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Wednesday, November 30, 2011
Giveaway: The Sweetest Kiss
Mysteries, Miracles and Tableaux: Early Theater in England
Theater, in England as in ancient Greece, originally was an expression of religion. Scholars pin the beginning of English theater at about 960 and identify the Quem Queritis as the first play. An Easter presentation, it's an enactment of the Three Marys coming to Jesus' tomb and finding the Angel. A priest, dressed in white, sat on the church's altar as three enactors approached: monks or priests dressed as women, or, in a convent, nuns played the Marys.
Here's the whole text of the play: "Quem queritis in sepulchro, o Christicolae?" "Whom do you seek, o Christians?" The women respond, "Ihesum Nazarenum crucifixum, o Coelicolae." "Jesus of Nazareth, who was crucified, o Celestial." He replies, "Non est hic: surrexit sicut preadixerat. Ite, nuntiate quia surrexit de sepulchro."
"He is not here: He has risen, as he predicted. Go, announce that he has risen from the tomb."
That's the whole thing. The play was soon adapted for Christmas, the seekers coming to Christ's manger. The great popularity of such enactments led to their proliferation, but in the thirteenth century Pope Innocent III banned the clergy from performing or permitting such enactments within the church building itself.
Church performances merely moved to the porches and outer steps or to freestanding stages in public marketplaces, where they were displayed on feast days and performed by honored members of the parish. Interestingly, women seem to have performed the female roles, although, when professional theater developed in the 16th century, female roles were performed by adolescent boys and women were banned from the stage.
Early on these theatricals took two forms, scripted enactments and tableaux or "living pictures." We know of an Adam and Eve in Paradise tableau from its mention in the Chronica Majora, which tells us that in January, 1236, King Henry III's wedding procession passed through the play's Gate of Paradise, complete with nearly naked Adam and Eve greeting him and his bride, and no doubt shivering in the snow. This play apparently was leant to Henry's festivities by Saint Paul's Cathedral.
The mouth of Hell was particularly popular, possibly also for its theatrical nudity of both sexes. Somehow the fact that the people don't move seems to have made nudity in tableaux acceptable.
Separately, the London Guilds began their own forms of theatricals. The guilds, which were religious as well as mercantile and craft organizations, produced plays and tableaux of their patron saints. These, in contrast to the performances belonging to the churches -- these last called Mystery Plays -- have come to be known as Miracle Plays. Less is know about the early development of the tableaux as they had no scripts and the ledgers that would have recorded their costs probably were lost in the various conflagrations London suffered.
The guilds' theatricals were mounted on what are now referred to as pageant wagons, which were paraded through city streets during religious festivals. There are abundant illustrations of the later pageant wagons: sometimes quite elaborate vehicles with settings as backdrops for costumed players frozen in poses associated with each guild's patron saint, or enacting a significant moment in the saint's life. Occasionally the saint's "play" was combined with a tableau of the Life of Christ, as in the case of the pageant wagon below, where the Nativity is pictured at the back of the wagon, guilds' saints at the front and on the sides.
Simultaneous to the flowering of the tableaux were the guilds' Miracle Plays, centered upon the guilds' various patron saints.
As the tableaux were becoming more elaborated, so were the Mystery Plays dealing with scenes from the New Testament. The Coventry cycle consisted of ten plays depicting the life of Christ. Here is a Christ being judged by Pontius Pilate.
The York Cycle apparently consisted of forty-eight plays. The plays continued as popular entertainment during appropriate church holidays until they were banned in the late 16th century.
By then a variety of Mystery Play had developed that suggests a bawdy forerunner of Shakespeare's scenes designed to appeal to the "groundlings." The surviving Second Play of the Shepherds of the Wakefield Cycle serves as an example. Here the central characters are a husband and wife, Mac and Gill, who are thieves. Three shepherds come to Mac's cottage searching for their stolen lamb. Mac tells them his wife has just given birth and mustn't be disturbed, but the shepherds find their lamb wrapped up as the "new born" in Gill's cradle. After punishing Mac by tossing him in a blanket, the shepherds return to their flocks, and an angel announces to them the birth of the Savior in Bethlehem. To a modern sensibility this takeoff on the Virgin Birth of the Lamb of God is rather stunning, and perhaps explains in part why the Mystery Plays eventually were closed down.
Note: the pictures included here date from the 15th to the 19th centuries. There are no know illustrations of the early plays.
Tuesday, November 29, 2011
In the Wake of James Cook by Linda Collison
When we imagine the history of Great Britain we think of the separate classes of people -- peerage, gentry, the middling sort and the servants -- as being very static. To a large degree that was the case. Yet unlike many nations, in England some degree of upward mobility was possible (at least historically!)
James Cook, one of five children born to the wife of a Scottish farm laborer in Marston, Yorkshire, was not born a gentleman with title or income but he made the most of his talents and the most of his opportunities in life. Young James went to sea as a teenager, working aboard a collier out of Whitby, hauling coal from Newcastle. When the Seven Years War began Cook joined the Royal Navy where he rose to the rank of captain on his merit.
A self-taught cartographer, Cook's talents were put to use making detailed maps of Newfoundland in battles against France which gained him the recognition of his superiors and also the recognition of the Royal Society. He was given command of the Endeavour, a re-named converted collier sent on a secret mission to look for a lost continent and to observe the transit of Venus, a measurement needed to estimate the distance of the earth from the sun.
Captain Cook would command three scientific voyages of exploration across largely uncharted or poorly charted areas of the planet, making better maps and astronomical observations in great detail. He would not find the mythical continent geographers of the day thought existed -- nor would he find the Northwest Passage, but his explorations and his detailed charts were important to Britain, and the the entire Western World.
