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Allergies were pretty much completely unknown until the beginning of the twentieth century, and allergic diseases have skyrocketed in the last twenty years, and well over half of all Americans are allergic to an airborne substance. What's going on here?
At first glance, that big spike in allergies might seem a bit unlikely — particularly to people like me, who are lucky enough to not have to deal with allergies. What could cause such a massive uptick in the incidence of allergies? Is this a natural byproduct of the modern world we live in, or this allergy scare all in our heads? The answer, it seems, might actually be somewhere in the middle.
What are allergies?
Allergies are the essentially the result of the immune system getting its wires crossed. While our antibodies are meant to spend their time killing any viruses or bacteria that enter the body, there's one particular type of antibody that instead attaches itself to a harmless substance such as, say, pollen, which you can see on the left. This substance is known as an allergen, and the antibody is called immunoglobulin E, or IgE, and once it has formed in the bloodstream any subsequent exposure to the particular harmless substance will cause an allergic reaction.
This phenomenon is an example of what's known as hypersensitivity, in which the immune system launches an inflammatory response to harmless stimuli based on this erroneous information from IgE that the allergens are in some way dangerous. The reaction can take a number of forms and be centered on a variety of different organs — allergic reactions in the lungs take the form of asthma, for instance, while eczema occurs when the allergic reaction is centered on the skin.
The most severe allergic reactions are known as anaphylaxis, and these occur when an allergin triggers the massive activation of white blood cells throughout the body. In extreme cases, the immune system's response can actually prove fatal if not properly controlled. But all allergies, whether they are to dust or food or dander, have their root in each person's particular IgE antibodies. Exactly what causes some people's IgE to be so prone to allergens while others are not isn't well understood — there's likely a genetic component to it all, but the precise mechanisms remain elusive.
The term allergy comes from the Greek, "allos" meaning an altered state and "ergon" mean reaction, so literally an altered reaction. The term was coined in 1906 by the Austrian pediatrician Clemens Peter Pirquet von Cesenatico, who noticed many of his patients to whom he administered horse serum and smallpox injections had much more severe reactions the second time around. This led him to coin the term "allergy" for a whole body of conditions and illnesses that has already been observed throughout the 19th century, as we will discuss in a moment.
Why have allergies increased so much?
There isn't much question that there indeed has been an increase in the incidence of allergies. As Dr. Jonathan Corren notes in 100 Quesitons & Answers about Allergies, 3% of all Americans had asthma in 1990 while now the number is 7%. Nasal allergies have jumped from 10% to 20%, skin-based allergies have gone from 5% to 8%, and anaphylaxis has increased in incidence from 1% to 3%. A 2008 study by the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey showed that at least 58% of Americans are allergic to at least one airborne allergen. Similar increases can be seen throughout the developed world.
The most common explanation, not to mention the most compelling, is called the hygiene hypothesis. Children are born with an immune system that is unable to readily distinguish harmless substances from potentially deadly threat. Initially, the best way for the still developing immune system to cope with this is through allergic reactions, which treat most substances entering the body as potentially hazardous and so reject them.
Throughout most of history, children grew up in an agricultural environment in which they were surrounded by a lot of, well, shit. Feces is the perfect breeding ground for microorganisms, and exposure to these viruses and bacteria forces the immune bacteria to learn how to differentiate between real threats and imaginary ones. The immune system abandons its earlier allergic approach and focuses on repelling only genuine threats.
Now, because young people in the developed world grow up in such overwhelmingly sanitary conditions, they aren't being exposed to the sorts of mild infections and microbes that are vital to the development of a fully functioning immune system. This is causing allergic reactions that children used to grow out of at a very young age to endure right into adulthood. This likely explains the bulk of the increase in allergies, although nutrition, particularly a lack of vitamin D, and air pollution also seem to play a role.
The Origins of Allergies
In a weird way, allergies were once seen as a status symbol. As University of Wisconsin historian Gregg Mitman explains in his book Breathing Space, allergies were first attracted serious attention around 1870 with the explosion of hay fever. This was a disease almost exclusively for the wealthy - indeed, it was actually thought that only the best and brightest would have sensitive enough noses to detect all the irritants created by the Industrial Revolution to contract this new disease.
Yes, a runny nose was seen as the ultimate proof of a wealthy person's innate superiority over the lower orders. Of course, the hygiene hypothesis would suggest these were simply the only people in the 19th century who weren't surrounded by hideously unsanitary conditions, and so they were the lucky few whose immune systems did not have to develop quickly just for them to survive.
There was another reason why the hay fever sufferers of the 1800s were generally upper middle class or wealthier — they were the only ones who could afford the disease. Resorts sprang up in the country geared to the treatment of hay fever, where patients were meant to spend a month or so sequestered from the rigors of modern civilization and its filthy air. A physician or a lawyer could afford such an expensive cure, but poorer people had to silently endure their condition while continuing to work.
Still, the rich men and women of the Gilded Age and the generations that followed weren't really wrong in considering hay fever and other allergic reactions a byproduct of a more civilized world, even if they insisted upon throwing in the rather bizarre value judgment. They were indeed on the vanguard of a new breed of civilized human, albeit one defined less by a refined palate and more by an immature immune system. Its ranks would only grow over the next century.
The Problem with Nuts
Part of the problem with allergies is that they can essentially be a self-fulfilling prophecy. Let's think about this for a second — we know that, according to the hygiene hypothesis, people who aren't exposed to a lot of microorganisms and other immune-building stimuli are likely to retain their allergic reactions past the point where they would normally grow out of them. Let's imagine there are two children — one who is shielded from all such stimuli by parents concerned about the spread of allergies, and another who comes into contact with a more normal range of stimuli. Which child do you think is more likely to develop a lot of allergies?
This is particularly problematic with peanut allergies, and likely helps explain the explosion in incidence of the allergy over the past few decades. It isn't just that children in the developed world are now protected from microorganisms - concern over peanut allergies has led many parents to keep young children away the foodstuff altogether, which doesn't give these kids a chance to grow out of the allergy, as most likely would if given a normal amount of exposure to peanuts. Indeed, a British study of 10,000 children in 2008 showed early exposure to nuts lowers the risk of allergy, not increases it.
None of this is meant to suggest that severe peanut allergies don't exist, and this sure as hell isn't meant as medical advice. But, looking at general trends, it does seem the concern over peanut allergies far outstrips the real threat, but, rather maddeningly, that very fear is actually making the allergy far more prevalent and dangerous than it would be otherwise. As Tara Parker-Pope wrote in a 2008 New York Times article, 3.3 million Americans are allergic to nuts, but there are only 2,000 hospitalizations per year for all food allergies, and just 150 deaths.
And those numbers probably aren't being held down by the emphasis on "peanut-free zones." According to Dr. Nicholas A. Christakis of Harvard Medical School, while basic precautions do make sense to protect those with genuinely serious allergy risks, there's no real evidence that attempts to completely prevent exposure to peanuts is actually effective in protecting children, and this is in fact exactly the sort of widespread avoidance that causes the allergy to become more prevalent.
Throw in the psychological impact of loudly advertising these "nut-free zones", which suggest peanuts are a constantly lurking danger, and you have a legitimate medical phenomenon that is being fueled and expanded beyond reason by mass anxiety.
A Matter of Misdiagnosis
When considering the psychological (or indeed, psychosomatic) side of allergies, we should also consider how allergies are diagnosed in the first place. A particularly intriguing study on just that subject came out in 2010, as Stanford researchers released an analysis of 72 different food allergy studies. They found that not only is there no clear, agreed upon definition for what constitutes a food allergy, but that in all likelihood allergies were being misdiagnosed.
Food allergies are particularly tricky to diagnose because many apparent instances are actually examples of food intolerance. The most famous of these is lactose intolerance, which is not an allergic reaction because the immune system isn't involved - instead, lactose intolerant people lack the necessary enzymes in their gastrointestinal tract to properly digest milk and other dairy products.
The problem, according to the Stanford researchers, comes in when doctors administer allergy tests, which typically involve exposing the skin to various allergens to chart possible reactions. While these tests typically work decently well with non-food types of allergies, the researchers found that less than half of all positive tests of people with unclear symptoms had actually accurately diagnosed a food allergy. In all the other incidences, the allergy test had generated a false positive.
There are a couple problems for this. One, on an individual level, food allergies aren't a fun thing to live with. They often require strict monitoring of diet and even just one's simple surroundings to ensure there's no exposure to allergens. On a broader level, the researchers argue this overdiagnosis of allergies could cause people to see food allergies as something trivial, on the premise that if seemingly everyone has at least a mild food allergy then they can't be anything too serious. And, on the other hand, this perceived pervasiveness of food allergies could lead to the sort of preemptive avoidance that helps children develop their allergies in the first place.
So what are we left with here? On balance, allergies certainly are very much for real, they probably really are on the rise in the developed world, and what's more there are clear, logical explanations for this increase that fit in with historical trends going right back to the 19th century. Still, that hardly precludes the possibility that the threat of allergies is still somewhat overblown, and indeed that increased anxiety only serves to make the problem worse in the long run. So then, it might be best for us, as a society, to chill out a bit about the whole thing. More often than not, they really are just allergies - and indeed, our immune systems are built to grow out of them anyway.
