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Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy
1. What every clinician should know
Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) is a liver disease specific to pregnancy presenting usually in the third trimester with intense pruritus and elevated maternal serum bile acids (BA).
There is marked geographic variation in the incidence of ICP, with the disease known to occur in as few as 1:10,000 deliveries in European populations and more frequently in South Asian, South American, and Scandinavian populations. Occurrence is as frequently as 14% in some Chilean populations.
In addition, seasonal variation has been demonstrated, with ICP occurring more frequently in the winter months. A higher incidence is seen in multiple gestations, following in vitro virtilization, in patients of advanced maternal age, and in patients with a prior history of ICP. Hepatitis C has also been reported as a risk factor for ICP and may be associated with early onset of the disease. While maternal morbidity is usually mild, ICP has been associated with multiple adverse fetal outcomes, including preterm labor, meconium stained amniotic fluid, fetal distress, and intrauterine fetal demise.
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Risk factors
A higher incidence of ICP is seen in multiple gestations, following in vitro fertilization, in patients of advanced maternal age, and in those with a prior history of ICP. Hepatitis C has also been reported as a risk factor for ICP and may be associated with early onset of the disease.
While the exact cause of ICP is unknown, it is likely a combination of genetic, hormonal, and exogenous factors. Sex hormones (estrogen and progesterone) have known cholestatic effects through inhibition of the hepatocellular bile salt export pump. This may explain why those women carrying multiple gestations are at an increased risk of ICP (higher endogenous sex steroids) and why the disease resolves relatively quickly after delivery (withdrawal of hormones).
In addition, several genetic studies have identified mutations in genes involved in hepatobiliary transport, cholesterol metabolism, and protein trafficking that all may be associated with the development of ICP. Other studies have proposed a role for dietary factors (selenium deficiency), seasonable variability, and geographic variations.
Fetal complications are likely due to the over accumulation of BA in the fetal circulation. Increased maternal serum BA leads to a breakdown of bile acid transport from the fetal to maternal compartment, resulting in deleterious fetal effects.
Animal studies have found impaired cardiac myocyte contractility when exposed to high levels of taurocholate (a bile acid). Therefore, one etiology of fetal death in ICP may be an acute cardiac event. Other studies have demonstrated human chorionic vein constriction with the administration of cholic acid, which is theoretically a possible mechanism for acute fetal asphyxia and subsequent demise. Still further studies have demonstrated an increase in fetal colonic motility with the administration of cholic acid. Though meconium passage is known to occur more frequently in cases of ICP, there is insufficient evidence in the literature to suggest a role for meconium in fetal death.
2. Diagnosis and differential diagnosis
ICP presents in the third trimester 80% of the time. The disease typically manifests with intense pruritus originating on the palms and soles and later extending to the trunk and extremities. In rare, severe cases, pruritus can involve the face, neck, ears, and mucosal surfaces. Skin lesions are notably absent. Most patients report a nocturnal exacerbation of the pruritus with associated insomnia and fatigue. Mild jaundice is seen in 20% of patients, often associated with dark urine and hyperbilirubinemia. Some patients may also report mild nausea and anorexia. Due to malabsorption, some women may have a deficiency of fat soluble vitamins (including vitamin K), thereby increasing their risk of postpartum hemorrhage
Findings of maternal fever, abdominal pain, profuse vomiting, mental status changes, coagulopathy, or hypertensions should prompt an immediate and thorough evaluation for other causes of liver dysfunction in pregnancy (acute hepatitis, cholelithiasis, cholecystitis, acute fatty liver of pregnancy, or pre-eclampsia/HELLP).
While imaging is not necessary for diagnosis of ICP, some clinicians may want to obtain a maternal abdominal (right upper quadrant) ultrasound to evaluate for other possible causes of liver disease (i.e., cholelithiasis). In addition, regular ultrasound evaluation of fetal growth is recommended once a diagnosis of ICP is established.
Liver biopsy, though also unnecessary for an ICP diagnosis, will show centrilobar cholestasis with minimal or no inflammatory changes, canaliculi containing bile plugs, and bile pigment in hepatocytes.
Physical exam is notable for a paucity of findings. Excoriations may be present, but there are no distinct skin lesions noted with ICP. As mentioned above, mild jaundice may be noted. Symptoms usually resolve within days of delivery. Note that the severity of maternal signs and symptoms do not seem to consistently correlate with fetal prognosis.
Patients with ICP do not display evidence of fever, abdominal pain, profuse vomiting, mental status changes, coagulopathy, or hypertension. Such findings should prompt an immediate and thorough evaluation for other causes of liver dysfunction in pregnancy, including acute hepatitis, cholelithiasis, cholecystitis, acute fatty liver of pregnancy, and pre-eclampsia/HELLP.
We recommend sending 1) total serum bile acids (BA); 2) alanine aminotransferase (ALT); 3) aspartate aminotransferase (AST); and 4) total and direct bilirubin. Consideration should be given to sending a hepatitis panel as well. BA may be elevated 10 – 25 fold and is often the first and sometimes only lab abnormality. Of note, there is significant inter-laboratory variability in the normal lab value cut offs. Generally, bile acids greater than 10 umol/L is considered abnormal. AST and ALT may be increased 2 – 20 fold. Total and direct bilirubin may also be significantly elevated.
Serum abnormalities have been noted to be present up to 4 weeks prior to symptom development and as late as 3 weeks after symptom development. Lab abnormalities usually resolve within 4 – 8 weeks of delivery.
Those presenting with ICP prior to the third trimester should be tested for Hepatitis C, as ICP is known to occur more commonly in affected patients.
3. Management
Multiple medications have been used to manage cholestasis over the last several years, including steroids, bile acid-binding resins (cholestyramine), bile acid sequestrants, antihisamines, and opioid antagonists, all with variable and less than satisfying results regarding resolution of maternal symptoms, laboratory improvements, and/or improved perinatal outcome.
Ursodeoxycholic Acid (UDCA) is a newer agent that has been shown to mitigate maternal pruritus and enzyme elevations, as well as reverse abnormalities in bile acid transport across the placenta. UDCA is a hydrophilic bile acid that alters the overall distribution of bile acids in the bile acid pool and may therefore aid in the removal of bile acids from the fetal compartment. Whether it is able to alter fetal prognosis remains unclear. Regardless, UDCA is generally well tolerated and is considered the first line treatment for ICP. We recommend initiation of treatment with either 500mg po BID or 300mg po TID to a maximum of 15mg/kg/day until delivery.
Unfortunately, due to the unpredictable nature of fetal complications, there is little consensus among practitioners regarding the appropriate level of antepartum testing and/or timing of delivery. Considering that most cases of fetal demise occur after 37 weeks gestation, most clinicians have adopted a practice of early delivery, with or without documentation of fetal lung maturity.
We recommend, upon diagnosis of ICP prior to 37 weeks gestation, initiation of UDCA (500mg po BID or 300mg po TID) and an antihistamine as needed for control of pruritus. In addition, we recommend initiation of fetal kick counts, biweekly fetal testing (either by NST or BPP), and ultrasound growth evaluations every 2 – 4 weeks.
