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The X Factor will be housing two former Disney pop princesses at its judging table in season two!
Teen idol Demi Lovato has officially joined the Fox hit reality series as the fourth and final judge, sources confirm to E! News.
Lovato is set to join Simon Cowell, L.A. Reid and fellow newbie judge Britney Spears when the show returns in September.
While Fox isn't commenting on Lovato's hiring, the 19-year-old singer is expected to make an appearance tomorrow at the network's upfront presentation in New York City. Spears is also expected to appear at the event where a formal announcement about the duo joining the show will be made.
News of Lovato officially joining the show was first reported by TMZ.
Last week, Spears finalized her deal to join the show. As we previously reported, Spears will get $15 million for one season's worth of work.
Before Lovato signed on, The X Factor was reportedly courting fellow former Disney star Miley Cyrus, but sources told us she was never approached with an offer.
Cowell had been on the hunt for two judges to replace Paula Abdul and Nicole Scherzinger since he fired them in January.
Are you excited that Lovato will be joining The X Factor? Do you think she will make a good judge? Sound off in the comments!


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Forex Trading Glossary, Learn About Currency Trading
Forex trading is the simultaneous buying of one currency and selling another.. Currencies are traded through a broker or dealer and are traded in pairs.. Currencies are quoted in relation to another currency.. For example, the euro and the U.S. dollar (EUR/USD) or … ...read more
Gold Spot (FOREX:XAUUSDO) FOREX Foreign Exchange and
Forex-Traders-Uk Not the weakest G10 link by any means, but under pressure again and top heavy vs the Dollar above 1.1900 where 1.7 bn option expiries reside ahead of the Fed. However, the single currency has lurched some distance away from 1.2 bn at the 0.8600 strike against Sterling after stops at 0.8550 were finally tripped to push the cross down to test 2021 lows circa 0.8540 ...read more
3 Ways to Read Forex Charts - wikiHow
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In forex trading, when you buy, say, the Japanese yen, you are basically buying a "share" in the Japanese economy. You are betting that the Japanese economy is doing well, and will even get better as time goes. Currency symbols always have three letters, ...read more
ForEx | Nasdaq
26-10-2019 · A Forex chart is a visual way to read price movements over a certain period. When you're looking at a Forex chart, you'll see rectangular symbols that look like candles - these indicate opening price and closing price. For the black ones, the top is the open price and the bottom is the closing price. For the white ones, it's the opposite. ...read more
What is Forex: Buy And Sell in Currency Pairs - BabyPips.com
By submitting your mobile phone number, you consent to receiving text messages about your account. You may unsubscribe at any time. ...read more
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Forex_Times 📌 Ближайшим уровнем поддержки на сегодня выступает уровень опционного баланса недели (65.50). 💸 При успешном тесте последнего на протяжении европейской сессии ожидаем повышение к лимитному продавцу (66.16). ...read more
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03-02-2021 · ForEx. Recent ForEx headlines Published. 1 day ago. Add symbols now or see the quotes that matter to you, anywhere on Nasdaq.com. Start browsing stocks, funds and ETFs, ...read more
Forex Trading | Live Fx Rates | Online Forex Rates and
Forex Strategy Builder can import historical data from MT5 and can generate experts in the MQL5 language. The program supports only netting accounts. It utilizes the MT5 capability to modify the positions volume, which is very useful when your experts add, reduce or reverse positions. ...read more
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EUR USD Chart — Euro to Dollar Rate — TradingView
The pair will continue to move higher in the following days towards the 100.000 price area. Despite the stagnant growth in the European Union, investors of the EUR/RUB pair will go long amid the worries that Joe Biden's presidency will be disastrous for the Russian economy. ...read more
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Ver el gráficoU.S. DOLLAR / ARGENTINE PESO en directo para realizar un seguimiento de los últimos cambios de precios. Las ideas, previsiones y noticias del mercado de trading también se encuentran a … ...read more
Download Metatrader 5 | MT5 for Windows | FOREX.com
Type in the correlation criteria to find the least and/or most correlated forex currencies in real time. Correlation ranges from -100% to +100%, where -100% represents currencies moving in opposite directions (negative correlation) and Column Symbols AUD/CAD ...read more
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15-02-2021 · FOREX-Dollar weakens as market optimism lifts riskier currencies. These symbols will be available throughout the site during your session. Save data. Data is currently not available. ...read more

subset: commoncrawl


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Got your tickets to a Concert, Sports or Theater event in Los Angeles? Here is five great choices for you to eat before your event.
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We have no inherent dislike of Bryant Gumbel, but sometimes we think there's some sort of slow gas leak in his home. Greg Gumbel's wacky brother has really done it this time, angering his NFL overlords (he was hired to do play-by-play on eight NFL Network games this season) when he made a rude comment about Gene Upshaw on his HBO show. Something about how Paul Tagliabue should show his successor (Roger Goodell) "where he keeps Gene Upshaw's leash." Wait, here's the quote:
Before he cleans out his office, have Paul Tagliabue show you where he keeps Gene Upshaw's leash. By making the docile head of the players union his personal pet, your predecessor has kept the peace without giving players the kind of guarantees other pros take for granted. Try to make sure no one competent ever replaces Upshaw on your watch.
If Gumbel wanted out of the job, he may have received his wish. It also would have been fun to have had Gumbel make that comment 25 years ago. Because we've never seen a broadcaster stretched like circus taffy.
By the way, so it's know that we said it: Gene Upshaw really is horrible. Freelance writers have a better union.


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Ankeny Field
Ankeny Field is a hub and gathering place, study hall and classroom, as well as an ultimate Frisbee®, flag football and Quidditch field. It's a must-see on your campus visit, especially around 4 p.m. when it springs to life. Flanked by residence halls and academic buildings, including Jewett Hall, Lyman House, Maxey Hall, the Hall of Science and Penrose Library, Ankeny Field reflects the active, engaged life of Whitties and the social, intellectual and physical dimensions of the Whitman experience.
About Whitman


text:
The Global Fourier Infrared Protein Analyzer Market 2017 Industry Research Report is a in-depth study and professional analysis on the current state of the Fourier Infrared Protein Analyzer market.
View full press release
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Rep. Grimm strikes back at Maher
Rep. Michael Grimm is fundraising off the news that comedian Bill Maher is targeting his seat for his "Flip a District" campaign, sending an email to his supporters warning of Maher's "anti-Catholic, leftist propaganda."
The New York Republican's campaign emailed its supporters on Sunday asking them to donate because "the liberals are coming," the New York Observer reported.
"The liberals are coming and apparently, they want my congressional seat! Bill Maher announced that he's taking aim and wants to 'Flip This District,'" the campaign email read. "What Maher doesn't understand is that the voters in Staten Island and Brooklyn do not agree with his anti-Catholic, leftist propaganda. Bill Maher is hardly the spokesman for traditional American values, in fact — he's the opposite."
( Also on POLITICO: Farenthold: Maher hit 'badge of honor')
Maher announced earlier this month that he would be seeking nominations for a member of Congress whom he would try to unseat. Grimm was one of the first two lawmakers nominated for a bracket-style competition, along with Rep. Blake Farenthold (R-Texas).
Maher called them "public embarrassments" and mentioned Grimm's on-air dustup with a New York reporter in the Capitol in January.
Grimm fired back in his email Sunday that it is Maher and the left who need to be stopped. Highlighting comments from Maher, including ones supportive of Obamacare and others that mock religion, such as "The Bible looks like it started out as a game of Mad Libs," the campaign said Maher doesn't share the values of Grimm's constituents.
"Maher has even shared his idea of what values are," the email read, quoting the comic: "'When we talk about values, I think of rationality in solving problems. That's something I value. When they talk about values, they're talking about things like going to church, voting for Bush, being loyal to Jesus, praying. These are not values.'"
The email also quoted Maher slamming religion: "I think religion stops people from thinking, I think it justified crazies."
Grimm warned of a "liberal takeover" of New York City.
"Like Bill Maher, the [Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee] and Mayor [Bill] de Blasio (aka the most progressive Mayor of New York City has ever seen) want this seat because it would make their lives much easier — let's face it, I am the only one standing between them and a liberal take over of NYC," Grimm wrote in the email. "I am the only Republican Congressman who represents a borough within New York City, a city of 8.5 million people. They want me gone! … Help me stop the Liberals from Coming."
Grimm is facing a tough reelection battle that is likely to attract plenty of outside spending from Democrats.


