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3 Ways You Can Be a Successful Biotech Investor
Whether you've decided to take notice, the biotechnology sector is rapidly evolving from the roll-of-the-dice gamble that it was in the early 2000s to an investor's paradise. Better venture capital funding, vast improvements in clinical testing and drug development technologies, faster FDA approvals, and considerable amounts of cross-corporate collaboration have made the biotech sector a stomping ground for investor dollars.
However, take note that I didn't say "trader's dollars" -- because there are numerous ways you can minimize your risk by investing in the biotech sector without sacrificing long-term gains. Here are three primary ways to reap the rewards of biotech without assuming the all-or-nothing misses often wrongly associated with the sector.
1. Target established biotechnology companies.
This one probably goes without saying, but by purchasing established biotechnology companies with actively growing pipelines, you tend to eliminate a lot of the downside risks associated with one-hit wonders.
Affymax is the perfect example of why biotech investors want to do their homework before investing. Even before its anemia drug Omontys was voluntarily recalled because of a number of deaths and hypersensitivity issues associated with the drug, it should have raised red flags to shareholders. Omontys was Affymax's only approved drug, and it was being utilized as a combination therapy in its only other two clinical trials. Essentially, it was Omontys or nothing for Affymax -- and in turn since the recall, its share price has gone from more than $20 to practically nothing!
Instead, I would encourage prospective long-term investors to turn to biotech companies with plenty of established drugs already on the market that also have numerous blockbusters plainly visible in their pipeline. I believe both Celgene and Gilead Sciences perfectly fit this bill.
Celgene's superstar has been cancer drug Abraxane -- which was first approved to treat metastatic breast cancer in 2005, but has been piling up additional indications and positive test results rapidly as of late. Abraxane added the indication of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer treatment in October, and, just a month later, Celgene noted that Abraxane when combined with Eli Lilly's Gemzar helped improve survival rates in patients with pancreatic cancer. On top of this, Celgene announced in January the possibility that it could double revenue and triple profits, organically, by 2017! Considering a multitude of possible new indications for Abraxane, the approval of Pomalyst for advanced multiple myeloma, and the potential for Apremilast to be approved for treating psoriasis, Celgene's future as a long-term investment looks bright.
The same can be said for Gilead Sciences -- which has a wide-reaching portfolio of products targeting cardiovascular and liver diseases, but headed most prominently by its established HIV/AIDS drug program. The scary thing is that Gilead's pipeline could be the most robust of any biotech company. Stribild, the company's new entirely in-house all-in-one HIV medication, was approved in August and will soon replace Atripla. Also, Sofosbuvir, the company's experimental oral hepatitis-C medication, has surpassed all expectations in all four late-stage trials. Gilead is well on its way to multiple blockbusters.
2. Seek out well-diversified pipelines.
Despite popular belief, you can have success by investing for the long term in completely clinical-stage companies, or companies with few approved drugs, if you stick to one simple rule: Buy into diverse pipelines. This means avoiding the one-trick wonders that have just one or two drugs in their pipeline and focusing on biotech companies that have a rich pipeline among a myriad of disease fields. Two companies that come to mind that would present a good example of this are Isis Pharmaceuticals and ImmunoGen .
Isis Pharmaceuticals does have one FDA-approved drug on the market in Kynamro, which was approved in January to treat homozygous familiar hypercholesterolemia. Beyond that, however, it's a veritable sea of possibility with three ongoing phase 3 trials, 15 ongoing phase 2 trials, five ongoing phase 1 trials, and an additional eight compounds in preclinical trials. Even if the success rate is low, having 31 existing clinical and preclinical stage trials across multiple indications -- including cardiovascular, metabolic, cancer, rare diseases, and inflammation -- gives Isis a tremendous chance at being successful and gives long-term shareholders plenty of promise that the stock will head higher.
ImmunoGen is a prime example of another budding pipeline. ImmunoGen's targeted antibody payload, or TAP, technology delivers potent chemotherapy agents directly to cancer cells with minimal healthy cell death. In February, Kadcyla, the HER2-positive breast cancer drug developed by Roche and ImmunoGen, was approved by the FDA and could open the door to multiple other combination therapies for ImmunoGen's TAP technology. ImmunoGen has one compound currently in late-stage trials, eight separate ongoing mid-stage trials, and nine early-stage trials. This gives ImmunoGen 18 additional chances to combine its technology with compounds from various other pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies. Those are odds that will work in your favor over the long run.
3. Buy a basket of biotech stocks.
If you're still too leery to invest in individual biotech companies, a smart move would be to buy a basket ETF that effectively allows someone else to do the work for you. Within the biotech sector, you have quite two very good choices.
The most obvious selection is the SPDR S&P Biotech ETF, which has returned an average of 9.7% annually since inception in 2006 and has a nominal gross expense ratio of 0.35%. The fund's top holdings include NPS Pharmaceuticals, which just repurchased the global rights to its short bowel syndrome drug, Gattex, earlier this week; and Sarepta Therapeutics, which is quickly advancing its Duchenne muscular dystrophy drug, Eteplirsen, toward what I'd figure would be an FDA accelerated approval.
The other consideration here is the Market Vectors Biotech ETF. This fund has a net expense ratio of 0.35% and has returned 55% to shareholders in just the 15 months since it debuted. Unlike the SPDR S&P Biotech ETF where no stock comprises more than 2.8% of the total value, the Market Vectors Biotech ETF is considerably more focused on fewer companies. Amgen, Gilead, and Celgene comprise 33.8% of the fund by themselves! There's a definite focus on more established companies with this fund, but you'll give up a bit of the diversification you can get with the SPDR S&P Biotech ETF.
You, too, can invest in biotech
I hope this has inconclusively shown you that you can successfully invest in the biotech sector for the long run instead of carefully waltzing around the sector as if it were the roulette table at the casino. Focusing on established names, digging into well-diversified pipelines, and, if all else fails, buying a basket of biotech companies, could be your way of claiming your piece of the profitable biotech pie.
Can Celgene continue to soar?
Every in-the-know biotech investor has an eye on Celgene. Shares have skyrocketed this year as the company outlined a plan to almost triple its profits in only a few years. But should you buy the story Celgene is selling? Make sure you understand the key opportunities and risks facing this company by picking up The Motley Fool's brand new premium report on Celgene. To claim your copy today simply click here now.
The article 3 Ways You Can Be a Successful Biotech Investor originally appeared on Fool.com.
Fool contributor Sean Williams has no material interest in any companies mentioned in this article. You can follow him on CAPS under the screen name TMFUltraLong, track every pick he makes under the screen name TrackUltraLong, and check him out on Twitter, where he goes by the handle @TMFUltraLong.The Motley Fool recommends Gilead Sciences and ImmunoGen. Try any of our Foolish newsletter services free for 30 days. We Fools may not all hold the same opinions, but we all believe that considering a diverse range of insights makes us better investors. The Motley Fool has a disclosure policy.
Copyright © 1995 - 2013 The Motley Fool, LLC. All rights reserved. The Motley Fool has a disclosure policy.


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Pompeii and the other ancient cities destroyed and paradoxically preserved by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in A.D. 79 are usually considered the places where one can best and most directly experience the daily lives of ancient Romans. Rather than presenting these sites as windows to the past, this exhibition explores them as a modern obsession. Over the three hundred years since their discovery in the early 1700s, the Vesuvian sites have functioned as mirrors of the present, inspiring foremost artists—from Piranesi, Fragonard, Ingres, and Alma-Tadema to Duchamp, Dali, Rothko, and Warhol—to engage with contemporary concerns in diverse media. This international loan exhibition is co-organized by the J. Paul Getty Museum and the Cleveland Museum of Art in association with the Musée des Beaux-Arts de Québec.
Τηλ.: 310-440-7300
e-mail.: [email protected]

subset: commoncrawl


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Drone Roof Surveys Chichester
Looking for Drone Roof Surveys Chichester?
Using a drone to survey a roof is a very cost effective and safe way of solving a potential high rise problem. No need to risk someone's life on a high ladder. No need to hire scaffolding that can be prohibitively expensive and take an age to arrive. No need to hire a cherry picker.
Man with a Drone provide high quality drone roof surveys in Chichester, West Sussex.
What does a drone roof survey in Chichester cost?
Costs will normally range from £95 to £500+ dependent on what type of survey is required.
Types of drone roof surveys
> High resolution images of a problem area – is the top of the chimney pot missing? Is there a birds nest clogging up the guttering? Is there a loose tile?
> High quality video of a problem area – HD 1080p or 4K UHD.
> High resolution images or high quality video of the roof as a whole.
What type of images or videos can the drone produce?
The drone will shoot high resolution images or videos – the latter being either HD 1080p or 4K UHD – and the consumer or expert can then determine the type of problem or condition of the roof accurately.
> Images are normally 12 – 20mp. Multiple images can be produced quickly.
> Videos are HD 1080p or 4K UHD – the drone will normally shoot 20 – 30 individual videos and these are sent either separately or as an edited video to the client. Music, description and branding can be added. Frame-rates are altered to suit the conditions.
Differences between HD and 4K
4K UHD (ultra high definition) has a considerably higher resolution rate than HD (1080p HD). 4K resolution is exactly 3840 x 2160 pixels whilst 1080p is 1920 x 1080 pixels. Consequently videos shot at 4K will be sharper than those shot in 1080p HD – but the consumer will need better PC equipment to be able to play 4K UHD.
Advantages of using a drone for a roof survey
> No need for scaffolding – this can quite often cost £1000s and take a while to arrive leaving the consumer with the continuing problem.
> No need to hire a cherry picker – this can cost even more and again it can take some time.
> No need to risk someone's life on a high ladder.
> Using a drone the job can be completed quickly (within days).