In the 18th century scurvy killed more sailors than did battles. Scurvy would not be fully understood until 1932 ascorbic acid was identified. Yet none of Cook's crew died from scurvy, in spite of prolonged voyages. Cook took a shotgun approach to prevention, ordering his crews to drink malt and spruce beer which he believed to have anti scorbutic properties. Although these particular substances are now known to have no real effect in preventing the vitamin deficiency, what probably contributed greatly to the relative good health of his men was Cook's insistence that the crew eat fresh, local foods at every opportunity (he was a "local-vore" way ahead of his time!) For a good scholarly article on 18th-century ideas of scurvy remedies see Brett Stubbs'
Captain Cook's Beer; the anti scorbutic use of malt and beer in late 18th century sea voyages.
For his contribution to the greater body of scientific knowledge Captain James Cook was inducted as a fellow of the Royal Society, a rare honor in those days for the son of a farm laborer to achieve.
By most accounts James Cook was a fair and humane captain, a superb navigator and cartographer, a dedicated explorer and an all-round exemplary naval officer. He was a husband and father of six children, though absent for years at a time.
Elizabeth Batts Cook, wife of James, lived into her nineties.
Cook's ships were not warships and with few exceptions they were welcomed by most of the Island Nations, who were quick to embrace Western friendship and technology. But on his third voyage and circumnavigation a string of misunderstandings and poor decisions led to a skirmish during which the famed navigator was killed by the Hawaiians. The event did NOT lead to war. On the contrary, the Kingdom of Hawaii remained on good terms with the British, incorporating the design of the Union Jack into their own flag.
Cook left a wealth of knowledge and an example for explorers that was not always followed during the colonial expansion to follow. Numerous memorials around the world have been dedicated to Captain James Cook, RN. Here are two, representing the beginning of his life in Yorkshire, and the end, half a world away in Hawaii.
In October of 1999, Bob and I had the opportunity of a lifetime. We signed on as voyage crew members aboard His Majesty's Bark Endeavour, an Australian-built replica of the famed Whitby converted coal carrier, for a three-week crossing from Vancouver to Hawaii. The Endeavour Replica is a floating museum that circumnavigated the globe twice, stopping at many ports along the way. She is now berthed in Sidney, Australia, where she occasionally circumnavigates the continent that Cook painstakingly charted.
Click here to find out how you can sail about HMB Endeavour Replica.
Endeavour underway
For more information about my experiences aboard HMB Endeavour please visit my website and my author's blog. Three weeks as an 18th-century seaman inspired my first historical fiction novel Star-Crossed, published by Knopf, and my second book Surgeon's Mate, published in 2011 by Fireship Press.
Monday, November 28, 2011
Celebrating our 5555 Blog Visitors!
The giveaway runs through Sunday midnight PST.
'Privy & Privation: A Handsome History of Health & Hygiene in Regaustenian* Times' by Lady A~, Authoress of 'The Bath Novels of Lady A~' Collection.
Does the 'drawing-room' trap of Jane Austen's Regency world lure you, time and time again, to the romantically alluring? How often have you positively dribbled over a delicious adaptation of one of her novels, dreaming of an escape to the elegant harmony of some great, green country estate to be waited on by scores of underlings and pursued by creatures with Osbaldeston cravats and 'ten thousand' a year? It is so easy to escape to that fantasy, is it not (?)—and is very probably why we do it time and time again, ad nauseam. Being an Anglophile with a number of self-confessed quirks, I must admit to another, I don't ever think of the romance without considering first the privations of the English Regency. What really lay below the surface of all of that harmony? Indeed, what was it really like to live, love and 'lolleth' in a time when proper indoor sanitation and electricity were as far-fetched as a mission to Mars? Although some elite, modernist households did have bathrooms and 'water closets', Jane Austen's cousin, Eliza Austen (née Hancock), very likely being one of them, the 'luxury of piped water' was just that, pure luxury.
Photo by Mjroots
Although Albert Giblin's 'Silent Valveless Water Waste Preventer', a siphon-like discharging system, helped flush away waste woes rather woefully in 1819, the trend in homes, especially those in the country, was to have one's 'loo' stashed under the bed in the form of a 'potty' (chamber pot) or, as in Jane's Chawton Cottage, a 'long-drop' or privy with an (improved!) cesspit. The idea of suffering with any colonic disorder or, as Jane's brother Edward so euphemistically called it, 'Bowel complaints'—in such primitive conditions—quite defies decorum! I once spent some time with friends in their seaside cottage along the southern African coast and was treated to the joys of just such a 'privy'—ooh! Ne'er again! Now swoop back 200 years and imagine what the poor servants had to face in their daily duties and what the area around the outhouses must have smelled like! Though they were often built a good deal away from the house, or had sweet-smelling herbs or shrubs planted thereabouts (e.g. lilac), there was little to ably mask the stench of these privies' overflowing cesspits. And when homes were privileged enough to have what resembled a 'toilet', the piping systems were often so ineffectual that even Elizabeth Bennet's 'country town indifference' must have taken a dint from the resulting emanation of egregious fumes!
Personal hygiene was also quite a challenge and is evidenced, for example, in Jane Austen's wincing remark about a common acquaintance's very bad breath. From head to foot, what was one to do about being an appealing hero or heroine in the blood sport of Regency courtship? Dental hygiene must have been a topper amongst those concerns because how sweet could those stolen kisses really have been? Gentlemen, in particular, were known to overindulge in everything from spicy food to alcohol and the accumulation of such hedonism on their breath, combined with a popular indifference to full-body bathing, when coming to fraternize with the ladies, after dinner or supper, must have been dizzying indeed. Added to that, the odor of tobacco from their regular partaking in snuff (sniffing tobacco) might also have put the ladies in a swoon. In fact, if one had any fear of such malodorous maladies, it would have been better to hit on a dandy—a gentleman Georgian fashionista. Beau Brummel, a renowned dandy who once famously disparaged the Prince Regent over his rather 'too-full' figure, was generally acknowledged as encouraging his followers to a daily bathing regime and other practices of cleanliness. At least with a dandy like Beau the chances of a sweeter breath, ameliorated body odor, and the like, were greater on a scale of one to 'phew'! Given that the dandy probably would have been at his toilette (the task of titivating one's person) a good deal longer than any lady, perhaps, however, not as attractive in his raw appeal as the Regency 'Buck'!