Regarding timing of delivery, we would recommend delivery at or by 37 weeks gestation. If delivery is opted for prior to this time (e.g., 36 week gestation), we would recommend documentation of fetal lung maturity (FLM) by amniocentesis. If FLM is noted to be immature, we would recommend either administration of a course of antentatal steroids followed by subsequent delivery or delay of delivery for 1 week (until 37 weeks gestation).
The diagnosis of ICP should not impact the mode of delivery, and an induction of labor, if no contraindications exist, should be considered appropriate.
While the diagnosis of ICP typically involves both symptoms and elevated BA levels, there is evidence that symptoms may precede laboratory abnormalities by up to three weeks. In the case of intense pruritus without documentation of elevated bile acids or other explanation for the symptoms, we would recommend initiation of biweekly fetal testing and weekly maternal laboratory evaluation. If bile acids become elevated, we would then recommend following the standard clinical course of UDCA administration, fetal testing and early delivery.
If amniocentesis indicates immature fetal lung function, the provider has two possible options. The first would be to administer a course of antenatal steroids to expedite fetal lung maturation and proceed with delivery. The other option is to continue fetal testing and maternal treatment for another week and then proceed with delivery. We do not see a need for repeating the amniocentesis.
4. Prognosis and outcome
Maternal prognosis is generally considered good. Symptoms usually resolve within days and lab values normalize within weeks of delivery. We recommend following lab values in the postpartum period to document this resolution. Affected women generally have no hepatic sequelae, although they are at an increased risk for later development of cholelithiasis.
Overall, there is a 40 – 60% chance of recurrence of ICP in subsequent pregnancies. Due to malabsorption, some women may have a deficiency of fat soluble vitamins (including vitamin K), thereby increasing their risk of postpartum hemorrhage.
From a fetal perspective, ICP has been associated with preterm delivery, increased perinatal mortality, nonreassuring fetal heart rate patterns, and meconium stained amniotic fluid. When untreated, perinatal mortality ranges from 2 – 15%. Unfortunately, the severity of maternal signs and symptoms do not seem to correlate well with fetal prognosis. In addition, fetal monitoring has been described as normal up until a few days prior to fetal demise. The majority of fetal deaths occur after 37 weeks gestation, hence the rationale for early delivery.
5. What is the evidence for specific management and treatment recommendations
Reyes, H. "Intrahepatic choleststasis: a puzzling disorder of pregnancy". . vol. 12. 1997. pp. 211-6.
Berg, B, Helm, G, Petersohn, L, Tryding, N. "Cholestasis of pregnancy: clinical and laboratory studies". . vol. 65. 1986. pp. 107-13.
Heinonen, S, Kirkinene, P. "Pregnancy outcome with intrahepatic cholestasis". . vol. 94. 1999. pp. 189-93.
Locatelli, A, Rongaclia, N, Arrehgini, A, Bellini, P, Vergani, P. "Hepatitis C virus infection is associated with a higher incidence of cholestasis of pregnancy". . vol. 106. 1999. pp. 498-500.
Reid, R, Ivey, KJ, Rencort, RH, Storey, B. "Fetal complications of obstetric cholestasis". . vol. 1. 1976. pp. 870-2.
Joshi, D, James, A, Quaglia, A, Westbrook, RH, Henegan, MA. "Liver disease in pregnancy". . vol. 375. 2010. pp. 594-605.
Lammert, F, Marschall, HU, Glantz, A, Siegfried, M. "Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: molecular pathogenesis, diagnosis and management". . vol. 33. 2000. pp. 1012-21.
Kenyon, A, Piercy, CN, Girling, J, Williamson, C, Tribe, RM. "Obstetric cholestasis, outcome with active management: a series of 70 cases". . vol. 109. 2002. pp. 282-8.
Pan, C, Perumalswami, P. "Pregnancy-related liver diseases". . vol. 15. 2011. pp. 199-208.
Mullalay, BA, Hansen, WF. "Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: review of the literature". . vol. 57. 2001. pp. 47-52.
Reyes, H, Sjovall, J. "Bile acid and progesterone metabolites in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy". . vol. 32. 2000. pp. 94-106.
Rioseco, AJ, Ivankovic, MB, Manzur, A. "Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: a retrospective case-control study of perinatal outcome". . vol. 170. 1994. pp. 890-5.
Fisk, NM, Storey, GN. "Fetal outcome in obstetric cholestasis". . vol. 95. 1988. pp. 1137-43.
Alsulyman, OM, Ouzounian, JG, Ames-Castro, M, Goodwin, TM. "Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: perinatal outcome associated with expectant management". . vol. 175. 1996. pp. 957-60.
Steiger, B, Fattinger, K, Madon, J, Kullak-Ublick, GA, Meier, PJ. "Brug- and estrogen-induced cholestasis through inhibition of the hepatocellular bile salt export pump (Bsep) of rat liver". . vol. 118. 2000. pp. 422-30.
Williamson, C, Gorelik, J, Eaton, B, Lab, M, de Swiet, M. "The bile acid taurocholate impairs rat cardiomyocyte function: a proposed mechanism for intrauterine fetal death in obstetric cholestasis". . vol. 100. 2001. pp. 363-9.
Sepulveda, WH, Gonzalez, C, Cruz, MA, Rudolph, MI. "Vasoconstrictive effects of bile acids on isolated human placental chorionic veins". . vol. 42. 1991. pp. 211-5.
Pathak, B, Sheibani, L, Lee, RH. "Cholestasis of pregnancy". . vol. 37. 2010. pp. 269-82.
Knox, TA, Olans, LB. "Liver disease in pregnancy". . vol. 335. 1996. pp. 569-76.
Davidson, K. "Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy". . vol. 22. 1998. pp. 104-11.
Steven, MM. "Pregnancy and liver disease". . vol. 22. 1981. pp. 592-614.
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Miles, my favorite blogging chef recently published a post extolling the benefits of grinding your own spices (along with a recipe for curry). I've been following his blog for quite some time now and because of his influence, and the fact that he patiently answers my food questions (thanks, Miles), I've purchased my own spice grinder and pestle and mortar and I'm learning the nuances of what fresh spice or herb to use and when. Plus, if I start from scratch with a cumin seed and not a blend of spices, I know exactly what I'm eating. No possibility of gluten cooties.
When you have food issues and an assortment of ingredients are off limits, learning the fine (and not-so-fine) art of culinary experimentation becomes all the more important. Without getting too sappy, I'm lucky to have an innate interest and love for high-quality and nourishing food, making my gluten-free journey a gift and not a burden. I actually find it fun.
This recipe is an expression of my growing interest in spices and herbs, which by the way have all kinds of healing properties. So, let thy food be thy medicine and thy medicine be thy food.
Spicy squash salad
serves 8 picnicers (is that a word?)
what you need
3 to 4 cups squash, peeled, seeded and chopped into 1 inch cubes *
1 cup raisins
1 chopped apple *
1/4 cup fresh lemon juice
1/4 cup extra virgin olive oil (EVOO for GDave)
2 cloves garlic, finely minced
1 tablespoon honey
1 teaspoon sea salt
3/4 teaspoon freshly ground cinnamon *
1 teaspoon freshly ground cumin *
1/8 teaspoon cayenne pepper
1/4 cup fresh cilantro, washed and coarsely chopped
1/2 cup toasted pecan pieces
what you do
1. Cook squash in large pot of simmering water until knife tender (it won't take long, maybe 5 to 10 minutes). Add raisins during the last minute of cooking. Drain and rinse with cold water to cool.
2. Whisk together lemon juice, EVOO, garlic, honey, salt, cumin, cinnamon and cayenne in large serving bowl. Add squash, raisins, apple, cilantro and pecans. Toss lightly to coat. Serve at room temperature.
Adjust the dressing as needed. This may be too much or too little for your taste.
* Butternut squash is good in this recipe. You can also use sweet potatoes.
* I almost always use Fuji apples, because I'm addicted to them. Seriously addicted.
* I'm grinding my own cinnamon and cumin, but the pre-ground version is fine. Cinnamon helps keep blood sugar levels balanced and works as a circulatory stimulant. It's also a carminative (fancy word for helps reduce gas and bloating). Cumin has been used in Ayurvedic healing for thousands of years. It stimulates the secretion of pancreatic enzymes, aiding digestion.
Go forth and spice up your food!
Tags: butternut squash, cinnamon, cumin, gluten-free

