text:
AR 90-3(4): Rescinded 9/25/2003 by 68 FR 51317
AR 90-3(4): Smith v. Bowen, 837 F.2d 635 (4th Cir. 1987) — Use of Vocational Expert or Other Vocational Specialist in Determining Whether a Claimant Can Perform Past Relevant Work — Titles II and XVI of the Social Security Act.
Whether the Secretary may use a vocational expert or other vocational specialist in determining at step four of the sequential evaluation process whether a claimant can perform past relevant work.
Sections 223(d)(2)(A) and 1614(a)(3)(B) of the Social Security Act (42 U.S.C. 423(d)(2)(A) and 1382c(a)(3)(B)); 20 C.F.R. 404.1566(e) and 416.966(e); SSR 82-61.
Fourth (Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, West Virginia)
Smith v. Bowen, 837 F.2d 635 (4th Cir. 1987)
This Ruling applies to determinations or decisions at all administrative levels (i.e., initial, reconsideration, Administrative Law Judge hearing and Appeals Council).
To the extent inconsistent therewith, this Ruling supersedes Social Security Ruling 82-61 for cases arising in the Fourth Circuit only.
In January 1983, the plaintiff, Rachel T. Smith, filed an application for disability benefits under Title II of the Social Security Act (Act). Following denials of her application initially and on reconsideration, the plaintiff requested and received a hearing before an administrative law judge (ALJ). At the administrative hearing, the ALJ found that the plaintiff was suffering from a severe heart impairment. He concluded that this impairment, combined with several others, limited Smith's residual functional capacity to work at the light exertional level. After considering a vocational expert's testimony that if Smith could perform light work, she could perform her past job as an assembler/packager, the ALJ found that the plaintiff was not disabled.
The plaintiff sought judicial review of the Secretary's decision. The district court remanded the case with instructions for the Secretary either to explain how he considered plaintiff's testimony that her past job was beyond her exertional ability, or to find Smith unable to perform her past relevant work and to continue the sequential analysis to determine her eligibility for disability benefits.
On remand, the ALJ adhered to his earlier conclusion that Smith could return to her past relevant work. The district court, hearing the case for the second time, found that the actions of the Secretary on remand were in "substantial compliance" with its remand instructions and affirmed the denial of benefits. Smith appealed the decision of the district court to the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit.
The court of appeals reversed the judgment of the district court and remanded the case to the Secretary for further proceedings. Relying on 20 C.F.R. 404.1566(e), the court of appeals concluded, among other things, that it was improper for the ALJ to rely on the vocational expert's testimony in determining that Smith could return to her past job. According to the court of appeals, "A vocational expert enters the sequential analysis for determining disability after a claimant is found unable to do her past relevant work. 20 C.F.R. 404.1566(e). (Emphasis added)."
Social Security regulations provide a sequential evaluation process for making determinations regarding disability. See 20 C.F.R. 404.1520, 404.1594, 416.920, 416.994 and SSR 86-8. At step four of the process (step seven in Continuing Disability Review cases) we consider the individual's capacity to perform past relevant work. See also SSRs 82-61 and 82-62.
20 C.F.R. 404.1566(e) and 416.966(e) provide that when evaluating vocational issues, adjudicators may use the services of a vocational expert or other vocational specialist to assist in determining the transferability of work skills and the specific jobs in which an individual's work skills can be used, or when a "similarly complex issue" arises. Although vocational expert testimony is principally used at step five of the process (i.e., to determine whether a claimant who is found unable to perform past relevant work can perform other work), the Social Security Administration believes that its regulations and policies do not prohibit adjudicators from using vocational expert testimony at step four. SSR 82-61 provides, for example, "For those instances where available documentation and vocational resource material are not sufficient to determine how a particular job is usually performed, it may be necessary to utilize the services of a vocational specialist or vocational expert."
The decision of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit in Smith holds that 20 C.F.R. 404.1566(e) authorizes use of a vocational expert or other vocational specialist only at step five of the sequential evaluation process, and therefore, that reliance on a vocational expert or other vocational specialist is improper in determining whether a claimant can return to past relevant work.
This Ruling applies only to cases involving an applicant for disability insurance benefits and/or Supplemental Security Income benefits based on disability who resides in Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, or West Virginia. In such cases, in making a decision or determination at step four of the sequential evaluation process (step seven in Continuing Disability Review cases) about whether an individual can perform past relevant work, adjudicators may not use a vocational expert or other vocational specialist.


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Preah Vihear hearings commence
Tuesday, 31 May 2011
By Cheang Sokha
Phnom Penh Post
Foreign Minister Hor Namhong appeared before the International Court of Justice yesterday and asked the United Nations judicial body to order the withdrawal of Thai troops from areas around Preah Vihear temple during the first of two scheduled hearings in The Hague.
Hor Namhong's demand follows deadly fighting along the Cambodian-Thai border in February near the 11th-century temple that left at least 10 soldiers dead and dozens injured on both sides.
"We will ask the court to swiftly provide the provisional measures to protect the peace and avoid an escalation of the armed conflict in the area," Agence-France Presse quoted Hor Namhong as saying.
"Thailand is under obligation to withdraw any troops in the area around the temple," he argued before a panel of 15 judges at the ICJ in the Netherlands.
The ICJ ruled in 1962 that sovereignty over Preah Vihear belongs to Cambodia. Although judgments are final and are not subject to appeal, states can ask for reinterpretations of previous decisions.
Cambodia has taken that route in petitioning the court to reinterpret its 1962 decision to bear on territory adjacent to the temple that is also claimed by Thailand.
Thai Foreign Minister Kasit Piromya said the Thai delegation planned to argue that the court had no jurisdiction to rule on the borders of states in dispute, the Bangkok Post reported.
An ICJ official said earlier this month that a final decision in the case could take years, though the court may rule on questions of troop placements and other interim measures within weeks.
Foreign Ministry spokesman Koy Kuong declined to comment, saying that Hor Namhong would continue arguments today.

subset: commoncrawl


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Dear fellow marketers,
Thank for stopping by Tika Review, the innovative blog providing honest digital product reviews and marketing tips. Tika Review is led by a team of editors who always put their hearts in the articles they write. To us, bringing information about the world of marketing quickly and accurately is a big task.
Our vision is to create a more user-friendly environment. By keeping up to date with accurate information about digital products, training courses, and marketing tips, the marketing community will be more useful and clear of fake news.
Why this blog is worth reading?
Quickly update latest marketing trends and hot newest product
The marketing world is continually improving itself to meet the ever-changing needs of consumers. Therefore, the old marketing tools will soon be replaced by the more complete products. Tika Review understands that and we are the best solution for you.
Our enthusiastic staff is available 24/7 to ensure you are always updated with the latest news. We can confidently provide you with quality articles on marketing trends, outstanding products as well as recommendations for success.
Accurate and helpful information
Tika Review wants to be a companion for the rest of your career. To accomplish that goal, Tika Review assures you that all information posted by John Petter will be truthful and carefully guaranteed.
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We want to create a marketing page where everyone can find useful information. Posts will be sorted into different categories. Besides, articles vary from basic to advance level. Every marketer can benefit from Tika Review.
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The success of this blog is undoubtedly due to the contributions and support from the readers. We, the Tika Review development team, would like to send our sincere thanks to all those who have always been with Tika Review. Do not hesitate if you have any ideas to contribute.
Thank you!


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Local Event
Come join us for an evening that will feed your cravings for fine wine and Italian food inspired by the regional cuisine of the beautiful Riviera.
This is a demonstration-style cooking class.Class menu.
This class is for adults 18 years of age and older only. No children allowed unless otherwise specified.
Wine is provided at most evening classes, but you must be 21 years of age or older to drink alcoholic beverages. Drink responsibly.
This is a demonstration-style cooking class. Sit back, relax, and let our chefs do the cooking. Enjoy all of our delicious menu items and ask questions as we walk you through each recipe.Other details.
Reservations are on a first-come, first-served basis. Cancellations must be made 72 hours in advance of the class for a refund. Full payment for all classes is required at time of registration. Price includes recipes, demonstration, and samples of the food prepared. Wine is provided at most evening classes. You must be 21 years of age or older to drink alcoholic beverages. Drink responsibly. Publix may cancel classes not meeting enrollment standards, in which case any payment remitted will be refunded. Publix reserves the right to change recipes or substitute instructors for any reason.
Please be aware that our products, prepared items, and cooking school facilities may have had contact with the following food allergens: fish, eggs, milk, wheat, peanuts, soybeans, tree nuts, sesame, and shellfish. Please do not attend Cooking School class(es) if you or your guests have, or have been exposed to, any communicable diseases including cold, flu, etc.


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M.e. Cohen's Cartoon for 11/15/2006
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The construction of the St. Catharines Performing Arts Centre took a new step towards completion on August 15, 2013. The first crane was erected over the site at the same time the first corporate gift was unveiled. The $250,000 donation from Algoma Central Corporation will secure the name for the lobby of the new facility. This space will be the most central area of the $60.7-million building, $18 million of which was donated by the Government of Canada and $18 million of which was donated by the Government of Ontario.
City officials see this donation and the erection of the first crane as major steps towards making the dream of the revitilization of the area into reality.
The St. Catharines Performing Arts Centre will include four performance spaces: a 775-seat concert hall, 300-seat recital hall, 187-seat film theatre and a 210-seat theatre/dance venue.
When the facility is opened in the fall of 2015, it is expected to host 600 events every year and see 125,000 visitors annually.
A webcam focused upon the progress of the construction of the Performing Arts Centre can be seen here. The progress of the Marilyn I Walker School of Fine and Performing Arts facility can be seen in the upper right corner of the video feed. The school is anticipated to welcome over 600 students, staff and faculty in the fall of 2015.
The St. Catharines Standard did a full article on the event.


