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Detective Nick Chandler is a former Navy SEAL, MCIA Officer (Marine Intelligence) and world-class outdoorsman; pilot, mountain climber, scuba diver, snowboarder and skydiver. He gets all the recreation related homicides in the vast expanses of Washington State's King County, encompassing all of Seattle, Puget Sound all the way to the Cascade Mountains. He's never met a sport he couldn't master or a killer he couldn't catch!
Blood on the Slopes is a Murder Mystery short story and the first installment in the Det. Nick Chandler Blood Series of Short Stories. More Blood Series titles Coming Soon!!!
Available for $0.99 in Kindle edition at Amazon.com, and all Amazon International sites.
Follow Nick!!! @DetNickChandler
Murder Mystery Short Stories
Subpages (3): Blood on the Slopes Coming Soon!!! Contact Me!


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New Orleans, LA (SportsNetwork.com) - The Los Angeles Clippers announced Monday that they have signed free agent forward Glen Davis.
Terms of the deal were not disclosed. Davis cleared waivers after his contract was bought out by the Orlando Magic on Friday.
The seven-year veteran appeared in 45 games (43 starts) this season for the Magic, averaging 12.1 points and 6.3 rebounds. He will reunite with Clippers head coach Doc Rivers, who coached Davis for four seasons in Boston and together were a part of the Celtics' 2008 NBA Championship team.
Davis has averaged 8.9 points and 4.8 rebounds in 417 career games with Orlando and Boston. He will be available on Monday when the Clippers wrap up their three-game road trip against New Orleans.

subset: commoncrawl


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SoundCloud Voices
SoundCloud Voices is a weekly Community feature focusing on new spoken word creators found on SoundCloud. It might be a podcast, radio show, audio book, interview, audio messages, a poem, anything! Keep an eye out every Thursday for a new post.
This week SoundCloud Voices would like to welcome CNN to SoundCloud! CNN Radio to be precise. Named Soundwaves, it's an audio blog and a listening experience you can share. But rather than explain the idea and ambition of the show ourselves, why not take a listen to CNN's very own audio introduction!?
CNN Radio covers a wide variety of topics from the light hearted, to the political, sports, economics and more. It's a place to hear a combination of the latest news and current affairs and real life stories. Here's a selection of pieces that are getting some serious plays out there:
Ever wanted to hear what dying star sounds like? Sure we know you can't hear anything in space, but still, CNN have simulated the idea anyway!
Or take a listen to an interesting interview with author Barbara Arrowsmith about her journey dealing with learning difficulties during the 50s and 60s:
Here's an interview as part of CNN profiles, featuring Nick Bollettieri and his tennis training camp out in Florida which is producing some of the top players in the Tennis world today.
You can even just catch up with the latest news with their fantastic digest of whats been happening in the world today.
And they even have CNN in Spanish too. Start following CNN en Español and get your daily does of news.
If you are interested in trying out SoundCloud as a spoken word podcast platform, you can sign up for via this form. Successful candidates will be emailed with further details.


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Chocolate Chip Cookie Dough Brownies (Adapted from Brown Eyed Baker)
For the base
16 tablespoons (1 cup or 2 sticks) unsalted butter, softened
2 cups packed brown sugar
1/2 to 1 teaspoon instant espresso powder
1/2 teaspoon salt
4 large eggs, at room temperature
2 teaspoons vanilla
4 ounces finely chopped unsweetened chocolate, melted and cooled slightly
1 cup all-purpose flour
For the cookie dough
12 tablespoons (3/4 cup or 1 1/2 sticks) unsalted butter, softened
3/4 cup packed brown sugar
3/4 cup granulated sugar
1/2 teaspoon salt
3 tablespoons milk, at room temperature
2 teaspoons vanilla
1 1/2 cups all-purpose flour
8 ounces chopped bittersweet chocolate (small pieces)
To prepare the base
Preheat oven to 325 degrees.
In a large mixing bowl, beat together butter, sugar and espresso powder until smooth and creamy. Mix in eggs, one at a time, beating until combined after each. Mix in vanilla and melted chocolate until completely combined. Add flour, stirring just until combined.
Pour mixture into a 9" x 13" baking pan coated with cooking spray, smoothing the top with an offset spatula. Place pan into the oven and bake until a toothpick placed near the center comes out mostly clean with a few moist crumbs attached, about 24 to 28 minutes. Remove and place pan on a wire rack to cool completely.
To prepare cookie dough
In a large mixing bowl, beat together butter, sugars and salt until smooth, creamy and the mixture has lightened in color, about 4 to 6 minutes. Be sure to stop and scrape down the bowl every couple of minutes. Beat in milk and vanilla until combined. Add flour, stirring just moistened - fold in chopped chocolate.
Drop dollops of cookie dough all over the top of the cooled brownies, spreading to cover the top in an even layer. Place pan into the refrigerator and chill until the cookie dough is firm before cutting.
Makes about 32.
Just found the recipe? Want to know what we thought about it? Click here to see where we talked about it!
Thursday, May 26, 2005
Chocolate Chip Cookie Dough Brownies
3 comments:
Glad to see you posting again.ReplyDelete
- Charlie11/09/2011 09:30:00 AM
Hi Joe:ReplyDelete
These look so good! I simply must try them.
What is the consistency of your brownie?
Is it fudgy? Moist? Chewy? Gooey?
Thanks Carole!ReplyDelete
Charlie - You'll see our full description of these treats on the main post. See the link at the end of the recipe.
Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)