Further Reading
Breathing Space: How Allergies Shape Our Lives and Landscapes by Gregg Mitman
Allergy: The History of a Modern Malady by Mark Jackson
100 Questions & Answers About Allergies by Jonathan Corren, MD
"Diagnosing and Managing Common Food Allergies: A Systematic Review" by Jennifer J. Schneider et al.
Image Credits
Top image by Poznyakov, via Shutterstock.
Pollen by Jeremy Vandel on Flickr.
Bacteria by NEPMET on Flickr.
Peanuts by Euromagic on Flickr.
Blowing nose by anna gutermuth on Flickr.


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There Is No Place Like Home
Ever wanted to click your ruby red slippers together three times to get back home? I sure did. After months on the road traveling to far-away, beautiful places for training and racing all I could think about was being back home. I made one of the most difficult decisions in my career a few weeks ago. With a 700-point lead in the Overall World Cup standings I decided to follow my heart and stay home.
Our season began back in August with our opening World Cup events in Australia and New Zealand. I favor the icy, hard conditions and won seven out of the seven World Cup races Down Under. A continuous winning streak I had never experienced but knew deep in my heart simply could not continue because that is not the nature of ski racing. From there things went "downhill" and try as I might to get back on top of the podium again, I made mistakes, crashed and did not finish as many races as I had consecutively won. All the while my longing for home, family and friends was mounting until I made that difficult decision – go on the road for 22 World Cup races in five different countries over a two month period and race every race BEFORE departing to Sochi -OR- go home, train, rest and feed my soul giving up a chance at the Overall World Cup Globe, a trophy I had not won since 2007!
After hours of consultation with Marcel (my husband, coach and everything), my incredible sports psychologist Suzie and our Alpine Director Kevin Jardine, I determined that winning a gold medal in Sochi and winning the Overall World Cup simply could not be accomplished simultaneously for me this season due to the demands of the travel on the World Cup circuit and time away from training. I would have to choose one or the other. I chose to give my best performance in Sochi!
I grew up in a small town (sounds like I am about to start singing the John Cougar Mellencamp song – I'll spare you), but everything that comes to mind about a small town when someone says, "I grew up in a small town" is true for me. I did not know when I was growing up how wonderful small town life was. Instead I daydreamed about going to Hollywood and becoming an actress. I wanted to star in moving dramas that would change people's lives. Not until my daydreams came true, and I moved to Los Angeles to attend film school at the University of Southern California did I begin to realize the beauty and safety of a simple life in a small community where people say, "hello how are you?" on the street and genuinely care. I missed my family terribly. If it weren't for meeting my still best friend and soul sister Meredith Escabar at University of Southern California, I think I would have perished. In our household my mother and father both owned their own small businesses. They modeled hard work, commitment, dedication, honesty and love to my younger brother and me. Their values became our values and my brother and I both in our own way wanted to grow up and be "good people." Alone in a city of 12 million people not only did I miss sharing that daily interaction with my family, I realized it was the very core of who I am.
The Sundance Film Festival brought me to Park City. I was promoting a small part in a film (not actually in the festival), which was my acting debut after loosing my legs. I loved Park City from the moment I arrived (although I had been here before for a ski trip in college and when I spoke at Senator Hatch's women's conference two year's before). This trip was special because I met Marcel. I had my first lesson in a mono-ski with him at the National Ability Center.
I was so taken by his passion, his love of life and skiing that I would do whatever it took to be on the mountain and ski with him. The perspective of the world that he showed me from the mountaintop was unlike any other. I had spent the last three years prior to meeting him in and out of the hospital, having 14 reconstructive surgeries. From the top of the mountain that day on my very first lesson with Marcel I saw my entire life play out. Small town girl raised in a loving family pursues acting dreams until one night simply going out to dinner, an out of control car crashed into me and in order to save my life the doctors had to amputate both my legs. I would never walk or run or dance or stand in the shower as I once had. My life had changed drastically, but as it holds true for all of us, I knew that my fate, my going forward was still in my hands. I could create my destiny, my happiness, and my love of life if I so chose. On the mountaintop with Marcel I made the decision that I had no idea would fulfill my creating a new, beautiful life for myself. I decided to move to Park City, train with Marcel and pursue Paralympic success in Salt Lake City in 2002.
As a result of that decision, on that one day on the mountaintop, I have married the man I love and adore more than anything in the world (in Deer Valley of course!) and I have an amazing career I share with him doing what we both love – ski racing. Together we have won Gold in the Paralympic Games in Torino and in Vancouver. We strive to win another this March!
For the last 15 years throughout my entire ski-racing career, I have been supported by our local community in Park City, a small town we call home. Deer Valley has sponsored me and been our official home ski area for training. Marcel and I have spent thousands of hours training in Deer Valley over the last 15 years and we know every square inch of the entire ski area, just like my backyard growing up in Sewickley, PA. But more important than the safe and familiar, feeling of our home landscape is the connection we share with all the people who work at Deer Valley. We deeply value the 15-year friendship with the same amazing people who supported me and provided for me in so many ways to make my Paralympic dreams a reality. The deep bond of friendship we share has for many years felt like family. I am so grateful to experience on a daily basis the warm welcome from guest services when we roll into Snow Park for training. The personal inquire about "How I am doing?", "How is training going?" from people who genuinely care. Or the chefs who know my special training dietary needs and like my mom still want me to have a chocolate chip cookie reward so they offer me the gluten free one instead! Deer Valley is my home and the people who work there are my family. Compared to all the ski areas I have visited world wide, the atmosphere and the people of Deer Valley provide a comfort and charm I associate with the love of my small town upbringing. I hope it will always stay that way.
We are so fortunate to train both at Deer Valley and at Park City Mountain Resort where we also have an incredible support system not just from our friends at PCMR but from all the teams we join for training at Park City. My small town connection also includes a 15-year partnership with Rossignol, my ski company who doesn't just provide me the fastest skis in the world, we share a bond of friendship and they have provided me incredible support.
As I prepare for my fourth Paralympic Games at age 44 in 2014, it only makes sense to return to where I started, to Park City with Marcel and focus on a Gold medal victory one last time.

subset: commoncrawl


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Jewish World Review Dec. 3, 2003 / 8 Kislev, 5764
Walter Williams
Economic straight thinking
http://www.NewsAndOpinion.com | A fortnight ago, I wrote "Harm's a two way street," a column that generated considerable reader response, some of it angry and nasty. The gist of the column was that the liberty-oriented solution to the smoking controversy was through the institution of private property, where the owner of a workplace, restaurant or bar decides whether there would be smoking or not. The totalitarian solution was to use the brute force of government.
I argued that harm is a two-way street. Tobacco fumes might harm someone who is allergic or just finds the odor offensive. The person who smokes and is not permitted to do so is also harmed by being denied a pleasurable experience. Quite a few letters asserted, "Williams, you can't compare the health harm to a nonsmoker to the inconvenience harm that a smoker suffers just because he's not allowed to smoke." No, I can't and wouldn't even try. Why?
Using economic jargon, it is impossible to make interpersonal utility comparisons. Let's try a few. A dollar will bring me more happiness than it will bring you. It's better to like opera music than hip-hop music. Human life is more important than money. There's no objective way to prove any of these statements simply because there is no objective standard for comparison.
You might have an opinion, but an opinion is not proof. The same reasoning applies if you said, "The harm I suffer from your smoking is greater than the harm you suffer from not being permitted to smoke." Contrast these statements to: "You are taller than I." For such a statement there are indeed objective standards for falsifying or verifying it -- just get out the measuring instruments. >
Another part of the column suggested that an owner of a restaurant, workplace or bar might post a sign indicating whether he permitted smoking or not. After all, private property rights have to do with rights held by an owner to keep, acquire and use property in ways he pleases so long as he doesn't interfere with similar rights held by another. Private property rights also include the right to exclude others from use of property.
Quite a few readers asked, "What if the owner wished to exclude blacks or some other race?" I value freedom of association. An important part of the right of association is the right not to associate for a good reason, bad reason or no reason at all. That's not to say that I don't find some forms of association offensive. But the true test of one's commitment to freedom of association doesn't come when he allows others to associate in ways he deems desirable. The true test of his commitment comes when he is willing to allow others to associate in ways he deems offensive.
One might be tempted to think that if owners were free to reject customers by race, segregation would be widespread. But that's nonsense because there's a difference between what people can do and what they'll find in their interests to do.
Think about it. During the United States' Jim Crow era and South Africa's apartheid era, there was an elaborate legal structure mandating and enforcing racial segregation. Whenever you see a law on the books, your best guess is that the law is on the books because not everyone left to their own devices would behave according to the specifications of the law. After all, why would there be a need for a law saying bars or theaters cannot admit blacks if no white bar or theater owner would admit blacks in the first place?
Every weekday JewishWorldReview.com publishes what many in Washington and in the media consider "must reading." Sign up for the daily JWR update. It's free. Just click here.