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50% Silk 50% Viscose
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For more information about Short Silk Mix Nightie from our Nighties and Night Gowns range, please contact us by filling out our online form and starting the enquiry with Short Silk Mix Nightie


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Trijicon RM04 Sight
No reviews
Developed to improve precision and accuracy with any style or caliber of weapon, the Trijicon RMR (Ruggedized Miniature Reflex) is designed to be as durable as the legendary ACOG. The RM04 is a battery free sight, featuring Trijicon fiber optics and tritium. Housed in rugged forged aluminum, the RMR is extremely tough yet lightweight. New easy-to-use adjusters with audible clicks allow for quick windage and elevation adjustments. The new Trijicon RMR is tougher than any alternative and suitable for military, law enforcement and hunting applications. * Please contact Paratus Tactical Equipment's sales department for special pricing on this product.


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I hate it when my computer decides to do something strange all by itself.
How to search properly with Google.
Friday started out like any other day. I installed some new software on my home PC and rebooted, pretty normal stuff. Upon logging back into my machine, I noticed things were a little off. When I minimize anything, it did not show up on the taskbar. Hmm, so I tried the old Alt-Tab, which still worked like a charm. Ok, time to play with the taskbar. If I unchecked all of the Toolbars, I would only get a very slim line of a taskbar, that I could not resize or relocate (even with Lock the taskbar unchecked).
Time to search for an answer, because I will miss seeing my application on the taskbar! I try http://support.microsoft.com/ with varies queries (none of which really give me anything):
· XP loses taskbar
· Windows XP loses taskbar
· windows XP minimize applications taskbar
· windows XP minimize applications
Dang, that got me nowhere! Nothing even remotely close came up.
Hmm, I wonder if any of the taskbar tools in the world can help? So, I go to http://www.microsoft.com/windowsxp/downloads/powertoys/xppowertoys.mspx and get Tweak UI. You can do lots of cool things with it, but it does not help my current problem.
Wait, I find an Alt-Tab replacement on the page, its called Taskswitch.exe. Cool, so I give that a try. Dang, it works great, by my taskbar problem remains.
Ok, time to hit Google, why didn't I just start with Google? So, I try various searches:
· taskbar not minimizing applications
· taskbar this, task bar that (meaning too many variations to post them all).
Nothing for my problem yet, but a lot of hits for Raymond Chen's Blog The Old New Thing – http://blogs.msdn.com/oldnewthing/default.aspx. He some some great articles on it, with lots of topics, including XP.
I see that Raymond did indeed blog about this. He said that the taskbar can become messed up because of an application that installs improperly. Ok, so I uninstall the last application. I then rebooted my PC with my fingers crossed. Nothing changed. So I install the application again, because I liked it. ExplorerXP http://www.explorerxp.com/ works great and is priced right J
So lets recap, I tired support.microsoft.com, Google, various blogs, Tweak UI, Taskswitch, uninstalling ExplorerXP, installing ExplorerXP, rebooting, lots of playing with the taskbar and toolbars that go with it, looking for viruses (yes, I even thought of that). So, I am done right? Wrong, it is time to go back to Google. Its now Sunday, I know, I am slow, but I really have not spent enough time with this problem yet to fix it, and I will not let my computer beat me!
I knew Google could find the answer; I just needed to reword my search. So I try:
· Programs aren't minimized
Bam! A hit and it looks good. Hmm, go to http://www.kellys-korner-xp.com/xp_tweaks.htm and look for line 240 on the left side. Got it. Ok, what have I got to lose? So, I run the script and it works like a champ. Problem solved.
So what is the moral of the story? That sometimes computers mess up and we just have to deal with it? No, that can't be right. That no matter how much you "think" you know about computers, they will still try and mess you up? No, that can't be right. How about if at first you don't succeed, try, try, and try again. Hmm, that sounds better. Searching is not an exact science. I kept using the word application, but the answer was with the term program. Both mean the same thing, but the articles I wanted like the word program. I find that coming back an hour later or as in this case, a day later makes a world of difference when searching. You can also ask someone else what term(s) they would use. Lastly, never give up, the Internet today is huge. You are not the first person to experience this issue, and you won't be the last.