> The consumer also gets their results quickly – in a matter of days rather than potentially weeks or months.
Why use Man with a Drone?
As technology improves, drones are becoming more widely available and as such the consumer will be faced with a wide range of options, services and prices. It is important to hire a commercially trained remote drone pilot, like Man with a Drone, who will have a commercial licence, insurance and the skill to provide the best quality results whilst maintaining the appropriate safety rules (including the CAA Dronecode).
At Man with a Drone we always pitch our price at the lower end of the pricing in order to be competitive. Although we are based in West Sussex we are happy to travel anywhere – East Sussex, Surrey, Kent, Hampshire, the London area – in fact anywhere in the UK.
What is the process?
Contact Man with a Drone on 07875 956290 – we will arrange a time to visit the property and complete the work, subject to any safety requirements and permissions. Images are normally sent to the Estate Agent on the same day – with videos sent a couple of days later once they are completed (as these take a little longer).
All for the most competitive pricing in the drone market!


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Details of the Google Nexus 11 tablet have leaked online along with other Samsung devices.
Google has been selling its Nexus 7 tablet for a while and now we're hearing about the Nexus 11, the follow-up to the Nexus 10.
Like the current Android tablet, it will be made by Samsung and be the world's first octa-core tablet, according to SamMobile.
The Nexus 11, subject to Google's approval, will have an 11in Super PLS screen and use Samsung's Exynos 5410 octa-core processor which is found in some global variants of the Galaxy S4 smartphone. Other specs include an 8-megapixel rear facing camera, 2-megapixel front facing camera and a rumoured microSD card for 64GB cards.
The Nexus 11 will rival the iPad 4 and quite possibly the iPad 5 when it arrives.
Samsung is also interested in releasing plenty more of its own tablets under the usual Galaxy branding. The firm has just announced the Galaxy Tab 3 which will go on sale this month.
Similar to the Nexus 11 is the Galaxy Tab 11 which has the same specifications apart from its Exynos 5250 dual-core A15 processor. A Galaxy Tab 8.0 looks like it will be a tablet version of the Galaxy Note 8.0 phablet, with an 8in Full HD screen, 5-megapixel camera and an Exynos 4412 quad-core A9 processor.
Last but not least, Samsung wants to introduce a dual-SIM device called the Galaxy Tab Duos 7.0. This will have two SIM-card slots, a 7in LCD screen, 3-megapixel camera and a dual-core processor. It's effectively a dual-SIM version of the Galaxy Tab 3.
SamMobile said Samsung might cancel a new generation of the Galaxy Note 10.1 because of weak sales.


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See Jupiter and Moon Pair Up on St. Patrick's Day
On Sunday evening, revelers can cap their St. Patrick's Day by enjoying a view of a rendezvous involving two of the brightest objects in the night sky: the moon and the planet Jupiter.
About 45 minutes after sunset on Sunday (March 17), the eye-catching celestial duo will be visible in the southwest sky, roughly two-thirds up from the horizon to the point directly overhead (called the zenith).
The moon will be a wide crescent at the time, 34 percent illuminated by the sun, and will sit below Jupiter. At its closest pass — which will occur at around 10:30 p.m. local daylight time along the U.S. East Coast, and around 7:00 p.m. local time for the West Coast — Earth's natural satellite will be just 2 degrees from the giant planet. (For reference, your clenched fist held at arm's length measures about 10 degrees.)
After its closest approach, the moon, moving at its own apparent diameter per hour, will appear to slowly move away from Jupiter to the east (left). [Amazing Night Sky Photos by Stargazers (March 2013)]
Even without the moon, Jupiter readily attracts attention. It's the brightest "star" of the night, coming into view high in the southwest during the early stages of twilight. The first-magnitude star Aldebaran flickers into view next, about 5 degrees to the lower left of Jupiter, its orange color helping it to stand out from the deepening dark-blue sky.
Last to appear are the famous Pleiades and Hyades star clusters as the sky darkens from purple to black. The entire array of the moon, planet, bright star and star clusters sits within the constellation of Taurus (The Bull).
Binoculars are perfect for observing the whole Taurus get-together. Even the most ordinary pair will show dozens of Pleiades and Hyades stars, and at least one, two, or three of Jupiter's four bright Galilean moons (Ganymede, Callisto, Io and Europa).
Be sure to check out Jupiter on the evening of March 24, when any small telescope will show it closely flanked above and below by two seventh-magnitude background stars in Taurus, masquerading as an extra pair of renegade Galilean satellites.
In a telescope, Jupiter is best observed during early evening when it's still high and its image reasonably calm. Viewing at such times shows the king of planets as a great big belted ball with tantalizing glimpses of detail.
As the evening grows late, the whole assemblage wheels lower in the west and sets soon after midnight.
Editor's note: If you snap an amazing photo of Jupiter and the moon in the night sky, or any other celestial object, and you'd like to share for a possible story or image gallery, please send images and comments, including location information, to managing editor Tariq Malik at email@example.com
Joe Rao serves as an instructor and guest lecturer at New York's Hayden Planetarium. He writes about astronomy for The New York Times and other publications, and he is also an on-camera meteorologist for News 12 Westchester, New York. Follow us @Spacedotcom, Facebook or Google+. Originally published on SPACE.com.
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Read the full story here Web Link posted Tuesday, February 8, 2011, 5:07 PM
Town Square
Area police investigate a string of burglaries after Feb. 2 incident
Original post made on Feb 9, 2011
Read the full story here Web Link posted Tuesday, February 8, 2011, 5:07 PM
Comments (16)
a resident of Danville
on Feb 9, 2011 at 8:31 am
Put the video online so we can take a look at it. Neighborhood experienced several auto burglaries a few months ago. Young people might be able identify culprits; thefts were mostly "tech stuff" left in cars (laptops, GPS, CDs, etc.).
a resident of Danville
on Feb 9, 2011 at 10:13 am
Since there is a video, how about posting a description of the thieves?
a resident of Danville
on Feb 10, 2011 at 11:17 am
Danville Police, etc.:
Do you want to solve these crimes......or not!?!
Make the video available! These persons are already doing wrong behavior by checking car doors and looking in windows.
Either use the power of modern technology and the manpower of the citizenry to be effective and successful.........or keep all "crime solving" to yourselves.
I'd like to hear the police's "reason" for NOT making the video available (distributing it to us).
a resident of Blackhawk
on Feb 10, 2011 at 4:19 pm
Post the video so we can catch these perpetrators!!!
a resident of Danville
on Feb 10, 2011 at 5:02 pm
After speaking with the police department, I was told that the video Lt. Moule described related to an older event and not the Indian Home Road burglaries.
The video in question was from a home surveillance tape that was quickly spotted and turned away.
As a side note, I agree that these tapes should be made public but think that the police may be wary of some sort of vigilante justice.
Jessica Lipsky
a resident of Danville
on Feb 11, 2011 at 5:38 am
we're the homeowners who were robbed in this case.
posting the video (if it was relevant) is no different than any other case where the police go public with information seeking assistance in the identification of suspects in a case.. eg posting photos in newspapers, or car descriptions with license plate numbers on the electronic highway signs. Seeking assistance doesn't promote vigilante justice, it promotes a community that cares.
An involved and informed community is the best way to cut down on crime and resolve cases. It was a neighbor who found and returned some of the missing property to us. We appreciate the fact that we have neighbors who care.
a resident of Danville
on Feb 11, 2011 at 7:10 am
Jessica Lipsky, what in the world does:
"The video in question was from a home surveillance tape that was quickly spotted and turned away."????
you're a journalist??? I find that difficult to believe when you are unable to construct a comprehensible sentence.
Please clarify (if you feel you're able to).
Thank you kindly.
Your Friend,
Sponge Bob
a resident of Alamo
on Feb 11, 2011 at 8:35 am
This doesn't surprise me. Our car was badly damaged one night near the Danville Grange Hall and the perpetrator was videotaped by a neighboring homeowner who had experienced damage from parties held there in the past. The police were never able to identify the person and the video was never posted. I don't think catching juveniles is a very high priority for the Danville police department.
a resident of Danville
on Feb 11, 2011 at 10:33 am
I agree with homeowner's comments:
"An involved and informed community is the best way to cut down on crime and resolve cases."
The local police should provide access to videos like this and distribute / make available to media for all to view & assist. Isn't 'journalism' supposed to be a part of the Danville Express' DNA?
I see video links in the CC Times, Danville Patch, SF Chronicle.
a resident of Walnut Creek
on Feb 11, 2011 at 11:04 am
There is a reason the video has not been shown. It is poor quality or it shows a protected group committing a crime.
a resident of Danville
on Feb 11, 2011 at 11:22 am
RE "the video Lt. Moule described related to an older event and not the Indian Home Road burglaries."
So show that video too! Maybe it relates. Maybe it stands on its own as a problem situation.
RE "The video in question was from a home surveillance tape that was quickly spotted and turned away."
If there is even a glimpse (or still) of a person's face, show the video. See if people can identify the person(s) and then do further investigation.
RE "fear of vigilantism"
Let us help. Good police know that they can't really do the whole job without citizen's assistance. Quit putting us off (and turning us off)!
We want a Police Dept that works with us and for us.....not against us.
a resident of Danville
on Feb 11, 2011 at 5:12 pm
Police Chief Steve Simpkins is a registered user.
Good Evening,
I have been following this thread today, and wanted to take a moment to clarify a few things.
The video referenced in this article is not connected to the string of thefts in the Indian Home Rd area. The video Lt. Moule talked about was taken in December 2010 two miles away from Indian Home Rd. We are not the owners of the surveillance video; however, we have made contact with the homeowner and he has agreed to release the video.