text: Every relationship has its ups and downs, and IT outsourcing partnerships are no different. Unfortunately, most IT services contracts aren't built to handle the day-to-day disagreements that will occur during the course of the deal. "They choose litigation or relatively complex forms of arbitration," says Robert Kriss, a partner at law firm Mayer Brown. "Both are slow and expensive for minor disputes." Left unresolved, the small spats\u2014whether over price, scope, performance, delays or requirements\u2014mount. "These disputes don't tend to go away on their own," says Mayer Brown partner Brad Peterson. "Instead, they fester and hurt the relationship or grow until they are major disputes."IT outsourcing customers shouldn't just assume they will be able to work through disagreements because they have a good relationship at the start. "If you have a successful approach between the people running the deal, put it in the contract," Kriss advises. "Contract-based and relationship-based methods both work, but what's in the contract survives changes in people and work better under stress." Inserting some general rules for minor dispute resolution into the contract can help IT services buyers and suppliers keep the peace and avoid painful and costly conflicts.Some minor dispute resolution mechanisms that Kriss and Peterson suggest negotiating into your outsourcing deal include: \nAn agreement to keep a shared log of all disputes.\nA requirement that the parties exchange written statements on all disputes. \nA governance structure that names the people responsible for addressing the issues that lead to a disagreement. \nAn allowance that either party can escalate a dispute to the other parties' management structure. \nAn obligation to set up technical, management and executive committees that will meet regularly and work to resolve disputes. \nA small disputes arbitration clause that allows each party to present its position in ten pages and one hour, and requires an arbitrator to rule on the dispute within ten days with no appeals and the loser paying all fees. \nIf you have no mechanisms for minor dispute resolution built into your existing outsourcing contract, there are still options for dealing with disagreements and preventing long-term discordand discontent. But timing is everything. For example, a customer might agree to discuss withholdings on a disputed invoice if the supplier is willing to discuss a dispute over the scope of services. \n"A contract that is weak on dispute resolution likely is weak for both parties," Peterson says. "So, if you want to force the other party to discuss a dispute, you can wait until the other party has something to discuss also."


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Amen to everything you addressed in this article. It's sad, but promotions for us usually meant sacrificing things we really valued (family, time off, hobbies, church). Your points were dead on, Fred, and I love that you asked the "How much money is enough question." You can live on a lot less when you aren't killing yourself from the stress of a horrible job.
Linsey Knerl


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The Committee
Social events
Memorial cricket match
We were There
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Map of Caribbean islands
New Blog
In Memorium
The British West Indies Regiment
Link Page
Oswald (Ossie) Dixon
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Lerel (Lee) Mcdonald
adopted on the ................28th February...................2019
1. Adoption of the constitution
The association and its property will be administered and managed in accordance with the
provisions in Parts l and 2 of this constitution.
2. Name
The association's name is
British and Caribbean Veterans Association
(and in this document it is called the charity).
3. Objects
The charity's objects ('the objects') are:-
Nothing in this constitution shall authorise an application of the
property of the charity for purposes which are not charitable in
accordance with section 7 of the Charities and Trustee lnvestment
(Scotland) Act 2005 and/or section 2 of the Charities Act (Northern lreland) 2008.1
4. Application of income and property
(1) The income and property of the charity shall be applied solely towards the
promotion of the objects.
(a) A charity trustee is entitled to be reimbursed from the property of the
charity or may pay out of such property reasonable expenses properly
incurred by him or her when acting on behalf of the charity.
(b) A charity trustee may benefit from trustee indemnity insurance cover
purchased at the charity's expense in accordance with, and subject to the
conditions in, section 189 of the Charities Act 2011.
(2) None of the income or property of the charity may be paid or transferred directly or
indirectly by way of dividend bonus or otherwise by way of profit to any member of
the charity. This does not prevent a member who is not also a trustee from
(a) a benefit from the charity in the capacity of a beneficiary of the charity;
(b) reasonable and proper remuneration for any goods or services supplied to
the charity.
5. Benefits and payments to charity trustees and connected persons (1) General provisions
No charity trustee or connected person may:
(a) buy or receive any goods or services from the charity on terms preferential to those
applicable to members of the public;
(b) sell goods, services or any interest in land to the charity;
(c) be employed by, or receive any remuneration from, the charity;
(d) receive any other financial benefit from the charity;
unless the payment is permitted by sub-clause (2) of this clause, or authorised by the court or the
Charity Commission ('the Commission'). ln this clause, a 'financial benefit' means a benefit, direct or
indirect, which is either money or has a monetary value.
(2) Scope and powers permitting trustees' or connected persons' benefits
(a) A charity trustee or connected person may receive a benefit from the charity in the
capacity of a beneficiary of the charity provided that a majority of the trustees do
not benefit in this way.
(b) A charity trustee or connected person may enter into a contract for the supply of
services, or of goods that are supplied in connection with the provision of services,
to the charity where that is permitted in accordance with, and subject to the
conditions in, section 185 of the Charities Act 2011.
(c) Subject to sub-clause (3) of this clause a charity trustee or connected person may
provide the charity with goods that are not supplied in connection with services
provided to the charity by the charity trustee or connected person.
(d) A charity trustee or connected person may receive interest on money lent to the
charity at a reasonable and proper rate which must be not more than the Bank of
England bank rate (also known as the base rate).
{e) A charity trustee or connected person may receive rent for premises let by the
trustee or connected person to the charity. The amount ofthe rent and the other
terms of the lease must be reasonable and proper. The charity trustee concerned
must withdraw from any meeting at which such a proposal or the rent or other
terms of the lease are under discussion.
(f) A charity trustee or connected person may take part in the normal trading and
fundraising activities of the charity on the same terms as members of the public.
(3) Payment for supply of goods only - controls
The charity and its charity trustees may only rely upon the authority provided by sub-clause 2(c) of
this clause if each of the following conditions is satisfied:
(a) The amount or maximum amount of the payment for the goods is set out in an
agreement in writing between the charity and the charity trustee or connected
person supplying the goods ('the supplier') under which the supplier is to supply the
goods in question to or on behalf of the charity.
(b) The amount or maximum amount of the payment for the goods does not exceed
what is reasonable in the circumstances for the supply of the goods in question.
(c) The other charity trustees are satisfied that it is in the best interests of the charity to
contract with the supplier rather than with someone who is not a charity trustee or
connected person. ln reaching that decision the charity trustees must balance with a
charity trustee or connected person against the disadvantages of doing so.
{d) The supplier is absent from the part of any meeting at which there is discussion of
the proposal to enter into a contract or arrangement with him or her or it with
regard to the supply of goods to the charity.
(e) The supplier does not vote on any such matter and is not to be counted when
calculating whether a quorum of charity trustees is present at the meeting.
(f) The reason for their decision is recorded by the charity trustees in the minute book.
(s) A majority of the charity trustees then in office are not in receipt of remuneration or
payments authorised by clause 5.
(4) ln sub-clauses (2) and (3) of this clause:
(a) 'the charity' includes any company in which the charity:
(i) holds more than 50% of the shares; or
(ii) controls more than 50% of the voting rights attached to the shares; or
{iii) has the right to appoint one or more trustees to the board of the company.
(b) 'connected person' includes any person within the definition set out in clause 34
6. Dissolution
(1) lf the members resolve to dissolve the charity the trustees will remain in office as
charity trustees and be responsible for winding up the affairs of the charity in
accordance with this clause.
The trustees must collect in all the assets of the charity and must pay or make
provision for all the liabilities of the charity.
(3) The trustees must apply any remaining property or money:
(a) directly for the objects;
(b) by transfer to any charity or charities for purposes the same as or similar to the
{c) in such other manner as the Charity Commission for England and Wales ('the
Commission') may approve in writing in advance.
(4) The members may pass a resolution before or at the same time as the resolution to
dissolve the charity specifying the manner in which the trustees are to apply the
remaining property or assets of the charity and the trustees must comply with the
resolution if it is consistent with paragraphs (a) - (c) inclusive in sub-clause (3) above.
(s) ln no circumstances shall the net assets of the charity be paid to or distributed
among the members of the charity (except to a member that is itself a charity).
(6) The trustees must notify the Commission promptly that the charity has been
dissolved. lf the trustees are obliged to send the charity's accounts to the
Commission for the accounting period which ended before its dissolution, they must
send the Commission the charity's final accounts.
7. Amendment of constitution
(1) The charity may amend any provision contained in Part 1 of this constitution
provided that:
(a) no amendment may be made that would have the effect of making the
charity cease to be a charity at law;
(b) no amendment may be made to alter the objects if the change would
undermine or work against the previous objects of the charity;
(c) no amendment may be made to clause 3 (Objects), 4 (Application of income
and property), clause 5 (Benefits and payments to charity trustees and
connected persons), clause 5 (Dissolution) or this clause without the prior
consent in writing of the Commission;
(d) any resolution to amend a provision of Part 1 of this constitution is passed
by not less than two thirds of the members present and voting at a general
(r2) Any provision contained in Part 2 of this constitution may be amended, provided
that any such amendment is made by resolution passed by a simple majority of the
members present and voting at a general meeting.
(3) A copy of any resolution amending this constitution shall be sent to the Commission
within twenty one days of it being passed.
8. Membership
(1) Membership is open to individuals over eighteen or organisations who are approved
by the trustees.
(2) (a) The trustees may only refuse an application for membership if, acting
reasonably and properly, they consider it to be in the best interests of the charity to
refuse the application.
(b) The trustees must inform the applicant in writing of the reasons for the
refusal within twenty-one days of the decision.
(c) The trustees must consider any written representations the applicant may
make about the decision. The trustees' decision following any written
representations must be notified to the applicant in writing but shall be final.
(3) Membership is not transferable to anyone else.
(4) The trustees must keep a register of names and addresses of the members which
must be made available to any member upon request.