William Holland's Copper Bateau Bath
This brings me directly to the scene in the BBC's '95 adaptation of Pride and Prejudice. Darcy arises out of a copper bateau bath as fresh as a dandy, but still quite manly, as he proceeds to keenly observe a playful Elizabeth outside (whilst drying off). I couldn't help thinking how that scene must have been inserted deliberately to enhance the palpable sexual tension, but also to wipe away any concerns we modern lovers of Austen might have had over the personal hygiene of our fabulous hero. It almost goes to the quick of his character, doesn't it? A metaphor to reveal all the superlative 'spangles' of Darcy's progressive, heroic, noble nature.
That delectable diversion aside, the Bucks were a tawdry lot. Relieving oneself in a potty, placed right inside the dining room (behind a screen), following excessive bouts of after-dinner drinking, for instance, was just one of the less-than-hygienic practices for which the Bucks were infamous.
But this is not to say that, in the arena of hygiene, these fashionable hellraisers could not be very prettily rivaled by the ladies! Just as a combination of testosterone and primitive sanitation brought out the worst of robust male humanity, the gender of the fairer sex formed a rather lethal combination with similarly bad science. Indeed how was a lady to make herself attractive and feminine in trying to ameliorate the likes of rank body odor, rotten teeth and pock-marked skin? Unlike the lovely fresh gals portrayed in Austen's novels, these distasteful realities, facing all Regency ladies, were prevalent detractors in the art of attraction.
Austen's sister-in-law, Mary, for example, was badly scarred from a bout of smallpox; not an uncommon blight amongst the gentry who were just as susceptible to the disease as were their poorer counterparts. Thus, to combat what was quite naturally nasty, some rudimentary 'innovations' helped fill in the proverbial cracks for Mary, and gentleladies in general. In keeping with a trend to move away from the dastardly and startling effects of lead-paint powders to whiten the skin, foundations with natural and pearlized tints became the rage and palliative skin care was encouraged with the likes of 'Gowlands' (so memorably mentioned by Sir Walter in Persuasion). His reference too, to 'rouge', pink- (derived from safflower and alkanet) and red-tinted (derived from carmine) blushes, to spice up Lady Russell's pasty colored cheeks, was also 'trending' in Bath at the time. And for the lips—'Rose Lip Salve' was a winner for plumping and adding color. Eyeliner, mascaras and eyebrow tint were becoming similarly fashionable, but were extremely garish thanks to their being invariably fashioned out of soot dust and oil—or even burnt cork! (At least this beat the rage of the Rococo era where rodent hide sufficed very well for false eyebrows!). All in all not much to beat a defacing brush with disease.
Napoleon Bonaparte's Toothbrush-The Wellcome Collection
But what then was a girl to do? Well, a lady's 'ring of confidence' wasn't anything much to fall back on, I assure you! Rotting teeth were dealt with upon an extraction-only basis, while tooth powders/gums, toothpicks and tooth-brushing (with unsanitary toothbrushes or sponges) were the only solutions to prolific gum disease; and chewing mint or comfits the only hope of alleviating the associated bad breath. Dentists of the English Regency were literally 'smithys' of the mouth and Jane Austen affirms this by declaring, quite candidly, that she would not have one look at her teeth 'for a sixpence, or double it'!
Body odor was yet another 'hum'-dinger in the Regency. Being a more problematic and sensitive condition for women, and because of the very 'femininity' that they strove to portray, sweaty armpits might have done very well for the sport-hungry Bucks, but the lasses wanted none of them. The solutions? Lemon juice was employed as an underarm deodorant, and, if there was a bath in the house, and one was lowest on the scale of genteel ladies present, that gal would find herself bathing in the (cold) dirty water used by several ladies before her; all while dressed in a linen tunic! Shampoos were comprised of rum, eggs and 'rose water', and when it came to the 'menarche' as Eliza Austen so delicately put it, sometimes a week's confinement to one's room with a 'headache' was the only solution to cope discreetly with monthly periods and the primitive, reusable 'napkins' (resembling rags) provided to stem them!
In retrospect, if any of we spoiled, self-confessed, modern 'Georgians' were to properly recapture the decided lack of hygiene of our Regency predecessors, the experience would, in Jane-speak, be nothing less than 'amazing horrid' (as evidenced in the marvelous Regency House Party)! So the next time you unfurl those delicious pages of Austen's most sparkling novel, you might dare to conjecture what Elizabeth Bennet and Fitzwilliam Darcy might really have looked and smelled like. Pride and Prejudice—zombies?
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Sunday, November 27, 2011
The humble envelope
Scene 1 : 1770, London; Arabella sits down at her writing desk, extracts the envelope which she placed in the drawer earlier, and fingers trembling, inserts the paper-knife and cuts eagerly across the top of the envelope, pulling out the beautifully written letter and starts to read…'
My great (x4) grandfather Richard Hall's pen knife (literally: knife for sharpening quill pens)
Fact or fiction? Almost certainly fiction, since the use of envelopes was almost unheard of at that time! Why? Because envelopes did not make a significant appearance until Rowland Hill's reform of the Post office in 1840. Prior to that date only the very wealthy, or terminally stupid, would have used envelopes (which would have had to have been made by hand). The reason was that postal rates were fixed not by weight but by the number of sheets of paper. Why use an envelope, which counted as a separate sheet, when the address could be written on one section of the main letter, and folded into place? Known as 'entires' by modern collectors, these letters, usually of a single sheet of paper, would be folded into three, then the 'wings' tucked in at the back so that the address could be written clearly on the face of the entire. Unfolding it, the writer would then fill every part of the letter, often turning it sideways to fill in the inside of the wings. Once the letter was finished it would be sealed across the back so that the wings could not be opened up. The seal, made of wax, was known as a wafer.
