text:
Child pornography (also called CP, child sexual abuse material,[1] CSAM,[2] child porn, or kiddie porn) is unlawful pornography in most jurisdictions that exploits minors for sexual stimulation.[3][4][5][6][7][8] It may be produced with the direct involvement or sexual assault of a child (also known as child sexual abuse images)[9][10][11] or it may be simulated child pornography. Abuse of the child occurs during the sexual acts or lascivious exhibitions of genitals or pubic areas which are recorded in the production of child pornography.[3][4][6][7][8][12][13] Child pornography may use a variety of mediums,[14] including writings,[9][15][16] magazines, photos,[14] sculpture,[14] drawing,[14] painting,[14] animation, sound recording,[17] video,[14] virtual reality and video games.[18] Child pornography may be created for profit or other reasons.[19][excessive citations]
Laws regarding child pornography generally include sexual images involving prepubescents, pubescent, or post-pubescent minors and computer-generated images that appear to involve them.[20] Most possessors of child pornography who are arrested are found to possess images of prepubescent children; possessors of pornographic images of post-pubescent minors are less likely to be prosecuted, even though those images also fall within the statutes.[20]
Prepubescent pornography is viewed and collected by pedophiles for a variety of purposes, ranging from private sexual uses, trading with other pedophiles, preparing children for sexual abuse as part of the process known as "child grooming", or enticement leading to entrapment for sexual exploitation such as production of new child pornography or child prostitution.[21][22][23] Children themselves also sometimes produce child pornography on their own initiative or by the coercion of an adult.[24]
Child pornography is illegal and censored in most jurisdictions in the world.[25][26] Ninety-four of 187 Interpol member states had laws specifically addressing child pornography as of 2008[update], though this does not include nations that ban all pornography.[25] Of those 94 countries, 58 criminalized possession of child pornography regardless of intent to distribute.[25] Both distribution and possession are now criminal offenses in almost all Western countries. A wide movement is working to globalize the criminalization of child pornography, including major international organizations such as the United Nations and the European Commission.[9][26] Producers of child pornography try to avoid prosecution by distributing their material across national borders, though this issue is increasingly being addressed with regular arrests of suspects from a number of countries occurring over the last decade.[20][27]
In the 2000s, use of the term child abuse images increased by both scholars and law enforcement personnel because the term "pornography" can carry the inaccurate implication of consent and create distance from the abusive nature of the material.[9][10][11][28][29] A similar term, child sexual abuse material, is used by some official bodies,[2][30][31] and similar terms such as "child abuse material", "documented child sexual abuse", and "depicted child sexual abuse" are also used, as are the acronyms CAM and CAI.[28] The term "child pornography" retains its legal definitions in various jurisdictions, along with related terms such as "indecent photographs of a child" and others.[9][10][11][32] In 2008, the World Congress III against the Sexual Exploitation of Children and Adolescents stated in their formally adopted pact that:[33]
Increasingly the term 'child abuse images' is being used to refer to the sexual exploitation of children and adolescents in pornography. This is to reflect the seriousness of the phenomenon and to emphasize that pornographic images of children are in fact records of a crime being committed.
Interpol and policing institutions of various governments, including among others the United States Department of Justice, enforce child pornography laws internationally.[20] Since 1999, the Interpol Standing Working Group on Offenses Against Minors has used the following definition:[13]
Child pornography is the consequence of the exploitation or sexual abuse perpetrated against a child. It can be defined as any means of depicting or promoting sexual abuse of a child, including print and/or audio, centered on sex acts or the genital organs of children.
Child sexual abuse in production and distribution
Abuse of the child occurs during the sexual acts or lascivious exhibitions of genitals or pubic areas which are recorded in the production of child pornography.[3][4][6][7][8][12][13] Children of all ages, including infants,[34] are abused in the production of child pornography.[6][20] The United States Department of Justice estimates that pornographers have recorded the abuse of more than one million children in the United States alone.[35] There is an increasing trend towards younger victims and greater brutality; according to Flint Waters, an investigator with the federal Internet Crimes Against Children Task Force, "These guys are raping infants and toddlers. You can hear the child crying, pleading for help in the video. It is horrendous."[36] According to the World Congress against Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children, "While impossible to obtain accurate data, a perusal of the child pornography readily available on the international market indicates that a significant number of children are being sexually exploited through this medium."[37]
The United Kingdom children's charity NCH has stated that demand for child pornography on the Internet has led to an increase in sex abuse cases, due to an increase in the number of children abused in the production process.[38] In a study analyzing men arrested for child pornography possession in the United States over a one-year period from 2000 to 2001, 83% had pornographic images of prepubescent children and 80% had images graphically depicting sexual penetration. 21% had images depicting violence such as bondage, rape, or torture and most of those involved images of children who were gagged, bound, blindfolded, or otherwise enduring sadistic sex. 39% had child-pornography videos with motion and sound. 79% also had images of nude or semi-nude children, but only 1% possessed such images alone. Law enforcement found that 48% had more than 100 graphic still images, and 14% had 1,000 or more graphic images. 40% were "dual offenders", who sexually victimized children and possessed child pornography.[14]
A 2007 study in Ireland, undertaken by the Garda Síochána, revealed the most serious content in a sample of over 100 cases involving indecent images of children. In 44% of cases, the most serious images depicted nudity or erotic posing, in 7% they depicted sexual activity between children, in 7% they depicted non-penetrative sexual activity between adults and children, in 37% they depicted penetrative sexual activity between adults and children, and in 5% they depicted sadism or bestiality.[5]
Relation to child molestation and abuse
Experts differ over any causal link between child pornography and child sexual abuse, with some experts saying that it increases the risk of child sexual abuse,[39] and others saying that use of child pornography reduces the risk of offending.[40][41] A 2008 American review of the use of Internet communication to lure children outlines the possible links to actual behaviour regarding the effects of Internet child pornography.[42]
According to one paper from the Mayo Clinic based on case reports of those under treatment, 30% to 80% of individuals who viewed child pornography and 76% of individuals who were arrested for Internet child pornography had molested a child. As the total number of those who view such images can not be ascertained, the ratio of passive viewing to molestation remains unknown. The report also notes that it is difficult to define the progression from computerized child pornography to physical acts against children.[43] Several professors of psychology state that memories of child abuse are maintained as long as visual records exist, are accessed, and are "exploited perversely."[8][12]
A study by Wolak, Finkelhor, and Mitchell states that:[44]
rates of child sexual abuse have declined substantially since the mid-1990s, a time period that corresponds to the spread of CP online. ... The fact that this trend is revealed in multiple sources tends to undermine arguments that it is because of reduced reporting or changes in investigatory or statistical procedures. ... [T]o date, there has not been a spike in the rate of child sexual abuse that corresponds with the apparent expansion of online CP.
In the late 1990s, the COPINE project ("Combating Paedophile Information Networks in Europe") at University College Cork, in cooperation with the Paedophile Unit of the London Metropolitan Police, developed a typology to categorize child abuse images for use in both research and law enforcement.[32] The ten-level typology was based on analysis of images available on websites and internet newsgroups. Other researchers have adopted similar ten-level scales.[45] In 2002 in the UK, the Sentencing Advisory Panel adapted the COPINE scale to five levels and recommended its adoption for sentencing guidelines, omitting levels 1 to 3 and recommending that levels 4 to 6 combine as sentencing level 1 and that the four levels from 7 to 10 each form an individual severity level, for a total of 5 sentencing stages.[32]
|Non-erotic and non-sexualised pictures showing children in their underwear, swimming costumes from either commercial sources or family albums. Pictures of children playing in normal settings, in which the context or organisation of pictures by the collector indicates inappropriateness.
|Pictures of naked or semi-naked children in appropriate nudist settings, and from legitimate sources.
|Surreptitiously taken photographs of children in play areas or other safe environments showing either underwear or varying degrees of nakedness.
|Deliberately posed pictures of children fully clothed, partially clothed or naked (where the amount, context and organization suggests sexual interest).
|Erotic Posing
|Deliberately posed pictures of fully, partially clothed or naked children in sexualised or provocative poses.
|Explicit Erotic Posing
|Pictures emphasising genital areas, where the child is either naked, partially clothed or fully clothed.
|Explicit Sexual Activity
|Pictures that depict touching, mutual and self-masturbation, oral sex and intercourse by a child, not involving an adult.
|Pictures of children being subject to a sexual assault, involving digital touching, involving an adult.
|Gross Assault
|Grossly obscene pictures of sexual assault, involving penetrative sex, masturbation or oral sex, involving an adult.
|a. Pictures showing a child being tied, bound, beaten, whipped or otherwise subject to something that implies pain (see: hurtcore).
b. Pictures where an animal is involved in some form of sexual behaviour with a child.