The video depicts no loss of property and there were no victims. However, this is a good opportunity to bring to light just how crucial it is to keep your doors locked and valuables safe.
I apologize for any confusion and miscommunication related to this incident. We have put the video online and it can be found at:
Web Link
If anyone recognizes the persons shown in this video, please contact Detective Ben Alldritt at 925-314-3710.
In closing, let me just reiterate how eager we are to work with the citizens of Danville. We know that with your help we can continue to bring the high level of service expected by our residents.
Any other questions, concerns or comments, please feel free to contact me.
Steve Simpkins, Chief of Police
a resident of Danville
on Feb 13, 2011 at 7:05 pm
Thank you, Chief, and I want you to know how much we appreciate all the brave men and women that serve in law enforcement to protect us. May God bless you and all law enforcement.
a resident of Danville
on Feb 14, 2011 at 11:14 am
We are fortunate to live in a community where we have police that respond so quickly to our needs. Thank you to all our crime fighting men and women.
Sometimes reading these responses to the Danville Weekly is frustrating. If you are having a bad day, think before you post.
a resident of Danville
on Feb 15, 2011 at 9:28 am
Thank you Chief Steve Simpkins for your input.
Is there a way of leaving an anonymous tip? More people would be willing to help if they don't have to worry about be harassed at school or more vandalism at home.
a resident of Danville
on Feb 16, 2011 at 1:32 pm
Police Chief Steve Simpkins is a registered user.
Thanks for all the comments. This is an excellent community and we definitely want to work with you to keep everyone safe.
@Marie – We have designated a phone line to be used for crime tips. If you call (925) 314-3777, you can leave a recorded message for our officers.
As an alternative, you can also email a tip to:
Thanks again,
Steve Simpkins
Chief of Police
(925) 314-3700
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Common Ground
By Sherry Listgarten | 3 comments | 1,769 views
Labor unions win big in Sacramento
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2. The Doctrine of Repentance In the Old Testament
I. Introduction
In Ezek 18:21-22 the Lord God of Israel spoke the following words:
If a wicked man turns from all his sins which he has committed, keeps all My statutes, and does what is lawful and right, he shall surely live; he shall not die. None of the transgressions which he has committed shall be remembered against him; because of the righteousness which he has done, he shall live.
Is that the Gospel? Did the OT teach that one had to turn from his sins to obtain salvation?
The Hebrew words which deal with salvation are general and not specific. That is, one must look to the context to determine what type of salvation is in view. This is also true of the English terms for salvation. For example, the exclamation "I've been saved!" could mean a number of things depending on the context in which it was spoken or written. A person rescued from an icy river would mean, "I have been delivered from a watery grave." Lee Lacocca, the Chief Executive Officer of the Chrysler Corporation, upon receiving a $1.5 billion loan guarantee from the U.S. government would mean, "Chrysler has been saved from bankruptcy." A death row inmate granted a Presidential pardon would mean, "My life has been spared." Only in a context where one's eternal destiny was in view would the meaning be "I have been saved from eternal condemnation. This may seem to be an obvious point which has little to do with the subject at hand. Actually, it has everything to do with our subject and it is far from obvious to many who write and preach about the OT doctrine of salvation.
There are fifteen different Hebrew words for salvation used in the OT. The vast majority of OT references to salvation refer to various types of temporal deliverances: from one's enemies, from physical death, and from various troubles.30
For example, five of the most common and most important OT words for salvation are yasha', pada, ga'al, malat, and natzal. Of the 812 uses of these terms in the OT, only 58 (7.1%) refer to eternal salvation.31 Those refer to the future salvation of the nation of Israel by the Lord--a NT theme as well (Rom 11:26). In some cases the Messiah is indicated as the Savior (Mic 5:2, 6; Zech 9:9-10). It is interesting to note that these verses deal with the fact of the coming kingdom, not the condition or entrance into it.
In addition, there are a number of other OT passages which refer to eternal salvation, yet without using the terms of salvation: Gen 3:15; 15:6; Ps 22:27; Isa 6:10; 10:21; 19:22; 52:1-53:12; Jer 24:7; 31:31-34; and Hab 2:4.
Consideration will now be given to the OT terms which deal with repentance. The reader should remember that our aim is not merely to discover the OT teaching on the role of repentance in eternal salvation. Rather, our goal is to discover the OT teaching on the role of repentance in all types of salvation.
II. No Old Testament Technical
Term for Repentance
Scholars are in agreement that there is no OT word which in all or even in most of its uses refers to repentance.32 However, two words are commonly cited as sometimes having that meaning. Those words are shub and naham.
III. Shub
This term is the twelfth most common word in the OT.33 It has a basic sense of "to turn," "to turn back," "to go back," or "to return."34 In the vast majority of its uses it refers to literal changes of direction. For example, Moses, after being in the tabernacle, "would return to the camp" (Exod 33:11). Of its 1,056 OT uses only 203 occur in religious contexts.35 In all but one passage those religious uses refer to Israel or God turning toward or away from one another.36
A. The Turning of the Lord
There are four categories of God's turning or resuming in the OT. All four grow out of the blessings/curses provisions of the Mosaic Covenant (cf. Leviticus 26; Deuteronomy 28) whereby the Lord promised that He would bless obedience and curse disobedience.
The non-technical nature of shub is shown in the fact that it was often used to refer to the turning of the Lord. Obviously, if it were a technical term which always referred to turning from one's sinful ways, it could never have been used of God.
1. The Four Categories of the Lord's Turning.
First, the Lord returned Israel's evil upon its head. He withdrew His blessings and sent temporal judgments whenever the nation turned away from Him in disobedience.37
Second, the Lord turned back (or, negatively, did not turn back) His Anger from Israel. He withdrew temporal judgments and sent blessings whenever the nation turned away from her sinful deeds and turned back to Him in obedience.38
Third, the Lord returned Israel to its former place of blessing. Whenever Israel turned back to the Lord from her sinful ways, He restored the nation's blessings.39 In some texts the specific blessing that the Lord promised and provided was to return the nation to the promised land.
Fourth, the Lord returned to the nation.40 In the three types of the Lord's turning just discussed, there was always a specific object of the turning indicated in the context (i.e., He returned evil; He turned back His anger; He returned blessings). However, in passages containing this fourth type of turning, no specific objects were mentioned. This bare expression referred generally to the Lord removing temporal judgments and sending temporal blessings.
2. Temporal, Not Eternal, Blessings and Curses. With the lone exception of Jer 32:40 (which refers to millennial and ultimately eternal blessings which the Lord has promised to bestow on Israel as part of the New Covenant), the Lord's turning toward or away from the nation with blessings or curses always referred to temporal experiences. The fuming of the Lord in the OT did not concern eternal salvation or eternal judgment.
3. Israel Reaped What She Sowed. When the nation was obedient, the Lord sent blessings. When she was disobedient, He sent curses. The Lord's love for the nation moved Him to discipline and reward His chosen people so that they might learn to obey Him.
B. The Turning of Israel
1. The Biblical Concept. As alluded to in the preceding section, the OT record shows that the nation of Israel repeatedly turned away from the Lord. In each instance the nation would experience temporal judgments (reaping the curses of the Mosaic Covenant) which prompted her to turn back to the Lord. There are three categories of Israel's turning, in a theological sense, found in the OT.
First, Israel turned away from the Lord in disobedience. Israel turned away from the Lord by turning to idolatry41 and to other forms of willful, cold-hearted disobedience.42
The following passages are illustrative.
"The Amalekites and the Canaanites are there before you, and you shall fall by the sword; because you have turned away from the LORD, the LORD will not be with you" (Num 14:43, italics mine).
And it came to pass, when the judge was dead, that they reverted and behaved more corruptly than their fathers, by following other gods, to serve them and bow down to them. They did not cease from their own doings nor from their stubborn way. Then the anger of the LORD was hot against Israel . . . When the children of Israel cried out to the LORD, the LORD raised up a deliverer for the children of Israel, who delivered them: Othniel the son of Kenaz . . . So the land had rest for forty years. Then Othniel the son of Kenaz died. And the children of Israel again did evil in the sight of the LORD.SO the LORD strengthened Eglon king of Moab against Israel, because they had done evil in the sight of the LORD.... And when the children of Israel cried out to the LORD, the LORD raised up a deliverer for them: Ehud the son of Gera . . . When Ehud was dead, the children of Israel again did evil in the sight of the LORD.SO the LORD sold them into the hand of Jabin king of Canaan . . . (Judg 2:19-20; 3:9, 11-12, 15; 4:1-2, italics mine).
The non-technical nature of shub is thus further seen in that when it referred to Israel it often dealt with turning away from the Lord and to sinful ways.
Second, the nation turned to the Lord in obedience. Israel turned back to the Lord by turning away from idolatry43 and from other forms of willful, cold-hearted disobedience.44 Obedience was a condition for temporal deliverance from the curses of the Mosaic Covenant (cf. Leviticus 26; Deuteronomy 28). Turning away from one's sinful practices was never presented in the OT as a condition for escaping eternal wrath.45
One chapter in the OT seems to contradict the point just made. Ezekiel 18 links life with turning from one's sinful practices and death with failing to live righteously. The following verses are representative:
"If [a man] has walked in My statutes and kept My judgments faithfully--he is just; he shall surely live!" says the Lord GOD (Ezek 18 :9).
"The soul who sins shall die. (Ezek 18:20).
"But if a wicked man tunes from all his sins which he has committed, keeps all My statutes, and does what is lawful and right, he shall surely live; he shall not die" (Ezek 18:21).
When a righteous man turns away from his righteousness, commits iniquity, and dies in it, it is because of the iniquity which he has done that he dies" (Ezek 18:26).
"I have no pleasure in the death of one who dies," says the Lord GOD. "wherefore turn and live!" (Ezek 18:32).