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Mammography is an x-ray of the breast that uses low doses of radiation. The picture made during mammography is called a mammogram. It can help find both cancerous (malignant) and non-cancerous (benign) tumours in the breast.
Why mammography is done @(Model.HeadingTag)>
There are 2 types of mammography. They are done for different reasons.
Screening mammography is used to look for cancer in women who do not have any symptoms of breast cancer or breast problems. Both breasts are examined during a screening mammography. It can help find lumps or abnormal areas of breast tissue that may be too small to be felt by hand. Screening mammography monitors changes to the breast over time and can help find breast cancer at an early stage.
Diagnostic mammography is done to diagnose a breast problem, such as a lump or suspicious area. You may notice the problem and tell your doctor about it, or it may be found during a clinical breast examination or screening mammography. Diagnostic mammography takes longer than a screening mammography. More detailed images and views of the breast are taken from different angles, to look more closely at an area in the breast. Diagnostic mammography is usually done on both breasts so that doctors can compare the breast tissue of both breasts.
Diagnostic mammography may also be done to help find the abnormal area during a stereotactic core needle biopsy or wire localization biopsy.
Preparing for mammography @(Model.HeadingTag)>
Don't use deodorant, antiperspirant, body lotion or talcum powder under the arms or on the breasts before mammography. These products can interfere with the accuracy of the x-ray. You may be given a disposable towel to wipe down your skin around your breasts and armpits.
Wear clothing that is easy to remove from the waist up.
Remove necklaces and other jewellery that might get in the way during the test.
If you're worried about discomfort during the test, these tips may help:
- Try to avoid having mammography in the 7 to 10 days before your menstrual period begins. Your breasts may be tender during this time.
- Avoid drinks and food that contain caffeine, such as coffee, tea, cola and chocolate, for 5–7 days before mammography.
- Talk to your doctor about taking a mild pain medicine about an hour before your test.
How mammography is done @(Model.HeadingTag)>
Mammography is done in clinics or hospital x-ray departments.
You will stand in front of the mammography machine, and your breast is placed between 2 plastic compression plates. The plates are then pressed together to flatten, or compress, the breast.
The breast tissue is compressed to make the mammogram clearer so the tissues inside the breast can be seen. Flattening the breast also allows less radiation to be used.
If you have a lot of discomfort during the x-ray, tell the radiation technologist who is doing the test. They may be able to adjust the compression to make it more comfortable.
Views of each breast are taken from different angles. Diagnostic mammography takes more views than screening mammography.
Before you get dressed, the technologist will check the mammography films (mammograms) to make sure they are clear enough for the radiologist (a doctor who specializes in using imaging techniques) to read. You may have to do the test again if the mammograms are not clear.
Spot compression @(Model.HeadingTag)>
Spot compression (also called cone compression) may be used to get a closer view of one area of the breast during diagnostic mammography.
To get a clearer image, a small compression plate separates the breast tissue in an area and pushes normal breast tissue out of the way. The images may be enlarged (magnified) to make it easier to see small suspicious areas.
These close-up views can show tiny deposits of calcium (called calcifications) that look like small white spots on a mammogram. The radiologist looks at the size, shape and pattern of calcifications and reports these as part of the results of the mammography.
Most breast calcifications are not related to cancer. However, certain characteristics of calcifications, such as irregular shapes or certain groupings, can be a concern.
What the results mean @(Model.HeadingTag)>
The radiologist will read the mammogram to look for changes or abnormalities. Many mammography centres in Canada use the American College of Radiologists Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) to report the results of the mammogram. This system recommends which follow-up tests may be needed after a mammography, as well as the risk that an abnormality may be cancer (malignant).
Assessment of mammogram
Recommended follow-up tests
Likelihood of malignancy (cancer)
Category 0: Incomplete
More mammogram images needed
Spot compression
Need to compare with an earlier mammogram
Category 1: Negative
Normal, no areas of concern
Continue with regular screening mammograms
Category 2: Benign
Normal, with non-cancerous areas based on their appearance
Continue with regular screening mammograms
Category 3:
Probably benign
An area that is probably non-cancerous
Follow-up mammogram in 6 months to watch for any changes to the area
Greater than 0% but less than 2%
Category 4A:
Low suspicion for malignancy
There is an abnormal area that is of low concern
Greater than 2% but less than or equal to 10%
Category 4B: Moderate suspicion for malignancy
There is an abnormal area of some concern
Greater than 10% but less than or equal to 50%
Category 4C: High suspicion for malignancy
There is an abnormal area of high concern
Greater than 50% but less than 95%
Category 5
Highly suggestive of malignancy
There is an abnormality that is very likely to be cancer
Greater than 95% chance
Breast density and your mammogram results @(Model.HeadingTag)>
Your mammogram report may say you have dense breast tissue. Dense breasts have more connective tissue, glands and milk ducts than fatty tissue. Breast density is an inherited trait. Some studies show that women with dense breast tissue in 75% or more of their breasts are 4–6 times more likely to develop breast cancer than women with little or no dense breast tissue.
Breast density can only be seen on a mammogram, but dense breasts also make a mammogram harder to read. On a mammogram, fatty tissue looks dark, while dense tissue looks white, like tumours, so it can hide a tumour.
What happens if a change or abnormality is found @(Model.HeadingTag)>
The doctor will decide if further tests are needed or not. Some tests that might be done include:
- diagnostic mammography – if an abnormality was found on a screening mammography
- breast ultrasound
- biopsy
Digital mammography @(Model.HeadingTag)>
Digital mammography uses an electronic image of the breast instead x-ray film. It is sometimes called full-field digital mammography.
Digital mammography is done the same way as standard film mammography, but the images are stored on a computer. The advantage of digital mammograms is that the images can be enlarged and changed so they can be looked at in more detail. They can provide better views of suspicious or abnormal areas. Images taken during digital mammography can be sent electronically from one location to another, and they are easily stored for future use or comparison.
Digital mammography may be used to further examine an abnormality found during a screening mammography or to diagnose breast cancer in centres where this equipment is available.
Mammography with breast implants @(Model.HeadingTag)>
If you have breast implants, the technologist will make sure that as much breast tissue as possible is seen on the mammogram. Special techniques (called implant displacement techniques) are used to move the implant out of the way and pull the breast tissue forward so it can be in the image. Additional views may need to be taken to examine as much of the breast tissue as possible.
Extra care is taken when compressing the breasts to avoid rupturing the implant.
Studies show that women with breast implants are diagnosed with breast cancer at a similar stage and have a similar prognosis as women who do not have breast implants.
Mammography safety @(Model.HeadingTag)>
Modern mammography equipment uses very low doses of radiation, but repeated exposure to x-rays does increase the risk of developing cancer. The benefits of mammography and finding breast cancer early outweigh the risk of repeated exposure to radiation.
Some women worry about radiation to the thyroid during mammography. The Canadian Association of Radiologists (CAR) does not recommend using a thyroid shield during mammography. Find out more about the CAR position statement on the use of thyroid shields.
Compressing the breast during mammography does not cause breast cancer. Compression doesn't make tumours that are already there grow or spread any faster.
Limitations of mammography @(Model.HeadingTag)>
Mammography is the best test we have to find breast cancer early, but it is not perfect.
A false-negative result means that the mammogram results are normal but the woman actually has cancer.
Mammography can also give a false-positive result. This means that the mammogram result suggests that a woman may have breast cancer when she really doesn't. Further tests will show that many of these abnormalities are not cancer.
Expert review and references
American College of Radiology . ACR BI-RADS Atlas - Mammography II: Reporting System . 5th ed. 2013 .
Canadian Association of Radiologists. CAR Practice Guidelines and Technical Standards for Breast Imaging and Intervention. 2012: https://www.cancercare.on.ca/pcs/screening/breastscreening/mammograms/.
Cancer Care Ontario. Mammograms. Toronto, ON: Cancer Care Ontario; 2015: https://www.cancercare.on.ca/pcs/screening/breastscreening/mammograms/.
Radiological Society of North America. Mammography. 2013: http://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info.cfm?pg=mammo.


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Syria Out of Lebanon and Israel Out of Syria
This is a moment of truth for all belligerent parties in the Middle East. Hariri's assassination has once again focused the world's attention on the need to get some major Levantine matters resolved and soon. The quickest solution to these "complex problems" is to shed all complexity and keep it simple. Get Syrian forces -- including intelligence operatives -- out of Lebanon. And compel the Israelis to remove all settlements and end the occupation of the Golan Heights.
With the pressure mounting on Syria to immediately implement Security Council resolution 1559, Damascus should accept that now is the time to put aside pride and demand a concurrent implementation of UN resolution 242, which obliges Israel to return the Golan. It is understandable that the Syrians do not want any comparisons made between the two resolutions. The Syrians entered Lebanon at the invitation of an internationally recognized Lebanese government and no Syrian settlements have ever been planted on Lebanese soil. On the other hand, Israel's belligerent occupation and subsequent annexation of the Syrian Golan has been exposed as a vulgar expansionist project – as evidenced by the dozens of Jewish settlements that have been built on expropriated native land.
As always, the Syrians are sensitive about their pan-Arab credentials. But it's time to wake up and smell the Turkish coffee. The Arab League simply doesn't matter. It only exists because bureaucracies are easy to set up and difficult to dismantle. Today, the League is no more than a building in downtown Cairo where nostalgic Arabs can go to reminisce about what could have been if they were not so prone to tribalism. The only time The Arab League has ever proven effective was when George 'daddy' Bush skillfully manipulated it to get Arab armies to join desert Storm.
Despite public protestations to the contrary, virtually every Arab country in the Gulf was involved in the American invasion of Iraq -- including Saudi Arabia. They were certainly aware that a monstrous civil war could be ignited and that Iraq might never emerge intact. The Gulf Sheiks willingly took the risk that Saddam's inheritors in Baghdad might look to Tehran for future guidance. Did it bother them that an infinitely larger and more permanent American military presence would be established in the Gulf? Hardly. As far as they were concerned, it would only mean more protection for their oil plantations and more intimate relations with the 'Big White Father' in Washington.
Despite continuing official denial, the Egyptians were the first to make a separate peace with Israel. Hosny Mubarak makes no apologies about putting "Egypt First." And the politicians in the Maghreb have their own domestic worries. As for the Palestinians, they gave up on Pan Arab rhetoric a generation ago. They know better than to depend on their "Arab brothers" -- except for the occasional miserly handout or a statement endorsing the non-existent "peace process" -- worded to cater to the sensibilities of America's neo-con lords.
Pan-Arab posturing aside, what Damascus needs is a little frank soul searching about the roots of its "Lebanese" troubles. It should be recalled that Syria's intervention in Lebanon in 1976 was coordinated with Henry Kissinger -- on the promise that it would improve the chances of securing the liberty of the Golan Heights. That Syrians took the bait. Both Syria and Lebanon eventually paid a heavy price for falling into Kissinger's trap and Damascus still has troubles owning up to that catastrophic mistake.
All this is old history and it is best to avoid bringing up such messy matters -- even if they are part of the public record. It is best to move on. This is Syria's moment to publicly state that its national interests revolve around three major demands -- a complete and immediate end to Israel's occupation of the Golan Heights, security guarantees against further aggression from Tel Aviv and a stable Lebanon that is also immune from Israeli adventurism. The key to success is to keep matters simple -- and avoid being lured into complicated "step by step" endless back roads using old "road maps" that lead to dead ends. If Bush is so impatient, let him get the ball rolling on both the Lebanese and Syrian fronts.
The American Likudniks have Damascus figured out. They can always count on Syria to let pride take precedence over national interests. It doesn't take a rocket scientist to link the Israeli occupation of the Golan to a Syrian retreat from Lebanon. But it takes Syria's stubborn sense of honor to pretend that these two problems are disconnected. At the end of the day, Lebanon will become fully independent. The question is whether we shall simultaneously witness the liberation of Syrian lands from Israeli occupation. That outcome is entirely dependent on Syria's willingness to take assertive and bold moves -- even at the cost of losing its Pan-Arab credentials on the streets of Cairo or Beirut.
It's no state secret that Lebanon is being held hostage to give the Syrians a little leverage in dealing with the Israelis. The wisdom of Syria's strategy would only make sense if America or Israel really cared. They don't. Damascus can count on the Bush administration to uphold the Kissinger tradition. George Bush will demand all kinds of immediate Syrian concessions without so much as mentioning the Golan Heights.
Detractors will point out that America's sudden interest in Lebanon is driven by the "Bush Sharansky" doctrine. Granted. Only this time, America is posturing as a defender of the will of the United Nations. The Syrians can offer to implement a four-digit resolution (1559) in exchange for the immediate implementation of two outstanding three-digit resolutions (242 and 338). They should leverage the French connection. If Bush is not serious, Chirac certainly is. If Bush sees the developments in Lebanon as a welcome distraction from his troubles in Baghdad, Chirac has a deep and genuine interest in bringing peace to the Levant.
It goes without saying that Syrian credibility can be greatly enhanced by a transparent and rapid investigation leading to the capture of those responsible for assassinating Rafiq El Hariri -- a personal friend of Chirac.
Damascus needs to abandon its passion for gamesmanship. Since 1974, they have scrupulously abided to the truce with Israel -- even when the Israelis have attacked the Syrian heartland. In subsequent negotiations sponsored by Clinton, Barak played Damascus like a fiddle without ever intending to reach an agreement. Israel's only goal was to derail implementing Oslo and put the Palestinians on the back burner. Sharon has found all kinds of excuses for refusing to even initiate a dialogue with Bashar El Assad.
So, what has Damascus gained from three decades of patiently waiting for the "international community" to reward their good behavior by compelling Israel to return stolen Syrian property? Nothing, unless you want to count the constant Israeli maneuvers to get Washington to put Syria in the doghouse.
It just might be that the best Syrian effort to get a just resolution to its Israeli problems might result in the independence of Lebanon and no forward movement on the Golan Heights. It is even probable that George Bush will take his marbles and walk away if the Syrians and Europeans demand linkage. But my gut instinct tells me that Chirac really wants to push both issues and demand accountability from all the belligerents – including the ones in the White House. The best course for Bashar is to make a large bet before the casino closes down and George Bush finds other distractions. He can begin by demanding a four-digit UN resolution linking 1559 to 338 and 242. This will certainly hurt Syrian pride, but it might do wonders for his country and the region.
Ahmed Amr is the Editor of NileMedia. He can be reached at: firstname.lastname@example.com.
Other Articles by Ahmed Amr
Honoring Rafiq
Hariri's Legacy