subset: commoncrawl


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Braves swept by Yanks, NY takes NL East lead
ATLANTA (AP) -- Joe Girardi said Hiroki Kuroda is finally becoming comfortable in his first season with the New York Yankees.
The Yankees seem to always feel comfortable in Atlanta.
Curtis Granderson hit a go-ahead two-run homer in the sixth inning and the streaking Yankees beat the Braves 3-2 on Wednesday night to complete their second straight three-game sweep.
The Yankees, now 9-2 at Turner Field, have won all four regular-season series in Atlanta. Including the 1996 and 1999 World Series championships over the Braves, New York has won 14 of its last 16 games in Atlanta.
Kuroda (6-6) gave up two runs in six innings. He stranded runners in scoring position in the second, third and fourth innings before giving up Brian McCann's two-run shot in the fifth. Granderson answered an inning later with his 19th homer.
Kuroda has won three straight decisions, giving up a combined four runs in four starts in that span after he won only three of his first nine decisions.
Girardi said the 37-year-old Kuroda, who signed a one-year deal with New York following four seasons with the Dodgers, needed time to adjust to his new baseball home.
"I think getting comfortable in New York sometimes can take a while," Girardi said. "I've seen it happen to some great pitchers. It can take a while."
Kuroda wasn't so sure his success was a matter of adjusting to New York.
"I don't know if I'm getting comfortable in New York," Kuroda said through a translator. "I think it's one win at a time, one game at a time."
Girardi said the Kuroda he saw beat the Braves is the pitcher the Yankees expected.
"This is what we saw in spring training," Girardi said. "This is what we saw last year and the scouts all saw. It's just consistency. You're starting to see the consistent velocity. You're starting to see the consistent slider, a better curveball. That leads me to believe that he'll continue."
Alex Rodriguez had an RBI single in the first inning for the Yankees, who have surged into first place in the AL East with sweeps of the Mets and Braves.
Rafael Soriano gave up a single to Chipper Jones with two outs in the ninth before capping his 11th save by getting Jason Heyward to hit a popup to second base.
The Braves, who outhit the Yankees 12-7, wasted repeated scoring chances.
With runners on first and third in the eighth, Martin Prado hit into an inning-ending double play against Cody Eppley. It was the Braves' sixth inning with runners in scoring position -- they went 2 for 13 in that situation.
"We just couldn't get anybody in from third base," Braves manager Fredi Gonzalez said. "I think we left a guy on base every inning. It's tough to pitch that way."
The Braves also left runners in scoring position in the second, third, fourth and seventh innings. They broke through against Kuroda only in the fifth.
Prado led off with a single. McCann, the next hitter, pulled a 2-2 pitch from Kuroda about 15 rows deep into the right field seats for his eighth homer, giving Atlanta a 2-1 lead.
Tim Hudson (4-3) gave up the lead before he could record an out in the sixth. Derek Jeter led off with a single. Granderson followed with his homer, a high flyball that stayed fair as it landed inside the right field pole and well beyond the reach of a leaping Jason Heyward, giving the Yankees a 3-2 lead.
Hudson said the pitch Granderson hit for a homer was "a cutter that didn't cut."
"It was frustrating, this series," Hudson said, referring to Tuesday night's loss when the Braves blew a 4-0 lead in losing 6-4.
"Last night I thought we were on the verge of breaking it open big all night and that didn't happen. And tonight, we got the big homer from McCann and then I let them get back in it with a homer."
Jeter led off the game with a double to center. He scored on a one-out single up the middle by Rodriguez.
Kuroda gave up nine hits and two walks. He set a season high with eight strikeouts.
Hudson gave up three runs on six hits with no walks and eight strikeouts in six innings.
The Braves' frustrations with runners in scoring position continued when left-hander Boone Logan ended the seventh by getting Eric Hinske to fly out to center field, leaving runners stranded on first and third.
Hinske, who spent part of the 2009 season with the Yankees, started at first base. Freddie Freeman is still bothered by a bruised his left index finger. He was injured on June 6.
Freeman had three hits against Toronto on Sunday but was 0 for 7 in the first two games against the Yankees.
Atlanta's Michael Bourn had two hits to give him a 13-game hitting streak, matching his career best in 2011. Bourn grounded out with the bases loaded to end the second and struck out with runners on second and third to end the fourth.
NOTES: The Braves optioned RHP Cory Gearrin to Triple-A Gwinnett and recalled RHP Anthony Varvaro from Gwinnett. Gearrin gave up Nick Swisher's tiebreaking, two-run homer Tuesday night. ... Yankees LHP Andy Pettitte threw in the bullpen and reported no problems after snagging a grounder with his bare left hand on Sunday. Pettitte is scheduled to start Sunday at Washington. ... Attendance was 48,938, a sellout. ... Braves LHP Eric O'Flaherty was not available in the bullpen for the second straight day due to stiffness in his left elbow. He said he plans to throw in the bullpen on Friday and hopes to be ready Friday or Saturday. ... 2B Dan Uggla played his 1,000th game. ... Former President Jimmy Carter wore a Braves cap as he watched the game from a seat near the Braves dugout. There was rain through much of the game but no delay. ... Each team is off on Thursday. The Braves open a home series against Baltimore on Friday night and the Yankees continue their tour through the NL East when they open a series at Washington.


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Americans for Truth About Homosexuality's Peter LaBarbera continued his discussion with Liberty University Law School's Rena Lindevaldsen on Friday. The two revisited the topic of openly gay judges, specifically the Virginia prosecutor who was rejected from a judgeship simply because he was gay. That discrimination was ok, Lindevaldsen said, because "if you're engaged in a lifestyle of immorality, whether that be a homosexual lifestyle or an adulterous relationship or fornication, that's not the type of moral character that I believe should be someone who's being appointed to become a judge":
Lindevaldsen: I think we can equate this not only with the judiciary, but the same debate is taking place, you know, who we want to serve as our schoolteachers, for example. We want moral, upstanding individuals to serve as judges, and this debate's taking place with schoolteachers too. So if you're engaged in a lifestyle of immorality, whether that be a homosexual lifestyle or an adulterous relationship or fornication, that's not the type of moral character that I believe should be someone who's being appointed to become a judge.
I think it goes to fit moral character and I think that the necessary qualification of any judicial appointment. And therefore it is relevant, based on your conduct, to judge and decide whether you should be allowed to sit in the judiciary.
Immediately after Lindevaldsen and LaBarbera made the case that gay judicial nominees should be defined by and excluded for their sexual orientation, they changed the rules when it came to another prominent example of an openly gay person in public life. Lindevaldsen and LaBarbera heaped scorn on gay rights activists who have had the nerve to call the late Sally Ride, who lived for 27 years with her same-sex partner, a gay pioneer. Emphasizing Ride's sexual orientation, LaBarbera said — expanding on a tweet from shortly after her death –would be like defining her as an alcoholic if she had a drinking problem:
LaBarbera: They're always using opportunities to promote what their version of reality on homosexuality. And really quickly, Sally Ride, another great example. Sally Ride was the first female astronaut, the first…and she had many amazing accomplishments. Unfortunately she also fell into lesbianism and left her husband, she was married, she ended up living in a lesbian lifestyle. She was not public about it. Now gay activists, like Michelangelo Signorile, are using her homosexual, you know, the fact that she practiced the homosexual lifestyle, to say, 'Hey, this is another gay hero."
Kirkwood: She was a female astronaut, now she's the 'lesbian astronaut.'
LaBarbera: Now she's the lesbian astronaut, and you better believe in textbooks like in California where they're teaching gay history now, there's going to be Sally Ride. So people are going to learn Sally Ride as a, and we're going a bit over here, they're going to learn Sally Ride, Rena, as a gay hero, even though she wasn't even public about it in her life.
Lindevaldsen: Yeah, because they need to contort our history to show that we've accepted this all along and that it's perfectly normal, and see you too can do this and become great things. And you can, you can accomplish things, but that's not who she was, that doesn't define who she was and what she accomplished.
LaBarbera: And Rena, I tweeted, and I knew this was going to get me in trouble, but I tweeted, 'Did she have a drinking problem too?' In my tweet, I said that she made great accomplishments. But she should not be, and I didn't, of course she doesn't, I don't know if she had a drinking problem or not, but my point was the fact that she practiced homosexuality would be about as relevant as saying, 'Sally Ride, hey people who drink can be great.' I mean it's still immoral behavior, it's very sad to me that she was involved in that lifestyle. The fact that she was in that lifestyle doesn't take away from the great accomplishments that she had. But the point is gay identity politics now wants to seize her as a hero.