Some interpret those verses to mean that eternal salvation was conditioned upon turning from one's sins.46 Such an interpretation is, however, unwarranted.
There is no reference in Ezekiel 18 to the Lake of Fire, eternal death, eternal life, entrance into God's kingdom, exclusion from the kingdom, justification, or anything remotely associated with eternal judgment. Nor is that chapter ever cited in the NT as dealing with any of those subjects. What is at issue in Ezekiel 18 is life and death--physical life and physical death. The Hebrew terms for life and death are commonly used in this way throughout the OT.47
Dyer comments:
God was not saying that a saved Israelite would lose his [eternal] salvation if he fell into sin. Both the blessing and the judgment in view here are temporal, not eternal. The judgment was physical death (cf. vv 4, 20, 26), not eternal damnation.48
Similarly, in introducing his discussion of Ezekiel 18, Charles Feinberg notes, "The subject of justification by faith should not be pressed into this chapter; it is not under discussion."49 Later, commenting on verse nine (which refers to life being conditioned upon obedience to the Law of Moses) he writes, This statement, we must caution again, does not have eternal life in view, but life on earth. Eternal life is not obtained on the grounds mentioned in this portion of Scripture."50
The blessings/curses motif is a prominent OT theme. The conditions of the Mosaic Covenant are spelled out in Leviticus 26 and Deuteronomy 28. Obedience would be attended by temporal blessings. Disobedience would be met with temporal curses which would intensify until the nation turned back to the Lord. While salvation is indeed the subject of Ezekiel 18, that in no way suggests that eternal salvation is in view. As Ross notes, "Throughout the OT the salvation or deliverance Israel sought or enjoyed seems most concerned with the promises of the covenant as they relate to life in this world as the people of God" (italics mine).51
There are many OT examples of blessings and curses, both involving the nation and individuals in it. One might consider, for instance, Abraham (Gen 24:1; Heb 11:8-19), Moses (Exod 14:30-31; Num 20:12; Heb 11:23-29), the golden calf incident (Exod 32:34-35), Joshua and Caleb (Num 14:30-45), the rebellion of Korah (Num 16), Nadab and Abihu (Lev 10:1-3), Achan (Josh 7:1-26), Gideon (Judg 6:11-28), David (2 Sam 1-10, under blessing; 12-22, under cursing), Solomon (I Kgs 3:5-15; 4:20-34; 11:1-13), and the fall of the Northern (2 Kgs 17:5-18) and Southern (2 Kgs 24:1-25:21) Kingdoms. This does not mean that all OT blessings and calamities were a direct result of obedience or disobedience (cf. Job; Luke 16:19-31; John 9:2-3). Sometimes God allowed the righteous to suffer and the wicked to prosper. However, what it does mean is that as a rule obedience brought temporal blessings and disobedience brought temporal curses.
Ezekiel 18 is simply an example of the OT blessings/curses motif.
Third, one day the nation will turn to the Lord in faith. A small number of OT texts use the term shub to refer to a future turning of Israel (and Egypt and all the ends of the world) to the Lord. In these contexts (cf. Ps 22:27; Isa 6:10; 10:21; 19:22; Jer 24:7) turning to the Lord is used as a circumlocution for faith.
Isaiah 6:10 illustrates how this conclusion is drawn. It speaks of returning to the Lord and being healed. Christ interpreted this passage for His disciples. After presenting the Parable of the Sower, and as a lead-in to His explanation of its meaning, Jesus quoted this passage. He equated Isaiah's reference to returning to the Lord with receiving the Word and believing the Gospel (cf. Matt 13:3-23; Luke 8:5-15, esp. w 12-13). He also identified the healing spoken of as eternal salvation (Luke 8:12).
2. The Extra-Biblical Concept. How did the Jewish rabbis understand the OT teaching on repentance?
The rabbinic concept of teshubah. During the two centuries prior to the birth of Christ, rabbis and other Jewish authors wrote extensively. Their writings reflect a different understanding from the one I have suggested of the use of shub in the OT. (Teshubah is the noun form of shub.)
Rabbis were teachers of the Law of Moses. They taught in synagogues and some of their teachings were recorded in the Mishnah and Talmud.
Regarding eternal salvation the rabbis taught that the condition for having a portion in the world to come was obedience to the Law (cf. Aboth 2:7). However, they also believed in grace. They taught that God would forgive disobedience if one truly turned from his sins and made restitution where necessary.
Commenting on the rabbinic teaching of the condition of eternal salvation Herford writes, "It is not enough merely to knew the will of God or to believe in it, or in God whose will it is. Before all else he must do it. "52
Likewise Moore notes:
For sin . . . there was but one remedy, the forgiving grace of God, and the conditio sine qua non of forgiveness was repentance, that is, contrition, confession, reparation of injuries to others, and a reformation of conduct undertaken and persisted in with sincere purpose and out of religious motives.53
Rabbis believed that the righteous surely had a place in the world to come and that the wicked did not. Concerning their view of the fate of those who were neither totally righteous nor totally wicked Moore comments:
The School of Shammai held that those in whom good and evil were, so to speak, in equilibrium, will go down to hell, and dive and come up, and arise thence and be healed . . . For them the fires of Gehenna are purgatorial; they are refined like silver and assayed like gold. The School of Hillel maintained that God in his abounding mercy . . . would incline the balance to the side of mercy, and not send them down to Gehenna at all.54
These two major rabbinic schools of thought agreed that all but the very wicked will ultimately have a place in the world to come. "A marked tendency of the Rabbis is to limit, in every possible way, the number of those Israelites who will have no share in the world to come. For those who repent no sin is a bar to the everlasting felicities."55
In addition to the rabbinic writings in the Mishnah and Talmud, there were also many books written by Jewish authors in the second half of the intertestamental period. These writings are known as OT Apocrypha (or Pseudepigrapha). They are non-canonical, non-inspired writings.
The OT Apocrypha speaks of God weighing on balancing pans the good and bad deeds of people to determine their eternal destinies (Testament of Abraham 13:1-2, 9-14; 1 Enoch 41:1-2; 61:8). The condition of eternal salvation is specified as obedience to the Law of God (2 Baruch 51:3,7; 4 Ezra 7:19-22, 33-39; 9:3~37).
The Pharisees in Jesus' day are a good illustration of this type of legalistic, self-righteous thinking (cf. Luke 18:9-14).
The Roman Catholic doctrine of purgatory is at least partly derived from the OT Apocrypha (2 Maccabees 12:39-45).
Evaluating the rabbinic concept of teshubah. The OT does not support the rabbinic understanding. The OT teaches that eternal salvation is by God's grace and that it is received by man's response of faith, not by any acts of righteousness or by turning from any sins (cf. Gen 15:6; Hab 2:4). There is no evidence in the OT of purgatory or that the majority of people will ultimately enter God's kingdom. While there are a number of OT passages which refer to eternal salvation in some way(e.g., Gen 3:15;22:1-19; Isa 12:23; 45:22; 49:6ff; 52:13-53:12; Jer 31:7; 46:27; Zech 8:7; 9:9, 16), there are only a few which deal with the human condition of eternal salvation, that is, faith (Gen 15:6; Hab 2:4).56
The passage which stands out most prominently as the paradigm for the OT's teaching on eternal salvation is Gen 15:6: And he [Abraham] believed in the LORD, and He accounted it to him for righteousness." Genesis 15:6 is the John 3:16 of the OT. One condition only is given: belief in the Lord.
What did Abraham believe about the Lord? He believed that the Lord would take away his sins and grant him a place in His coming kingdom. Of course, it may well be that at the moment of faith Abraham's understanding of the Messiah and His substitutionary work was not fully developed.57 His understanding probably grew as a result of God's asking him to offer up his one and only son and then at the last moment providing a ram as a substitute (Genesis 22).58 However, it is clear from the Pauline use of this text that it is salvific, referring to Abraham's justification by faith alone (Gal 3:6-14; Rom 4:1-25). While Abraham did many good works, none of them contributed to his justification before God in any way.
A second OT passage, Hab 2:4, also teaches that the sole OT condition for eternal salvation was faith in the Lord. The context concerns the Babylonian invasion. A proud people would be used by the Lord to judge Israel. Since proud people are not pleasing in the sight of the Lord, they will ultimately fall. (Pride goes before the fall.) "Shall live" here is not so much a promise as it is a statement of potential or a command. A man who has found acceptance with God by faith alone has the potential to live, to escape the temporal judgment of God. He realizes that potential by living in accordance with the righteous standing he has with God.
Paul's use of this verse confirms this understanding. He used it to show that one obtains the righteousness of God by faith alone (Rom 1:17; Gal 3:11). Nygren forcefully demonstrates that when Paul quoted Hab 2:4 in Rom 1:17 he was joining "the righteous" and "by faith" in such a way that they are viewed as a unit: He who through faith is righteous."59 In Romans 1-4 Paul elaborates on the expression, "he who through faith is righteous." Then in chaps 5-8 he deals with the attending words of Rom 1:17, "shall live." The one who is righteous by faith alone is free from God's wrath (Romans 5), from sin (Romans 6), from the Law (Romans 7), and from death (Romans 8). All of these are true of believers in our position and are the basis of our striving against the flesh to live out our new natures (cf. Rom 6:11-13; 8:12-17; 12:1-15:13).
One obtains righteous standing before God by faith (Rom 1:17-4:25; Gal 3:6-14). Yet only by living out his new life does the one who is righteous by faith maintain his temporal life (Rom 8:13; Heb 10:37-38). Romans 8:13 contains an explicit allusion back to Rom 1:17 and Hab 2:4. There Paul tells believers, those who are righteous by faith and who are eternally secure (Rom 8:38-39), "if you live according to the flesh you will die; but if by the Spirit you put to death the deeds of the body, you mill live."