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Aaron Bohrod - Biography
Aaron Bohrod (21 November 1907 – 3 April 1992) was an American artist best known for his trompe-l'oeil still-life paintings.
Bohrad was born in Chicago, Illinois in 1907, the son of an emigree Russian grocer. Bohrod studied at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago and the Art Students League of New York between 1926 and 1930. While at the Art Students League, Bohrod was influenced by John Sloan and chose themes that involved his own surroundings. He returned to Chicago in 1930 where he painted views of the city and its working class. He eventually earned Guggenheim Fellowships which permitted him to travel throughout the country, painting and recording the American scene. His early work won him widespread praise as an important social realist and regional painter and printmaker and his work was marketed through Associated American Artists in New York. During World War II, Bohrod worked as an artist, first in the Pacific for the United States Army Corps of Engineers, then in Europe for Life magazine. In 1948, he accepted a position as artist in residence, succeeding John Steuart Curry, at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, and remained in that capacity until 1973.
In the 1950s, Bohrod developed the trompe-l'oeil style of highly decorative, detailed still life paintings which gives an illusion of real life. It was this style with which he became internationally identified.
Bohrod died of liver cancer at his home in Madison, Wisconsin on 3 April 1992, at the age of 84. His works can be found in the collections of many American museums such as the Art Institute of Chicago, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Whitney Museum of American Art in New York, and the Hirshhorn Museum in Washington, D.C. The Aaron Bohrod Gallery at the University of Wisconsin-Fox Valley was named in his honor.
Words of Everett Oehlschlaeger: "Plastic fish, rubber ducks, broken dolls, toy soldiers, souvenirs of every sort find their way into and fill the compositions of Aaron Bohrod. In doing so, the objects take on meanings far surpassing their original ones, taking on an importance never originally intended for them ... His works often take the form of visual jokes, riddles, or puns in which the artist has fun with the double meanings of commonly used words. Bohrod has a great sense of humor, but beneath it is a bite of the utmost seriousness—often a criticism of the folly and silliness of mankind, his actions and concerns, as exhibited by the faster and faster pace of an ever twisting stream—the spectacle of life." —Everett Oehlshlaeger of Everett Oehlschlaeger Galleries Inc., Chicago, Il.
(from State of Wisconsin, 1991–92 Legislature, Assembly Joint Resolution 149)
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Corn producers can hedge against falling corn price by taking up a position in the corn futures market.
Corn producers can employ what is known as a short hedge to lock in a future selling price for an ongoing production of corn that is only ready for sale sometime in the future.
To implement the short hedge, corn producers sell (short) enough corn futures contracts in the futures market to cover the quantity of corn to be produced.
A corn grower has just entered into a contract to sell 5,000 tonnes of corn, to be delivered in 3 months' time. The sale price is agreed by both parties to be based on the market price of corn on the day of delivery. At the time of signing the agreement, spot price for corn is EUR 129.25/ton while the price of corn futures for delivery in 3 months' time is EUR 130.00/ton.
To lock in the selling price at EUR 130.00/ton, the corn grower can enter a short position in an appropriate number of Euronext Corn futures contracts. With each Euronext Corn futures contract covering 50 tonnes of corn, the corn grower will be required to short 100 futures contracts.
The effect of putting in place the hedge should guarantee that the corn grower will be able to sell the 5,000 tonnes of corn at EUR 130.00/ton for a total amount of EUR 650,000. Let's see how this is achieved by looking at scenarios in which the price of corn makes a significant move either upwards or downwards by delivery date.
As per the sales contract, the corn grower will have to sell the corn at only EUR 116.33/ton, resulting in a net sales proceeds of EUR 581,625.
By delivery date, the corn futures price will have converged with the corn spot price and will be equal to EUR 116.33/ton. As the short futures position was entered at EUR 130.00/ton, it will have gained EUR 130.00 - EUR 116.33 = EUR 13.68 per tonne. With 100 contracts covering a total of 5000 tonnes, the total gain from the short futures position is EUR 68,375
Together, the gain in the corn futures market and the amount realised from the sales contract will total EUR 68,375 + EUR 581,625 = EUR 650,000. This amount is equivalent to selling 5,000 tonnes of corn at EUR 130.00/ton.
With the increase in corn price to EUR 142.18/ton, the corn producer will be able to sell the 5,000 tonnes of corn for a higher net sales proceeds of EUR 710,875.
However, as the short futures position was entered at a lower price of EUR 130.00/ton, it will have lost EUR 142.18 - EUR 130.00 = EUR 12.18 per tonne. With 100 contracts covering a total of 5,000 tonnes of corn, the total loss from the short futures position is EUR 60,875.
In the end, the higher sales proceeds is offset by the loss in the corn futures market, resulting in a net proceeds of EUR 710,875 - EUR 60,875 = EUR 650,000. Again, this is the same amount that would be received by selling 5,000 tonnes of corn at EUR 130.00/ton.
As can be seen from the above examples, the downside of the short hedge is that the corn seller would have been better off without the hedge if the price of the commodity went up.
An alternative way of hedging against falling corn prices while still be able to benefit from a rise in corn price is to buy corn put options.
Buying straddles is a great way to play earnings. Many a times, stock price gap up or down following the quarterly earnings report but often, the direction of the movement can be unpredictable. For instance, a sell off can occur even though the earnings report is good if investors had expected great results....[Read on...]
If you are very bullish on a particular stock for the long term and is looking to purchase the stock but feels that it is slightly overvalued at the moment, then you may want to consider writing put options on the stock as a means to acquire it at a discount....[Read on...]
Also known as digital options, binary options belong to a special class of exotic options in which the option trader speculate purely on the direction of the underlying within a relatively short period of time.....[Read on...]
If you are investing the Peter Lynch style, trying to predict the next multi-bagger, then you would want to find out more about LEAPS® and why I consider them to be a great option for investing in the next Microsoft®.... [Read on...]
Cash dividends issued by stocks have big impact on their option prices. This is because the underlying stock price is expected to drop by the dividend amount on the ex-dividend date....[Read on...]
As an alternative to writing covered calls, one can enter a bull call spread for a similar profit potential but with significantly less capital requirement. In place of holding the underlying stock in the covered call strategy, the alternative....[Read on...]
Some stocks pay generous dividends every quarter. You qualify for the dividend if you are holding on the shares before the ex-dividend date....[Read on...]
To achieve higher returns in the stock market, besides doing more homework on the companies you wish to buy, it is often necessary to take on higher risk. A most common way to do that is to buy stocks on margin....[Read on...]
Day trading options can be a successful, profitable strategy but there are a couple of things you need to know before you use start using options for day trading.... [Read on...]
Learn about the put call ratio, the way it is derived and how it can be used as a contrarian indicator.... [Read on...]
Put-call parity is an important principle in options pricing first identified by Hans Stoll in his paper, The Relation Between Put and Call Prices, in 1969. It states that the premium of a call option implies a certain fair price for the corresponding put option having the same strike price and expiration date, and vice versa.... [Read on...]
In options trading, you may notice the use of certain greek alphabets like delta or gamma when describing risks associated with various positions. They are known as "the greeks".... [Read on...]
Since the value of stock options depends on the price of the underlying stock, it is useful to calculate the fair value of the stock by using a technique known as discounted cash flow.... [Read on...]
Risk Warning: Stocks, futures and binary options trading discussed on this website can be considered High-Risk Trading Operations and their execution can be very risky and may result in significant losses or even in a total loss of all funds on your account. You should not risk more than you afford to lose. Before deciding to trade, you need to ensure that you understand the risks involved taking into account your investment objectives and level of experience. Information on this website is provided strictly for informational and educational purposes only and is not intended as a trading recommendation service. TheOptionsGuide.com shall not be liable for any errors, omissions, or delays in the content, or for any actions taken in reliance thereon.
General Risk Warning:
The financial products offered by the company carry a high level of risk and can result in the loss of all your funds. You should never invest money that you cannot afford to lose.


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|Hall was known for her built-ins.
But I'm looking forward to the year's work, which will mainly be on my book, and to hanging out with my new Emory and ATL-area colleagues. I'll also teach an undergraduate course in the spring. (On lady robots? Undoubtedly.)
Including my postdoctoral year, I'll have spent nearly eight years in Berkeley. It's been a good run.
[Obligatory Georgia-related link. Come to think of it, I probably need a playlist if I'm going to get all this packing done. Suggestions welcome.]


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Axiom Twinax Direct Attach Cables (DAC) are 100% compatible in all OEM applications. They are pre-configured with an application specific code to meet the requirement set forth by the router and switch OEMs. Axiom compatible twinax cables perform, fit and function identically when compared to "Original" cables. Axiom brand cables also function with other brands within the same network.
Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM)® names may be registered trademarks of the respective OEM, and the OEM has neither authorized nor sponsored the use of its trademark or trade name. All OEM names are used for comparative purposes only.
Axiom Memory Solutions
40GBASE-CR4 QSFP+ to 4 10GBASE-CU SFP+ Passive DAC Extreme Compatible 1m
Network Cable
3.3 ft
QSFP+ Network - Male
1 x QSFP+ Network - Male
SFP+ Network
1 x SFP+ Network
Network Device | Router | Switch
40 Gbit/s


text:
What you need to know before you go
Cologne's skyline is dominated by the soaring twin spires of its cavernous cathedral, an iconic example of Gothic architecture and one of Germany's most popular visitor attractions. But there's much more to this ancient riverside city than old world opulence.
The Cologne of today is famously friendly, fun-loving and liberal, with the country's biggest springtime carnival and a loud, proud LGBT community. Nightlife options run the gamut from traditional beer halls to underground techno clubs, while warmly welcoming restaurants serve up hearty local dishes like crispy pork knuckle and succulent schnitzel.


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Sea Surface Salinity Remote Sensing
at CATDS Ocean Salinity Expert Center
Legend: Annual Average Sea Surface Salinity map at 0.25°x0.25° resolution deduced from SMOS satellite data for the year 2010
About the CATDS Salinity Expert Center
The CATDS Salinity Expeertise Center is a research group including members from the following french Laboratories:
-Laboratoire d'Océanographie Spatiale at the French Institute of Research for the Exploitation of the Sea (Ifremer) ,
-Brest/Radar division of the french company Collect Localisation Satellite,
-Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentation et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), UMR 7159 CNRS/UPMC/IRD/MNHN, Paris, France
-Laboratoire d'Etude en Géophysique et Océanographie Spatiale (LEGOS) , OMP, CNRS, IRD, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
Our activities are focused on the challenge of Sea Surface Salinity (SSS) Remote Sensing from space.
In particular, our team is strongly involved in the scientific algorithm development and data exploitation of the ESA's Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) satellite mission. Members of our group thus work as two Expert Support Laboratories for ESA level 2 ocean salinity products. This activity is conducted in close collaboration with the spanish ICM-CSIC laboratories, as well as with the UK/ARGANS company which is in charge of the prototype processor development and maintenance.Our research activities on SMOS data also includes providing some feedback to the SMOS Level 1 image reconstruction processing (calibration, quality validation).
Ifremer hosts the Centre Aval de Traitement des Données SMOS (CATDS), which is the french ground segment for the SMOS Level 3 and 4 data, developped in collaboration with CNES and the CESBIO laboratory. In this context, our team is in charge of the CATDS Salinity Expertise center (C-ECOS). This center is piloted and developed in collaboration with several national partners, in particular with our collegues from LOCEAN/IPSL and LEGOS laboratories. In this context, the prototype Level 3 and 4 algorithms that are tested in the C-ECOS and found to produce the best SSS products will then be turned into operational processing chains by the french companies CAP-GEMINI and ACRI-ST.
Finally, we are also collaborating with our US collegues involved in the NASA Aquarius/SAC-D satellite mission. Aquarius is another focused satellite mission to measure global Sea Surface Salinity that was launched in 2011. By providing feedback results from SMOS mission, we thus support the scientific algorithm development of the mission and we prepare the synergies between SMOS and Aquarius data in close collaboration with our US collegues.
More generally, we are using multiple sensor & associated data sets (low frequency microwave radiometers, ocean color, sea surface temperature, wind, wave, altimeter products, model and in situ data..) to develop new scientific algorithms, synergetic data methodologies and computing techniques that tentatively best map salinity at the surface of the oceans. The principal scientific objective is to make global SSS measurements over the ice-free oceans with 150-km spatial resolution, and to achieve a measurement error less than 0.2 (PSS-78 [practical salinity scale of 1978]) on a 30-day time scale, taking into account all sensors and geophysical random errors and biases. Salinity is indeed a key indicator of the strength of the hydrologic cycle because it tracks the differences created by varying evaporation and precipitation, runoff, and ice processes. These variables lead to important dynamical consequences for oceanic currents and mixing that influence the ocean's capacity to absorb, transport, and store heat, freshwater, and carbon dioxide. Many of the processes governing the role of salinity in the modulation of upper-ocean mixing in both tropical and high-latitude regions are neither well understood nor adequately represented in climate models.
Our research activity is thus part of a national and international effort to provide the scientific community with new data sets usefull for ocean circulation modeling, climate studies, bio-optics and bio-chemistry of the ocean.
Showing posts 1 - 5 of 44. View more »


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Bursa Multicoloured Floral Pattern Medallion Vintage Rug
Original price $314.00 - Original price $963.00
Original price
$314.00 - $963.00
Current price $383.00
Bursa is the perfect collection for Summer, bursting with colour, life and character. The use of ornate geometric and floral motifs make these statement rugs a visual delight that will work beautifully in Bohemian and eclectic settings.
Please note:
- Material: Polypropylene
- Pile Height: 10mm
- Construction:Power Loomed
- Origin: Made in Turkey
IMPORTANT TIP: We recommend that an anti-slip pad such as Total Grip is used underneath rugs to prevent slippage between the rug and the surface it is placed on.
Please note:
Allow for a slight variation of colours depending on monitor settings.
This item cannot be delivered to a PO Box, only to a street address.