One of the people called to give evidence to the Select Committee on Postal Reform in 1838 was the paper maker John Dickinson. He referred to 'the new fashioned envelope with the four corners of the paper meeting under the seal'. In other words at that stage envelopes existed but were not in widespread use. The upshot of the parliamentary deliberations was that Hill's proposals were largely accepted. Gone was the idea of the recipient paying for the letter. Instead the sender would pay a uniform rate of one penny. Gone was the need to count sheets of paper, or to frank the envelope, and the cost of delivery was drastically reduced because Hill was convinced that this would result in a massive increase in volume which in turn would bring down the cost to the Post Office of delivering each item.
Before long, in back offices up and down the country, it was customary for a clerk to laboriously cut out an envelope-shape on paper, using a tin template. He would cut through perhaps two dozen sheets at a time, using a craft tool or sharp knife. The cut-outs would then be passed to another clerk for folding, and then to another for the side triangles to be glued together. The result: an envelope which ensured that the contents remained secure, private, and protected from the elements. The first envelope-folding machine in this country resulted from a collaboration between Rowland Hill's kid brother Edwin and Warren de la Rue in 1840 (i.e. almost immediately after the postage stamp was introduced, when it quickly became apparent that hand-made envelopes could not keep pace with the new demand). Various other people came up with design improvements, and by the mid 1850's the modern envelope was being churned out by the million.
There is a rather nice story as to why Rowland Hill was so passionate about reforming the postal system. He explained to a parliamentary committee that he was inspired by the plight of a poor servant girl who was observed receiving a letter. Unable to pay the required fee of one shilling she turned the letter round in her hand for a few seconds before returning it to the postman, declining to accept it because of the not inconsiderable cost. Horrified that such a potentially valuable and important missive should go unread for the sake of twelve pence, the gallant Rowland dashed forward and paid the fee, expecting gushing thanks from the grateful servant. Not so, for she seemed not to care one way or the other. When challenged as to her indifference she replied that she knew who it was from and when looking at the marks on the outside of the envelope could quite readily work out the contents, and had no need to pay a fee. It reminds me of the time when phone calls from a public phone box gave the caller a chance to Press Button A or B –and in that time you could just about shout a brief message for free down the line before being cut off!
Addendum:The window envelope? Patented 1902 by an American (what else could he be) called Americus Callahan. And airmail? The first mail to be delivered by air was in January 1785 in a cross channel balloon flight from Dover to Calais, carrying a letter from William Franklin addressed to Benjamin Franklin's grandson. The first aerogramme i.e. an envelope specifically designed for the purpose and which opens up to become a letter is surprisingly modern – it was first issued in Iraq in 1933.
|Photograph by Michael Marx
Mike Rendell does a blog, three or four times a week, on all matters linked to the Georgian era. You can also visit his website.


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FRIDAY, July 25, 2014 (HealthDay News) -- Seniors are more easily distracted during thinking and memory tasks than younger people, a new study finds.
"Almost any type of memory test administered reveals a decline in memory from the age of 25 on," study co-author Randi Martin, professor of psychology at Rice University, said in a university news release.
However, Martin said, this study shows that "environmental interference" has a greater impact on processing in older adults compared with younger adults.
The study included 60 seniors, aged 64 to 82, and more than 100 young adults between 18 and 32. All took a series of memory and thinking tests. While doing the tests, older participants were nearly twice as likely to be distracted by irrelevant speech or written words.
Average accuracy on the ability to remember lists of words was 81 percent for younger people and 67 percent for older people. When the researchers introduced irrelevant words meant to be ignored, accuracy rates dropped to 74 percent among younger people, and to 46 percent among older people.
The researchers hope their findings, recently published in the journal Psychology and Aging, spur further investigation into the effect of environmental distractions on the brain.
"This research is very important," Martin said. "The tests used in this study are important tools in determining how the brain is affected by environmental interference, which is critical information in treating neurological disorders, including stroke and traumatic brain injuries."
More information
The U.S. National Institute on Aging offers advice for healthy brain aging.
This article: Copyright © 2014 HealthDay. All rights reserved.

subset: commoncrawl


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Whither Sunstroke?
I just made Sunstroke available for free on the App Store. As you may have noticed, Sunstroke hasn't received any updates since last August's huge full-text search update. This is due to two reasons:
I moved to a new city and country (Berlin, Germany) and started a new job (Objective-C developer at 6Wunderkinder, the makers of Wunderlist)
Sunstroke hasn't made enough money to be worth my time.
These things are unlikely to change, and so I've decided to remove Sunstroke from sale. I will keep it alive for a few days so that you may download the app in order to archive it.
I would like to thank all of my customers for your support over the years. You have been wonderful. Thank you all so much.


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Product Introduction
3TPH limestone powder production line in KenyaProduct description:
The mill gives customer 400mesh, 600mesh and 800mesh and even finer powder. The customer is very satisfied with the fineness and capacity.
Detailed introduction
Location: Nairobi, Kenya
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Using time: August 2015
Raw material: limestone
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Output size: 400mesh, 600mesh and 800mesh
Application: construction


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Monday, February 17, 2014
Bloggers Who Budget: Winter Layers...
43 comments:
Such a chic white top and the denim gives it the right amount of edgeReplyDelete
Love this easy look!ReplyDelete
Love that denim jacket!!ReplyDelete
The Style Storm
<3, ChristinaReplies
Thanks Christina! :)Delete
I may just recreate this look since I have all the items in my closet!ReplyDelete
The Tiny Heart
Target Giveaway!