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Fans make sexy drawings of various characters. From Peter Pan's Tinkerbell to Beauty and the Beast's Belle, they've done this for years.
But Disney's now hooked up with an honest-to-goodness erotic game illustrator, Aoi Nishimata, for an official collaboration. The end result, however, isn't sexy. But is it any good?
Nishimata is an in-house illustrator and character designer at bishojo ("beautiful girl") erotic game company Navel. Nishimata is best known for her work on 18-and-up adult games like Shuffle! and Really? Really!. These are popular games with all-ages versions, but make no mistake, the original versions of these games are adults only.
In the last few years, Nishimata has been able to sell herself as the default moé illustrator, drawing characters on rice, pudding, curry, sake, and even a Star Wars art book.
It is unusual for Disney to hand over one of its iconic characters to an illustrator who's made a career of designing beautiful young girls that get boned in games. Stranger things have happened, I guess, and actually, I think it's kind of cool that Disney's being so open minded and progressive. Good for Disney.
Nishimata spends more time designing character outfits than character. Her faces are blank defaults.
Remember, it was only a few years ago that the mainstream American media was freaking out about adults-only Japanese computer games.
My beef with Nishimata is that she's lazy when it comes to faces. All her characters look exactly the same. That's not true—she has about three or four faces she uses over and over again. And those faces look the same. Don't believe me? More here.
Some might say its her signature style. It is. Nishimata spends more time designing character outfits than character. Her faces are blank defaults. Perhaps that's my problem—that I want illustrations to draw me in through the character. Clothes and costumes are important, but so are facial features. I want the complete package. Sue me.
Westerners might argue that, well, all anime faces look the same. Okay, but Nishimata's really look the same. So Nishimata's Tinkerbell ends up just like any other character she's ever designed. Shame, because Disney's done such a terrific job of giving each of its princesses unique features.
If Disney is going to reach out to female character designer or illustrator who works in the erotic game industry, there are many more talented illustrators—illustrators able to design both clothes and characters.
The Tinkerbell drawing is the first of Disney's collaborations with Nishimata. According to the illustrator's blog, signed prints will be available at the theme parks in America for US$350 a pop. Unsigned prints are $125. Expect more Disney princess from Nishimata. Expect them to look the same.
Culture Smash is a daily dose of things topical, interesting and sometimes even awesome—game related and beyond.
(Top photo: Disney Illustration Aoi Nishimata)


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Silverdale, Washington
5 Reviews | Review This Place | Photos and Maps| Homes For Sale
+34.7% since 2020
Unemployment Rate
Cost of Living
120.1 / 100
Median Home Price
Median Income
Comfort Index (Climate)
9.2 / 5.4
summer / winter
The Bremerton-Silverdale metropolitan area represents a group of island communities across Puget Sound's main channel. Bremerton is the largest city with seaport and shipbuilding activities, but the character of the area outside of the city and on other islands is mainly suburban and rural, with small towns and commuter communities on Bainbridge Island and Vashon Island, among others. Bainbridge itself has suffered some economic decline in its major industries, and the downtown area experienced some decay but has also undergone some revitalization; the result is a mixed bag. Silverdale is a residential and shopping area just north.
Ferry service takes about an hour with relatively infrequent sailings 1 ½ hours apart, so Seattle commutes must be well planned. Naturally, Seattle offers some of the finest big-city amenities available in the country, and the last ferry departure at 12:50 AM enables locals to take advantage of them in off hours. Most communities have attractive housing in wooded settings. Residents make the trip to Seattle or Olympia to the south for amenities lacking in the immediate area. Most of the region has a livable small-town atmosphere with excellent outdoor recreation and a pleasant—if wet—climate.
The area is a series of level to slightly hilly islands and inlets with dense coniferous forest. The climate is marine, with a moderate sheltering effect from the Olympic Mountains to the west. Summers are cool and mainly dry. The rest of the year is a mix of clouds, light rain, and an occasional snow, although the water-level location makes snow uncommon. First freeze is early October, last is end of April.
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Scan the below QR code and download the App:


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BlackBerry 10 smartphones, delayed until early 2013, will have the "best browsers in the industry" and will come in touchscreen-only models as well as those with traditional physical keyboards, a Research in Motion executive said Thursday.
RIM's BlackBerry 10 devices, announced in May, will have an overall focus on communications that "drives efficient communications to a new level," said Peter Devenyi, senior vice president of enterprise software at RIM.
"We must build devices that appeal to everybody -- workers and consumers. That's what BlackBerry 10 is about, to be the most appealing smartphone that also works effectively and seamlessly in a person's work life," Devenyi said in a telephone interview.
RIM recognizes how important its smartphones and its BlackBerry Enterprise Server software are to its overall business, Devenyi said. That's become especially true as workers who make up the core of BlackBerry's customer base increasingly want to use smartphones and tablets that run Apple' iOS or Google's Android operating systems for workplace activities.
"There's always going to be lots of corporate [purchased] devices, but BYOD devices are outpacing corporate," he said. Research firm IDC put BlackBerry at 6% of the global market in the first quarter, half of its share in the first quarter of 2011, a decline that many blame on weaknesses in features in the BlackBerry, including its browser and touchscreen.
Devenyi said the Webkit browser inside BlackBerry 7 devices is a "tremendous browser," but said BlackBerry 10 will take it to a "whole new level."
Just days after reports surfaced that the first BlackBerry 10 smartphones will be touchscreen devices and won't have the customary physical keyboard loved by many BlackBerry users, Devenyi sought to clarify: "We're not abandoning the physical keyboard. We'll be delivering in 2013 both touch and physical keyboards."
The past few months have been difficult for RIM, Deveyni acknowledged. Last week, RIM disappointed investors with negative earnings, layoffs and news that BlackBerry 10 software and devices would be delayed into 2013.
Still, RIM CEO Thorsten Heins defended RIM on Tuesday, telling a Canadian radio audience that RIM is not in a "death spiral" even though its stock fell 19% last Friday on the earnings news. Heins' comments might have helped, since the RIM stock price bumped up 4.2% to $7.66 at 1 p.m. ET on Thursday from its close on Tuesday for the July 4 holiday.
"The transition we're going through is tough, as Thorsten has stated, but we've never seen a company as committed to going through transition as what we see here at RIM," Devenyi said. "It's nice to do [the transition] with $2.2 billion of cash and no debt and a growing customer base which remains number one in many countries." He said there are currently 78 million BlackBerry devices and 250,000 BES servers in use globally.
RIM remains committed to BlackBerry 10, but Devenyi admitted that a variety of other strategies for growth are being investigated. "A number of strategic opportunities are being looked into, and we will continue to do that, and yet our firm commitment is to drive forward with our next generation mobile computing platform, the nucleus of which is BlackBerry 10," he said.
He did clarify, however, that "we don't believe it's in RIM's best interest or that of the shareholders to be dependent on a third party OS." Some analysts have speculated that RIM might want to use the Windows Phone or Android OS on future BlackBerry smartphones.
Devenyi did not comment on other strategic options that have been raised, including the possible licensing of the BlackBerry OS to other smartphone manufacturers or licensing or selling the RIM network operations center and network to other smartphone makers to use to secure their smartphones.
Devenyi arrived at RIM, based in Waterloo, Ontario, in 2005 and has major responsibility for research and development for RIM's enterprise software portfolio, including BES and other capabilities. He conceded that RIM could better publicize to its enterprise customers some of those capabilities, such as BlackBerry Mobile Fusion and BlackBerry Balance.
Blackberry Mobile Fusion, device management software that RIM introduced last November, was expanded in April to help IT shops provide the security used in BlackBerry devices to iOS and Android tablets and smartphones, Devenyi said.
RIM always offered 256-bit encryption for BlackBerry devices. With Mobile Fusion, the difference is that the encrypted data runs over Microsoft ActiveSync management software, and not over RIM's proprietary mobile device management software, Devenyi explained.
Also, the security over ActiveSync is optional to IT shops. "Before, IT had to connect to BES, so this enables a whole array of [Bring your own] devices," he explained. "We had to make sure we opened up the opportunity to BYOD to connect devices of any type to corporate data with any level of security constraints -- whether this includes Fusion or is less strict and less secure."
Devenyi said Fusion has attracted a "tremendous amount of interest ... a number of companies are actively using it" and giving RIM feedback on ways to improve Fusion to "make sure it's the leading mobile device management solution out there."
One future direction for security on BlackBerry devices will be how RIM secures data on consumer devices, so that corporate data is separated from personal data. RIM calls its approach "seamless partitioning" with the name BlackBerry Balance, which will appear in BlackBerry 10.
The principal value of Balance is that users won't be allowed to do certain things with corporate data when using the personal capabilities inside a smartphone or tablet.
"If I have got an enterprise app on my smartphone, IT can wipe everything the enterprise knows about away ... The data's secured and could never be transmitted out on the non-enterprise side. That means you could never cut and paste enterprise email into non-enterprise email, for example," Devenyi explained.
Also, after listening to customers, RIM is planning to bring Mobile Fusion capabilities to the cloud, so that corporate customers can manage a variety of smartphone and tablet OSes without the need for servers on their premises, Devenyi said.
"Mobile Fusion is a direct realization that there will be heterogeneous devices that need to be managed. We are committed to extending it to more devices and to make it the best. Our customers are relying on that. On top of that, we must build devices that appeal to everybody ... and that's what BlackBerry 10 is about."
RIM is holding its annual shareholders meeting on July 10. It will be Webcast.
Matt Hamblen covers mobile and wireless, smartphones and other handhelds, and wireless networking for Computerworld. Follow Matt on Twitter at @matthamblen or subscribe to Matt's RSS feed. His email address is email@example.com.
See more by Matt Hamblen on Computerworld.com.
Read more about mobile oses in Computerworld's Mobile OSes Topic Center.