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Home networking explained, part 5: Setting up a home router
CNET editor Dong Ngo explains the best way to set up most Wi-Fi routers: via the web interface. This guide can be applied to all consumer-grade routers in the market, save for those from Apple.
Editors' note: This article was first published on March 26, 2013 and updated on July 1, 2016 with up-to-date information.
It might seem like a daunting task to set up a new home router. But it doesn't have to be if you understand the most common way routers are managed: through the web interface. The hardest part of using the web interface is getting to it. Once you have accessed it, the rest -- at least most of it -- is self-explanatory.
Note: Almost all home routers on the market come with a web interface; that is, a web page from which users can view, manage and monitor the router's settings and features. The only company that doesn't offer a web interface for its routers is Apple. There are also some new types of routers with vendor-assisted setup and management using a mobile app, such as the Google OnHub, the Eero or the Starry that also don't have a web interface. With that in mind, this guide is intended only for routers with a web interface.
In this post, I'll talk about how you can quickly set up any router by accessing its web interface using a browser and manage it from any connected computer or even a tablet or smartphone.
Let's start with the basics.
1. What is a browser?
A web browser is a software application designed for retrieving, presenting, and exchanging information resources on the internet. All browsers have an address bar where you can type in the web address of a website, such as www.cnet.com. After that, you hit Enter and the browser will let you browse (hence the name) the content of the site. As you surf the internet, the address bar automatically displays the current address of the web page you're looking at, whether you typed in the URL or got to it by clicking on a link, such as one from within an email or from another web page. This web page address is called a uniform resource locator (URL).
Among the most popular browsers are Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Apple Safari, and Microsoft Internet Explorer. You'll find at least one of these browsers on any computer, tablet, or smartphone, and any of them can be used to manage a router's web interface.
Common home router Web interfaces (pictures)See all photos
2. Setting up the hardware
When you get a new router, setting up the hardware is very simple. (If this part of home networking is new to you, check out part 1 of this series first). All you need is a computer that has a network port (most computers do) and two network cables (a new router comes with at least one network cable). Follow these steps, regardless of what the router's included setup guide might say:
- Connect the router's WAN port to your internet source, such as a DSL or cable modem, using the first network cable. All home routers have just one WAN port (sometimes labeled the internet port); this port is always separate from the other network ports and often is a different color to further differentiate it. Note: If you do not have internet access at home, or want to have an isolated (non internet-enabled) network, you can skip this step. Later on you can always complete this step when the internet is available or needed.
- Connect one of the router's LAN ports (most routers have four LAN ports) to the computer using the second network cable.
- Plug the router into the power outlet using its power adapter, as you would with most electronics. If the router has an on-off switch, make sure the router is on. Many routers don't have this switch and will turn on as you plug it in.
That's it -- you have just finished the hardware setup.
3. Accessing the web interface
The next step is to use the web browser to display the router's web interface. Basically, you will need two things: the router's URL, which is always its default IP address, and default log-in information. You'll find this information in the router's manual, and sometimes it's printed on the underside of the router, as well.
Most, if not all home routers on the market have a default IP address in this format: 192.168.x.1, where, depending on the vendor, x tends to be 0, 1, 2, 3, 10 or 11. For example, routers from Trendnet almost always have a default address of 192.168.10.1, while D-Link routers use 192.168.0.1 or 192.168.1.1.
And the log-in information is also quite predictable. The username (if any) is almost always admin and the password (if any) tends to be one of these: admin, password, default, or 1234.
Once you have gotten these two pieces of information, just type the router's IP address in the address bar of a browser on a connected computer, press Enter, and then enter the log-in information, after which you'll be greeted with the web interface.
|Default IP
|Default log-in (username/password)
|Most AT&T gateway
|192.168.0.254 / 192.168.1.254
|(blank)/(the device's serial number or access code)
|Amped Wireless
|(blank)/(blank) or admin/1234
|192.168.0.1 or 192.168.1.1
|192.168.0.1 or 192.168.1.1
|admin/admin or (blank)/root or (blank)/admin or Administrator/admin
|admin/motorola or admin/password
|192.168.0.1 or 192.168.1.1
|admin/password or Admin/1234
Also, from a connected computer, you can always find out what the current IP address is of the local network's router. This is helpful if a router's default IP address has been changed. On a Windows computer do this:
- Run the command prompt (you can find it in the Start menu, or in Windows 8 just type cmd when you're at the Metro Start menu, then press Enter).
- At the Command Prompt window, type in ipconfig then press Enter. You will see a lot of things, but the IP address following the Default Gateway is the address of the router.
On a Mac: Head to System Preferences > Network > select the current connected connection (it's likely Ethernet) > click on Advanced > on the first tab, TCP/IP, the router's IP address is shown next to Router.
4. A new router's basic settings
Though the design of the web interface is opened varies from one vendor to another, most of them have granular menus. Listed below are typical main menu items and what they do.
Wizard: This is where you can start a step-by step guided setup process. Many routers' interfaces show the wizard when the web interface is accessed for the first time. You just have to go through and set up a few of the routers' settings, such as its log-in password (to be changed from the default -- you should definitely do this to keep your network secure) and the name and password for the Wi-Fi network (or networks, for dual-band routers). Some wizards also ask for your time zone, the current time and date, and so on. With most routers you can skip the wizard and set up the router manually, if you want to, or you can finish the wizard and get back to the interface to further customize the network.
Setup section
Wireless (or Wireless settings): Where you can customize the router's Wi-Fi network(s). You can pick the name of the network, change the password, turn the Wi-Fi Protected Setup feature on or off, and a lot more.
WAN (or Internet): Most of the time you should use the Auto setting for this section. However, some ISPs might require special settings; in those cases you can enter them here.
LAN (or Network settings): This is where you can change the local network settings, including the default IP address of the router itself. (Note that if you change the router's default IP address, which is recommended for security reason, you'll then need to use the new address to access the router's web interface.) Here you can also change the range of IP addresses used for local clients, and add clients to the DHCP Reservation list. Once on this list, the clients' IP addresses will remain the same, which is required for some internet applications. Most of the time, you don't need to change anything in this section at all.
Tools (or Administration) section
Admin password (or Password): Change the router's password. This is the password required when you log in the router's web interface.
System: Where you can back up the current settings of the router to a file, or restore settings from a file; update the router's firmware; and so on. It's always helpful to back up the router's settings before you make changes.
You'll find a lot more settings and features on a router's web interface, and when have time, you should try them out. If worst comes to worst, you can turn to the last-resort step below to restore the router to its default settings.
5. The last resort
All routers come with a reset button. This is a tiny recessed button that can be found on the bottom or side of the device. Using something pointy, such as an unfolded paper clip, to press and hold this button for about 10 seconds (when the router is plugged into a power source) will bring its settings back to the factory default. In other words, the router will be reset to the state it was in when you bought it. You can set it up again from the beginning, or you can log in to its web interface and restore the router's settings from a backup file.
To learn some simple tips on keeping your home network secure, check out Part 6 of this series.
Computing Guides
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3D Printers


