spline-based motion path for animating multiple objects on one path, faster performance, a simplified user interface, and many more presets/templates.
Title Studio is a next-gen 2D/3D titling plug-in. Features include:
- Create stylized 2D or 3D titles with custom bevels, fills and styles.
- OpenGL-accelerated features include 3D extrusions, materials, cameras, lights, and deformers
- Import 3D models from Maxon C4D or Adobe Illustrator EPS files.
- Includes a custom interface plug-in and stand-alone application.
System Requirements:
- Creative Cloud, CS5.5-CC 2018 - After Effects and Premiere Pro
- Blackmagic: DaVinci Resolve 12.5+
- Sony: Vegas Pro 13
- Magix: Vegas Pro 14+
- Foundry: Nuke 9+Homepage
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One evening I had what was like a vision. I was standing up and praying and then I saw the Lord Jesus standing before me. This has only happened a few brief times in my life where I have seen Him. On this night I don't remember any details of what He looked like, only what I heard.
He held out His hands to hold mine. I was given an opportunity to ask Him one question, any question I wanted to ask Him. I asked the Lord a question with but a single word, "why"? It is the one question that I think most of us would ask. Why God has allowed suffering into our life.
The Lord answered me with only a few words, "To draw you closer to Myself". This completely wrecked me. That with a few words I gained a spiritual understanding I never thought possible. That with just a few words in a brief moment He gave me an understanding about years of my suffering.
I learned this night that through a short period of suffering, though it lasts a lifetime, that I would be closer to the Lord Jesus, and this was the most precious truth I had ever heard. I hate to suffer, but I embrace what it produces in me.
If from a lifetime of suffering you would gain eternal life, that you would be nearer to the Lord Jesus Christ, and even be useful in ministering to others, be sure that the exchange rate is arguably worth it.
Jesus loves you so much, that there is no suffering He would withhold from you if it would draw you nearer to Himself. "For our light affliction, which is but for a moment, is working for us a far more exceeding and eternal weight of glory…" (2 Corinthians 4:17).
The Lord Jesus blesses us with trials that draw us closer to Himself.
Never ask for God's favor thinking it is favor from the world's view. God's favor is to do a work in us, and sometimes that work involves a tearing down.
When you see how circumstances draw you nearer to God, then you will understand God's plans more clearly. "…so that they should seek the Lord, in the hope that they might grope for Him and find Him, though He is not far from each one of us" (Acts 17:27).
His plans are always good, whether we see it or not.
Never question His methods knowing His motives are always pure.
In your natural life, all your efforts are to gain independence. In your spiritual life, God must break your independence such that you would depend upon Him. The harder you resist, the harder must be the lesson. "The Lord is near to those who have a broken heart and saves such as have a contrite spirit" (Psalm 34:18).
God sometimes must break you before He can pour through you.
Do not measure the love of God by your suffering but measure your suffering in light of the love of God. "For I consider that the sufferings of this present time are not worthy to be compared with the glory which shall be revealed in us" (Romans 8:18).
Nothing precious comes easy. Nothing worthwhile is without price. If suffering ends, praise God for the healing. If suffering remains, praise God for growing you in the trial. If suffering increases, praise God who is choosing to do a greater work in you.
Consider that the reason for your troubles are that you would cry out for Christ. "In my distress I called upon the Lord, and cried out to my God; He heard my voice from His temple, and my cry entered His ears" (2 Samuel 22:7).
Suffering is the window through which we call out to God.
Kingdom principles rarely make sense according to the logic of the world.
If you won't accept His rebuke, then don't ask for His counsel. Otherwise, simply let His word have its perfect way in you, whether it hurts or not. "My son, do not despise the chastening of the Lord, Nor be discouraged when you are rebuked by Him; For whom the Lord loves He chastens, And scourges every son whom He receives" (Hebrews 12:5-6).
Jesus is not in the business of making your moments all happy, but in drawing you near to Himself.
The journey to be in Christ is not a thousand miles, but a single turn.
You don't have to change to draw near to Him, but He will change you when you are near. "Draw near to God and He will draw near to you…" (James 4:8).
Blessings to you,
All Scripture is in red and uses the NKJV (New King James Version) translation unless otherwise noted.