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(Bad) history in the making in Wisconsin? UPDATED
Dramatic images from Tunisia, Egypt, and Bahrain inspire a sense of being part of history in the making.
For many of us, the same is true of the images from Madison, Wisconsin, where tens of thousands of protesters have massed for days refusing to accept a proposal by the state's governor Scott Walker, taking advantage of the current budget crisis, removing bargaining rights from public unions. Only here, it is difficult to tell if the history being made will be seen in retrospect as bad or good.
The Republican governor claims that in order to to balance the state budget he needs to limit the right of public employees' unions to bargain collectively. Even on issues related to salary, which his proposal would allow unions to negotiate, other aspects of his proposal would set preemptive limits. His proposal includes additional provisions that seem less than directly related to the current budget crisis.
Critics point to his actions as an acceleration of a wide-scale attack on public unions, which Robert Reich has argued is part of a strategy to split working class America by pitting workers against each other, distracting them from the increasing concentration of wealth in the hands of a narrow group.
While the protests continue, another statement by governor Walker has drawn fire and, for many people, invokes a long and dark history of repression of labor unions. The Chicago Tribune reported on February 11 that Walker had
briefed [the National Guard] and other state agencies in preparation of any problems that could result in a disruption of state services, like staffing at prisons.
By Monday, February 14, angry responses to Walker's comments were being reported in local Wisconsin media. Both anti-union and pro-union publications interpreted his statement to mean the Guard might be asked to intervene directly against the protesters.
Georgetown doctoral candidate Stephanie Taylor's commentary on Salon provides necessary historical perspective on the governor's move:
This would be the first time in nearly 80 years that the National Guard would be used to break a strike by Wisconsin workers, and the first time in over 40 years that the National Guard would be used against public workers anywhere in the country.
The National Guard, now viewed by most US citizens as benign forces most visible in disasters, once were abused in the service of anti-union campaigns:
National Guard soldiers clashed with strikers in Buffalo, N.Y., Birmingham, Ala., Coeur d'Alene, Idaho, Salt Lake City and Telluride, Colo., at the turn of the 20th century. In just two years, between 1911 and 1913, the militia was mobilized against coal miners in West Virginia, textile workers in Massachusetts, textile workers in New Jersey, and copper miners in Michigan.
Another example cited by Taylor in her depressing litany of a history that should be long behind us is resonant for any contemporary archaeologist:
During an infamous bloodbath in 1914, soldiers killed striking coal miners and their families in Ludlow, Colo., including at least six men, two women and 12 children.
The Ludlow strikers, camped out in a "tent city" when they were attacked, included 1200 workers and family members. Archaeologists Randall McGuire, Dean Saitta, and colleagues conducted field survey and excavations on the site of the camp, finding unprecedented evidence of the lives of workers standing up for their right.
Results of their innovative project-- a deliberate attempt to use archaeology's power to document the lives of those whose voices are often missing from history books-- are posted on a public website. Their description of what they found in the campsite is evocative of the everyday lives interrupted and the disproportion between the force brought to bear against the workers and their ability to resist:
We are finding many objects that speak of people fleeing leaving valued possessions behind--toys, clothes, jewelry, religious medallions, etc. We have also found artifacts that shed light on the battle itself--expended bullets coming into the tent colony and fired cartridges, possibly from strikers within the colony firing back. From what we have seen so far, it appears the strikers were armed mainly with shotguns, which, while good for hunting small game, would not have been much use against machine-guns and high-powered rifles.
This is the history that echoes in governor Walker's all too easy threat to use the National Guard against Wisconsin's public unions.
It is not a history that any governor should lightly invoke.
Update: Polls taken in Wisconsin show that the governor's proposed moves are opposed by a large majority of the population:
large majorities agreeing with "public employees" (67%), "protestors at the state capitol" (62%) and "unions" (59%) but far fewer agreeing with "Republicans in the Legislature" (48%) or Scott Walker (43% agree and 53% disagree).
When read a plain description of the proposal-- including the parts of the proposal that would severely cut back the scope of bargaining-- "42% said they favor Walker's plan and 52% oppose it (24% say the favor it strongly, and 41% say they oppose it strongly)." A second poll run by a different organization yielded roughly the same numbers: 43% in favor of Walker's proposal, 52% opposed.
Those commentators claiming the will of Wisconsin's electorate is being carried out by the governor have facts to contend with here that do not support their view.


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The bounty for the best work out of Greg's answer, especially the "solving for $\pi^*(x;q,a)$ in terms of all $\Pi^*$ functions (tedious but possible)" part is over. Since Raymond's contributions might be very helpful to recall the necessary math, upvoting his answers is highly appreciated...
I posted my attempt of a workout here. Comments welcome...
Original question:
I have two representations of $\pi(x)$:
The Prime Counting Function $\pi(x)$ is given $$ \pi(x) = \operatorname{R}(x^1) - \sum_{\rho}\operatorname{R}(x^{\rho}) \tag{1} $$ with $ \operatorname{R}(z) = \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac{ \mu (n)}{n} \operatorname{li}(z^{1/n})$ and $\rho$ running over all the zeros of $\zeta$ function.
This formula, while widely believed to be correct, has not yet been proved. $$ \pi(x) \approx \int\limits_2^x{\frac{dt}{\ln t}} - \frac{\sqrt x}{\ln x}\left( 1 + 2\sum_{\gamma} \ \ \frac{\sin(\gamma\ln x)}{\gamma}\right) \tag{2}, $$ with $\gamma=\text{Im}({\rho})$ being imaginary part of the roots of the $\zeta$ function.
Now I have two questions:
- Does the truth of $(2)$ depend on Riemann's Hypothesis or is it "just" what Wikipedia says, that The amplitude of the "noisy" part is heuristically about $\sqrt x/\ln x$?
- How to show the equivalence between $(1)$ and $(2)$? The integral logarithm is easily found in both representations, but how do the $\rho$-parts fit together? How do I get $\sin$s from $\text{li}(z^{1/n})$s? Does this invoke Gram's series: $$ \operatorname{R}(z) = \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac{ \mu (n)}{n} \operatorname{li}(z^{1/n}) = 1 + \sum_{k=1}^\infty \frac{(\ln z)^k}{k! k \zeta(k+1)} ? $$ We can rewrite $\displaystyle \frac{\sin(\gamma\ln x)}{\gamma}=\frac{x^{i\gamma}-x^{-i\gamma}}{i\gamma}$ and I remember that I've seen a similar expression at Wikipedia: $$ \psi_0(x) = x - \sum_\rho \frac{x^\rho}{\rho} - \ln 2\pi - \frac12 \ln(1-x^{-2}) , $$ But could this help, if at all? ($\psi_0(x)$ is the normalization of the Chebyshev function, see here)


