text:
Justice League
|Justice League
Cover of Justice League: Rebirth #1 (July 2016);
Art by Tony Daniel.
|Publication information
|DC Comics
|First appearance
|The Brave and the Bold #28 (March 1960)
|Created by
|Gardner Fox
|In-story information
The Hall
The Refuge
JLI Embassies
Detroit Bunker
Secret Sanctuary
|See: List of Justice League members
The Justice League, also known as the Justice League of America (JLA), is a fictional superhero team appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. The Justice League was conceived by writer Gardner Fox, and first appeared in The Brave and the Bold #28 (March 1960).[1]
The team is an assemblage of superheroes who join together as the Justice League. The seven original members were Batman, Aquaman, the Flash, Green Lantern, Martian Manhunter, Superman, and Wonder Woman. The team roster has rotated throughout the years, consisting of many superheroes from the DC Universe like Atom, Black Canary, Captain Marvel, Green Arrow, Hawkman, and Plastic Man.[2] The Justice League received its own comic book title called Justice League of America in November 1960. With the 2011 relaunch of its titles, DC Comics released a second volume of Justice League. In July 2016, the DC Rebirth initiative relaunched the Justice League comic book titles with the third volume of Justice League. Since its inception, the team has been featured in various television programs and video games and is set to appear in the live action film of the same name.
Various comic book series featuring the Justice League have remained generally popular with fans since inception and, in most incarnations, its roster includes DC's most popular characters. The Justice League concept has also been adapted into various other entertainment media, including the classic Saturday morning Super Friends animated series (1973–1986), an unproduced Justice League of America live-action series (for which the pilot film exists), the animated series Justice League (2001–2004) and Justice League Unlimited (2004–2006). A live-action film was in the works in 2008 before being shelved.
On June 6, 2012, Warner Bros. announced a new live action Justice League film was in development with Will Beall hired as screenwriter. However, the project was scrapped again. After the success of the Superman reboot Man of Steel, a film titled Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice was released in March 2016, directed by Zack Snyder. Batman v Superman script writer Chris Terrio has also penned the script for Justice League.[3]
Publication history
|Justice League of America
Cover to Justice League of America #1 (Oct-Nov 1960).
Art by Mike Sekowsky.
|Publication information
|DC Comics
|Publication date
|Number of issues
|Creative team
Gardner Fox
Mike Sekowsky
Having successfully reintroduced a number of DC Comics' (then known as National Periodical Publications) Golden Age superhero characters (Flash, Green Lantern, etc.) during the late 1950s, editor Julius Schwartz asked writer Gardner Fox to reintroduce the Justice Society of America. Schwartz, influenced by the popularity of Major League Baseball's National League and American League, decided to change the name of the team from Justice Society to Justice League.[2]
The Justice League of America debuted in The Brave and the Bold #28 (March 1960),[4] and after two further appearances in that title, got their own series which quickly became one of the company's best-selling titles.[5] Fox and artist Mike Sekowsky were the creative team for the title's first eight years. Sekowsky's last issue was #63 (June 1968) and Fox departed with #65 (September 1968). Schwartz was the new title's editor and oversaw it until 1979.[6]
Silver and Bronze Age / Justice League of America
The initial Justice League lineup included seven of DC Comics' superheroes who were regularly published at that time: Superman, Batman, Aquaman, Flash, Green Lantern, Martian Manhunter, and Wonder Woman. Rarely featured in most of the stories, Superman and Batman did not even appear on the cover most of the time. Three of DC's other surviving or revived characters, Green Arrow,[7] the Atom,[8] and Hawkman[9] were added to the roster over the next four years.
The Justice League operated from a secret cave outside of the small town of Happy Harbor, Rhode Island. A teenager named Lucas "Snapper" Carr tagged along on missions, becoming both the team's mascot and an official member. Snapper, noted for speaking in beatnik dialect and snapping his fingers, helped the group defeat the giant space starfish Starro the Conqueror in the team's first appearance.
The supervillain Doctor Light first battled the team in issue #12 (June 1962).[10] Justice League of America #21 and #22 (August–September 1963) saw the first team-up of the Justice League and the Justice Society of America as well as the first use of the term "Crisis" in reference to a crossover between characters.[11] The following year's team-up with the Justice Society introduced the threat of the Crime Syndicate of America of Earth-Three.[12] The character Metamorpho was offered membership in the Justice League but declined.[13] Following the departures of Gardner Fox and Mike Sekowsky, writer Denny O'Neil and artist Dick Dillin became the new creative team. Dillin would draw the title from issue #64 (August 1968) through #183 (October 1980).[14]
O'Neil reshaped the Justice League's membership by removing Wonder Woman in issue #69 and the Martian Manhunter in issue #71.[15] Following the JLA–JSA team-up in issues #73–74 and the death of her husband, the Black Canary decided to move to Earth-One to make a fresh start, where she joins the Justice League.[16] The following issue saw the character develop the superpower known as her "canary cry".[17] In issue #77 (December 1969), Snapper Carr is tricked into betraying the cave headquarters' secret location to the Joker, resulting in his resignation from the team.[18]
Satellite years
In need of a new secure headquarters, the Justice League moved into an orbiting satellite headquarters in Justice League of America #78 (February 1970).[19] The Elongated Man,[20] the Red Tornado,[21] Hawkwoman,[22] Zatanna,[23] and Firestorm[24] joined the team, and Wonder Woman returned during this period.
Len Wein wrote issues #100–114, in which he and Dillin re-introduced the Seven Soldiers of Victory in issues #100–102[25] and the Freedom Fighters in issues #107–108.[26] In the fall of 1972, Wein and writers Gerry Conway and Steve Englehart crafted a metafictional unofficial crossover spanning titles from both Marvel and DC. Each comic featured Englehart, Conway, and Wein, as well as Wein's first wife Glynis, interacting with Marvel or DC characters at the Rutland Halloween Parade in Rutland, Vermont. Beginning in Amazing Adventures #16 (by Englehart with art by Bob Brown and Frank McLaughlin), the story continued in Justice League of America #103 (by Wein, Dillin and Dick Giordano), and concluded in Thor #207 (by Conway and penciler John Buscema). As Englehart explained in 2010, "It certainly seemed like a radical concept and we knew that we had to be subtle (laughs) and each story had to stand on its own, but we really worked it out. It's really worthwhile to read those stories back to back to back—it didn't matter to us that one was at DC and two were at Marvel—I think it was us being creative, thinking what would be really cool to do."[27][28][29] Justice League of America #103 also featured the Justice League offering membership to the Phantom Stranger. Len Wein commented on the Phantom Stranger's relationship with the JLA in a 2012 interview stating that the character "only sort of joined. He was offered membership but vanished, as per usual, without actually accepting the offer. Over the years, other writers have just assumed [he] was a member, but in my world, he never really said yes."[30] Issues #110 (March–April 1974) to #116 (March–April 1975) of the series were in the 100 Page Super Spectacular format.[31] Libra, a supervillain created by Wein and Dillin in Justice League of America #111 (May–June 1974),[32] would play a leading role in Grant Morrison's Final Crisis storyline in 2008.
Writers Cary Bates and Elliot S. Maggin wrote themselves into the 1975 JLA–JSA crossover in issues #123 and 124 with Bates becoming a supervillain.[33][34]
Wonder Woman rejoined the team following a major two-year story arc, largely written by Martin Pasko. To prove her worthiness to rejoin the JLA, Wonder Woman voluntarily underwent twelve trials analogous to the labors of Hercules, each of which was monitored in secret by a member of the JLA.[35] After the conclusion of the storyline in Wonder Woman #222, the character's return to the JLA occurred in a two-part story in Justice League of America #128–129 (March–April 1976).[36]
Steve Englehart wrote the series beginning with issue #139 and provided another unofficial crossover with Marvel Comics in issue #142 by reworking his character Mantis into the DC Universe as a character named "Willow".[37] Englehart left the title with issue #150. From issue #139 to #157 the issues were giant sized.
Writer Gerry Conway had a lengthy association with the title as well. His first JLA story appeared in issue #125 (December 1975) and he became the series' regular writer with issue #151 (February 1978). With a few exceptions, Conway would write the team's adventures until issue #255 (October 1986).[38] Julius Schwartz, who had edited the title since the first issue, left the series with issue #165 (April 1979).[6] The 1979 crossover with the Justice Society in issues #171 and 172 saw the death of the original Mister Terrific.[39] After Dick Dillin's death, George Pérez, Don Heck, and Rich Buckler would rotate as artist on the title. The double-sized anniversary issue #200 (March 1982) was a "jam" featuring a story written by Conway, a framing sequence drawn by Pérez, and chapters drawn by Pat Broderick, Jim Aparo, Dick Giordano, Gil Kane, Carmine Infantino, Brian Bolland, and Joe Kubert.[40] Bolland's chapter gave the artist his "first stab at drawing Batman."[41] Pérez would leave the title with issue #200[42] to concentrate on The New Teen Titans although he would contribute covers to the JLA through issue #220 (November 1983). The 1982 team-up with the Justice Society in issues #207–209 crossed over with All-Star Squadron #14–15.[43][44] A Justice League story by Gerry Conway and Rich Buckler originally intended for publication as an issue of All-New Collectors' Edition saw print in Justice League of America #210–212 (January–March 1983).[45][46][47]
Seeking to capitalize on the popularity of their other team books, which focused upon heroes in their late teens/early 20s, Gerry Conway and artist Chuck Patton revamped the Justice League series. After most of the original heroes fail to help fend off an invasion of Martians, Aquaman dissolves the League and rewrites its charter to allow only heroes who will devote their full-time to the roster.[48] The new team initially consists of Aquaman, Zatanna, Martian Manhunter, Elongated Man, the Vixen, and a trio of teenage heroes Gypsy, Steel, and Vibe.[49] Aquaman leaves the team after a year, due to resolving marital problems, and his role as leader is assumed by the Martian Manhunter.
The final storyline for the original Justice League of America series (#258–261), by writer J. M. DeMatteis and artist Luke McDonnell,[50] concludes with the murders of Vibe and Steel at the hands of robots created by long-time League nemesis Professor Ivo, and the resignations of Vixen, Gypsy, and the Elongated Man during the events of DC's Legends miniseries, which sees the team disband.
Modern incarnations
Justice League International
The 1986 company-wide crossover "Legends" concluded with the formation of a new Justice League. The new team was dubbed "Justice League" then "Justice League International" (JLI) and was given a mandate with less of an American focus. The new series, written by Keith Giffen and J. M. DeMatteis with art by Kevin Maguire[51] (and later Adam Hughes), added quirky humor to the team's stories. In this incarnation, the membership consisted partly of heroes from Earths that, prior to their merging in the Crisis on Infinite Earths, were separate. The initial team included Batman, Black Canary, Blue Beetle, Captain Marvel, Doctor Light (a new Japanese female character, emerging from the Crisis of Infinite Earths, not the supervillain who had appeared previously), Doctor Fate, Martian Manhunter, Mister Miracle, and Guy Gardner; and soon after inception, adds Booster Gold, Captain Atom, Fire (then known as the Global Guardians' Green Flame), Ice (then known as the Global Guardians' Icemaiden), and two Rocket Reds (one was a Manhunter spy, and one was Dimitri Pushkin). The Giffen/DeMatteis team worked on Justice League for five years and closed out their run with the "Breakdowns" storyline in 1991 and 1992.[52] The series' humorous tone and high level of characterization proved very popular.