As mentioned above, a number of OT passages (Ps 22:27; Isa 6:10; 10:21; 19:22; Jer 24:7) refer to a future fuming of Israel and other nations to the Lord in faith. They confirm our understanding of Gen 15:6 and Hab 2:4--that the one and only OT condition for obtaining eternal salvation was believing wholly and solely upon the Lord and His ultimate provision for one's sins.
This understanding of the OT teaching on the human condition of eternal salvation is confirmed by several NT passages.
In commenting on the OT's teaching on eternal salvation, Paul wrote in Rom 4:3-8:
For what does the Scripture say? Abraham believed God, and it was accounted to him for righteousness.- Now to him who works, the wages are not counted as grace but as debt. But to him who does not work but believes on Him who justifies the ungodly, his faith is accounted for righteousness, just as David also describes the blessedness of the man to whom God imputes righteousness apart from works:
"Blessed are those whose lawless deeds are forgiven,
And whose sins are covered;
Blessed is the man to whom the LORD shall not impute sin..
Likewise, in Gal 3:6-14 Paul wrote:
For as many as are of the works of the law are under the curse; for it is written, "Cursed is everyone who does not continue in all things which are written in the book of the law, to do them.- But that no one is justified by the law in the sight of God is evident, for "The just shall live by faith." Yet the law is not of faith, but "The man who does them shall live by them." Christ has redeemed us from the curse of the law, having become a curse for us (for it is written, "Cursed is everyone who hangs on a tree.), that the blessing of Abraham might come upon the Gentiles in Christ Jesus, that we might receive the promise of the Spirit through faith.
So also, the author of the Book of Hebrews noted in Heb 10:1-4:
For the law, having a shadow of the good things to come, and not the very image of the things, can never with these same sacrifices, which they offer continually year by year, make those who approach perfect. For then would they not have ceased to be offered? For the worshipers, once purged, would have had no more consciousness of sins. But in those sacrifices there is a reminder of sins every year. For it is not possible that the blood of bulls and goats could take away sins.
Luke 18:9-14 and John 1:29, both pre-Cross passages, also confirm that eternal salvation according to the OT was by grace through faith and not as a result of works.
The OT conditioned eternal salvation upon faith alone. The sacrificial system was designed to lead worshipers to see their sinfulness and to place their faith in the Lord as their only hope of kingdom entrance (cf. Luke 18:13-14; Heb 10:1ff).
Why were so many so wrong? One may wonder why it is that when Jesus came the vast majority of Jews rejected Him and His message John 1:11). If the OT taught that the sole condition of eternal salvation was faith in the Lord, why did most think that the condition was faithful observance of the Law?
From what we can tell from the NT, much of Judaism was very much in the grip of legalism, as evidenced by the attitude of the Pharisees (Mate 23; Luke 18:9-14). Most of the nation rejected Jesus Christ John 1:11). They were not willing to own up to the fact that they were sick and needed deliverance (Luke 5:31). Most tried to approach God on their own terms--trying to establish their own righteousness rather than accepting the righteousness which God freely offered (Rom 10:2-3;1 Cor 1:23).
The way is narrow that leads to life and few are those who find it (Matt 7:13-14; John 14:6). That was true in the intertestamental period and in Jesus' day, and it remains true today.
It would be a mistake, however, to think that all of the Jewish people rejected Jesus' free offer of salvation. Some did accept His offer and believe in Him (John 1:12). Indeed, John and Luke report that many (indicating a great number, not a majority) of the priests and Jewish leaders came to faith in Jesus Christ (John 12:42; Acts 6:7). Even Saul of Tarsus, an archenemy of the Gospel of Grace and the Cross of Christ, came to trust in Jesus Christ as his only hope of heaven and, indeed, to become the Apostle to the Gentiles (Gal 1:11-3:14).
C. Conclusion
The term shub was used in the OT to refer to Israel's turning toward or away from the Lord and also to His turning toward the nation with blessings or away from her with curses. In most contexts temporal blessings or curses were in view. In a few passages, however, the expression "turning to the Lord" was used in reference to the future eternal salvation of the nation. In such contexts "turning to the Lord" was used as a circumlocution for faith.
Extra-biblical Jewish sources (OT Apocrypha, Talmud, Mishnah) show that the rabbis of the intertestamental period and Jesus' day held a legalistic view of the condition of eternal salvation. They believed in salvation by grace through faithfulness instead of the OT teaching of salvation by grace through faith.
IV. Naham
Elsewhere the term naham in the OT means "to be sorry" or "to comfort oneself."60 It occurs 108 times in the Old Testament, but only three of those uses (Jer 8:6; 31:19; Job 42:6) deal with the repentance of men.
The non-technical nature of this term is shown in that most of its theological uses refer to the so-called "repentance of God."61
Two of the passages which use naham to refer to the repentance of men concern temporal, not eternal, salvation. Jeremiah 8:6 indicates that because the nation was not sorry for her wickedness (i.e., her idolatry) temporal judgment resulted. Job 42:6 concerns Job's remorse over foolish words he had spoken during his ordeal.
Jeremiah 31:19 says that after Israel turns back to the Lord, she will be grieved as she recalls her former actions. This passage refers to the future restoration of Israel by the Lord. After the nation returns to the Lord in faith, she will be grieved over her long history of disobedience and disbelief.
V. Conclusion
The concept of human repentance in the OT is twofold. First and foremost it means turning coward or away from something (shub). A second but rare meaning is to be grieved over previous actions or attitudes (naham).
The OT conditions temporal salvation upon turning from one's sinful behavior. God promised Israel blessings if she obeyed and curses if she disobeyed. There are numerous examples in the OT of the nation and of individual Israelites experiencing curses when they turned away from the Lord and blessings when they turned back to Him.
The OT nowhere, however, conditions eternal salvation upon turning from one's sinful behavior. Eternal salvation in the OT was conditioned solely upon turning to the Lord in faith.
Eternal salvation has always been and always will be by grace through faith. That is why the Messiah had to die on the cross for the sins of Adam's race.
All we like sheep have gone astray;
We have turned, every one, to his own way.
And the LORD has laid on Him the iniquity of us all.
(Isa 53:6)
Used by permission:
Journal of the Grace Evangelical Society
Volume 2, No. 1 -- Spring 1989
30 For further discussion of OT salvation and its temporal emphasis, see James K. Zink, Salvation in the Old Testament: A Central Theme,. Encounter 25 (1964): 405-414; Allen R Ross, "The Biblical Method of Salvation: A Case for Discontinuity," 161-78, 352-56 in Continuity and Discontinuity: Perspectives on the Relationship Between the Old and New, Testaments (Westchester, IL: Crossway Books, 1988), edited by John S. Feinberg; Colin Brown, s.v. "Redemption," NIDNTT, 3 vols. (Grand Rapids: Zondervan Publishing House, 1978) 3: 201-209.
31 These figures are derived from the author's personal study. The 58 references to eternal salvation include 2 Sam 23:5, Ps 11:7; 49:15; 53:6; 130:7, 8; Isa 1:27; 12:2 (twice), 3; 19:20; 25:9 (twice); 33:22; 35:4, 9, 10; 45:17, 22; 49:6, 8, 24, 25 (twice); 51:6, 8, 11; 52:7, 9, 10; 56:1; 62:1, 11, 12; Jer 23:6; 30:7, 10, 11; 31:7; 33:16; 46:27; Ezek 34:12, 22, 27; 36: 29; 37:23; Dan 12:1; Hos 13:14; Mic 5:6; Zeph 3:17;19; Zech 8:7, 13;10:6, 8; 9:9, 16; 12:7.
32 See Aloys Dirksen, The New Testament Concept of Metanoia, 148, William Holladay, The Root subh the Old Testament, 156-57; C. G. Montefiore, "Rabbinic Conceptions of Repentance," Jewish Quarterly Review 16 (1904): 212-13; George Foot Moore, Judaism in the first Centuries of the Christian Era, the Age of the Tannaim, 3 vols., 1: 507; Theological Dictionary of the New Testament, s.v. "metanoeo, metanoia," by E. Wurthwein, 4 (1967): 980.
34 Brown, Driver, and Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament s.v. "shub," 996-97; Holladay, SUBH, 51-115.
35 Wurthwein suggests ("metanoia," 984), but does not demonstrate, that there are only About 118 theological uses." Holladay (SUBH, 116) suggests that there are 144 "covenantal uses. of the verb and 19 of derived nouns and adjectives. However, through my own study I have found 203 religious uses. See Robert N. Wilkin, Repentance as a Condition for Salvation in the New Testament. (Th.D. dissertation, Dallas Theological Seminary, 1985), 210-12 for a complete listing.
36 Jonah 3:5-10 refers to non-lsraelites (i.e., Ninevites). They turned to the Lord and, as a result, He then turned His burning anger away from them.
37 See Deut 23:14; Josh 24:20; Judg 9:56, 57, 1 Sam 25:39, 26:23, 2 Sam 16:8, 1 Kgs 2:32; Neh 4:4; Ps 7:12; 54:5.
38 See 2 Chr 12:12; 29:10; 30:8, 9; Ps 78:38; 106:23; Isa 5 25; 9:12, 17, 21; 10:4; 12:1; Jer 4:8 28 18:20, 23:20, 30:24, Lam 2:8, Dan 9.16, Hos 14.4, Joel 2.14, Amos 1.3, 6 9, 11, ;3; 2;1, 4, 6; Jonah 3:9 (non-lsraelites).
39 See Deut 30:3; 2 Sam 15:25; 1 Kgs 8:34; 2 Chr 6:25; Ps 14:7; 80:3, 7, 14, 19; Jer 32: 37; 33:7, 11; 42:12; Hos 6:11; Nah 2:2; Zeph 2:7.