9. Termination of membership
Membership is terminated if:
(1) the member dies or, if it is an organisation, ceases to exist.
(2) the member resigns by written notice to the charity unless, after the resignation,
there would be less than two members;
(3) any sum due from the member to the charity is not paid in full within six months of it
falling due;
(4) the member is removed from membership by a resolution of the trustees that it is in
the best interests of the charity that his or her membership is terminated. A
resolution to remove a member from membership may only be passed if:
(a) the member has been given at least twenty one days' notice in writing of the
meeting of the trustees at the resolution will be proposed and the reasons why it is
to be proposed;
(b) the member or, at the option of the member, the member's representative (who
need not be a member of the charity) has been allowed to make representations to
the meeting.
10. General meetings
(1) The charity must hold a general meeting within twelve months of the date of the
adoption of this constitution.
(2) An annual general meeting must be held in each subsequent year and not more than
fifteen months may elapse between successive annual general meetings.
(3) All general meetings other than annual general meetings shall be called special
general meetings.
(4) The trustees may call a special general meeting at any time.
(5) The trustees must call a special general meeting if requested to do so in writing by at
least ten members or one tenth of the membership, whichever is the greater. The
request must state the nature of the business that is to be discussed. lf the trustees
fail to hold the meeting within twenty-eight days of the request, the members may
proceed to call a special general meeting but in doing so they must comply with the
provisions of this constitution
11. Notice
(1) The minimum period of notice required to hold any general meeting of the charity is
fourteen clear days from the date on which the notice is deemed to have been
(2) A general meeting may be called by shorter notice, if it is so agreed by all the
members entitled to attend and vote.
(3) The notice must specify the date, time and place of the meeting and the general
nature of the business to be transacted. lf the meeting is to be an annual general
meeting, the notice must say so.
(4) The notice must be given to all the members and to the trustees.
12. Quorum
(1) No business shall be transacted at any general meeting unless a quorum is present.
{2) A quorum is:
(a) 6 members entitled to vote upon the business to be conducted at the meeting; or
(b) one tenth of the total membership at the time, whichever is the greater.
(3) The authorised representative of a member organisation shall be counted in the
(4) if:
(a) a quorum is not present within half an hour from the time appointed for the
meeting; or
(b) during a meeting a quorum ceases to be present, the meeting shall be adjourned to
such time and place as the trustees shall determine.
(5) The trustees must re-convene the meeting and must give at least seven clear days' notice of
the re-convened meeting stating the date time and place of the meeting.
(6) lf no quorum is present at the re-convened meeting within fifteen minutes of the time
specified for the start of the meeting the members present at that time shall constitute the
quorum for that meeting.
13. Chair
(1) General meetings shall be chaired by the person who has been elected as Chair.
(2) lf there is no such person or he or she is not present within fifteen minutes of the
time appointed for the meeting a trustee nonninated by the trustees shall chair the
(3) lf there is only one trustee present and willing to act, he or she shall chair the
{4) lf no trustee is present and willing to chair the meeting within fifteen minutes after
the time appointed for holding it, the members present and entitled to vote must
choose one of their number to chair the meeting.
14. Adjournments
(1) The members present at a meeting may resolve that the meeting shall be adjourned.
(2) The person who is chairing the meeting must decide the date time and place at
which meeting is to be re-convened unless those details are specified in the
(3) No business shall be conducted at an adjourned meeting unless it could properly
have been conducted at the meeting had the adjournment not taken place.
{4) lf a meeting is adjourned by a resolution of the members for more than seven days,
at least seven clear days' notice shall be given of the re-convened meeting stating
the date time and place of the meeting.
15. Votes
(1) Each member shall have one vote but if there is an equality of votes the person who
is chairing the meeting shall have a casting vote in addition to any other vote he or
she may have.
(2) A resolution in writing signed by each member (or in the case of a member that is an
organisation, by its authorised representative) who would have been entitled to vote
had it been proposed at a general meeting shall be effective. lt may comprise several
copies each signed by or on behalf of one or more members.
16. Representatives of other bodies
(1) Any organisation that is a member of the charity may nominate any person to act as
its representative at any meeting of the charity.
(2) The organisation must give written notice to the charity of the name of its
representative. The nominee shall not be entitled to represent the organisation at
any meeting unless the notice has been received by the charity. The nominee may
continue to represent the organisation until written notice to the contrary is
received by the charity.
(3) Any notice given to the charity will be conclusive evidence that the nominee is
entitled to represent the organisation or that his or her authority has been revoked.
The charity shall not be required to consider whether the nominee has been
properly appointed by the organisation.
17. Officers and trustees
(1) The charity and its property shall be managed and administered by a committee
comprising the officers and other members elected in accordance with this
constitution. The officers and other members of the committee shall be the trustees
of the Charity and in this constitution are together called 'the trustees'.
(2) The charity shall have the following officers:
(a) A chair,
(b)A secretary,
(c) A treasurer.
(d) A Public Relations Officer/Events organiser
(e)A Welfare Officer
(3) A trustee must be a member of the charity or the nominated representative of an
organisation that is a member of the charity.
{4) No one may be appointed a trustee if he or she would be disqualified from acting
under the provisions of clause 20.
(s) The number of trustees shall be not less than three but (unless otherwise
determined by a resolution of the charity in general meeting) shall not be subject to
any maximum.
{6) The first trustees (including officers) shall be those persons elected as trustees and
officers at the meeting at which this constitution is adopted.
(71 A trustee may not appoint anyone to act on his or her behalf at meetings of the
18. Appointment of trustees
(1) The charity in general meeting shall elect the officers and the other trustees.
(2) The trustees may appoint any person who is willing to act as a trustee. Subject to
sub-clause 5(b) of this clause, they may also appoint trustees to act as officers.
(3) Each of the trustees shall retire with effect from the conclusion of the annual general
meeting next after his or her appointment but shall be eligible for reelection at that
annual general meeting.
(4) No-one may be elected a trustee or an officer at any annual general meeting unless
prior to the meeting the charity is given a notice that:
(a) is signed by a member entitled to vote at the meeting;
(b) states the member's intention to propose the appointment of a person as a
trustee or as an officer;
(c) is signed by the person who is to be proposed to show his or her willingness
to be appointed.
(s) (a) The appointment of a trustee, whether by the charity in general meeting or
by the other trustees, must not cause the number of trustees to exceed any number
fixed in accordance with this constitution as the maximum number of trustees.
(b) The trustees may not appoint a person to be an officer if a person has
already been elected or appointed to that office and has not vacated the
19. Powers of trustees
(1) The trustees must manage the business of the charity and have the following powers
in order to further the objects (but not for any other purpose):
(a) to raise funds. ln doing so, the trustees must not undertake any taxable
permanent trading activity and must comply with any relevant statutory regulations;
(b) to buy, take on lease or in exchange, hire or otherwise acquire any property
and to maintain and equip it for use;
(c) to sell, lease or otherwise dispose of all or any part of the property
belonging to the charity. ln exercising this power, the trustees must comply as
appropriate with sections 117 - 122 of the Charities Act 2011;
(d) to borrow money and to charge the whole or any part of the property
belonging to the charity as security for repayment of the money borrowed' The
trustees must comply as appropriate with sections 124 - 126 of the Charities Act
2011, if they intend to mortgage land;
(e) to co-operate with other charities, voluntary bodies and statutory
authorities and to exchange information and advice with them;
(f) to establish or support any charitable trusts, associations or institutions
formed for any of the charitable purposes included in the objects;
(g) to acquire, merge with or enter into any partnership or joint venture
arrangement with any other charity formed for any of the objects;
(h) to set aside income as a reserve against future expenditure but only in
accordance with a written policy about reserves;
(i) to obtain and pay for such goods and services as are necessary for carrying
out the work of the charitY;
(j) to open and operate such bank and other accounts as the trustees consider
necessary and to invest funds and to delegate the management of funds in the same
manner and subject to the same conditions as the trustees of a trust are permitted
to do by the Trustee Act 2000;
(k) to do all such other lawful things as are necessary for the achievement of
the objects.
(2) No alteration of this constitution or any special resolution shall have retrospective
effect to invalidate any prior act of the trustees.
(3) Any meeting of trustees at which a quorum is present at the time the relevant
decision is made may exercise all the powers exercisable by the trustees.
20. Disqualification and removal of trustees
A trustee shall cease to hold office if he or she:
(1) is disqualified from acting as a trustee by virtue of sections 178 and 179 of the
Charities Act 2011 (or any statutory re-enactment or modification of that provision);
(2) ceases to be a member of the charity;
(3) in the written opinion, given to the charity, of a registered medical practitioner
treating that person, has become physically or mentally incapable of acting as a
trustee and may remain so for more than three months;
(4) resigns as a trustee by notice to the charity (but only if at least two trustees will
remain in office when the notice of resignation is to take effect); or
(s) is absent without the permission of the trustees from all their meetings held within a
period of six consecutive months and the trustees resolve that his or her office be
21. Proceedings of trustees
(1) The trustees may regulate their proceedings as they think fit, subject to the
provisions of this constitution.
(2) Any trustee may call a meeting of the trustees.
(3) The secretary must call a meeting of the trustees if requested to do so by a trustee.
(4) Questions arising at a meeting must be decided by a majority of votes.