- AnonymousFebruary 17, 2014 at 6:53 AM
This comment has been removed by the author.ReplyDelete
Love everything about this! Simple and chic. That bag is amazing!ReplyDelete
- AnonymousFebruary 17, 2014 at 8:02 AM
Simple yet elegant and you look absolutely gorgeous!ReplyDelete
xx Cara
Great look! Love your bag, so chic!ReplyDelete
Crumbs & Curls
Classic look! Love it with your bold lip.ReplyDelete
- AnonymousFebruary 17, 2014 at 9:30 AM
Love it when staple pieces come together and create a perfectly chic look like yours!ReplyDelete
Cee. ♥
Code Overdressed
Just discovered this blog series and I must say I love it! Coming from a fellow blogger (albeit very new to the blogging world) who prides herself on dressing from my closet and taking the "more affordable" brands and making them look as polished and put together as high-end names, I really appreciate seeing a group of women being realistic about budgets and life. Thanks for the inspiration!ReplyDelete
You're welcome! Sometimes it so easy to caught up in wanting the new item, but I have a ton of clothes in my closet that are begging to be worn!Delete
Swapping out the cardigan/coat for a jean jacket is really smart. I also love your bag: D&B make such classic shapes. I would probably trade out the heels for flats or boots for me though, to give it that casual model-off-duty vibe.ReplyDelete
Another Beautiful Thing
Such a timeless combo! Hope you had a great weekend!ReplyDelete
oohh i am newer to your blog; when i stumbled upon your blog i knew i had to follow since i am so close in kansas city!ReplyDelete
i am loving this feature!! i have been loving a denim jacket for winter, no reason it should be only for spring and winter. such a great look!
xo mk
That is the PERFECT white button-down! Love it. And the red lip is amazing. :)ReplyDelete
Love this look! So classic! Hope you had a wonderful weekend!ReplyDelete
I LOVE that lip color. Perfect blouse gf.ReplyDelete
The Pumpkin Spot
love the clean outfit combo with the red lips!<3ReplyDelete
Make sure to check out my blog, I do a combination of health, animals and fashion weekly!
love this simple classic lookReplyDelete
a good white shirt is a must
Simple and perfect. Love it!ReplyDelete
I don't typically think to wear my jean jacket in the winter, but I really love this look...right down to your perfect red lip. I think I know what I'm wearing to work tomorrow!ReplyDelete
xo Jackie
Something About That
This whole look is so classic. I love that top and your red lips.ReplyDelete
Tracy @Its Mostly About Fashion
I love how simple and clean this outfits is. Cute! - JReplyDelete
Great outfit! You look beautiful!ReplyDelete
Really like your outfit - such a classic! xReplyDelete
Such a classic outfit/look! That denim jacket is perfect - never would have guessed Old Navy!ReplyDelete
Clothes & Quotes


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WASHINGTON — Buddy Brown was supposed to fly a mission over Cuba that day. It was called off.
The flight of his friend and fellow U-2 pilot, Major Rudolf Anderson Jr., was not. So as Brown went golfing with other fliers, his eyes frequently scanned the skies.
"I kept looking up from the course because we knew what time Andy was expected to return," Brown, now 83 and a retired colonel, recalled this week, using the nickname Anderson's fellow pilots had for him. "I remember saying, 'I wonder where Andy is?' "
Fifty years after the Cuban missile crisis pushed the Soviet Union and United States to the brink of nuclear war, many of the key players are well known: the cool-headed President John F. Kennedy who faced down his hawkish generals; the seemingly diplomatic and then recalcitrant Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev; the dealmaking US Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy whose back-channel negotiations ultimately led to a peaceful resolution of the crisis.
A largely forgotten hero was the 35-year-old Anderson, who snapped some of the most definitive spy photos over Cuba before he was killed 50 years ago Saturday when a Soviet commander ordered a battery to fire on his plane high over Banes in eastern Cuba. Anderson was the only military casualty of the crisis.
Washington and Moscow, which by then had been engaged in nuclear brinkmanship for well over a week, were seeking a face-saving way out. The shootdown of Anderson, who left behind a pregnant wife and two sons, underscored how quickly events could spin out of control. It served as a catalyst to cut a deal, according to several people directly involved in the crisis.
"This incident pushed the two sides forward, assuring them it was too dangerous," said Sergei Khrushchev, then a 27-year-old working for the Soviet Navy and living with his father, the Soviet leader, in Moscow.
The Soviet leadership claimed it had not ordered the shootdown. In fact, they had told the Americans they would not fire on US planes unless their forces on the island were attacked first.
"There was poor communication [with Soviet forces in Cuba]," said Khruschev, who now teaches at Brown University. "They could start a war without any permission."
Anderson's hometown of Greenville, S.C., plans to mark the 50th anniversary of his death on Saturday when officials unveil a new memorial. The keynote speaker will be former Maryland lieutenant governor Kathleen Kennedy Townsend, the eldest child of Robert Kennedy.
"He is a hero. He flew after one of the others had been shot at," Kennedy Townsend said in an interview. "He knew it was dangerous."
Indeed, two days earlier, as some of the U-2 photos of the nuclear missiles were being shown to the world at the United Nations, a mission flown by Captain Gerald McIlmoyle over the same area was targeted by two missiles that exploded above his plane.
"They kept it secret from the American people, but Andy knew," said McIlmoyle, now a retired brigadier general who will be speaking at the unveiling of the memorial.
Also on hand will be members of Anderson's family, including his three children: Rudolf III, who was 5 when his father was killed; James, who was 3; and Robyn, who was born a few months later. Anderson is also survived by a sister, Elizabeth Martin, and three grandchildren.
"My father was the only one who gave his life in the crisis," Robyn Lorys, who serves as a spokesperson for the deeply private family, told the Globe in an e-mail. "All I ask is that you treat his memory with decorum and respect. The matter of our father's death is intensely personal."
Anderson's sister-in-law, Donna Grantham, said of him: "There is so much to say. Lives were saved. A war was avoided. But an important life was lost that day. He should be remembered. He had a strength of personality and character like I have never known."
Anderson's death was especially hard on his wife, Jane, recalled Brown, who knew both of them well. "She passed away from heartbreak, I believe," he said of Anderson's widow, who died in 1981.
By the time of the crisis, Anderson was an accomplished combat pilot; a decade earlier in the Korean War he had earned a Distinguished Flying Cross, one of the highest decorations for military aviators.