40 See 2 Sam 16:12; 2 Chr 30:6, 9; Jer 15:19; 18:8; 32:40; Zech 1:3; Mal 3:7.
41 See Judg 2:19; 8:33, 1 Kgs 9:6, Isa 57:17; Jer 11:10; Hos 11:7.
42 See Num 14:43 ;Josh 22:16, 18, 23, 29;1 Sam 15:11 ;Jer 34:16; Ezek 3:20;18:24, 26.
43 Great emphasis in the OT is placed on the nation turning away from (or failing to turn away from) idolatry and to the Lord. The prophetic summons to repentance often was a call to the nation to turn from her idolatry. See, for example, Deut 4:30; 1 Sam 7:3; 1 Kgs 13:33; 2 Kgs 17:13; 23:25; 2 Chr 7:14, 19; 15:4; 30:6, 9; 36:13; Isa 31:6; Jer 3:1, 7, 10, 12, 19, 22; 4:1; 8:4, 5; 18:8, 11; 26:3; 35:15; 36:3, 7; Ezek 14:6; and Hos 3:5; 5:4; 6:1; 11:5; 14:1, 2, 4. These citations refer to temporal judgments being sent or removed depending on whether the nation continued in her idolatry or turned away from it to the Lord.
Two passages, Isa 31:6-7 and Hos 3:5, indicate that in the latter days--a reference to the Millennial Kingdom--the nation will put away its idols and will turn to the Lord and fear Him. Thus while the OT reports that the people often turned away from the Lord to idolatry (even to the point that one of Israel's greatest kings, Solomon, died as an idolater [l Kgs 11:1-13ff.]), it also prophesies a day when those things would no longer characterize the nation.
44 See, for example, Deut 30:2, 10; 1 Kgs 8:33, 35, 47, 48; 2 Chr 6:24, 26, 37, 38; Neh 1:9; 9:26, 29, 35; Job 22, 23; 36:10; Ps 7, 12; 51:13; Jer 5:3; 15:7; 23:14; 34:16; Dan 9:13; Amos 4:6, 8, 9, 10, 11; Jonah 3:8, 10.
45 One might think that the OT taught that an idolater would have to turn from his idolatry to obtain eternal salvation. However, no verses support this view. See footnote 14 above. If idolaters could not get into God's kingdom then Solomon would be excluded (1 Kings a very unlikely possibility in light of the way he is spoken of in the Old and New Testaments (cf. I Chr 22:10; 28:5-7; Matt 6:29; 12:42; Acts 7:47). Of course, anyone who trusted in idols to grant him a blessed afterlife would have to give up such confidence in order to trust only in the God of Israel (cf. Acts 17:30). However, it seems that Israel did not turn to idols for that reason. Rather, Israelites worshiped idols to fit in with the surrounding nations and to obtain temporal blessings if possible.
46 See, for example, G. A. Cooke, A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Book of Ezekiel (Edinburgh: T & T Clark, 1936), 201-202; Walther Eichrodt, Ezekiel: A Commentary (Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1970), 242-49, esp. 244 (N.B.: Eichrodt suggests that both temporal and eternal salvation are in view); H. L. Ellison, Ezekiel: the Man and His Message (Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1968), 74-75; John B. Taylor, Ezekiel: An Introduction and Commentary, Tyndale OT Commentary Series (Downers Grove, IL: Inter-Varsity Press, 1969), 150-52. In addition, see John Calvin, Commentaries on the first Twenty Chapters of the Book of the Prophet Ezekiel (Edinburgh: The Calvin Translation Society, 1850), 247-49, and Patrick Fairbairn, An Exposition of Ezekiel (Grand Rapids: Zondervan Publishing House, 1960), 198-202. While Calvin and Fairbairn suggest that Ezekiel 18 is dealing with eternal salvation, they suggest that the ability to turn from one's sins and do good is a gift from God which apart from His enablement is humanly impossible. They believe that Ezekiel 18 is thus showing men their absolute need of salvation and grace.
47 See Brown, Driver, Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the old Testament, 311, 559-60.
48 Charles H. Dyer, "Ezekiel," in The Bible Knowledge Commentary, Old Testament Edition (Wheaton: Victor Books, 1985), 1261, edited by John Walvoord and Roy Zuck.
49 Charles Lee Feinberg, The Propbecy of Ezekiel (Chicago: Moody Press, 1969), 99.
51 Ross, "The Biblical Method of Salvation," in Continuity and Discontinuity 163. Also see Zink, Salvation in the OT," 405-406.
52 R. Travers Herford, A Comparative Study of the Jewisb Ethical Teaching in the Rabbinical Sources in the Early Centuries (New York: KTAV Publishing House, 1971), 52. See also 141-42.
53 George Foot Moore, Judaism in the First Centuries of the Christian Era, the Age of the Tannaim, 3 vols. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1927-30), 2:319.
55 C. G. Montefiore and H. Loewe, A Rabbinic Anthology (New York: Schocken Books, 1974), 327.
56 In addition, as discussed above, the following passages refer to a future turning of Israel and other nations to the Lord in faith: Ps 22:27; Isa 6:10;10:21; 19:22 ; Jer 24:7.
57 See Ross, "Salvation," 169-74. Jesus' own disciples, who knew that He was the Messiah and had placed their faith in Him (Matt 16:16-19), were shocked when He first told them that He was going to be put to death (Matt 16:21-23). Peter even rebuked Jesus for suggesting such a thing. Some OT believers may have trusted in the Messiah to take away their sins without contemplating how He would do it. However, Jesus' response to Peter and the other disciples' reluctance to accept His teaching about His death (Matt 16:23-27) shows that OT believers could and should have known this. Simeon, for one, surely did. When Mary and Joseph brought the Infant Jesus to the Temple, Simeon gave a veiled prophecy concerning His death (Luke 2:25-35). Genesis 22, Isaiah 53, and the sacrificial system are clear on this point.
58 It is certainly conceivable, however, that Abraham had a fully developed messianic concept at the point of his initial faith. Not all that the Lord said to OT people is recorded in the OT. The Lord may have told Adam and Eve, for instance, about the need for a blood sacrifice (Gen. 3:31). If so, Adam and Eve would have surely passed this on to their offspring (Gen 4:5; Heb 11:4), and they in turn would have told others. It is quite possible that Abraham would have been aware of this--either from writings which are no longer extant, from oral tradition, or from direct revelation from the Lord Himself.
59 Anders Nygren, Commentary on Romans (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1949), 81-92.
60 Brown, Driver, and Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament, s.v. "na?ham," 636-37.
61 Most of its uses are non-theological in nature. Of its theological uses most refer to the so-called "repentance of God." For further information on the meaning of naham when used in reference to God, see H. Van Parunak, "The Repentance of God in the Old Testament" (Th.M. thesis, Dallas Theological Seminary, 1975).
Related Topics: Dispensational / Covenantal Theology, Soteriology (Salvation)


text:
For about two years I worked on my Underground Moscow – Berlin series. Using public transport often, I discovered that I was not satisfied with the single images taken there. It was impossible to include the many interesting sounds of the incoming and outgoing trains, the muffled steps of passers-by and their quiet conversations plus the announcements of the trains. A lot of the hustle and bustle of these places did not show in the way I felt them. To be able to express what I feel there and to give the viewer some impression, I started to experiment with double exposures. At first, the project was about the Moscow Metro only. But spending a lot of time in Berlin, connecting these two places in my photography was kind of natural.
Here you can find a summary with the sounds of the places
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PITTSBURGH -- Backed up deep in their own territory, their slow start to the season in danger of turning into a legitimate freefall, the Pittsburgh Steelers did what they always seem to do when things get tight.
They relaxed.
Ben Roethlisberger converted a pair of critical third downs during a remarkably patient 64-yard drive over the final 6:33 and Shaun Suisham drilled a 34-yard field goal as time expired to lift the Steelers to a 16-14 victory over the Philadelphia Eagles in the rain on Sunday.
On NFL Replay
NFL Replay
will re-air the Pittsburgh Steelers' 16-14 win over the Philadelphia Eagles from Week 5 on Wednesday, October 10 at 9 p.m. ET.
It's a way of life the Eagles had grown comfortable with during the season's opening month. Philadelphia (3-2) appeared on the verge of its third one-point win of the season when Michael Vick hit Brent Celek for a 2-yard score midway through the fourth quarter.
The Steelers (2-2) started at their own 20 then promptly went backwards thanks to a holding penalty.
No biggie.
Roethlisberger hit Antonio Brown for 20 yards on third-and-12. A 15-yard screen pass to running back Rashard Mendenhall - making his return from surgery to repair a torn ACL in his right knee - moved Pittsburgh into Eagles territory.
Two plays later Roethlisberger found Emmanuel Sanders for an eight-yard gain and five straight runs put the Steelers well within Suisham's range. The kick was good all the way, and the Steelers avoided their first 1-3 start under Tomlin.
"I always have confidence in myself and the guys that we can do it," said Roethlisberger after engineering his 25th career fourth-quarter comeback. "It's good to go down. That was everybody on that drive."
Roethlisberger completed 21 of 37 passes for 207 yards, and Mendenhall finished with 81 rushing yards and a score while adding 20 receiving yards as Pittsburgh's beleaguered running game showed signs of life.
"Our savior is back," Roethlisberger joked. "We've been teasing him all week. It was great to see him out there and he did a great job."
Vick completed 20 of 30 passes for 175 yards and two scores but fumbled twice for the Eagles, who couldn't keep their string of narrow early-season victories going. LeSean McCoy rushed for 53 yards, and caught four passes for 27 yards and a touchdown for Philadelphia.
"This one is going to burn for a minute," Vick said.