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President Obama's Department of Justice announced last week that there would be no indictments in the collapse of AIG, an event which led to a worldwide economic collapse and cost the American taxpayer trillions. As someone who once worked for AIG I was shocked, but apparently that's how this mystery ends: Hundreds of millions of victims, smoking guns in every room, and not a perp to be found anywhere.
Yves Smith is disappointed that PriceWaterhouseCoopers, the auditors who signed off on AIG's financial claims despite mounds of disturbing evidence, escaped serious legal scrutiny. She observes that our "Potemkin" financial reform (her word) won't remove the barriers that prosecutors face in pursuing secondary parties like auditors (although I believe the Supreme Court ruling she cited only addressed civil suits.) Not only is the auditor protected, but that allows the fraudster himself to use the defense that he kept his auditor informed - kind of like Bush and Cheney using John Yoo's legal opinion to inoculate themselves from criminal prosecution.
Here's another possible reason there won't be a prosecution: Our economy was shattered by a syndicate, a ring, a cabal at the top of the financial pyramid. To move against any one of them - AIG's Joe Cassano, the auditors, Goldman Sachs, or even the credit agencies - would trigger a chain reaction of rats turning on one another, summoning each other to testify, and spilling each other's dirty secrets in an attempt to save themselves.


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Joined: 16 Jan 2017
Posts: 1
Posted: Mon Jan 16, 2017 6:45 am
Post subject: Is a TESOL Graduate Certificate worth it?
I have a master's degree in English, and have some experience in TESOL. I was an adjunct for an ESL Listening and Speaking class at a local community college. I've done private ESL tutoring for corporate employees and their spouses, and I currently teaching online lessons through a Chinese company.
I live in the United States, and I understand that most adult or post secondary jobs for ELLs will be part time. But will going back to school to pursue a TESOL cert. open anymore doors for me? I am not talking about one of those diploma mill websites, but rather a 4 year public institution that offers a certificate for the completion of 12 graduate hours (4 courses) in ESL. Since I already have an MA, I am not looking to complete the entire degree program, but rather take some courses where I can learn more about teaching methods designed specifically for English Language Learners.
So, considering my education and experience, would there be any advantages to completing one of these programs?
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Joined: 04 Jun 2004
Posts: 506
Location: UK
Posted: Tue Jan 17, 2017 1:41 pm
Post subject:
Hello Luketheduke
Welcome to the forum.
You have no formal teaching qualifications, so that's what's missing from your portfolio, if that is your career choice. The type of teaching qualification required depends upon whether it is a primary, secondary, college, or university environment, in which you want to teach.
Nevertheless, a TESOL certificate, for a native speaker, is deemed to be a sufficient qualification to teach English to non-native speakers. So having a TESOL certificate, of any sort, will definitely open doors for you to teach English as a foreign language. However, the better the institution, the better the TESOL course will be and as you want to improve your teaching techniques, then the graduate course is the way to go.
Part of a TESOL course will be the practical element, which you already have and so all you need now is the theory.
Best of luck
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We have one of the most rewarding jobs in the world: helping to save lives. As the world market leader in fire defense and disaster management, we focus on the people who give a hundred percent during emergency operations.
Our mission—to protect those who save lives—is what motivates us. We want to be the best in our field—and to remain the best. We are open to new ideas and always try to think outside the box and look beyond international borders. The people who work with us want to help others and make a valuable contribution to society.
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text: Ranking Democrats Henry Waxman and G.K. Butterfield of the U.S. House Energy and Commerce Committee sent letters on Thursday to developers of iOS apps, asking for information on how the programs collect and store user data.The lawmakers are seeking the information as part of an inquiry into privacy and security practices related to mobile phone applications, according to the committee's Democratic website.The inquiry comes amid growing concern about mobile privacy, which remains largely unregulated despite the explosion of smartphone usage. In mid-February, after reports that the social networking app Path was uploading users' address books without their knowledge, Waxman and Butterfield sent a letter to Apple CEO Tim Cook, requesting clarification of the privacy protections the company demands of app developers. Last week, the lawmakers notified Cook that they weren't satisfied with the answers and asked Apple representatives to brief them in person.The letters sent Thursday to the developers of apps such as Path, Facebook, Instagram, Foodspotting and others asked developers to explain how their apps use personal information, including address books, email accounts, calendars, photos and unique device identifier numbers. The committee members said they expect answers by April 12.Cameron Scott covers search, web services and privacy for The IDG News Service. Follow Cameron on Twitter at CScott_IDG.