Internet proliferation
Philip Jenkins notes that there is "overwhelming evidence that [child pornography] is all but impossible to obtain through nonelectronic means."[46] The Internet has radically changed how child pornography is reproduced and disseminated, and, according to the United States Department of Justice, resulted in a massive increase in the "availability, accessibility, and volume of child pornography."[47] The production of child pornography has become very profitable and is no longer limited to paedophiles.[48]
Digital cameras and Internet distribution facilitated by the use of credit cards and the ease of transferring images across national borders has made it easier than ever before for users of child pornography to obtain the photographs and videos.[20][27] The NCMEC estimated in 2003 that since 1997 the number of child pornography images available on the Internet had increased by 1500%.[27]
In 2007, the British-based Internet Watch Foundation reported that child pornography on the Internet is becoming more brutal and graphic, and the number of images depicting violent abuse has risen fourfold since 2003.[49] The CEO stated "The worrying issue is the severity and the gravity of the images is increasing. We're talking about prepubescent children being raped." About 80 percent of the children in the abusive images are female, and 91 percent appear to be children under the age of 12. Prosecution is difficult because multiple international servers are used, sometimes to transmit the images in fragments to evade the law.[49] Some child pornographers also circumvent detection by using viruses to illegally gain control of computers on which they remotely store child pornography. In one case, a Massachusetts man was charged with possession of child pornography when hackers used his computer to access pornographic sites and store pornographic pictures without his knowledge.[50] The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit has ruled that if a user downloads child pornography from a file sharing network and possesses it in his "shared folder" without configuring the software to not share that content, he can be charged with distributing child pornography.[51]
Regarding internet proliferation, the U.S. Department of Justice states that "At any one time there are estimated to be more than one million pornographic images of children on the Internet, with 200 new images posted daily." They also note that a single offender arrested in the U.K. possessed 450,000 child pornography images, and that a single child pornography site received a million hits in a month. Further, that much of the trade in child pornography takes place at hidden levels of the Internet, and that it has been estimated that there are between 50,000 and 100,000 paedophiles involved in organised pornography rings around the world, and that one third of these operate from the United States.
One massive international child pornography ring was centered in the Netherlands. In the largest ever operation of its kind, police in 30 countries arrested 184 suspects and identified 486 others. Dutch authorities arrested 37-year-old Israeli-born Dutch citizen Amir Ish-Hurwitz, founder and owner of the internet forum Boylover.net, the center of the ring. At its peak, the forum had more than 70,000 members around the world.[52][53]
For a brief time between April 2016 to September 2017 a dark web site known as "Childs Play" was active. Investigators later discovered that the site was run by a group of Australian police.[54]
In 2008, the Google search engine adapted a software program in order to faster track child pornography accessible through their site. The software is based in a pattern recognition engine.[55]
From 2017 to 2019, the Internet Watch Foundation said it found 118 videos of child sexual abuse (including child rape) on Pornhub.[56] Pornhub quickly removed this content.[57]
In 2019, the New York Times reported that child pornography was now a crisis. Tech companies such as Facebook, Microsoft and Dropbox reported over 45 million cases of child sexual abuse material which was more than double what was found the year before and 44 million more than in 2014.[58]
In April 2020, BBC Three published a documentary and found that on a single day, a third of Twitter profiles globally advertising 'nudes4sale' (or similar) appeared to belong to underage individuals on various platforms, and many of those used OnlyFans to share their content.[59][60]
Cybersex trafficking
Child victims of cybersex trafficking are forced into live streaming,[61] pornographic exploitation[62][63][64][65][66] on webcam which can be recorded and later sold.[67] Victims are raped by traffickers or coerced to perform sex acts on themselves or other children while being filmed and broadcast in real time. They are frequently forced to watch the paying consumers on shared screens and follow their orders.[68] It occurs in 'cybersex dens', which are rooms equipped with webcams.[69][68] Overseas predators and pedophiles seek out and pay to watch the victims.[70][71][72]
Collector behavior and motives
Viewers of child pornography who are pedophiles are particularly obsessive about collecting, organizing, categorizing, and labeling their child pornography collection according to age, gender, sex act and fantasy.[73][74] According to FBI agent Ken Lanning, "collecting" pornography does not mean that they merely view pornography, but that they save it, and "it comes to define, fuel, and validate their most cherished sexual fantasies." An extensive collection indicates a strong sexual preference for children, and if a collector of child pornography is also a pedophile, the owned collection is the single best indicator of what he or she wants to do.[74] The National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children describes researchers Taylor and Quayle's analysis of pedophile pornography collecting:
The obsessive nature of the collecting and the narrative or thematic links for collections, led to the building of social communities on the internet dedicated to extending these collections. Through these "virtual communities" collectors are able to downgrade the content and abusive nature of the collections, see the children involved as objects rather than people, and their own behaviour as normal: It is an expression of 'love' for children rather than abuse.[75]
These offenders are likely to employ elaborate security measures to avoid detection.[73] The US DOJ notes that "there is a core of veteran offenders, some of whom have been active in pedophile newsgroups for more than 20 years, who possess high levels of technological expertise," also noting that pedophile bulletin boards often contain technical advice from child pornography users' old hands to newcomers."[74]
A 1986 U.S. Senate report found that motives for people's collecting child pornography include arousal and gratification; validation and justification of pedophile behaviour; to show the images to children to lower their inhibitions to engage in sex; preservation of an image of a child at the age of sexual preference; blackmail of depicted individuals; a medium of exchange and communication with other child pornography consumers; and profit.[76] A 2012 U.S. Sentencing Commission report found that child pornography offenders, while "much more likely to be sexually aroused by children than contact sex offenders or the general population", can also have non-sexual motives for collecting child pornography, including initial curiosity, compulsive collecting behaviors, avoidance of stress and dissatisfaction with life, and an ability to create a new and more socially successful identity (within an online community). Some offenders find collecting child pornography enjoyable regardless of whether the images are sexually exciting to them; their interest is in assembling complete sets and organizing the material as a pastime, analogously to what a stamp collector might do.[77]
A study was published to the journal Child Abuse and Neglect in January 2021 by researchers at the University of Edinburgh and George Mason University that looked at the collecting and viewing behaviors of individuals previously convicted of child pornography offences in the United States. The researchers sent out a letter through the postal service to 78 previously convicted individuals and compared the results to the behaviors of 524 non-offending individuals in the United States. The study found that 78% of offenders did not organize their collection and 74% had deleted their entire collection at least once. Offenders also displayed a more diverse interest in adult pornography than non-offenders. They were more likely to view bestiality, hentai, teen and nudist material. They also found that none of the offenders viewed child pornography exclusively, with 74% saying they viewed more adult pornography than they did child pornography. Respondents also self-reported their post-conviction pornography viewing habits with 10% of respondents saying they continued to view child pornography post-conviction and at a lesser frequency than they had pre-conviction. The conclusion reached by the researchers is that treatment professionals should consider motivations of offenders beyond primarily pedophilic interests. They suggested that problematic internet usage, general pornography consumption, coping issues, and novelty seeking may be more appropriate motivators for some offenders.[78]