The Eagles trailed the whole way but put together a grinding 17-play, 79-yard drive at the start of the final quarter, converting a pair of risky fourth downs, including one deep inside their own territory. McCoy turned both into first downs, twisting for the necessary yardage on fourth-and-inches at the Philadelphia 30 then bulling for two yards on fourth-and-1 at the Pittsburgh 47.
"I don't know how I can say this humble ... we felt like we could drive on them," McCoy said.
Scoring, however, proved to be another matter.
"You're going to need to score more points, going to need to help our defense out a lot more," Vick said. "And we tried to the best we can. Pittsburgh's a good football team; their record might not have shown it."
The Steelers came in smarting following a 34-31 loss in Oakland two weeks ago before heading into a well-timed bye that allowed the defense to get healthy. Pittsburgh hoped the return of linebacker James Harrison and safety Troy Polamalu from injury would spark a defense that looked a step slow in in the second half of losses to the Raiders and Broncos.
The reunion of the two stars didn't last long.
Polamalu left in the first quarter after re-aggravating a strained right calf and the Steelers lost outside linebacker LaMarr Woodley with a strained hamstring shortly thereafter.
Still, the Steelers prevented the Eagles from making big plays. Philadelphia's longest gain was all of 24 yards and Pittsburgh forced Vick to fumble three times - including on into the end zone that Steelers linebacker Larry Foote pounced on - and didn't let him get anything going with his legs.
"Our defense stood up today," said Steelers linebacker Lawrence Timmons. "We really needed this win. A good team is always defined by what they do after losses."
The in-state rivals face each other only once every four years, though things were pretty chippy. There was a considerable amount of pushing and shoving after the whistle and flow of any variety was hard to come by on a day the teams combined for 14 penalties, including nine by the Steelers.
Pittsburgh's offense found its footing first, with Mendenhall taking a lateral from Roethlisberger and dashing 13 yards for a score midway through the second quarter.
"When I stepped out there I knew I would be comfortable," said Mendenhall, who hadn't played since injuring the knee in a victory over Cleveland on New Year's Day. "I just wanted to go out there and play the best that I could and I was able to do that."
Pittsburgh made it 10-0 at the half on a 20-yard field goal by Suisham, though the Steelers missed a chance to go up two touchdowns when Jerricho Cotchery tripped going into the end zone.
"Things happen," Vick said. "I wish I could take the fumble back on the goal line but you can't. Ultimately I think we put ourselves into a position to win this game and we didn't win."
NOTES: Tomlin said it's too early to tell if either Woodley or Polamalu will be available for Thursday night's game in Tennessee ... The Eagles escaped injury-free according to coach Andy Reid. RB Bryce Brown left briefly with a shoulder strain while LB Mychal Kendricks went out for a bit with a sprained ankle ... The Steelers are 5-1 after bye weeks under Tomlin ... Pittsburgh TE Heath Miller had four receptions for 43 yards to become the eighth player in franchise history to top 4,000 career receiving yards ... Vick had a quarterback rating of 104.2, the 12th time he's topped the 100 mark during his time in Philadelphia ... The Eagles host Detroit next Sunday.
Copyright 2012 by The Associated Press


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Man vs. Nature in the Suburbs
CHESTERTOWN, MD—The Rose O'Neill Literary House will host veteran journalist and author Jim Sterba on Friday, March 21, at 5 p.m. to talk about his recent book, Nature Wars: The Incredible Story of How Wildlife Comebacks Turned Backyards into Battlegrounds.
Sterba will discuss why so many Americans have become detached and disassociated from the natural world outside their suburban homes, and the effect it has had on their interactions with animals just beyond their backdoors. The event takes place at the Literary House, 407 Washington Avenue, and is free and open to the public. A book signing and reception will follow.
Shortlisted for the Los Angeles Times Book Prize, Nature Wars tells the story of how the baby-boom generation neglected the wildlife around it, absorbed instead by the new and exciting possibilities of consumer goods and the newly discovered delights of television. NBC's Tom Brokaw described it as a "smart, stylish and altogether provocative account of how we are confounded by that which we claim to hold so dear."
Sterba aims to explain how what should have been a nature lover's dream has become quite the opposite. "Today, it is quite likely that more people live in closer proximity to more wild animals, birds and trees in America than anywhere on the planet at any time in history," he writes on his website (http://www.jimsterba.com). "This should be wonderful news—unless, perhaps, you are one of 4,000 drivers who will hit a deer today, your child's soccer field is carpeted with goose droppings, coyotes are killing your pets, … beavers have flooded your driveway, or bears are looting your garbage cans. Nature Wars tells the story of how a wildlife comeback miracle became such a mess."
Sterba has more than 40 years of experience in the journalism world, beginning with the now defunct Washington, D.C.-based Evening Star newspaper in 1967. His early years as a war correspondent took him to faraway posts including Cambodia, Laos, Afghanistan and Beijing. He then went on to serve as a foreign correspondent and a national reporter for both the New York Times and the Wall Street Journal.
This event is sponsored by the Washington College Center for Environment and Society. For more information, visit http://www.washcoll.edu/centers/ces.
– George Gabriel '14


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In this diet game, there are rules. Now sure, if you break these rules a referee won't drop out of the sky and blow a whistle all up in your face, but by following them you'll increase the likelihood of sticking to your caloric deficit, emerging on the other side looking and feeling a lot better.
1. Secure home base
There is a tasty killer lurking in your house, and he is out to desexify your body. The most disturbing part of all is that you're the one that let him in. A lot of the damage that occurs during a diet happens right at home – late night binging, mindless tv snacking, etc – and often involves all of the comfort foods that are mighty delicious, but pack a ton of calories and are easy to devour with reckless abandon. If that's the case, it makes sense to avoid this pitfall entirely by getting those foods out of the place where they're most likely to be eaten.
The first rule of Rogonian Law is that if a food is in your house, it will eventually end up in your stomach. Sandra Aamodt and Sam Wang wrote a great op-ed piece for the New York Times discussing how will power is a finite resource and that while demonstrating zen-like will power on one task, you "deplete" your reserves and are therefore less likely to display that same amount of self-control when performing another seemingly unrelated task.
I don't say this to give you a reason to obliterate the cookie jar when stressed – quite the contrary, because with practice our will power reserves can be bolstered. The best way to avoid eating something is not to have it around at all. If you're not ready to make this plunge just yet, you can always slowly get these foods out of your house, first by reducing the portion size. Instead of buying the huge carton of ice cream, keep one or two of the single serving cups in the house – think of it as preemptive damage control. If you eat both of them, you've done much less harm than if you crushed an entire pint.
2. Don't roll solo
Once you leave the comfort and safety of home base, that's when it gets real. Not just real, but realer than real. You're away from your usual foods and now you're venturing out into a world where you're rarely more than 5 minutes away from something you can eat. This is where will power is critical, but it's best to come prepared regardless. Bag up something non perishable and keep it in your bag or car – think a piece or two of fruit (beef jerky is also an option, but you may lose friends if you eat it in close quarters) or protein powder. In those moments of dietary weakness, the simple act of getting something in your stomach helps you think more clearly and reduces the likelihood of an emotional eating episode.
By employing this strategy, you don't have to go through the whole mental rigamarole of deciding between a piece of fruit or two ginormous slices of pizza with a piece of chocolate cake in between – you've already made a choice that will keep you on track towards your goals.
3. Prepare for battle
When on a diet, one fact that you're going to have to accept is that you're going to be hungry. Maybe not all the time, and not ravishingly so, but you and hunger are going to be homies during this process. You're going to have to interact with other people while in a state of hunger, and this is where it becomes easy to fall off the wagon. If you create a caloric buffer or eat in line with your goals before you head out the house, you can drastically decrease the chances of overeating food at a get together only to feel like crap about it later. A social gathering with food is just that – a gathering where food just happens to be. Just because it's there doesn't mean you have to eat a lot.
This rule applies for grocery shopping as well. I'm sure that we've all gone grocery shopping while hungry at least once, and the result was madness on a grand scale. That list probably snowballed from 6 simple items into pretty much anything within arms reach that looked like it might make your stomach smile with delight. Once the beast within takes over, everything starts to look like it could taste good and you make purchases that you never would under a more sane state of mind. And lets be honest here, do you really want to get home only to find out that 5 cans of Spam managed to find their way into your cart?
What are you dietary survival tactics? What has worked (or hasn't) for you in the past? Leave your answers in the comment section below!


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Christopher N. Grover of the Town of Poughkeepsie died on Thursday, Sept. 28. His girlfriend, 29-year-old Nicole Addimando, was arrested after flagging down a patrol officer around 2:16 a.m. Thursday telling them she had been involved in an incident with her boyfriend.
Addimando was charged with felony second-degree murder and remanded to Dutchess County Jail without bail. The investigation into the circumstances surrounding the shooting is still ongoing.
Friends may call at the Burnett & White Funeral Homes on Route 9 in Red Hook on Tuesday, Oct. 3 from 4 p.m. to 7 p.m. Interment will be private.
Born on March 26, 1987, in Rhinebeck, Grover was the son of Peter and Gail (Shanley) Grover of Tivoli. He was a 2006 graduate of Red Hook High School.
Grover was the head coach at Mr. Todd's Gymnastics located in Poughkeepsie for many years and previously worked at Fly High Gymnastics in Red Hook.
In addition to his loving parents- Peter and Gail Grover, Chris is survived by his children, Benjamin & Faye Grover; his brother, Kevin Grover of Red Hook, NY; his maternal grandparents, Norman & Shirley Shanley of Tivoli, NY; his paternal grandmother, Joan Grover of Red Hook, NY; his "favorite aunt", Tracy Shanley of Tivoli, NY; along with numerous aunts, uncles, cousin, extended family, colleagues, and friends.
