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"The challenge for me is just dealing with all the stress of pretty much competing for the spotlight I guess you can say,� she adds. "You never realize how much you don't know someone until they get a little ahead. I can never step on someone's toes to try to get to the top."
Where She's From: This young Southern Beauty, whose zodiac sign is Cancer, Angela Hogan, was born and raised in Orlando, Florida. "The only family I really knew were my parents,� she tells The Black Star News. "So I'm pretty attached to them. My parents have been my backbone in everything I get involved in. They have taught be to express myself, keep my determination and learn to take every situation; bad or good and grow from it.�
Smart and wise beyond her tender years, Angela attended Oakridge High School and it was while there that she developed interest in entertainment and modeling industry. "Growing up I was very much a Tom Boy and my mother couldn't dare get me into heels,� she recalls with a laugh. "I attended John Casablancas Modeling Center at 15 and told myself when I was old enough that I would really take this serious. So technically for the past year or so I have been really pushing and on my grind. I'm working on everyone knowing my name. I have always been a performer; being in the band and a dancer. So I like to be in the spotlight and I'm always stage ready. I think my career is exactly where it is supposed to be. A year ago people knew me but compared to know I have progressed so much. I am very proud of where I stand as of now.�
Angela's goal is to be on magazines and to do commercials before focusing her energy on an acting career. The industry's competitiveness reveals sides of people that one might never see otherwise, Angela notes. "The challenge for me is just dealing with all the stress of pretty much competing for the spotlight I guess you can say,� she adds. "You never realize how much you don't know someone until they get a little ahead. I can never step on someone's toes to try to get to the top. So I take those types of things as a lost and just move forward. I have lost a lot of friendships over the past two years and just take it as motivation.�
Angela has learned so much in such a short period that she's eager to offer cautionary words to others who aspire for careers in the entertainment and modeling industry. "Beauty can put people at an advantage, but who wants a beautiful woman who has no sense of knowledge? I attend college right now and things aren't getting done as fast because of me doing so much but I work hard. I study computers because I want to be attractive and smart—I don't feel like anyone can survive in this industry if you don't have book smarts or street smarts.�
How does young Angela prepare to step out? "When it comes to clothes, I like to buy variety. My style is different from a lot of people and I stand tall to it. Also you don't always have to spend a whole lot of money to make a statement with your outfit. I like the sales too! I love MAC make-up, doing make-up is my second passion. I love Body Silk lotion too–it's the best! The main store I shop in is Express, love it; helps me express my individual style.â€?
Angela's Words of Wisdom: "Dreams are not accomplished but Goals are. The only reason I say that is because everyone always say oh she's just dreaming, but if you set out goals you are bound to follow them.�
Angela's Secrets Of Success: "It's not so much as a secret in my eyes but I cannot deal with fake people. I feel like in order to be respected and advance you must always be true to others but also to yourself. You can't pretend to be something else; just always yourself.�
Angela's Three Favorite Movies: "B.A.P.S, Cry Baby ( Johnny Depp) and Diary of A Mad Black Woman.�
Angela's Three Favorite Books: "The Color of Water, A Black Man's tribute to His White Mother, by James McBride, A Great and Terrible Beauty by Libba Bray and Beloved by Toni Morrison.�
The First Three Things Angela Would Do As President: "First I would set up a better care system for our adolescence in school. Too many young people are getting hurt and killed in a place where knowledge is supposed to be acquired. Second I would put back into the community by cleaning neighborhoods up and making sure people feel comfortable and safe in their living environments. Everyone isn't able to live in a lavish mansion. Also something has to be done about poverty; there are too many homeless people to date and by helping them, this is also helping our streets.�
Angela's Favorite Cars And Why: "I'm not too big on cars but I love BMWs, Benz and Big SUVs. I think the fist two are very feminine like and sexy. Then being I still got a little Tom Boy in me I love big trucks because they sit so high and I feel like I own the road.�
To find out more about this lovely wunderkind or to present proposals and projects please visit


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AMERICAN IDOL will once again host IDOL GIVES BACK, the Emmy Award-winning television event and musical celebration raising awareness and funds to benefit various U.S. and international charities, during the Top 7 Results Show Wednesday, April 21 (8:00-10:00 PM ET live/PT tape-delayed) on FOX. Children's Health Fund, Feeding America, Malaria No More, Save the Children's U.S. Programs and the United Nations Foundation are confirmed beneficiaries.
"I am very pleased to announce that we will be doing our third IDOL GIVES BACK on April 21, 2010," said Simon Fuller, IDOL creator and CEO of 19 Entertainment. "This is our opportunity to reach out and support the people of America and around the world who need our compassion and generosity to improve or even save their lives. America will undoubtedly prove once again what a remarkable and generous nation it is. For AMERICAN IDOL to be able to facilitate this kind of initiative makes me very proud."
"In today's tough economic times, it's more important than ever - but more difficult than ever - to raise money to help those in need," said Mike Darnell, President of Alternative Entertainment, Fox Broadcasting Company. "With this year's IDOL GIVES BACK, we're focused on raising awareness about the challenges that so many children and families currently face and demonstrating how even small donations can make a difference and help save lives. Every little bit counts."
"There's never been a more important and appropriate time to give what we can to help those less fortunate," said Cecile Frot-Coutaz, executive producer of AMERICAN IDOL. "We all have less to give, and we may not raise as much as in previous years, but with the power of the IDOL platform and the generosity of our viewers, we hope to extend a much-needed compassionate hand to those children and families who need us the most in these trying economic times."
IDOL GIVES BACK has made history by raising over $140 million for charity to date. Viewers will once again be able to make donations during and following the show. In addition, the week's voting results will be revealed, sending one of the finalists home.
The brainchild of Simon Fuller, this year's special will feature performances and appearances by some of Hollywood's biggest stars - as well as a few surprises - live from the AMERICAN IDOL stage. In previous years, IDOL GIVES BACK has welcomed President Barack Obama, British Prime Minister Gordon Brown, former President George W. Bush, Brad Pitt, Bono, Reese Witherspoon, Miley Cyrus, Eli Manning, Peyton Manning, Annie Lennox, Daughtry, Carrie Underwood, Mariah Carey, Gwen Stefani, Josh Groban, Pink, Céline Dion, Robin Williams, Ben Stiller and others.
Funds raised by the charity special will be distributed by the IDOL GIVES BACK Foundation to the following beneficiaries:
Children's Health Fund (www.childrenshealthfund.org)
Founded in 1987 by singer/songwriter Paul Simon and pediatrician/advocate Irwin Redlener, MD, Children's Health Fund (CHF) is the nation's leading pediatric provider of mobile-based health care for homeless and low-income children and their families. CHF's mission is to bring health care directly to those in need through the development and support of innovative medical programs, response to public health crises, and the promotion of guaranteed access to health care for all children. Teams of dedicated medical professionals in CHF's 24 pediatric programs in 15 states and the District of Columbia have brought essential primary care services through more than 2 million patient visits.
Feeding America (www.feedingamerica.org)
Feeding America provides low-income individuals and families with the fuel to survive and even thrive. As the nation's leading domestic hunger-relief charity, our network members supply food to more than 25 million Americans each year, including 9 million children and 3 million seniors. Serving the entire United States, more than 200 member food banks support 63,000 agencies that address hunger in all of its forms. Feeding America is headquartered in Chicago.
Malaria No More (www.malarianomore.org)
Malaria No More is determined to end malaria deaths in Africa. Every 45 seconds, a child in Africa dies of this preventable and treatable disease, but a simple mosquito net can save lives. Malaria No More leverages breakthrough communications, global advocacy and smart investments to reach its goal of providing universal access to malaria interventions by the end of 2010 and ending deaths by 2015. Through the support of IDOL GIVES BACK, Malaria No More has helped millions of families in Africa protect themselves from malaria in Uganda, Zambia, Angola, Madagascar, Mali, Nigeria and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. In addition, generous sponsorship of IDOL GIVES BACK from ExxonMobil helped Malaria No More strengthen country capacity and improve the delivery and use of malaria interventions in Africa. Together, we can make malaria no more.
Save the Children (www.savethechildren.org)
Save the Children is the leading independent organization creating real and lasting change for children in need in the United States and around the world. Save the Children's U.S. Programs focus on underserved rural areas, where one in five children lives in poverty. Partnering with schools and community organizations, Save the Children provides high-quality early childhood education services for children from birth to age five as well as literacy, physical activity and nutrition programs for children in kindergarten through eighth grade, benefiting over 52,000 children nationwide. Save the Children's work in the United States also includes emergency preparedness, response and recovery. When a disaster strikes, Save the Children deploys trained teams to help displaced children and families and provide more secure environments. In addition, Save the Children works with local, state and national governments to ensure that the unique needs of children are integral in emergency response plans.
United Nations Foundation (www.unfoundation.org)
The United Nations Foundation, a public charity, was created in 1998 with entrepreneur and philanthropist Ted Turner's historic $1 billion gift to support UN causes and activities. The UN Foundation is an advocate for the UN and a platform for connecting people, ideas, and resources to help the United Nations solve global problems. The UN Foundation's work is focused on decreasing child mortality, improving disaster relief, protecting diverse cultures and environments, creating a clean energy future, empowering women and girls and improving U.S.-UN relations.
AMERICAN IDOL is created and executive-produced by Simon Fuller, founder of 19 Entertainment; and executive-produced by Cecile Frot-Coutaz, CEO, FremantleMedia North America; and Ken Warwick, executive producer, FremantleMedia North America. The series features host Ryan Seacrest and judges Simon Cowell, Randy Jackson, Kara DioGuardi and Ellen DeGeneres.
Visit americanidol.com for more information on IDOL GIVES BACK in addition to exclusive videos, photos, special behind-the-scenes information and all of your AMERICAN IDOL news.