(s) ln the case of an equality of votes, the person who chairs the meeting shall have a
second or casting vote.
(5) No decision may be made by a meeting of the trustees unless a quorum is present
at the time the decision is purported to be made.
(7) The quorum shall be two or the number nearest to one-third of the total number of
trustees, whichever is the greater or such larger number as may be decided from
time to time by the trustees.
(8) A trustee shall not be counted in the quorum present when any decision is made
about a matter upon which that trustee is not entitled to vote.
(e) lf the number of trustees is less than the number fixed as the quorum, the
continuing trustees or trustee may act only for the purpose of filling vacancies or of
calling a general meeting.
(10) The person elected as the Chair shall chair meetings of the trustees.
(11) lf the Chair is unwilling to preside or is not present within ten minutes after the time
appointed for the meeting, the trustees present may appoint one of their number to
chair that meeting.
(12) The person appointed to chair meetings of the trustees shall have no functions or
powers except those conferred by this constitution or delegated to him or her in
writing by the trustees.
(13) A resolution in writing signed by all the trustees entitled to receive notice of a
meeting of trustees or of a committee of trustees and to vote upon the resolution
shall be as valid and effectual as if it had been passed at a meeting of the trustees or
(as the case may be) a committee of trustees duly convened and held.
(14) The resolution in writing may comprise several documents containing the text of the
resolution in like form each signed by one or more trustees.
22. Conflicts of interests and conflicts of loyalties
A charity trustee must:
(1) declare the nature and extent of any interest, direct or indirect, which he or she has
in a proposed transaction or arrangement with the charity or in any transaction or
arrangement entered into by the charity which has not been previously declared;
(2) absent himself or herself from any discussions of trustees in which it is possible that
a conflict will arise between his or her duty to act solely in the interests of the
charity and any personal interest (including but not limited to any personal financial
Any charity trustee absenting himself or herself from any discussions in accordance with this
clause must not vote or be counted as part of the quorum in any decision of the charity
trustees on the matter.
23. Saving provisions
(1) Subject to sub-clause (2) of this clause, all decisions of the charity trustees, or of a
committee of the charity trustees, shall be valid notwithstanding the participation in
any vote of a charitY trustee:
(a) who is disqualified from holding office;
(b) who had previously retired or who had been obliged by this constitution to vacate
office; trustees' decisions being declared invalid for purely technical reasons'
(c) who was not entitled to vote on the matter, whether by reason of a conflict of
interests or otherwise; if, without the vote of that charity trustee and that charity
trustee being counted in the quorum, the decision has been made by a majority of
the charity trustees at a quorate meeting.
(2) Sub-clause (1) of this clause does not permit a charity trustee to keep any benefit
that may be conferred upon him or her by a resolution of the charity trustees or of a
committee of charity trustees il but for sub-clause (1), the resolution would have
been void, or if the charity trustee has not complied with clause 22 (Conflicts of
interests and conflicts of loyalties).
24. Delegation
(1) The trustees may delegate any of their powers or functions to a committee of two or
more trustees but the terms of any such delegation must be recorded in the minute
(2) The trustees may impose conditions when delegating, including the conditions that:
(a) the relevant powers are to be exercised exclusively by the committee to
whom they delegate;
(b) no expenditure may be incurred on behalf of the charity except in
accordance with a budget previously agreed with the trustees.
{3) The trustees may revoke or alter a delegation.
(4) All acts and proceedings of any committees must be fully and promptly reported to
the trustees.
25. lrregularities in proceedings
(1) Subject to sub-clause (2) of this clause, all acts done by a meeting of Trustees, or of a
committee of trustees, shall be valid notwithstanding the participation in any vote of
a trustee:
(a) who was disqualified from holding office;
(b) who had previously retired or who had been obliged by the constitution to
vacate office;
(c) who was not entitled to vote on the matter, whether by reason of a conflict
of interests or otherwise; if, without:
(d) the vote of that trustee; and
(e) that trustee being counted in the quorum, the decision has been made by a
majority of the trustees at a quorate meeting.
(2) Sub-clause (1) of this clause does not permit a trustee to keep any benefit that may
be conferred upon him or her by a resolution of the trustees or of a committee of
trustees if the resolution would otherwise have been void.
(3) No resolution or act of
(a) the trustees
(b) any committee of the trustees
(c) the charity in general meeting shall be invalidated by reason of the failure to
give notice to any trustee or member or by reason of any procedural defect
in the meeting unless it is shown that the failure or defect has materially
prejudiced a member or the beneficiaries of the charity.
26. Minutes
The trustees must keep minutes of all:
(1) appointments of officers and trustees made by the trustees;
(2) proceedings at meetings of the charity;
(3) meetings of the trustees and committees of trustees including:
(a) the names of the trustees present at the meeting;
(b) the decisions made at the meetings; and
(c) where appropriate the reasons for the decisions.
27. Accounts, Annual Report, Annual Return
(1) The trustees must comply with their obligations under the Charities Act 2011 with
regard to:
(a) the keeping of accounting records for the charity;
(b) the preparation of annual statements of account for the charity;
(c) the transmission of the statements of account to the Commission;
(d) the preparation of an Annual Report and its transmission to the Commission; (e)
the preparation of an Annual Return and its transmission to the Commission.
(2) Accounts must be prepared in accordance with the provisions of any Statement of
Recommended Practice issued by the Commission, unless the trustees are required
to prepare accounts in accordance with the provisions of such a Statement prepared
by another body.
28. Registered particulars
The trustees must notify the Commission promptly of any changes to the charity's entry on
the Central Register of Charities.
29. Property
(1) The trustees must ensure the title to:
(a) all land held by or in trust for the charity that is not vested in the Official
Custodian of Charities; and
(b) all investments held by or on behalf of the charity, is vested either in a
corporation entitled to act as custodian trustee or in not less than three individuals
appointed by them as holding trustees.
(2) The terms of the appointment of any holding trustees must provide that they may
act only in accordance with lawful directions of the trustees and that if they do so
they will not be liable for the acts and defaults of the trustees or of the members of
the charity.
(3) The trustees may remove the holding trustees at any time.
30. Repair and insurance
The trustees must keep in repair and insure to their full value against fire and other usual
risks all the buildings of the charity (except those buildings that are required to be kept in
repair and insured by a tenant). They must also insure suitably in respect of public liability
and employer's liability.
31. Notices
(1) Any notice required by this constitution to be given to or by any person must be:
(a) in writing; or
(b) given using electronic communications.
(2) The charity may give any notice to a member either:
(a) personally; or
(b) by sending it by post in a prepaid envelope addressed to the member at his
or her address; or
(c) by leaving it at the address of the member; or
(d) by giving it using electronic communications to the membe/s address.
(3) A member who does not register an address with the charity or who registers only a
postal address that is not within the United Kingdom shall not be entitled to receive
any notice from the charity.
(4) A member present in person at any meeting of the charity shall be deemed to have
received notice of the meeting and of the purposes for which it was called.
(5) (a) Proof that an envelope containing a notice was properly addressed, prepaid
and posted shall be conclusive evidence that the notice was given.
(b) Proof that a notice contained in an electronic communication was sent in
accordance with guidance issued by the lnstitute of Chartered Secretaries
and Administrators shall be conclusive evidence that the notice was given.
(c) A notice shall be deemed to be given 48 hours after the envelope containing
it was posted or, in the case of an electronic communication, 48 hours after
it was sent.
32. Rules
(1) The trustees may from time to time make rules or bye-laws for the conduct
of their business.
(21 The bye-laws may regulate the following matters but are not restricted to
(a) the admission of members of the charity (including the admission of
organisations to membership) and the rights and privileges of such
members, and the entrance fees, subscriptions and other fees or payments
to be made by members;
(b) the conduct of members of the charity in relation to one another, and to the
charity's employees and volunteers;
(c) the setting aside of the whole or any part or parts of the charity's premises
at any particular time or times or for any particular purpose or purposes;
(d) the procedure at general meeting and meetings of the trustees in so far as
such procedure is not regulated by this constitution;
(e) the keeping and authenticating of records. (lf regulations made under this
clause permit records of the charity to be kept in electronic form and
requires a trustee to sign the record, the regulations must specify a method
of recording the signature that enables it to be properly authenticated.)
(f) generally, all such matters as are commonly the subject matter of the rules
of an unincorporated association.
(3) The charity in general meeting has the power to alter, add to or repeal the
rules or bye-laws.
(4) The trustees must adopt such means as they think sufficient to bring the
rules and bye-laws to the notice of members of the charity.
(5) The rules or bye-laws shall be binding on all members of the charity. No rule
or byelaw shall be inconsistent with, or shall affect or repeal anything
contained in, this constitution.
33. Disputes
lf a dispute arises between members of the charity about the validity or propriety of
anything done by the members under this constitution, and the dispute cannot be resolved
by agreement, the parties to the dispute must first try in good faith to settle the dispute by
mediation before resorting to litigation.
34. lnterpretation
ln this constitution 'connected person' means:
(1) a child, parent, grandchild, grandparent, brother or sister of the trustee;
(2) the spouse or civil partner of the trustee or of any person falling within sub-clause
(1) above;
(3) a person carrying on business in partnership with the trustee or with any person
falling within sub-clause (1) or (2) above;
(4) an institution which is controlled -
(a) by the trustee or any connected person falling within sub-clause (1), (2), or
(3) above; or
(b) by two or more persons falling within sub-clause (4Xa), when taken
(s) a body corporate in which -
(a) the charity trustee or any connected person falling within sub-
clauses (1) to (3) has a substantial interes! or those conditions.