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> $10 - $25
> 4 Inch Long - Handmade Light Brown Musical Singing Croaking Frog - Wood Frog Rasp - (FRG-L4)
These handmade light brown wood musical croaking frogs - also called a frog rasp, singing frog, or percussion frog - come in six sizes. This one is one of our 4" long versions and is 5"L x 2.75"W x 2.75"H. Stroke his back and listen to him croaking and sing ribbit like a real frog does. The light brown talking croaking frog is completely a hand-made carved wood masterpiece and the quality is the best there is. Wait until you hear the toad croak!
The craftsmanship that goes into our handmade Talking and Singing Frog Rasps, is the finest available. They are all made in an Eco-Friendly Fair Trade work environment in Thailand.
Here are a couple of quick YouTube videos we made. We will have a much higher quality videos coming soon!! These were made holding an Android phone in one hand and stroking the larger "Mr. Jumbo" naturally colored & green frog version in the other hand. With very little practice, you can get the Bullfrog rasp to sound like a real croaking frog. Remember, the larger the frog, the deeper the croaking noise!


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Sneak Peek a new 'family-friendly' poster from the upcoming, $200 million 3D fantasy feature, "Oz: The Great and Powerful", directed by Sam Raimi. ("Evil Dead").
The new film adapts author L. Frank Baum's public domain novel "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz" and is noted as a prequel to the 1939 classic film "The Wizard of Oz".
"...when 'Oscar Diggs' (James Franco), a small-time circus magician with dubious ethics, is hurled away from dusty Kansas to the vibrant 'Land of Oz', he thinks he's hit the jackpot.
"Fame and fortune are his for the taking... that is until he meets the witches.
"Reluctantly drawn into the epic problems facing the Land of Oz and its inhabitants, Oscar must find out who is good and who is evil before it is too late.
"Putting his magical arts to use through illusion, ingenuity, and even a bit of wizardry, Oscar transforms himself not only into the great and powerful Wizard of Oz but into a better man as well..."
Cast also includes Zach Braff as 'Frank' and 'Finley', Joey King as 'China Girl', Abigail Spencer as 'Mrs. Hamilton', Ted Raimi as 'Skeptic', 'Tinker', Bruce Campbell as 'Gore', the 'Dark Wizard', Tony Cox as 'Knuck', Tim Holmes as 'The Strong Man' and Martin Klebba as 'Nikko'.


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MOTT HAVEN, the Bronx — They are CPR heroes, albeit modest ones.
Student Anthony Rosa Compres and his CPR teacher Oswaldo De La Cruz have both saved lives because they know what to do when a heart stops beating.
"He is the bridge between the victim and 911 and he did a good job," Oswaldo De La Cruz, the CPR teacher at International Community High School, told PIX11.
As mandated by New York State law in 2015, all public high school seniors in New York City must learn CPR before graduation.
Teacher De la Cruz was planning to teach CPR in late spring just before commencement, but because he had just saved a life through CPR in the fall, he knew he shouldn't delay.
"You never know when they will save a life," De La Cruz said.
When PIX11 asked the 20-year-old senior if he felt like a hero, Anthony Rosa Conpres remotely replied yes.
It was less than two weeks after Anthony learned CPR at International Community High School that he was able to put what he learned into action, just a block from school and east 140th street and Brook Avenue.
Anthony showed PIX11 how he got down on his knees, did 30 compressions, then mouth to mouth, then 30 more compressions until EMS arrived.
"You really have to count out loud to help you breathe," De La Cruz told PIX11.
And while Anthony and Oscar don't know the name of the man he saved, they've gotten awards and accolades from the American Heart Association who pushed for 15 years for All high school students to be taught CPR.
"It's great anytime," Mark Hurley, a American Heart Association spokesman told PIX11. "You hear a success story like I just learned CPR two weeks ago and I used it to save someone and that proves that it works."
And for Anthony and Oswaldo, just knowing they saved a life is so satisfying.
"I feel very proud," Anthony told PIX11.


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The Jewish Museum of Greece has been designed from the start as an educational Museum and isthe only organisation in Greece offering educational programmes on the subject of the Holocaust.
These programmes, designed for children and teenagers up to 18 years old, are one of the Museum's top priorities. They include a short introductory tour of the permanent exhibition, a video projection, subsequent discussion in the exhibition's area devoted to the Holocaust, and the study of relevant documents and pictures.
The structure and content of each programme depend on the age of the young visitors, their levels of previous knowledge and their specific interests. Informational material and a list of bibliographical sources are put at the disposal of the children's escorts, to assist in preparing the children before the visit so that they will be better able to participate in the various educational activities. Drama activities, such as the pantomime "Albert's story" are used to enhance the information provided and promote understanding and empathy on the part of the young visitors.
The Museum puts these programmes at the disposal of all schools so that as many students as possible will come into contact with Holocaust-related material. A small photographic exhibition on the same subject is available for schools that would like to host it, and has been in demand for a long time.
The Jewish Museum of Greece has also planned and hosted two seminars for teachers of Elementary schools and High Schools and Museum educators. These seminars, titled "Teaching the Holocaust in Greece" took place in Athens and Thessalonica, in 2004 and 2005 respectively.
The Museum Packs are another of the Museum's educational innovations. These are specially designed cases with a rich visual material, enabling teachers to introduce their pupils to the issue after a brief preparation. These draw on international experience and contain original material appropriate to their subject and educational target. They are especially useful in teaching about the Holocaust in schools that have no access to the Jewish Museum.
The first two Museum Packs, titled "Hidden Children during the Occupation" and "The Holocaust of the Greek Jews, 1941-1944" were presented during the first and second seminar for educators, respectively.
During the second seminar, the J.M.G. also presented three new publications: a study manual for the Holocaust in Greece, based on historic data and sources from the Museum's archives and two illustrated books for children. The first introduces children to the Holocaust through the story of a pair of wooden clogs worn by a young inmate of a concentration camp, while the second, for younger children, aims at enhancing inter-religious knowledge, through the story of the friendship of two boys.
As an educational Museum, the J.M.G. has taken upon itself the important social mission to respond to the increasing need for understanding and respect among people and peoples, by presenting another aspect of the Greek people and teaching about difference and intercultural exchange.
The educational programmes, as all the other activities of the J.M.G. on the subject of the Holocaust, contribute to the promotion of the ideals of democracy, social responsibility, and human rights. By providing knowledge and accurate information – all of them significant weapons in the battle against ignorance, discrimination and intolerance – the Jewish Museum tries to serve the struggle for equality among people.