subset: commoncrawl


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Vladimir I or Volodymyr I (Old East Slavic: Володимѣръ Свѧтославичь, Volodiměrъ Svętoslavičь;[a] Russian: Владимир Святославич, Vladimir Svyatoslavich; Ukrainian: Володимир Святославич, Volodymyr Sviatoslavych; Old Norse Valdamarr gamli;[6] c. 958 – 15 July 1015), called the Great, was Prince of Novgorod, Grand Prince of Kiev, and ruler of Kievan Rus' from 980 to 1015.[7][8]
Vladimir's father was Prince Sviatoslav I of Kiev of the Rurik dynasty.[9] After the death of his father in 972, Vladimir, who was then prince of Novgorod, was forced to flee to Scandinavia in 976 after his brother Yaropolk murdered his other brother Oleg of Drelinia and conquered Rus'. In Sweden, with the help of his relative Ladejarl Håkon Sigurdsson, ruler of Norway, he assembled a Varangian army and reconquered Novgorod from Yaropolk.[10] By 980, Vladimir had consolidated the Rus realm from modern-day Belarus, Russia and Ukraine to the Baltic Sea and had solidified the frontiers against incursions of Bulgarians, Baltic tribes and Eastern nomads. Originally a follower of Slavic paganism, Vladimir converted to Christianity in 988[11][12][13] and Christianized the Kievan Rus'.[9] He is thus also known as Saint Vladimir.
- 1Rise to power
- 2Years of pagan rule
- 3Christianization of the Kievan Rus'
- 4Christian reign
- 5Family
- 6Significance and legacy
- 7See also
- 8Notes
- 9References
- 10External links
Rise to power[edit source]
Born in 958, Vladimir was the natural son and youngest son of Sviatoslav I of Kiev by his housekeeper Malusha.[14] Malusha is described in the Norse sagas as a prophetess who lived to the age of 100 and was brought from her cave to the palace to predict the future. Malusha's brother Dobrynya was Vladimir's tutor and most trusted advisor. Hagiographic tradition of dubious authenticity also connects his childhood with the name of his grandmother, Olga of Kiev, who was Christian and governed the capital during Sviatoslav's frequent military campaigns.
Transferring his capital to Pereyaslavets in 969, Sviatoslav designated Vladimir ruler of Novgorod the Great but gave Kiev to his legitimate son Yaropolk. After Sviatoslav's death at the hands of the Pechenegs in 972, a fratricidal war erupted in 976 between Yaropolk and his younger brother Oleg, ruler of the Drevlians. In 977, Vladimir fled to his kinsman Haakon Sigurdsson, ruler of Norway, collecting as many Norse warriors as he could to assist him to recover Novgorod. On his return the next year, he marched against Yaropolk. On his way to Kiev he sent ambassadors to Rogvolod (Norse: Ragnvald), prince of Polotsk, to sue for the hand of his daughter Rogneda (Norse: Ragnhild). The high-born princess refused to affiance herself to the son of a bondswoman (and was betrothed to Yaropolk), so Vladimir attacked Polotsk, slew Rogvolod, and took Ragnhild by force, slaying her parents.[14][15] Polotsk was a key fortress on the way to Kiev, and capturing Polotsk and Smolensk facilitated the taking of Kiev in 978, where he slew Yaropolk by treachery and was proclaimed knyaz of all Kievan Rus.[16]
Years of pagan rule[edit source]
Vladimir continued to expand his territories beyond his father's extensive domain. In 981 he seized the Cherven towns from the Poles; in 981–982 he suppressed a Vyatichi rebellion; in 983 he subdued the Yatvingians; in 984 he conquered the Radimichs; and in 985 he conducted a military campaign against the Volga Bulgars,[17][18] planting numerous fortresses and colonies on his way.[14]
Although Christianity had spread in the region under Oleg's rule,[citation needed] Vladimir had remained a thoroughgoing pagan, taking eight hundred concubines (along with numerous wives) and erecting pagan statues and shrines to gods.[19]
He may have attempted to reform Slavic paganism in an attempt to identify himself with the various gods worshipped by his subjects. He built a pagan temple on a hill in Kiev dedicated to six gods: Perun—the god of thunder and war, "a Norse god favored by members of the prince's druzhina (military retinue)"; Slav gods Stribog and Dazhd'bog; Mokosh—a goddess representing Mother Nature "worshipped by Finnish tribes"; Khors and Simargl, "both of which had Iranian origins, were included, probably to appeal to the Poliane."[20]
Open abuse of the deities that most people in Rus' revered triggered widespread indignation. A mob killed the Christian Fyodor and his son Ioann (later, after the overall Christianisation of Kievan Rus', people came to regard these two as the first Christian martyrs in Rus', and the Orthodox Church[citation needed] set a day to commemorate them, 25 July). Immediately after the murder of Fyodor and Ioann, early medieval Rus' saw persecutions against Christians, many of whom escaped or concealed their belief.[b]
However, Prince Vladimir mused over the incident long after, and not least for political considerations. According to the early Slavic chronicle, the Tale of Bygone Years, which describes life in Kievan Rus' up to the year 1110, he sent his envoys throughout the world to assess first-hand the major religions of the time: Islam, Roman Catholicism, Judaism, and Byzantine Orthodoxy. They were most impressed with their visit to Constantinople, saying, "We knew not whether we were in Heaven or on Earth… We only know that God dwells there among the people, and their service is fairer than the ceremonies of other nations."[21]
Christianization of the Kievan Rus'[edit source]
Main article: Christianization of Kievan Rus'The Baptism of Saint Prince Vladimir, by Viktor Vasnetsov (1890)
The Primary Chronicle reports that in the year 987, after consultation with his boyars, Vladimir the Great sent envoys to study the religions of the various neighboring nations whose representatives had been urging him to embrace their respective faiths. The result is described by the chronicler Nestor. Of the Muslim Bulgarians of the Volga the envoys reported there is no gladness among them, only sorrow and a great stench.[14] He also reported that Islam was undesirable due to its prohibition of alcoholic beverages and pork.[22] Vladimir remarked on the occasion: "Drinking is the joy of all Rus'. We cannot exist without that pleasure."[22] Ukrainian and Russian sources also describe Vladimir consulting with Jewish envoys and questioning them about their religion, but ultimately rejecting it as well, saying that their loss of Jerusalem was evidence that they had been abandoned by God.
His emissaries also visited pre-schism Latin Rite Christian and Eastern Rite Christian missionaries.[citation needed] Ultimately Vladimir settled on Eastern Christianity. In the churches of the Germans his emissaries saw no beauty; but at Constantinople, where the full festival ritual of the Byzantine Church was set in motion to impress them, they found their ideal: "We no longer knew whether we were in heaven or on earth", they reported, describing a majestic Divine Liturgy in Hagia Sophia, "nor such beauty, and we know not how to tell of it." Vladimir was impressed by this account of his envoys.[14]
Saint Vladimir Monument on Saint Vladimir Hill in Kyiv, near the place of the mass baptism of Kyiv people
In 988, having taken the town of Chersonesos in Crimea, he boldly negotiated for the hand of emperor Basil II's sister, Anna.[23] Never before had a Byzantine imperial princess, and one "born in the purple" at that, married a barbarian, as matrimonial offers of French kings and German emperors had been peremptorily rejected. In short, to marry the 27-year-old princess to a pagan Slav seemed impossible. Vladimir was baptized at Chersonesos, however, taking the Christian name of Basil out of compliment to his imperial brother-in-law; the sacrament was followed by his wedding to Anna. Returning to Kiev in triumph, he destroyed pagan monuments and established many churches, starting with a church dedicated to St. Basil,[24] and the Church of the Tithes (989).[14]
Arab sources, both Muslim and Christian, present a different story of Vladimir's conversion. Yahya of Antioch, al-Rudhrawari, al-Makin, Al-Dimashqi, and ibn al-Athir all give essentially the same account.[25] In 987, Bardas Sclerus and Bardas Phocas revolted against the Byzantine emperor Basil II. Both rebels briefly joined forces, but then Bardas Phocas proclaimed himself emperor on 14 September 987. Basil II turned to the Kievan Rus' for assistance, even though they were considered enemies at that time. Vladimir agreed, in exchange for a marital tie; he also agreed to accept Christianity as his religion and to Christianize his people. When the wedding arrangements were settled, Vladimir dispatched 6,000 troops to the Byzantine Empire, and they helped to put down the revolt.[26]
In 988 and 991, he baptized Pecheneg princes Metiga and Kuchug, respectively.[27]
Christian reign[edit source]
The Pontic steppes, c. 1015
Vladimir then formed a great council out of his boyars and set his twelve sons over his subject principalities.[14] According to the Primary Chronicle, he founded the city of Belgorod in 991. In 992, he went on a campaign against the Croats, most likely the White Croats that lived on the border of modern Ukraine. This campaign was cut short by the attacks of the Pechenegs on and around Kiev.
In his later years he lived in a relative peace with his other neighbors: Boleslav I of Poland, Stephen I of Hungary, and Andrikh the Czech (a questionable character mentioned in A Tale of the Bygone Years). After Anna's death, he married again, likely to a granddaughter of Otto the Great.
In 1014, his son Yaroslav the Wise stopped paying tribute. Vladimir decided to chastise the insolence of his son and began gathering troops against him. Vladimir fell ill, however, most likely of old age, and died at Berestove, near modern-day Kyiv. The various parts of his dismembered body were distributed among his numerous sacred foundations and were venerated as relics.[14]
During his Christian reign, Vladimir lived the teachings of the Bible through acts of charity. He would hand out food and drink to the less fortunate, and made an effort to go out to the people who could not reach him. His work was based on the impulse to help one's neighbors by sharing the burden of carrying their cross.[28] He founded numerous churches, including the Desyatinnaya Tserkov (Church, or Cathedral, of the Tithes) (989), established schools, protected the poor and introduced ecclesiastical courts. He lived mostly at peace with his neighbours, the incursions of the Pechenegs alone disturbing his tranquillity.[14]
Family[edit source]
Main article: Family life and children of Vladimir IVladimir and Rogneda (1770)
The fate of all Vladimir's daughters, whose number is around nine, is uncertain. His wives, concubines, and their children were as follows:
- Olava or Allogia (Varangian or Czech), speculative; she might have been mother of Vysheslav while others claim that it is a confusion with Helena Lekapene[citation needed]
- Vysheslav (c. 977 – c. 1010), Prince of Novgorod (988–1010)
- a widow of Yaropolk I, a Greek nun
- Sviatopolk the Accursed (born c. 979), possibly the surviving son of Yaropolk
- Rogneda (the daughter of Rogvolod); later upon divorce she entered a convent taking the Christian name of Anastasia
- Izyaslav of Polotsk (born c. 979, Kiev), Prince of Polotsk (989–1001)