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While most people celebrate their 21 birthday by drinking themselves into a stupor, Bristol Palin isn't one to engage in such scandalous behavior. Instead, she'll uphold the Palin family tradition of celebrating all of life's biggest moments by killing wildlife. When asked about her birthday plans for tonight, her rep said:
"Bristol is working today. She will have a small get together with family and friends tonight, but it will be an early evening because she is getting up first thing in the morning to go caribou hunting."


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From John Woestendiek:
To dogblog or not dogblog; that was the question.
I'll confess at the outset that I am a reluctant blogger -- hesitant to step into this forum of the future for four reasons: first, because of concerns about whether I'm exploiting my dog; second, because blogs seem a somewhat egotistical pursuit; third, because they often seem the written equivalent of people talking when there is nothing to say; fourth, because it involves more work.
Usually, with me, those kinds of concerns over deeply held principles can be overridden with five simple words: "OK, we'll give you a raise."
But those words never came.
And here I am anyway.
Allow me to address those concerns backward. (You want them frontward, give me a raise.)
Concern 4: Well, we've covered that.
Concern 3: I promise you that, as in real life, when I have nothing to say, I will say nothing.
There's a communications revolution going on in this country, one that, it sometimes seems to me, is leading to less real communication than ever.
Before you start arguing, consider these two words -- "cell phone" -- and think back to how many times, in your last cell phone conversation, you asked the person talking to you to repeat what he said.
The Internet, amazing wonder of the world that it is, can also be something of a wasteland, and it is impossible to navigate the wondrous parts without getting bogged down in repetitive, recycled muck, which brings us to...
Concern 2: Some blogs rock. But many of them, as I see it, are just people (A) recycling what has already been said, (B) talking about things only their mother would be interested in, maybe, or (C) touting themselves.
I don't like touting myself (though I find Googling myself mildly entertaining).
Then again, I don't want the future to leave me behind.
So I'm in.
Here, unlike with the stories I write for the newspaper, which go through untold ranks of nit-picky editors, my words go virtually from my keyboard directly to you, cutting out the middlemen and women (or at least most of them). In a way, that's kind of scary. In another way, it's very exiting (I know ... "exciting"; I was just checking).
Here, if I have an opinion, I can express it. It's a lot more freewheeling, and maybe that is good.
That leaves Concern 1 -- "Ace-ploitation."
There were several times during the filming and assembling of "Hey Mister, What Kind of Dog is That?" -- the "dogumentary" about Ace's roots that is kicking off this new Web page -- that I wondered whether I was exploiting my dog.
I haven't entirely resolved that. Right now, for example, when I tell you to click elsewhere on this page to see the latest installment of the seven-part movie, I have pangs of guilt and feel like I'm shamelessly plugging my dog as if he were the latest floor mop featured on the Home Shopping Network.
Here is how I justify it. I think back. I think back to walking by schools and seeing hordes of excited children gather around to pet him. I think back to taking him to the retirement community in which my mother lives -- on a leash, of course (my dog, not my mother) -- and seeing the joy that shows up on peoples' faces. To be honest, fear shows up about one in 10 times, but the nine joys make it worth it ... unless, maybe you're that 10th person.
He spreads joy. It is contagious. It would be more wrong to keep that to myself. He is meant to be shared. He is an ambassador.
And if he reaches celebrity status, if he has to start wearing sunglasses to avoid the throngs of adoring fans, or the paparazzi (not to mention animal control officers) waiting to catch him doing something illegal (like being off his leash in the park), so be it.
He makes people happy. And in the world we're in, that sort of thing shouldn't be leashed, hoarded or otherwise restrained.


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Tire Finder
Where the rubber meets the road is more than just a commonly used expression – it is where the safety and performance of your Chevrolet vehicle begins. Your Chevrolet dealer can help you with the correct choice of tire for your specific vehicle and driving needs. Chevrolet has made a name for itself in the automotive industry with its braking systems, tire pressure monitors and Stabilitrak suspension. These systems are critically dependent on properly selected, well maintained tires. To get the most out of your Chevrolet car, truck or crossover, speak with the Certified Service experts at your local dealer.
Tire alignment is critical in ensuring that you get the maximum wear and performance from your tires. Poor alignment can result from a number of factors that over time can cause your vehicle's suspension and steering system to slip out of adjustment. If you notice your vehicle pulling one way or the other as you drive or encounter unusual tire wear, it is likely due to improper alignment. In addition, trucks, SUVs and sports cars have special tire needs based on their environment and traction conditions. Your Chevrolet dealer can recommend the alignment specifications that are right for you. Now, we know you have many choices when it comes to tire replacement. But when you take your GM car to the dealer, the service advisor will help you select the tire that's best for your GM vehicle. That's expertise you won't find at every tire store. And since most GM dealers offer very competitive tire prices on top tire brands like BF Goodrich, Bridgestone, Dunlop, Goodyear, Hankook, Continental, Firestone, General, Michelin, Pirelli, and Uniroyal, why would you go anywhere else?


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Smučišče Flims Laax Falera
Delovne ure Zima
- Sezona
- 09.01.2023 - 16.04.2023
- Operacija
- 08:30 - 16:30
26. November - 17. Dezember 2022
Tägliches Pistenangebot rund um den Crap sogn Gion, sofern möglich erweitertes Angebot an den Wochenenden.
17. Dezember 2022 – 16. April 2023
Täglicher Bahnbetrieb ab Talstation Flims, Laax und Falera.
- enostavno
- 64 km
- srednja
- 70 km
- težko
- 46 km
- Freeride/ Routen
- 44 km
- skupaj
- 235 km
LAAX – more than a winter Resort
The ski resort LAAX in the Swiss canton of Graubünden offers holidaymakers everything they could possibly need for a varied and unforgettable holiday. LAAX is more than just a winter resort: with 224 kilometres of slopes, four snowparks, the world's largest halfpipe, the Freestyle Academy, the rocksresort design hotel, culinary highlights on the mountain and in the valley, world-class sports events, concerts by renowned artists and much more besides, LAAX is a truly unique experience.
LAAX is the leading freestyle destination in Europe.
In the mid-1980s, when the pioneers of snowboarding first glided across the piste, it was here that they did it. Today, with its extensive facilities and amenities, LAAX is the number one winter resort for all freestylers and a magnet for many international professional riders. With Europe's largest snowpark offering, the destination continues to set new standards. This winter, LAAX is extending its freestyle expertise yet further with the opening of the world's largest halfpipe. Guests can enjoy a total of four snowparks, 90 obstacles, a large pro kicker line, a minipipe, the Freestyle Academy – the first freestyle hall in Europe – and much more besides.
LAAX is inspiring for families.
Families with children of all ages will find that, thanks to the variety on offer, their stay in LAAX will become a uniquely memorable experience. Children under the age of four are welcome at the crèche and in the snow kindergarten at the ski school. Here they receive their first introduction to winter sports through an entertaining mixture of fun and games. In the Snow Wonderland, a unique ski school based around the magician Ami Sabi, the kids are told spellbinding stories, sing songs together and learn plenty about the forest, the animals and the mountains – and, at the same time, get their first experience on skis under expert and professional guidance.
LAAX offers a rich variety of culinary attractions and superb places to stay.
LAAX boasts 19 mountain restaurants and 8 snowbars. With a choice including Italian, Asian, Spanish and traditional Swiss cuisine, everyone with a taste for fine food need look no further than right here in the resort. The accommodation, too, leaves nothing to be desired. Comfortable mountain hotels, trendy apartments and modern suites – there is such a wide choice that everybody can find exactly the ambience they are looking for. With its urban design and unique lifestyle philosophy, the rocksresort design hotel, situated at the base station in Laax, is a real jewel in the resort's crown. Only materials from the region were used in the construction, which lends the resort an unmistakable charm. In creating the rocksresort, LAAX has brought to life a unique blend of style and good living.
Laax is the ideal place for beginners.
Whether you are taking to the slopes for the very first time, want to learn new freestyle tricks or are keen to brush up your technique: LAAX has just the right course for everyone. A special beginners' area, comfortable lifts and modern hire equipment provide newcomers as well as those returning to winter sports with the ideal environment for their first twists and turns in the snow.
Načrtujte počitnice
Zadnji komentarji
Pišite na
Weisse Arena Bergbahnen AG
Via Murschetg 17, CH-7032 Laax
- Telefon
- +41 81 927 71 05
- Magnetni telefon
- +41 81 927 71 05
- Domača stran
- https://www.laax.com
Delovne ure Poletje
- Sezona
- 03.06.2023 - 22.10.2023
- Številka Dvigala
- 5
Betriebs- & Öffnungszeiten hier!
Spletne kamere
- Corviglia / St. Moritz
- Flims Laax Falera
- Diavolezza - Lagalb
- Davos Klosters Parsenn
- Arosa Lenzerheide
- Silvretta Arena Samnaun / Ischgl
- Corvatsch - Furtschellas
- Scuol Motta Naluns
- Davos Jakobshorn
- Avers
- Obersaxen Mundaun
- Savognin
- Disentis
- Davos Schatzalp - Strela
- Andermatt - Oberalp - Sedrun
- Pian Cales / San Bernardino
- Bivio
- Splügen / Rheinwald
- Minschuns - Val Müstair
- Vals