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Adobe Systems today unveiled Adobe Connect 8, a Web conferencing tool that supports videoconferencing on desktops, in conference rooms and most mobile devices.
The update, the first since version 7.5 came out a year ago, includes an improved user interface the company said can cut down on technical worries with set-up and customization that seem inherent with many Web and videoconferencing systems, Adobe officials said.
Six-year-old Adobe Connect , which competes with Cisco Webex, Microsoft Live Meeting, Citrix GoToMeeting and multiple offerings from smaller players, has grown quickly especially since 2009 when bookings grew by 50% over the prior year. The technology is now used for about 140 million minutes of Web conferences each month, said Michael Londgren, director of product marketing for Adobe.
"What really sets us apart is ease of meeting access," he said in an interview.
Londgren also noted that the product has benefited greatly from its ability to access a Web or video conference through the Adobe Flash Player plug-in.
Peter Ryce, Adobe's Connect Evangelist, noted that updated offering allows companies to implement video conferencing without a major network upgrade. "We're a lightweight system that's optimized for low bandwidth," he said. "We're very network friendly. Our goal is to democratize the usage here — the only thing you need is a Flash player. We're not competing with [high end] telepresence."
He said many videoconferences work fine with 250 Kbit/sec of video bandwidth, with some down to 30 Kbit/sec.
The new Connect 8 user interface allows meeting hosts, trainers or presenters to quickly adjust meeting room layouts as needed. The new Connect version includes updated collaboration capabilities and adds two-way Universal Voice provides for two-way communications via Voice over IP and telephone.
Connect 8 also allows for the integration of Adobe Connect with third-party SIP-based H-264-compliant videoconferencing systems. Adobe is offering developers an SDK to create custom software to integrate Adobe Connect with other systems.
Connect 8 also includes the Adobe AIR -based Adobe Connected Desktop, which allows users to set up meetings from a desktop or download recorded sessions for later viewing.
Finally, the updated tool is integrated with Adobe Connect Mobile, allowing iPhone and iPad users to access live meetings and videoconferences. Other clients, such as Android smartphones, require Flash 10.1 for access.
Pricing starts at $500 per seat per year for a "Named Organizer" who works with up to 100 participants in a session. The previous version carries the same price tag. A hosted version of Connect 8.0 is priced at 32 cents a minute per user, with up to 500 users.
For on-premise systems, an enterprise server costs $20,000 and edge servers for distributing the access throughout a campus cost $10,000 apiece.
Connect 8 will be available by the end of November.
Adobe said that the system is used by large operations like Xerox Corp., a division within the Office of Public Health Preparedness in Michigan and the U.S. Defense Information Systems Agency. Adobe said the defense suystems agency already has 380,000 active users and has run sessions with 40 cameras simultenously connected in a single session. "We've supported live Web cams from ships and planes, and we're getting wide use there," Londgren said.
Londgren noted that Adobe Connect was used to broadcast recent elections in Kazahkstan, supporting 11 different languages for text chat users.
Meanwhile, Borders Group uses Adobe Connect to increase access and cut the cost of employee training, according to Adobe.


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The documentary value of the sketches and paintings of David Olère is tremendous. No actual photographs were taken of what went on within the crematoriums; only the hands and eyes of David Olère reproduce the horrible reality. David Olère did not sketch for pleasure. He sketched in testimony to all those who never came back. The lone witness (Olère himself) is often present. The ghostly face observes with pain the inhuman scenes that cannot be erased from his photographic memory.
The book, David Olère--The Eyes of a Witness, published by The Beate Klarsfeld Foundation in Paris in 1989, contains a three page summary of David Olère's life and one hundred pages of his artwork. All of the text appears in both English and French. Olère's pencil sketches and color paintings capture the everyday events in the concentration camps during the Holocaust. There are also portraits of some of the Nazi soldiers and layouts of the crematoriums.
A more recent book, Witness: Images of Auschwitz, combines Olère's artwork with text by his son, Alexandre Oler. Olère's artistry is truly one of the best and most important representations of the atrocities of the Holocaust.
This short biography will contribute to an understanding of Olère's work.
Click on a thumbnail image to view the full photograph.
Priest and Rabbi / Prêtre et Rabbin
162x131 cm, A Living Memorial to the Holocaust, New York.
In the background left, the SS Moll throws women into the burning pit close to crematorium V. On the right, four prisoners carry a barrel of soup past a crematorium (II or III). Photo above shows Olère working on this painting.
Arrival of a Convoy / Arrivée d'un convoi
65x50 cm, A Living Memorial to the Holocaust, New York.
A new convoy arrives in the background as inmates struggle with a cart carrying away cadavers from a previous convoy.
Leaving for Work / Départ au travail
1946, 43x33 cm, Ghetto Fighters House, Israel.
Camp inmates are marched out to work past victims of Nazi camp discipline.
Destruction of the Jewish People / Destruction du peuple juif
1946, 29x20 cm, Ghetto Fighters House, Israel.
The fire consumes Torahs, phylacteries, and a tallis, as well as various Christian religious articles.
Their Last Steps / Leurs derniers pas
1946, 33x41 cm, Olère Family.
Three Muselmänner support each other as they falter toward the gas chamber. Muselmann was the camp term for those whose physical and mental exhaustion made them candidates for "selection."
Their Last Steps / Leurs derniers pas
73x54 cm, Ghetto Fighters House, Israel.
Selection for Gas Chambers / Sélection pour le gaz
1947, 41x51 cm, Ghetto Fighters House, Israel.
Unable to Work / Les inaptes au travail
131x162 cm, A Living Memorial to the Holocaust, New York.
Inability to work was often an immediate death sentence. In the background of this painting, smoke rises from the crematorium to form the SS insignia. Of the one thousand Jews in the convoy that brought Olère to Auschwitz, 881 were immediately gassed. Only six of the 119 selected for work survived the War.
David Olère Burying the Remains of Children / David Olère enfouissant des restes d'enfants
32x40 cm, Olère Family.
Olère's first assignment at Auschwitz was as a grave digger of bunker 2. His prisoner number, 106144, is seen both on his shirt and as a tattoo on his left arm. That number appears in many of Olère's artworks, sometimes forming a part of the signature.
Gassing / Gazage
131x162 cm, A Living Memorial to the Holocaust, New York.
The container in the lower right is labeled Zyklon B. Although Olère spent most of his time doing art for the SS and translating BBC radio broadcasts, he was, from time to time, called upon to help empty the gas chambers.
My First Dialogue / Mon premier dialogue
1949, 36x38 cm, Olère Family.
Subtitled: "They also are responsible for the war?" "Yes, that's war. "
David Olère Punished in the Bunker / David Olère puni dans le bunker
46x61 cm, Yad Vashem Art Museum, Israel.
The cell was so narrow that Olère was unable to sit, stretch or lie down for the 48 hours of his punishment.
The Oven Room / La salle des fours
1945, 58x38 cm, Ghetto Fighters House, Israel.
A freight elevator in the background brought bodies up from the basement gassing chamber of Crematorium III at Birkenau. The wet trough at the right facilitated the dragging of bodies to the ovens.
The Experimental Injection / La piqûre expérimentale
1945, 92x72 cm, A Living Memorial to the Holocaust, New York.
The infamous Dr. Mengele administers an injection as terrified prisoners look on.
For a Crust of Bread / Pour un bout de pain
1946, 21x27 cm, Olère Family.
David Olère depicts himself writing letters for the SS and decorating them with flowers in exchange for a crust of bread. Olère's talents as an artist and translator (he spoke Polish, Russian, Yiddish, French, English, and German) made him useful to the SS.
The Food of the Dead for the Living / Le vivres des morts pour les vivants
102x76 cm, A Living Memorial to the Holocaust, New York.
Olère collects food, abandoned near the undressing rooms of crematorium III at Birkenau, so he can throw it over the fence to the prisoners at the women's camp.
Admission in Mauthausen / Admission á Mauthausen
1945, 34x23 cm, Ghetto Fighters House, Israel.
In January of 1945, prisoners admitted to Mauthausen were forced to stand in the snow for three hours after a freezing shower. Olère was sent to Mauthausen after his evacuation from Auschwitz in a death march.
David Olère Working in a Tunnel at Melk / David Olère au travail dans un tunnel á Melk
1947, 20x38 cm, Olère Family.
From Mauthausen, Olère was sent to dig tunnels at the camp of Melk on the Danube. From Melk, he was sent to Ebensee where he worked until his liberation by American forces on May 6, 1945.
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A Teacher's Guide to the Holocaust
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College of Education, University of South Florida © 2005.