He became a member of one of the most elite group of pilots when he started flying the U-2, second only to the Mercury Seven astronauts at the time. There were about 30 members in the original squadron; they flew at upwards of 75,000 feet, in the outer reaches of the atmosphere.
Like astronauts, they had to be outfitted with specialized suits designed by the David Clark brassiere company in Worcester that automatically expanded to tightly shield the pilot's body in the event there was a loss of pressure in the cabin.
The shootdown of Anderson over Cuba — it was his sixth pass over the island, more than any other U-2 pilot — took place on what came to be known as "Black Saturday,'' the 12th day of the 13-day crisis. A US warship had already been forced to fire warning shots at a Soviet ship that appeared to be trying to run a US blockade of the Caribbean island, and US officials were trying to decipher what appeared to be conflicting messages from their Soviet counterparts.
An already tense White House received the news at 4 p.m.
"A U-2 was shot down?" President Kennedy repeated when informed by Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara, according to tape recordings released by the National Archives.
"Was the pilot killed?" asked his brother, the attorney general.
A few moments later, the president remarked, "Well now, this is much of an escalation by them, isn't it?"
The discussion turned to retaliating against the site that fired the missile at Anderson.
"How can we send a U-2 fellow over there tomorrow unless we take out all the [surface-to-air missile] sites?" Kennedy asked.
The president ultimately used the downing of Anderson to give Khrushchev an ultimatum, telling him that "strong and overwhelming retaliatory action would be taken unless he received immediate notice that the nuclear missiles would be withdrawn," Robert Kennedy recalled later.
Dino Brugioni was providing the briefings for the president and his advisers using spy photographs taken by Anderson and his fellow U-2 pilots.
"There was every indication we were moving close to nuclear war," Brugioni, now 90, recalled in an interview. "Khrushchev hadn't been seen in three days. They were digging trenches on the island [in preparation for a US invasion.] The Russians were burning classified material at their embassies. Our planes were loaded with nuclear weapons.
"I told my wife that if I called she should pack the kids and drive to Missouri," he added.
Brugioni, who was working for the National Photographic Intelligence Center in Washington, said he believes Anderson's death changed the trajectory of the crisis.
"We were picking up all kinds of Russian chatter," he said of communications intercepts. "It caused all kinds of consternation in Moscow. There was panic. There was a feeling they had to do something fast."
News of the shootdown was announced to the public by Cuba's government-run radio, but Anderson's death was quickly overshadowed by the rapidly developing deal. He was posthumously awarded the first Air Force Cross. President Kennedy, whose oldest brother, Joseph, was killed in a bombing mission over Europe in World War II, hand-wrote a note of condolence to Jane Anderson: "Your husband's mission was of the greatest importance but I know how deeply you must feel his loss."
McIlmoyle recalled that when President Kennedy came to thank the pilots after the crisis he shared his condolences about the loss of their friend.
"He put his hand on my shoulder,'' McIlmoyle said, "and said, 'I can never thank you guys enough for bringing back those pictures so I could negotiate a peaceful solution.' "
Bryan Bender can be reached at email@example.com. Follow him on Twitter @GlobeBender.


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(My blog posts will focus on marriage for the month of February. If you're not married, I encourage you to read them anyway! And while you're reading, pray for your friends that are married. Believe me, they will appreciate it. Also, give a special blessing by passing these devotions along to them! Here we go…)
"Let the wife see that she respects and reverences her husband [that she notices him, regards him, honors him, prefers him, venerates and esteems him, and that she defers to him, praises him, and loves and admires him exceedingly," (Ephesians 5:33 AMP).
"I've been shut up, shut down, shot down, ridiculed, disregarded, over looked, over booked, and overwhelmed…I know I was made for a reason. I know that, in God's eyes, I count. So, I simply want to find someone who believes in me."
No, these are not the lyrics from the latest country song. They are the lament from one of my survey respondents when I asked hundreds of men what they really wanted in the woman of their dreams. It seems Aretha Franklin isn't the only one who wants a little r-e-s-p-e-c-t these days. One area that rated very high in my survey of men describing the wife of their dreams was RESPECT. [tweetherder][/tweetherder]Webster defines respect as the special esteem or consideration in which one holds another person or thing, the state or quality of being esteemed, to feel or show consideration to. It's the one thing a happy husband can't do without.
God's Command
In the Bible, Paul wrote to both men and women about their various roles in marriage. In the book of Ephesians he wrote, "Each one of you (men) also must love his wife as he loves himself, and the wife must respect her husband" (Ephesians 5:33). Now that doesn't mean that husbands don't have to respect their wives or wives don't have to love their husbands. I believe Paul was summing up what was paramount for both men and women. We want to be loved and cherished just like our husbands want to be honored and respected.
Another reason I believe that Paul admonishes wives to respect their husbands is because he knew that after years of mistakes, poor choices, wrong decisions, and smelly socks, respect may not come naturally for a wife. It may well take an act of obedience empowered by the Holy Spirit within.
But how do you respect someone who vegetates watching TV all the time? How do you respect someone who sits around waiting for the right job to come along when you're working yourself to death trying to keep food on the table? (You may need to stop and quietly put that responsibility back where it belongs.) How do your respect someone who apparently has no respect for himself? It may seem impossible, but as the angel asked Abraham, "Is anything too hard for the LORD?" (Genesis 18:14). The same God who parted the sea for the Israelites to walk across on dry land, who caused the walls of Jericho to fall with a shout, who kept Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego from even having a hint of smoke as they exited the fiery furnace, who caused flesh to reappear on the fingerless hands of lepers, who made a man blind from birth see, and who raised Lazarus from the dead – that same God can give you the power to respect your husband. It all begins with prayer and follows with obedience close behind. "There is incomparable great power available to those who believe," (Ephesians 1:19).