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Darren Walker
Member since Dec 11, 2008
- Profile: /members/683-darren-walker.htm
- URL: http://www.bayornet.com
- Comments: 19
Recent Blog Comments By Darren Walker
Seven Languages In Seven Weeks: Haskell - Day 1
Posted on Jan 27, 2011 at 3:55 AM
@Steve, @Ben I agree, horses for courses and all that. And also I appreciate the esoteric forms of different languages, their expressive power. Like listening to some forms of jazz, when you're outside the comfortable norms of what popular music has trained your ears to accept, it can be fascinatin... read more »
Seven Languages In Seven Weeks: Haskell - Day 1
Posted on Jan 26, 2011 at 11:35 AM
So how would you build a data driven cross browser dynamic grid with inline editing using only a few lines of code? I bet if a Haskell boffin spent as much time and effort with ColdFusion it would blow their minds how much they could actually accomplish ;)... read more »
I Just Got Badass(er) - UNCIVILIZED Brand Clothing By Mario Valero
Posted on Jan 25, 2011 at 6:37 AM
If you replaced the barbell with a little laptop that would make a cool logo for your blog Ben ;)... read more »
What ColdFusion Teaches Us About The Ultimate "Roll Your Own" Solution
Posted on Sep 8, 2010 at 11:17 AM
@Steve - snap, great minds think alike, fools never differ.... read more »
What ColdFusion Teaches Us About The Ultimate "Roll Your Own" Solution
Posted on Sep 8, 2010 at 11:16 AM
Obviously another advantage of this approach is that you can change your underlying libraries without changing your API, e.g. swapping out Verity for Lucene. And hence the other CFML engines available. Another great benefit to CFML, portability. Also we should be reminded that being great is one th... read more »
Generic Invocation Wrapper For Core ColdFusion Functions
Posted on Jun 17, 2010 at 10:52 AM
Jeebus ColdFusion is cool. I was going to do this when you tweeted about it @Ben but I was too busy working ;) @Martin - the problem with proxy.randrange() style is that you can't do proxy.#whateverCFfunctionIwant#() for syntax reasons. Say for instance at runtime you want to use either ArrayMax o... read more »
The Desire To Change Those We Care About
Posted on Jun 14, 2010 at 11:34 AM
@Will S yeah monkey see monkey do with kids. It totally sucks.... read more »
The Desire To Change Those We Care About
Posted on Jun 14, 2010 at 11:21 AM
Are you sure you're not high right now? Wait until you have kids. Changing the behaviour of others behaviour takes on vast new dimensions. Especially if there are behavioural problems. With our (formerly) autistic son the screaming matches were frightening and very upsetting and at times it is tem... read more »
My Sleep Experiment And Schedule Shift
Posted on Jun 9, 2010 at 11:29 AM
@Kevin - you call it Tongues. I call it PHP.... read more »
My Sleep Experiment And Schedule Shift
Posted on Jun 9, 2010 at 11:04 AM
Ben, you should learn to code while you sleep. I am currently working on a legacy cf app that was clearly written by a developer deeply in REM sleep, so it must be possible.... read more »
Getting Ready For Scotch On The Rocks (SOTR) 2010
Posted on May 20, 2010 at 9:53 AM
You should get a photo taken with the original Big Ben... read more »
3rd Annual (Inter)?National Regular Expression Day (And Prizes) - June 1st, 2010
Posted on May 17, 2010 at 8:04 AM
ironically, although I'm rubbish at regular expressions, when it comes to the ladeez...also rubbish.... read more »
Way Of The Warrior: What Is A Warrior?
Posted on Apr 12, 2010 at 4:05 AM
Also, from what I remember of my 1980's education, to become a warrior you need two things, a Mentor (Mr Miyagi) and a Nemesis (The blond guy who is a bully and is trying to steal your girlfiend. grrrr). Only then can your training begin.... read more »
Way Of The Warrior: What Is A Warrior?
Posted on Apr 9, 2010 at 11:26 AM
"Too much weights, not enough speedwork" - Jake the Muss. The nature of man is combative, hence the ethos of the warrior found throughout most cultures. This is neither positive or negative, it just is. So ask yourself, what is it you fight for? And what do you fight against? And more importantly, ... read more »
A Moment That Touched Me - The Fountainhead
Posted on Nov 5, 2009 at 9:53 AM
@Josh - it's a simple formula: 1) people fear what they don't understand 2) fear leads to anger 3) anger leads to hate 4) hate leads to suffering. pt 1) can be applied to all socio-economic philosophies. And object orientated programming.... read more »
A Moment That Touched Me - The Fountainhead
Posted on Nov 3, 2009 at 3:56 PM
IMHO the ideal is where self interest is accepted and nurtured, yet where the only common belief is that the best way to achieve your selfish goals is to help others achieve their goals. Like the most successful code is cohesive & de-coupled (self interested); and yet it's purpose is to serve other ... read more »
Is It Time For "Practical" Object Oriented Programming (OOP)?
Posted on Mar 30, 2009 at 12:31 PM
There is no Right or Wrong, only Cause and Effect. So we must detach our egos in order to see things with greater clarity, this is where I believe your problem is Ben. Who cares whether an OO design is right or wrong, the only judgement is what are the possible effects of that design. Intelligence... read more »
The Same CFID-CFTOKEN Values Are Used Across ColdFusion Session Timeouts
Posted on Mar 23, 2009 at 1:31 PM
Nice investigation Ben. If you think about it this behaviour makes sense but is unintuitive; the client tokens identify the client, not the session. A session simply represents a period of time in which a particular client is active. Just don't use client tokens for information which is login/sessio... read more »
Setting ColdFusion Query Cell Values With JavaCast() Fixes Errors
Posted on Mar 18, 2008 at 11:15 AM
Thanks for this Ben. Solved a tricky issue for me. Also note that the same applies to QueryAddColumn(query, columnname, array) code, so you need to make sure all the elements in the array are also Javacast-ed. Also, I think this has been fixed in CF8.... read more »


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Turning a phrase from words to a math problem can be tricky, but practice can make this process easier! In this tutorial, you'll see how to look for key words that can help you translate a phrase into math.
Knowing the mathematical meaning of words allows you to decipher word problems and gives you the power to write your own word problems, too! Take a look at these words and learn their mathematical translations.
Turning a word problem into a math problem you can solve can be tricky. Luckily, there's some key words to look out for in a word problem that help tell you what math operation to use! This tutorial shows you some of these key words to look for in a word problem.
An expression is just a mathematical phrase. In this tutorial, you'll learn about two popular types of expressions: numerical and algebraic expressions. A numerical expression contains numbers and operations. An algebraic expression is almost exactly the same except it also
Need some practice translating phrases into mathematical expressions? Then this tutorial is for you! You'll get practice translating statements involving addition, subtraction, multiplication, or division into mathematical expressions.


text: The fifth grade students at Berlin Intermediate School were recently treated to a demonstration of Native American song and dance. Dancers from the Commission on Indian Affairs in Baltimore visited BIS to promote the idea of unity and respect for all.. Students were invited to the stage to take part in the demonstration. Above, Keith Colston, of the Commission of Indian Affairs, leads students in a dance and song. Submitted Photos


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Macinante Surname Ancestry Results
Our indexes 1000-1999 include entries for the spelling 'macinante'. In the period you have requested, we have the following 1 record (displaying 1 to 1):
Try these...
macilravey macilreoch macilroy macilrpy macilturnour macilvane macilvarnack macilvean macilvorie macilvreid macilwain macilwaine macilwan macilwraith macilwrath macimantokell macimketer macinabbad macinair macinallie macinbribiter macincaird macincleir macindeir macindewar macindo macindoe macindowvig macindowy macinduy macinerney macineruli macinewar macinfoe macingaroch macinglas macingoun macinlash macinlay macinleach
These sample scans are from the original record. You will get scans of the full pages or articles where the surname you searched for has been found.
Your web browser may prevent the sample windows from opening; in this case please change your browser settings to allow pop-up windows from this site.
Research your ancestry, family history, genealogy and one-name study by direct access to original records and archives indexed by surname.