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Press Releases
Washington—Today, Senator Dianne Feinstein (D-Calif.), Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid (D-Nev.), Assistant Senate Majority Leader Dick Durbin (D-Ill.) and Senate Judiciary Committee Chairman Patrick Leahy (D-Vt.), along with House Democratic Leader Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.), House Democratic Whip Steny Hoyer (D-Md.), Ranking House Constitution Subcommittee Member Jerrold Nadler (D-N.Y.), and Ranking House Judiciary Member John Conyers, Jr. (D-Mich.), are filing an amicus brief in the United States Supreme Court in U.S. v. Edith Schlain Windsor, a landmark challenge to Section 3 of the 1996 Defense of Marriage Act, known as DOMA.
Section 3 of DOMA defines marriage for purposes of federal law as "only a legal union between one man and one woman," excluding legally married same-sex couples from all marriage-based federal responsibilities and rights. A total of 40 Senators and 172 members of the House signed onto the brief.
These 212 members decided to participate as amici in this case because they want the Supreme Court to hear the full story from Congress, and to explain why they believe that Section 3 of DOMA is unconstitutional. They disagree with the arguments being made by lawyers hired to defend DOMA in court by the House Majority following the divided 3-2 vote of the House Bipartisan Legal Advisory Group (BLAG).
The amicus brief filed today makes clear that BLAG does not speak for Congress and that many members believe that Section 3 should be struck down because there simply is no legitimate federal interest in denying married same-sex couples the legal security, rights and responsibilities that federal law provides to all other married couples. As the brief explains: "DOMA imposes a sweeping and unjustifiable federal disability on married same-sex couples."
In Edith "Edie" Windsor's case, the federal government taxed Edie more than $363,000 when her spouse, Thea Spyer, passed away in 2009. The couple, constituents of Rep. Nadler in New York City, first met in 1965 and married in 2007, after an engagement that lasted more than 40 years. Yet, when Thea died, the federal government treated them as complete strangers because of DOMA, significantly reducing Edie's inheritance by denying her protections from the estate tax that other married couples receive.
Edie, who is now 83 years old, challenged DOMA as a violation of equal protection. The federal district court in New York City and the Second Circuit Court of Appeals ruled in her favor, holding that DOMA violates the Fifth Amendment's equal protection guarantee.
The members' brief, available here, urges the Supreme Court to uphold the Second Circuit's decision. It adds the unique perspective of Members of Congress – including some who voted against DOMA and others who voted for it – about the enactment of DOMA and why Section 3 is unconstitutional.
Gay and lesbian couples can now marry in nine states and the District of Columbia, and 18,000 such couples remain legally married in California. It is clear that DOMA does not rationally serve and, in fact, undermines, Congress's legitimate interests in the welfare of American families.
As the Congressional amici point out to the court: "The goal of maximizing the financial well-being and independence of widows is not furthered by depriving Edie Windsor and others like her of the estate-tax exemption that other married Americans receive. The policy of encouraging employers to provide family health benefits is not served either by denying to employers the tax deduction for providing those benefits to married gay and lesbian couples or by refusing to cover spouses of gay and lesbian federal employees. Our national security is undermined by denying spousal benefits to gay and lesbian servicemembers, especially during periods of armed conflict. Our veterans are dishonored when we deny them the right to have their spouses buried alongside them in our national cemeteries."
The full list of signatories follows:
Lead signatories:
Nancy Pelosi
Steny H. Hoyer
James E. Clyburn
Jerrold Nadler
John Conyers, Jr.
Harry Reid
Richard J. Durbin
Charles E. Schumer
Patty Murray
Dianne Feinstein
Patrick J. Leahy
Jared Polis
David N. Cicilline
Sean Patrick Maloney
Mark Pocan
Kyrsten Sinema
Mark Takano
Tammy Baldwin
Michael F. Bennet
Richard Blumenthal
Barbara Boxer
Sherrod Brown
Maria Cantwell
Benjamin Cardin
Thomas R. Carper
Christopher Coons
William "Mo" Cowan
Al Franken
Kirsten Gillibrand
Tom Harkin
Martin Heinrich
Mazie K. Hirono
Tim Kaine
Angus S. King, Jr.