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Learn About the Law
Get help with your legal needs
FindLaw's Learn About the Law features thousands of informational articles to help you understand your options. And if you're ready to hire an attorney, find one in your area who can help.
[188 U.S. 545, 546] This litigation was begun by the appellee, in the district court for the second judicial district of the territory of New Mexico, within and for the county of Bernalillo. In the bill of complaint, equitable relief was sought against the now appellants. It was alleged, in substance, that plaintiff, on December 31, 1897, became a body corporate, pursuant to the provisions of an act of the general assembly of the territory of New Mexico, approved February 24, 1887, for the purpose of constructing a canal, ditch, and pipe line between named points in the county of Bernalillo, in the territory of New Mexico; that, as preliminary to the construction of such canal, ditch, and pipe line, a survey of lands along the proposed route thereof was necessary, and such survey was authorized by law; and that the defendants, asserting ownership of lands along such proposed route, had forcibly prevented the employees of the plaintiff from entering on said lands to make survey thereof. It was prayed that temporarily, pending the suit, and perpetually by the final decree, the defendants might be enjoined from further interference with the making of the survey, and there was also a prayer for general relief. In Their answer the defendants admitted their interferences with the proposed survey, as complained of in the bill, but asserted their right to do so. Reiterating the allegations of the answer, by cross complaint, a perpetual injunction was asked restraining entry by the plaintiff upon the lands. An order was issued temporarily restraining the defendants, as prayed, and thereafter a demurrer to the answer and cross complaint of the defendant was filed and overruled. After replication by the respective parties the cause was transferred to the district court of the first judicial district and for the county of Santa F e. In that and for the county of Santa Fe. In that court trial was had and judgment was entered in favor of the plaintiff, perpetuating the preliminary injunction and dismissing the cross complaint of the defendants. [188 U.S. 545, 547] The following findings of fact and conclusions of law were embodied in the judgment:
A motion to set aside the findings and judgment and for a new trial having been overruled, the cause was taken to the supreme court of the territory. That court affirmed the judgment of the trial court and adopted as its own the findings of fact made by the judge of the district court. Thereupon this appeal was allowed.
Mr. Neill B. Field for appellants.
Mr. William B. Childers for appellee.
Mr. Justice White, after making the foregoing statement, delivered the opinion of the court:
The pertinent portions of the territorial act of February 24, 1887, under which the plaintiff below was incorporated, are noted in the margin. 1 [188 U.S. 545, 551] It will be seen that the act authorized the formation of corporations for the purpose of constructing and maintaining reservoirs and canals, or ditches and pipe lines, and that two pur- [188 U.S. 545, 552] poses were to be subserved by the formation of such companies (1) the supplying of water for irrigation, mining, manufacturing, domestic, and other public uses, including cities and towns; and (2) the colonization and the improvement of lands in connection therewith. The articles of association of the appellee set out the second of the aforesaid objects as being the purpose for which the company was formed. The organization of the company in conformity to the requirements of the statute is not questioned, and the existence of surplus water over and above the needs of prior appropriators of water at the point where it was proposed to divert the waters of the Rio Grande for the proposed canal is a fact found by the trial court and not disputed either in the supreme court of the territory or in the argument made at bar.
The contentions urged upon our notice substantially resolve themselves into two general propositions: First, that the territorial act was invalid, because it assumed to dispose of property of the United States without its consent; and, second, that said statute, in so far, at least, as it authorized the formation of corporations of the character of the complainant, was inconsistent with the legislation of Congress and therefore void. These propositions naturally admit of consideration together.
The argument in support of the first proposition proceeds upon the hypothesis that the waters affected by the statute are public waters, the property, not of the territory or of private individuals, but of the United States; that by the statute private individuals, or corporations, for their mere pecuniary profit, are permitted to acquire the unappropriated portion of such public waters, in violation of the right of the United States to control and dispose of its own property wheresoever situated. Assuming that the appellants are entitled to urge the objection referred to, we think, in view of the legislation of Congress on the subject of the appropriation of water on the public domain, [188 U.S. 545, 553] particularly referred to in the opinion of this court in United States v. Rio Grande Dam & Irrig. Co. 174 U.S. 704 -706, 43 L. ed. 1142, 1143, 19 Sup. Ct. Rep. 770, the objection is devoid of merit. As stated in the opinion just referred to, by the act of July 26, 1866 (14 Stat. at L. 253, chap. 262, 9, Rev. Stat. 2339, U. S. Comp. Stat. 1901, p. 1437), Congress recognized, as respects the public domain, 'so far as the United States are concerned, the validity of the local customs, laws, and decisions of courts in respect to the appropriation of water.' By the act of March 3, 1877 (19 Stat. at L. 377, chap. 107, U. S. Comp. Stat. 1901, p. 1549), the right to appropriate such an amount of water as might be necessarily used for the purpose of irrigation and reclamation of desert land, part of the public domain, was granted, and it was further provided that 'all surplus water over and above such actual appropriation and use, together with the water of all lakes, rivers, and other sources of water supply upon the public lands and not navigable, shall remain and be held free for the appropriation and use of the public for irrigation, mining, and manufacturing purposes, subject to existing rights.'
That the purpose of Congress was to recognize as well the legislation of a territory as of a state with respect to the regulation of the use of public waters, is evidenced by the act of March 3, 1891 (26 Stat. at L. 1095, chap. 561, U. S. Comp. Stat. 1901, p. 1570). By the 18th section of the act of 1891 it was provided as follows (italics not in original):
It would necessarily seem to follow from the legislation referred to that the statute which we have been considering is not inconsistent with the legislation of Congress on the subject of the disposal of waters flowing over the public domain of the United States. Of course, as held in the Rio Grande Case, p. 703, L. ed. 1141, Sup. Ct. Rep. 775, even a state, as respects streams within its borders, in the absence of specific authority from Congress, 'cannot, by its legislation, destroy the right of the United States, as the owner of lands bordering on a stream, to the continued flow of its waters; so far, at least, as may be necessary for the beneficial uses of the government property;' and the power of a state over navigable streams and their tributaries is further limited by the [188 U.S. 545, 555] superior power of the general government to secure the uninterrupted navigability of all navigable streams within the limits of the United States. Necessarily, these limitations are equally applicable in restraint of the legislative branch of a territorial government, controlled, as is such body, by Congress. If we assume that a restriction on the power of a territory similar to that first stated prevails in favor of private owners of lands along a running stream, the act in question clearly is not violative of such rights, for the same does not attempt to authorize an infringement of them. The water which it is provided may be appropriated is 'surplus' water, of any stream, lake, or spring, and it is specifically provided in subdivision 4 of 17 of the act 'That no water shall be diverted, if it will interfere with the reasonable requirements of any person or persons using or requiring the same when so diverted.' So, also, in 25, it is declared 'that no incorporation of any company or companies shall interfere with the water rights of any individual or company acquired prior to the passage of this act.' The finding of the court below that 'surplus' water existed negates the idea that any legitimate appropriation of water which can be made by the appellee can in anywise violate the rights of others.
We perceive no merit in the contention that the proviso in the desert land act of March 3, 1877, declaring that surplus water on the public domain shall remain and be held free for the appropriation and use of the public for irrigation, mining, and manufacturing purposes, subject to existing rights, is an expression of the will of Congress that all public waters within its control or the control of a legislative body of its creation, must be directly appropriated by the owners of land upon which a beneficial use of water is to be made, and that in consequence a territorial legislature cannot lawfully empower a corporation, such as the appellee, to become an intermediary for furnishing water to irrigate the lands of third parties. As all owners of land within the service capacity of appellee's canal will possess the right to use the water which may be diverted into such canal, the use is clearly public (Fallbrook Irrig. Dist. v. Bradley, 164 U.S. 163 , 41 L. ed. 390, 17 Sup. Ct. Rep. 56), and appellee is therefore a public [188 U.S. 545, 556] agency, whose right to divert water and whose continued existence is dependent upon the application by it within a reasonable time of such diverted water to a beneficial use. Irrigation corporations generally are recognized in the legislation of Congress, and the rights conferred are not limited to such corporations as are mere combinations of owners of irrigable land.
It is conceded on behalf of appellant that, by the laws of Mexico in force when the territory of New Mexico was ceded to the United States, the use of the waters of both navigable and unnavigable streams was not limited to riparian lands, but extended as well to lands which did not lie upon the banks of the rivers, and that such use was subject to be regulated and controlled by the public authorities. It is, however, contended that the effect of the statute under consideration is to free the waters from public control and to transfer them to private control, a position which is manifestly unsound, in view of the public nature of such corporations and their liability to regulation by the legislative authority which has in effect created them. The concession above referred to and the implication arising from the statement in the answer and cross bill to the purport that the title of the defendants to their lands was derived, mediately or immediately, from those who held title thereto at the time of the acquisition of New Mexico by the United States, coupled with the finding by the trial court that, after making all due allowances for valid appropriations of water within the portion of the Rio Grande directly affected by the canal of the appellee, there yet existed a surplus of unappropriated water, warranted the trial court in treating as immaterial the claim asserted in the tenth paragraph of the answer of the defendants to the effect that, by the treaty of cession of New Mexico to the United States, the defendants and their associates acquired the right of user of all the waters of the Rio Grande adjacent to their lands. Neither do we think that the trial court was called upon, at the instance of the defendants, entire strangers in every aspect to other appropriators, to inquire into and pass upon the question whether appropriators of water below the mouth of the proposed canal of appellee would be injured by the construction of the canal. The rights of such per- [188 U.S. 545, 557] sons will not, of course, be injuriously affected by the decree in this cause, and non constat but that they may yet intervene for their own protection, if they deem that the construction of the canal will be an invasion of their rights, or that they may be willing to forego objection to the construction of the canal.
On the whole, we are of opinion that the decree of the Supreme Court of the Territory of New Mexico was correct, and it is therefore affirmed.
Mr. Justice McKenna dissents.
[ Footnote 1 ] Corporation Laws of New Mexico, 1897.
468. Any five persons who may desire to form a company for the purpose of constructing and maintaining reservoirs and canals, or ditches and pipe lines, for the purpose of supplying water for the purpose of irrigation, mining, manufacturing, domestic, and other public uses, including cities and towns, and for the purpose of colonization and the improvement of lands in connection therewith, for either or both of said objects, either jointly or separately, shall make and sign articles of incorporation, which shall be acknowledged before the secretary of the territory, or some person authorized by law to take the acknowledgment of conveyances of real estate, and when so acknowledged such articles shall be filed with such secretary.
469. Such articles shall set forth: First. The full names of the incorporators and the corporate name of such company.
Second. The purpose or purposes for which such company is formed, and, if the object be to construct reservoirs and canals, or ditches and pipe lines for any of the purposes herein specified, the beginning point and terminus of the main line of such canals and ditches and pipe lines, and the general course, direction, and length thereof shall be stated.
Third. The amount of the capital stock and the number of shares as deflnitely as practicable.
Fourth. The term of existence of the company, which shall not exceed fifty years.
Fifth. The number of directors, and the names of those who shall manage the business of the company for the first year.
Sixth. The name of the city or town and county in which the principal place of business of the company is to be located.
484. Corporations formed under this act for the purpose of furnishing and supplying water for any of the purposes mentioned in section four hundred and sixty-eight shall have, in addition to the powers hereinbefore mentioned, rights as follows:
First. To cause such examination and surveys for their proposed reservoirs, canals, pipe lines, and ditches to be made, as may be necessary to the selection of the most eligible locations and advantageous routes, and for such purpose, by their officers, agents, and servants, to enter upon the lands or water of any person or of this territory.
Second. To take and hold such voluntary grant of real estate and other property as shall be made to them in furtherance of the purposes of such corporation.
Third. To construct their canals, pipe lines, or ditches upon or along any stream of water.
Fourth. To take and divert from any tream, lake, or spring the surplus water, for the purpose of supplying the same to persons, to be used for the objects mentioned in section four hundred and sixty-eight of this act, but such corporations shall have no right to interfere with the rights of, or appropriate the property of, any persons except upon the payment of the assessed value thereof, to be ascertained as in this act provided. And provided, further, That no water shall be diverted if it will interfere with the reasonable requirements of any person or persons using or requiring the same, when so diverted.
Fifth. To furnish water for the purposes mentioned in section four hundred and sixty-eight, at such rates as the by-laws may prescribe; but equal rates shall be conceded to each class of consumers.
Sixth. To enter upon and condemn and appropriate any lands, timber, stone, gravel, or other material that may be necessary for the uses and purposes of said companies.
492. That no incorporation of any company or companies to supply water for the purposes of irrigation and other purposes shall have any right to divert the usual and natural flow of water of any stream which by law of 1854 has been declared a public acequia for any use whatever, between the fifteenth day of February and the fifteenth day of October of each year, unless it be with the unanimous consent of all and every person holding agricultural and cultivated lands under such stream or public
acequia, and to be irrigated by the water furnished by said stream or public acequia, and that no incorporation of any company or companies shall interfere with the water rights of any individual or company acquired prior to the passage of this act.
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CRS: Mexico's Importance and Multiple Relationships with the United States, January 18, 2006