(b) two or more persons falling within sub-clause (5)(a) who, when
taken together, have a substantial interest.
(6) Sections 350 - 352 of the Charities Act 2011 apply for the purposes of interpreting
the terms used in this clause.
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Accommodation in Sandviken, Hälsingland Gästrikland - 2 matches
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Åshammar (Forest area)
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Hostel | Experience genuine wilderness in Sweden's wildest youth hostel. Fall asleep to the sound of the crackling open fire and live according to the conditions that prevail in the Swedish wilderness...for real. Read more
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Hotel | North of Sandviken between deep green forests, lake and lush farmland you will find Högbo Brukshotell - Gästriklands outdoor paradise. Here you will find many irons in the old mill fire that satisfies both outdoor lovers and bon vivants. Read more
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JCC Association is pleased to announce that Prosserman JCC is the Website of the Month.
Visit their website: Prosserman JCC
Please feel free to e-mail us suggestions regarding any JCC sites that you feel deserve recognition during the upcoming months and we will take their content and design under consideration. Thank you.


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Those Who Left Us: Select Literary Obituaries of 2017
Poets, editors, songwriters, teachers, journalists, novelists—some great writers and some under-sung ones left us this year. Here, in chronological order of their deaths, is a selective compendium of literary obituaries from 2017. Bharati Mukherjee Bharati Mukherjee was born in Calcutta, educated in England, Switzerland, and India; she earned advanced writing degrees in the United States, and lived more than a decade in Canada—a peripatetic life she mined to write fiction about the aspirations and dislocations of immigrant life. Mukherjee, who died Jan. 28 at 76, grew up in a rich Hindu family, "bubble-wrapped in innocence," as she would say later. Shortly after arriving at the Iowa Writers' Workshop, where she studied under Philip Roth, Mukherjee informed her parents that she was not going through with the marriage they had arranged for her and that, in fact, she had recently married a white American writer, Clark Blaise. Her first-hand knowledge of the immigrant's yearnings was captured in the title character of her breakthrough novel, Jasmine, a poor girl from Punjab who arrives in America "greedy with wants and reckless with hope." Mukherjee's collection The Middleman and Other Stories, winner of the National Book Critics Circle Award in 1988, explored the immigrant experience through the stories of new arrivals from the Caribbean, Sri Lanka, the Philippines, and the Middle East. As she was writing those stories, she was developing a credo: "Make the familiar exotic (Americans won't recognize their country when I get finished with it) and make the exotic—the India of elephants and arranged marriages—familiar." Given that we now live in a world with 60 million refugees, driven from their homes for reasons ranging from terror to desire, it's hard to argue with Mukherjee's claim that "the narrative of immigration is the epic narrative of this millennium." Derek Walcott Some writers are lucky to have a singular place that forever nourishes their art. William Faulkner had Yoknapatawpha County. Elmore Leonard had Detroit. Patrick Modiano has Paris. And Derek Walcott, the Nobel Prize-winning poet, had his native Caribbean island of St. Lucia. It provided Walcott with ample raw materials for his vivid, musical poems—the sea, the pulsing sun, the land and its fecund vegetation, and the people who live there in the wake of slavery, colonialism, and forced exile, snagged in the mesh of commingled cultures. Walcott, who died March 17 at 87, published his first poem when he was 14 while operating under the influence of Christopher Marlowe and John Milton. Over the next seven decades he became an accomplished poet, playwright, and watercolorist, fluent in English, French, and Spanish, producing a body of poems that ranged from compact to epic, always spun from the weather, the history, and the people of the Caribbean. Walcott was also a wanderer, and, like all exiles, he knew the twinned aches of leaving home and returning. These lines are from In a Green Night, the 1962 book that announced him as a major writer: The hospital is quiet in the rain. A naked boy drives pigs into the bush. The coast shudders with every surge. The beach Admits a beaten heron. Filth and foam. There is a belt of emerald light, a sail Plunges and lifts between the crests of reef, The hills are smoking in the vaporous light, The rain seeps slowly to the core of grief. It could not change its sorrows and be home. Jimmy Breslin Though he'll be remembered as a Pulitzer Prize-winning newspaper columnist of the New York City persuasion, Jimmy Breslin, who died on March 19 at 88, was also a gifted novelist, memoirist, biographer, and writer of nonfiction books about subjects both light and dark, from the ineptitude of the early New York Mets baseball teams to the sins of sexual predators in the Catholic priesthood. His biography of Damon Runyon reads like Damon Runyon on acid. Breslin produced more than 20,000 newspaper columns in his long and fluorescent career—a staggering number, I can attest, having produced about 600 of the things myself. Many of Breslin's were written on behalf of the powerless, the ignored, the forgotten. When someone asked him why he kept going back to the well, he replied: "Rage is the only quality which has kept me, or anybody I have ever studied, writing columns for newspapers." Breslin's was an only-in-New-York life. Born in Queens, he knew the streets and the saloons, the mobsters and the cops like nobody else, and he was among the vanguard of writers who birthed what has come to be known as the New Journalism, though he scoffed at the term. Too high-minded for this burly son of the outer boroughs. He ran (unsuccessfully) for New York city council the same year Norman Mailer ran (unsuccessfully) for mayor. His fame reached its peak in 1977, when the serial killer David Berkowitz, known as the Son of Sam, began sending letters to Breslin, which he published in the New York Daily News. For all the warmth he felt for the little people, Breslin could be as cold and hard as iron. His father abandoned the family when Jimmy was young, and when his father died, the son paid for the cremation. "Good," he said afterward. "That's over." Jean Stein Jean Stein died on April 30 at 83, an apparent suicide. She grew up amid Hollywood luxury—her father founded Music Corporation of America—and she returned to that milieu in her later work. But it was her 1982 book, Edie: An American Biography, that upended my understanding of what a book can be. It tells the story of Edie Sedgwick, who also grew up wealthy, became a Andy Warhol superstar, then spiraled into drug addiction and death by overdose at 28. Her story is told by dozens of people whose lives crossed hers (and her patrician family's). Stein does not elicit conventional answers to conventional questions, as in Studs Terkel or Oriana Fallaci; instead she acts like a camera, unflinching, mutely watching and listening as people talk. There is no authorial intervention, seemingly no point of view. In time, the lack of affect becomes the affect. The book is a flat yet sneakily rich portrait of squandered American privilege and the cult of celebrity. It's an act of dissection. An X-ray. A masterpiece. Stein was not a one-hit wonder. She worked at The Paris Review (where she interviewed William Faulkner), Esquire, and the literary quarterly Grand Street. She produced another oral history, American Journey: The Times of Robert F. Kennedy, and West of Eden, a study of the influences of Hollywood, oil exploration, and real estate on the city of Los Angeles. Stein was shy by nature but she threw glittering parties, including one at which Norman Mailer and Gore Vidal got into a fistfight. She was an unobtrusive but brilliant interviewer. Of the technique behind Edie, she once said, "Each person is speaking directly to you…Nobody is ever telling you, the reader, what to think." Denis Johnson The news that Denis Johnson had died on May 24 at 67 sent me back to two pieces of writing. The first was Johnson's masterly short story, "Car Crash While Hitchhiking," from his 1992 collection about drug-addled drifters and losers, Jesus' Son. Like all great fiction, "Car Crash" conjures a world that's unlike any other and yet instantly, even shockingly, familiar. Words pop out of nowhere and ambush the reader. It's the story of a lone hitchhiker stuck in a downpour who gets a lift from a young couple. As the hitchhiker dozes in the back seat with the couple's baby, the car is involved in a ghastly crash on a rain-slicked bridge. Clutching the baby, the hitchhiker staggers from the wreckage and is taken to a hospital, where this unforgettable scene unfolds: Down the hall came the wife. She was glorious, burning. She didn't know yet that her husband was dead. We knew. That's what gave her such power over us. The doctor took her into a room with a desk at the end of the hall, and from under the closed door a slab of brilliance radiated, as if by some stupendous process, diamonds were being incinerated in there. What a pair of lungs! She shrieked as I imagined an eagle would shriek. It felt wonderful to be alive to hear it! I've gone looking for that feeling everywhere. The second piece of writing was Geoff Dyer's review of Johnson's National Book Award-winning novel, Tree of Smoke. Dyer makes the point that nothing in Johnson's earlier output, not even Jesus' Son, had prepared readers for this teeming, meandering mind-fuck of a novel about America's misadventures in Southeast Asia. Dyer compares Johnson to Don DeLillo, Robert Stone, Joseph Conrad and, of course, Graham Greene. Far more astutely, he calls Johnson "a junkyard angel," a writer who, "at some level, did not know how to write at all—and yet knew exactly what he was doing." I can't imagine more apt, or higher, praise. Gregg Allman Three days after Johnson's death, Gregg Allman died at 69. If Bob Dylan is worthy of a Nobel Prize in literature, then Allman, the keyboardist and lead songwriter for The Allman Brothers Band, surely merits inclusion in a list of noteworthy literary obituaries. He wrote many of the band's signature songs, including "Whipping Post," "Midnight Rider," and "Melissa." Some of his song lyrics rise to the level of art, including these from "Ain't Wastin' No More Time," written shortly after his beloved big brother, Duane, the band's lead guitarist, died in a motorcycle crash in Macon, Georgia: Last Sunday morning, the sunshine felt like rain. Week before, they all seemed