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|WWI Australian infantryman--a favorite photo!
The Commonwealth War Graves Commission maintains the Debt of Honour Register, with 1.7 million names of Commonwealth soldiers killed during WWI and WWII. The Register includes some civilian casualties from the Second World War as well.
The scope of the database is as vast as the British Empire itself. Most of the names are from major Commonwealth countries -- UK, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, and India.
But the actual burial sites of the dead can be found pretty much worldwide: 15,000 names in Israel and Palestine, 52,000 in Egypt, 7,000 in Libya, 38,000 in Burma (Myanmar), 29,000 in Singapore, 55,000 in Tanzania, 37,000 in Turkey, 6,000 in China, 62,000 in India.
If you have family history with any English, UK or Commonwealth roots, this easy-to-use site is certainly a database to explore.
Don't forget to also check for your family history at NewspaperArchive and Newspapers.com. These are subscription databases, but they are among the most powerful research tools available for looking into family roots. And visit the main page of Free Genealogy Tools for more, umm, free genealogical tools.


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The Government should prohibit carryon baggage fees and fees to use bathrooms in commercial aircraft
Spirit Airlines has instituted a "Carry on Baggage" fee of up to $45.00 per bag. Ryanair/Aerlingus are implementing pay toilets. Congress should prohibit these "surcharges" for the following reasons: It's unrealistic to warehouse passengers inside sealed aircraft and not provide a public toilet. Not everyone has a credit card and those who don't will be forced to "hold it". Carryon baggage are necessary for folks medications and valuables and anything not covered by the airlines Contract of carriage. We believe Spirit Airlines has gone too far. It's time for the Governmnet to prohibit these surcharges. The airlines have discovered a loophole. "Surcharges" such as baggage fees and other surcharges aren't taxed the same way as a base fare. What this means to the passengers is that the Aviation Trust Fund is not being funded as it would be if the airlines simply increased their fares to cover all of the unbundled costs. What does this mean to you? The Aviation Trust fund covers the modernization of the ATC system, airport improvements etc. Instead the airlines are making pure profit without participating in the future of air travel.