text:
Jeff Neely, the embattled General Services Administration official at the center of a scandal over a lavish Las Vegas conference, was reprimanded in 2011 for appearing in a campaign ad for Sen. Daniel Inouye (D-Hawaii), documents obtained by Roll Call show.
The U.S. Office of Special Counsel said Neely's participation in the ad for Inouye's 2010 re-election campaign violated the Hatch Act, but it did not discipline him beyond a warning.
The footage of Neely used in the ad was from a June 2010 groundbreaking ceremony heralding the $212 million renovation of the Prince Jonah Kuhio Kalanianaole Federal Building and Courthouse in Honolulu.
The project was part of the 2009 economic stimulus law and was designed to transition federally owned buildings into "high-performance green buildings," according to a GSA prospectus.
"The man who provided the leadership, and the guidance, and the touch was Jeff Neely," Inouye said at the ceremony, according to a video of the event.
"If it weren't for him, if it weren't for his leadership, we would not be here this morning to inaugurate the beginning of this process. On behalf of all of you and behalf of the people of Hawaii, Mr. Neely, we thank you very much," Inouye said.
"Prior to the recent press reports, Senator Inouye and his staff were unaware of the disappointing allegations that Jeff Neely and his staff wasted and misused taxpayer funds. Neither Senator Inouye nor his staff knew Mr. Neely in anything other than a professional capacity. Senator Inouye and his staff worked with the GSA Region 9 office only on issues relevant to GSA's mission," said Peter Boylan, Inouye's deputy chief of staff.
The revelations about Neely's Hatch Act violation come as officials ramp up legislative efforts to address the GSA scandal.
On Tuesday, the Senate approved by voice vote an amendment that would reform spending and oversight for federal agency travel and conferences.
And on Wednesday, Rep. Jeff Denham (R-Calif.), the chairman of a House Transportation and Infrastructure Subcommittee with jurisdiction over the GSA, introduced legislation requiring an annual audit of the agency, which he said has resisted his efforts to learn about its finances.
Denham and other top Republicans have called for Neely, who was placed on administrative leave March 20, to be fired. The GSA has not responded to the calls, but its employees are entitled to a disciplinary process.
A longtime GSA employee, Neely has not spoken in public about his conduct other than to decline to answer questions at an April 16 House Oversight and Government Reform Committee hearing, citing his Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination.
Aside from the campaign ad, Neely also gave some indication of his political leanings in interviews with GSA's Office of Inspector General, complaining about "too much bashing of the Obama administration" at a private-sector business conference.
Neely's lawyer is Preston Burton, a Washington, D.C.-based trial lawyer specializing in criminal law who has represented high-profile clients such as Monica Lewinsky and Aldrich Ames. Burton did not return a request for comment.
According to the OSC's investigation of the Inouye campaign ad, Neely's participation in the ceremony itself did not violate the Hatch Act because it "had nothing to do with any partisan political campaign or agenda."
But after the ceremony, Alan Yamamoto, a representative of Inouye's campaign, asked for Neely's permission to use footage from the event in a campaign ad, according to a March 9, 2011, letter from the OSC.
Yamamoto told the OSC that Neely replied, "It was a public event. I don't think I can control what happens at a public event or the use of pictures taken at a public event. So, go ahead."
According to the OSC, Neely "indicated he made a similar response" but "did not admit saying 'go ahead.'"
"Whether Mr. Neely did or did not say 'go ahead,' OSC finds his response unacceptable," it said in the letter.
Neely "had control over whether he provided permission to the campaign to use his image in its advertisement" and should have refused, the letter said.
"Providing such consent constituted an act in concert with the Senator's campaign. Thus, Mr. Neely violated the Hatch Act," the letter from OSC Hatch Act Unit attorney Justin Martell said.
The OSC "decided not to pursue disciplinary action" but said it warned Neely that "if in the future he engages in Hatch Act prohibited activity … we would consider such activity to be a willful and knowing violation of the law that could result in his removal from his employment."
Neely's wife, Deborah, posted three items on her Facebook page with photographs from the groundbreaking that were "related to Senator Inouye's campaign," the letter said, but the OSC cleared Neely of Hatch Act violations for those posts because there was no evidence that Neely himself was responsible for the posts.
The letter from the OSC was sent to John Garvey and Curtis Phelps at the American Federation of Government Employees, which initiated a complaint against Neely over the issue.
GSA's OIG initially revealed in an April 2 report that the agency spent about $823,000 on an October 2010 Las Vegas conference for about 300 people, along with a series of colorful expenses that drove up the cost, including a mind reader, clown and bicycle construction team-building exercise.
In the wake of the report, a total of 13 GSA employees have either resigned, been fired or have been placed on administrative leave, including the former administrator, Martha Johnson.
According to documents obtained by Roll Call, GSA officials invented awards as an excuse to hold taxpayer-funded dinner events at conferences, including bestowing a "jackass award" on an employee.


text: No matter what type of art, an artist just HAS to create. I have visions and gain inspiration from the most abstract and mundane subject sometimes. When I am inspired, I work to create the vision I have seen in my head. I plan it out and shoot it and then bring the vision to life. I tell stories this way, with just one image.


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Guillermo Russian grew up in Argentina and went to school in Villa Devoto, a neighborhood in Buenos Aires. It was there where he met Pope Francis I, who gave numerous masses at his school.
But today, Russian lives in South Florida, and it was at his home in Aventura that he received the news: the priest who gave his school masses was now elected as the head of the Catholic Church.
"It's a weird situation to see him with such an important position," said Russian. "But most of all I am proud."
Russian remembers Pope Francis I as a humble man, someone he could trust.
"He was just like any other person, and you could truly instill your trust in him," said Russian, who despite having hope in his childhood priest was not expecting the news of the first Latin American pope.
"I was surprised, but I think this was meant to be part of the election," said Russian. "This puts emphasis in Latin America, and hopefully it will help solve some of the problems that Argentina is facing today."
PHOTOS: The World Celebrates The Pope
The streets of Miami Beach's "Little Buenos Aires" community were filled with pride Wednesday afternoon. Although the occasion was unexpected, some celebrated at the Buenos Aires Bakery in Miami.
"Our customers were jumping," said Argentine Gabriela Pasquarielo. "They were so excited, like 'Viva Argentina.' I think it's good, this is a big excitement."
At St. Joseph Church, excitement was brewing among parishioners, especially one group.
"I think we'll hear about it for a long, long time from my Argentinian parishoners," said Father Juan Sosa.
Sosa, pastor of St. Joseph's, said the new pope will bring a unique skill set to the Papacy -- the ability to break down walls.
"He's able to speak a different kind of language -- not just Spanish -- it's the language of the people, the language of the poor, the language of the neglected," Sosa said.
Back in his native Buenos Aires, Sosa said Pope Francis was known for taking the bus, cooking his own meals, and living in a small, modest apartment. But it's not just his humility that has won over the Miami Beach faithful, his humor has too. He joked briefly before his first Papal blessing about how far his fellow Cardinals went to search for him.
"It's new hope, and I kind of like this Pope. He's kind of funny, he's got that touch," Alberto Correa said as he laughed.
"He really looked pretty good out there. He did not look 76," Pasquariello said.
Miami Beach resident Emma Brigier was glad to know that her future pope is a native Spanish speaker.
"I think it's fantastic. We need a pope that can speak wonderful Spanish, and it's necessary that he can express himself," said Brigier.
South Florida is home to the majority of Argentines in the United States, and Miami Beach is the city with the most residents born in Argentina, according to City-Data.com.
He is not only the first Latin American pope, but he is also the first Jesuit pope, who focuses on evangelization, education, research and missionary efforts.
"A simple man. A humble man. A man of God. The first Jesuit, the first Argentinian, the first pope from the New World, and the first to take the name Francis. The Holy Spirit is capable of rendering great surprises!," said Archbishop of Miami Thomas Wenski in an email statement.
For Belen Jesuit Preparatory School in West Miami-Dade, the news of a Jesuit pope brought pride and a new challenge.
"It calls us to a higher level of performance, it's something that engages us into a higher level of responsibility," said President of the School Father Pedro Suarez, who said some of his students asked for a week of vacation.
But it's the Jesuit pride that stands out most among the students. As they received the news during school hours, many jumped in joy.
"You have to understand a Jesuit is very different from a regular priest, a Jesuit is more personal," said student Jose Sirven. "I think that's the direction the church needs to go to, a more personal direction. You need to have linkage with your people, and I think that's what's going to happen."
More Pope stories:
White Smoke, Crowds Celebrate Pope Francis I