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Title: Mexico's Importance and Multiple Relationships with the United States
CRS report number: RL33244
Author(s): K. Larry Storrs, Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division
Date: January 18, 2006
- Abstract
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Difference between revisions of "Old Testament"
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See also [[Bible |Bible]], [[New Testament|New Testament]]
See also [[Bible |Bible]], [[New Testament|New Testament]]
= Bibliography =
= Bibliography =
Bainton, Roland. "The Immoralities of the Patriarchs According to the Exegesis of the Late Middle Ages and of the Reformation." Harvard Theological Journal 23 (1930): 39-49.
Bullinger, Heinrich. Der Widertoeufferen Ursprung.
Bullinger, Heinrich. Der Widertoeufferen Ursprung.
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Zwingli, H. In catabaptistarum strophas elenchus. Zurich, 1527.
Zwingli, H. In catabaptistarum strophas elenchus. Zurich, 1527.
{{GAMEO_footer|hp=Vol. 4, pp. 49-52|date=1959|a1_last=Klassen|a1_first=William|a2_last= |a2_first= }}
{{GAMEO_footer|hp=Vol. 4, pp. 49-52|date=1959|a1_last=Klassen|a1_first=William|a2_last= |a2_first= }}
Revision as of 18:54, 20 August 2013
From its very beginning the Christian church has been faced with a dilemma in its use of the Old Testament. As long as the apostles were alive their authority was accepted on an equal status with the writings of the Old Testament, but when the church began to wrestle with the formation of a canon of New Testament Scriptures, the problem of authority and place of the Old Testament became acute. Jesus, in His teachings, particularly in the Sermon on the Mount, had made His position clear. Paul, following Jesus, used the Old Testament freely, but also went beyond it to show that Christ's fulfillment of the Old Testament was complete.
The most drastic solution to the problem of the Old Testament was advocated by Marcion in the second century, who not only rejected the Old Testament entirely, but also expurgated those sections of the New Testament which had a strong Jewish background. All that was left in his New Testament was a drastically revised Luke-Acts, and an "edited" Pauline corpus. Needless to say, the church rejected Marcion as a heretic. Marcion, however, made a contribution by calling attention to the lack of a clearly defined position with respect to the Old Testament. The Epistle of Barnabas and the Clementine literature were extremely allegorical in dealing with the Old Testament and this Marcion rightly rejected. It remained therefore for Irenaeus to develop a "Biblical theology" which took account of the fact that God worked both in the Old Testament and the New Testament. The theology of Irenaeus represented the first conscious attempt to define the relationship between the Old Testament and the New Testament on a historical and not allegorical basis, although the recently discovered Homily on the Passions by Melito of Sardis shows that individual preachers had used certain motifs to bridge the gap between two Testaments, rather than succumbing to abstruse allegory.
Adolf Harnack states that the retention of the Old Testament in the church's canon was justified in the early church, but a mere historical accident in the time of the Reformation. Any student of the Reformation will hardly agree with this statement, since in many ways the battles of the first two centuries were again taken up in the 16th. Certainly this is true with respect to the Old Testament. The Reformers were faced with the problem of the Old Testament repeatedly, and part of the reason was that the Anabaptists were critical of the degree of authority given to the Old Testament by the Reformers. Unfortunately the issue was obscured by Thomas Müntzer, who breathed deeply from the apocalyptic and vindictive sections of the Old Testament, thus misreading its true intent, and by the Münsterites who patterned their kingdom at Münster upon the Old Testament, instituting polygamy, royalty, etc. These events had little to do with the essential development of Anabaptism, but served to obscure the true Anabaptists. At Münster the daily Scripture reading was taken from the Old Testament, generally from the Prophets. This Old Testament Biblicism was criticized by Corvinus, who tried to define the relationship between the Old Testament and the New Testament in his attack against Münster.
The Anabaptist estimate of the Old Testament was a result of their discussions with the Reformers. It is significant that at each major disputation (e.g., Frankenthal) the problem of Old Testament authority was discussed at length, especially with reference to its relation to the New Testament. As far as the records indicate, the Reformers made no original contribution in these discussions and their solutions have not been accepted by Protestantism. It is quite clear that their arguments about Old Testament authority are colored by their desire to retain infant baptism and the state church, as well as to weaken the Anabaptist position on the oath, etc. Roland Bainton has shown that with regard to the problem of the immoral deeds of the patriarchs the exegetes of the Reformation developed a number of interesting techniques to justify them, but the end result of this kind of exegesis, seen most clearly in Luther's defense of Philip's bigamy, is that the Old Testament can be used as an attenuating ethical standard. On this point the Anabaptists had a much more consistent and clearly defined position.
The enemies of the early Swiss Anabaptists charged them with rejecting the Old Testament. Bullinger wrote: "The Anabaptists believe that [in regard to salvation] one should not prove anything from the Old Testament; the transactions of the Old Testament are finished and do not concern us"(Ursprung: 73). Zwingli wrote in his Elenchus of 1527: "In this country they deny the entire Old Testament, which I have seen with my own eyes. For they wrote to our magistrate that the Old Testament has been done away with." Schwenckfeld accused the Anabaptists of living only in the New Testament and disregarding the Old Testament. Gast, in his Exordio of 1544 (33), attacked the Anabaptist position on the Old Testament. Wigand, in his De Anabaptismo of 1582, put these words into their mouth: "The Old Testament cannot in all respects be held equal to the New Testament, but only where it agrees with the New." Since then others have repeated the charge, calling the Anabaptists Marcionites, at least in tendency. An investigation of the sources does not, however, support this charge.
There is first of all the work done by Hans Denck and the marginal Anabaptist Ludwig Haetzer in translating the prophets from the Hebrew into German at the very outset of the Anabaptist movement. Hans Leupold, of Augsburg, at his hearing in 1527 asserted that at their meetings the Anabaptists considered God's Word, principally the Gospels and the Prophets. Leonhard Schiemer urges his flock to gather together often and to read mainly from the New Testament and the Psalms. The hidden things of the Old Testament will be plain to them in the New Testament. It should be noted that Schiemer does not tell his people that they should ignore the Old Testament, but only urges them to read the Old Testament (called shadow) through the eyes of the New Testament (called light). He feels that the Psalms contain everything in the Old Testament but that the books of the Kings and the Pentateuch could also be read with profit. However, all things are contained in the New Testament, for the apostles are the summary (Auszug) of all the prophets.
The influence of Schiemer continued in the Marpeck brotherhood, which was the only group among the Anabaptists to work extensively on the relation of the Old Testament and the New Testament. In several aspects of its position the Marpeck group differed from other Anabaptists. This is particularly true of certain exaggerations made by Marpeck in order to establish his point. Already in his confession of 1532, Marpeck referred repeatedly to the difference between the Old Covenant, a covenant of servitude, and the New Covenant, a covenant of sonship. This same distinction appears at some length in the Anabaptist tract of unknown authorship or origin, Von zweierlei gehorsam, and shows that the Anabaptists were interested in a responsible type of Christianity which was not compelled by legalism, but rather based on a vital relationship of sonship. This was viewed as the basic distinction between the two Testaments. In his two booklets of 1531 Marpeck uses the Old Testament extensively, explaining that he was compelled to do so because the false prophets whom he was opposing used it wrongly. One of the false prophets was Bunderlin, who repeatedly rejected historical exegesis, explicitly condemning the Antiochian school of exegesis. The alternative that he suggested is an elaborate allegory influenced by neoplatonic values. The same is true of Schwenckfeld, but to a lesser degree. In contrast, Marpeck restricted his use of allegory to examples of allegory in the Bible itself, e.g., Hagar and Sarah, and the Song of Solomon. The historical material was always treated as historical by him, and his greatest objection to both Schwenckfeld's and the Reformers' treatment of the Old Testament is that the historical lines of distinction are not observed. He begins with the book of Hebrews and insists that the shadows have now been driven away and the essence has come. The essence, however, is not defined in Platonic terms, but always as a historical person, Jesus Christ. The difference between the two Testaments lies in the Incarnation. The pre-existent Christ was present in the Old Testament, but not in such a way as to give man the benefits which the New Testament saints experienced. To place the Old Testament saints on the same level as those of the New, seemed to Marpeck a blasphemy on the work of Christ as found in the New Testament. This theme is most fully elaborated in the Testamenterleutterung.
Beyond and behind the theological issue stood the ethical issue. In the Clare verantwurtung Marpeck makes it clear that while the Old Testament tolerated revenge, the New definitely forbids it, and that the law of love controls the behavior of the Christian. This same principle was carried into the discussion of the oath when the Reformers insisted on the oath because it was tolerated in the Old Testament. Over against this the Anabaptists had the clear word of Christ which insisted that the Christian should not swear. The Anabaptist attitude toward the Old Testament can be described as desiring above all to give Christ the honor due Him, and not stressing the Old Testament revelation except where it is in accord with the New. Darkness is not used to interpret light, but rather light is used to interpret darkness.
Studies of both Marpeck and Menno Simons indicate that they used the Old Testament extensively; it is out of the question to consider them Marcionite even in tendency. Their use of the Old Testament was, however, such as to draw inspiration from the acts of God in the history of His people, and not to draw an ethic from a time when God's fullest revelation had not yet appeared. The extensive use of the Old Testament Scriptures is seen especially in the Ausbund, the Codex Geiser, Riedemann's Rechenschaft, and in the devotional literature, particularly that which had a strong martyrological strain. At a time when they themselves were asked to lay down their lives, the Anabaptists drew inspiration and comfort from the sufferings of the people of God in the past, and were sustained by the conviction that the same God who had worked His purpose through His people in the past would also fulfill it in them, no matter how dark the days in which they lived at the time.
It is significant that it was an Anabaptist who in 1531 complained that the Strasbourg preachers were not preaching the Law (Old Testament) before preaching the Gospel, and that in the 16th century the Anabaptists rejected the virtual identification of the two covenants seen in Zwingli, Bucer, and Bullinger. In doing so they were ahead of their time in seeing elements of continuity and discontinuity in the two covenants. Perhaps they were inclined to see too clearly the elements of discontinuity, but they did so because they saw what a virtual identification of the two covenants leads to in the area of ethics, and what happens to groups who seek to base a social order on the Old Testament. Lydia Müller's assertion that the Anabaptists lived strongly in the New Testament must be correctly understood. It was for them literature of edification (Erbauung), but the standards of the Christian life were to be drawn from the New Testament. Related to this was the conviction that the power to live the Christian life had come only with the New Covenant. Jacques d'Auchy, a Dutch martyr of 1559, is a good example, in saying that "we are no longer under the law, but under the gospel" (Mart. Mir. E 904) and declaring that the Old Testament is to be valued only as it is understood by Christ and the apostles. Conrad Grebel had already declared in his letter to Müntzer in 1524, "We are no longer under the Old Covenant." Hans Denck said in his Von der wahren Liebe: "It stands thus with the teaching and work of Moses, David, and the Fathers: wherever love, i.e., Jesus, has surpassed them with something better, one must for the sake of the better consider them bad."
In later years descendants of the Anabaptists have not always taken a wholesome view of the Old Testament. Legalism, expressed in terms of restrictions on women's dress (not wearing men's clothes) and the beard, has been drawn from the Old Testament apparently not aware that such arguments run directly counter to the essential Anabaptist position. The difficulty some recent Mennonite theologians have had in reconciling the Old Testament ethic with a non-resistant ethic has led to a disparagement of the Old Testament, while some Mennonite educators even advocate not telling children the story of Goliath because of what it may do to them. These approaches fail to see the essential nature of these narratives, and do little to assist Mennonites in forming a positive opinion of the Old Testament in the future. There is no doubt that the Old Testament confronts the Christian church with some gnawing problems, but they are not overcome by relegating the Old Testament to an irrelevant position. Rather, the church, from Irenaeus through the Reformation even to our time, has seen that the best approach is a historical one in which God is progressively working through His people, preparing them for the fullness of revelation. The Old Testament stands as a brilliant testimony to God's working in history to fulfill His purpose among men who yield themselves to His plan. His ways of working have changed, but He still seeks to gather a people around His name. The New Testament insists that everything in the Old Testament must be judged in the light of Christ. It is a testimony to the Anabaptist devotion to Christ that they saw this point clearly and insisted on it with courage and steadfastness.
See also Bible, New Testament
Bainton, Roland. "The Immoralities of the Patriarchs According to the Exegesis of the Late Middle Ages and of the Reformation." Harvard Theological Journal 23 (1930): 39-49.
Bullinger, Heinrich. Der Widertoeufferen Ursprung.
Bullinger, Heinrich. Von dem einigen vnnd ewigen Testament Oder Pundt Gottes. s.l, 1534.
Corpus Schwenckfeld: VIII, 221:10 ff.; X, 925.
Gastius, J. De anabaplismi exordio. Basel, 1544.
Gerdes, Hayo. Lutkers Streit mil den Schwarmern um das rechte Verstundnis des Gesetzes Mose. 1955.
Harnack, Adolf. Marcion, Das Evangelium vom fremden Gott. Leipzig, 1921: 248 f.
Hege, Christian and Christian Neff. Mennonitisches Lexikon, 4 vols. Frankfurt & Weierhof: Hege; Karlsruhe; Schneider, 1913-1967: v. I, 40.
Klassen, W. "Pilgram Marpeck's Hermeneutics with Special Reference to His Understanding of the Old Testament." Unpublished doctoral dissertation at Princeton Theological Seminary, 1959.
Müller, Lydia. Glaubenszeugnisse oberdeutscher Taufgesinnter I (Quellen und Forschungen zur Reformationsgeschichte, Band XX). M. Heinsius Nachfolger, 1938: 45 (Schiemer).
Müller, Lydia. Der Kommunismus der mahrischen Wiedertaufer. Liepzig, 1927: 25.
Wigand, J. De anabaptismo. Leipzig, 1582.
Zwingli, H. In catabaptistarum strophas elenchus. Zurich, 1527.
|William Klassen
|Date Published
Cite This Article
MLA style
Klassen, William. "Old Testament." Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. 1959. Web. 27 Sep 2023. https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Old_Testament&oldid=76619.
APA style
Klassen, William. (1959). Old Testament. Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. Retrieved 27 September 2023, from https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Old_Testament&oldid=76619.
Adapted by permission of Herald Press, Harrisonburg, Virginia, from Mennonite Encyclopedia, Vol. 4, pp. 49-52. All rights reserved.
©1996-2023 by the Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. All rights reserved.