After Giffen and DeMatteis' departure. DC created numerous spin-off titles. In 1996, the series was canceled, along with spinoffs Justice League Europe, Extreme Justice, and Justice League Task Force.
The low sales of the various Justice League spinoff books prompted DC to revamp the League as a single team (all the various branch teams were disbanded) on a single title. A Justice League of America formed in the September 1996 limited series Justice League: A Midsummer's Nightmare by Mark Waid and Fabian Nicieza, which reunited the "Original Seven" of the League for the first time since Crisis on Infinite Earths. In 1997, DC Comics launched a new Justice League series titled JLA, written by Grant Morrison with art by Howard Porter and inker John Dell.[53]
Morrison introduced the idea of the JLA allegorically representing a pantheon of gods, with their different powers and personalities, incorporating such characters as Zauriel, Big Barda, Orion, Huntress, Oracle (Barbara Gordon), Steel (John Henry Irons), and Plastic Man. He also had Aztek, Tomorrow Woman, and Green Arrow (Connor Hawke) as temporaries.
During the 2005–2006 event "Infinite Crisis", the series ended as Green Arrow struggled in vain to keep the League afloat. (JLA #120–125)
In 52 Week 24, Firestorm recruits a group to reform the Justice League. It consists of Firehawk, Super-Chief, Bulleteer, and Ambush Bug. They fight a deranged Skeets who takes Super-Chief's powers, killing him and numerous people who had received powers through Lex Luthor's Everyman Project. Afterward, Firestorm breaks up the team. Also in the series, Luthor's new Infinity, Inc. was informally referred to as a "Justice League" in solicitations and on covers.
Justice League of America (vol. 2)
One year after the events of Infinite Crisis, Superman, Batman, and Wonder Woman reunite in the Batcave to re-form the League in Justice League of America #0, the kick-off for a new series by Brad Meltzer and Ed Benes.[54] The series featured a roster which included Green Lantern (Hal Jordan), Black Canary, Red Arrow (Green Arrow's former sidekick), Red Tornado, Vixen, Black Lightning, and Hawkgirl. The first arc of the series focused upon Red Tornado and pitted the team against a new intelligent incarnation of Solomon Grundy and the rebuilt Amazo. The new incarnation of the team has two main headquarters, linked by a transporter. At the first site is The Hall, which in the mainstream DC Universe is a refurnished version of the Justice Society of America and the All-Star Squadron's former headquarters located in Washington, D.C.. Black Canary is elected as the first official Chairperson after the fight against Amazo and Solomon Grundy, and led both the Justice League and Justice Society in a complex quest to reunite time-lost members of the pre-Crisis Legion of Super-Heroes, who had been sent back in time to free both Bart Allen and Flash from the other dimensional realm of the Speed Force. Meltzer left the series at the end of issue #12, with one of his subplots (Per Degaton, a pre-nuclear fire mutation version of Despero, and a circa 1948 version of the Ultra-Humanite gathering for an unknown plot) resolved in the pages of Booster Gold.
Dwayne McDuffie took over the writing job with the Justice League Anniversary Special and the main book with issue #13. Due to DC Comics seeking to launch a spin-off Justice League book led by Hal Jordan, the character was removed from the main League series and replaced by John Stewart. Firestorm also joined the roster, with the series entering into a series of tie-in storylines towards Countdown to Final Crisis, with the arrest of a large number of supervillains (gathered by Lex Luthor and Deathstroke to attack the League on the eve of the wedding of Black Canary and Green Arrow) setting up the Salvation Run tie-in miniseries. Also, roster members Red Tornado and Geo-Force were written out. McDuffie's removed Hal Jordan in favor of Stewart. Jordan was restored to the roster by issue #19 of the series, only to be removed once again by issue #31.
Issue #21 saw the return of Libra and the Human Flame, setting up their appearances in Final Crisis. Later issues would resolve issues involving Vixen's power level increase and see the integration of the Milestone Comics characters the Shadow Cabinet and Icon, who fought the Justice League over the remains of the villainous Doctor Light. The group suffered greater losses during Final Crisis with the deaths of Martian Manhunter and Batman, as well as the resignations of Superman and Wonder Woman, who could no longer devote themselves full-time to the League due to the events of the New Krypton and Rise of the Olympian storylines in their respective titles. Hal Jordan would resign as well, clearing the way for John Stewart's return to the team. Black Canary found herself declaring the League no more, though the group would continue with Canary taking a secondary role. Her last act as leader was to assign John Stewart and Firestorm the task of hunting down the Human Flame, for his part in the murder of Martian Manhunter, as seen in the Final Crisis Aftermath: Run! miniseries.
Vixen would take over the team, with Plastic Man rejoining the group. Len Wein wrote a three-part fill-in story for Justice League of America[55] that ran from #35 to #37. McDuffie was fired from the title before he could return, after discussion postings to the DC Comics message board, detailing behind-the-scenes creative decisions on his run, which were republished in the rumor column "Lying In The Gutter".[56] James Robinson was announced as the new Justice League of America writer.[57]
Wein's fill-in run would be published as Justice League: Cry For Justice neared its conclusion, as Vixen and Black Canary's group (sans John Stewart) would confront Hal Jordan and Green Arrow's makeshift Justice League group, which had stumbled upon a plot by the villain Prometheus that had resulted in much death and carnage. During the confrontation over Jordan's group using torture to extract information from the villains being blackmailed into carrying out Prometheus' plan, both Roy Harper and Supergirl would discover that one of Jordan's heroes, Captain Marvel Jr., was really Prometheus in disguise. In the ensuing battle, the League would suffer horrible losses: Roy Harper was maimed and his daughter Lian and hundreds of thousands of people in Star City would be killed by a doomsday device a Prometheus had activated. Vixen would have her leg broken and Plastic Man would have his powers permanently scrambled, making him a slowly disintegrating puddle creature. To save other cities from being destroyed like Star City, the League reluctantly allowed Prometheus to go free. Green Arrow (with help from the Shade) would later track down and kill Prometheus.
Following the events of "Blackest Night", Hal Jordan and Donna Troy begin the task of rebuilding the League, with Green Arrow, the Atom, Batman, Mon-El, Donna, Cyborg, Doctor Light, Starfire, Congorilla, and the Guardian.
At the end of issue #43, the majority of the new members leave. Mon-El and the Guardian leave after Mon-El returns to the future, Black Canary returns to the Birds of Prey, Starfire leaves to join the R.E.B.E.L.S., Green Lantern leaves to locate the other Lantern Corps Entities, and Green Arrow is forced to leave due to his fugitive status. James Robinson said this was due to having second thoughts about his decision to use so many characters, and that the team would have a different roster in the coming months.[58] To replace the departed members, Jade and Jesse Quick were added to the team. Cyborg remained with the team in a reduced capacity, and was eventually given his own co-feature storyline for issues #48–50.[59]
DC announced that Saint Walker of the Blue Lantern Corps would be joining the Justice League during a tie-in to the Reign of Doomsday crossover, but the character did not become a full member due to the cancellation of the title.[60]
The series ended with issue #60 (October 2011), the title being one of the numerous DC books cancelled after the "Flashpoint" crossover. The finale issue was set one year after the events of #59 and saw Batman disbanding the League due to most of the individual members becoming preoccupied with personal commitments. The final storyline recounted the League's activities during the year-long gap, summarizing story arcs that had been planned for upcoming JLA issues but abandoned due to the transition to the New 52 continuity.
The New 52
|Justice League
Cover for Justice League (vol. 2) #1 (October 2011).
Art by Jim Lee and Scott Williams.
|Publication information
|DC Comics
|Publication date
|Number of issues
|Main character(s)
|Justice League
|Creative team
Geoff Johns
Jim Lee
In September 2011, following the conclusion of the Flashpoint miniseries, all DC titles were canceled, relaunched as the New 52, and started at issue #1, rebooting DC's continuity. Justice League of America was relaunched as Justice League, written by Geoff Johns and drawn by Jim Lee, and was the first of the new titles released, coming out the same day as the final issue of Flashpoint.[61] The first six-issue storyline is set five years in the past and features a new origin for the team.[62] The series then shifted to the present in issue #7.[63] After the first 12 issues, Jim Lee was succeeded as artist by Ivan Reis.[64] Subsequently, Jason Fabok succeeded Reis as the book's regular penciller.
The initial roster of the team consists of Superman, Batman, Wonder Woman, Green Lantern (Hal Jordan; who has since left the team), Aquaman, the Flash (Barry Allen), and Cyborg,[65][66] while the Atom (Rhonda Pineda), Firestorm (Ronnie Raymond), and Element Woman join as additional members.[67]
In addition to this series, two other Justice League-related titles were launched during the same month: a new Justice League International; written by Dan Jurgens and drawn by Aaron Lopresti;[68] featuring an initial roster of Batman, Booster Gold, Rocket Red (Gavril Ivanovich), Vixen, Green Lantern (Guy Gardner), Fire, Ice, August General in Iron,[69] and Godiva, and Justice League Dark; written by Peter Milligan and drawn by Mikel Janin; featuring an initial roster consisting of John Constantine, Shade, the Changing Man, Madame Xanadu, Deadman, Zatanna, and new character called Mindwarp.[70] In May 2012, DC announced the cancellation of Justice League International with issue 12 and an annual.[71]
The cancellation of Justice League International led into the launch of a new Justice League of America title (volume 3). The new Justice League of America is entirely separate from the main Justice League as the new team was formed by Amanda Waller and consists of Steve Trevor, Martian Manhunter, Green Arrow, Hawkman, Catwoman, the new Green Lantern Simon Baz, Stargirl, Katana and Vibe.[72] Katana and Vibe later received their own ongoing titles, although both were cancelled after 10 issues.[73] The new Atom, Rhonda Pineda, is also a member of the Justice League of America. She works as a spy to gain intel on the Justice League, reporting to Amanda Waller and Steve Trevor.[74] It is later revealed that, unknown to the members of either team, she is actually a member of Earth-3's Crime Syndicate, and is betraying both teams. Each member of the Justice League of America is intended to be a counterpart to the members of the Justice League, in case the Justice League would ever go rogue.[75] Catwoman and Green Arrow both serve as counterparts for Batman.[76]
The Justice League, Justice League of America and Justice League Dark clash in the "Trinity War" storyline, and Shazam (whose origin was told in a back-up feature in Justice League) joins the Justice League. Atom is revealed to be from a parallel universe; she is in fact a mole spying on both teams for the evil Crime Syndicate of Earth-3. The Syndicate roundly defeats the assembled Leagues, triggering the Forever Evil crossover event. In the aftermath of Forever Evil, following their crucial and public role in defeating the Crime Syndicate, Lex Luthor and Captain Cold join the Justice League. A young woman named Jessica Cruz joins the team after becoming attached to Crime Syndicate's sentient Power Ring and gaining control of its Green Lantern-like abilities.