Amy Klobuchar
Frank R. Lautenberg
Claire McCaskill
Robert Menendez
Jeff Merkley
Barbara A. Mikulski
Christopher S. Murphy
Patty Murray
Bernie Sanders
Brian Schatz
Charles E. Schumer
Jeanne Shaheen
Debbie Stabenow
Jon Tester
Mark Udall
Mark R. Warner
Elizabeth Warren
Sheldon Whitehouse
Ron Wyden
Robert E. Andrews
Ron Barber
Karen Bass
Joyce Beatty
Xavier Becerra
Ami Bera
Timothy H. Bishop
Earl Blumenauer
Suzanne Bonamici
Robert A. Brady
Bruce L. Braley
Corinne Brown
Julia Brownley
Cheri Bustos
Lois Capps
Michael E. Capuano
Tony Cárdenas
John C. Carney, Jr.
André Carson
Matthew A. Cartwright
Kathy Castor
Joaquin Castro
Judy Chu
Yvette D. Clarke
Wm. Lacy Clay
Emanuel Cleaver
Steve Cohen
Gerald E. Connolly
Joe Courtney
Joseph Crowley
Elijah E. Cummings
Danny K. Davis
Susan A. Davis
Diana DeGette
John K. Delaney
Rosa L. DeLauro
Suzan K. DelBene
Theodore E. Deutch
John D. Dingell
Lloyd Doggett
Michael F. Doyle
Tammy Duckworth
Donna F. Edwards
Keith Ellison
Eliot L. Engel
Anna G. Eshoo
Elizabeth H. Esty
Sam Farr
Chaka Fattah
Bill Foster
Lois Frankel
Marcia L. Fudge
Tulsi Gabbard
John Garamendi
Joe Garcia
Alan Grayson
Al Green
Raúl M. Grijalva
Luis V. Gutierrez
Janice Hahn
Colleen W. Hanabusa
Alcee L. Hastings
Denny Heck
Brian Higgins
James A. Himes
Rush Holt
Michael M. Honda
Steven A. Horsford
Jared Huffman
Steve Israel
Sheila Jackson Lee
Hakeem S. Jeffries
Eddie Bernice Johnson
Henry C. "Hank" Johnson, Jr.
Marcy Kaptur
William R. Keating
Joseph P. Kennedy III
Daniel T. Kildee
Derek Kilmer
Ann Kirkpatrick
Ann M. Kuster
James R. Langevin
John B. Larson
Barbara Lee
Sander M. Levin
John Lewis
David Loebsack
Zoe Lofgren
Alan S. Lowenthal
Nita M. Lowey
Michelle Lujan Grisham
Daniel B. Maffei
Carolyn B. Maloney
Edward J. Markey
Doris O. Matsui
Carolyn McCarthy
Betty McCollum
Jim McDermott
James P. McGovern
Jerry McNerney
Gregory W. Meeks
Grace Meng
Michael H. Michaud
George Miller
Gwen Moore
James P. Moran
Patrick Murphy
Grace F. Napolitano
Richard E. Neal
Gloria Negrete McLeod
Richard M. Nolan
Eleanor Holmes Norton
Beto O'Rourke
William L. Owens
Frank Pallone, Jr.
Bill Pascrell, Jr.
Ed Pastor
Donald M. Payne, Jr.
Ed Perlmutter
Gary C. Peters
Scott H. Peters
Chellie Pingree
David E. Price
Mike Quigley
Charles B. Rangel
Lucille Roybal-Allard
Raul Ruiz
C.A. Dutch Ruppersberger
Bobby L. Rush
Tim Ryan
Linda T. Sánchez
Loretta Sanchez
John P. Sarbanes
Janice D. Schakowsky
Adam B. Schiff
Bradley S. Schneider
Allyson Y. Schwartz
Robert C. "Bobby" Scott
José E. Serrano
Carol Shea-Porter
Brad Sherman
Albio Sires
Louise McIntosh Slaughter
Adam Smith
Jackie Speier
Eric Swalwell
Mike Thompson
John F. Tierney
Dina Titus
Paul Tonko
Niki Tsongas
Chris Van Hollen
Juan Vargas
Marc A. Veasey
Nydia M. Velázquez
Timothy J. Walz
Debbie Wasserman Schultz
Maxine Waters
Henry A. Waxman
Peter Welch
John A. Yarmuth


text:
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Preliminary: From the main objectives of the Kuwait Ministry of Awqaf & Islamic Affairs this is to deal with technical developments of media on a global level and seeks to activate its role with the latest methods available, in addition to the effective role of internet use in spreading Islamic Culture. For all these reasons the Kuwait Ministry of Awqaf & Islamic Affairs decided to adopt the project of developing this website to provide viewers with information about Islam and its sciences, civilizations and nation. Also, this website provides viewers with all the means of advocacy; to propag... View More
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Open topic with navigation
The Server Administration menu displays options for server-level settings:
Server Administration - Displays the Server Administration dashboard, with left-panel and main panel controls for configuring, displaying, and changing site-wide settings.