- Yaroslav the Wise (no earlier than 983), Prince of Rostov[29] (988–1010), Prince of Novgorod (1010–1034), Grand Prince of Kiev (1016–1018, 1019–1054). Possibly he was a son of Anna rather than Rogneda. Another interesting fact is that he was younger than Sviatopolk according to the words of Boris in the Tale of Bygone Years and not as it was officially known.
- Vsevolod (c. 984 – 1013), possibly the Swedish Prince Wissawald of Volhynia (c. 1000), was perhaps the first husband of Estrid Svendsdatter
- Mstislav, distinct from Mstislav of Chernigov, possibly died as an infant, if he was ever born
- Mstislav of Chernigov (born c. 983), Prince of Tmutarakan (990–1036), Prince of Chernigov (1024–1036), other sources claim him to be the son of other mothers (Adela, Malfrida, or some other Bulgarian wife)
- Predslava, a concubine of Bolesław I Chrobry according to Gesta principum Polonorum
- Premislava, (died 1015), some sources state that she was a wife of the Duke Laszlo (Vladislav) "the Bald" of the Arpadians
- Mstislava, in 1018 was taken by Bolesław I Chrobry among the other daughters
- Bulgarian Adela, some sources claim that Adela is not necessarily Bulgarian as Boris and Gleb may have been born from some other wife
- Boris (born c. 986), Prince of Rostov (c. 1010 – 1015), remarkable is the fact that the Rostov Principality as well as the Principality of Murom used to border the territory of the Volga Bolgars
- Gleb (born c. 987), Prince of Murom (1013–1015), as is Boris, Gleb is also claimed to be the son of Anna Porphyrogenita
- Stanislav (born c. 985 – 1015), Prince of Smolensk (988–1015), possibly of another wife and the fate of whom is not certain
- Sudislav (died 1063), Prince of Pskov (1014–1036), possibly of another wife, but he is mentioned in Nikon's Chronicles. He spent 35 years in prison and later became a monk.
- Malfrida
- Sviatoslav (c. 982 – 1015), Prince of Drevlians (990–1015)
- Anna Porphyrogenita
- a granddaughter of Otto the Great (possibly Rechlinda Otona [Regelindis])
- Maria Dobroniega of Kiev (born c. 1012), the Duchess of Poland (1040–1087), married around 1040 to Casimir I the Restorer, Duke of Poland, her maternity as daughter of this wife is deduced from her apparent age
- other possible family
- Vladimirovna, an out-of-marriage daughter (died 1044), married to Bernard, Margrave of the Nordmark.
- Pozvizd (born prior to 988), a son of Vladimir according to Hustyn Chronicles. He, possibly, was the Prince Khrisokhir mentioned by Niketas Choniates.
Significance and legacy[edit source]
Volodymyr the Great portrait on obverse of ₴1 bill circa 2006Volodymyr the Great portrait on reverse of ₴1 coin circa 2018
The Eastern Orthodox, Byzantine Rite Lutheran and Roman Catholic churches celebrate the feast day of St. Vladimir on 15/28 July.[30][31]
The town Volodymyr in north-western Ukraine was founded by Vladimir and is named after him.[32] The foundation of another town, Vladimir in Russia, is usually attributed to Vladimir Monomakh. However some researchers argue that it was also founded by Vladimir the Great.[33]
St Volodymyr's Cathedral, one of the largest cathedrals in Kyiv, is dedicated to Vladimir the Great, as was originally the Kyiv University. The Imperial Russian Order of St. Vladimir and Saint Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary in the United States are also named after him.
The memory of Vladimir was also kept alive by innumerable Russian folk ballads and legends, which refer to him as Krasno Solnyshko (the Fair Sun, or the Red Sun; Красно Солнышко in Russian). The Varangian period of Eastern Slavic history ceases with Vladimir, and the Christian period begins. The appropriation of Kievan Rus' as part of national history has also been a topic of contention in Ukrainophile vs. Russophile schools of historiography since the Soviet era.[34] Today, he is regarded as a symbol in Russia, Ukraine and Belarus.
All branches of the economy prospered under him.[35] He minted coins and regulated foreign affairs with other countries, such as trade, bringing in Greek wines, Baghdad spices, and Arab horses for the markets of Kiev.
- Vladimir the Great on the Millennium of Russia monument in Novgorod
- Monument to Vladimir the Great and the monk Fyodor at Pushkin Park in Vladimir, Russia
- Monument to Volodymyr the Great in Kyiv
- Statue in London: "St Volodymyr – Ruler of Ukraine, 980–1015, erected by Ukrainians in Great Britain in 1988 to celebrate the establishment of Christianity in Ukraine by St. Volodymir in 988″
- St Vladimir in Gdańsk, Poland. Celebrated on 2015 on the occasion of the millennium since the death of the baptist of Kievan Rus. Built with the help of the Ukrainian community of Gdańsk and the Ukrainian diaspora of the world.
- St Vladimir the Great Monument in Belgorod, Russia
- Vladimir the Great Monument in Moscow, Russia near the Kremlin
See also[edit source]
- Order of Saint Vladimir
- List of Russian rulers
- List of Ukrainian rulers
- Family life and children of Vladimir I
- List of people known as The Great
- Saint Vladimir Monument in Kyiv (1853)
- Monument to Vladimir the Great (Moscow) in 2016
- Prince Vladimir, Russian animated feature film (2006)
- Viking, Russian historical film (2016)
Notes[edit source]
- ^ Volodiměrъ is the East Slavic form of the given name; this form was influenced and partially replaced by the Old Bulgarian (Old Church Slavonic) form Vladiměrъ (by folk etymology later also Vladimirъ; in modern East Slavic, the given name is rendered Belarusian: Уладзiмiр Uladzimir, Russian: Владимир Vladimir, Ukrainian: Володимир Volodymyr. See Vladimir (name) for details.
- ^ In 983, after another of his military successes, Prince Vladimir and his army thought it necessary to sacrifice human lives to the gods. A lot was cast and it fell on a youth, Ioann by name, the son of a Christian, Fyodor. His father stood firmly against his son being sacrificed to the idols. Further, he tried to show the pagans the futility of their faith: "Your gods are just plain wood: it is here now but it may rot into oblivion tomorrow; your gods neither eat, nor drink, nor talk and are made by human hand from wood; whereas there is only one God — He is worshiped by Greeks and He created heaven and earth; and your gods? They have created nothing, for they have been created themselves; never will I give my son to the devils!"[citation needed]
References[edit source]
- ^ Kevin Alan Brook (2006). The Jews of Khazaria (2nd ed.). Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 154. ISBN 978-1-442203-02-0.
- ^ Александров А. А. Ольгинская топонимика, выбутские сопки и руссы в Псковской земле // Памятники средневековой культуры. Открытия и версии. СПб., 1994. С. 22—31.
- ^ Dyba, Yury (2012). Aleksandrovych V.; Voitovych, Leontii; et al. (eds.). Історично-геогра фічний контекст літописного повідомлення про народження князя Володимира Святославовича: локалізація будятиного села [Historical-geographic figurative context of the chronicled report about the birth of Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavovich: localisation of a busy village] (PDF). Княжа доба: історія і культура [Era of the Princes: history and culture] (in Ukrainian). Lviv. 6. ISSN 2221-6294. Retrieved 7 January 2018.
- ^ Harvard Ukrainian studies, Vol. 12–13, p. 190, Harvard Ukrainian studies, 1990
- ^ "Notable Lutheran Saints". Resurrectionpeople.org. Archived from the original on 16 May 2019. Retrieved 16 July 2019.
- ^ Fagrskinna ch. 21 (ed. Finnur Jónsson 1902–8, p. 108).
- ^ Companion to the Calendar: A Guide to the Saints and Mysteries of the Christian Calendar, p. 105, Mary Ellen Hynes, Ed. Peter Mazar, LiturgyTrainingPublications, 1993
- ^ National geographic, Vol. 167, p. 290, National Geographic Society, 1985
- ^ Jump up to:a b Vladimir I (Grand Prince of Kiev) at the Encyclopædia Britannica
- ^ Den hellige Vladimir av Kiev (~956–1015), Den katolske kirke website
- ^ Vladimir the Great, Encyclopedia of Ukraine
- ^ Saint Vladimir the Baptizer: Wetting cultural appetites for the Gospel, Dr. Alexander Roman, Ukrainian Orthodoxy website
- ^ Ukrainian Catholic Church: part 1., The Free Library
- ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g h i Bain 1911.
- ^ Levin, Eve (1 January 1995). Sex and Society in the World of the Orthodox Slavs 900–1700. Cornell University Press. doi:10.7591/9781501727627. ISBN 978-1-5017-2762-7.
- ^ Den hellige Vladimir av Kiev (~956–1015), Den Katolske Kirke
- ^ Janet Martin. Medieval Russia. Cambridge University Press. 1995. pp. 5, 15, 20.
- ^ John Channon, Robert Hudson. The Penguin historical atlas of Russia. Viking. 1995. p. 23.
- ^ "Although Christianity in Kiev existed before Vladimir's time, he had remained a pagan, accumulated about seven wives, established temples, and, it is said, taken part in idolatrous rites involving human sacrifice." (Britannica online)
- ^ Janet, Martin (2007). Medieval Russia, 980-1584 (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 6. ISBN 9780511811074. OCLC 761647272.
- ^ Readings in Russian Civilization, Volume 1: Russia Before Peter…, University of Chicago Press, 2009.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Moss 2002, p. 18.
- ^ The Earliest Mediaeval Churches of Kiev, Samuel H. Cross, H. V. Morgilevski and K. J. Conant, Speculum, Vol. 11, No. 4 (Oct., 1936), 479.
- ^ The Earliest Mediaeval Churches of Kiev, Samuel H. Cross, H. V. Morgilevski and K. J. Conant, Speculum, 481.
- ^ Ibn al-Athir dates these events to 985 or 986 in his The Complete History
- ^ "Rus". Encyclopaedia of Islam
- ^ Curta, Florin (12 December 2007). The Other Europe in the Middle Ages. Brill. ISBN 9789047423560. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
- ^ Obolensky, Alexander (1993). "From First to Third Millennium: The Social Christianity of St. Vladimir of Kiev". Cross Currents.
- ^ Pchelov, E.V. (2002). Rurikovichi: Istoriya dinastii (Online edition (No longer available) ed.). Moscow.
- ^ "St. Vladimir". Retrieved 13 May 2017.
- ^ День Св. Володимира Великого, християнського правителя (in Ukrainian). Ukrainian Lutheran Church. 28 July 2014. Retrieved 19 September 2018.
- ^ Henryk Paszkiewicz. The making of the Russian nation. Greenwood Press. 1977. Cracow 1996, pp. 77–79.
- ^ С. В. Шевченко (ред.). К вопросу о дате основания г. Владимира, ТОО "Местное время", 1992. (S. V. Shevchenko (ed.). On the foundation date of Vladimir. in Russian)
- ^ A tale of two Vladimirs, The Economist (5 November 2015)
From one Vladimir to another: Putin unveils huge statue in Moscow, The Guardian (5 November 2015)
Putin unveils 'provocative' Moscow statue of St Vladimir, BBC News (5 November 2016)
- ^ Volkoff, Vladimir (2011). Vladimir the Russian Viking. New York: Overlook Press.
- Golden, P. B. (2006) "Rus." Encyclopaedia of Islam (Brill Online). Eds.: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill.
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Bain, Robert Nisbet (1911). "Vladimir, St". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 168.
- Some historical analysis and political insights on the state affairs of Vladimir the Great (in Russian)
- Moss, Walter (2002). A history of Russia. London: Anthem. ISBN 978-1-84331-023-5. OCLC 53250380.
External links[edit source]
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vladimir I of Kiev.
- Velychenko, Stephen, How Valdamarr Sveinaldsson got to Moscow (krytyka.com), 9 November 2015.
|Vladimir I of KievRurikovichBorn: 958 Died: 15 July 1015
|Regnal titles
|Preceded by?
|Prince of Novgorod
|Succeeded by?
|Preceded byYaropolk I Sviatoslavich
|Grand Prince of Kiev
|Succeeded bySviatopolk I
|Titles in pretence
|Preceded byOleg of the Drevlyans
|Prince of Kiev
|Succeeded byVysheslav Vladimirovich