Child sex tourism
Sex tourists created one source of child pornography that is distributed worldwide. Most of the victims of child sex tourism reside in the developing countries of the world. In 1996, a court in Thailand convicted a German national of child molestation and production of pornography for commercial purposes; he was involved in a child pornography ring which exploited Thai children. A sizable portion of the pornography seized in Sweden and in the Netherlands in the 1990s was produced by sex tourists visiting Southeast Asia.[37] INTERPOL works with its 190 member countries to combat the problem, and launched its first-ever successful global appeal for assistance in 2007 to identify a Canadian man, Christopher Paul Neil, featured in a series of around 200 photographs in which he was shown sexually abusing young Vietnamese and Cambodian children.[79]
Organized crime
Organised crime groups that produce and distribute pornography are often called "sex rings".[80][81][82][83][84] In 2003, an international police investigation uncovered a Germany-based child pornography ring involving 26,500 suspects who swapped illegal images on the Internet in 166 countries.[85] In a 2006 case, US and international authorities charged 27 people in nine states and three countries in connection with a child pornography ring that US federal authorities described as "one of the worst" they have discovered. The assistant secretary for Immigration and Customs Enforcement added that the case reflected three larger trends that are becoming more common in child pornography rings. One is the increasing prevalence of "home-grown" pornographic images that are produced by predators themselves, and include live streaming video images of children being abused, not just the circulation of repeated images. Another trend is the growing use of sophisticated security measures and of peer-to-peer networking, in which participants can share files with one another on their computers rather than downloading them from a web site. The group used encryption and data destruction software to protect the files and screening measures to ensure only authorized participants could enter the chat room. A third trend is the increasingly violent and graphic nature of the images involving the abuse of younger children.[86]
According to Jim Gamble, CEO of the Child Exploitation and Online Protection Centre, around 50 per cent of sites showing children being abused are operated on a pay-per-view basis. "The people involved in these sites often aren't doing it because they're deviant by nature. They're doing it because they're business people. It's risk versus profits. We need to reduce the profit motivation." The CEOPP was established in 2006, and targets the finances of organised criminal gangs selling images of child abuse.[87]
The majority of child pornography seized in the United States is not produced or distributed for profit, and there is little evidence that organized criminals operating with a profit motivation are a major source of child pornography's international dissemination.[88]
In the United States, the first federal law to ban the for-profit production and distribution of child pornography was the Protection of Children Against Sexual Exploitation Act of 1977. In response to New York v. Ferber, 458 U.S. 747 (1982), a U.S. Supreme Court decision allowing the prohibition of child pornography even if it did not meet the obscenity standard established in Miller v. California, Congress passed the Child Protection Act of 1984, broadening the definition of child pornography and criminalizing nonprofit child pornography trafficking. The 1986 Meese Report found that child pornography was a cause of serious harm; this led to the passage of the Child Sexual Abuse and Pornography Act of 1986, which increased penalties for repeat offenders.[89]
The U.S. Supreme Court decision Osborne v. Ohio, 495 U.S. 103 (1990), ruled that the U.S. Constitution allowed prohibition of child pornography possession. The Court noted that at the time of the decision, 19 U.S. states had laws on their books prohibiting child pornography possession. As of 2015, all 50 U.S. states had such laws. Provisions of the Child Pornography Prevention Act of 1996 that banned virtual child pornography were struck down in Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition, 535 U.S. 234 (2002). Congress passed several laws increasing the penalties for child pornography offenses, so that from 1997 to 2007, the mean sentence of child pornography offenders increased from 20.59 months to 91.30 months of confinement, an increase of 443%.[90] In 2003, Congress passed the PROTECT Act, authorizing lifetime terms of federal supervised release for child pornography offenders;[91] since U.S. Sentencing Guidelines recommend imposing the maximum term of supervised release for all sex offenders,[92] this means that a lifetime term of supervised release is recommended for all child pornography offenders.
During 2006, 3,661 suspects were referred to U.S. attorneys for child sex exploitation offenses. Child pornography constituted 69% of referrals, followed by sex abuse (16%) and sex transportation (14%). In 2006, the median prison sentence imposed was greatest for sex abuse offenses (70 months) followed by child pornography (63 months) and sex transportation (60 months). The median sentenced for sex transportation was 60 months in 2006 and 1996. The median sentence increased from 44 to 70 months for sex abuse and from 15 to 63 months for child pornography. In comparison, median prison terms for drug and weapon offenders remained stable and increased for violent offenses.[93]
A bill named Internet Safety Act, intended to stop child pornography and protect children from online predators by requiring Internet service providers to keep track of data pertaining to users that were assigned a temporarily assigned network address, was introduced in 2009 but was finally not enacted.
In fiscal year 2010, the average term of supervised release for non-production offenders was approximately 20 years; the average term of supervised release for offenders sentenced under the production guideline was nearly 27 years.[94]
International coordination of law enforcement
Investigations include the 1999 Operation Cathedral which resulted in multi-national arrests and 7 convictions as well as uncovering 750,000 images with 1,200 unique identifiable faces being distributed over the web; Operation Amethyst which occurred in the Republic of Ireland; Operation Auxin which occurred in Australia; Operation Avalanche; Operation Ore based in the United Kingdom; Operation Pin; Operation Predator; the 2004 Ukrainian child pornography raids; and the 2007 international child pornography investigation.[95] A three-year Europol investigation, dubbed Operation Rescue, based on the activities of boylover.net, a popular pedophile chat room, netted over 150 arrests and the rescue of 230 children in 2011. The principal of boylover.net, Israeli-born Dutch citizen Amir Ish-Hurwitz, was jailed 17 March 2011 in the Netherlands. Hundreds of additional suspects remain at large.[96]
Even so, the UK based NSPCC said that worldwide an estimated 2% of child pornography websites still had not been removed a year after being identified.[97]
One of the primary mandates of the international policing organization Interpol is the prevention of crimes against children involving the crossing of international borders, including child pornography and all other forms of exploitation and trafficking of children.[98][99]
The USA Department of Justice coordinates programs to track and prosecute child pornography offenders across all jurisdictions, from local police departments to federal investigations, and international cooperation with other governments.[20] Efforts by the Department to combat child pornography includes the National Child Victim Identification Program, the world's largest database of child pornography, maintained by the Child Exploitation and Obscenity Section of the United States Department of Justice and the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children (NCMEC) for the purpose of identifying victims of child abuse.[100][101] Police agencies have deployed trained staff to track child pornography files and the computers used to share them as they are distributed on the Internet, and they freely share identifying information for the computers and users internationally.[102][unreliable source?]
In Europe the CIRCAMP Law Enforcement project is aimed at reducing the availability of abusive material on the Web, combining traditional police investigative methods and Police/Internet industry cooperation by blocking access to domains containing such files. The result is country specific lists according to national legislation in the participating countries. This police initiative has a worldwide scope in its work but is partly financed by the European Commission.