the same. With the help of God and true friends, I come to realize I still had two strong legs, and even wings to fly. And oh, I ain't wastin' time no more 'Cause time goes by like hurricanes, and faster things. The news of Gregg Allman's death, like the news of Johnson's, sent me back to a piece of writing—in this case, "Hitting the Note with the Allman Brothers Band," Grover Lewis's Rolling Stone chronicle of being embedded on tour with the band in 1971, shortly before Duane's death. It was a deep-pore examination of life on the road with a big-name rock band, a string of identical days and nights full of "pure listless boredom" and plane flights and concerts and groupies and TV and piles of comic books and cocaine. Despite the grind of the road, Gregg Allman's life did not lack for color. He avoided fighting in Vietnam by getting drunk and shooting himself in the foot. He had a long solo career. He married, recorded with, and divorced Cher. (She was the third of his six wives.) He contracted hepatitis and arthritis. He got a liver transplant. Late in life he wrote a memoir, My Cross to Bear, with Alan Light. As a writer, Allman may not be in a league with Patti Smith, but the book has its moments, including a line that would have made an unbeatable epitaph: "If I fell over dead right now, I have led some kind of life." Clancy Sigal If you favor writers who live long colorful implausible lives, Clancy Sigal, who died on July 16 at 90, is your man. Sigal's resume reads like overcooked fiction: he plotted to assassinate Hermann Göring at the Nuremberg war crimes trials; he was Humphrey Bogart's Hollywood agent; he was noteworthy enough to make the anti-Communist blacklist; he had to dodge FBI agents; he worked with the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee; he was Doris Lessing's lover (and the model for Saul Green in her 1962 novel, The Golden Notebook); he underwent therapy and dropped acid with the anti-psychiatrist R.D. Laing; he organized Detroit autoworkers; he was a popular commentator on the BBC. Somehow, Sigal also found time to write, producing essays, novels, memoirs, and the screenplay for the 1992 Salma Hayek movie, Frida. His best known book was 1961's Going Away: A Report, A Memoir, an autobiographical account of a blacklisted Hollywood agent's picaresque cross-country trip aboard a DeSoto convertible, during which the hero discovers a fractured nation and his own fractured self. It was seen as a rebuttal to Jack Kerouac's effervescence, and it became a finalist for the National Book Award. The critic John Leonard offered this praise: "It was as if On the Road had been written by somebody with brains." Sigal never stopped working. He was busy blogging a couple of days before he died. Dick Gregory Dick Gregory didn't hector or lecture about America's racial divide but went at it sideways, with a dagger instead of a sledgehammer. Classic early Dick Gregory has him going into a restaurant in the segregated South, where the waitress informs him: "I'm sorry, we don't serve colored people here." To which he replies: "That's all right. I don't eat colored people nowhere. Just bring me a whole fried chicken." Gregory, who died on Aug. 19 at 84, wrote a dozen books, and his 1964 autobiography, nigger, was built on this strategy for neutering an epithet through frank exposure and overuse: "I said, let's pull it out of the closet, let's lay it out there, let's deal with it, let's dissect it. It should never be called 'the N-word.' You see, how do you talk about a swastika by using another term?" Gregory was soon on the front lines of the civil rights movement, which led to beatings and a dozen arrests, a gunshot wound. Other issues that inspired his activism included the Vietnam War, police brutality, the Equal Rights Amendment, South African apartheid, and the rights of Native Americans. Sometimes he flirted with the bizarre, speculating that "whoever the people are who control the system" were behind the killings of President John F. Kennedy, Martin Luther King, Jr., and John Lennon, as well as the crack cocaine epidemic and the 9/11 terrorist attacks. Then again, there are more than a few people don't find anything bizarre about such suspicions. Gregory famously embraced various diet fads, and he ran (unsuccessfully) for mayor of Chicago and president of the United States. At the end, he was still able to laugh. "Here's how you can tell when you're getting old," he said late in life. "When someone compliment you on those beautiful alligator shoes you're wearing—and you're barefoot." Kate Millett Kate Millett's polemical bombshell, Sexual Politics, burst on the scene in 1970. A portrait of Millett by Alice Neel soon graced the cover of Time magazine, which was then the gold standard of a writer's anointment as Truly Important. Sexual Politics began as a doctoral thesis, and it used literary criticism and historical analysis to dismantle such supposed avatars of sexual liberation as Henry Miller, D.H. Lawrence, Jean Genet, and Norman Mailer. Millett, who died on Sept. 6 at 82, portrayed such men as cogs in a masculine machine designed to establish and perpetuate the inferior status of women. Patriarchy, Sigmund Freud's theory of penis envy, the nuclear family—all, in Millett's view, led to the "interior colonization" of women. [millions_ad] The book, out of print for many years, was reissued in a new edition last year—just in time for the avalanche of revelations of sexual misconduct that have borne out Millett's original premise. The machine, as we seem to learn anew every day, was indeed set up to ensure the inferior status of women. It ran—until now—on women's enforced silence. Nearly half a century after the original publication of Sexual Politics, the silence is finally being broken. Lillian Ross Lillian Ross, who died on Sept. 20 at 99, was the fly who came off the wall—with disastrous consequences. In a celebrated six-decade career as a staff writer at The New Yorker, Ross followed this reporter's dictum: "Do not call attention to yourself." Her unobtrusive interviewing techniques resulted in a tall stack of superb journalism, on subjects ranging from Ernest Hemingway to a group of rural Indiana high schoolers' first trip to New York City. Some believe that the best book ever written about Hollywood was Ross's Picture, from her New Yorker articles about John Huston's tortured effort to bring Stephen Crane's Civil War novel, The Red Badge of Courage, to the screen. But in 1998, the fly on the wall did something out of character: she called attention to herself by publishing a memoir, Here but Not Here, which revealed her 50-year love affair with the late William Shawn, the married editor of The New Yorker, whose widow and children were still alive. Many in the New York literary tribe were incensed. Charles McGrath, then editor of The New York Times Book Review, dissed the book as "a tactless example of the current avidity for tell-all confessions." Jeremy Bernstein, a 31-year veteran of The New Yorker, called it "a deeply hurtful, self-indulgent, tasteless book that never should have been written at all." Ross claimed to be mystified by the uproar. As she told the gossip columnist Liz Smith: "The controversy doesn't make any sense to me." Jim Clark Jim Clark may not be a household name, but for more than four decades, as a student, teacher, editor, then director of the MFA program in creative writing at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Clark was an outsize influence on generations of writers. He carried a torch passed down by the school's earlier writing teachers—Allen Tate and his wife Caroline Gordon, Randall Jarrell, Peter Taylor, Fred Chappell, Bob Watson and, now, Michael Parker and Terry Kennedy, among many others. The word "generous" keeps popping up when people remember Clark, who died on Oct. 30 at 72. I experienced that generosity firsthand when Clark, who was also an ordained minister, helped me put together an essay about Greensboro's peculiar allure for writers. Clark pointed me to a quote by Jarrell, who called the town "Sleeping Beauty," adding that "Greensboro leaves one alone just wonderfully." I join hundreds of writers in saying, "Thank you, Jim. Rest in peace." William H. Gass William H. Gass, who died on Dec. 6 at 93, is regarded by many as a father of postmodern writing (unless you think the title belongs to Miguel de Cervantes for that house of mirrors called Don Quixote). Gass, after all, coined the word "metafiction" for his favored ploy of inserting a character known as William H. Gass into fiction written by William H. Gass. But I think Gass should be remembered for four very different reasons. First, he believed sentences were sacred objects and every one should be as perfect as the writer can possibly make it. Second, while he will be remembered for his novels, especially The Tunnel, and his short stories, I'm partial to his essays, on everything from suicide to Malcolm Lowry's epic (and suicidal) drinking, which are the work of a brilliant mind that wears its erudition lightly. Third, Gass was a metaphor machine; he said the things came at him in "squadrons." Of the insane he wrote that "their thoughts are open razors, their eyes go off like guns." Metal threads, he wrote, were "glinting like those gay gold loops which close the coat of a grenadier." And fourth, in our careerist, prize-drunk age, Gass had a refreshing disdain for literary awards, even as many were bestowed on him. "The Pulitzer Prize in fiction," he wrote, "takes dead aim at mediocrity and almost never misses." Simeon Booker My father was working as a reporter at The Washington Post in 1952 when the paper hired its first black reporter, a Baltimore native named Simeon Booker. But Booker lasted just two years at The Post, becoming frustrated by the limited assignments from his white editors in the nation's rigidly segregated capital. He yearned to write about the black experience in America, and so he started contributing to the weekly Jet and the monthly Ebony, both aimed at black readers. Booker's timing was superb. Over the next six decades, he covered many of the defining stories of the 20th century, including the brutal murder of the black teenager Emmett Till and the acquittal of his white killers, the Montgomery bus boycott, the Freedom Rides, the Bloody Sunday melee on the Pettus Bridge. He also wrote about politicians, celebrities, and ordinary people. Booker, who died on Dec. 10 at 99, found time to produce books in his long and decorated life, including Black Man's America (1964) and Shocking the Conscience: A Reporter's Account of the Civil Rights Movement. While there were many courageous and talented reporters, black and white, covering the civil rights movement (see Gene Roberts and Hank Klibanoff's fine book, The Race Beat, or the memoir Beware of Limbo Dancers by Roy Reed, a New York Times reporter who also died on Dec. 10, at 87), Booker seemed to get there