Chris was predeceased by his paternal grandfather, Brendan "Benny" Grover.
Memorial donations may be made in Christopher's memory for a trust to be set up for Benjamin and Faye Grover -c/o: Burnett & White Funeral Homes, 7461 S. Broadway, Red Hook, NY 12571.
Arrangements are under the direction of Burnett & White Funeral Homes 7461 S. Broadway, Red Hook, NY.
For directions, or to sign the online guestbook, please visit www.Burnett-White.com.
Click here to follow Daily Voice Southwest Dutchess and receive free news updates.


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Manton Securities Lawyers
Michael Zamzow
(616) 965-2621
Western Michigan University6th Circuit and MichiganGrand Rapids Economics Club and Grand Rapids Bar AssociationReal Property: Common Law and As-Is Clauses
Andrew Longcore
Western Michigan University Cooley Law SchoolMichigan State UniversityMichigan
Patrick R Sughroue
(616) 540-8329
Wayne State University Law SchoolUniversity of Notre DameMichiganAssociation for Corporate Growth and State Bar of Michigan
Matthew J. Turchyn
(248) 335-5000
Michigan State UniversityUniversity of Michigan - Ann ArborMichigan, Eastern District of Michigan and 6th CircuitSuper Lawyers, Michigan Lawyers Weekly, DBusiness and Super LawyersState Bar of Michigan Representative Assembly and The Oakland County Bar Association American Inn of CourtIt Looks Like a Sale; It Quacks Like a Sale… But It's Not? An Argument for the Application of the Duck Test in a Digital First Sale Doctrine
Alexander Stotland
(248) 335-5000
Hofstra UniversityHofstra UniversityNew York and Michigandbusiness, dbusiness, dbusiness and dbusinessState Bar of Michigan and New York State Bar
Lance Young
(866) 443-4145
Western Michigan University Cooley Law SchoolUniversity of Michigan - Ann Arbor and Michigan State University6th Circuit, Michigan, U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey, U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan, U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania and U.S. District Court for the Western District of MichiganMichigan State Bar and National Employment Law Association
Jessica Bray
(906) 762-4298
DePaul College of LawWestern Michigan UniversityMichiganMichigan State Bar, State Bar of Michigan...
Peter C Rageas
(313) 962-7777
Michigan State UniversityWalsh College and Wayne State UniversityMichigan and ArizonaAmerican Association of Attorney-CPAs and Dearborn Bar Assoc.
Richard Manczak
(248) 567-7400
University of DenverMichigan State UniversityColorado and MichiganColorado State Bar
Aaron Israels
(720) 599-3505
Arizona, Colorado, Illinois and MichiganSuper Lawyers, Super Lawyers and Public Investors Arbitration Bar AssociationPublic Investors Arbitration Bar Association
Mr. Christopher Harold Tovar
(832) 370-3908
University of Michigan - Ann ArborUniversity of Texas - Austin and Duke UniversityMichigan, Texas, Florida, New York and Illinois
Thomas Michael Dono Jr
(248) 813-2014
UCLA School of LawSUNY Ctr at Stony BrookNew York, California and MichiganCalifornia State Bar
Jason A. Richardson
University of Houston - Main CampusUniversity of Houston - Main Campus and University of UtahIllinois and TexasState Bar of Texas and Illinois State Bar Association
Lawrence Elkus
(248) 539-3232
Southern Methodist UniversityState Bar of Michigan
Alan M. Kanter
The LII Lawyer Directory contains lawyers who have claimed their profiles and are actively seeking clients. Find more Manton Securities Lawyers in the Justia Legal Services and Lawyers Directory which includes profiles of more than one million lawyers licensed to practice in the United States, in addition to profiles of legal aid, pro bono and legal service organizations.
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Don't Sacrifice Safety for Income
Conservative investors are in a very uncomfortable position right now, as their regular sources of portfolio income have seen their payouts slashed in recent years.
Yet before you go ramping up the risk level of your portfolio just to make ends meet, you really need to consider whether doing so won't just trade one problem for a potentially much larger one that could put your entire life savings at risk.
The income dilemma
The huge problem that many conservative investors face is that the investments they've traditionally relied on to provide the income they need have essentially dried up. Even prudent investors who wisely prepared bond and CD ladders to take advantage of higher interest rates in the past have steadily seen their income fall, as old CDs yielding 5% or 6% get replaced with new ones that pay only 1% or 2%.
In response, those desperate for income have piled into asset classes that involve very different types of risk. Lower-grade corporate and municipal bonds offer higher payouts than other bonds, but they also carry with them much weaker credit ratings and significantly greater chances of losses from default. Many investors have also started to give up on bonds, moving money into the stock market.
In particular, some highly specialized segments of the market have attracted a lot of attention:
In the natural resources space, master limited partnerships have drawn interest because of their sizable distribution yields and favorable tax characteristics. Yet ALPS Alerian MLP ETF and the MLPs that make up the fund's holdings have returns that are highly dependent on conditions in the oil and gas industry, leaving many investors dangerously concentrated in that area.
Real estate investment trusts offer some of the highest yields in the market, and floods of money have poured into REITs, especially those specializing in mortgage-backed securities. Annaly Capital , American Capital Agency , and other major players in the mortgage REIT market have seen their market capitalizations soar as successive secondary offerings and high levels of leverage have greatly boosted the size of their balance sheets. Yet even having taken steps to hedge some interest rate risk through the use of derivatives, mortgage REITs are still vulnerable to any adverse conditions that threaten their ability to gain access to leverage.
There's nothing inherently bad about any of these investments. The problem, though, is that they're a far cry from the bonds and CDs that their new investors are used to, and without a complete understanding of what they've gotten themselves into, conservative investors won't know what to expect from them or the potential problems that may arise with them.
The whole-portfolio approach
In considering whether to replace low-yielding bonds and CDs with higher-risk investments like stocks, the key to making a smart decision is to focus less on individual securities and more on your overall allocation. In many cases, conservative investors were too conservative in focusing exclusively on risk-free CDs and bonds, as they gave up any prospect of growing their principal -- something that's increasingly important as lifespans get longer.
In that light, boosting stock exposure by investing in the relatively well-known dividend payers that Vanguard Dividend Appreciation ETF or iShares Dow Jones Select Dividend ETF own can lead to a less risky outcome in terms of increasing the odds that you won't run out of money in retirement.
The reason these and similar ETFs are good choices is that they make it easy to get well-diversified exposure to income-producing stocks. Diversification keeps you from having to deal with the specific risks of individual securities, as you don't have to worry that a failure in any single investment will lead to devastating losses. By contrast, if you simply pile into the hot income investment of the moment, you greatly increase the risk that you'll be the one who suffers when the music stops.
Be as safe as you should be
Don't let pressure to boost your income lead you to make bad investment choices. By making an informed decision about your overall portfolio risk, you can find a viable mix of stocks, bonds, and other investments that can get you to the goals you're seeking.
Learn more about Annaly Capital in this brand new premium research report on the company, in which our analyst runs through these absolute must-know topics, as well as the future opportunities and pitfalls of their strategy. Click here now to claim your copy.
The article Don't Sacrifice Safety for Income originally appeared on Fool.com.
Fool contributor Dan Caplinger owns shares of Vanguard Dividend Appreciation and iShares Dow Jones Select Dividend ETFs. The Motley Fool owns shares of Annaly Capital Management. Try any of our Foolish newsletter services free for 30 days. We Fools may not all hold the same opinions, but we all believe that considering a diverse range of insights makes us better investors. The Motley Fool has a disclosure policy.
Copyright © 1995 - 2013 The Motley Fool, LLC. All rights reserved. The Motley Fool has a disclosure policy.


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For the newest release of NetBeans, Oracle has equipped the open source IDE to continuously run a static analysis tool, which could point out possible coding errors to developers as they write their programs.
NetBeans 7.2, released Tuesday, also includes performance improvements and support for the latest languages and associated technologies.
[ Learn how to work smarter, not harder with InfoWorld's roundup of all the tips and trends programmers need to know in the Developers' Survival Guide. Download the PDF today! | Keep up with the latest developer news with InfoWorld's Developer World newsletter. ]
For this release, NetBeans includes FindBugs, a static analysis tool for Java programs. Static analysis inspects program code for possible errors or defects, reporting errors and suggesting possible fixes to the developer. A popular debugger, FindBugs has been downloaded more than 2 million times, its creators estimate. Developers will be able to scan their applications to identify coding problems, getting the results directly within the IDE. FindBugs has long been offered as a plug-in, but this is the first version of NetBeans to include the software as part of its core package, according to Oracle.
The NetBeans keepers have also improved the responsiveness of the program by reconfiguring how it handles I/O operations and background project scanning. No longer do heavy I/O operations delay responses to users, and the start-up process is, according to Oracle, smoother and quicker. Start-ups are 10 percent faster and overall performance has been hastened by as much as 60 percent, the company said.
This version also supports the early access release of JavaFX, the Java-based RIA framework. It also has been updated to run or support the latest versions of other technologies, including C++11, CSS 3, PHP 5.4, Maven 3.0.4, and Groovy 1.8.6.
NetBeans is one of two Java IDEs that Oracle maintains. The company offers this software, which it acquired when it purchased Sun Microsystems, for the general Java developer. The IDE also supports programming in PHP and C/C++. The company's other Java IDE, JDeveloper, is intended more for organizations that use Java in production environments with other Oracle software.
NetBeans is available at no cost and runs on Microsoft Windows, Apple OS X, Linux, and Oracle Solaris.
Joab Jackson covers enterprise software and general technology breaking news for The IDG News Service. Follow Joab on Twitter at @Joab_Jackson. Joab's e-mail address is email@example.com