text:
A computer security researcher has released a plugin for Firefox that provides a wealth of data on Web sites that may have been compromised with malicious code.
The plugin, called Fireshark, was released on Wednesday at the Black Hat conference. The open-source free tool is designed to address the shortcomings in other programs used to analyze malicious Web sites, said Stephan Chenette, a principal security researcher at Websense, which lets Chenette develop Fireshark in the course of his job.
Hackers often target legitimate Web sites with code that can either infect a machine with malicious software or redirect a user to a bad Web page.
Websense specializes in detecting Web pages that have been infected, as many site administrators don't know that their sites are harmful to visitors or have difficulty reverse-engineering malicious code. Fireshark will "show you the exact details of a mass compromise," Chenette said.
Over the last 12 months, the number of newly compromised Web sites has increased about 225 percent, Chenette said.
"That means attackers are controlling more content that ever before that is being fed to users."
Fireshark must be run in a virtual machine in order to prevent an infection. Users can input a list of Web sites for investigation. Fireshark then exposes the Web sites' code.
That harmful code is often obfuscated, so it is difficult to tell what it actually does, Chenette said. But the obfuscated code has to run in the browser in order to work. Fireshark exposes the code, which normally can't be viewed, when it runs in the browser's memory.
"I became frustrated at the publicly available tools," Chenette said. "I heard the outcry from the community that there are not the correct tools to reverse the obfuscated content."
Once the code has been exposed, it's then possible to do more investigation and see if other Web sites are affected, Chenette said. Fireshark will show vulnerabilties and exploits on Web sites.
Many Web sites will be infected with code that either delivers malware or redirects users to bad Web sites. The tools also generate maps of those redirections, which can give clues as to who may be behind the attacks.
Fireshark collects the data in a ".yml" file, which is similar to an XML file, Chenette said. The ".yml" file can then be integrated into other security analysis tools, Chenette said. The data that Fireshark collects is all held locally, and none of it is shared with Websense.
Fireshark is available to download.