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The second season of this spinoff of The Missing follows retired detective Julien Baptiste (Tchéky Karyo) as he delves into Budapest's corrupt underworld to find a British Ambassador's family who go missing on a skiing holiday in the Hungarian mountains. Ambassador Emma Chambers, played by Fiona Shaw (Killing Eve), is thrust into the crosshairs of Baptiste's most complex case to date, as the detective navigates an untrustworthy police force and international media interest as he hunts for her husband and two sons.
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Jarren Harkema, 14, son of Tim and Heather Harkema, of Cedar Springs, took first place this year at the Kent County Youth Fair as a junior champion rabbit showman.
He then had the opportunity to compete in the Kent County 2010 Showman Sweepstakes, which was held on August 14th. The day before he had to go around and learn how to show every single animal in fair, including Dairy Cow, Beef Cow, Swine, Horse, Sheep, Goat, Chicken, Dog and Cavy.
"Jarren thought it was such an honor and a great learning experience to be a part of the sweepstakes where all the top 20 champion students of Kent County competed," said Heather. "We are so proud of him."
This was Jarren's 5th year of being part of 4H Kent County Youth Fair. His group is The Country Cowboys out of Sparta. Jarren's club leader is Dick Bethel, of Rockford, a retired Ferris University professor.
Jarren also won other awards at Kent County youth fair this year, including Best in Breed for his Polish Rabbit, Best in Show for mechanical/robotics construction and best in show for a stop motion animated film. In previous years, Jarren has taken 3rd and 2nd place in Rabbit Showmanship.
Jarren is a 9th grade homeschooler and is active in many activities, including 4H, science & engineering clubs, First Lego League & Robotics with local and national competitions, Community service projects, Teen Bible Challenge, and active in his church youth group. He enjoys hanging out with his family and friends, and has two brothers, Brennan and Landon.


text:
From my mail:
I am gearing up to design my fall 2007 line to be shown at various trade shows in January. I love the scheduling sheet that you included in the book. My question has to do with fabric and production. Now I know what a jobber is, but say I make my samples with 50 yards or so of fabric, take it to the trade show and pick up orders for 300 of that shirt. That's going to be at least 1000 yds of that fabric I need (plus we have a retail shop so lets say another 300 yds). Will the fabric company have 1300 yds in February for me to purchase, and if they don't what do I tell my retailer, and what is the line going to look like with hole in it?
If it were my line, I would not be willing to risk not being able to get those goods in February. A jobber won't be able to guarantee it so I wouldn't source from them unless it's a stock item, exact color matching is not required and it's a reputable jobber who has a reputation for following through. As far as what you tell the retailer…I don't know. If you don't get the goods, they don't care what the particular reason is that you won't be filling the order, they won't be happy. If you don't fill the order, you risk losing them as a customer forever. Bummer, huh?
Caveat: Sometimes you can cancel a buyer's order and it is "okay". Buyers aren't happy but they accept it. You can cancel an order if you drop the style. In other words, if you don't get enough orders to justify cutting it, you can drop it. Buyers won't like it but canceling an order based on drops is accepted standard practice. All of this is in the book .
This where I am confused. I have called Robert Kaufman and they seem to have anywhere from 1000 yards to 2000 yards of a certain fabric at this time – if this is an industry giant, how can I place my bets on my line 4 months in advance? I don't want to buy fabric without orders in hand.
First you need to order these goods as samples. Not swatches, but samples (swatches is step one, samples is step 2). This way a rep automatically knows you're not sourcing for immediate production. If you don't ask to buy sample goods, they'll think you're sourcing for immediate production so they won't be concerned about your needs in February. You are correct in that you should not buy those goods now but according to the time line of your anticipated production purchase (all of this is explained in the book starting on pg 50). They won't sell you samples of something if they don't intend to be able to supply you in four months. Now, that's not to say that it is guaranteed they'll have the goods because it may be that they didn't get enough orders for that fabric to justify producing it. Just like with your products, they can drop styles too. If they drop the style, you can also drop the style (as in the second paragraph) with less stigma to your buyers.
I am in Boston, and was thinking of taking a train ride down to the fabric district in New York. In your opinion, is it better to source swatches at a trade show, New York, or cold calling on the internet. I'd like to get my swatches by sept 1 to start the schedule..
Personally, I'd shop the shows or make appointments to meet with textile reps in NY. It's mostly jobbers on the internet. Not that jobbers are bad; they're great depending on your needs. I just don't think they can reliably meet your needs. Be sure to see the entry on jobbers for more information.
Readers: what's your take on this? Please advise. Thanks.


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Surely, the media contributes to this sensationalized view of nearly any new player acquisition. Shortly after the Twins added Crede, the Star Tribune published an article proclaiming the signing as "low risk, All-Star reward," which is a little misleading to say the least, and other media outlets have falsely painted Cabrera's addition to the team as a charge that has rejuvenated the shortstop position and No. 2 spot in the lineup.
The troubling thing is that there a rumblings that the Twins may bring back at least one of these players for next year. A recent Star Tribune column noted that Cabrera "made a quick impression on the Twins after getting traded from Oakland on July 31, leaving some insiders saying the team should hurry and re-sign him to a two-year contract extension." That would be an immensely bad idea. The shortstop market will be thin this offseason, but the Twins need to find a better solution than committing to a 35-year-old Cabrera for even one more season. There had been some sentiment that the Twins might seek to bring back Crede on another one-year deal, but fortunately that seems to have been squashed by his latest ailment.
Interestingly, the acquisition that seemed to have drawn the littlest fanfare -- the signing of Carl Pavano -- has been by far the most beneficial to the club. If there's one impending free agent that the Twins should go out of their way to bring back next year, it's him.


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New to Best Buddies? Here's what we're all about.
We're in the business of making room for people with intellectual and developmental disabilities.
In Our Schools
In Our Workplaces
In Our Communities
In Our Homes
We all have something amazing to bring to the table. Sometimes all we need is someone to invite us to pull up a seat.
Friendship Program
We all love our best friends. We talk on the phone, meet for coffee, catch a movie, crack corny jokes and eat too many nachos. In a nutshell, we do life together.
But not everyone has a best friend. People with intellectual and developmental disabilities can struggle to make connections on their own. The need for belonging is essential – without it, there's nothing but loneliness and isolation.
Best Buddies is here to make sure everyone has a sidekick. Someone who knows your favorite ice cream flavor, surprises you on your birthday, picks you up when you're down, and knows what makes you amazing. After all, isn't that what we all want?
Jobs Program
We can all agree a payday is a good day, right? How else would you pay for essentials like rent and electricity? Or buy that new video game or the latest pair of Nikes?
But here's a statistic for you: 85% of people with intellectual and developmental disabilities are unemployed. Let's think about that for a second. No paycheck means more than not being able to pay bills. Having a job gives you dignity and a sense of worth. Keeps your body and mind moving. Gets you plugged in the community.
Best Buddies is out to change the odds. We want to make sure everyone has a job that matches their skills and interests. Our job placement and coaching game is on point. We don't like to brag, but our retention rate is 96.5%. At the end of the day, it pays off in a business sense and a human one. And let's face it, being able to buy yourself a new iPhone is pretty awesome, too.
Leadership Development Program
What is our potential, if no one ever tells us we have any? What are our dreams, if no one else can see them? How about our goals, if no one thinks you can reach them? Make no mistake, having a disability doesn't take away the desire to achieve.
To quote Martin Luther King, Jr: "Whatever affects one directly, affects all indirectly. I can never be what I ought to be until you are what you ought to be."
We're all in this together. So here at Best Buddies, we firmly believe leadership development is the key to everyone's success. Our leadership programs build the necessary skills to guide others, influence opinions and policy, and become role models for peers and younger generations. Sometimes all we need is a platform to find our voice and discover our potential.
Because when someone believes in you, it becomes a lot easier to believe in yourself. By unlocking potential, we don't let dreams remain dreams.
Living Program
The Best Buddies Living program represents one of our organization's four key mission pillars, Inclusive Living. This program fosters an integrated experience for people with and without IDD to become active, contributing citizens who live independently in a dynamic environment where they can learn, grow, and thrive.
The Best Buddies Living program encourages people with and without IDD to live together in a vibrant community that is focused on supporting all residents in accomplishing their life goals and dreams.