When child pornography is distributed across international borders, customs agencies also participate in investigations and enforcement, such as in the 2001–2002 cooperative effort between the United States Customs Service and local operational law enforcement agencies in Russia. A search warrant issued in the US by the Customs Service resulted in seizing of computers and email records by the Russian authorities, and arrests of the pornographers.[103]
In spite of international cooperation, less than 1 percent of children who appear in child pornography are located by law enforcement each year, according to Interpol statistics.[104]
Google announced in 2008 that it is working with NCMEC to help automate and streamline how child protection workers sift through millions of pornographic images to identify victims of abuse. Google has developed video fingerprinting technology and software to automate the review of some 13 million pornographic images and videos that analysts at the center previously had to review manually.[105] However the technology behind Google's automated detection are known to raise false accusations.[106]
The FBI has begun posting hyperlinks on the Internet that purport to be illegal videos of minors having sex, and then raiding the homes of anyone willing to click on them.[107]
In October 2011, hacking collective Anonymous announced they began taking down child pornography websites on the darknet in a vigilante move, and released alleged user names on a pastebin link.[108]
National and international law
Child pornography laws provide severe penalties for producers and distributors in almost all societies, usually including incarceration, with shorter duration of sentences for non-commercial distribution depending on the extent and content of the material distributed. Convictions for possessing child pornography also usually include prison sentences, but those sentences are often converted to probation for first-time offenders.[9]
In 2006, the International Centre for Missing & Exploited Children (ICMEC) published a report of findings on the presence of child pornography legislation in the then-184 INTERPOL member countries. It later updated this information, in subsequent editions, to include 196 UN member countries.[109][110][111][112] The report, entitled "Child Pornography: Model Legislation & Global Review", assesses whether national legislation:
(1) exists with specific regard to child pornography; (2) provides a definition of child pornography; (3) expressly criminalizes computer-facilitated offenses; (4) criminalizes the knowing possession of child pornography, regardless of intent to distribute; and (5) requires ISPs to report suspected child pornography to law enforcement or to some other mandated agency.[110][113][114]
ICMEC stated that it found in its initial report that only 27 countries had legislation needed to deal with child pornography offenses, while 95 countries did not have any legislation that specifically addressed child pornography, making child pornography a global issue worsened by the inadequacies of domestic legislation.[115] The 7th Edition Report found that still only 69 countries had legislation needed to deal with child pornography offenses, while 53 did not have any legislation specifically addressing the problem.[109] Over seven years of research from 2006 to 2012, ICMEC and its Koons Family Institute on International Law and Policy report that they have worked with 100 countries that have revised or put in place new child pornography laws.[116][117][118][119]
A 2008 review of child pornography laws in 187 countries by the International Centre for Missing & Exploited Children (ICMEC) showed that 93 had no laws that specifically addressed child pornography. Of the 94 that did, 36 did not criminalize possession of child pornography regardless of intent to distribute.[120] This review, however, did not count legislation outlawing all pornography as being "specific" to child pornography. It also did not count bans on "the worst forms of child labor".[25] Some societies such as Canada and Australia have laws banning cartoon, manga, or written child pornography and others require ISPs (Internet Service Providers) to monitor internet traffic to detect it.[121][122][123]
The United Nations Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography requires parties to outlaw the "producing, distributing, disseminating, importing, exporting, offering, selling or possessing for the above purposes" of child pornography.[124] The Council of Europe's Cybercrime Convention and the EU Framework Decision that became active in 2006 require signatory or member states to criminalize all aspects of child pornography.[9] Article 34 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) stated that all signatories shall take appropriate measures to prevent the exploitative use of children in pornographic performances and materials.
Artificially generated or simulated imagery
Simulated child pornography produced without the direct involvement of children in the production process itself includes modified photographs of real children, non-minor teenagers made to look younger (age regression), fully computer-generated imagery,[125] and adults made to look like children.[126] Drawings or animations that depict sexual acts involving children but are not intended to look like photographs may also be regarded as child pornography.
Sexting and filming among minors
Sexting is sending, receiving, or forwarding sexually explicit messages, photographs, or images, primarily between mobile phones, of oneself to others (such as dating partners or friends). It may also include the use of a computer or any digital device.[127] Such images may be passed along to others or posted on the Internet. In many jurisdictions, the age of consent is lower than the age of majority, and a minor who is over the age of consent can legally have sex with a person of the same age. Many laws on child pornography were passed before cell phone cameras became common among teenagers close in age to or over the age of consent and sexting was understood as a phenomenon. Teenagers who are legally able to consent to sex, but under the age of majority, can be charged with production and distribution of child pornography if they send naked images of themselves to friends or sex partners of the same age.[128][129] The University of New Hampshire's Crimes Against Children Research Center estimates that 7 percent of people arrested on suspicion of child pornography production in 2009 were teenagers who shared images with peers consensually.[129] Such arrests also include teenage couples or friends with a small age disparity, where one is a legal adult and the other is not.[130][131] In some countries, mandatory sentencing requires anybody convicted of such an offense to be placed on a sex offender registry.[130][131]
The vast majority of underage sexual images are produced by adults and adults often solicit underage teenagers to share the images.[129]
Legal professionals and academics have criticized the use of child pornography laws with mandatory punishments against teenagers over the age of consent for sex offenses. Florida cyber crimes defense attorney David S. Seltzer wrote of this that "I do not believe that our child pornography laws were designed for these situations ... A conviction for possession of child pornography in Florida draws up to five years in prison for each picture or video, plus a lifelong requirement to register as a sex offender."[132]
In a 2013 interview, assistant professor of communications at the University of Colorado Denver, Amy Adele Hasinoff, who studies the repercussions of sexting has stated that the "very harsh" child pornography laws are "designed to address adults exploiting children" and should not replace better sex education and consent training for teens. She went on to say, "Sexting is a sex act, and if it's consensual, that's fine ... Anyone who distributes these pictures without consent is doing something malicious and abusive, but child pornography laws are too harsh to address it."[133]
In April 2018, The Daily Telegraph reported that of the sexually explicit images of children and teenagers (11 to 15 year-olds) found on the Internet, 31% were made by children or teenagers from November 2017 to February 2018, with 40% in December 2017; 349 cases in January 2017 and 1717 in January 2018. The images were made by children or teenagers photographing or filming each other or as selfies, without adults present or coercing, by unwittingly imitating adult pornographic or nude images or videos (including of celebrities) that they had found on the Internet. The report said that sex offenders trawled for and amassed such images.[134][135]
There are many anti-child pornography organizations, such as the Financial Coalition Against Child Pornography, Association of Sites Advocating Child Protection, ECPAT International, and International Justice Mission.
See also
- Child erotica
- Circles of Support and Accountability
- Color Climax Corporation
- Commercial sexual exploitation of children
- Debate regarding child pornography laws
- Depictions of youth
- Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE)
- Internet Watch Foundation and Wikipedia
- Interpol
- Kompromat
- Legal status of fictional pornography depicting minors
- Lolicon/Shotacon
- Mobile Alliance Against Child Sexual Abuse Content
- National Crime Agency (NCA)
- Operation Blue Orchid
- Operation Protect Our Children
- Preadolescence
- Prevention Project Dunkelfeld
- Prostitution of children
- Protect (political organization)
- United States Postal Inspection Service
- Virtuous Pedophiles
- Relationship between child pornography and child sexual abuse
- ^ Lee, Hee-Eun; Ermakova, Tatiana; Ververis, Vasilis; Fabian, Benjamin (September 2020). "Detecting child sexual abuse material: A comprehensive survey". Forensic Science International: Digital Investigation. 34: 301022. doi:10.1016/j.fsidi.2020.301022. S2CID 225487613.
- ^ a b "Online child sexual abuse material". ReportCyber | Cyber.gov.au. 23 December 2015. Archived from the original on 1 August 2018.
- ^ a b c Finkelhor, David (1994). "Current Information on the Scope and Nature of Child Sexual Abuse". The Future of Children. 4 (2): 31–53. doi:10.2307/1602522. JSTOR 1602522. PMID 7804768. ERIC EJ497143.
- ^ a b c Hobbs, Christopher James; Helga G. I. Hanks; Jane M. Wynne (1999). Child Abuse and Neglect: A Clinician's Handbook. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 328. ISBN 978-0-443-05896-7.
Child pornography is part of the violent continuum of child sexual abuse
- ^ a b Claire Milner, Ian O'Donnel (2007). Child Pornography: Crime, computers and society. Willan Publishing. p. 123. ISBN 978-1-84392-357-2.