text:
Dickinson Chess Tournament in the Park
Join 9 Queens, Kore Press, and the Pima County Public Library for a Dickinson Chess Tournament on the Himmel Park Lawn on November 19, 2011! This event is a part of the Big Read Tucson. The Big Read is a program of the National Endowment for the Arts in partnership with Arts Midwest.
Categories: Chess Event


text:
Puerto Vallarta
What you need to know before you go
Puerto Vallarta, a low-key fishing village turned resort town, attracts thousands of people per year with tropical temperatures, warm water, and white sand along the Pacific coast. Given the number of resorts in South Hotel Zone alone, it's no surprise that half of the city's economy comes from tourism and half of those employed in Puerto Vallarta work in the industry.
Enjoy fantastic customer service whether you're dining at a restaurant or buying an engagement ring in the Romantic Zone. Watch the sunset from a beachside restaurant as you tuck into some grilled red snapper, Puerto Vallarta's specialty.


text:
Mike Tomlin fined $100,000, Steelers may lose draft picks
Mike Tomlin stepping onto the field into the path of Ravens kickoff returner Jacoby Jones was a costly mistake -- costly to Tomlin now, and possibly costly to the Steelers come draft time.
The NFL has fined Tomlin $100,000 for interfering with a play in progress. And the NFL is still weighing whether to dock draft picks from the Steelers.
The league's announcement said that "because the conduct affected a play on the field, a modification or forfeiture of draft choices will be considered after the final order of the 2014 draft has been determined."
NFL Executive V.P. of Football Operations Ray Anderson made the decision.
The NFL also said that the Steelers should have been given a 15-yard penalty for unsportsmanlike conduct. The league has not said what actions will be taken against the officials who failed to call that penalty, even though replays show one official was just feet away from Tomlin, and at least one other official had a clear view of the penalty.
There's no word from the league about the severity of the draft penalties. It's also not clear whether the Steelers would merely be stripped of a pick, or whether the league would give a Pittsburgh pick to Baltimore as compensation for a rules violation that affected the Ravens.


text: Well, despite the fact that the Gorda SCH-21 looks like Frankenstein's sister, the Russians might just have a nice little submachine gun on their hands here. Basically, it's a cut-down AKM. Actually, it looks like someone took a hatchet to an AKM, did away with the upper part of the forearm, and moved the front site back all the way …Read More »


text: Seller: bargainbookstores ✉ (1,072,275) 99.1%, Location: Grand Rapids, Michigan, US, Ships to: WORLDWIDE, Item: 313889224151 Marvel Knights Punisher by Garth Ennis: The Complete Collection Vol. 1 (Paperbac. 1 (Paperback or Softback). Author: Ennis, Garth. Publisher: Marvel. Citrus Vol. Libro de Los Sentimientos Para Ninos, El (Hardback or Cased Book). The Book of Ezekiel, Chapters 25-48 (Hardback or Cased Book). Powered by Frooition All Items See our eBay store for more great items >> Browse By Categories Marvel Knights Punisher by Garth Ennis: The Complete Collection Vol. 1 (Paperback or Softback) Item Description Author: Ennis, Garth ISBN: 9781302914080 1302914081 Format: Paperback or Softback Condition: New Publisher: Marvel Comments: About Us About Us Payment Shipping Terms Returns About Us Welcome to BargainBookStores The brand for quality consumer products. Experience great service and savings. Satisfaction guaranteed! We guarantee your satisfaction and stand behind everything we sell. Standard shipping is always free to the lower 48 states. Expedited and International shipping options are also available. Thanks for your business! Payment Payment Payment for all eBay orders must be completed through eBay payments. Shipping Shipping We ship within the 48 contiguous United States. Tracking is provided for most US domestic shipments. Free Standard Shipping Most orders are processed within 2-5 business days of order receipt Shipping times are estimated and are not guaranteed by BargainBookStores. Terms Terms Item Availability While we try to maintain accurate quantity in our listing, items listed on eBay may be sold elsewhere before the eBay listing ends. If you bought an out of stock item, we will cancel your order and issue a refund. Please do not leave negative or neutral feedback for cancelled orders. Condition Guide Unless otherwise noted, all products sold by BargainBookStores are brand new in retail packaging and include U.S. manufacturer warranty. 100% Customer Satisfaction Guaranteed We want to ensure your satisfaction. If you are dissatisfied with your purchase or shopping experience, we would like to hear from you. Please contact us using eBay Messaging . Please be sure to include your contact information and order number. Please note: Business hours are Monday-Friday. We try our best to respond to all questions and comments within one business day. Lost or Damaged Shipments * If your order was damaged during shipping or if you did not receive your order, contact us and we will be happy to take care of the issue. * Please wait until the end of the delivery time estimate before contacting us about missing shipments. * Please contact us using eBay Messaging . Please include your contact information and order number. Your Privacy BargainBookStores.com does not sell or market customer information to other businesses or organizations. Customer Comments We are constantly striving to improve our service and would love to hear your comments. Please contact us using eBay Messaging Returns Returns BargainBookStores accepts returns within 30 days of order receipt. Return Process * Please contact us using eBay Messaging before returning your order. * Returns without prior authorization will not be refunded. Return Requirements * Returned merchandise must be in the same condition in which it was received. * No return credit will be given if an item is in used condition, has been installed, or has missing or damaged retail packaging. * Please adequately package return shipments. No credit will be given if item is damaged in return shipment. Helpful Links Add to Favorite Sellers Sign up to Newsletter View Feedback Contact Seller Visit seller's eBay Shop More Items! View more great items Libro de Los Sentimientos Para Ninos, El (Hardback or Cased Book) $18.67 Citrus Vol. 1 (Paperback or Softback) $13.58 Guantanamo Diary: Restored Edition (Paperback or Softback) $17.12 The Book of Ezekiel, Chapters 25-48 (Hardback or Cased Book) $52.49 Powered by Frooition Frooition Frooition | No-js Template | eBay design, eBay store design, eBay shop design, eBay template design, eBay listing design (ver:froonojs) This listing is currently undergoing maintenance, we apologise for any inconvenience caused. Condition: Brand New, ISBN: 1302914081, EAN: 9781302914080, Publication Date: 12/24/2018, Author: Ennis, Garth, Format: Paperback or Softback, Item Weight: 1.6, Item Length: 10.1, Item Width: 6.6, Item Height: 0.9, Book Title: Marvel Knights Punisher by Garth Ennis: The Comple, Publication Year: 2018, Character: Punisher, Issue Number: 1, Language: English, Era: Modern Age (1992-Now), Cover Artist: Tim Bradstreet, Series Title: Marvel Knights Punisher by Garth Ennis: the Complete Collection, Publisher: Marvel Comics, Genre: Crime & Thriller, Superheroes


text:
Cardiologists at Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center have completed their first transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR), a new minimally invasive procedure that doesn't require incisions in the chest wall and cardiopulmonary bypass.
UCLA has performed its first transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR), using a new device approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to replace an aortic valve in a patient who was not a candidate for open-heart surgery. The procedure took place on August 9.
Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center is part of a growing trend of hospitals nationwide offering this new minimally invasive procedure.
As the U.S. population ages, an increasing number of patients will develop aortic stenosis, a narrowing of the heart's aortic valve caused by calcium deposits, which impedes blood flow, causing the heart to work harder to pump blood to the body and placing patients at higher risk of heart failure or death.
Although minimally invasive surgical procedures have been used on the aortic valve in the past, these operations relied on incisions in the chest wall and required cardiopulmonary bypass. The TAVR allows doctors for the first time to replace the aortic valve without either of these components of conventional surgery.
The aortic valve's leaflets act as sentries to help blood flow from the heart into the aorta while preventing blood from leaking backward into the heart. When the leaflets aren't doing their job properly due to aortic stenosis, the heart needs to generate higher pressure to push the blood through the valve into the aorta. Patients with aortic stenosis have a number of symptoms, including chest pressure or angina, shortness of breath, edema, and fainting.
Many patients are not good candidates for conventional valve replacement because they suffer from a number of other health issues, and it is estimated that 40 percent of patients do not undergo aortic valve replacement because they are considered inoperable.
The new device is deployed through a catheter — a long tube that is advanced through an artery in the groin up to the heart. Once in place, a balloon at the end of the catheter is inflated, opening the new valve, which starts working instantly.
TAVR is the latest in a trend of major surgical procedures now being performed without invasive surgery at UCLA. The team's cardiologists, heart surgeons, anesthesiologists, nurses and technologists work closely together to address the needs of each individual patient.
"The new valve procedure offers hope to patients who previously had few options," said Dr. Jonathan Tobis, a clinical professor of cardiology and director of interventional cardiology for the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and the UCLA Health System. "The initial roll-out will include patients who are not candidates for open surgery. The FDA is considering this procedure for high-risk patients who are also surgical candidates, so we look forward to offering TAVR to even more patients in the near future."
Studies have shown the new valve procedure dramatically improves quality of life and survival rates. A recent randomized clinical study showed a significantly higher one-year survival rate among patients treated with the new valve, compared with those who received medical therapy.
"We expect to see substantial quality-of-life gains from this new procedure," said Dr. Richard. J. Shemin, chief of cardiothoracic surgery at the Geffen School of Medicine and the UCLA Health System. "Many patients who were formerly bedridden and hopeless will be able to resume a more normal life with this novel new therapy."
For more information about the new TAVR procedure at UCLA, please visit www.uclahealth.org/TAVR or contact 310-206-8232.