In August 2013, it was announced that Justice League of America would be retitled Justice League Canada following Forever Evil,[77][78] with the team relocating to Canada, although in the end it launched as a new series, Justice League United in January 2014. Its team members are Animal Man, Martian Manhunter, Green Arrow, Hawkman, Stargirl, Supergirl, Adam Strange and his wife Alanna,[79] along with new Canadian superhero Equinox, a 16-year-old Cree teenager from Moose Factory whose civilian name is Miiyahbin and whose powers change with the seasons.[80] The series, written by Lemire and drawn by Mike McKone. This new team has taken part in mostly space-faring adventures, and its adventures have not involved the other Justice League.
In June 2015, DC launched a fourth volume, Justice League of America, written and illustrated by Bryan Hitch. It features the same members from Justice League.
DC Universe: Rebirth
In February 2016, DC announced a "Rebirth" event[81] similar to the New 52. In March, they announced a new line of books, including a Justice League series written by Bryan Hitch and drawn by Tony Daniel and Fernando Pasarin, which debuted in June 2016.[82][83] The team will consist of Superman (pre-Flashpoint version), Batman, Wonder Woman, The Flash, Aquaman, Cyborg, and two new Green Lanterns, Jessica Cruz and Simon Baz.
Starting in February 2017 as part of DC Rebirth's second wave, a new Justice League of America series will be released. The team will consist of the Atom, Vixen, the Ray, and Killer Frost. The month prior to this, each member will receive a one-shot issue. On October 28, it was revealed that Batman, Black Canary, and Lobo would be joining the team as well.[84]
Various origins of the Justice League
In a story told in flashback in Justice League of America #9 (February 1962), the Appelaxians infiltrated Earth.[85] Competing alien warriors were sent to see who could conquer Earth first, to determine who will become the new ruler of their home planet. The aliens' attacks drew the attentions of Superman, Batman, Wonder Woman, Flash (Barry Allen), Green Lantern (Hal Jordan), Aquaman, and Martian Manhunter. While the superheroes individually defeated most of the invaders, the heroes fell prey to a single competitor's attack; only by working together were they able to defeat the competitor. For many years, the heroes heralded this adventure as the event that prompted them to agree to pool resources when confronted with similar menaces.
In Justice League of America #144 (July 1977), Green Arrow uncovered inconsistencies in the team's records[86] and extracted admissions from his colleagues that the seven founders had actually formed the League after Martian Manhunter was rescued from Martian forces by the other six founders, along with several other heroes including Robin, Robotman, Congo Bill/Congorilla, Rex the Wonder Dog and even Lois Lane.
Green Lantern participated in this first adventure solely as Hal Jordan, as he had yet to become the costumed hero, the biggest inconsistency Arrow found, as they celebrated the earlier incident's date, while recounting only the later one's events. When the group formalized their agreement, they suppressed news of it because of anti-Martian hysteria. Because the heroes had not revealed their identities to each other at the time, they did not realize that Jordan and Green Lantern were one and the same when he turned up in costume during the event described in #9. While most subsequent accounts of the League have made little mention of this first adventure, the animated Justice League series adapted this tale as the origin of the Justice League as well.
Secret Origins (vol. 2) #32 (November 1988) updated Justice League of America #9's origin for post-Crisis continuity. Differences included the inclusion of the Silver Age Black Canary as a founding member and the absence of Batman, Wonder Woman and Superman. The JLA: Year One limited series, by Mark Waid, Brian Augustyn and Barry Kitson, further expanded the Secret Origins depiction.[87]
In Justice League Task Force #16 (Sept. 1994), during Zero Hour, a then unknown superhuman named Triumph appeared. Triumph was revealed to have been a founding member of the Justice League and was their leader. On his first mission with the Justice League, Triumph seemingly "saved the world" but was teleported into a dimensional limbo that also affected the timestream, erasing all memory of him.
In Infinite Crisis #7 (June 2006), the formation of "New Earth" (the new name for the post-Crisis Earth) restored Wonder Woman as a founding member of the Justice League. In Brad Meltzer's Justice League of America (vol. 2) #0 (September 2006), it was revealed that Superman and Batman were again founding members as well. 52 #51 (June 2007) confirmed that the 1989 Secret Origins and JLA: Year One origins were still in continuity at that time, with Superman, Batman and Wonder Woman joining the team with founding members' status shortly after the group's formation with Aquaman, Black Canary, Flash, Green Lantern and Martian Manhunter.[88] In Justice League of America #12 (October 2007), the founding members of the Justice League were shown to be Superman, Batman, Wonder Woman, Green Lantern (Hal Jordan), Flash (Barry Allen), Aquaman and the Martian Manhunter.
With DC's history rewritten due to the Flashpoint limited series, an entirely new origin for the Justice League appeared in the subsequent Justice League series which debuted with an October 2011 cover date as part of the company-wide event, The New 52. Issue #1 portrayed the first meeting between Batman and Hal Jordan, with the two encountering each other during a battle against a Parademon in Gotham City. After realizing the creature is extraterrestrial in origin, the two heroes head to Metropolis to seek out Superman only to be attacked by him.[89] Later, after a brief fight in which the Flash arrives and Batman convinces Superman they are on the same side, they move to an abandoned building to work on analyzing a mysterious alien box, when it suddenly activates and more Parademons arrive.[90] While fighting the Parademons, Aquaman and Wonder Woman appear and join forces with the other heroes.[91] The mysterious box leads to Darkseid's arrival on Earth, and the heroes come together, along with the newcomer Cyborg, to defeat him. The public becomes enamored with the heroes, and a writer dubs the group the 'Justice League', following the Flash's suggestion of 'Super Seven'.[92]
Justice League
|Real name
|Joined in
| New 52 Justice League
The Justice League was rebooted in 2011.
|Clark Kent/Kal-El
|Justice League Vol. 2 #6
|Founding member
|Bruce Wayne
|Barry Allen
|Wonder Woman
|Princess Diana
|Orin/Arthur Curry
|Victor Stone
|Green Lantern
|Hal Jordan
|Martian Manhunter
|J'onn J'onzz/John Jones
|Between Justice League Vol. 2 #6 and Justice League Vol. 2 #7
|Joined but later attacked the Justice League and left, as noted in Justice League vol. 2 #8.
Former member of Stormwatch.
Former member of the Justice League of America.
|The Atom
|Rhonda Pineda
|Justice League Vol. 2 #18
| Revealed in Justice League Vol. 2 #23 to actually be a member of the Crime Syndicate of America, a spy posing as a member of the Justice League.
Died in Forever Evil #7.
|Element Woman
|Emily Sung
|Left after Forever Evil #7
|Ronnie Raymond and Jason Rusch
|Captain Marvel
|Billy Batson
|Justice League Vol. 2 #31
|No longer a member after the DC Rebirth event
|Lex Luthor
|Lex Luthor
|Justice League Vol. 2 #33
|Captain Cold
|Leonard Snart
|Green Lantern
|Jessica Cruz
|Justice League Vol. 2 #35
|Green Lantern
|Simon Baz
|Green Lantern: Rebirth #1
|Former member of the Justice League of America.
The Justice League often unite to face supervillains who pose catastrophic challenges to the world.
Related series
|JLA: Classified
Cover of JLA: Classified #1 by Ed McGuinness.
|Publication information
|DC Comics
|Publication date
|January 2005 – May 2008
|Number of issues
|Creative team
Grant Morrison
Ed McGuinness
Throughout the years, various incarnations or subsections of the team have operated as Justice League Dark, Justice League Europe, Justice League International, Justice League Task Force, Justice League Elite, Justice League United, and Extreme Justice.
Formerly Known as the Justice League
In 2003, Giffen, DeMatteis, and Maguire returned with a separate limited series called Formerly Known as the Justice League[93] with the same humor as their Justice League run, and featuring some of the same characters in a team called the "Super Buddies" (a parody of the Super Friends). A follow-up limited series, entitled I Can't Believe It's Not the Justice League, soon was prepared, although it was delayed due to the events shown in the Identity Crisis limited series, but was eventually released as the second arc in JLA: Classified. The Super Buddies consisted of Blue Beetle, Booster Gold, Captain Atom, Fire, Mary Marvel, the Elongated Man with his wife, Sue Dibny, Maxwell Lord, and L-Ron. The second story arc of JLA: Classified focuses on the Super Buddies in a humorous story that features Power Girl, Guy Gardner, with and associated by Doctor Fate.
In 2003–2004, George Pérez and Kurt Busiek produced a JLA/Avengers crossover,[94] an idea that had been delayed for 20 years for various reasons. In this limited series, the Justice League and Marvel Comics' superhero team the Avengers were forced to find key artifacts in one another's universe, as well as deal with the threats of villains Krona and the Grandmaster.
JLA: Classified
In 2004, DC began an anthology series titled JLA: Classified, which would feature rotating writers and artists producing self-contained story-arcs and aborted mini-series projects that were reappropriated for publication within the pages of the series, starring the JLA. While the bulk of the stories took place within the continuity of the series (circa JLA #76–113) some of the stories take place outside of regular DC Universe canon. The series was canceled as of issue #54 (May 2008).
In October 2005, DC began publishing the 12-issue miniseries Justice by writer Jim Krueger, writer/illustrator Alex Ross, and artist Doug Braithwaite. The story, which takes place outside regular DC continuity, has Lex Luthor assembling the Legion of Doom after he and several other villains begin to have nightmares about the end of the world and the failure of the Justice League to prevent the apocalypse. As the Legion begins engaging in unprecedented humanitarian deeds throughout the world, they also launch a series of attacks on the Justice League and their families. The threat that the Legion was warned about destroying the Earth turns out to be caused by Brainiac, who seeks to destroy Earth during the chaos.
Justice League: Cry for Justice
Originally planned as an ongoing title, Justice League: Cry For Justice is a mini-series written by James Robinson and drawn by Mauro Cascioli. The mini-series, set after the events of Final Crisis, has Hal Jordan leaving the League following the deaths of Batman and Martian Manhunter, as their deaths have caused Hal to seek a more proactive manner of dealing with super-villains. Hal, along with Green Arrow, and later joined by Supergirl, Captain Marvel Jr., and Batwoman are then recruited by Ray Palmer to investigate a murder of a former colleague that had been carried out on orders from Prometheus. This ties into another string of murders, bringing Starman Mikaal Tomas and Congorilla together as their investigation of the murders of several European super-heroes are also revealed to be the work of Prometheus.