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Nancy Kincaid of Charleston, W.Va. writes, "My husband and I feed birds and squirrels in our backyard, and we have a special male cardinal we have fed for the last two years. He and his mate have raised many young during this time, and we have enjoyed watching them grow and visit our feeders.
"This male cardinal watches for us and flies to our deck railing for peanuts and almonds. My question is, why does he have no feathers on his head and neck — just black skin? He has lost these feathers each of the last two summers, and they seem to grow back by winter. Can you explain our bald cardinal?"
I've seen this a few times myself, and it's one of the more pathetic sights to greet a backyard birder. Cardinals are normally robust and commanding in their brilliant crimson plumage. But every summer I get reports of "bald" cardinals (and sometimes other birds, too).
The descriptions range from birds with merely "unkempt or scruffy looking heads" to "miniature vultures." Based on my experience, the mini-vulture description is spot on.
Of course, everyone asks what's wrong with these birds. I've always attributed the condition to a bad case of ectoparasites — mites and/or bird lice that actually eat feathers.
Since the head is the one part of the body that's difficult for a bird to reach with its bill to preen, it seems logical that a severe case of lice or mites could the problem. But I've also read reports blaming the condition on an unusual molt. Normally song birds molt, or replace their body feathers, just a few at a time, so it's hard for even a keen observer to notice.
For all the head feathers to fall out at once would certainly be unusual and hardly beneficial. The skin could get sunburned by day, torn up by thorns and tree branches, or badly chilled at night or during rain storms. One of the purposes of feathers, after all, is to protect the body from the elements.
Even ornithologists familiar with the problem cannot agree on an explanation. Gary Ritchison, an ornithologist at Eastern Kentucky University and author of Wild Bird Guides: Northern Cardinal (1997, Stackpole) told me he has, " … handled thousands of cardinals while mist-netting and banding over the years and only a few have had naked heads. None of those had severe mite or lice problems."
He attributes the phenomenon to an unusual molt pattern. David Bird, an ornithologist at McGill University in Quebec and author of The Bird Almanac (1999, Firefly Books), like me, always assumed this was a parasite problem, but a colleague, Rodger Titman (I'm not making these names up), argues strongly for the unusual molt explanation.
"Rodger has convinced me that an irregular molt is the better answer," Bird says. Sylvia Halkin, an ornithologist at Central Connecticut University and co-author of the cardinal account in The Birds of North America (1999, No. 440), suggested in print that unusual feather loss may be due to a response to a traumatic injury.
Finally, Chris Thompson, an ornithologist with the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, has been studying molt for years. When cardinals just lose their crest or their heads appear scruffy, he explained, that's probably the result of molt.
"Most birds become secretive and less active while molting, so we don't see them very often in this condition," he said. "Since we don't often see actively molting birds, we perceive the condition as rare, although it's probably just rarely seen."
Completely naked heads, on the other hand, "are not normal," he says. "When birds molt, new feathers push out the old ones, so a head should never appear completely naked. Parasites might be the answer."
Next time you see a bald cardinal (or other backyard bird), blame molt if the bird looks like it's having a bad hair day. But if the head is completely naked, it could be parasites or maybe trauma from an injury.
(Send questions and comments to Dr. Scott Shalaway, RD 5, Cameron, WV 26033 or via e-mail at his website, http://scottshalaway.googlepages.com.)
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The CEOs of 28 U.S. broadband providers and trade groups, including the four largest ISPs, have warned the U.S. Federal Communications Commission against reregulating broadband as a utility in an effort to protect net neutrality, saying reclassification of broadband would scare away investors.
In a letter to the FCC Tuesday, the CEOs of AT&T, Comcast, Verizon Communications and Time Warner Cable were among the executives calling on the agency to reject calls from some digital rights groups to reclassify broadband as a regulated, common-carrier telecom service. It is "questionable" whether the FCC has the legal authority to reclassify broadband, the CEOs wrote.
Reregulation of broadband "would impose great costs, allowing unprecedented government micromanagement of all aspects of the Internet economy," the letter said. "It is a vision under which the FCC has plenary authority to regulate rates, terms and conditions, mandate wholesale access to broadband networks and intrude into the business of content delivery networks, transit providers, and connected devices."
The reclassification of broadband as a regulated telecom service under Title II of the Telecommunications Act is "in fact a slippery slope that would provide the commission sweeping authority to regulate all Internet-based companies and offerings," the letter added.
Big Cable versus consumer groups
In recent days, Free Press, Fight for the Future and other digital rights groups have renewed their calls for the FCC to reclassify broadband as a regulated service as an alternative to a net neutrality proposal from FCC Chairman Tom Wheeler that would allow broadband providers to engage in "commercially reasonable" traffic management.
"In recent days, we have witnessed a concerted publicity campaign by some advocacy groups seeking sweeping government regulation that conflates the need for an open Internet with the purported need to reclassify broadband Internet access services," the CEO letter said. "The future of the open Internet has nothing to do with Title II regulation, and Title II has nothing to do with the open Internet."
While the digital rights groups want Title II regulation of broadband to prevent paid prioritization, or selective blocking, of Internet traffic by broadband providers, that section of the statute "does not discourage—let alone outlaw—paid prioritization models," the letter from the CEOs said. "Dominant carriers operating under Title II have for generations been permitted to offer different pricing and different service quality to customers."
The CEO letter appears, however, to define paid prioritization in a different way than many net neutrality advocates do. Most net neutrality advocates do not quarrel with the right of broadband providers to offer multiple speed tiers and pricing models, but many have raised fears that broadband providers will be able to selectively block or slow some Internet traffic, often because it competes with their own content.
"On Title II, it's true that some forms of discrimination could be reasonable, and that price differentials for your own customers may be OK," said Matt Wood, Free Press' policy director. "ISPs now want the freedom to charge content providers new fees for accessing broadband customers."
Bad for business?
The CEO letter suggested that past reclassification discussions have been bad for their businesses. The CEOs pointed to discussions at the FCC in 2009-10 to reclassify broadband as a telecom service. "The potential threat of Title II had an investment-chilling effect by erasing approximately 10 percent of some ISPs' market cap" around the time of an FCC announcement to explore reclassification.
"Under Title II … consumers would face less choice, and a less adaptive and responsive Internet," the letter said. "An era of differentiation, innovation, and experimentation would be replaced with a series of 'government may I?' requests from American entrepreneurs. That cannot be, and must not become, the U.S. Internet of tomorrow."
The broadband CEO assertions that Title II would hurt investment are "ludicrous," Wood countered. "This is yet another straw man in the army of straw men that the ISPs send out."
Since the FCC in 2005 voted to deregulate broadband, the investment by incumbent telecom-based broadband providers AT&T, Verizon and CenturyLink has stagnated, the group said. Since that time, the three carriers have cut tens of thousands of jobs, while revenues have jumped by tens of billions of dollars a year, said Free Press, citing reports the companies filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.
"Under Title II, Bell company investment, jobs and revenues all increased," Free Press said in a study on broadband investment. "After Title II was removed, jobs disappeared and investment declined, despite soaring revenues and record profits."
Among the people signing the broadband CEO letter were executives with Cox Communications, FairPoint, CTIA, USTelecom and the National Cable and Telecommunications Association.


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There is something of a phenomenon going on in our society. Yet it is not phenomenal. That would connote it possesses goodness.
Somewhere along the line–maybe fifty or sixty years ago–people began gauging history from the time of their birth.
It's getting worse and worse. Matter of fact, many younger humans will pop off and tell you, "That was before my time"–as if it does not matter or it might not happen again.
This came to my mind Thursday night when I was at a music rehearsal. I introduced the participants to a song by Dottie Rambo. One of them said they didn't know the song and another piped up, "Most people don't know who Dottie Rambo is."
It angered me–not just because this fine woman wrote hundreds of well-known gospel songs, but also because she was instrumental in integrating American gospel music.
In the early seventies, there was a complete segregation in the music field between what was known as Black gospel and Southern gospel. When a young man of color, Andrae Crouch, began his group, "The Disciples" out in Los Angeles, he introduced contemporary Christian music to the nation. It spread like wildfire.
Everywhere except the Southern gospel community.
Oh, yes, there were a couple of groups who recorded the songs, but there was strong resistance to inviting Andrae to the National Quartet Convention, which was more or less the Mecca of gospel music at the time.
It was Dottie Rambo who stood up for Andrae Crouch, traveled with him and even encouraged him to record one of her songs.
It took about one year.
At one convention Andrae was not welcome, and by the next convention he was invited and tore the house down.
You see, the good news is that things can change.
And the better news is that if we become involved and have a sense of history, we will learn that it is individuals who create the change.
Not committees.
Published by Jonathan Cring


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'Tis the season for college graduations, and that means there are countless fresh grads out there looking for their first real, professional jobs.
Those in IT would be hard-pressed to come up with a better area to focus on than Linux, which is consistently shown to offer higher salaries and more opportunities than do other parts of IT. There's tremendous demand for Linux skills today, so those who possess them are in a nice position as they enter the job market.
But how to begin? I had a chance recently to speak with Jim Zemlin, executive director at the Linux Foundation, for some suggestions. Zemlin recently gave a talk at TEDx (embedded below) focused on lessons he thinks the tech industry has learned from Linux and its creator Linus Torvalds, and he thinks those lessons can be applied equally well to college grads starting out in a Linux career.
Tip 1: 'Don't dream big'
"In my TEDx talk I share the story of how Linus started Linux," Zemlin explained. "He didn't have big dreams, just a sincere desire to create, learn, and share. That's all you need. Look at Linus' creation today. Literally, no one could have dreamed it would be this big."
Tip 2: 'Give it all away'
"The point here is that people make a lot of money by giving software away," Zemlin said. "Companies do pretty darn well if they're in the Linux and open source business. But for college grads, I have a slightly different take for you on this one."
Specifically, "give your time to an open source project," he suggested. "Give it away. Build your resume and your reputation. Your code is your resume. If you do this well, there is absolutely no doubt that a company will pay you very well to be on its payroll.
"If you're not sure how to get started, consider finding a Linux kernel developer mentor (one example) or a Linux training opportunity direct from the source," he added.
Tip 3: 'Don't have a plan'
"The desire to create, learn, and share that I spoke about in tip 1 will result in self-forming communities consisting of you and your peers and focused on important work that you collectively are prioritizing," Zemlin explained. "If you're prioritizing it, so are others, and you will get noticed very quickly."
Tip 4: 'You don't always have to be nice'
"No one likes a jerk, but I make this point seriously," Zemlin said. "Collaboration is about rigorous debate and the ability to defend your ideas. This results in the best ideas, as we've witnessed time and time again in the Linux community. And, as Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg famously put it, 'the best idea and implementation should always win.' Don't be afraid to prove yours is the best."


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Found 289 results in 3.655 s.
big tits: This kind of porn involves women with massive boobs.
teen: Sex performer that either is or appear to be nineteen or under.
hardcore: Explicit movies or videos that show genitals, especially an erect penis, and often include penetration. In this meaning, "hardcore" is the exact opposite of SOFTCORE. But for many porn videos, it just means an intense or dangerous sexual activity.