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Joe Wicks Veggie Lean In 15 - 15 Minute Veggie Meals With Workouts
The first veggie cookbook from the nations favourite healthy cook and fitness sensation, Joe Wicks aka The Body Coach.
Get ready for Joes vegetarian take on Lean in 15: The Shift Plan, which is the bestselling diet book of all time. Inside are a hundred flavour-packed vegetarian recipes, many of which are also vegan, plus three exclusive Body Coach HIIT workouts and a bonus abs workout. From Smoky Sweet Potato Chilli to Creamy Butternut Pasta, Veggie Lean in 15 features a fantastic range of meat-free dishes, all prepared in fifteen minutes flat.
The recipes are ideal for full- and part-time veggies, as well as those wishing to cut down on eating meat in a healthy and delicious way. There are also plenty of make-ahead ideas to get you prepping like a boss in no time at all. Joe has more than four million followers on social media where fans share their personal journeys towards a leaner, fitter lifestyle. All of his books have been non-fiction number one bestsellers, and he has sold over 3 million copies in the UK.
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Allergic To Fake Friends Women's Long Sleeve
This long-sleeve tee has a classic fit. It's quarter-turned to eliminate center creasing and perfect for chilly days!
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Dream Spa is a vinatge type vibrant PSD theme designed especially for spa, salon, beauty center, ayurvedic business etc. Our Dream Spa outshines with its amazing gala of theme colors, unique and premium design. Go through our page and discover more amazing features of our theme.
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On 22/07/2005 56057 along with a short permanent way train was chartered by the EMRPS. The next twenty two images illustrate the days events. Here 56057 is pictured in Wansford Cutting prior to its first run past of the day.
56057 storms out of the 617 yard long Wansford Tunnel on 22/07/2005 with its first run past of the day.
56057 lays down the clag as it passes through Wansford cutting on 22/07/2005 during its first run past of the day.
The characteristic exhaust of the class 56 is clearly visible in this photo of 56057 exiting Wansford Tunnel on 22/07/2005 on its second run past.
56057 runs past the gallery in Wansford Cutting for the second time on 22/07/2005. Note that the stock usually stored on the near line was removed prior to the photo charter commencing allowing this and the previous four photographs to be taken.
56057 awaits the road into Wansford station after providing the entertainment with a couple of run pasts during the EMRPS photographic charter of 22/07/2005.
56057 has been given permission to advance to Wansford station, the second man looks back to check all is well as 56057 gets the train rolling on 22/07/2005.
56057 sits in Wansford station on 22/07/2005.
56057 is posed for the gallery at Sutton Cross after completing a couple of run pasts on 22/07/2005.
56057 is pictured at Mill Road, Castor during the EMRPS photo charter of 22/07/2005.
56057 is pictured during its first run past at Longueville Jnct on 22/07/2005.
56057 is here seen awaiting instructions at Longueville Jnct on 22/07/2005.
56057 is posed at Longueville Jnct on 22/07/2005.
56057 is pictured at Longueville Jnct on 22/07/2005 during a very brief moment of sunshine.
56057 is pictured at London Road, Old Fletton on 22/07/2005. At this point the train is only a couple of hundred yards from the ECML.
After propelling back off the Fletton branch, 56057 enters Orton Mere on 22/07/2005.
As 'Little Flower' passes by on the River Nene, 56057 awaits entry into Wansford station on 22/07/2005.
All eyes are on 56057 as it draws forward into Wansford station on 22/07/2005.
56057 is posed for the gallery near to the Lynch River bridge on 22/07/2005.
Yet another smokey performance as 56057 undertakes its first run past at London Road, Old Fletton on 22/07/2005.
Pictured on its second run past at Orton Mere, 56057 comes off the Fletton branch on 22/07/2005.
With a perfect reflection in the River Nene, 56057 is photographed awaiting entry to Wansford station at the end of the EMRPS photo charter of 22nd July 2005. £1038 was raised for the Nene Valley Railway, an additional £200 raised towards the cost of a new traction motor for 56057, and a collection for the crew raised £38 for them to have a drink on the EMRPS. A great day all round.


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Solar Power Producer is New MAREC Business Tenant
January 02, 2014
A company that provides sustainable, on-site energy generation
systems is the newest tenant at Grand Valley State University's MAREC,
Chart House Energy, LLC signed a one-year agreement with Grand Valley to occupy business incubator space at MAREC. Founded in Chicago in 2009, the company provides discounted, emission-free electricity through developing sustainable clean energy generation systems — such as solar panel installations — for commercial, industrial and governmental facilities.
Founder and President Robert Rafson, who has 27 years of experience in environmental engineering, design, construction and operations, built the largest solar PV project in Michigan at Torresen Marine in Muskegon in 2010. He said the facilities at MAREC are supportive to businesses starting up or expanding into the area.
"I've found many activities and other businesses in the building that are aligned with our business plan," Rafson said. "MAREC is a great place to work and meet with others in the renewable energy space in an open and convenient environment."
Arn Boezaart, director of MAREC, said the goal of MAREC and Chart House Energy is to build a large and ever-growing portfolio of renewable energy projects. "We are actively working together to advance interest and utilization of commercial-scale solar energy projects that take full advantage of available incentives, renewable energy financing and tax credits," Boezaart said. "We will assist Chart House Energy in becoming a self-sustaining Michigan independent power producer."
Originally Posted on GVNext