text:
Masters in Nonprofit management aim to teach the day to day and financial components of running a nonprofit organization. This includes the structure of a nonprofit, as well as how they provide services to the community.
Courses typically teach critical thinking and problem solving skills. Many do so by studying the challenges associated with managing and leading nonprofits. They should also cover managing staff and volunteers, and securing media exposure.
Nonprofits have to earn a large part of revenue from fundraising and donations. As such, nonprofit administration degree programs often also cover this aspect.
Earning a masters in nonprofit management may help you understand how to create a clear vision and solid organizational structure for nonprofits. By examining case studies, courses teach how to measure processes, create efficient support systems, and have a capacity to change. Coursework typically then looks at how these parts rely on leadership skills and business acumen.
Most nonprofit management masters programs ask that applicants have earned a bachelors degree from an accredited university with a 2.3 GPA or higher. Other admissions rules may include an interview, professional experience, and letters of recommendation. However, each school has their own admissions rules. You should check out a few schools to find a perfect match.
While researching nonprofit administration masters degree programs, you'll find a wide variety of names and degree types. The four most common types of masters degrees in nonprofit administration are listed below.
These all have a similar goal: to help prepare you to run an efficient non-profit organization. However, each may have a unique focus area or approach.
Did You Know? 72% of revenue for public charities comes from service revenues, which include government fees and contracts. 21% comes from contributions, gifts, and government grants.
Normally, MS programs are more technically focused, with an emphasis on research. These are also considered a stepping stone for those interested in earning a doctorate in nonprofit administration. MA programs in nonprofit administration, on the other hand, have a more theoretical basis. This could be a great choice for hoping for an overview of nonprofit management with the flexibility to specialize in a certain component.
The MBA and the MPA are both professional degrees. They may therefore approach the topic with an eye towards business and analysis. The MPA could be great for those particularly interested in the public sector.
Because of these differences in emphasis, some degrees may better prepare you for certain roles. Some might also have additional admissions requirements. For instance, most MBA programs require that applicants have two to five years of professional experience. On the other hand, MA, MS, and MPA degrees typically do not. Carefully consider your educational experience and career goals to determine which type of degree might be great for you. Then follow up with individual programs to learn more.
An MPA is a professional degree in public affairs tailored to those who want to serve in executive positions in local government or nonprofits. An MBA provides theoretical and practical training on general business management functions and was created with an eye to the private sector.
Most coursework while pursuing an MPA is focused on research, data analysis, and program effectiveness. In fact, MPA degrees have been referred to as an MBA for the public sector. Therefore, MPA degrees may be better suited for those entering into the public sector or with companies with large government contracts.
Earning an MBA may cost more money, but may better prepare you for leadership roles in for-profit businesses. This type of degree could be great for those looking for more flexibility to move between the nonprofit and private sector.
While pursuing your masters in nonprofit administration, courses look at fiscal responsibilities and managerial tasks. Some classes may examine how successful nonprofits are made up, grow, and evolve. This could help you develop critical analysis and leadership skills and knowledge to improve results.
Check out the following list to see some of the courses you may take.
Keep in mind that this is only a sample of courses. Each school has a unique make-up. To find a perfect match for your goals, research a number of schools.
Nonprofits generate revenue from a variety of funding streams. Some of these include those listed here.
As a result, while earning your masters degree in nonprofit management, courses look at how to meet fundraising and budget goals. In addition to money management, nonprofits rely on the services of volunteers. Some classes may therefore explore how to recruit, hire, train, and motivate volunteers.
One important part of choosing great nonprofit management masters programs is finding a format that works for you. Programs may offer a variety of options to accommodate students' learning styles and scheduling needs. There are typically three different ways that you can earn your nonprofit management masters degree. These, and some of the potential benefits, are listed here.
The Network of Schools of Public Policy, Affairs, and Administration (NASPAA) is an accrediting body that is the global standard in public service education. Established in 1970, NASPAA ensures quality in education for public service, which includes nonprofit organizations. This is through focusing on peer review, creating an innovative course of study, and building a data center. Accreditation may be one factor you wish to consider when choosing your nonprofit management masters program.
This doesn't mean that you should only apply to masters degree programs that are accredited by NASPAA. It simply means that these programs have chosen not to participate in the peer-review process. Therefore, you may need to perform more research on your own about the quality of the program.
After earning your masters in nonprofit management, there are a number of careers that you might pursue. One of these is as a public relations and fundraising manager. This role typically includes creating fundraising plans and meeting face-to-face with vital donors.[i] The United States Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) expects the number of public relations and fundraising managers to increase 7% for the ten years 2014 to 2024.[ii] In 2015, the median annual salary for this role was $104,140.[iii]
Other careers nonprofit management masters programs may prepare you to pursue include the following.
Typically, you need a bachelors degree and a few years of experience for these roles. However, some organizations and jobs look for candidates with a masters degree.[v]
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text:
Places: Atlases, Maps, and Geospatial material.
The atlases, maps and geo-spatial material included in the Boston Streets collection measure and record the growth of the physical landscape of over time and the changing use of space. Atlases from 1874, 1898, and 1928 are available for browsing and searching, both as documents and utilizing a geospatial mapping tool. The atlases contain an overview map of the city and detailed, hand-colored plates of smaller sections of the city. These atlases contain information about property ownership and land use as well as being a record of the streets and addresses in the city. Overview maps of Boston, ranging from 1844 to 1950 are also available in both forms.
Geographic points corresponding to specific addresses in the city that were derived from the atlases became the basis for the linkages between the map points, the directories, and the images. The geospatial access tool has a collection of points that mark addresses from each of the atlases, along with buildings and other areas from the overview maps. To learn more about how the maps and the geospatial information derived from them were created and used, see the project documentation in the Project Details.