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Posted by Editoress on 03/16/12
Greg Minnaar (Santa Cruz Syndicate) showed that a week off the bike has not hurt his speed, as he qualified first in the Men's Downhill at the first round of the World Cup in his home town of Pietermaritzburg, South Africa. He beat defending champion Aaron Gwin (Trek World Racing) by a miniscule eight-thousandths of a second, with Canada's Steve Smith (Devinci Global Racing) qualifying third. The top three men were all within one second of each other, while fourth placed Gee Atherton (GT Factory) was nearly two seconds back.
Steve Smith qualified 3rd
In the women's field, it was the final starter, Tracey Hannah (Hutchinson United Ride), qualifying first, over three and a half seconds ahead of world champion Emmeline Ragot (MS Mondraker), with Floriane Pugin (Scott 11) in third. American champion Jill Kintner (Team Norco) was the only North American in the field, qualifying fifth.
Tracey Hannah (right) returns to World Cup racing
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Felix Limo, on his tea plantation, in Kenya
Felix Limo, one of the sports' most colorful athletes for over a decade, has decided to retire. This press release gives a thoughtful history of his career.
10 January, 2012
Felix Limo announces international retirement
Hulst, The Netherlands – The well-known Kenyan distance runner Felix Limo announced his international retirement on Thursday, after a top-level career that spanned more than a decade.
Now 32, Limo first came to prominence when he ran 27:04.54 for 10,000m for second place at the 2000 Van Damme Memorial meeting in the Belgian capital of Brussels.
However, Limo quickly found that his forte was racing on the roads.
On 21 November 2001, he ran 15km in 41:29 at the Seven Hills Run in the Dutch city of Nijmegen, famously beating Haile Gebrselassie. The time was the inaugural standard for the distance when the IAAF ratified road running world records at the start of 2003 and stood as the best time ever until November 2010.
Limo ran his first marathon in 2003 when he finished second in the Amsterdam Marathon in 2:06:42, at the time the second fastest debut ever.
The following year, he was the fastest man in the world over the classic distance when he won the 2004 Rotterdam Marathon in 2:06:14. Later in 2004, he won the Berlin Marathon in 2:06:44.
Between 2004 and 2006, he won four out of his five marathons, his other victories coming at the 2005 Chicago Marathon and 2006 London Marathon, the latter in 2:06:39.
Although those three years can be considered to be the pinnacle of his career, and he was arguably the number one marathon runner in the world during that period, he remained close to the top of his profession until the end of 2012.
At the end of last year, I had some tough decisions to make. I had some back problems which meant I could not train as well as I would have liked, which lead to me dropping out of the Toronto Marathon last October," reflected Limo.
"In fact, I have had back problems for a number of years. They have never been serious but were the reason why I also dropped out of the Chicago Marathon in 2007 and they have become a little worse in recent years.
"I feel confident I could still run marathons in 2:09 or 2:10 but I can't do the intensity of training that I was able to do seven or eight years ago. I also have to be realistic, those times are not going to get me into the top three of the best marathons these days," added Limo, with a smile on his face.
"In addition to obviously spending more time with my family, I'm looking forward to being able to devote more of my energies to my business affairs away from athletics as I have interests in real estate, dairy farming and tea plantations.
"However, I will always run, I love the sport. I would like to thank the man most responsible for my success, Patrick Sang, who coached me throughout my career and adidas, who supported me for many years.
"I would also like to thanks all the race organisers I have dealt with over the years. They were very kind and generous to me," commented Limo.
For further information, please contact Michel Boeting (Felix Limo's Athlete Representative) on:


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OCEAN CITY- A single-vehicle accident last Sunday morning at 6th Street and Baltimore Ave. knocked out power for a large portion of the south end of the resort for over six hours.
Around 10:22 a.m. last Sunday, a vehicle traveling northbound on Baltimore Ave. in a far right lane left the roadway and collided first with a street sign, then a light pole and finally a telephone pole. The driver, John Hamilton, 21, of Stevensville, Md., later told police he was fatigued because of lack of sleep and the medication he was on.
The accident knocked out power in the downtown area from 5th Street south for several hours. The power company was later able to restore power to some of the effected area, but it remained off in a large portion of the downtown area until about 5 p.m. Hamilton was charged with negligent driving.


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I teach what is, for me, a new course this semester together with Roberto Mangabeira Unger of the Law School, called "Political Economy After the Crisis." Roberto and I end up arguing quite a bit, with plenty of contributions from the students.
For those of you who are interested, here is the syllabus of the course. As a bonus, the videos of the first two classes are also online. This one is the first session on the crisis, and this is the second session on the way out.


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There's no question but that some people find iOS 7 a challenging transition. In this week's video I try to ease your way by offering a few tips for making text easier to read, create a more private browsing experience, and remind you of a technique or two that hasn't changed a lick from iOS 6.
iOS 7 is a radical departure from previous versions of the iOS and because it is, some people aren't entirely comfortable with it. (And, okay, some of you just hate it for good reasons and bad.)
In this short video I'll offer a few tips for making iOS 7 a bit easier to use.
Let's start with text.
The text in iOS 7 is thinner than the text found in earlier versions of Apple' s mobile operating system. And that makes elements of the OS more difficult for some people to make out. There are a couple of things you can do to help.
The first is to go to Settings > General > Text Size and slide the slider to the right. This increases the size of some of the text on your iOS device. For example, open the Notes app and you'll see that the text size has enlarged. This is also true in Mail, Messages, and Reminder, but not in Contacts or Calendar.
You can also make text bold, which can make it easier to read. You do this by going to Settings > General > Accessibility and then tap on Bold Text. Tapping Increase Contrast can also help make some text more legible.
And if you're one of those people who gets a little queasy with the device's parallax effect where the background seems to move behind the home screen's icon, flip on the Reduce Motion setting, which you'll also find in the Accessibility setting.
If you're an international man or woman of mystery, you'll appreciate Safari's new Privacy feature. In the past you had to go to Safari's settings to engage a privacy mode. But now you can do it directly within Safari. To do that on an iPhone or iPod touch just create a new window by tapping the New Window button and then tap the Private button in the bottom left corner of the device. You'll be asked if you want to close other tabs. Make your choice and your web browsing becomes private, as indicated by the black bar at the top of the screen. In this mode you won't collect cookies or have sites you visit added to your browser history.
And I want to mention a couple of other things not because they're new, but because some people seem to have overlooked them. I've heard complaints that in iOS 7 you can't create multiple alerts for Calendar events. You can, and it works exactly as it did in the past. Tap the Plus button to create the event, tap on Alert, and choose an alert time. When you do, this Second Alert field appears. Tap there to create that alert.
Another complaint I've heard is that you can't scale and move wallpaper images. That's true only of the images provided by Apple. You can easily grab an image of your own and scale it exactly as you have in the past. Just tap General > Wallpaper & Brightness, tap Choose Wallpaper, choose your Photostream or a photo album, tap an image, move and scale as you like, and tap Set. Works like a charm.