- ^ a b c d Sheldon, Kerry; Dennis Howitt (2007). Sex Offenders and the Internet. John Wiley and Sons. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-470-02800-1.
'Child pornography is not pornography in any real sense; simply the evidence recorded on film or video tape – of serious sexual assaults on young children' (Tate, 1992, p.203) ... 'Every piece of child pornography, therefore, is a record of the sexual use/abuse of the children involved.' Kelly and Scott (1993, p. 116) ... '...the record of the systematic rape, abuse, and torture of children on film and photograph, and other electronic means.' Edwards(2000, p.1)
- ^ a b c Klain, Eva J; Davies, Heather J; Hicks, Molly A (2001). Child pornography: the criminal-justice-system response (PDF). National Center for Missing & Exploited Children. OCLC 224291488.
- ^ a b c d Wortley, Richard; Stephen Smallbone. "Child Pornography on the Internet". Problem-Oriented Guides for Police. No. 41: 17.
The children portrayed in child pornography are first victimized when their abuse is perpetrated and recorded. They are further victimized each time that record is accessed.
- ^ a b c d e f g Akdeniz, Yaman (2008). Internet child pornography and the law: national and international responses. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-7546-2297-0.
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- ^ a b c Sheldon, Kerry; Dennis Howitt (2007). Sex Offenders and the Internet. John Wiley and Sons. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-470-02800-1.
...supplying the material to meet this demand results in the further abuse of children Pictures, films and videos function as a permanent record of the original sexual abuse. Consequently, memories of the trauma and abuse are maintained as long as the record exists. Victims filmed and photographed many years ago will nevertheless be aware throughout their lifetimes that their childhood victimization continues to be exploited perversely.
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Children and young people take photos and videos themselves either voluntarily or as a result of bullying or manipulation by a sexual predator, often channelled through a webcam.
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- ^ Healy, Margaret A. (2 August 2004). "Child pornography: an international perspective". U.S. Embassy Stockholm.
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- ^ 18 U.S.C. § 3583(k)
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If the instant offense of conviction is a sex offense, however, the statutory maximum term of supervised release is recommended.
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External links
- National Center for Missing and Exploited Children (USA). "Child Pornography Fact Sheet". Archived from the original on 15 November 2007.
- National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (UK). "Child abuse images and the internet: A reading list". Archived from the original on 3 February 2012. Retrieved 13 November 2009.
- Oppenheimer, Mark. Video of submission to South African parliament on virtual child pornography, Part 1 on YouTube. Part 2. Part 3. Part 4. Part 5.
- Child Pornography Case Results in Lengthy Prison Sentences. FBI.


text:
Every Day Is Earth Day On A Motorcycle
As conservation takes center stage on Earth Day 2011, the American
Motorcyclist Association (AMA) notes the environmental benefits of
commuting and traveling on a motorcycle.
"Regardless of how you use your motorcycle or scooter -- commuting to work, riding down the block, across town, traveling across the country -- your choice to ride instead of drive has a positive impact on the environment and results in a more enjoyable, less-congested experience for you as well as your fellow road users," said AMA President and CEO Rob Dingman. "For motorcyclists, every day is Earth Day."
In the wake of skyrocketing gas prices, motorcyclists have emerged relatively unscathed. A typical motorcycle can provide fuel mileage that exceeds that of most fuel-efficient automobiles. Many motorcycles return more than 50 miles per gallon, and many scooters can deliver nearly twice that. In addition to using less gasoline, motorcycles require less oil and other chemicals to operate. And the recent introduction of electric motorcycles provides an added benefit for the environment.
Motorcycles take up less space than cars and trucks both during operation, and when parked. They reduce traffic congestion and, in so doing, help increase the efficiency of traffic flow on the road.
Significantly fewer raw materials are utilized to produce motorcycles and scooters compared to cars and trucks. By some measures, it requires thousands of pounds less metal and plastic per vehicle to produce a motorcycle. The environmental benefits are realized both during production, as well as at the end of the vehicle's useful life.
Because motorcycles and scooters are so much more compact and lighter than cars and trucks, they cause far less wear and tear on the highways, reducing the cost and environmental impact of infrastructure repairs. In addition, because of their size, many more motorcycles can be transported from factory to consumer using the same or less energy.
"When you add it all up, there is no question: If everyone rode motorcycles, the planet would be a greener place," Dingman said. "And just as important, more of us would experience the thrill and freedom that motorcycles provide. Riding is not just easy on your bank account and the planet, riding is a fun, and often a social activity that simply makes life more enjoyable."
Those interesting in coming along for the ride are encouraged to visit AmericanMotorcyclist.com > Riding > Getting Started for more information about the benefits of motorcycling.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
The Best Supplements for Glowing Skin, Healthy Hair, and Strong Nails
This blog does not intend to provide diagnosis...
In this article:
- Supplements for Healthy Skin
- Vitamin C
- Vitamin E
- Omega-3 Fatty Acids
- Probiotics
- Supplements for Healthy Hair and Nails
- Vitamin D
- Biotin
- Supplements for Acne-Prone Skin
- Spearmint
- Turmeric
You are what you eat, and what you eat can often be reflected on your skin, hair, and nails. If you eat a lot of processed, high-sugar foods, it can lead to acne and a proinflammatory state causing premature aging. When our body is deficient in certain vitamins or minerals, our skin will look sallow, our hair limp and dull, and our nails brittle.
Achieving optimal nutrition through diet alone is just not realistic. We all try, but It's hard to meet the dietary recommendations on a daily basis, especially for most of us with a busy work schedule. For those of us who are not able to get all these requirements through food, including myself, I recommend daily vitamins and nutritional supplements to help to support our overall health plus that of our skin, hair, and nails.
Supplements for Healthy Skin
Vitamin C
Vitamin C is important for our body and skin health. It is an essential nutrient our skin needs to make collagen. Collagen is the most abundant protein in our body. In addition to skin, it also supports our muscles, ligaments, tendons, and joints. Collagen is lost over time due to aging, which manifests as sagging of skin, fine lines, and wrinkles.
Vitamin C is also an antioxidant that helps to fight premature aging induced by the sun and our environment. It is a water-soluble nutrient that is not produced by our body, therefore it's critical that we obtain it through diet. Good sources of vitamin C include citrus fruit such as lemon, oranges, and grapefruit; vegetables including bell peppers, broccoli, kale, and brussel sprouts, just to name a few.
Daily supplementation of vitamin C at 500-1000mg can be taken for those who are not able to keep up with dietary recommendations. Because it is water-soluble and excreted through urine, over-ingesting and toxicity is uncommon.
Vitamin E
Vitamin E is another important nutrient, like vitamin C, that has antioxidant properties. In fact, the two often work better together. Vitamin E helps to prevent DNA damage induced by free radicals generated by the sun and pollutants. It also helps to strengthen our immune system and prevent blood clots. Many topical formulations of vitamin E plus C are available to help fight sun damage and reverse signs of aging.
Vitamin E is fat-soluble and can be found in food such as leafy greens, nuts, avocado, and plant oil such as sunflower oil. Since vitamin E is fat-soluble, it is not as easily metabolized as vitamin C. To avoid build-up and toxicity, limit supplementation to < 15mg daily.
Omega-3 Fatty Acids
There are numerous health benefits from omega-3s. These essential fats need to be consumed through food or supplements as our body is not able to produce them naturally. Fatty acids are an important component of cellular membranes and help to fight inflammation. They also may play a role in the prevention of some chronic diseases.
Over time our skin dries and dulls from chronic sun exposure and natural aging. Omega 3s help to decrease inflammation and repair the skin barrier, allowing our skin to function properly and form that healthy "glow." Omega-3s have also been found to help with chronic skin conditions such as eczema and psoriasis. Salmon is a great source of omega-3, but taking a fish oil supplement daily is a great alternative.