first, and he had access, guts, and drive that few rivals could match. And his words carried major weight. One long-time reader said she and others eagerly awaited Booker's dispatches in Jet and Ebony, which they regarded as nothing less than "the gospel according to Simeon." Other notables who left us this year, in alphabetical order: John Ashbery, 90, was a giant of American letters, an inimitable poet who was often imitated but never equaled. He was also an insightful art critic, and in 1976 he became the only writer to win the Pulitzer Prize, the National Book Award, and the National Book Critics Circle award in the same year for his collection Self-Portrait in a Convex Mirror. William Peter Blatty, 89, author of the 1971 horror novel, The Exorcist, which sold 13 million copies. Blatty won the Academy Award for adapted screenplay two years later for the movie version of the book, which shattered box office records thanks to its ingenious use of projectile pea-soup vomiting and a girl with a spinning head. J.P. Donleavy, 91, whose bawdy 1955 novel The Ginger Man was banned and burned before it became a contemporary classic, with 45 million copies in print. Donleavy, who lived for many years in Ireland and was an accomplished painter, had this to say about old age: "It's not nice, but take comfort that you won't stay that way forever." Paula Fox, 93, was dubbed one of America's "least appreciated" novelists by The Nation, but she received some overdue recognition in 1999, when Jonathan Franzen wrote an introduction to a popular reissue Fox's signature novel, Desperate Characters. Nancy Friday, 84, author of the bestsellers My Secret Garden and Forbidden Flowers, built her writing career on the earth-shattering premise that women have sexual fantasies. To the dismay of many feminists, Friday argued that it was by ridding themselves of shame that women can achieve professional, political, and economic equality with men. Some of Friday's ideas have held up better than others. In 1996, appearing on Politically Incorrect with Bill Maher, she dismissed the importance of on-the-job sexual harassment. "The workplace," she said, "is the meeting and mating place." Try telling that to Salma Hayek. Sue Grafton, 77, didn't quite make it to Z. Her so-called alphabet novels, featuring the private eye Kinsey Millhone, began with 1982's A Is for Alibi and reached Y Is for Yesterday last summer. Grafton, whose influences ranged from Nancy Drew to Mickey Spillane, was at work on Z Is for Zero at the time of her death. Clifford Irving, 87, who became a millionaire, briefly, but then went to prison when his early 1970s book, The Autobiography of Howard Hughes, was blocked from publication after it was proven to be one of the most sublime literary hoaxes of the 20thcentury. Robert M. Pirsig, 88, who captured the schizoid zeitgeist of the 1970s with his novel Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance, which sold millions of copies and remained on bestseller lists for a decade. Sam Shepard was that rarest thing: a Pulitzer Prize-winning playwright—and an accomplished memoirist, musician, screenwriter, and songwriter—who became an Oscar-nominated, heart-throb movie star. His posthumous final work, Spy of the First Person, is narrated by a man suffering from a degenerative disorder much like the Lou Gehrig's disease that killed Shepard at age 73. Robert Silvers, 87, was a founding editor of The New York Review of Books in 1963, and he spent the rest of his life shaping it into one of America's most influential literary publications. The self-effacing Silver had this to say about the editor's role: "The one thing he should avoid is taking credit. It's the writer that counts." Richard Wilbur, 96, was a poet, translator, and opera lyricist who won two Pulitzer Prizes and a National Book Award for his meticulous, unshowy poetry. In 1988 he succeeded Robert Penn Warren as the nation's poet laureate. Yevgeny Yevtushenko, 83, was the un-Richard Wilbur, a Russian whose showy, defiant poems and theatrical delivery turned him into poetry's version of an international rock star. Stalinism and other forms of totalitarianism were early targets, though some grumbled that the Soviet government tolerated him while sending other dissidents to Siberia. Some went so far as to call Yevtushenko a sellout. The exiled poet Joseph Brodsky said of him, "He throws stones only in directions that are officially sanctioned and approved." Millions of fans worldwide disagreed.


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LAGOS, Nigeria – After months of injuries and illnesses, Venus Williams was all smiles as she interrupted a break during an exhibition match with her sister Serena to shake her hips to a Nigerian pop song.
And after winning 6-4, 7-5 on Friday, she offered a prediction for the future.
"For me to get a win against Serena, it means 2013 is going to be a great year," Venus said to cheers from the crowd at Lagos Lawn Tennis Club.
Despite 91-degree heat that felt like 101 on the clay court, Venus appeared loose during play, at one point dancing at an intermission to the song "Oliver Twist" by Nigerian singer D'banj.
She also playfully teased her sister, who had repeated trouble on her serve toss looking into the sun.
Diagnosed last year with an autoimmune disease that causes fatigue, Venus struggled all year and was ranked No. 24. However, she won the Luxembourg Open on Oct. 21, her first WTA win in more than two years.
Serena, ranked No. 3 and coming off a win at the WTA Championships in Istanbul last week, grew frustrated with her play. She batted a tennis ball against the back wall in anger at one point and cried out over poor volleys.
Several times, she stopped to kneel on the clay and press her head against her tennis racket. However, the loose, talkative crowd repeatedly got her attention. At one point, she did a double-take and laughed when she saw a man holding up a sign that read: "I am the Nigerian husband Serena never had."
"We've worked so hard this year; Venus has worked so hard," Serena said. "We hope to keep this momentum going into next year."
The sisters move on to South Africa as part of their two-nation tour.
Jon Gambrell can be reached at www.twitter.com/jongambrellAP


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by Kamau M. Askari
Organization is a framework through which collective power can be achieved. Organization is also a byproduct of unity.
Prisoners of varying racial and ethnic backgrounds and ideological and political persuasions have forged a united front – best reflected by the Short Corridor Collective confined in Pelican Bay State Prison Security Housing Unit – around common goals and interests of ameliorating the tortuous concrete conditions inherent to long-term solitary confinement.
The previous call for prisoner hunger strikes on July 1 and subsequently Sept. 26, 2011, constitute the initial acts of mass prisoner unity.
Out of this initial unified front has spiraled the positive, productive and progressive mass prisoner cessation of unscrupulous racial violence and hostilities within prisons throughout the system of the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitations (CDCR), as well as various communities of California society at large.
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Those of us who study the dialectical laws of development as it relates to history and the science of struggle are acutely aware that any activities geared to unifying and organizing prisoners pursuant to the particulars of a prison movement – in this instance challenging the tortuous conditions of long-term solitary confinement – will be targeted for neutralization by prison authorities who stand to benefit the least from a progressive change in the currently existing relations relative to long-term solitary confinement.
We know this because we also know that prison mirrors society! Prior history and practical experience inform and guide our present approach so as not to repeat mistakes of the past.
For example, in the 1960s-1970s era of the Black Liberation Movement in Amerika, which sought to achieve political, socio-cultural, economic and national independence for New Afrikan (Black) people, the Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI) launched a counter-intelligence program (COINTELPRO) for the precise purpose of identifying, disrupting, discrediting, disabling and/or destroying Black revolutionary nationalist organizations and formations: namely, Black Panther Party (BPP), Black Liberation Army (BLA), Republic of New Afrika (RNA), Revolutionary Action Movement (RAM), Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), et al.
Behind prison walls similar events were occurring, yet the level of class and racial social relations were intensified substantially beyond that existent in society. CDCR propaganda fostered a relation that perpetuated a state of racial hostilities and violence among prisoners, which has proceeded until the current initiative undertaken by our Short Corridor Collective.
Now this brings us to our focal point of discussion: making ineffective prison authorities' counter-productive plots, and identifying individuals whose activities seek to undermine our prisoner unity and organization.
Any activities geared to unifying and organizing prisoners pursuant to the particulars of a prison movement – in this instance challenging the tortuous conditions of long-term solitary confinement – will be targeted for neutralization by prison authorities who stand to benefit the least from a progressive change in the currently existing relations relative to long-term solitary confinement.
Prisoners must be dedicated, committed and determined to maintaining the progress made in our racial and social relations thus far – exercising vigilance and caution against having our prisoner racial and social relations deteriorated or undermined by any tactics or measures which could possibly be employed by prison authorities and/or some programmed androids having the same type of functions and objectives, i.e., collaborators, agent provocateurs, infiltrators, asinine lackeys etc.
The key to maintaining progressive prisoner relations is to not let "subjective sentiments", i.e., personal prejudices and biases, petty differences, prisoners sitting around hating on other prisoners through their own personal misery or envy, etc., take precedence over prisoner unity in organization.
Prisoners must remain cognizant of the fact that our ultimate goals and objectives, i.e., ending tortuous, long-term solitary confinement, and maintaining progressive prisoner racial and social relations are greater than the varying manifestations that can give rise to differences among prisoners stemming from petty subjectivism!
Send our brother some love and light: Kamau M. Askari, b/n Ralph A. Taylor, D-03780, D3-102, P.O. Box 7500, Crescent City, CA 95531. Kamau is coordinator of the NARN Collective Think Tank.