text:
9 Visual formatting model
- 9.1 Introduction to the visual formatting model
- 9.2 Controlling box generation
- 9.3 Positioning schemes
- 9.4 Normal flow
- 9.5 Floats
- 9.6 Absolute positioning
- 9.7 Relationships between 'display', 'position', and 'float'
- 9.8 Comparison of normal flow, floats, and absolute positioning
- 9.9 Layered presentation
- 9.10 Text direction: the 'direction' and 'unicode-bidi' properties
9.1 Introduction to the visual formatting model
This chapter and the next describe the visual formatting model: how user agents process the document tree for visual media.
In the visual formatting model, each element in the document tree generates zero or more boxes according to the box model. The layout of these boxes is governed by:
- box dimensions and type.
- positioning scheme (normal flow, float, and absolute).
- relationships between elements in the document tree.
- external information (e.g., viewport size, intrinsic dimensions of images, etc.).
The properties defined in this chapter and the next apply to both continuous media and paged media. However, the meanings of the margin properties vary when applied to paged media (see the page model for details).
The visual formatting model does not specify all aspects of formatting (e.g., it does not specify a letter-spacing algorithm). Conforming user agents may behave differently for those formatting issues not covered by this specification.
9.1.1 The viewport
User agents for continuous media generally offer users a viewport (a window or other viewing area on the screen) through which users consult a document. User agents may change the document's layout when the viewport is resized (see the initial containing block). When the viewport is smaller than the document's initial containing block, the user agent should offer a scrolling mechanism. There is at most one viewport per canvas, but user agents may render to more than one canvas (i.e., provide different views of the same document).
9.1.2 Containing blocks
In CSS2, many box positions and sizes are calculated with respect to the edges of a rectangular box called a containing block. In general, generated boxes act as containing blocks for descendant boxes; we say that a box "establishes" the containing block for its descendants. The phrase "a box's containing block" means "the containing block in which the box lives," not the one it generates.
Each box is given a position with respect to its containing block, but it is not confined by this containing block; it may overflow.
The root of the document tree generates a box that serves as the initial containing block for subsequent layout.
The width of the initial containing block may be specified with the 'width' property for the root element. If this property has the value 'auto', the user agent supplies the initial width (e.g., the user agent uses the current width of the viewport).
The height of the initial containing block may be specified with the 'height' property for the root element. If this property has the value 'auto', the containing block height will grow to accommodate the document's content.
The initial containing block cannot be positioned or floated (i.e., user agents ignore the 'position' and 'float' properties for the root element).
The details of how a containing block's dimensions are calculated are described in the next chapter.
9.2 Controlling box generation
The following sections describe the types of boxes that may be generated in CSS2. A box's type affects, in part, its behavior in the visual formatting model. The 'display' property, described below, specifies a box's type.
9.2.1 Block-level elements and block boxes
Block-level elements are those elements of the source document that are formatted visually as blocks (e.g., paragraphs). Several values of the 'display' property make an element block-level: 'block', 'list-item', 'compact' and 'run-in' (part of the time; see compact and run-in boxes), and 'table'.
Block-level elements generate a principal block box that only contains block boxes. The principal block box establishes the containing block for descendant boxes and generated content and is also the box involved in any positioning scheme. Principal block boxes participate in a block formatting context.
Some block-level elements generate additional boxes outside of the principal box: 'list-item' elements and those with markers. These additional boxes are placed with respect to the principal box.
Anonymous block boxes
In a document like this:

 Some text
More text
(and assuming the DIV and the P both have 'display: block'), the DIV appears to have both inline content and block content. To make it easier to define the formatting, we assume that there is an anonymous block box around "Some text".
In other words: if a block box (such as that generated for the DIV above) has another block box inside it (such as the P above), then we force it to have only block boxes inside it, by wrapping any inline boxes in an anonymous block box.
This model would apply in the following example if the following rules:
/* Note: HTML UAs may not respect these rules */ BODY { display: inline } P { display: block }
were used with this HTML document:
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">  <TITLE>Anonymous text interrupted by a block</TITLE>   This is anonymous text before the P.
This is the content of P.</> This is anonymous text after the P.
The BODY element contains a chunk (C1) of anonymous text followed by a block-level element followed by another chunk (C2) of anonymous text. The resulting boxes would be an anonymous block box for BODY, containing an anonymous block box around C1, the P block box, and another anonymous block box around C2.
The properties of anonymous boxes are inherited from the enclosing non-anonymous box (in the example: the one for DIV). Non-inherited properties have their initial value. For example, the font of the anonymous box is inherited from the DIV, but the margins will be 0.
9.2.2 Inline-level elements and inline boxes
Inline-level elements are those elements of the source document that do not form new blocks of content; the content is distributed in lines (e.g., emphasized pieces of text within a paragraph, inline images, etc.). Several values of the 'display' property make an element inline: 'inline', 'inline-table', 'compact' and 'run-in' (part of the time; see compact and run-in boxes). Inline-level elements generate inline boxes.
Inline boxes may participate in several formatting contexts:
- Within a block box, an inline boxes participate in an inline formatting context.
- A compact inline box is given a position in the margin of a block box.
- Marker boxes are also given positions outside of a block box.
Anonymous inline boxes
In a document like this:

Some emphasized text

The P generates a block box, with several inline boxes inside it. The box for "emphasized" is an inline box generated by an inline element (EM), but the other boxes ("Some" and "text") are inline boxes generated by a block-level element (P). The latter are called anonymous inline boxes, because they don't have an associated inline-level element.
Such anonymous inline boxes inherit inheritable properties from their block parent box. Non-inherited properties have their initial value. In the example, the color of the anonymous initial boxes is inherited from the P, but the background is transparent.
If it is clear from the context which type of anonymous box is meant, both anonymous inline boxes and anonymous block boxes are simply called anonymous boxes in this specification.
There are more types of anonymous boxes that arise when formatting tables.
9.2.3 Compact boxes
A compact box behaves as follows:
- If a block box (that does not float and is not absolutely positioned) follows the compact box, the compact box is formatted like a one-line inline box. The resulting box width is compared to one of the side margins of the block box. The choice of left or right margin is determined by the 'direction' specified for the element producing the containing block for the compact box and following box. If the inline box width is less than or equal to the margin, the inline box is given a position in the margin as described immediately below.
- Otherwise, the compact box becomes a block box.
The compact box is given a position in the margin as follows: it is outside (to the left or right) of the first line box of the block, but it affects the calculation of that line box's height. The 'vertical-align' property of the compact box determines the vertical position of the compact box relative to that line box. The horizontal position of the compact box is always in the margin of the block box.
An element that cannot be formatted on one line cannot be placed in the margin of the following block. For example, a 'compact' element in HTML that contains a BR element will always be formatted as a block box (assuming the default style for BR, which inserts a newline). For placing multi-line texts in the margin, the 'float' property is often more appropriate.
The following example illustrates a compact box.
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN">   <TITLE>A compact box example</TITLE>

Short

Description goes here.
too long for the margin

Description goes here.

This example might be formatted as:
short Description goes here too long for the margin Description goes here
The 'text-align' property can be used to align the compact element inside the margin: against the left edge of the margin ('left'), against the right edge ('right'), or centered in the margin ('center'). The value 'justify' doesn't apply, and is handled as either 'left' or 'right', depending on the 'direction' of the block-level element in whose margin the compact element is formatted. ('left' if the direction is 'ltr', 'right' if it is 'rtl'.)
Please consult the section on generated content for information about how compact boxes interact with generated content.
9.2.4 Run-in boxes
A run-in box behaves as follows:
- If a block box (that does not float and is not absolutely positioned) follows the run-in box, the run-in box becomes the first inline box of the block box.
- Otherwise, the run-in box becomes a block box.
A 'run-in' box is useful for run-in headers, as in this example:
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN">   <TITLE>A run-in box example</TITLE>
A run-in heading.