Customer Administration - Displays the Customer Administration dashboard for contributor creation and management or, for sites licensed to support more than one CommonSpot Users database, for customer management.
User Administration - Displays options for creating and editing user accounts and profiles.
Group Administration - Displays options for creating groups and adding and editing members.
CommonSpot Server Administration is the master dashboard for CommonSpot administrative tasks. Through this dashboard you can create, change, activate and remove sites; set or change server license, proxy, and Coldfusion administrator settings; define and change data sources; administer users/groups and contributors; and configure server-wide settings.
Related Links
You can download PDF versions of the Content Contributor's, Administrator's, and Elements Reference documents from the support section of paperthin.com (requires login).
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The Susan G. Komen for the Cure Foundation has reversed its decision to cut Planned Parenthood funding for breast cancer screening and education.
"We will continue to fund existing grants, including those of Planned Parenthood, and preserve their eligibility to apply for future grants, while maintaining the ability of our affiliates to make funding decisions that meet the needs of their communities," the foundation, which funds breast cancer education and research, announced in a blog post on Friday morning.
"It is our hope and we believe it is time for everyone involved to pause, slow down, and reflect on how grants can most effectively and directly be administered without controversies that hurt the cause of women."
The foundation said it had originally cut the funding "to fulfill our fiduciary duty to our donors by not funding grant applications made by organizations under investigation," but added, "We will amend the criteria to make clear that disqualifying investigations must be criminal and conclusive in nature and not political. That is what is right and fair."
The foundation has faced a storm of criticism since it announced on Tuesday that it would cut off most of the funding it provides to Planned Parenthood for breast health education and screening, as well as for referrals for mammograms, ultrasounds, and biopsies.
The move was widely seen as an attack on Planned Parenthood's support for legal abortion. It was met with outrage from women's groups, liberal politicians, and public health advocates, and applauded by conservative groups and religious groups that oppose abortion and have been uneasy in the past supporting the Komen foundation.
Komen's funding of Planned Parenthood activities was set between $500,000 and $700,000 in 2011.
Within 24 hours of Komen's announcement that it was cutting off funding, Planned Parenthood collected more than $400,000 in online donations from more than 6,000 donors.
On Tuesday, the Amy and Lee Fikes' Foundation, run by the CEO of a Texas oil company, promised $250,000, and New York Mayor Michael Bloomberg matched that grant on Wednesday out of his own pocket.


text:
Graduation Application
Candidates for degrees should file an Application for Graduation with the Office of the Registrar. May and August degree candidates must file no later than February 1 in the academic year in which they expect to graduate. December degree candidates must file no later than February 1 of the prior Spring Semester. A non-refundable application fee will be charged when the application is filed. Failure to file an application on time may result in a later graduation date or late application fee.
Students who do not complete their degree requirements by the date for which they originally applied for graduation must complete a new application indicating their new anticipated graduation date (additional reapplication fees may apply).
Download and complete the Graduation Application
Please drop off the completed application to the Registrar in Francis Hall (FRH-130) or by …
Office of the Registrar
Quincy University
1800 College Avenue
Quincy, IL 62301-2699
(217) 228-5283


text:
How to Build Links Without Fancy Tools
A question that We get asked quite a bit is something along the lines of "what link building tools do you use?". The honest truth is that we don't use that many on client sites every day. We have certainly paid for and used quite a few over the last few years, but when we first started in SEO, we didn't have the cash to buy tools or subscribe to them. This forced us to do things manually for quite a long time, but it helped us learn how link building really works from the ground up.
We are still a bit of an old school SEO in some senses. We still believe that anyone learning SEO should not be allowed to use tools straight away and should learn manual processes first. Here are a few things we believe every SEO should do before being allowed anywhere near tools -
- Build a website using only Notepad and an FTP program
- Manually submit your website to paid and free directories
- Write an article which targets a specific keyword
- Write a press release in four paragraphs
- Hand write META data for an entire site based on a keyword list
We could go on... But we are sure you get the idea.