text:
Caldwell Shooting Supplies are engineered with innovative designs to provide the performance demanded by the world's most discriminating shooters. Caldwell products are created specifically for shooters by shooters. You can rest assured Caldwell Shooting Supplies have been well thought out by dedicated shooters much like you. When you head for the range to sight in your firearms, do some target practicing, conduct load testing, engage in serious competition shooting, or just enjoy an afternoon of plinking, you only need to remember one name—Caldwell. From targets and target stands to Rock Solid shooting rests, Caldwell has just what you need.
Whether you are developing sub-MOA loads for super accurate long range shooting or just want to blast the heck out ouf a box of zombie targets, we are sure you'll find just what the doctor ordered in Caldwell's comprehensive line of shooting products.


text:
The Maryland Transit Administration has told the General Assembly that it would have to raise Baltimore-area transit fares by 65 cents next fiscal year — a 40 percent jump — in order to meet state revenue goals without cutting service.
Such an increase would have to be followed by another 25-cent increase two years later to meet "farebox recovery" targets. Maryland law requires that transit systems cover 35 percent of their costs through passenger payments, though that goal is missed more often than it is met.
The report doesn't necessarily mean fares will go up by that amount, but it sets a baseline for discussions of an increase — which critics argue would disproportionately affect many of the Baltimore area's poorest residents. The new estimate is higher than the one made in a similar report last year, when the administration said base fares would have to rise from the current $1.60 to $2 to meet the farebox goal.
The question of raising MTA fares is a perennial one in Annapolis. Rural and outer suburban legislators, whose constituents seldom use transit services, tend to push for higher recovery rates, while urban and inner suburban lawmakers resist.
Sen. Nathaniel J. McFadden, a Baltimore Democrat who represents some of the city's most transit-dependent riders, said that while he expects fares to go up, a 65-cent increase would be cause severe problems for low-income workers in a limited job market.
"We'll have to have discussions of something more moderate," he said.
But Del. Anthony O'Donnell, the House minority leader, said the burden of paying for transit systems falls disproportionately on Marylanders such as his Southern Maryland constituents.
"Farebox recovery needs to be part of the discussion. We cannot continue to subsidize these very expensive transit systems as they are," the Republican said.
The O'Malley administration, faithful to its largely urban constituency, has never raised fares but has been challenged by general pressure on transportation budgets. The question of fares is likely to come to a head in the next session, during which the legislature is expected to consider a possible increase in the gas tax and fees that largely fall on motorists.
State Transportation Secretary Beverley K. Swaim-Staley said the administration expects there to be a connection between fares and other revenues in the session that begins Jan. 11. But she indicated the administration would resist any drastic fare increase over the short term because of its impact on low-income Marylanders.
"We'd have to be very clear about the impact that would have on a very critical part of our population and their ability to access jobs," she said.
Sen. James E. DeGrange Sr., chairman of the Senate subcommittee that oversees the transportation budget, said he believes the legislature would not accept any move to lower the 35 percent requirement, noting that the farebox recovery target has gradually been moved down from 50 percent. But he indicated it might not have to jump to $2.25 in one step.
"They do need to meet that 35 percent because our Transportation Trust Fund is in need of help," the Anne Arundel County Democrat said. "I still think there's ways of phasing this in."
The MTA, which was required under last year's budget legislation to file a report this month, said the combined fare recovery for Metro, light rail, the bus system and other local services is expected to reach 29 percent during the fiscal year ending June 30. That's slightly up from a low of 28 percent two years ago.
To quickly reach and maintain the statutory goal of 35 percent through fares alone, the MTA said, the agency would have to raise the base fare from the current $1.60 — where it has stayed since being increased under then-Gov. Robert L. Ehrlich Jr. — to $2.25 in the next budget year. The rate would hit $2.50 by July 2014.
An alternative, the MTA said, would be to achieve the farebox goal entirely through service cuts. But without an accompanying fare increase, that would require cuts of more than 20 percent in basic services — bringing layoffs of union-represented and management employees.
The MTA said such a move would also require the sale of part of the bus fleet, which would mean the agency would have to repay the federal government for its past help in paying for those vehicles.
Transit officials argued against a cuts-only approach, saying it would set off a "cycle of declining service and declining ridership [that] should be avoided at all costs." The agency did not outline any intermediate strategy that would mix service cuts and fare increases.
In recent years, the state has maintained the reach of its transit services largely by devoting an increasing share of the overall transportation budget to transit operations at the expense of highway projects.
But even with that additional spending, the MTA has had to cut back severely on such expenses as operator overtime. Regular riders, such as Ed Cohen of Baltimore, have noticed the results in the form of canceled bus runs and longer waits at stops.
"Right now there are people losing jobs because the MTA is not reliable," said Cohen, past president of the Transit Riders Action Council of Metropolitan Baltimore.
Cohen said a 65-cent jump would be too much for low-income riders — who make up the majority of the MTA's customers in Baltimore — to absorb. Most use monthly or weekly discount passes, but the cost of them would likely rise in proportion to base fares, he said.
The administration has not necessarily done MTA riders a favor in the long term by holding rates steady for so long, said Cohen, who added that he would not object to an increase to $2. He said it would make more sense to make regular fare adjustments according to a formula rather than to wait for political leaders to make rate-setting decisions.
"At least the increases would be manageable to people," he said.
By holding its fares steady since 2003, the MTA has become an outlier among U.S. transit systems. Since then, most transit agencies have raised fares — some more than once. According to the American Public Transit Association, in 2010 alone, half of large transit agencies raised fares.
While MARC's farebox recovery rate remains higher than the Baltimore area's transit systems at 44 percent, it has slipped in recent years amid higher operating costs. Swaim-Staley said she doubted the commuter rail lane would be spared if there were an increase in other transit fares.
The MTA's Baltimore-area core bus service, with farebox recovery of above 30 percent, actually stacks up quite well against other large metropolitan bus systems and has much higher returns than most of the smaller public transit systems across the state and country. In Indianapolis, for instance, figures supplied by the American Public Transit Association show that the bus system recovers less than 20 percent of its revenues from fares. Annapolis Transit recently posted a farebox recovery figure of about 16 percent.
But the overall Baltimore system's numbers are dragged down by the low farebox recovery of the Metro and light rail systems, which are both single-line systems hampered by poor economies of scale. The highest recovery rates tend to be seen at transit agencies with extensive rail systems that are used by broad segments of the population — such as the subways in New York and Washington.
Mahlon G. "Lon" Anderson, public affairs director for AAA, contends the package of $870 million a year in revenue increases proposed by a commission on transportation funding comes down far too hard on motorists at the expense of other users of the transportation system. He said that if the gas tax and other road-use fees increase, transit fares should follow suit. But even though he's an advocate for drivers, he said fare increases can reach a point of "diminishing returns."
"You put millions of dollars into mass transit infrastructure and then you discourage its use by raising revenue," he said. "It's at some point self-defeating."
The Maryland Transit Administration has told the General Assembly that it would have to raise Baltimore-area transit fares by 65 cents next fiscal year — a 40 percent jump — in order to meet state revenue goals without cutting service.


text:
|/* An interface to read() that retries after interrupts.
|Copyright (C) 2002, 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
|This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
|it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
|the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option)
|any later version.
|This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
|but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
|MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
|GNU General Public License for more details.
|You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
|along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
|Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA. */
|#include <stddef.h>
|#ifdef __cplusplus
|extern "C" {
|#define SAFE_READ_ERROR ((size_t) -1)
|/* Read up to COUNT bytes at BUF from descriptor FD, retrying if interrupted.
|Return the actual number of bytes read, zero for EOF, or SAFE_READ_ERROR
|upon error. */
|extern size_t safe_read (int fd, void *buf, size_t count);
|#ifdef __cplusplus


text: Turn all your special moments into lasting memories with photo books. You can find photo books in various sizes and styles that are perfect for birthdays, anniversaries, graduations, weddings, holidays or other special occasions. Photo books are also a great way to show off your scrapbook pages. Comes in two different style, ArtsCow offers photo books in regular and deluxe edition. The deluxe photo books are handcrafted to perfection. Photos will be printed on Fujifilm Quality Dry Photo Papers with a matte finish to ensure longevity. This deluxe edition features lay Gallery -flat pages which allows photo to spread seamlessly across two pages.