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Demosthenes (general)
Demosthenes (†413 BCE): important Athenian commander during the Archidamian War and the Sicilian Expedition.
In 431 BCE, the Spartans and Athenians went to war. Both sides thought they were ready, but soon discovered that they were wrong. The Spartan strategy was to exhaust the Athenians by endlessly ravaging the Athenian countryside; the invaders did so under command of king Archidamus II, after whom the first phase of the Peloponnesian War is called Archidamian War.
The Athenians, on the other hand, retreated behind their Long walls, received food supplies from overseas, accepted the loss of their land, and used their fleet to strike at the coastal towns of the Peloponnese. This strategy, which was designed by Pericles, soon proved to be too expensive. Pericles' death, however, saved Athens from bankruptcy. New leaders like Cleon came to power, reorganized the city's finances, and embarked upon a more ambitious strategy to bring down the Spartans.
One of the men who rose to importance was a military commander named Demosthenes, the son of Alcisthenes. Thucydides, the author of the History of the Peloponnesian War, mentions him for the first time as commander in 426. Demosthenes commanded a fleet that was sent to the Athenian naval base Naupactus in the west, where the Athenians obstructed any ship that was sailing to or from Corinth, Sparta's main naval ally. In the preceding years, the Athenian admiral Phormio had already achieved spectacular successes, and had gotten involved in a conflict between the inland tribes.
When Demosthenes appeared on the scene, there were two places where he could intervene:
- the isle of Leucas, the only island in the region that supported the Spartan case; the Ambracians wanted Demosthenes to do this and promised help.
- Aetolia, a relatively backward area that threatened Naupactus.
Demosthenes preferred the second option, because Naupactus was absolutely vital to Athenian interests, and its inhabitants had to know that they could always rely upon their powerful ally.
And so, Demosthenes ignored Leucas and invaded Aetolia, only to discover that his Ambracian allies refused to follow him. To them, Leucas was the only thing that really mattered. Other allies, the Locrians, did not turn up either when Demosthenes attacked Aetolia, from where he wanted to proceed to Boeotia, which was, at the same moment, under attack from the Athenian general Nicias. Although Demosthenes was at first successful, he soon found out that his heavy-armed hoplites were too slow for a fight fight against the light-armed Aetolians; had the Locrian javelin throwers been there, things would have been different, but in the end, Demosthenes had to admit that he had made a big mistake.
By the end of the season, he had lost 120 of his 300 marines, lost an opportunity to capture Leucas, and lost the possibility to return to Athens, where he would be accused.
During the winter of 426/425, the Aetolians invited the Spartans to join them. With some justification, they believed Naupactus was now vulnerable, and indeed, it was hard to see where it could find allies now that the Ambracians had refused help. But the Aetolians and Spartans had underestimated Demosthenes. While they were laying waste the Naupactian countryside, Demosthenes managed to reach the Ambracians and -surprisingly- convinced them to join him. With an Ambracian army, he returned to Naupactus. The Spartans knew that they could not storm the city and retreated.
They decided to attack a town called Amphilochian Argos, a town of the Acarnanians that was also claimed by the Ambracians, who became natural allies for the Spartans. Demosthenes, now a private citizen, immediately followed the Spartans to the north with a group of volunteers. Near Argos, the two armies met, but for five days, they did nothing. Finally, the Spartan commander Eurylochus decided to move. The troops joined battle, and the Spartans discovered that Demosthenes had used the previous days to create a perfect ambush. He left his left flank deliberately weak, allowed the Spartans to encircle him, and then ordered a hidden reserve to attack the Spartans, who panicked. Demosthenes' victory was complete.
The Spartan army had lost two of its three commanders. The remaining general, Mendaeus, and the surviving Spartans were besieged, and decided to surrender. Demosthenes offered them a safe passage, but continue the war against the allies of the Spartans: the Ambracians. This was a brilliant psychological trick, because in the long run, no one in this region trusted the Spartans any more.
Not much later, an Ambracian army arrived - too late to help the Spartans, but they did not know. Demosthenes was able to surprise the Ambracians and wiped out the entire army. Thucydides comments that this was the greatest disaster that befell any Greek city during the war. The western theater of operations was now completely dominated by Athens, and Demosthenes returned home, where he was hailed as a hero.
Even better was to come. On his way home, Demosthenes spotted a port called Pylos in the southwest of the Peloponnese. He noticed that it could easily be fortified, and that the Athenians could use it as a base for further raids in the area. Moreover, this part of the Peloponnese, Messenia, was hostile towards the Spartans, who had subdued the inhabitants, had made helots of them, and terrorized them. The Athenian garrison at Pylos offered them an opportunity to escape, which would greatly damage the Spartan economy. It was an imaginative plan, and the statesman Cleon was able to see to its financing.
When Demosthenes had landed at Pylos in the spring of 425, the Spartans immediately sent an army, which included their future commander Brasidas. They used the isle of Sphacteria as their base, and were isolated on this island when the Athenian navy defeated the Spartan ships. No less than 292 Spartan soldiers, including 120 elite Spartiates, were now cut off.
This was a very, very important victory. Immediately, the Spartans offered a truce, because they were unwilling to sacrifice their men. They proposed a peace treaty and good will for the future, but Cleon immediately brushed it aside. There was no guarantee that the Spartans would not change their mind later. If they wanted peace, they needed to offer something better, including some sort of guarantee for future peace. So, the war was resumed, but it was a different war: it had been shown that Sparta would stop fighting when its own people were imperiled, and would betray its allies by concluding a peace treaty.
Still, many Athenians thought that Cleon had made a mistake, and he was more or less forced to create an even bigger victory. And so he did. He went to Pylos, spoke to Demosthenes, and attacked the Spartans on the island, who in the end surrendered. This was another blow for the Spartans and sincerely handicapped them, because they could no longer attack Athens - the hostages would be executed..
In 424, the Athenians embarked upon a more ambitious strategy. In the spring, they tried to capture Megara by surprise; however, the Spartan commander Brasidas happened to be in the neighborhood and was able to foil the attempt.
Not beaten yet, the Athenians tried a second plan. One of Sparta's allies was Thebes, the capital of a federation of towns that was called Boeotia. If Athens could force Thebes out of the war, it had the security it needed to sign a peace treaty with Sparta. The Athenian plan was brilliant: from two sides, Boeotia would be invaded - from the northeast, at Delium, and from the south, where Demosthenes was to be in charge of the attack. Unfortunately, the plan was betrayed, and when Demosthenes arrived at Siphae, where he was supposed to find a friendly garrison, he was unable to reach his goal. The other army was defeated at Delium.
It was not a disaster, but more or less at the same time, the Athenians lost Amphipolis to the Spartan general Brasidas. The combination of this defeat and the unsuccessful attacks forced the Athenians to reconsider their possibilities. Demosthenes was discredited, and when his ally Cleon was killed in action during an attempt to recapture Amphipolis, Athens was willing to agree to a peace treaty. In March 421, the Peace of Nicias was signed. Demosthenes, who had been out of favor for some time, was still important enough to be one of those who swore the oaths. The Archidamian War was over.
Although the Peace of Nicias had been forced upon two exhausted enemies, it was an Athenian victory. Sparta had gone to war to dissolve the Athenian alliance, the Delian League, and had failed. Moreover, the Athenian finances were better than those of Sparta. Athens was soon full of energy again and, led by Alcibiades, allied itself to towns on the Peloponnese (discussed here). Demosthenes was not one of the main war leaders, but we know that he still played a role in the Athenian politics. In 418/417, when a major battle was fought at Mantinea (text) and Sparta restored its prestige, he conducted a minor operation in Epidauros.
In 415, the Athenians sent an armada to Sicily, commanded by Nicias (who fell ill), Alcibiades (who was recalled), and Lamachus (who was killed in action). The Sicilian Expedition was a great strategic mistake, but the Athenians did not realize it until it was too late. The war culminated in the siege of Syracuse, which was lost by the Athenians because they were unable to surround the city with a palisade. The Syracusans, commanded by Gylippus of Sparta and Hermocrates of Syracuse, were able to build counterwalls and keep open their lines of communication.
Still, the Athenians decided to continue the siege, and sent reinforcements, commanded by Demosthenes. This was a bold move, because early in 413, the Spartan king Agis II occupied Decelea near Athens, which marked the beginning of the Decelean or Ionian War. Perhaps the Athenians believed that success at Syracuse might deter other enemies.
Demosthenes arrived in the summer of 413. The Syracusans, who had already come to believe that they would win the war, were shocked, but Demosthenes' attempt to take their counterwall by surprise was unsuccessful.
Demosthenes now realized that the war at Sicily could no longer be won, and he suggested to retreat. It was a disgrace, but there was still a chance to minimize the losses, and at least return the soldiers to Athens, where they were needed. Nicias, however, was against it, and the two commanders decided to wait a bit longer, to see if the Syracusan resistance might collapse - after all, there were reports that besieged had become weary of the war and were willing to come to terms with the reinforced Athenian army.
However, the Syracusans continued to fight, and Nicias accepted Demosthenes' proposal. Unfortunately, during the night of 27 August 413, when the Athenians were supposed to sail away, there was a lunar eclipse, which Nicias thought was a very bad omen. He ordered to stay another month.
It became almost immediately apparent that this was a serious mistake. The Syracusans now blocked the entrance of the harbor and the Athenians could no longer leave. Finally, Nicias decided to abandon his position. In fact, almost everything was now lost, because the Athenians had no ships to return home. Still, they tried to reach the safety of Catana in the north, but they were attacked by the Syracusan cavalry and were unable to make much progress.
On the sixth day of their march, they gave up, and decided to move to the south - something that the Syracusans had not expected them to do. But it did not improve the situation for the Athenians. Demosthenes' troops fell behind and surrendered on the condition that the soldiers would not be killed. Even slavery was now acceptable. On the seventh day, Nicias was able to defeat his pursuers one more time, but in the end, his men were unable to continue, and surrendered as well (text).
The Athenian POWs were forced to work in a stone quarry, where they died from malnutrition and exposure. Demosthenes and Nicias were put to death.


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I'm here in San Francisco at the annual CIRM Grantee Meeting. As President Alan Trounson said, this is the best stem cell meeting in the world.
We had two speakers tonight to kick off the meeting. Let me tell you my thoughts on each one.
First, we had Rainer Storb from The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (aka "The Hutch", where I did my postdoc), who gave his talk "Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Therapy for Blood Disorders: the Road to Success". It was a fascinating history of the development of bone marrow and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. It took decades to turn these technology into widely available treatments that have now saved tens if not hundreds of thousands of lives. One thread running through Dr. Storb's talk that really stuck with me is how a stem cell treatment has a life of its own inside the recipient. It can cause all kinds of reactions such as Graft Versus Host Disease that can be fatal. Scientists need time to learn about these side effects and find creative ways to deal with them.
The second speaker was Katherine High from The University of Pennsylvania whose talk was entitled "Clinical gene therapy comes of age: Lessons from an Eventful Youth". The audience was also wow'd by this talk. Dr. High gave a history of gene therapy including warts and all. She provided key lessons along the way including the notion that clinical researchers must be humble and learn lessons as they go, not go into things believing they know everything.
Again, as with Dr. Storb's talk, Dr. High emphasized how treatments can have unexpected consequences and patient safety is a top concern. In the case of gene therapy, a number of patients died in the early days directly from the therapy itself including perhaps most notably Jesse Gelsinger. Other potential side effects include potential germline transmission of transgenic alleles used in the gene therapy via their uptake into gametes of patients. Very sobering.
Dr. High sprinkled her talk with slides about lessons learned. One that stuck out to me that should be taped to the wall of anything doing or contemplating stem cell transplants into patients:
You have to solve problems you are dealt. You cannot plead lack of expertise or interest.
She also pointed out how often studies in animals do NOT correlate with the behavior of treatments including side effects in humans. She said that in a general sense that 30% of the time animal studies on a treatment basically do not work to inform us of what will happen in humans. That's a frighteningly high number.
Tomorrow looks to be great as well!