With help from the Hawkman villain I.Q., Prometheus plans on creating the ultimate weapon in mass murder, a massive doomsday device which he plans on using to destroy entire cities, as part of his revenge scheme against the JLA for lobotomizing him. Disguised as Captain Marvel Jr., Prometheus maims Roy Harper and brutally injures JLA members Dr. Light II, Vixen, and Plastic Man while using the JLA Satellite to activate his doomsday device, which destroys Star City, killing 90,000 innocent civilians, including Roy Harper's young daughter Lian. Prometheus ultimately extorts his freedom from the League in exchange for the codes that will shut down his weapon, much to the horror of the JLA members. Green Arrow (with help from reformed villain the Shade), tracks Prometheus down and kills him by firing an arrow into his head.
The mini-series leads directly into the formation of a brand new JLA roster with Green Lantern Hal Jordan, Donna Troy, Dick Grayson as Batman, Doctor Light (Kimiyo Hoshi), Mon-El, Cyborg, Starfire, Congorilla, Guardian, and Mikaal Tomas.
JLA/The 99
Launching in October 2010, JLA/The 99 was a crossover mini-series featuring the Justice League teaming up with the heroes of Teshkeel Comics' The 99 series. The JLA consisted of Batman, Superman, Wonder Woman, Green Lantern (John Stewart), The Flash (Barry Allen), The Atom (Ray Palmer), Doctor Light (Kimiyo Hoshi), Hawkman, and Firestorm (Jason Rusch).
Cultural impact
The comic's early success was indirectly responsible for the creation of the Fantastic Four. When Marvel-Timely owner Martin Goodman heard in 1961 how well DC's then-new book Justice League was selling, he told Stan Lee, his comics editor, to come up with a team of superheroes for Marvel.[95] The result was Fantastic Four #1 by Lee and Jack Kirby, which debuted in November 1961.[96]
Marvel also introduced a team of villains in 1971 based on the Justice League called Squadron Supreme which has appeared in print as well as Disney XD's Avengers Assemble animated series. The characters are analogous to Superman, (Hyperion), Batman (Nighthawk), Wonder Woman (Power Princess), Green Lantern (Doctor Spectrum), and Flash (Speed Demon).
The original Justice League of America series has won:
- 1961 Alley Awards for "Best Comic Book"[97]
- 1961 Alley Awards for "Best Adventure-Hero Group"[97]
- 1963 Alley Awards for "Favorite Novel" ("Crisis on Earth-One/Crisis on Earth-Two" in Justice League of America #21–22 by Gardner Fox and Mike Sekowsky)[98]
- 1963 Alley Awards for "Strip that Should Be Improved"[98]
- 1963 Alley Awards for "Artist Preferred on Justice League of America" (Murphy Anderson)[98]
- 1973 Shazam Awards for "Best Inker (Dramatic Division)" (Dick Giordano)[99]
Collected editions
Silver Age Justice League of America
This series has been collected in the following:
|Material collected
|Justice League of America Archives volume 1
|The Brave and the Bold #28–30, Justice League of America #1–6
|Justice League of America Archives volume 2
|Justice League of America #7–14
|Justice League of America Archives volume 3
|Justice League of America #15–22
|Justice League of America Archives volume 4
|Justice League of America #23–30
|Justice League of America Archives volume 5
|Justice League of America #31–38, #40*
|Justice League of America Archives volume 6
|Justice League of America #41–47, #49–50*
|Justice League of America Archives volume 7
|Justice League of America #51–57, #59–60*
|Justice League of America Archives volume 8
|Justice League of America #61–66, #68–70*
|Justice League of America Archives volume 9
|Justice League of America #71–80
|Justice League of America Archives volume 10
|Justice League of America #81–93
|Showcase Presents Justice League of America volume 1
|The Brave and the Bold #28–30; Justice League of America #1–16; Mystery in Space #75
|Showcase Presents Justice League of America volume 2
|Justice League of America #17–36
|Showcase Presents Justice League of America volume 3
|Justice League of America #37–38; #40–47; #49–57; #59–60*
|Showcase Presents Justice League of America volume 4
|Justice League of America #61–66; #68–75; #77–83*
|Showcase Presents Justice League of America volume 5
|Justice League of America #84; #86–92; #94–106*
|Showcase Presents Justice League of America volume 6
|Justice League of America #107–132*
|Justice League of America Chronicles volume 1
|The Brave and the Bold #28–30; Justice League of America #1–3
* omitted issues that featured reprints of material from earlier volumes.
Also collected in Omnibus
|Material collected
|"Justice League of America Omnibus" Volume 1
|The Brave and the Bold #28–30, Justice League of America #1–30
|"Justice League of America Silver Age Omnibus" Volume 2*
|Justice League of America #31–76, Mystery in Space #75
|"Justice League of America: The Bronze Age Omnibus" Volume 1*
|Justice League of America #77–113
* Release Date: June 29 2016
Justice League/Justice League International/Justice League America (1987–1996)
This series has been collected in the following collections (there are hardcover and trade paperback versions of all volumes):
|Material collected
|Justice League International Volume 1
|Justice League #1–6, Justice League International #7
|Justice League International Volume 2
|Justice League International #8–14, Justice League Annual #1
|Justice League International Volume 3
|Justice League International #15–22
|Justice League International Volume 4
|Justice League International #23–25, Justice League America #26–30
|Justice League International Volume 5
|Justice League International Annual #2–3, Justice League Europe #1–6
|Justice League International Volume 6
|Justice League America #31–35, Justice League Europe #7–11
This series has been collected in the following trade paperbacks:
|Material collected
|New World Order
|American Dreams
|Rock of Ages
|Strength in Numbers
|JLA #16–23, JLA Secret Files #2, New Year's Evil: Prometheus (one-shot)
|Justice For All
|World War III
|Tower of Babel
|JLA #42–46, JLA Secret Files #3, JLA 80-Page Giant #1
|Divided We Fall
|Terror Incognita
|Golden Perfect
|The Obsidian Age (Book 1)
|The Obsidian Age (Book 2)
|Rules of Engagement
|Trial By Fire
|The Tenth Circle
|Pain of the Gods
|Syndicate Rules
|JLA #107–114, and a story from JLA Secret Files 2004
|Crisis of Conscience
|World Without a Justice League
This series has been collected in the following Grant Morrison-centric hardcover (and later paperback) collections:
|Material collected
|JLA: The Deluxe Edition Vol. 1
|JLA #1–9, plus a story included in JLA: Secret Files and Origins #1
|JLA: The Deluxe Edition Vol. 2
|JLA #10–17, Prometheus (one-shot), plus JLA/WILDCATS
|JLA: The Deluxe Edition Vol. 3
|JLA #22–26, 28–31 and 1,000,000
|JLA: The Deluxe Edition Vol. 4
|JLA #34, 36–41, JLA: Classified #1–3, JLA: Earth II
Justice League of America (vol. 2) (2006–2011)
This series has been collected in the following hardcover collections:
|Material collected
|The Tornado's Path
|Justice League of America (vol. 2) #1–7
|The Lightning Saga
| Justice League of America (vol. 2) #0, #8–12;
Justice Society of America (vol. 3) #5–6
|The Injustice League
| Justice League of America (vol. 2) #13–16;
JLA Wedding Special #1
|Justice League of America (vol. 2) #17–21
|The Second Coming
|Justice League of America (vol. 2) #22–26
|When Worlds Collide
|Justice League of America (vol. 2) #27–28, #30–34
|Team History
|Justice League of America (vol. 2) #38–43
|The Dark Things
| Justice League of America (vol. 2) #44–48;
Justice Society of America (vol. 3) #41–42
|Justice League of America (vol. 2) #49–53
|The Rise of Eclipso
| Justice League of America (vol. 2) #54–60;
Justice Society of America (vol. 3) #43
The New 52 Justice League (vol. 2) (2011–2016)
The series has been collected in the following hardcover collections:
|Material collected
|Justice League (vol. 1) #1–6
|The Villain's Journey
|Justice League (vol. 2) #7–12
|Throne of Atlantis
| Justice League (vol. 2) #13–17;
Aquaman (vol. 7) #15–16
|The Grid
|Justice League (vol. 2) #18–20, 22–23
|Forever Heroes
|Justice League (vol. 2) #24–29
|Injustice League
|Justice League (vol. 2) #30–39
|The Darkseid War Part 1
|Justice League (vol. 2) #40–44 and a sneak peek from Divergence
|The Darkseid War Part 2
|Justice League (vol. 2) #45–50, Justice League: Darkseid War #1
The New 52 Justice League of America (vol. 3) (2013–2014)
|Material collected
|World's Most Dangerous
|Justice League of America Vol. 3 #1–7
|Survivors of Evil
|Justice League of America Vol. 3 #8–14
DC Rebirth Justice League (vol. 3) (2016–present)
|Material collected
|The Extinction Machine
|Justice League: Rebirth #1, Justice League Vol. 3 #1–5
Miscellaneous reprints
These trades reprint themed issues.
|Material collected
|Justice League of America Hereby Elects
|Justice League of America #4, 75, 105–106, 146, 161, and 173–174
|JLA: The Greatest Stories Ever Told
|Justice League of America #19, 77, 122, and 166–168,
Justice League #1, JLA Secret Files #1 and JLA #61
|Crisis on Multiple Earths volume 1
|Justice League of America ##21–22, 29–30, 37–38, and 46–47
|Crisis on Multiple Earths volume 2
|Justice League of America #55–56, 64–65, 73–74, and 82–83
|Crisis on Multiple Earths volume 3
|Justice League of America #91–92, 100–102, 107–108, and 113
|Crisis on Multiple Earths volume 4
|Justice League of America #123–124, 135–137, and 147–148
|Crisis on Multiple Earths volume 5
|Justice League of America #159–160, 171–172, and 183–185
|Crisis on Multiple Earths volume 6
|Justice League of America #195–197, 207–209 and crossover issues All-Star Squadron #14–15
In other media
See also
Spin-off groups
- Extreme Justice
- Justice League 3000
- Justice League Antarctica
- Justice League Dark
- Justice League Elite
- Justice League Europe
- Justice League International
- Justice League Task Force
- Justice League United
- Justice Leagues
- Super Buddies
- Super Friends
- Shadowpact
- Young Justice
- ↑ Fox, Gardner (w), Sekowsky, Mike (p), Sachs, Bernard, Giella, Joe, Anderson, Murphy (i). "Starro the Conqueror" The Brave and the Bold 28 (March 1960)
- 1 2 Eury, Michael (2005). The Justice League Companion. Raleigh, North Carolina: TwoMorrows Publishing. p. 10. ISBN 1-893905-48-9.
The readers were more familiar with 'League' from the National League and the American League.
- ↑ Rosen, Christopher (June 6, 2012). "Justice League Movie: Warner Bros. Hires Gangster Squad Writer To Resurrect Superhero Supergroup". The Huffington Post. Archived from the original on June 24, 2012. Retrieved June 24, 2012.