And a paragraph of text that follows it.
This example might be formatted as:
A run-in heading. And a paragraph of text that follows it.
The properties of the run-in element are inherited from its parent in the source tree, not from the block box it visually becomes part of.
Please consult the section on generated content for information about how run-in boxes interact with generated content.
9.2.5 The 'display' property
- 'display'
Value: inline | block | list-item | run-in | compact | marker | table | inline-table | table-row-group | table-header-group | table-footer-group | table-row | table-column-group | table-column | table-cell | table-caption | none | inherit Initial: inline Applies to: all elements Inherited: no Percentages: N/A Media: all
The values of this property have the following meanings:
- block
- This value causes an element to generate a principal block box.
- inline
- This value causes an element to generate one or more inline boxes.
- list-item
- This value causes an element (e.g., LI in HTML) to generate a principal block box and a list-item inline box. For information about lists and examples of list formatting, please consult the section on lists.
- marker
- This value declares generated content before or after a box to be a marker. This value should only be used with :before and :after pseudo-elements attached to block-level elements. In other cases, this value is interpreted as 'inline'. Please consult the section on markers for more information.
- none
- This
value causes an element to generate no boxes in the formatting structure (i.e.,
the element has no effect on layout). Descendant elements do not
generate any boxes either; this behavior cannot be
overridden by setting the 'display' property on the descendants.
Please note that a display of 'none' does not create an invisible box; it creates no box at all. CSS includes mechanisms that enable an element to generate boxes in the formatting structure that affect formatting but are not visible themselves. Please consult the section on visibility for details.
- run-in and compact
- These values create either block or inline boxes, depending on context. Properties apply to run-in and compact boxes based on their final status (inline-level or block-level). For example, the 'white-space' property only applies if the box becomes a block box.
- table, inline-table, table-row-group, table-column, table-column-group, table-header-group, table-footer-group, table-row, table-cell, and table-caption
- These values cause an element to behave like a table element (subject to restrictions described in the chapter on tables).
Note that although the initial value of 'display' is 'inline', rules in the user agent's default style sheet may override this value. See the sample style sheet for HTML 4.0 in the appendix.
Here are some examples of the 'display' property:
P { display: block } EM { display: inline } LI { display: list-item } IMG { display: none } /* Don't display images */
Conforming HTML user agents may ignore the 'display' property.
9.3 Positioning schemes
In CSS2, a box may be laid out according to three positioning schemes:
- Normal flow. In CSS2, normal flow includes block formatting of block boxes, inline formatting of inline boxes, relative positioning of block or inline boxes, and positioning of compact and run-in boxes.
- Floats. In the float model, a box is first laid out according to the normal flow, then taken out of the flow and shifted to the left or right as far as possible. Content may flow along the side of a float.
- Absolute positioning. In the absolute positioning model, a box is removed from the normal flow entirely (it has no impact on later siblings) and assigned a position with respect to a containing block.
9.3.1 Choosing a positioning scheme: 'position' property
The 'position' and 'float' properties determine which of the CSS2 positioning algorithms is used to calculate the position of a box.
- 'position'
Value: static | relative | absolute | fixed | inherit Initial: static Applies to: all elements, but not to generated content Inherited: no Percentages: N/A Media: visual
The values of this property have the following meanings:
- static
- The box is a normal box, laid out according to the normal flow. The 'left' and 'top' properties do not apply.
- relative
- The box's position is calculated according to the normal flow (this is called the position in normal flow). Then the box is offset relative to its normal position. When a box B is relatively positioned, the position of the following box is calculated as though B were not offset.
- absolute
- The box's position (and possibly size) is specified with the 'left', 'right', 'top', and 'bottom' properties. These properties specify offsets with respect to the box's containing block. Absolutely positioned boxes are taken out of the normal flow. This means they have no impact on the layout of later siblings. Also, though absolutely positioned boxes have margins, they do not collapse with any other margins.
- fixed
- The box's position is calculated according to the 'absolute'
model, but in addition, the box is fixed with respect to some reference. In
the case of continuous
media, the box is fixed with respect to the viewport (and doesn't move when scrolled). In
the case of paged media,
the box is fixed with respect to the page, even if that page is seen
through a viewport (in the case of a
print-preview, for example). Authors may wish to specify 'fixed' in a
media-dependent way. For instance, an author may want a box to remain
at the top of the viewport on the screen, but
not at the top of each printed page. The two specifications may be
separated by using an @media
rule, as in:
@media screen { H1#first { position: fixed } } @media print { H1#first { position: static } }
9.3.2 Box offsets: 'top', 'right', 'bottom', 'left'
An element is said to be positioned if its 'position' property has a value other than 'static'. Positioned elements generate positioned boxes, laid out according to four properties:
- 'top'
Value: <length> | <percentage> | auto | inherit Initial: auto Applies to: positioned elements Inherited: no Percentages: refer to height of containing block Media: visual
This property specifies how far a box's top content edge is offset below the top edge of the box's containing block.
- 'right'
Value: <length> | <percentage> | auto | inherit Initial: auto Applies to: positioned elements Inherited: no Percentages: refer to width of containing block Media: visual
This property specifies how far a box's right content edge is offset to the left of the right edge of the box's containing block.
- 'bottom'
Value: <length> | <percentage> | auto | inherit Initial: auto Applies to: positioned elements Inherited: no Percentages: refer to height of containing block Media: visual
This property specifies how far a box's bottom content edge is offset above the bottom of the box's containing block.
- 'left'
Value: <length> | <percentage> | auto | inherit Initial: auto Applies to: positioned elements Inherited: no Percentages: refer to width of containing block Media: visual
This property specifies how far a box's left content edge is offset to the right of the left edge of the box's containing block.
The values for the four properties have the following meanings:
- <length>
- The offset is a fixed distance from the reference edge.
- <percentage>
- The offset is a percentage of the containing block's width (for 'left' or 'right') or height (for 'top' and 'bottom'). For 'top' and 'bottom', if the height of the containing block is not specified explicitly (i.e., it depends on content height), the percentage value is interpreted like 'auto'.
- auto
- The effect of this value depends on which of related properties have the value 'auto' as well. See the sections on the width and height of absolutely positioned, non-replaced elements for details.
For absolutely positioned boxes, the offsets are with respect to the box's containing block. For relatively positioned boxes, the offsets are with respect to the outer edges of the box itself (i.e., the box is given a position in the normal flow, then offset from that position according to these properties).
9.4 Normal flow
Boxes in the normal flow belong to a formatting context, which may be block or inline, but not both simultaneously. Block boxes participate in a block formatting context. Inline boxes participate in an inline formatting context.
9.4.1 Block formatting context
In a block formatting context, boxes are laid out one after the other, vertically, beginning at the top of a containing block. The vertical distance between two sibling boxes is determined by the 'margin' properties. Vertical margins between adjacent block boxes in a block formatting context collapse.
In a block formatting context, each box's left outer edge touches the left edge of the containing block (for right-to-left formatting, right edges touch). This is true even in the presence of floats (although a box's content area may shrink due to the floats).
For information about page breaks in paged media, please consult the section on allowed page breaks.
9.4.2 Inline formatting context
In an inline formatting context, boxes are laid out horizontally, one after the other, beginning at the top of a containing block. Horizontal margins, borders, and padding are respected between these boxes. The boxes may be aligned vertically in different ways: their bottoms or tops may be aligned, or the baselines of text within them may be aligned. The rectangular area that contains the boxes that form a line is called a line box.
The width of a line box is determined by a containing block. The height of a line box is determined by the rules given in the section on line height calculations. A line box is always tall enough for all of the boxes it contains. However, it may be taller than the tallest box it contains (if, for example, boxes are aligned so that baselines line up). When the height of a box B is less than the height of the line box containing it, the vertical alignment of B within the line box is determined by the 'vertical-align' property.
When several inline boxes cannot fit horizontally within a single line box, they are distributed among two or more vertically-stacked line boxes. Thus, a paragraph is a vertical stack of line boxes. Line boxes are stacked with no vertical separation and they never overlap.
In general, the left edge of a line box touches the left edge of its containing block and the right edge touches the right edge of its containing block. However, floating boxes may come between the containing block edge and the line box edge. Thus, although line boxes in the same inline formatting context generally have the same width (that of the containing block), they may vary in width if available horizontal space is reduced due to floats. Line boxes in the same inline formatting context generally vary in height (e.g., one line might contain a tall image while the others contain only text).
When the total width of the inline boxes on a line is less than the width of the line box containing them, their horizontal distribution within the line box is determined by the 'text-align' property. If that property has the value 'justify', the user agent may stretch the inline boxes as well.
Since an inline box may not exceed the width of a line box, long inline boxes are split into several boxes and these boxes distributed across several line boxes. When an inline box is split, margins, borders, and padding have no visual effect where the split occurs. Formatting of margins, borders, and padding may not be fully defined if the split occurs within a bidirectional embedding.
Inline boxes may also be split into several boxes within the same line box due to bidirectional text processing.
Here is an example of inline box construction. The following paragraph (created by the HTML block-level element P) contains anonymous text interspersed with the elements EM and STRONG:

Several emphasized words appear in this sentence, dear.

The P element generates a block box that contains five inline boxes, three of which are anonymous:
- Anonymous: "Several"
- EM: "emphasized words"
- Anonymous: "appear"
- STRONG: "in this"
- Anonymous: "sentence, dear."
To format the paragraph, the user agent flows the five boxes into line boxes. In this example, the box generated for the P element establishes the containing block for the line boxes. If the containing block is sufficiently wide, all the inline boxes will fit into a single line box:
Several emphasized words appear in this sentence, dear.
If not, the inline boxes will be split up and distributed across several line boxes. The previous paragraph might be split as follows:
Several emphasized words appear in this sentence, dear.or like this:
Several emphasized words appear in this sentence, dear.
In the previous example, the EM box was split into two EM boxes (call them "split1" and "split2"). Margins, borders, padding, or text decorations have no visible effect after split1 or before split2.
Consider the following example:
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN">   <TITLE>Example of inline flow on several lines</TITLE>
Several emphasized words appear here.

Depending on the width of the P, the boxes may be distributed as follows:
- The margin is inserted before "emphasized" and after "words".
- The padding is inserted before, above, and below "emphasized" and after, above, and below "words". A dashed border is rendered on three sides in each case.
9.4.3 Relative positioning
Once a box has been laid out according to the normal flow, it may be shifted relative to this position. This is called relative positioning. Offsetting a box (B1) in this way has no effect on the box (B2) that follows: B2 is given a position as if B1 were not offset and B2 is not re-positioned after B1's offset is applied. This implies that relative positioning may cause boxes to overlap.
Relatively positioned boxes keep their normal flow size, including line breaks and the space originally reserved for them. A relatively positioned box establishes a new a new containing block for normal flow children and positioned descendants.
A relatively positioned box is generated when the 'position' property for an element has the value 'relative'. The offset is specified by the 'top', 'bottom', 'left', and 'right' properties.
Dynamic movement of relatively positioned boxes can produce animation effects in scripting environments (see also the 'visibility' property). Relative positioning may also be used as a general form of superscripting and subscripting except that line height is not automatically adjusted to take the positioning into consideration. See the description of line height calculations for more information.
Examples of relative positioning are provided in the section comparing normal flow, floats, and absolute positioning.
9.5 Floats
A float is a box that is shifted to the left or right on the current line. The most interesting characteristic of a float (or "floated" or "floating" box) is that content may flow along its side (or be prohibited from doing so by the 'clear' property). Content flows down the right side of a left-floated box and down the left side of a right-floated box. The following is an introduction to float positioning and content flow; the exact rules governing float behavior are given in the description of the 'float' property.
A floated box must have an explicit width (assigned via the 'width' property, or its intrinsic width in the case of replaced elements). Any floated box becomes a block box that is shifted to the left or right until its outer edge touches the containing block edge or the outer edge of another float. The top of the floated box is aligned with the top of the current line box (or bottom of the preceding block box if no line box exists). If there isn't enough horizontal room on the current line for the float, it is shifted downward, line by line, until a line has room for it.
Since a float is not in the flow, non-positioned block boxes created before and after the float box flow vertically as if the float didn't exist. However, line boxes created next to the float are shortened to make room for the floated box. Any content in the current line before a floated box is reflowed in the first available line on the other side of the float.
Several floats may be adjacent, and this model also applies to adjacent floats in the same line.
The following rule floats all IMG boxes with class="icon" to the left (and sets the left margin to '0'):
IMG.icon { float: left; margin-left: 0; }
Consider the following HTML source and style sheet:
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN">   <TITLE>Float example</TITLE>
 Some sample text that has no other...
The IMG box is floated to the left. The content that follows is formatted to the right of the float, starting on the same line as the float. The line boxes to the right of the float are shortened due to the float's presence, but resume their "normal" width (that of the containing block established by the P element) after the float. This document might be formatted as:
Formatting would have been exactly the same if the document had been:

Some sample text  that has no other...
because the content to the left of the float is displaced by the float and reflowed down its right side.
The margins of floating boxes never collapse with margins of adjacent boxes. Thus, in the previous example, vertical margins do not collapse between the P box and the floated IMG box.
A float can overlap other boxes in the normal flow (e.g., when a normal flow box next to a float has negative margins). When an inline box overlaps with a float, the content, background, and borders of the inline box are rendered in front of the float. When a block box overlaps, the background and borders of the block box are rendered behind the float and are only be visible where the box is transparent. The content of the block box is rendered in front of the float.
Here is another illustration, showing what happens when a float overlaps borders of elements in the normal flow.
The following example illustrates the use of the 'clear' property to prevent content from flowing next to a float.
Assuming a rule such as this:
P { clear: left }
formatting might look like this:
9.5.1 Positioning the float: the 'float' property
This property specifies whether a box should float to the left, right, or not at all. It may be set for elements that generate boxes that are not absolutely positioned. The values of this property have the following meanings:
- left
- The element generates a block box that is floated to the left. Content flows on the right side of the box, starting at the top (subject to the 'clear' property). The 'display' is ignored, unless it has the value 'none'.
- right
- Same as 'left', but content flows on the left side of the box, starting at the top.
- none
- The box is not floated.
Here are the precise rules that govern the behavior of floats:
- The left outer edge of a left-floating box may not be to the left of the left edge of its containing block. An analogous rule holds for right-floating elements.
- If the current box is left-floating, and there are any left floating boxes generated by elements earlier in the source document, then for each such earlier box, either the left outer edge of the current box must be to the right of the right outer edge of the earlier box, or its top must be lower than the bottom of the earlier box. Analogous rules hold for right-floating boxes.
- The right outer edge of a left-floating box may not be to the right of the left outer edge of any right-floating box that is to the right of it. Analogous rules hold for right-floating elements.
- A floating box's outer top may not be higher than the top of its containing block.
- The outer top of a floating box may not be higher than the outer top of any block or floated box generated by an element earlier in the source document.
- The outer top of an element's floating box may not be higher than the top of any line-box containing a box generated by an element earlier in the source document.
- A left-floating box that has another left-floating box to its left may not have its right outer edge to the right of its containing block's right edge. (Loosely: a left float may not stick out at the right edge, unless it is already as far to the left as possible.) An analogous rule holds for right-floating elements.
- A floating box must be placed as high as possible.
- A left-floating box must be put as far to the left as possible, a right-floating box as far to the right as possible. A higher position is preferred over one that is further to the left/right.
9.5.2 Controlling flow next to floats: the 'clear' property
This property indicates which sides of an element's box(es) may not be adjacent to an earlier floating box. (It may be that the element itself has floating descendants; the 'clear' property has no effect on those.)
This property may only be specified for block-level elements (including floats). For compact and run-in boxes, this property applies to the final block box to which the compact or run-in box belongs.
Values have the following meanings when applied to non-floating block boxes:
- left
- The top margin of the generated box is increased enough that the top border edge is below the bottom outer edge of any left-floating boxes that resulted from elements earlier in the source document.
- right
- The top margin of the generated box is increased enough that the top border edge is below the bottom outer edge of any right-floating boxes that resulted from elements earlier in the source document.
- both
- The generated box is moved below all floating boxes of earlier elements in the source document..
- none
- No constraint on the box's position with respect to floats.
When the property is set on floating elements, it results in a modification of the rules for positioning the float. An extra constraint (#10) is added:
- The top outer edge of the float must be below the bottom outer edge of all earlier left-floating boxes (in the case of 'clear: left'), or all earlier right-floating boxes (in the case of 'clear: right'), or both ('clear: both').
9.6 Absolute positioning
In the absolute positioning model, a box is explicitly offset with respect to its containing block. It is removed from the normal flow entirely (it has no impact on later siblings). An absolutely positioned box establishes a new containing block for normal flow children and positioned descendants. However, the contents of an absolutely positioned element do not flow around any other boxes. They may or may not obscure the contents of another box, depending on the stack levels of the overlapping boxes.
References in this specification to an absolutely positioned element (or its box) imply that the element's 'position' property has the value 'absolute' or 'fixed'.
9.6.1 Fixed positioning
Fixed positioning is a subcategory of absolute positioning. The only difference is that for a fixed positioned box, the containing block is established by the viewport. For continuous media, fixed boxes do not move when the document is scrolled. In this respect, they are similar to fixed background images. For paged media, boxes with fixed positions are repeated on every page. This is useful for placing, for instance, a signature at the bottom of each page.
Authors may use fixed positioning to create frame-like presentations. Consider the following frame layout:
This might be achieved with the following HTML document and style rules:
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN">   <TITLE>A frame document with CSS2</TITLE>
 ...

 ...

 ...

 ...

9.7 Relationships between 'display', 'position', and 'float'
The three properties that affect box generation and layout -- 'display', 'position', and 'float' -- interact as follows:
- If 'display' has the value 'none', user agents must ignore 'position' and 'float'. In this case, the element generates no box.
- Otherwise, 'position' has the value 'absolute' or 'fixed', 'display' is set to 'block' and 'float' is set to 'none'. The position of the box will be determined by the 'top', 'right', 'bottom' and 'left' properties and the box's containing block.
- Otherwise, if 'float' has a value other than 'none', 'display' is set to 'block' and the box is floated.
- Otherwise, the remaining 'display' properties apply as specified.
Note. CSS2 does not specify layout behavior when values for these properties are changed by scripts. For example, what happens when an element having 'width: auto' is repositioned? Do the contents reflow, or do they maintain their original formatting? The answer is outside the scope of this document, and such behavior is likely to differ in initial implementations of CSS2.
9.8 Comparison of normal flow, floats, and absolute positioning
To illustrate the differences between normal flow, relative positioning, floats, and absolute positioning, we provide a series of examples based on the following HTML fragment:
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN">   <TITLE>Comparison of positioning schemes</TITLE>
Beginning of body contents.  Start of outer contents.  Inner contents. End of outer contents. End of body contents.

In this document, we assume the following rules:
BODY { display: block; line-height: 200%; width: 400px; height: 400px } P { display: block } SPAN { display: inline }
The final positions of boxes generated by the outer and inner elements vary in each example. In each illustration, the numbers to the left of the illustration indicate the normal flow position of the double-spaced (for clarity) lines. (Note: the illustrations use different horizontal and vertical scales.)
9.8.1 Normal flow
Consider the following CSS declarations for outer and inner that don't alter the normal flow of boxes:
#outer { color: red } #inner { color: blue }
The P element contains all inline content: anonymous inline text and two SPAN element. Therefore, all of the content will be laid out in an inline formatting context, within a containing block established by the P element, producing something like:
9.8.2 Relative positioning
To see the effect of relative positioning, we specify:
#outer { position: relative; top: -12px; color: red } #inner { position: relative; top: 12px; color: blue }
Text flows normally up to the outer element. The outer text is then flowed into its normal flow position and dimensions at the end of line 1. Then, the inline boxes containing the text (distributed over three lines) are shifted as a unit by '-12px' (upwards).
The contents of inner, as a child of outer, would normally flow immediately after the words "of outer contents" (on line 1.5). However, the inner contents are themselves offset relative to the outer contents by '12px' (downwards), back to their original position on line 2.
Note that the content following outer is not affected by the relative positioning of outer.
Note also that had the offset of outer been '-24px', the text of outer and the body text would have overlapped.
9.8.3 Floating a box
Now consider the effect of floating the inner element's text to the right by means of the following rules:
#outer { color: red } #inner { float: right; width: 130px; color: blue }
Text flows normally up to the inner box, which is pulled out of the flow and floated to the right margin (its 'width' has been assigned explicitly). Line boxes to the left of the float are shortened, and the document's remaining text flows into them.
To show the effect of the 'clear' property, we add a sibling element to the example:
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN">   <TITLE>Comparison of positioning schemes II</TITLE>
Beginning of body contents.  Start of outer contents.  Inner contents.  Sibling contents. End of outer contents. End of body contents.

The following rules:
#inner { float: right; width: 130px; color: blue } #sibling { color: red }
cause the inner box to float to the right as before and the document's remaining text to flow into the vacated space:
However, if the 'clear' property on the sibling element is set to 'right' (i.e., the generated sibling box will not accept a position next to floating boxes to its right), the sibling content begins to flow below the float:
#inner { float: right; width: 130px; color: blue } #sibling { clear: right; color: red }
9.8.4 Absolute positioning
Finally, we consider the effect of absolute positioning. Consider the following CSS declarations for outer and inner:
#outer { position: absolute; top: 200px; left: 200px; width: 200px; color: red; } #inner { color: blue }
which cause the top of the outer box to be positioned with respect to its containing block. The containing block for a positioned box is established by the nearest positioned ancestor (or, if none exists, the initial containing block, as in our example). The top side of the outer box is '200px' below the top of the containing block and the left side is '200px' from the left side. The child box of outer is flowed normally with respect to its parent.
The following example shows an absolutely positioned box that is a child of a relatively positioned box. Although the parent outer box is not actually offset, setting its 'position' property to 'relative' means that its box may serve as the containing block for positioned descendants. Since the outer box is an inline box that is split across several lines, the first inline box's top and left edges (depicted by thick dashed lines in the illustration below) serve as references for 'top' and 'left' offsets.
#outer { position: relative; color: red } #inner { position: absolute; top: 200px; left: -100px; height: 130px; width: 130px; color: blue; }
This results in something like the following:
If we do not position the outer box:
#outer { color: red } #inner { position: absolute; top: 200px; left: -100px; height: 130px; width: 130px; color: blue; }
the containing block for inner becomes the initial containing block (in our example). The following illustration shows where the inner box would end up in this case.
Relative and absolute positioning may be used to implement change bars, as shown in the following example. The following document:

 I used two red hyphens to serve as a change bar. They will "float" to the left of the line containing THIS -- word.