The point is, we believe that its vital to know the manual process so that you learn how these things really work.
In the interests of giving away some actionable tips, we are going to focus on the link building process and explain how we believe an SEO should start the learning process.
The Tools You can Use
- An email program
- A spreadsheet
- Textpad Notepad
Below is the step by step process for getting links using only the four tools above. If you follow this process and learn to link build manually, it will help you much more in the long term and force you not to be reliant upon SEO tools. Whilst SEO tools can help you a lot, when it comes to link building, they should only assist your efforts - not do the link building for you.
1. Use Google to Find your Link Targets
We are not going to talk too much about this, but the key thing here is to learn how to search. Sounds simple, but its something which is often taken for granted. You should start with the basics which we talk about in this post. The key thing here is to start with basic search queries, then learn how to refine those queries to save time and weed out results which you are not interested in. You can do this using some advanced search queries. However before you go off and use those, try to come up with your own which are tailored to the site you are trying to get links for.
After working on this for a while, you should feel pretty comfortable with finding link targets manually and quickly filtering out the ones that you are not interested in. All by using your own advanced search queries - don't use any tools for this! Trust us, it will help you in the long run.
2. Before ANYTHING find contact details and record in your spreadsheet
Find contact details! So many people spend ages figuring out if the site is a good one and looking for a page where they may get a link from. Then can't find contact details! Which means you're a bit screwed - find contact details first.
At this point you will probably have had a quick look through the site and will have a feeling whether or not this site is relevant to you. If you feel it is, then add it to your spreadsheet. Do NOT use any tools to record these sites yet, there are tools out there that allow you to manage link targets in a CRM type system. However you need to learn manually what data you should be capturing about each link target. Some CRM tools allow you to capture tons of data, but do you really need it all? Maybe, maybe not. But the key is to decide for yourself what data you need in order to contact the website about getting a link.
Once you have decided what data you want to capture, put it into your spreadsheet and make it easily sortable in columns.
3. Email the link target straight away
It seems to be the norm to collect link targets into a big spreadsheet, then email them all in one go. Sure this can work, but this isn't the best way to develop link building skills. We would advise you to send the outreach email straight away whilst the site is fresh in your mind. This also means you have to write an email that isn't templated and is totally personal to them - this is fine. This will help you develop a sense of how to personalise emails to give yourself as much chance as possible of getting a link.
It is very important to learn how to craft an outreach email from scratch. At this point, do not write a template. It isn't the best way to learn. Make each and every email personal to the link target, this will teach you the value of personalising an email and exactly how you can do so.
4. Track your progress in a spreadsheet
As mentioned above, forget any fancy CRM or tracking systems, you're still learning the ropes. Do it the basic way and use a spreadsheet. This will teach you to keep things simple and to only collect the data which is truly valuable, it will force you not to collect tons of metrics and details that you don't really need.
As you email each target, put a note in the spreadsheet so you know whats going on and can sort by who you have already contacted.
5. The response or follow up
If you haven't had a response after a few days, send a short, friendly follow up to them. If you still don't get a reply, we would leave them be. If you have a response, obviously make sure you respond promptly! If the response you get isn't positive, still reply to them in a friendly way. Perhaps ask them if its ok to contact them in the future if there is other stuff you have which may be of interest to them.
Keep track of the responses in your spreadsheet. You can mark each response with traffic lights to make it easy to see at a glance what the responses have been like -
- Green - good response, probably going to get a link
- Amber - warm response, will need some more work
- Red - no way are we getting a link!
6. Record links secured
Make a note of the links that you have secured in your spreadsheet. Think about what metrics you should record about each one. Do you need the following?
- Anchor text
- Page being linked to
- Cache date
- Domain Authority
- PageRank
We are not saying you need all of these, you should decide for yourself what is important and how you are going to measure the value of a link.
Whats next?
Well once you have mastered the process manually, you'll find that there are many tools that can speed up certain parts of this process. Using these tools is fine, but be aware that We are yet to come across the perfect link building tool that does all of this to a high level of quality without human intervention. So knowing where you can automate and where you can't, is vitally important.
Doing this process manually will also help you choose your link building tools better as you'll know what attributes really matter to the whole process.
Originally published here.
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