The body's microbiome plays an important role in keeping our body healthy and balanced. We know that in many inflammatory diseases, there's often an imbalance between good and bad bacteria.
Daily probiotic supplements help to decrease bloating in patients with IBS and also decrease the amount of inflammation seen in individuals with chronic skin diseases such as eczema. Clinical studies have shown that in patients with atopic dermatitis who took daily probiotic, there was a decrease in the frequency of topical steroid application compared to that in the control group.
Supplements for Healthy Hair and Nails
Vitamin D
Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that is made on our skin upon UV exposure. It has numerous biological effects on our body including promoting bone health, modulating inflammation, and hair health. Research has shown that vitamin D may also play a role in modulating autoimmune disease by regulating gut bacteria.
Individuals who experience extensive and diffuse hair loss and brittle hair often have vitamin D deficiency. Most people do not synthesize sufficient amounts of vitamin D from sun exposure alone, and chronic sun exposure is not recommended for the risk of skin cancer and aging. It is best to consume vitamin D through supplements and food. Fatty fish, soy products, and egg yolks are high in vitamin D. Taking a daily supplement of 800-1000IU is recommended for the average adult.
Biotin is a water-soluble B7 vitamin needed by our body to convert nutrients into energy. It is essential to our body's daily function, especially during pregnancy and breastfeeding.
Biotin also plays a vital role in maintaining strong and healthy nails and hair. Exactly how biotin works is unclear. It's been found to strengthen keratin, the building blocks of our skin, hair, and nails. Clinical studies have shown that biotin supplements can improve hair growth, and make brittle nails stronger.
Taking a biotin supplement daily helped me recover from my postpartum hair loss. I recommend ones that also contain a few other vitamins and minerals including zinc. Zinc helps to fight free radical damage, and like biotin, it is essential for cellular metabolism, immunity, and fighting inflammation.
Supplements for Acne-Prone Skin
Acne is the most common condition that brings individuals to my office. Acne doesn't just affect teenagers--a handful of adults in their 20s, 30s, 40s, and even older will be afflicted by acne.
Hormonal acne in women can be frustrating. It manifests as deep pimples on the cheeks, jawline, chin, and even neck, often worsening around their periods. Although the most effective treatments are prescription medications to counter the hormone flares, not everyone is able to tolerate these treatments. Below are two natural ways I've found to help my skin stay clear without medications.
Spearmint has well-known anti-androgen effects. It also has anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial properties. Spearmint modulates hormones that are increased during our menstrual cycle. These hormones then stimulate our oil glands and ultimately lead to deep cystic-like pimples around menses. Clinical studies have shown that 1 cup of spearmint tea twice daily has moderate effects on improving hormonal acne.
A very popular ingredient in India, turmeric has long been used for centuries as medicine. Curcumin is the active compound isolated from turmeric that has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-carcinogenic properties. Being one of the most heavily studied spices, turmeric has shown many promising results in laboratory studies. Curcumin has shown potential in inhibiting propionibacterium, an important bacteria involved in the pathogenesis of acne. In addition to acne, turmeric may be helpful in fighting psoriasis, eczema, and even aging. Given that topical formulations such as skin care products or masks can irritate and stain the skin yellow, I recommend daily supplementation in powder form. Consider adding turmeric to your smoothie, curry, or tea--this is an easy, effective, and multipurpose way to add more antioxidants to your diet.
Remember that great skin, hair, and nails are more than what you put on them--diet and nutrition play a huge role. Combining a good diet with regular exercise, adequate time for self-care and stress relief will ensure a clear mindset, healthy body, and glowing skin.


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Arizone TONER CARTRIDGE TK8325 Cyan
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CADprofi software is a powerful and intuitive tool for computer aided design.
This program can be used for teaching purposes.
For teaching CAD techniques most technical schools and universities use general CAD programs such as AutoCAD,
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Orders for educational licenses, and any inquiries should be send through our contact form or you can contact our distributors.


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Analysts Debate: Is It Time to Dump Intel?
The Motley Fool has been making successful stock picks for many years, but we don't always agree on what a great stock looks like. That's what makes us "motley," and it's one of our core values. We can disagree respectfully, as we often do. Investors do better when they share their knowledge.
In that spirit, we three Fools have banded together to find the market's best and worst stocks, which we'll rate on The Motley Fool's CAPS system as outperformers or underperformers. We'll be accountable for every pick based on the sum of our knowledge and the balance of our decisions. Today, we'll be debating whether to keep our outperform call on chip maker Intel.
Intel by the numbers
Here's a quick snapshot of the company's most important numbers:
$53.8 billion
Net Income
$11.9 billion
Market Cap
$100.3 billion
Dividend Yield
Key Competitors
Sources: Yahoo! Finance and company filings. Most recent available results.
Intel also just announced that CEO Paul Otellini will retire in May after 40 years with the company. Now, a new management team will need to make the company meet its goals. Here's what we think about the stock now.
Travis' take
A disappointing quarter for PC sales really crushed shares of Intel since we made our outperform call. Not only was Intel beaten up; Microsoft, AMD, and Hewlett-Packard, all took it on the chin operationally. The big questions is whether this is a long-term pattern or a short-term bump?
The rise of tablets certainly makes for the best challenge to Intel's chip dominance. Intel doesn't have a strong market share in tablets or smartphones, and right now it is relying on Microsoft to get into the business, which is dicey at best.
What's interesting about this dynamic is that Intel has almost 100% upside in tablets and smartphones and almost 100% downside in PCs. If tablets replace PCs in large numbers, it could be devastating for Intel.
But this is where a deeper look into PCs is really necessary. PC sales have slowed recently, but we're only talking about a predicted 1.2% decline to almost 350 million units in 2012. That's still big business and Intel is at the center of it. We also need to consider that tablets don't do many necessary business functions that PCs do, so they won't replace PCs outright in the near future. In fact, the Surface tablet that could conceivably compete with a PC is running an Intel chip, so the company still has a place in the high-end tablet market of the future.
I am concerned about rumors that Apple is considering dumping Intel for an internally designed chip in the Macbook. We're years away from this happening, but Apple's a big customer for Intel and it would take a huge chunk out of the company's profits.
Most companies would love to call a quarter with $3 billion in profit a disappointment (like Intel did in the third quarter). That just shows how strong Intel is even when it's weak, and how high margins are in the chip business. I'm cautiously optimistic about Intel right now, and given the 4.5% dividend, I think there's an opportunity here for long-term investors. We've had this wrong so far but I'm sticking with my outperform call on the stock.
Sean's take
Leave Intel alone! LEAVE IT ALONE!
Intel is the microprocessor king that's had a rough year, as the expected debut of Microsoft's Windows 8 and a new lineup of MacBooks and thinner laptops all caused consumers to hold off on making purchases until the past few weeks. All in all, the PC market has seen only two down years since 2000, including this year, and it's pretty likely that these lighter designs and Microsoft's new OS will boost sales in 2013. That's one of the primary reasons I've made the bold call that PC makers are poised for a big rebound in 2013, which should ultimately play right into Intel's hands.
On another front, Intel remains a buy because its competition is faltering. Advanced Micro Devices has turned to laying off 15% of its workforce and restructuring its operations in order to return to profitability by the third quarter of next year at the earliest. Reducing its workforce is only going to complicate matters from an innovation standpoint and leaves Intel's position in microprocessors well intact.
While I do see growth potential in tablets and smartphones (as Travis has pointed out), I also see a lot of competition standing in Intel's way. What seems like the most logical path to growth for Intel is to continue what it's been doing and focus on cloud-computing hardware products. Gearing its hardware for servers and big data centers, it's my personal opinion that Intel could be generating up to 30% of its annual revenue from cloud-computing sales within the next decade.