- ↑ McAvennie, Michael; Dolan, Hannah, ed. (2010). "1960s". DC Comics Year By Year A Visual Chronicle. London, United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. p. 99. ISBN 978-0-7566-6742-9.
Editor Julius Schwartz had repopulated the [superhero] subculture by revitalizing Golden Age icons like Green Lantern and the Flash. He recruited writer Gardner Fox and artist Mike Sekowsky, and together they came up with the Justice League of America, a modern version of the legendary Justice Society of America from the 1940s.
- ↑ Daniels, Les (1995). "The Justice League of America A Team of Good Sports". DC Comics: Sixty Years of the World's Favorite Comic Book Heroes. New York, New York: Bulfinch Press. p. 127. ISBN 0821220764.
Justice League was a hit. It solidified once and for all the importance of super hero groups, and in the process provided a playground where DC's characters could attract new fans while entertaining established admirers.
- 1 2 "Julius Schwartz' run on the Justice League of America". Grand Comics Database.
- ↑ Fox, Gardner (w), Sekowsky, Mike (p), Sachs, Bernard (i). "Doom of the Star Diamond" Justice League of America 4 (April–May 1961)
- ↑ Fox, Gardner (w), Sekowsky, Mike (p), Sachs, Bernard (i). "The Menace of the 'Atom' Bomb!" Justice League of America 14 (September 1962)
- ↑ Fox, Gardner (w), Sekowsky, Mike (p), Sachs, Bernard (i). "Riddle of the Runaway Room!" Justice League of America 31 (November 1964)
- ↑ McAvennie "1960s" in Dolan, p. 105: "In a tale written by Gardner Fox, with art by Mike Sekowsky, Dr. Light's first [adventure] was almost the JLA's last."
- ↑ McAvennie "1960s" in Dolan, p. 109: "The two-part 'Crisis on Earth-One!' and 'Crisis on Earth-Two!' saga represented the first use of the term 'Crisis' in crossovers, as well as the designations 'Earth-1' and 'Earth-2'. In it editor Julius Schwartz, [writer Gardner] Fox, and artist Mike Sekowsky devised a menace worthy of the World's Greatest Heroes."
- ↑ McAvennie "1960s" in Dolan, p. 112: "Writer Gardner Fox and artist Mike Sekowsky crafted a tale in which the Crime Syndicate...ambushed the JLA on Earth-1."
- ↑ Fox, Gardner (w), Sekowsky, Mike (p), Sachs, Bernard (i). "Metamorpho Says No!" Justice League of America 42 (February 1966)
- ↑ Dick Dillin's run on Justice League of America at the Grand Comics Database. Dillin missed only the planned reprint issues #67, 76, 85 and 93; issue #153 which was pencilled by George Tuska; and issue #157 where Dillin provided the intro and epilogue pages while Juan Ortiz pencilled the main story.
- ↑ McAvennie "1960s" in Dolan, p. 133: "In less than a year on the Justice League of America series, scribe Denny O'Neil and artist Dick Dillin had made major changes to the team. Two issues after Wonder Woman left the JLA, the Martian Manhunter did the same."
- ↑ O'Neil, Denny (w), Dillin, Dick (p), Greene, Sid (i). "Where Death Fears to Tread" Justice League of America 74 (September 1969)
- ↑ McAvennie "1960s" in Dolan, p. 135: "November [1969] saw Black Canary both relocate and develop her 'canary cry'...The crime-fighting beauty at the behest of writer Denny O'Neil and artist Dick Dillin, left the JSA on Earth-2 to join the JLA on Earth-1."
- ↑ McAvennie "1960s" in Dolan, p. 135: "As told by writer Denny O'Neil and artist Dick Dillin, the JLA suffered heartbreak at the hands of Snapper Carr...a disgraced Snapper resigned his JLA honorary membership."
- ↑ O'Neil, Denny (w), Dillin, Dick (p), Giella, Joe (i). "The Coming of the Doomsters" Justice League of America 78 (February 1970)
- ↑ Wein, Len (w), Dillin, Dick (p), Giordano, Dick (i). "Specter in the Shadows!" Justice League of America 105 (April–May 1973)
- ↑ Wein, Len (w), Dillin, Dick (p), Giordano, Dick (i). "Wolf in the Fold!" Justice League of America 106 (July–August 1973)
- ↑ Englehart, Steve (w), Dillin, Dick (p), McLaughlin, Frank (i). "Inner Mission!" Justice League of America 146 (September 1977)
- ↑ Conway, Gerry (w), Dillin, Dick (p), McLaughlin, Frank (i). "The Reverse-Spells of Zatanna's Magic" Justice League of America 161 (December 1978)
- ↑ Conway, Gerry (w), Dillin, Dick (p), McLaughlin, Frank (i). "The Siren Song of the Satin Satan" Justice League of America 179 (June 1980)
- ↑ McAvennie "1970s" in Dolan, p. 152 "Through an impromptu team-up of the JLA and the Justice Society on Earth-2, writer Len Wein and artist Dick Dillin ushered in the return of DC's Seven Soldiers of Victory."
- ↑ McAvennie "1970s" in Dolan, p. 156 "The annual Justice League-Justice Society get-together resulted in scribe Len Wein and artist Dick Dillin transporting both teams to the alternate reality of Earth-X. There, Nazi Germany ruled after winning a prolonged World War II and only a group of champions called the Freedom Fighters remained to oppose the regime."
- ↑ Larnick, Eric (October 30, 2010). "The Rutland Halloween Parade: Where Marvel and DC First Collided". ComicsAlliance. Archived from the original on December 5, 2011. Retrieved December 5, 2011.
- ↑ Cronin, Brian (October 1, 2010). "Comic Book Legends Revealed #280". Comic Book Resources. Archived from the original on December 5, 2011. Retrieved December 5, 2011.
- ↑ Amazing Adventures #16 (Jan. 1973), Justice League of America #103 (Dec. 1972), and Thor #207 (Jan. 1973) at the Grand Comics Database
- ↑ Riley, Shannon E. (August 2012). "Flashback: 22,300 Miles Above Earth A Look Back at the JLA's 'Satellite Years'". Back Issue!. Raleigh, North Carolina: TwoMorrows Publishing (58): 14.
- ↑ Eury, Michael (July 2015). "A Look at DC's Super Specs". Back Issue!. Raleigh, North Carolina: TwoMorrows Publishing (81): 25.
- ↑ McAvennie "1970s" in Dolan, p. 160 "Through the words of scripter Len Wein and the art of Dick Dillin, the masked menace of Libra established himself as a grave threat to the World's Greatest Heroes."
- ↑ Bates, Cary; Maggin, Elliot S. (w), Dillin, Dick (p), McLaughlin, Frank (i). "Where on Earth Am I?" Justice League of America 123 (October 1975), DC Comics
- ↑ Bates, Cary; Maggin, Elliot S. (w), Dillin, Dick (p), McLaughlin, Frank (i). "Avenging Ghosts of the Justice Society!" Justice League of America 124 (November 1975), DC Comics
- ↑ Jimenez, Phil; Wells, John (2010). The Essential Wonder Woman Encyclopedia. New York, New York: Del Rey Books. pp. 420–421. ISBN 0-345-50107-1. Retrieved November 26, 2011.
- ↑ McAvennie "1970s" in Dolan, p. 169: "The Justice League officially reinstated Wonder Woman in issue #222 of her own series. However, her meeting with the JLA within the pages of their comic [Justice League of America #128] didn't go well, thanks to writer Martin Pasko and artist Dick Dillin."
- ↑ Cronin, Brian (September 15, 2005). "Comic Book Urban Legends Revealed #16!". Comic Book Resources. Archived from the original on April 21, 2012. Retrieved April 21, 2012.
Englehart next began a run on Justice League of America, and in issue #142, Mantis showed up! Only this time, she was calling herself Willow.
- ↑ Gerry Conway's run on Justice League of America at the Grand Comics Database
- ↑ McAvennie "1970s" in Dolan, p. 182: "Writer Gerry Conway and artist Dick Dillin crafted a tale of foul play aboard the JLA satellite, during the team's annual get-together with Earth-2's JSA. Mr. Terrific...was murdered before he could expose a turncoat among the heroes."
- ↑ Sanderson, Peter (September–October 1981). "Justice League #200 All-Star Affair". Comics Feature. New Media Publishing (12/13): 17.
- ↑ Bolland, Brian (2006). Pruett, Joe, ed. The Art of Brian Bolland. Berkeley, California: Image Comics. p. 130. ISBN 1-58240-603-0.
- ↑ George Pérez' run on Justice League of America at the Grand Comics Database
- ↑ Manning, Matthew K. "1980s" in Dolan, p. 198: "The Justice League of America teamed up with the Justice Society of America on a large-scale with 'Crisis on Earth-Prime', a five-part saga that crossed from the pages of Justice League of America into All-Star Squadron."
- ↑ Thomas, Roy (2000). "The Justice League-Justice Society Team-Ups". The All-Star Companion. Raleigh, North Carolina: TwoMorrows Publishing. pp. 191–192. ISBN 1-893905-05-5. Justice League of America #207–209 (Oct.-Dec. 1982) and All-Star Squadron #14–15 (Oct.-Nov. 1982)
- ↑ Justice League of America #210 at the Grand Comics Database
- ↑ Wells, John (October 24, 1997). "'Lost' DC: The DC Implosion". Comics Buyer's Guide (1249). Iola, Wisconsin. p. 132.
- ↑ Wells, John (December 2012). "The Perils of the DC/Marvel Tabloid Era". Back Issue!. Raleigh, North Carolina: TwoMorrows Publishing (61): 6.
- ↑ Conway, Gerry (w), Patton, Chuck (p), Hunt, Dave (i). "--The End of the Justice League!" Justice League of America Annual 2 (1984)
- ↑ Manning "1980s" in Dolan, p. 209 "The prestigious Justice League of America got a bit easier to join, thanks to writer Gerry Conway and artist Chuck Patton. Marking the debut of camouflaging hero Gypsy, the shockwave-casting Vibe, and the second generation hero Steel, this landmark comic saw many of the more famous League members step down in order to make way for a younger roster to carry on their legacy."
- ↑ Manning "1980s" in Dolan, p. 226: "Alongside artist Luke McDonnell, DeMatteis crafted a dramatic four-part finale to the first series of DC's premier team of superheroes."
- ↑ Manning "1980s" in Dolan, p. 228: "It was clear that the [Justice League] needed a major overhaul. But no one quite expected how drastic the transformation would truly be in the hands of writers Keith Giffen and J. M. DeMatteis and artist Kevin Maguire."
- ↑ Manning "1990s" in Dolan, p. 251: "The lauded Giffen/DeMatteis era of the Justice League came to a dramatic close with "Breakdowns", a sixteen-part storyline that crossed through the pages of both Justice League America and Justice League Europe."