In the Bible power always follows obedience. As soon as the high priests crossing the Jordan placed their feet in the water, the river parted (Joshua 3:15). As soon as the rotting lepers turned toward Jerusalem to tell the priests they were healed, their skin began to heal (Luke 17:14). As soon as Namaan dipped into the river seven times as the prophet Elijah had commanded, his leprosy began to disappear (2 Kings 5:14). The miracle didn't come before they obeyed, but after they obeyed. Do you want to see a miracle unfold before your eyes like a multi-petaled rose unfolding? Obey God. An amazing thing happens when we begin to show respect to our husbands. They begin to act respectable.
Let's go back to Paul's letter to the Ephesians. I love how the amplified version expounds on Ephesians 5:33. "Let the wife see that she respects and reverences her husband [that she notices him, regards him, honors him, prefers him, venerates and esteems him, and that she defers to him, praises him, and loves and admires him exceedingly." What a power packed verse!
Respect is one of the most beautiful gifts a wife can give her man.
Let's Pray
Dear Heavenly Father, thank You for my husband. Help me to be the wife that he needs in all areas of my life. Help me to respect, revere, regard, honor, prefer and esteem him greatly. Not only that, but help me to show it in my words and actions so that there is no doubt in his mind just how much I love him. In Jesus' Name ,Amen.
Now It's Your Turn
During the reign of King David, he brought the once captured Ark of the Covenant back to Israel. It was one of the grandest moments in his life. Read the account recorded in 2 Samuel 6 and answer the following questions:
How did David's wife, Michal, react to David's outward praise of God? (6:16,20).
What was David's response to her? (6:21)
What was the outcome of her disrespect? (6:23)
What can we learn from her lack of respect?
Let's make a list of ways to show respect. I'll compile your answers and send them out in an email. Log onto my blog post at www.localhost/sjold and tell me one way a woman can show respect to her man. Come on now… you can do this…give me just one.
Want More?
14-Day Romancing Your Husband Challenge: How would you like to join your girlfriends in a 14-day Romancing Your Husband Challenge? Click over to www.localhost/sjold, click on the challenge sign-up button in the right column of the home page, and your 14-day challenge emails will begin. Come on girlfriend, February is the love month – it's time to spice up your marriage.
February is a wonderful time to contemplate our marriages. Do you want to become the woman of your husband's dreams? The woman who makes him sorry to leave in the morning and eager to come home at night? Then you'll want to read Becoming the Woman of His Dreams for an insightful look at the wonderful, unique, and God-ordained role only you have in your husband's life.


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Here's Rob Ford Drunkenly Jabbering in a Jamaican Accent
Here's a video of a very drunk Rob Ford saying... something in what sounds like a terrible Jamaican accent. The video was reportedly recorded last night. If you can figure out what he's saying, let us know in the comments.
[There was a video here]
Here's his brother Doug Ford's response to the video.
UPDATE 6:57 pm: Rob Ford has admitted to drinking last night at a Steak Queen restaurant. From the CBC:
"A little bit, yeah," he told reporters. He had pledged numerous times he does not drink anymore, after revelations in 2013 of his crack use while in office.
When asked if his Jamaican accent was offensive, he said no. "I met some friends. If I speak that way, that's how I speak with some of my friends and no, i don't think it's discriminative at all," he said. "It's my own time."


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"Sunday Night Football" gave NBC a decisive if expected win, while ABC's "Revenge" and the recently canceled "666 Park Avenue" grew, according to preliminary numbers.
While the nature of live sports makes NBC's numbers more approximate than usual, the network currently holds a commanding first place in the advertiser-sought 18-49 demographic with a 5.3 rating/13 share and in total viewers with 15 million total viewers.
Following three episodes of "Football Night in America" from 7 to 8:30 p.m., which drew a 1.8/5, 3.2/8 and 4.9/12, respectively, the Eagles vs. Cowboys game at 8:30 posted a 6.7/16 — down from last week's game between the Packers and the Giants — and drew 18.1 million total viewers.
CBS drew second place in ratings and total viewers with a 3.2/8 and 13.3 million, though the network's numbers are also subject to revision due to NFL overrun that aired until 7:41 p.m. NFL overrun combined with "60 Minutes" from 7 to 8 drew a 5.9/16 and 16.6 million total viewers, while the continuation of "60 Minutes" combined with the beginning of "The Amazing Race" the following hour posted a 3.1/7 with 13.6 million total viewers.
From 9 to 10, the conclusion of "Amazing Race" paired with "The Good Wife" took a 2.2/5 and 9.7 million total viewers, while the end of "The Good Wife" coupled with a repeat of "The Mentalist" at 10 had a 1.5/4 with 8.8 million total viewers.
ABC took third place in ratings and total viewers with a 2.1/5 and 7 million. "America's Funniest Home Videos" at 7 was even with last week with a 1.6/4 and 7.4 million total viewers, while "Once Upon a Time" the following hour was also flat versus last week for a 3.1/7 and 9 million total viewers.
"Revenge" at 9 was up 9 percent for a 2.4/5 and had 7.6 million total viewers, while "666 Park Avenue" was up 17 percent, drawing a 1.4/3, and had 4 million total viewers.
Fox took fourth place in ratings and total viewers with a 1.7/4 and 3.9 million. Its numbers are also skewed due to NFL preemption during the 7 p.m. hour. NFL overrun combined with a "Bob's Burgers" repeat at 7 posted a 1.3/3 with 3.5 million total viewers. while "The Cleveland Show" at 7:30 had a 1.6/4 with 3.4 million total viewers.
Following a "Simpsons" repeat at 8, "Bob's Burgers" at 8:30 slipped 10 percent to a 1.8/4 and drew 3.9 million total viewers. A "Family Guy" repeat aired at 9, followed by "American Dad" at 9:30, which inched up to a 2.0/4 with 4.2 million total viewers.


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A woman has died after a tree fell during the big wind storm, struck her home and pinned her early this morning in Port Moody, authorities say.
The 57-year-old was struck around 6:30 a.m. at her home in the Mountain Meadows area. The tree cut into the upstairs portion of the house and pinned her. Emergency crews arrived to try to save her, but she did not make it.