With Intel now sporting a forward P/E of less than 9 and yielding 4.5% (for a payout ratio that's only around 45% of next year's projected EPS), I have absolutely no intention or want to close out this long-term winner.
Alex's take
The PC's dying? Really? Five years ago, 271.2 million machines were sold in the worldwide PC market, according to Gartner. The first three quarters of 2012 have been very close in terms of sales, with 88 million PCs sold in the first quarter, 87 million in the second quarter, and 87 million in the third quarter. Annualize the numbers out and you get 351.9 million PCs sold for the year.
That's a 30% increase in five years. Virtually all of these machines run on Intel x86 chips. Intel owned 83.3% of that market in the third quarter. Nearly all servers now run on x86 chips as well. Intel owned 95.1% of that market in the third quarter. Where do you think all those smartphones and tablets are getting their data?
I know, I know. The PC's dying because the industry had lower sales this year than it did last year. This is a terrible, absolutely unsolvable problem that will surely spell the end of Intel. And at this late stage of the mobile explosion, Intel simply has no chance of capturing market share. ARM chips have mobile in a chokehold. Qualcomm's the Intel of mobile chips now. All Intel has are six measly smartphones in various international markets, with a market share barely a sliver of a shred of a single percent.
The "death" of the PC is a larger problem for HP and the like than it is for Intel, and Intel remains in a much stronger financial position than virtually any of its mobile competition. Intel's trailing-12-month free cash flow is twice as large as HP's, and has held up far better -- HP's results have shown a terrible free cash flow decline in recent years. In the smartphone chip arena, Intel's free cash flow is higher than Qualcomm's, Broadcom's , Taiwan Semiconductor's , NVIDIA's , and ARM Holdings' combined free cash flow for the same period.
I've pointed out that Intel has come from behind to dominate new market segments before, and I remain convinced that it will do so again. Intel is not PCs. Its problems (such as they are) are not HP's or Microsoft's. In the short run, you're getting an extremely cheap company that is absolutely essential to the vast majority of our interconnected global computing network, with a tasty dividend to boot. In the long run, Intel will find its footing, as it has before. Nothing has fundamentally changed since we first looked at Intel, so my original outperform call won't change either.
The final call
It's clear that none of us are eager to dump Intel at this point. There are challenges, sure, but with a ridiculously low P/E ratio and a great dividend, we still think this stock will outperform long-term.
When it comes to dominating markets, it doesn't get much better than Intel's position in the PC microprocessor arena. However, that market is maturing, and Intel might find itself in a precarious situation longer term if it doesn't find new avenues for growth. In this premium research report on Intel, our analyst runs through all of the key topics investors should understand about the chip giant. Better yet, you'll continue to receive updates for an entire year. Click here now to learn more.
The article Analysts Debate: Is It Time to Dump Intel? originally appeared on Fool.com.
Fool contributors Sean Williams and Alex Planes have no positions in the stocks mentioned above. Fool contributor Travis Hoium manages an account that owns shares of Intel and Microsoft. Fool contributors Travis Hoium, Alex Planes, and Sean Williams do not have positions in any companies mentioned. You can follow Travis on Twitter at @FlushDrawFool, Sean at @TMFUltraLong, and Alex at @TMFBiggles. The Motley Fool owns shares of Apple, Intel, Microsoft, and Qualcomm. Motley Fool newsletter services recommend Apple, ARM Holdings, Intel, Microsoft, and NVIDIA. Try any of our Foolish newsletter services free for 30 days. We Fools may not all hold the same opinions, but we all believe that considering a diverse range of insights makes us better investors. The Motley Fool has a disclosure policy.
Copyright © 1995 - 2012 The Motley Fool, LLC. All rights reserved. The Motley Fool has a disclosure policy.


text: Veteran gamer Shiroe and other players have been trapped in the world of the online game Elder Tales for six months. The once chaotic city of Akiba has regained its everyday hustle and bustle following the formation of the self-governing organization Round Table Meeting. The earthlings, who are originally from the game world, have gained the trust of Shiroe by waging a defensive war against the Goblins in Zantleaf Region. This has led Princess Rayneshia of the Cowen family, the highest-ranking Earthling Aristocrats, to live in Akiba. It's almost winter, and the Adventurers are thinking about what they're going to do and what their goals are in this other world. Will they remain in Akiba or go to the city of the West? Or will they travel to the land of the North or another faraway country? The opinions of the Adventurers begin to diverge.


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#1 Website for Mexico Real Estate, Baja Real Estate and Rosarito Real Estate
By: utsandiego.com
Source: www.utsandiego.com
TIJUANA — On a clear day, David Mayagoitia can spot Point Loma from the roof of the Tijuana Economic Development Corporation, or DEITAC.
Mayagoitia, chairman of the organization, points in different directions from that roof, indicating where several of Tijuana's more than 570 industrial manufacturing facilities are spread. He also looks across the U.S.-Mexico border, which he sees as more of an opportunity than a barrier.
Mayagoitia doesn't look at Southern California and Baja California as two disparate regions. He prefers to imagine them in the context of a larger "mega region" that includes the six uppermost states of Mexico and California, Arizona, New Mexico and Texas. The corridor stretching from Los Angeles to Tijuana marks the industrial center of this zone, he said.
"Tijuana owes its industrial development to California," said Mayagoitia, who lives in Chula Vista.
Cross-border economic investment has long been the focus of his work: Mayagoitia has been with DEITAC since its founding in 1989. The group works to attract foreign investment to Tijuana's large industrial sector — whether from companies in San Diego County or from countries as far away as Japan and Korea.
Mayagoitia recently spoke with U-T San Diego about DEITAC and dynamics of the "mega region." Here is the edited conversation.
Q: Can you break down the main functions of DEITAC?
A: First is the continued attraction of industry to the region. Our primary focus on those types of industries has been in medical devices, electronics, aerospace and renewable energy — new types of industries.
The second focus is to bring together a closer working relationship with San Diego. While we have said it many times, the truth of the matter is that in the past, nobody in San Diego has really paid attention to Tijuana.
The third function is being able to innovate and produce our own products for export.
Q: How would you describe the relationship between Tijuana and San Diego County, and more broadly, California?
A: Over the years, (Tijuana's) biggest partners have been California companies. That doesn't mean that we're limited to California companies, however. We have a very good presence of Japanese and Korean companies and, of course, companies from other states of the United States. About 70 percent of all companies in Tijuana are U.S. firms or related to U.S. firms.
Q: How does DEITAC attract and retain foreign companies' investments?
A: When you come to a foreign country, there are two ways to arrive: Either without knowing anything and not having anybody to help you, or having a group of experts that can help you sort out all the issues from taxes and accounting to legal — the types of problems you face when you set up a business in a foreign location.
Q: What are some common misconceptions that stand between San Diego and Tijuana?
A: (Tijuana's) biggest problem with San Diego and California is the perception of insecurity. The state government has invested a considerable amount of money in improving our police force, increasing our level of technology and collaborating with United States agencies. Things have quieted down, but people don't know it.
The second perception is that we are somehow the third world, that this is a place of huge poverty. Tijuana is actually better off than most cities in Mexico. Our average annual income, while it is definitely not like the United States, is $14,000 to $15,000 a year, which is not bad for Mexico.
Q: Which sector is growing most steadily in Tijuana?
A: Medical device manufacturing has been growing at double digits for the past year in spite of everybody's slowdown. This has to do with the fact that it's an industry that's related to things that happens all the time — people get sick, need to be operated on and need all sorts of appliances and hospital equipment. We're the No. 1 cluster in the North American continent for medical device manufacturing, and we see that industry continuing to grow for us.
We're probably going to get a sterilizing facility operating from this side (of the border) very soon. If that happens, many manufacturers who have product lines on the U.S. side, who have kept them on the U.S. side for sterilization reasons, will move them to Mexico.