- ↑ Manning "1990s" in Dolan, p. 278: "JLA #1 hit the stands, enthralling readers with its compelling, fast-paced story by writer Grant Morrison, and showcasing the art of talented relative newcomer Howard Porter"
- ↑ Cowsill, Alan "2000s" in Dolan, p. 326: "After the success of Identity Crisis, best-selling novelist Brad Meltzer was given the job of relaunching the Justice League of America in the title's second series. With Ed Benes providing the pencils, Meltzer stripped the Justice League back to basics."
- ↑ Renaud, Jeffrey (April 22, 2009). "Len Wein Talks JLA Two-Parter". Comic Book Resources. Archived from the original on April 26, 2009. Retrieved April 8, 2012.
- ↑ Parkin, JK (May 28, 2009). "Dwayne McDuffie fired from Justice League". Comic Book Resources. Archived from the original on June 2, 2009. Retrieved April 8, 2012.
- ↑ Segura, Alex (June 18, 2009). "Some news for you: Robinson, Bagley step aboard Justice League of America". The Source. DC Comics.com. Archived from the original on June 22, 2009. Retrieved April 8, 2012.
- ↑ Evans, Chris (April 5, 2010). "WC10: Spotlight on James Robinson". Comic Book Resources. Archived from the original on April 11, 2010. Retrieved April 8, 2012.
- ↑ Manning, Shaun (April 17, 2010). "C2E2: DC Universe Panel". Comic Book Resources. Archived from the original on April 20, 2010. Retrieved April 8, 2012.
- ↑ Rogers, Vaneta (December 22, 2010). "Black & Blue: James Robinson on the JLA's New Members". Newsarama. Archived from the original on June 28, 2011. Retrieved April 8, 2012.
- ↑ Hyde, David (May 31, 2011). "DC Comics Announces Historic Renumbering of All Superhero Titles and Landmark Day-and-Date Digital Distribution". DC Comics. Archived from the original on April 8, 2012. Retrieved April 8, 2012.
- ↑ Truitt, Brian (May 31, 2011). "DC Comics unleashes a new universe of superhero titles". USA Today. Archived from the original on April 8, 2012. Retrieved April 8, 2012.
- ↑ "Justice League #7". DC Comics. Archived from the original on February 5, 2012. Retrieved February 5, 2012.
- ↑ Johnston, Rich (August 20, 2012). "Geoff Johns To Leave Aquaman With Ivan Reis". Bleeding Cool. Archived from the original on September 8, 2012. Retrieved September 8, 2012.
- ↑ Siegel, Lucas (May 31, 2011). "Updated: DC Universe Reboots in September". Newsarama. Archived from the original on February 5, 2012. Retrieved February 5, 2012.
- ↑ Moore, Ben (May 31, 2011). "DC Universe To Be Rebooted; How Will It Affect the Justice League Film?". Screen Rant. Archived from the original on April 8, 2012. Retrieved April 8, 2012.
- ↑ Siegel, Lucas (July 23, 2011). "SDCC 2011: DC Comics – The New 52 Saturday Live". Newsarama. Archived from the original on April 8, 2012. Retrieved April 8, 2012.
- ↑ Rogers, Vaneta (August 17, 2011). "The DCnU Take 2: Justice League International". Newsarama. Archived from the original on February 26, 2012. Retrieved February 26, 2012.
- ↑ Hyde, David (June 2, 2011). "The New Justice". DC Comics. Archived from the original on April 8, 2012. Retrieved April 8, 2012.
- ↑ Tucker, Ken (June 7, 2011). "A new Swamp Thing, a new Frankenstein, and more: DC Comics will roll out more new #1s". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on April 8, 2012. Retrieved April 8, 2012.
- ↑ Langshaw, Mark (May 15, 2012). "Justice League International to end with issue #12". Digital Spy. Archived from the original on June 12, 2012. Retrieved June 12, 2012.
- ↑ Truitt, Brian (August 27, 2012). "JLI annual leads to an all-new Justice League of America". USA Today. Archived from the original on September 8, 2012. Retrieved September 8, 2012.
- ↑ Gallaher, Valerie. "Exclusive!: Justice League of America #1 Triumphs with 52 State Variants, Plus More News". MTV Geek. Archived from the original on May 24, 2013. Retrieved November 6, 2012.
- ↑ Johns, Geoff (w), Cannon, Zander; Ha, Gene; Guinaldo, Andres; Prado, Joe (p), Ha, Gene; Hunter, Rob; Prado, Joe (i). "Prologue to Trinity War Chapter Two Secrets" Justice League v2, 20 (July 2013)
- ↑ Johns, Geoff (w), Finch, David (p), Finch, David (i). "World's Most Dangerous Chapter One" Justice League of America v3, 1 (April 2013)
- ↑ Johns, Geoff (w), Booth, Brett (p), Rapmund, Norm (i). "World's Most Dangerous Chapter Four The Good The Bad And The Shaggy" Justice League of America v3, 4 (July 2013)
- ↑ Mudhar, Raju (August 23, 2013). "DC Comics to launch Justice League Canada in 2014". Toronto Star. Archived from the original on August 25, 2013.
- ↑ Schedeen, Jesse (December 12, 2013). "Jeff Lemire's Animal Man Will End in March 2014". IGN. Archived from the original on February 22, 2014. Retrieved December 27, 2013.
- ↑ Lemire, Jeff (January 16, 2014). "Justice League Canada becomes Justice League United A New Ongoing Series in April!". Jeff Lemire's Blog. Archived from the original on August 19, 2014. Retrieved January 16, 2014.
- ↑ "Exclusive – Equinox, new Cree teen superhero, joins DC Comics lineup". CBC News. March 28, 2014. Archived from the original on July 1, 2014. Retrieved March 28, 2014.
- ↑ Couto, Anthony (January 22, 2016). "DC Co-Publishers Tease Mysterious Rebirth Image". Comic Book Resources. Archived from the original on November 7, 2016. Retrieved March 29, 2016.
- ↑ Marston, George (February 18, 2016). "DC Reveals Full Rebirth Line-Up, New Titles". Newsarama. Archived from the original on October 17, 2016. Retrieved February 20, 2016.
- ↑ Marston, George (March 26, 2016). "DC Comics Rebirth Recap - Creative Teams, Schedule & a Few New Details". Newsarama. Archived from the original on October 11, 2016. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
- ↑ Yehl, Joshua (October 28, 2016). "Justice League of America Adds Batman, Black Canary, and LOBO?!". IGN. Archived from the original on October 29, 2016.
- ↑ McAvennie "1960s" in Dolan, p. 104: "While celebrating their anniversary as a team, the Justice League shared their pandu with Snapper Carr and new member Green Arrow. When representatives of the planet Appellax sought to conquer Earth, they drew the individual attentions of the Flash, Green Lantern, Aquaman, Wonder Woman and the Martian Manhunter."
- ↑ McAvennie "1970s" in Dolan, p. 174: "Green Arrow thought he had learned the Justice League of America's origin back in issue #9...Now, he found inconsistencies in the story. Writer Steve Englehart and artist Dick Dillin revealed the truth as told by former JLA member J'onn J'onzz."
- ↑ Manning "1990s" in Dolan, p. 282: "It was up to writers Mark Waid and Brian Augustyn and artist Barry Kitson to fill in the blanks. With their twelve-issue maxiseries JLA: Year One, the trio examined the early days of the team...JLA: Year One proved a success and cleaned up decades of convoluted comic history."
- ↑ Waid, Mark; Reis, Ivan; Albert, Oclair. "The Origin of the Justice League of America". DC Comics. Archived from the original on February 5, 2012. Retrieved February 5, 2012.
- ↑ Johns, Geoff (w), Lee, Jim (p), Williams, Scott (i). "Justice League Part One" Justice League v2, 1 (October 2011)
- ↑ Johns, Geoff (w), Lee, Jim (p), Williams, Scott (i). "Justice League Part Two" Justice League v2, 2 (December 2011)
- ↑ Johns, Geoff (w), Lee, Jim (p), Williams, Scott (i). "Justice League Part Three" Justice League v2, 3 (January 2012)
- ↑ Johns, Geoff (w), Lee, Jim (p), Williams, Scott (i). "Justice League Part Six" Justice League v2, 6 (April 2012)
- ↑ Cowsill "2000s" in Dolan, p. 311: "In 2003, writers J. M. DeMatteis and Keith Giffen and original artist Kevin Maguire worked on a six-part series reuniting [their version of] the team."
- ↑ Cowsill "2000s" in Dolan, p. 311 "[JLA/Avengers] was an event that...proved to be one of the biggest and best of the DC and Marvel crossovers, incorporating many of the two companies' greatest heroes and villains."
- ↑ Lee, Stan (1974). Origins of Marvel Comics. New York, New York: Simon & Schuster/Fireside Books. p. 16. ISBN 978-0671218638.
- ↑ Lee, Stan; Mair, George (2002). Excelsior! The Amazing Life of Stan Lee. New York, New York: Fireside Books. ISBN 978-0-684-87305-3.
- 1 2 "1961 Alley Awards". Hahn Library Comic Book Awards Almanac. Archived from the original on September 5, 2015.
- 1 2 3 "1963 Alley Awards". Hahn Library Comic Book Awards Almanac. Archived from the original on September 6, 2015.
- ↑ "1973 Academy of Comic Book Arts Awards". Hahn Library Comic Book Awards Almanac. Archived from the original on September 8, 2015.
External links
- Justice League at DC Comics.com
- Justice League of America at Don Markstein's Toonopedia WebCitation Archive
- The Justice League Library
- Justice League: Mortal at the Internet Movie Database


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This article is part of our DraftKings League of Legends series.
Andrew Laird and Ethan Sexton break down Thursday's four-series League of Legends (LPL/LCK) slate on DraftKings, including why a matchup between the two worst teams in China could decide the slate.
How to Play Daily Fantasy League of Legends (Article)
How to Play Daily Fantasy League of Legends (Podcast)
Expected and Confirmed Lineups
The author(s) of this article may play in daily fantasy contests including – but not limited to – games that they have provided recommendations or advice on in this article. In the course of playing in these games using their personal accounts, it's possible that they will use players in their lineups or other strategies that differ from the recommendations they have provided above. The recommendations in this article do not necessarily reflect the views of RotoWire. Andrew M. Laird plays in daily fantasy contests using the following accounts: FanDuel: kingmorland, DraftKings: andrewmlaird, Yahoo: Lairdinho. Ethan Sexton plays in daily fantasy contests using the following accounts: esexton18.

subset: commoncrawl


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World of Warcraft
After battling Sargeras and saving the world of Azeroth once again, you're faced with a different issue in World of Warcraft: Battle for Azeroth. Turmoil within the Horde caused by Sylvanas Windrunner has only been growing in scale, as her questionable actions raise more than a few eyebrows.
In the seventh expansion of the biggest MMORPG of all time, you get to jump right back where you left off at the end of Legion.