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Deep Drawable Steels: Part One
Thermo-Mechanical Treatment (TMT) of Non-Ferrous Alloys: Part One
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In steels containing large-volume fractions of pearlite, deformation in the pearlite can initiate microcleavage crack formation at low temperatures and/or high strain rates. Since the fracture path is primarily along the cleavage plane in the ferrite plates (although there is some intercolony fracture), this indicates that there is some preferred orientation between ferrite plates in adjacent colonies within a prior austenite grain.
Since the strength of the pearlite is greater than that of the proeutectoid ferrite,
the pearlite constrains the flow of the ferrite. The yield strength and
strain-hardening rate of these steels increase with increasing pearlite (carbon)
content because the constraint effect increases with increasing amounts of the
hard aggregate and because pearlite refines the size of the proeutectoid grains.
In steels containing large-volume fractions of pearlite, deformation in the pearlite
can initiate microcleavage crack formation at low temperatures and/or high strain
rates. Since the fracture path is primarily along the cleavage plane in the ferrite
plates (although there is some intercolony fracture), this indicates that there is
some preferred orientation between ferrite plates in adjacent colonies within a prior
austenite grain.
The Fracture of Bainitic Steels. The addition of 0.05% molybdenum
and boron to low carbon (0.1%) steels is able to suppress the austenite-ferrite
transformation, which normally occurs between 700° and 850°C, without
affecting the kinetics of the austenite-bainite transformation which then takes place
between 675° and 450°C.
Bainite formed between 675° and about 525°C is called "upper bainite"
and bainite formed between 525° and 450°C is called "lower bainite".
Both structures consist of acicular ferrite and dispersed carbides. The tensile
strength of these un-tempered bainites increases from 85,000 to 170,000 psi
(585 - 1170 MPa) as the transformation temperature drops from 675° to
Since the transformation temperature is determined by the amount of alloying elements
(e.g., Mn and Cr) that are present, these elements
exert an indirect effect on the yield find tensile strengths. The high strengths
obtained in these steels is the result of two effects:
In lower bainite the cleavage planes in the acicular ferrite are not aligned so that
the effective grain size for quasicleavage fracture is the ferrite needle size.
Since this is one to two orders of magnitude smaller than the prior austenite grain
size, the transition temperature of the lower bainite is much below that of upper
bainite, at the same strength level.
A second feature that is important is the distribution of the carbides. In upper
bainite these lie along grain boundaries and may promote brittleness by lowering
γm as described previously in connection with furnace-cooled
ferritic steels. In tempered lower bainite the carbides are more uniformly distributed
in the ferrite and raise γm by interfering with cleavage cracks and
promoting tearing as in the case of spherodized pearlites.
A second effect that should be noted is the variation of transition temperature with
tensile strength in the untempered alloys. In the upper bainite a decrease in
transformation temperature produces a refinement of ferrite needle size and this
raises Rp0.2.
Tensile strength levels of 120,000 psi (830 MPa) or greater are obtained in lower
bainite and the transition temperature decreases with increasing tensile strength.
Because the fracture stress of the upper bainite is dependent on austenite grain
size, and since the carbide particles are already large, tempering has little effect
on tensile and impact properties.
The features that are pertinent to the fracture of martensite are as follows:
Secondly, there is the decrease in yield strength and the increase in dispersed
carbide content (γm increases), both of which cause the impact-transition
tempering range to be lowered as the tempering temperature is increased. Tensile
ductility and Cv (max) increase, at the same strength level, as the microstructure
is refined.
Temper embrittlement is reversible. If the tempering temperature is raised above the
critical range, the transition temperature is lowered, but it can be raised back again
if the material is reheat treated in the critical range. The presence of trace elements
appears to be responsible for the embrittlement. The most important of these are
antimony, phosphorus, tin, and arsenic, with manganese and silicon having a small
effect. Molybdenum reduces temper brittleness when other alloying elements are present.
Nickel and chromium appear to have little effect.
The high strength level of these steels makes them extremely brittle, especially
when particular environments such as water vapor or hydrogen are present.
Consequently these steels are corrosion-resistant in oxidizing atmospheres, which
strengthen this layer, but are susceptible to corrosion in a reducing environment,
which breaks down the layer. The corrosion resistance (in oxidizing environment)
increases with increasing chromium content and also with increasing nickel content.
The latter element increases the overall passivity of the iron.
Carbon is also added to improve mechanical properties (yield and tensile strength)
and to stabilize the austenitic stainless steel. Generally speaking, the stainless
steels can be classified by their microstructures:
Austenitic stainless steels have a FCC structure and consequently do not fracture by
cleavage, even at cryogenic temperatures. After heavy cold rolling (80%), 310 type
steels have an extremely high yield strength combined with a notch sensitivity ratio
of 1.0 at temperatures as low as -253°C and consequently are used in missile
systems for storage tanks for liquid hydrogen. Similarly 301 type stainless can be
used down to -183°C (e.g., for liquid oxygen storage tanks), but below this
temperature the austenite is unstable and deforms to brittle, untempered martensite
if any plastic deformation occurs at the low temperatures.
Most austenitic stainless steels are used in corrosive environments. When they are
heated in the temperature range 500-900°C (e.g., during welding), chromium carbide
precipitates at austenite grain boundaries, resulting in a depletion of chromium from
the region near to the boundaries. This depleted layer is very susceptible to
corrosive attack (particularly in hot chloride environments), and localized corrosion,
in the presence of applied stress, leads to inter-granular brittle fracture.
To alleviate this problem, small quantities of elements which are stronger carbide
formers than chromium, such as titanium or niobium are commonly added. These elements
combine with the carbon to form alloy carbides, which prevents chromium depletion and
subsequent susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking. This process is called
Austenitic stainless steels are used extensively in high-temperature applications
(e.g., pressure vessels) where both corrosion resistance and creep resistance are
required. Some of these steels are susceptible to cracking in the heat-affected zone
near welds during postwelding heat treatments and/or elevated temperature service.
The cracking is the result of precipitation of niobium or titanium carbides in the
grains and grain boundaries when the weld is reheated.
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U.S. stocks drifted lower Thursday, ending a blockbuster month on a soft note, as reports on the job market added to concerns about the economy.
The Dow Jones industrial average fell 0.3%, while the S&P 500 lost 0.2%. The Nasdaq ended little changed.
Despite the weakness, stocks have started the year with a bang.
The Dow gained 5.9% in January, making it the best performance for that month since 1994, when blue-chips rose 6%. The S&P 500 gained 5% for the month, while the Nasdaq added 4%.
Both the Dow and S&P 500 are hovering just below all-time highs, near levels not seen since 2007.
Investors have been increasingly willing to take risks, with money flowing into equity funds over the past few weeks, said Bruce McCain, chief investment strategist at Key Private Bank. But he warned that the bulls may be overlooking some troubling economic signs, and that stocks could be headed for a pullback.
"We need to be careful here in concluding that investors are not going to sober up if we continue to get weak numbers," said McCain. "Investors are feeling good and ignoring the implications of some of the more disturbing news."
Related: What's behind the bull market
Early Thursday, the government reported a jump in initial jobless claims following two weeks of declines. And separately, outplacement firm Challenger, Gray & Christmas said the number of planned job cuts surged 24% to 40,430 in January.
Those figures are worrisome ahead of the all-important monthly jobs report due Friday. Analysts are expecting that employers added 180,000 jobs in January, and that the unemployment rate ticked down to 7.7% from 7.8% in December.
Meanwhile, personal income in December rose 2.6%, while spending inched up 0.2%, according to the Commerce Department. But the jump in incomes was driven mainly by Americans trying to avoid paying higher taxes in the new year, and is not expected to continue.
"This morning's data adds to our view that the economy is not accelerating," said Steven Ricchiuto, chief economist at Mizuho Securities. "Instead, it is stuck on a shallow growth trajectory."
Thursday's reports come a day after the government reported a surprise drop in economic activity during the fourth quarter, although the GDP data contained some hints of underlying improvement.
Investors were also rattled Wednesday by the latest statement from the Federal Reserve, which said economic growth had paused.
In corporate news Thursday, shares of Anheuser-Busch InBev (BUD) fell 6% after the U.S. Justice Department moved to block the beverage giant's merger with Groupo Modelo, the leading brewer in Mexico. Groupo Modelo (GPMCY) shares, which trade over the counter in the United States, were down 6%. Elsewhere in the alcohol sector, shares of Constellation Brands (STZ), which distributes Modelo-brewed beers in the U.S. market, sank nearly 19%.
Shares of UPS (UPS) declined after the shipping giant's fourth-quarter earnings came in below of forecasts. The company's guidance for 2013 was also weaker than expected.
Shares of Dow Chemical (DOW) also declined on an earnings miss.
Facebook (FB) shares dropped after the firm said late Wednesday that its fourth-quarter mobile user growth had slowed slightly versus the third quarter. Facebook's fourth-quarter earnings and sales beat Wall Street estimates.
Of the 200 companies in the S&P 500 that have reported earnings so far, 136 have beat analysts' estimates, according to S&P Capital IQ. Overall, earnings are expected to be up 5.1% for the quarter.
PulteGroup (PHM) reported a four-fold increase in quarterly earnings and said new orders jumped 27%. Despite the strong results, shares of Pulte fell 4%, weighing down shares of other homebuilders. Hovnanian (HOV) and Lennar (LEN) were also under pressure.
Meanwhile, shares of TRI Pointe Homes (TPH) surged 13% after the company made its debut as a public company.
Related: Fear & Greed index near record high
European markets ended lower corporate earnings weighed on sentiment. Results from oil major Shell and drinks group Diageo (DEO) missed expectations, while Deutsche Bank (DB) posted a $3.5 billion quarterly loss on legal and restructuring charges. Telecoms equipment maker Ericsson bucked the trend, posting strong gains after beating expectations.
Asian markets ended mixed, with the Hang Seng slipping 0.4%.
Gold prices dropped nearly 1%, while oil was down 0.8% in the commodities market. The yield on the 10-year U.S. Treasury note fell to 1.9% from 2% on Wednesday. The U.S. dollar fell versus the euro and the British pound, but gained against the Japanese yen.