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Characteristics of children with pervasive developmental disorders attending a developmental clinic in the Western Cape Province, South Africa
1 Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Tygerberg Hospital and Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Parow, Cape Town, South Africa
2 Centre for Statistical Consultation, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Western Cape, South Africa
Corresponding author: P E Springer (firstname.lastname@example.com)
Background. Little has been published on autism in Africa, and it is not known whether South African children present with the same characteristics and challenges as described internationally.
Objectives. To describe the demographics, history, clinical features, co-morbidity and yield of aetiological investigations in children diagnosed with a pervasive developmental disorder (PDD).
Methods. This was a retrospective review of medical records of children fulfilling Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition, text revision (DSM-IV-TR) criteria for a PDD who attended a tertiary developmental clinic at Tygerberg Hospital, Western Cape, South Africa, over a 2-year period (2008 - 2010).
Results. Fifty-eight children were included. The median age at diagnosis was 42 months (range 15 - 106 months), and 45 (77.6%) were boys. Forty per cent had complex autism (dysmorphism with or without microcephaly), and 12.1% were macrocephalic. Most children (72.4%) were non-verbal (using fewer than 10 non-echoed words), and 89.0% had behavioural problems as reported by caregivers. The diagnostic yield of investigations was low.
Conclusion. The profile of children with PDD attending a tertiary hospital developmental clinic in the Western Cape revealed that a high proportion had severe language impairment, behavioural problems and complex autism.
S Afr J CH 2013;7(3):95-99. DOI:10.7196/SAJCH.530
Despite the fact that autism affects children worldwide, most of what is known about infant mental health originates from developed countries. This imbalance in knowledge is emphasised by a study that surveyed 764 journal articles on infant behaviour and development and found that 78% were from North America, 16% from Europe and only 4% from the rest of the world.1 There are few published studies on autism in Africa.2
The prevalence of the pervasive developmental disorders (PDDs) or autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in South Africa is unknown. It is important to note that in some countries ASD refers only to autistic disorder, Asperger syndrome, and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS).3 In others, including South Africa, the terms ASD and PDD are still used interchangeably,4 and for the purpose of this study we too have elected to consider the term ASD as synonymous with PDD.
In 2007 the point prevalence of ASD diagnosis in US children was estimated to be 110/10 000.5 This implies there could potentially be over 270 000 people with ASD in South Africa, with a predicted 5 000 new cases per year. Epidemiological surveys in the USA since the early 1980s have revealed that increasing numbers of children are being diagnosed with ASD.5 A similar trend was described in a South African study that documented an 8.2% increase in the number of children presenting with features of ASD to a developmental clinic in Johannesburg over the period 1996 - 2005. 6 It is not clear whether the increasing rate of the disorder is related to broadening of the diagnostic criteria or heightened awareness of the condition among parents and professionals. Studies have yet to be done to determine the prevalence and characteristics of ASD in Africa.
We aimed to add to the knowledge of autism in South Africa by describing the demographics, history, clinical features, co-morbidity and diagnostic yield of investigations in a group of children diagnosed with a PDD at a tertiary developmental paediatric clinic.
The Tygerberg Children's Hospital (TCH) developmental clinic provides a tertiary consultative service to mainly preschool children living in the Western Cape, South Africa. Children are referred from primary and secondary public health facilities, but a small proportion of referrals originate from private healthcare practitioners, speech or occupational therapists and teachers. The majority of patients accessing public health services are of low socio-economic status.
This descriptive study involved a retrospective review of medical records over 2 years (1 April 2008 - 31 March 2010). All children attending the TCH developmental assessment clinic who fulfilled Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition, text revision (DSM-IV-TR) criteria for PDD were included.7 Children presenting with severe cognitive disability, limited communication or social interaction deficits without meeting the full criteria for PDD were excluded, as were those with inconclusive or incomplete information.
All children identified from the medical record review were seen by a single developmental paediatrician (PES) who interviewed primary caregivers about the child's medical and behavioural history, undertook a clinical examination and developmental assessments, and observed the child's play and behaviour. The paediatrician assessed each child even if the diagnosis of PDD had been made by another clinician at an earlier visit.
All the children underwent hearing and speech assessment. Where possible, additional input was obtained from the occupational therapist, preschool teacher and other professionals working with the child. The Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) was utilised in cases of diagnostic uncertainty.8 Diagnostic instruments such as the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) were not available at the time of the study owing to resource limitations.
Children were classified as 'verbal' (using 10 or more meaningful, non-echoed words) or 'non-verbal' (using fewer than 10 words) according to information obtained from their caregivers.
We used the Molteno Adapted Scale,9 a developmental screening tool used in the Western and Eastern Cape that allows estimation of age equivalents in each of four developmental domains, i.e. gross motor, fine motor, language and personal/social. The age equivalents were used to estimate both subquotients and a general developmental quotient (DQ). Children who had delays in two or more developmental domains were categorised as having global developmental delay. This was further classified as mild if the DQ was in the range 51 - 70, moderate if the DQ was 31 - 50, and severe if the DQ was ≤30. Psychometric assessments on children older than 6 years were included if available.
Microcephaly was defined as a measured head circumference below the 2nd percentile and macrocephaly as a circumference above the 98th percentile.10
Children with evidence of abnormal early embryonic development, including dysmorphism and/or microcephaly, were categorised as having 'complex autism' and the remainder as having 'essential autism', as previously described by Miles et al.11
Information captured on a data sheet included demographics, history including commonly described risk factors,3 , 12-18 clinical characteristics, co-morbidity and special investigations.
Statistical analysis
Summary statistics were reported as frequencies and percentages. A χ2 square test was conducted to establish different verbal ability among ethnic groups.
Ethical approval
The study was approved by the Health Research Ethics Committee of Stellenbosch University (ethics approval number N10/10/336).
From the 1 010 clinic files reviewed from the study period, 75 children were described as having autistic features listed in the DSM-IV-TR, but only 58 met the full DSM-IV-TR criteria for PDD. Of the children excluded, 9 had severe cognitive disability and social interaction deficits but did not meet all the criteria for PDD, and in 8 cases there was dispute or insufficient documentation to make the diagnosis. On further analysis, 55 of the 58 children could be sub-classified as having autistic disorder (Table 1), and there was 1 case each of Asperger syndrome, PDD-NOS and Rett syndrome. Of the 1 010 files reviewed, 58 (5.7%) therefore met the criteria for a PDD (ASD).
Table 2 illustrates the demographics of the study participants and information received from the caregivers. The median age at PDD (ASD) diagnosis was 42 months, and the majority were boys (77.6%). Just over half were of mixed South African ancestry. Of those with documented parental ages, 17.2% had mothers who were 35 years or older at the time of the child's birth. An education level of senior school certificate (matric) or higher was documented in 46.6% of mothers and 44.8% of fathers.
Table 3 documents the participants' histories, commonly described risk factors, additional health problems and problematic behaviours; there was a history of emotional or social stress during pregnancy and/or birth in 17.2%, and a history of prenatal toxin exposure in 8.6% (1 mother admitted to using alcohol and methamphetamines). Eight per cent of children had a sibling with a diagnosis of ASD, and there was a family history of psychiatric illness in 24.1% and of learning disabilities in 24.1%. Eighty-nine per cent of the children were reported to have at least one of the behavioural problems listed in Table 3. The majority of the children were non-verbal (72.4%), a significantly higher proportion of black African children (93.7%) being non-verbal at presentation compared with children of mixed ancestry (76.7%) and white children (41.7%) (p=0.005).
Table 4 shows the subjects' physical features,
co-morbidities and the diagnostic yield of special
investigations. Thirty-eight per cent had normal findings on
examination, 34.5% had dysmorphic features, 6.9% were
microcephalic and 12.1% were macrocephalic. Complex autism
(microcephaly and/or dysmorphism) generally associated with
abnormal morphogenesis was therefore present in about 40%. The
most common co-morbidity was global developmental delay, with
43.1% having moderate and 31.0% severe delay. Only 2 children,
both older than 6 years, had undergone formal psychometric
assessment (the child with Asperger syndrome and another with
mild intellectual disability). The diagnostic yield of genetic
and metabolic investigations was low.
The male predominance (77.6%) was similar to that reported in a South African study in KwaZulu-Natal.19 The ethnic groups represented the demographic profile of the hospital drainage area. The black African group had the highest proportion of non-verbal children. Health professionals readily refer non-verbal children to rule out hearing impairment, but it is possible that verbal children presenting with milder degrees of autism were overlooked or not referred. There is a lack of evidence in the literature to support a genetic causation of observed ethnic differences in autism prevalence. Zaroff and Uhm20 concluded that racial variations were probably due to methodological and socio-economic variables rather than being true ethnic differences. It is possible that variations in help-seeking behaviour or even accessibility of the TCH developmental clinic may have contributed to our findings.
Median age at diagnosis of ASD in our cohort was similar to that of children attending a tertiary developmental clinic in Singapore. This study linked younger age at diagnosis with severity of autism. 21 Moderately severe and severe autism was deemed to be present in 86% of children with a mental development index on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development of <50 or whose compliance with cognitive assessment was poor as a result of autistic features. In our study 74.1% of children had a DQ of <50, which would place them in this category.
The level of parental education in the study group was relatively high, with 60.3% of mothers having attained a minimum of grade 10 compared with 44.8% in another cohort of children attending the hospital.22 Education may have resulted in an increased awareness of developmental delay, different help-seeking strategies, and ultimately improved ability to gain early access to the clinic.
Studies on autism and parental age have yielded conflicting results on whether mothers, fathers or both contribute to increased risk. Recent studies found that a woman's risk of giving birth to a child who develops autism increases throughout her reproductive years. However, while paternal age confers an increased risk of autism when mothers are 30 years old or younger, it has little effect when mothers are past age 30.12 There was only 1 participant with a father older than 40 years and a mother younger than 30 years; however, paternal age was undocumented in 15.5% of the fathers in our study. A history of consanguinity was obtained in only 1 family, which contrasts with the high rate of consanguinity (39.3%) described in a Tunisian ASD study.23
The prevalence of low birth weight in the study participants was not significantly different from that in the Western Cape population (17%).24 A number of studies have investigated the association between pre-, peri- and neonatal factors and autism. 13 They report a consistent association between unfavourable events in pregnancy, delivery and the neonatal period and occurrence of PDD. However, Bailey et al. found that 'obstetric hazards appear to be consequences of genetically influenced abnormal development, rather than independent aetiological factors'.14 Although autism has been associated with preterm birth, it is thought to result from the prenatal and neonatal complications thereof.15
Viral infection during early brain development has been proposed as a cause of autism. The best association to date has been made between congenital rubella and autism, but there were no proven cases in our cohort.16 One study in the literature reported a high prevalence (1 in 95) of autistic behaviour in a sample of 286 children with congenital HIV infection.17 Surprisingly, considering the high prevalence of HIV infection in the Western Cape, none of the study children was HIV-infected and only 1 child was HIV-exposed but uninfected.
In utero exposures to toxins such as alcohol have recognised association with autism.18 Alcohol and methamphetamine abuse is problematic in the Western Cape, and 5 mothers in the study (8.6%) admitted to abuse of either alcohol and/or methamphetamine during pregnancy. However, in utero toxin exposure is often under-reported. 25
Up to 40% of children with ASD experience developmental regression, most often involving loss of speech and/or social responsiveness.26 The prevalence of developmental regression in our study was 17.2% (n=10), but this may have been an underestimation, as only language regression was documented.
Caregivers reported at least one problematic behaviour in 89.0% of study participants. Stereotypical movements were the most frequent complaint (62.1%), with findings similar to those of Mubaiwa et al.,19 followed by hyperactivity (43.1%) and sleep disturbance (32.8%). The latter figure was lower than the prevalence of sleep disturbance quoted in the literature (40 - 86%).27
Studies on macrocephaly in children with ASD have yielded conflicting results. While earlier studies report a prevalence of macrocephaly as high as 40%,28 recent studies reported no significant differences in a community-based sample.29 Our study found a higher rate of macrocephaly (12.1%) compared with the general population (<3%). Microcephaly is present in 5 - 15% of children with autism, and is highly predictive of poor outcome.28 About 7% of our study children were microcephalic, and one of these children was diagnosed with Rett syndrome. All except 1 were non-verbal, suggesting severe cognitive delay.
Complex autism refers to the presence of dysmorphic features and/or microcephaly that indicate some alteration of early morphogenesis. It is found in approximately 20 - 30% of autistic children and is associated with a poor prognosis.11 Forty per cent of the children in the study group fulfilled criteria for complex autism. This is higher than figures quoted in the literature, but may reflect the referral pattern of the clinic, which included younger children with more severe language delay.
Cognitive ability in children with ASD is difficult to evaluate, especially before intervention, so initial assessment may have been unreliable and not reflected intellectual potential. Formal psychometric testing or use of standardised developmental assessment tools was not possible in the busy clinical setting. However, all but 3 of the children had varying degrees of global developmental delay or intellectual disability and required referral for special school placement. Together with the fact that 72.4% were non-verbal, this suggests a higher proportion of children with intellectual disability than the 50% quoted in the literature, but again probably reflects referral bias.30 The prevalence of epilepsy (10.3%) corresponds with the literature (5 - 40%).31 Clinically recognisable syndromes in the study included Rett syndrome, fetal alcohol syndrome and fragile X disorder. In South Africa chromosomal analysis, testing for fragile X and Angelman syndrome and MECP2 investigations are available at most tertiary centres. Cytogenetic and fragile X testing were performed in 29.3%, which is lower than international practice recommendations.32 The diagnostic yield of all investigations was even lower than reported in the literature.33
Limitations of the study include: (i) use of a clinic-based population; (ii) lack of a standardised and validated autism diagnostic tool to confirm ASD/PDD, which may have resulted in exclusion of children with milder forms of autism; (iii) the small number of participants in each ethnic group, making comparisons difficult; (iv) the degree and nature of behavioural problems such as hyperactivity, sleeping and eating disturbance were not always documented; and (v) long-term outcomes to assess the stability of ASD diagnosis are not yet available.
Children attending a tertiary hospital developmental clinic who fulfilled DSM-IV-TR criteria for PDD were a clinically heterogeneous group displaying severe language impairment, problematic behaviour, co-morbidity and complex autism. Most children had problems requiring ongoing medical, social and educational support services.
With regard to special investigations, it may be helpful to focus on children with complex autism (dysmorphism and/or microcephaly).
Increasing public awareness regarding early warning signs of autism will improve early identification of children with ASD. It is anticipated that the recently published DSM-V diagnostic criteria for ASD will increase objectivity and reliability in making the diagnosis. 34
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