Pick a side between the Alliance and the Horde and swear your allegiance, as war is threatening to shift the world as we know it. Undercity has been lost, and so has Teldrassil – but the future is in your own hands. The heroes of Azeroth will need to band up once more to prove their true allegiance. With new allied races such as the Zandalari Trolls and the Kul Tiras Humans, the fight is becoming increasingly complex.
To get help from the allied races, though, you'll have to accomplish intricate questlines that lead you into never before seen lands right here on Azeroth.
It's the survival of the fittest, and the fittest faction is defined by its players who must face new challenges, fight new bosses, experience exciting new dungeons, and push through the many new raids.
The future of this almost ancient world rests solely on your hands, and turning the tide of war could bring glory to your chosen factor. But, how far are you prepared to go, as things are everything except how they seem in the Battle For Azeroth.


text:
Nokia confirms Lumia 800 battery issues
Promises fix to use all power available
Nokia has confirmed that the newly-launched Lumia 800 will be given a software update in the new year to resolve battery issues.
Speaking on the Support Discussions page, Nokia outlined the issue and promised the fix would be launching soon:
"On Monday 12th December some of our customers started to comment in various social media that the preloaded diagnostics tool in some of the Nokia Lumia 800 phones was showing lower battery capacity than expected.
It's all cool
"We immediately started to investigate these reports and can now confirm that while the battery itself is fine, a software problem on certain variants is limiting the phone's ability to access the full battery capacity," wrote Nokia.
"The good news is that as this is a software problem it can be easily resolved. The planned software update in early 2012, as well as including many performance enhancements, will also include a fix that will enable the affected phones to access the total battery capacity."
So eager is the Finnish brand to avoid any negative feedback over its new flagship device it's even promising to replace phones that are currently suffering with the fault:
"For anyone who does not want to wait for the software update, Nokia can arrange for a replacement phone. Anyone who requires any further clarification should contact Nokia Care."
Check yourself
"Anyone who wants to know if their phone is affected can run the battery status test from the diagnostics tool already installed on their phone. (The tool is designed for service use and only displays approximate values.)
"Dialling ##634# opens the diagnostics tool. By accepting the disclaimer and then selecting 'Battery Status' from the list of options, anyone will be able to see their available battery charge capacity.
"If your full charge capacity reads less than 1000 mAh then your phone is affected with this specific issue and you may find it is necessary to charge your phone more frequently than normal. Once the software update has been applied, you should experience much better battery life."
We found relatively poor battery life in our full Nokia Lumia 800 review - something that the brand was keen to dismiss at the time, but now seems to have accepted there's an issue and while it's thoroughly perplexing to see the Finns launch a phone that can't use all its battery, here's hoping the problem will melt away in 2012.
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Gareth has been part of the consumer technology world in a career spanning three decades. He started life as a staff writer on the fledgling TechRadar, and has grown with the site (primarily as phones, tablets and wearables editor) until becoming Global Editor in Chief in 2018. Gareth has written over 4,000 articles for TechRadar, has contributed expert insight to a number of other publications, chaired panels on zeitgeist technologies, presented at the Gadget Show Live as well as representing the brand on TV and radio for multiple channels including Sky, BBC, ITV and Al-Jazeera. Passionate about fitness, he can bore anyone rigid about stress management, sleep tracking, heart rate variance as well as bemoaning something about the latest iPhone, Galaxy or OLED TV.
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Microsoft Chairman Bill Gates has pledged $250 million toward the international effort to eradicate polio.
Gates announced his donation Wednesday night at a conference in San Diego for leaders of Rotary International. The group has been trying to match a $100 million donation from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation in 2007.
The Gates foundation has given $655 million to polio-eradication efforts since the late 1990s.
The 1.2 million-member Rotary International has raised more than $650 million since adopting the anti-polio cause in 1985 as its primary international mission.
Copyright AP - Associated Press


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Libido Enhancement in Belleair Beach, FL
Low libido can affect men and women, spelling relationship problems as one partner may suddenly become withdrawn and lack the desire for sexual activity. While there are many tactics for combatting a low libido, such as couples counseling and hormone replacement therapy, prescribed medications could be just what you need to heighten your sexual desire.
Causes of Low Libido
The causes for low libido are varied for men and women.
For men, common causes of low libido can include:
- Physical issues such as low testosterone and thyroid disorders
- Medical conditions such as diabetes, obesity, high blood pressure and high cholesterol, neurological disorders as well as chronic diseases such as kidney or liver failure, alcoholism and drug use
- Mental health issues such as chronic stress and depression
- Psychological causes such as concern about sexual performance
- Reactions to certain medications such as those for hair loss
- Interpersonal relationship issues
For women, common causes of low libido can include:
- Physical issues such as hormonal changes related to menopause or childbirth
- Medical conditions such as endometriosis, fibroids and thyroid disorders
- Mental health issues such as chronic stress and depression
- Reactions to certain antidepressants, oral contraceptives and blood pressure medications
- Age-related factors
- Interpersonal relationship issues
Symptoms of Low Libido
Common symptoms of a low libido in men can include:
- Inhibited sexual desire: a sudden decrease in desire for sexual activity
- Low testosterone
- Erectile dysfunction
- Depression
- Anxiety
- Fatigue
For women, common symptoms of a low libido can include:
- Hot flashes
- Sleep disturbances (insomnia)
- Emotional changes such as mood swings or irritability
- A change in sexual interest or response
- Problems with concentration and memory that may be linked to sleep loss and / or fluctuating hormones
- Rapid, or irregular, heartbeat (tachycardia)
Treatment of Low Libido
Several libido enhancement medications can be prescribed for both men and women. Those who suffer from a low libido lack a natural desire for sex and therefore libido enhancement products aim to increase your sexual desire through a number of ways including the increase of sex hormone production.
The specific approach to increasing sexual desire through the use of these products also differ for men and women. Products for men often aim at increasing stamina and sex drive through increasing blood flow to the penis. Products for women, on the other hand, often aim at combatting vaginal dryness, or improving sensitivity and increasing sexual stimulation by increasing blood flow to the clitoris or external genitalia.
As men and women, as well as individuals, differ, consulting your healthcare professional about your low libido concerns is the safest and most effective method to improve your sex drive. Your healthcare provider can prescribe safe and effective medications to improve sexual function in both men and women.
For men, common prescriptions include:
- Erectile dysfunction medications such as TriMix-gel® and Viagra®, which help improve erectile function by increasing blood flow to the penis
- Premature ejaculation medications such as Promescent®, a topical spray applied to the penis that reduces sensitivity and allows for more ejaculation control
For women, common remedies include:
- Treatments for female anorgasmia or sexual dysfunction such as Scream Cream®, a topical cream that, when applied to the clitoris or external genitalia, helps increase blood flow by improving sensitivity
- Treatments for vaginal dryness, frequently occurring in older women after menopause, such as vaginal estrogens creams
- Over-the-counter enhancement pills and Addyi®, an FDA-approved non-hormonal prescription medication designed for women who have not gone through menopause
A diminished sex drive is not a life sentence. Enjoy your sex life again with prescription medication that works. Request more information about libido enhancement products today. Call (727) 826-0838 or contact Peaks of Health Metabolic Medical Center online.
Peaks of Health Metabolic Medical Center
Address1120 S Belcher Rd
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Largo, FL 33771
(727) 826-0838
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Ginkgo biloba is the oldest living tree species on the planet today. Native to a small range within China, it is difficult to find ginkgo growing in the wild but the tree is extensively cultivated globally. Ginkgo leaf has a long history of use in Traditional Chinese Medicine for its wellness-supporting properties. Also spelled gingko, the leaves can be utilized in extracts, infusions, and herbal formulations.
Ginkgo, the oldest living species of plant on earth, is more than 225 million years old. In this U.S. it has been one of the ten best selling herbs for more than 5 years and a standardized extract of ginkgo leaf is presently one of the most frequently used plant-based remedies in Europe.
Recent research into the plant has discovered a range of active compounds in the leaves and this has excited a lot of interest in the health-promoting potential of the plant. The leaves contain ginkgolides, these are compounds that are unknown in any other plant species. The leaves are best harvested in the late summer or early autumn just as they begin to change color. They are dried for later use.
Ginkgo supports overall cognitive health and helps maintain healthy circulation.*
Dried ginkgo leaves are considered "sweet" and have a gentle effect. They can be used in teas, capsules, and extracts.
Native to China, the ginkgo tree is beautiful and unique, both aesthetically and biologically. Having lived for over 225 million years, the ginkgo is one of the oldest known species on the planet. Wild populations of ginkgo are rare, existing only in two known regions of the Zhejiang province in China. Nevertheless, ginkgoes are heavily cultivated across China and in some parts of the United States, with naturalized populations located in parts of Asia. Ginkgo resides in the Ginkgoaceae family.
After the bombing at Hiroshima at the conclusion of World War 2, surveyors examined the effect of the blast on local plant populations. Throughout the devastation, six ginkgo trees survived the bombing, the closest of which still lives less than 1200 meters from the epicenter. This tree stands as an international symbol of resilience and the ginkgo itself is regarded as a "bearer of hope."
Remarkably hardy, ginkgo trees are slow to grow and can live over 1000 years. The female trees produce small globular fruits with a distinctive unpleasant odor. As such, many cultivators distribute only the male trees which do not produce the fruit.
In stock
Stress Relief Products
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Tuesday, 11a.m.–9p.m.
Wednesday, 11a.m.–9p.m.
Thursday, 11a.m.–9p.m.
Friday, 11a.m.–9p.m.
Saturday, 11a.m.–9p.m.
Sunday, 12–7p.m.
Created By Artcraft


text:
Babbitt Urges Greater Protection of Public Lands
WASHINGTON (AP) — Former Interior Secretary Bruce Babbitt is urging President Barack Obama to step up efforts to conserve public lands as he begins his second term.
Babbitt, who led Interior for eight years under President Bill Clinton, said Obama should adopt what Babbitt called a common-sense principle: For every acre of public land leased to the oil and gas industry, one acre should be permanently protected for future generations. Over the past four years, more than 6 million acres have been leased for oil and gas, compared with 2.6 million acres permanently protected.
Babbitt said in a speech that adoption of the one-to-one principle would ensure that conservation is on equal standing with energy development.
The last Congress was the first since the 1960s not to protect a single acre of wilderness.


text:
Donald Smith, of the correspondence unit, said the reference to Mulroney prompted him to send Schreiber's first letter dated June 16, 2006, to the prime minister's office.If this sounds familiar to you, it should:
"I thought it was borderline but to be safe I sent it to the PM's correspondence unit."
Smith said he wasn't consulted about Schreiber's March 29, 2007, letter revealing his meeting with Mulroney at Harrington Lake before he left office, their agreement to work together, and the fact he paid Mulroney.
"This one was missed," said Smith, adding the letter was filed away by an analyst. "It should have been caught and it should have been brought to the attention of (a superior), but it was not."