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Oracle announced today the creation of the Oracle Pro Series, a schedule of more than 25 new ATP, WTA and ITF World Tennis Tour professional tournaments to be held across the United States over the course of 2019 and 2020. The Oracle Pro Series will create more than 40 percent new playing opportunities in the United States for tennis professionals.
Nearly all the tournaments will be combined men's and women's events with equal prize money ranging from $25,000 to $108,000 per tournament. The six combined tournaments scheduled for the fall of 2019 offer equal prize money of $25,000 and will be played in California, Texas and Florida. The 2019 Oracle Pro Series schedule is as follows:
October 6 – 13 – The Claremont Club – Los Angeles, Calif.
October 13 – 20 – Baylor University – Waco, Texas
October 20 – 27 – Texas Christian University – Fort Worth, Texas (ATP)
October 20 – 27 – Southern Methodist University – Dallas, Texas (WTA)
November 4 – 10 – Pepperdine University – Malibu, Calif.
November 11 – 17 – USTA National Campus – Orlando, Fla.
November 17 – 24 – Sanchez-Casal Academy – Naples, Fla.
The final schedule for 2020 will include more than 20 tournaments, most of which will be combined events. Locations will be announced later this year.
"At Oracle, we're looking at this holistically," said Oracle CEO Mark Hurd. "We want more exposure for tennis at all levels in the United States. All of our efforts, from awards to tournament series to collegiate sponsorships and strategic partnerships, are pieces of an overall plan to raise the quality of American tennis."
In addition to more playing opportunities in the U.S., the Oracle Pro Series will expand the pathway for the next generation of aspiring champions from college tennis up to the ATP Tour and the WTA Tour. The Oracle Pro Series will reward success with immediate access to higher level tournaments by connecting all Oracle events into one merit-based path to the highest levels of international professional tennis.
Oracle is partnering with InsideOut Sports & Entertainment, led by former World No. 1 and Hall of Famer Jim Courier and his business partner Jon Venison, to manage the Oracle Pro Series. InsideOut brings more than 15 years of experience producing live and televised events.
"The Oracle Pro Series is an unprecedented expansion in the number of U.S. professional tournaments and reinforces Oracle's commitment to advancing the sport," said Courier. "We are thrilled to be partnering with Oracle to give up-and-coming players more opportunities to compete for prize money, improve their rankings and launch their careers. Together, we will play a big part influencing the future of tennis in the U.S."
Oracle also supports collegiate tennis through sponsorship of the Intercollegiate Tennis Association (ITA). This includes hosting several marquee ITA championship events throughout the year such as the Oracle ITA Masters and the Oracle ITA Fall Championships. At the grassroots level, Oracle supports tennis through its strategic partnership with Universal Tennis Rating (UTR). UTR leverages Oracle's industry leading cloud technology to power its algorithm-based, big-data rating system and digital platform.
Tennis Associations Endorse Oracle Pro Series
"This series of events has been created to provide an unprecedented level of opportunities for aspiring young players to compete and earn the valuable WTA ranking points needed to earn a ranking that will provide them the ability to realize their dreams of playing at the highest levels of the sport." ~ Steve Simon, WTA Chairman and CEO
"The ATP continues to focus on enhancing and strengthening the ATP Challenger Tour, and we welcome Oracle's growing involvement at this level of the sport. The Oracle Pro Series will provide increased opportunities for players competing on the pathway to the ATP Tour, and we look forward to seeing the series come to life." ~ Ross Hutchins, ATP Chief Player Officer
"We are incredibly excited that Oracle is providing even more opportunities for American players to compete throughout the year, as well as more opportunities for fans to attend professional tennis events throughout the country. These events help develop American talent and serve as a stepping stone for players to reach the highest levels of the game, while at the same time inspire kids across the nation to pick up a racket and play this sport." ~ Stacey Allaster, USTA Chief Executive, Professional Tennis
About Oracle Tennis
Oracle is committed to supporting American tennis for all players across the collegiate and professional levels. Through sponsorship of tournaments, players, ranking, organizations and more, Oracle has infused the sport with vital resources and increased opportunities for players to further their careers.
About Oracle
The Oracle Cloud offers a complete suite of integrated applications for Sales, Service, Marketing, Human Resources, Finance, Supply Chain and Manufacturing, plus Highly Automated and Secure Generation 2 Infrastructure featuring the Oracle Autonomous Database. For more information about Oracle (NYSE: ORCL), please visit us at www.oracle.com.
Oracle and Java are registered trademarks of Oracle and/or its affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners.


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Sen. Joe Donnelly's 2013 Report Card
from Indiana
Served Jan 3, 2013 – Jan 3, 2019
These year-end statistics cover Donnelly's record during the 2013 legislative year (Jan 3, 2013-Dec 26, 2013) and compare him to other senators serving at the end of that period. Last updated on Dec 1, 2014. On Dec. 1, 2014, the statistics were updated to remove Sen. Schatz from the list of Senate sophomores. Schatz only served for several days in the preceding Congress.
A higher or lower number below doesn't necessarily make this legislator any better or worse, or more or less effective, than other Members of Congress. We present these statistics for you to understand the quantitative aspects of Donnelly's legislative career and make your own judgements based on what activities you think are important.
Keep in mind that there are many important aspects of being a legislator besides what can be measured, such as constituent services and performing oversight of the executive branch, which aren't reflected here.
Introduced the 4th fewest bills compared to Senate Democrats (tied with 1 other)
Donnelly introduced 7 bills and resolutions in 2013. View Bills »
Compare to all Senate Freshmen (40th percentile); Senate Democrats (6th percentile); All Senators (13th percentile).
Cosponsored the 5th fewest bills compared to All Senators
Donnelly cosponsored 59 bills and resolutions introduced by other Members of Congress. Cosponsorship shows a willingness to work with others to advance policy goals. View Cosponsored Bills »
Compare to all Senate Freshmen (7th percentile); Senate Democrats (4th percentile); All Senators (4th percentile).
Joined bipartisan bills the 5th most often compared to Senate Democrats
In this era of partisanship, it is encouraging to see Members of Congress working across the aisle. Of the 59 bills that Donnelly cosponsored, 31% were introduced by a legislator who was not a Democrat. View Cosponsored Bills »
Compare to all Senate Freshmen (85th percentile); Senate Democrats (90th percentile); All Senators (60th percentile).
Only Democratic and Republican Members of Congress who cosponsored more than 10 bills and resolutions are included in this statistic.
Got bicameral support on the 4th fewest bills compared to Senate Democrats (tied with 4 others)
The House and Senate often work on the same issue simultaneously by introducing
Those bills were: S. 1802: Public Power Risk Management Act …
Compare to all Senate Freshmen (33rd percentile); Senate Democrats (6th percentile); All Senators (7th percentile).
Companion bills are those that are identified as "identical" by Congress's Congressional Research Service.
Got the 7th fewest cosponsors on their bills compared to Senate Democrats
Donnelly's bills and resolutions had 36 cosponsors in 2013. Securing cosponsors is an important part of getting support for a bill, although having more cosponsors does not always mean a bill will get a vote. View Bills »
Compare to all Senate Freshmen (40th percentile); Senate Democrats (11th percentile); All Senators (16th percentile).
Held the 9th fewest committee positions compared to All Senators (tied with 9 others)
Donnelly held a leadership position on 0 committees and 1 subcommittee, as either a chair (majority party) or ranking member (minority party), at the end of the session. For comparison to other Members of Congress, we assigned a score giving five points for each full committee leadership position and one point for each subcommittee leadership position. View Donnelly's Profile »
Compare to all Senate Freshmen (40th percentile); Senate Democrats (11th percentile); All Senators (8th percentile).
Laws Enacted
Donnelly introduced 0 bills that became law in 2013. Keep in mind that it takes a law to repeal a law. Very few bills ever become law.
Compare to all Senate Freshmen (0th percentile); Senate Democrats (0th percentile); All Senators (0th percentile).
We only count enacted bills (and joint resolutions) that the legislator was the primary sponsor of. While a legislator may lay claim to authoring other bills that became law, such as through companion bills or incorporation into larger bills, these cases are difficult for us to track quantitatively.
Bills Out of Committee
Most bills and resolutions languish in committee without any action. Donnelly introduced 0 bills in 2013 that got past committee and to the floor for consideration.
Compare to all Senate Freshmen (0th percentile); Senate Democrats (0th percentile); All Senators (0th percentile).
Powerful Cosponsors
0 of Donnelly's bills and resolutions in 2013 had a cosponsor who was a chair or ranking member of a committee that the bill was referred to. Getting support from committee leaders on relevant committees is a crucial step in moving legislation forward.
Compare to all Senate Freshmen (0th percentile); Senate Democrats (0th percentile); All Senators (0th percentile).
Missed Votes
Donnelly missed 0.0% of votes (0 of 291 votes) in 2013. View Donnelly's Profile »
Compare to all Senate Freshmen (0th percentile); All Senators (0th percentile).
Government Transparency
GovTrack looked at whether Donnelly supported any of 8 government transparency, accountability, and effectiveness bills in the Senate that we identified in this session. We gave Donnelly 1 point, based on one point for cosponsoring and three points for sponsoring any of these bills.
Donnelly cosponsored S. 375: Senate Campaign Disclosure Parity Act
Compare to all Senate Freshmen (53rd percentile); Senate Democrats (32nd percentile); All Senators (47th percentile).
Additional Notes
Leadership/Ideology: The leadership and ideology scores are not displayed for Members of Congress who introduced fewer than 10 bills, or, for ideology, for Members of Congress that have a low leadership score, as there is usually not enough data in these cases to compute reliable leadership and ideology statistics.
Missing Bills: We exclude bills from some statistics where the sponsor's original intent is not in the final bill because the bill's text was replaced in whole with unrelated provisions (i.e. it became a vehicle for passage of unrelated provisions).
Ranking Members (RkMembs): The chair of a committee is always selected from the political party that holds the most seats in the chamber, called the "majority party". The "ranking member" (sometimes "RkMembs") is the title given to the senior-most member of the committee not in the majority party.
Freshmen/Sophomores: Freshmen and sophomores are Members of Congress whose first term (in the same chamber at the end of 2013) was the 113th Congress (freshmen) or 112th (sophomores). Members of Congress who took office within the last few months of a Congress are considered freshmen in the next Congress as well.