might result in something like:
First, the paragraph (whose containing block sides are shown in the illustration) is flowed normally. Then it is offset '10px' from the left edge of the containing block (thus, a right margin of '10px' has been reserved in anticipation of the offset). The two hyphens acting as change bars are taken out of the flow and positioned at the current line (due to 'top: auto'), '-1em' from the left edge of its containing block (established by the P in its final position). The result is that the change bars seem to "float" to the left of the current line.
9.9 Layered presentation
In the following sections, the expression "in front of" means closer to the user as the user faces the screen.
In CSS2, each box has a position in three dimensions. In addition to their horizontal and vertical positions, boxes lie along a "z-axis" and are formatted one on top of the other. Z-axis positions are particularly relevant when boxes overlap visually. This section discusses how boxes may be positioned along the z-axis.
Each box belongs to one stacking context. Each box in a given stacking context has an integer stack level, which is its position on the z-axis relative to other boxes in the same stacking context. Boxes with greater stack levels are always formatted in front of boxes with lower stack levels. Boxes may have negative stack levels. Boxes with the same stack level in a stacking context are stacked bottom-to-top according to document tree order.
The root element creates a root stacking context, but other elements may establish local stacking contexts. Stacking contexts are inherited. A local stacking context is atomic; boxes in other stacking contexts may not come between any of its boxes.
An element that establishes a local stacking context generates a box that has two stack levels: one for the stacking context it creates (always '0') and one for the stacking context to which it belongs (given by the 'z-index' property).
An element's box has the same stack level as its parent's box unless given a different stack level with the 'z-index' property.
9.9.1 Specifying the stack level: the 'z-index' property
For a positioned box, the 'z-index' property specifies:
- The stack level of the box in the current stacking context.
- Whether the box establishes a local stacking context.
Values have the following meanings:
- <integer>
- This integer is the stack level of the generated box in the current stacking context. The box also establishes a local stacking context in which its stack level is '0'.
- auto
- The stack level of the generated box in the current stacking context is the same as its parent's box. The box does not establish a new local stacking context.
In the following example, the stack levels of the boxes (named with their "id" attributes) are: "text2"=0, "image"=1, "text3"=2, and "text1"=3. The "text2" stack level is inherited from the root box. The others are specified with the 'z-index' property.
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN">   <TITLE>Z-order positioning</TITLE>

 This text will overlay the butterfly image.

 This text will be beneath everything.

 This text will underlay text1, but overlay the butterfly image

This example demonstrates the notion of transparency. The default behavior of a box is to allow boxes behind it to be visible through transparent areas in its content. In the example, each box transparently overlays the boxes below it. This behavior can be overridden by using one of the existing background properties.
9.10 Text direction: the 'direction' and 'unicode-bidi' properties
The characters in certain scripts are written from right to left. In some documents, in particular those written with the Arabic or Hebrew script, and in some mixed-language contexts, text in a single (visually displayed) block may appear with mixed directionality. This phenomenon is called bidirectionality, or "bidi" for short.
The Unicode standard ([UNICODE], section 3.11) defines a complex algorithm for determining the proper directionality of text. The algorithm consists of an implicit part based on character properties, as well as explicit controls for embeddings and overrides. CSS2 relies on this algorithm to achieve proper bidirectional rendering. The 'direction' and 'unicode-bidi' properties allow authors to specify how the elements and attributes of a document language map to this algorithm.
If a document contains right-to-left characters, and if the user agent displays these characters (with appropriate glyphs, not arbitrary substitutes such as a question mark, a hex code, a black box, etc.), the user agent must apply the bidirectional algorithm. This seemingly one-sided requirement reflects the fact that, although not every Hebrew or Arabic document contains mixed-directionality text, such documents are much more likely to contain left-to-right text (e.g., numbers, text from other languages) than are documents written in left-to-right languages.
Because the directionality of a text depends on the structure and semantics of the document language, these properties should in most cases be used only by designers of document type descriptions (DTDs), or authors of special documents. If a default style sheet specifies these properties, authors and users should not specify rules to override them. A typical exception would be to override bidi behavior in a user agent if that user agent transliterates Yiddish (usually written with Hebrew letters) to Latin letters at the user's request.
The HTML 4.0 specification ([HTML40], section 8.2) defines bidirectionality behavior for HTML elements. Conforming HTML user agents may therefore ignore the 'direction' and 'unicode-bidi' properties in author and user style sheets. The style sheet rules that would achieve the bidi behavior specified in [HTML40] are given in the sample style sheet. The HTML 4.0 specification also contains more information on bidirectionality issues.
- 'direction'
Value: ltr | rtl | inherit Initial: ltr Applies to: all elements, but see prose Inherited: yes Percentages: N/A Media: visual
This property specifies the base writing direction of blocks and the direction of embeddings and overrides (see 'unicode-bidi') for the Unicode bidirectional algorithm. In addition, it specifies the direction of table column layout, the direction of horizontal overflow, and the position of an incomplete last line in a block in case of 'text-align: justify'.
Values for this property have the following meanings:
- ltr
- Left-to-right direction.
- rtl
- Right-to-left direction.
For the 'direction' property to have any effect on inline-level elements, the 'unicode-bidi' property's value must be 'embed' or 'override'.
Note. The 'direction' property, when specified for table column elements, is not inherited by cells in the column since columns don't exist in the document tree. Thus, CSS cannot easily capture the "dir" attribute inheritance rules described in [HTML40], section 184.108.40.206.
- 'unicode-bidi'
Value: normal | embed | bidi-override | inherit Initial: normal Applies to: all elements, but see prose Inherited: no Percentages: N/A Media: visual
Values for this property have the following meanings:
- normal
- The element does not open an additional level of embedding with respect to the bidirectional algorithm. For inline-level elements, implicit reordering works across element boundaries.
- embed
- If the element is inline-level, this value opens an additional level of embedding with respect to the bidirectional algorithm. The direction of this embedding level is given by the 'direction' property. Inside the element, reordering is done implicitly. This corresponds to adding a LRE (U+202A; for 'direction: ltr') or RLE (U+202B; for 'direction: rtl') at the start of the element and a PDF (U+202C) at the end of the element.
- bidi-override
- If the element is inline-level or a block-level element that contains only inline-level elements, this creates an override. This means that inside the element, reordering is strictly in sequence according to the 'direction' property; the implicit part of the bidirectional algorithm is ignored. This corresponds to adding a LRO (U+202D; for 'direction: ltr') or RLO (U+202E; for 'direction: rtl') at the start of the element and a PDF (U+202C) at the end of the element.
The final order of characters in each block-level element is the same as if the bidi control codes had been added as described above, markup had been stripped, and the resulting character sequence had been passed to an implementation of the Unicode bidirectional algorithm for plain text that produced the same line-breaks as the styled text. In this process, non-textual entities such as images are treated as neutral characters, unless their 'unicode-bidi' property has a value other than 'normal', in which case they are treated as strong characters in the 'direction' specified for the element.
Please note that in order to be able to flow inline boxes in a uniform direction (either entirely left-to-right or entirely right-to-left), more inline boxes (including anonymous inline boxes) may have to be created, and some inline boxes may have to be split up and reordered before flowing.
Because the Unicode algorithm has a limit of 15 levels of embedding, care should be taken not to use 'unicode-bidi' with a value other than 'normal' unless appropriate. In particular, a value of 'inherit' should be used with extreme caution. However, for elements that are, in general, intended to be displayed as blocks, a setting of 'unicode-bidi: embed' is preferred to keep the element together in case display is changed to inline (see example below).
The following example shows an XML document with bidirectional text. It illustrates an important design principle: DTD designers should take bidi into account both in the language proper (elements and attributes) and in any accompanying style sheets. The style sheets should be designed so that bidi rules are separate from other style rules. The bidi rules should not be overridden by other style sheets so that the document language's or DTD's bidi behavior is preserved.
In this example, lowercase letters stand for inherently left-to-right characters and uppercase letters represent inherently right-to-left characters:
<HEBREW> <PAR>HEBREW1 HEBREW2 english3 HEBREW4 HEBREW5</PAR> <PAR>HEBREW6 <EMPH>HEBREW7</EMPH> HEBREW8</PAR> </HEBREW> <ENGLISH> <PAR>english9 english10 english11 HEBREW12 HEBREW13</PAR> <PAR>english14 english15 english16</PAR> <PAR>english17 <HE-QUO>HEBREW18 english19 HEBREW20</HE-QUO></PAR> </ENGLISH>
Since this is XML, the style sheet is responsible for setting the writing direction. This is the style sheet:
/* Rules for bidi */ HEBREW, HE-QUO {direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed} ENGLISH {direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed} /* Rules for presentation */ HEBREW, ENGLISH, PAR {display: block} EMPH {font-weight: bold}
The HEBREW element is a block with a right-to-left base direction, the ENGLISH element is a block with a left-to-right base direction. The PARs are blocks that inherit the base direction from their parents. Thus, the first two PARs are read starting at the top right, the final three are read starting at the top left. Please note that HEBREW and ENGLISH are chosen as element names for explicitness only; in general, element names should convey structure without reference to language.
The EMPH element is inline-level, and since its value for 'unicode-bidi' is 'normal' (the initial value), it has no effect on the ordering of the text. The HE-QUO element, on the other hand, creates an embedding.
The formatting of this text might look like this if the line length is long:
5WERBEH 4WERBEH english3 2WERBEH 1WERBEH 8WERBEH 7WERBEH 6WERBEH english9 english10 english11 13WERBEH 12WERBEH english14 english15 english16 english17 20WERBEH english19 18WERBEH
Note that the HE-QUO embedding causes HEBREW18 to be to the right of english19.
If lines have to be broken, it might be more like this:
2WERBEH 1WERBEH -EH 4WERBEH english3 5WERB -EH 7WERBEH 6WERBEH 8WERB english9 english10 en- glish11 12WERBEH 13WERBEH english14 english15 english16 english17 18WERBEH 20WERBEH english19
Because HEBREW18 must be read before english19, it is on the line above english19. Just breaking the long line from the earlier formatting would not have worked. Note also that the first syllable from english19 might have fit on the previous line, but hyphenation of left-to-right words in a right-to-left context, and vice versa, is usually suppressed to avoid having to display a hyphen in the middle of a line.


text:
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