Sir Humphrey: You look worried Bernard.Reading the full article, Donald Smith seems like the sort of civil servant Sir Humphrey would be very keen on, making sure the PM did and didn't receive the right letters. The above quotes are from "The Right to Know". "The Whiskey Priest" is another Yes, Minister episode that may be of note: "The Rhodesia Solution":
Bernard: Ah yes, I just found this letter in one of the Ministers' boxes.
Sir Humphrey: What about it?
Bernard: I don't know whether I should open it or not.
Sir Humphrey: Well you know the rules, private secretaries shall open all classifications up to and including Top Secret, only letters marked Personal shall remained unopened unless the Minister orders otherwise.
Bernard: What about Daddy?
Sir Humphrey: I don't immediately see why your father comes into this.
Bernard: No, no, no it's addressed to Daddy, urgent.
Sir Humphrey: Well, does it say Personal?
Bernard: No.
Sir Humphrey: Well then you know the rules, it must be opened.
Bernard: (opens letter) Oh, it's from the Ministers daughter.
Sir Humphrey: You astound me Bernard.
This involves informing the PM, but not explicitly. Sir Humphrey expounds on this by dictating a sample letter to Bernard that is couched in vague, impenetrable civil service jargon. This should then be smudged all over and delivered to the PM on the day he leaves for an overseas conference. Then the whole thing can be written off as a breakdown in communication.


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Lavender With Gold Stone & Large Pendant Jewellery Set. Buy Jewellery for Women online. Best collection of American Diamond, Silver, Oxidized & Statement Jewelry to buy Online in India. Wondering where to buy the best quality stone imitation or precious stone jewellery sets? Maharani Women, avails the best stone jewellery, online, at affordable prices. Shop online today for the premium quality stone jewellery sets at Maharani Women today! Free Shipping, COD available. available.
Lavender With Gold Stone & Large Pendant Jewellery Set
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text:
WASHINGTON (JTA) — A number of prominent pro-Israel Jewish figures joined an ad endorsing Chuck Hagel for the U.S. defense secretary post.
Meanwhile, Christians United for Israel announced plans to bring 200 pastors and other Christian leaders to Washington to lobby against Hagel's confirmation, according to Breitbart.com.
The pro-Hagel ad appearing Wednesday in The Hill, a Capitol Hill daily, said the former Nebraska senator would "ably continue security cooperation between the United States and the State of Israel, which has reached unprecedented levels during President Obama's time in office."
Among the 45 signatories to the ad, which was organized by the Israel Policy Forum, were former ambassadors to Israel and a number of public figures known for their pro-Israel activism as well as involvement in Democratic politics. They included former Congress members Mel Levine, Gary Ackerman and Robert Wexler; Stuart Eizenstat, a former top official in the Carter and Clinton administrations who helped broker Holocaust reparation agreements; Rabbi Sharon Brous, who founded the IKAR congregation in Los Angeles; Tom Dine, a former executive director of the American Israel Public Affairs Committee; and the philanthropist Charles Bronfman.
Hagel in recent weeks has met and conversed with Jewish leaders, apologizing for a 2006 interview in which he referred to a "Jewish lobby" that was "intimidating" and making clear his support for for the U.S.-Israel relationship. He also told the leaders of his support for sanctions on Iran and his willingness to resort to a military strike as a last resort to keep Iran from obtaining a nuclear weapon.
In the CUFI announcement, spokesmen for the group said the delegation would meet with staffers in the offices of all 100 U.S. senators and would arrive under the aegis of its affiliate, the CUFI Action Network.
CUFI has joined other conservative groups such as the Republican Jewish Coalition, the Zionist Organization of America and the Emergency Committee for Israel in pushing against Hagel's nomination because of his past skepticism of unilateral Iran sanctions and past wariness of military engagement with Iran.
A number of liberal Jewish groups, like the Israel Policy Forum, have endorsed Hagel, while a number of mainstream centrist groups have expressed concerns about his nomination but not formally opposed it.


text:
San Carlos Asbestos & Mesothelioma Lawyers
Stephen I Leshner
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Northeastern University School of LawState University of New York - Stony BrookArizona, U.S. Supreme Court and 9th CircuitBest Lawyers in America, Martindale-Hubbell, Super Lawyers and Who's WhoAmerican Board of Trial Advocates and Arizona Trial Lawyers AssociationArizona Tort Law Handbook, Chapter on Negligence, Co-Author and Concept Focus Groups
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(480) 991-7677
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Arizona State UniversityASU and Claremont Consortium of Colleges - Claremont McKenna CollegeArizonaArizona State Bar
Richard Sheinson
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Researching Attorney Discipline


text:
Serious actor makes for one helluva a Batman. Christian Bale combined intensity and dashing looks to epitomize a movie star. Bale has starred in American Psycho, Batman Begins and, down the line, the Terminator reboot.
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text:
Finding Forster Iz A GemMarch 14th, 2006
Deprecated: preg_replace(): The /e modifier is deprecated, use preg_replace_callback instead in /home/firstc75/public_html/musicchor.us/wp-includes/functions-formatting.php on line 76
The other day I was looking for the 'ÄúOver the Rainbow/What a Wonderful World'Äù medley that I had heard in a commercial a while back. After searching for I while I found that the song I was looking for was played by a Hawaiian artist named Israel Kamakawiwo'Äôole knicknamed 'Iz".¬ I also found that he had passed away due to a weight problem. At times, he weighed over 750 pounds which inevitably caused his early death at the age of 38 in 1997.¬
I found that the actual song I was looking for could be found on four different CD releases. Two by Israel and the other two were on the Soundtracks for 'Meet Joe Black' and 'Finding Forester'. Not sure if I wanted a whole CD of Hawaiian music so I took a look at the Soundtracks.
'Meet Joe Black' was all incidental music except the one track I was looking for "Over the Rainbow/What a Wonderful World". When I took a look at the 'Finding Forester' soundtrack I said "WOW".
'Finding Forester' contains 6 different Miles Davis tracks from the 'Bitches Brew/In a Silent Way' era. The tune 'Recollections' at almost nineteen minuets long starts off the CD. It features Wayne Shorter on sax, Joe Zawinul on electric piano, Chick Corea on electric piano, John McLaughlin on guitar, Dave Holland on bass, Billy Cobham on drums, Jack DeJohnette on drums, and Airto Moreira on percussion. What a line up!! The tune just builds and builds and you wish it would never end.
There are also two tunes by Ornette Colman from the early 70's and four tunes by guitarist Bill Frisell one of which was made specifically for the soundtrack. Oh, and yes the track that lead me here, Israel Kamakawiwo'ole beautiful rendition of "Over the Rainbow/What a Wonderful World".
I have never seen the movie and I am not sure what it is about, but from the cover I see that Sean Connery stars in it. I think I may have to check this one out.


text:
4 Stars and Up Medium, Pickup, In Stock, Queen, Memory Foam
RC Willey Pickup In Stock Mattresses & Foundations Mattresses Queen Memory Foam
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How does a memory foam mattress work?
Memory foam mattresses are designed to conform to each person's unique body, sleep style, and needs. They slowly mold to the body in response to pressure, alleviating pressure on joints, and your spine. Don't worry about your mattresses remembering your shape and becoming lumpy, it quickly returns to its original shape.
What are the Pros and Cons of Memory Foam
- Provides Pressure Relief
- Promotes Spinal Alignment
- Hypoallergenic
- Reduces Motion Transfer
- Heat Retention
- Not Waterproof


text:
Nearly anything you can print can be viewed on the screen, too.
Ghostscript has an X11 driver best used under the management of the PostScript previewer gv. The latest versions of these programs should be able to view PDF files, as well. Note that gv has replaced the older previewer "Ghostview"; the new user interface is much prettier and featureful that ghostview's plain old Athena GUI.
TeX DeVice Independent files may be previewed under X11 withxdvi. Modern versions of xdvi call ghostscript to render PostScript specials.
A VT100 driver exists as well. It's called dgvt. Tmview works with GNU/Linux and svgalib, if that's all you can do.
Adobe's Acrobat Reader is available for GNU/Linux; just download it from the Adobe web site.
You can also use xpdf, which is free software, and I believegv supports viewing PDF files with gs under X11.
Hosting by: Hurra Communications Ltd.
Generated: 2007-01-26 17:58:04


text:
The template adds the following code to the page:

 (the value after
clear depends on the parameters). This code affects elements with the CSS property
float, including files floated to the side (for example,
- To clear both sides of the page, add the code
- To clear only the left side of the page, add the code
- To clear only the right side of the page, add the code
You can also use
{{-}} instead of
{{Clear}} as a shorthand call for this template.
=== Section 1 === [[File:SG2E+_logo.png|500px|right]] Section 1 text. === Section 2 === Section 2 text. {{Clear|right}} === Section 3 === Section 3 text.
This code produces the following result:
Section 1
Section 1 text.
Section 2
Section 2 text.
Section 3
Section 3 text.
As you can see above, the image of the Skullgirls logo added in section 1 is displayed to the right and extends down through section 2, while the
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Fall Of Saigon
Untitled EpDark Entries
12" $16.00
***Dark Entires Records is honored to re-issue the debut EP by FALL OF SAIGON. The band was born in 1981 when FLORENCE BERTHON (vocals), PASCAL COMELADE (organ, synthesizer) and THIERRY DEN (guitar, vocals) met at a concert in Montpellier, France. They chose to the name the project Fall Of Saigon after a song by UK post-punk act This Heat. They self-released their debut EP in 1983 citing Nico & The Velvet Underground, Suicide and James Joyce as influences.
At the time the band formed, Pascal Comelade was an accomplished musician with instrumental sketches composed for the trio. The 6 songs on the EP were recorded in two stages. "She Leaves Me All Alone" and "On The Beach At Fontana" were sung by Thierry and recorded at Pascal's home on a Revox 2-track in one shot. The four songs sung by Florence—"Visions", "Blue Eyes", "So Long" and "The Swimmer"—were recorded and mixed at the Montpellier Languedoc Video Animation Center by Jean Alain Sidi on two ReVox A77 reel to reels and a small mixer. On "Visions," "Blue Eyes" and "So Long," the group employed a drum machine that could only play four or five rhythms with a single slider to increase or decrease the tempo. The songs were minimal: verse, chorus, no bridge, no intro. Built on a simple spine, they create a feeling of space with just a voice and an organ or synthesizer melody. Full of class and inventiveness, Fall Of Saigon are often compared to Young Marble Giants due to the fragile, ephemeral quality of the songs.
All songs have been remastered for vinyl by GEORGE HORN at Fantasy Studios in Berkeley. The vinyl comes housed in a full color jacket using the original artwork from the EP and includes an insert with lyrics and photos. Through two years of existence, Fall Of Saigon only released one EP and 30 years later their subtle sound is an essential guidepost in post-punk history.