Q: And if that industry moves to Tijuana, what does that mean for the United States?
A: The premise that moving "near shore" is going to take jobs away from the United States, is a mistake. Instead, the premise is this: If I become globally competitive, I will grow, and if I don't become globally competitive, I will tend to disappear. We are partners with California and the rest of the United States in making American companies globally competitive. Why? Because we can bring to the equation a cost opportunity that they could not find anywhere else except for China.
Q: On a broader level, why is the "mega region" important?
A: If you look at the four southern states of the United States and the six northern states of Mexico, together they are 94 million people and have an equivalent gross domestic product to the fourth-largest economy of the world, Japan. If you look at this border, the largest industrial concentration is from Los Angeles to Tijuana. When you look at that block, it's a completely different perspective and it's a growth area.
Q: You've been with DEITAC since its founding. If you were to take a bird's-eye view of the region, what trends do you see and what has been the larger trajectory of the area?
A: I've been saying for 20 years that San Diego and Tijuana have missed a lot of opportunities because we haven't partnered together. We could become Hong Kong tomorrow if we wanted to.
Q: The 2007-2008 recession greatly impacted the U.S. economy. How did it affect Tijuana?
A: Our biggest shock came in 2002-2004, when we lost 35,000 employees and 150 companies to China. China roared and our companies, just like the United States', ran to China. Our biggest partner is the United States, and if they're hurting, we're hurting. We've recovered some of our jobs from internal growth, but we haven't been able to attract more foreign companies because they have slowed down their investment.
It seems to me the shock was like a brake: Our partners hit the brakes and we put on the brakes with them. And the coat-tails are really big. Now if you look at things, they're very fragile.
Q: And what do you think of Mexico's recent presidential election, which Enrique Peña Nieto has won?
A: What do I think economically? The country will continue to prosper and if Peña Nieto actually delivers what he promises — energy legislation that changes the core of energy in this country — and if he delivers labor legislation that facilitates employment in this country, we will see the country grow at a higher rate than it has been in the past year.
I think federal intervention and nationalistic-type attitudes have slowed our growth, rather than helped it. We're growing at 4.5 percent or 5 percent, but we could be growing at 8 or 9 if we didn't have these brakes on our economy caused by things that were established 50 or 60 years ago that are nonfunctional in today's environment.


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Our July Retreat was held at the First Methodist Church in Bellville. All who attended had a wonderful time.
Meeting Locations and Times
All Meetings have been suspended due to the Covid 19 Pandemic. We hope to resume sometime this summer and will announce here when appropriate.
3rd Monday each month
Social time at 6:00 PM
Meeting at 6:30 PM
Sens Activity Center
200 Briar Ridge Drive
Bellville, Texas
1st Wednesday and 4th Monday of each month
9:00 AM at Sens Activity Center,
200 Briar Ridge Dr., Bellville
creating quilts, blankets & stitched items for charities
1st Tuesday of each month at 9 AM
Sens Activity Center
200 Briar Ridge Dr., Bellville, Tx
Membership InformationMembership is open to people who are interested in the art of quilting and related stitchery. Dues are $20 per year plus a one-time $5 fee for new members. If you join after June 30, your amount due will be prorated for the remainder of the current year.


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Assembly Operator II Engels Weekend B Shift
TE Connectivity
Location: Tullahoma, Tennessee
Job Type: Full time
At TE, you will unleash your potential working with people from diverse backgrounds and industries to create a safer, sustainable and more connected world.
Job Overview
What your background should look like:
About TE Connectivity
TE Connectivity is a global industrial technology leader creating a safer, sustainable, productive, and connected future. Our broad range of connectivity and sensor solutions, proven in the harshest environments, enable advancements in transportation, industrial applications, medical technology, energy, data communications, and the home. With more than 85,000 employees, including over 8,000 engineers, working alongside customers in approximately 140 countries, TE ensures that EVERY CONNECTION COUNTS. Learn more at www.te.com and on LinkedIn, Facebook, WeChat and Twitter.
What TE Connectivity offers:
We offer competitive total rewards compensation. Our commitment to our associates includes offering benefit programs that are comprehensive, competitive and will meet the needs of our associates.
- Generous 401(k) Plan
- Tuition Reimbursement
- Benefits start on day one
- Charity Donation Matching Program
- Competitive Paid Time Off
- Employee Resource Groups
- Employee Stock Purchase Program
- Healthcare for Associates and Families
- Health and Wellness Incentives
- Life Insurance and Disability Protection
Throughout our Global reach and various Business Units, we take a balanced approach to the benefits we provide. Many benefits are company-paid, while others are available through associate contribution. Specific benefit offerings can vary by location.
EOE, Including Disability/Vets


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Vitamin E - May Protect Against Side Effects | Chaparral, Comfrey, and Coltsfoot - Possible Harmful Interaction | St. John's Wort, Dong Quai - Possible Harmful Interaction
Amiodarone is used to restore normal heart rhythm.
May Protect Against Side Effects
One of the problems with amiodarone is that it can cause injury to the lungs. One study suggests that vitamin E supplements might help prevent this side effect.1
Chaparral, Comfrey, and Coltsfoot
Possible Harmful Interaction
The herbs chaparral ( Larrea tridentata or L. mexicana), comfrey (Symphytum officinale), and coltsfoot (Tussilago farfara) contain liver-toxic substances. Because amiodarone can also be hard on the liver, combining these herbs with the medication is not advisable.
Possible Harmful Interaction
Amiodarone has been reported to cause increased sensitivity to the sun, amplifying the risk of sunburn or skin rash. Because St. John's wort and dong quai may also cause this problem, taking these herbal supplements during amiodarone therapy might add to this risk.
It may be a good idea to wear a sunscreen or protective clothing during sun exposure if you take one of these herbs while using amiodarone.
1. Kachel DL, et al. Amiodarone-induced injury of human pulmonary artery endothelial cells: Protection by alpha-tocopherol. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 254: 1107–1112, 1990.
Last reviewed December 2015 by EBSCO CAM Review Board
Last Updated: 12/15/2015


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One of the most popular choices, the Family Suite offers versatility in sleeping options with two queen-size beds and a full-size sofa sleeper in the living space. Settle in after a fun day of water park play.
Suite features:
- Two queen-size beds
- Full bath
- Semi-private living area with a full-size sofa sleeper and a 27-inch TV
- Internet
- Mini-fridge
- Coffee maker
- Hairdryer


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Montana Conservation Corps is a nonprofit organization that empowers youth and young adults through hands-on conservation service and education. Each season we enroll over 300 young adults from across the country, age 18 and up, in our AmeriCorps program, and more than 100 local teens, ages 15 to 17, in our Youth Service Expedition program. Our members live, learn and serve together, in crews of six to eight members, in some of our country's wildest places. They complete conservation projects in local communities, national forests, state and national parks, wildlife refuges and federally designated wilderness areas. Participants receive the experience of a lifetime through challenging projects and the rigors of camp life, coupled with education aimed at creating engaged citizens and lifelong environmental stewards. All of these factors create an ideal situation for personal growth that leads to increased confidence, communication and leadership skills, and the ability to work well with people from all walks of life.
Our mission to inspire young people through hands-on conservation service to be leaders, stewards of the land, and engaged citizens who improve their communities, is brought to life through our five core program objectives. Our goal is that each participant will leave MCC with the following:
- An ethic of volunteer service and civic responsibility
- Strengthened communication and team-building skills
- Enhanced competencies to be leaders and contributing team members
- Increased knowledge of the natural environment
- An enthusiasm for the benefits of hard work and quality results
These objectives are fundamental to all levels of our operations and are supported by a team of dedicated, experienced staff, under the leadership of a highly committed and influential Board of Directors.