"We are deeply saddened at this tragic accident and our thoughts and prayers are with the family at this time of loss," Port Moody Mayor Mike Clay said.
Elsewhere, BC Hydro crews were busy restoring electricity after the storm left tens of thousands of residents and businesses in the dark across southwestern B.C.
At 8:30 a.m., Hydro reported about 122,000 customers without power in the Lower Mainland and Sunshine Coast, with another 13,500 on Vancouver Island.
Wind speeds around 90 km per hour were reported in some areas.
Significant outages, many resulting from downed trees, were reported across the Lower Mainland, including Surrey, Langley, Abbotsford, Maple Ridge and the North Shore.
They're expected to cause traffic disruptions in some areas as unpowered traffic lights force motorists to use the four-way stop procedure.
For details on local outages and expected time of service restoration, see https://www.bchydro.com/power-outages/app/outage-list.html
The wind warning from Environment Canada has ended. Winds 40 to 60 km/h and gusts of up to 90 km/h were this morning before wind speeds subside later in the day.


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I love economics and find the world of economics fascinating. I believe that there are many topics to study including human resources, digital marketing, project management and business administration just to name a few. Even though it's about managing a business, I also like the idea of entrepreneurship because it only takes one great idea to take a company all around the world! As much as I like planning ahead for future goals in my life both personally and professionally at this point in time, I am studying what will help me move forward in my career so as not to be left behind with all of the changes happening in the industry.


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Andrew Parker, evolutionary biologist and Honorary Research Fellow at Green Templeton College at Oxford University, is perhaps best known in scientific circles for his "light-switch theory" (Parker 2003), the proposition that the evolution of vision coupled with predation was an important driver of the "Cambrian Explosion" half a billion years ago. In his new book, The Genesis Enigma: Why The Bible is Scientifically Accurate, Parker joins the ranks of those scientists who are weary of having their faith be represented by anti-evolutionists and having their science claimed by atheists. Parker's plea is that faith in God and an acceptance of modern science is indeed possible without holding on to a naïve biblical literalism. That is the good part of the Genesis Enigma. Unfortunately, Parker takes on far more than can be sufficiently addressed in his 280-page book, leaving both conservative and progressive Christian readers wholly unconvinced.
Parker's main premise is that when the book of Genesis is read figuratively, the events appear to match our modern reconstruction of earth history. According to Parker:
when the biblical text is taken literally, it is left in the wake of advancing science. But when it is read figuratively, it not only keeps pace with the hottest science, it precedes or heralds it. (p 130)
In other words, the creation chronology of Genesis describes events that took the scientific community several thousand years to identify and piece together. This then is Parker's "Genesis Enigma": how is it that an ancient pre-scientific text could accurately describe the early geological and biological history of earth? Parker sees in this match between scripture and science possible evidence of divine inspiration. This claim alone is complex and controversial enough — and the argument should really have stopped there.
Unfortunately for the coherence of the book, Parker takes it several steps further by seeking to convince the reader that Genesis is not only scientifically accurate but that the entire Bible is historically reliable. The resulting read is an odd mixture of biblical archaeology, paleontology, cosmology, evolutionary biology, and theology, all interspersed with long but superficial reviews of the history of science, many of which actually detract from the main argument.
The book begins with a brief summary of the development of the biblical text, in essence arguing that despite minor copying errors and manuscript variations the version we have today is reliable. Parker's selective treatment is reminiscent of many popular conservative Christian apologetics books and should leave any reader — believer or nonbeliever — unconvinced. Unfortunately, this section is followed by an equally meager assessment of biblical archaeology. The reader is asked to conclude that the Bible is historically accurate based on a few archaeological discoveries that allegedly corroborate the existence of a handful of biblical sites and figures. However, even a casual glimpse through the latest volumes of the Biblical Archaeology Review makes it clear that the correspondence between actual archaeological discovery and biblical accounts is much more tenuous than Parker would like us to believe.
The heart of the book follows the creation events of the first 25 verses of the book of Genesis based on the King James version. Each event is linked to an actual physical, geological, or biological milestone in the 4.55-billion–year history of the earth. At first, Parker's figurative reading of the text is relatively straightforward: the creation of light (Genesis 1:3) actually describes the formation of our sun accompanied by the coalescing of the planets and other bodies of the solar system. Parker's figurative reading begins to take much greater liberties on the third day of creation when he argues that the appearance of "grass, herb, and fruit trees" corresponds with the evolution of photosynthetic life in the oceans.
Continuing this free-spirited reading, the fourth day is characterized not by the creation of the sun, moon, and stars, but by the evolution of sight by the first multicellular animals. In a discussion reminiscent of interpretations by old-earth creationist Hugh Ross that Genesis 1:14–17 describes not the creation but the first visible appearance of stellar objects to an observer on earth, Parker argues that this verse stresses the appearance of sight in animals. He supports this interpretation with a thorough discussion of the seminal impact of vision, his "light-switch theory", on the evolution of life on earth.
Parker develops this line of reasoning further for Genesis 1:20–21, the creation of abundant life in the oceans. He sees this as a reference to the so-called Cambrian explosion, during which most of the phyla of animals first diversified in the oceans. Parker concludes his analysis with a brief nod to Genesis 1:24–25, seeing in it a description of the evolution of land animals before the final appearance of humans.
Parker's figurative reading in light of the evolution of vision is interesting and creative. However, it is also a great example of how such approaches are prone to reflect the biases and wishes of the reader rather than the intended meaning of the text. Conservative Christians will criticize Parker for not taking the language of Genesis seriously enough, whereas progressives will ask why he perceives such a need to find congruence between the text and modern science. Experienced science-and-religion readers will also be baffled by the near-complete lack of treatment of previous scholarly works on this subject. If Parker's goal was to add a new serious voice to the now voluminous creationism/evolution discussion, he should have spent more time discussing contemporary issues relevant to his interpretation.
A central mantra of the anti-evolutionists has long been that atheism and evolution are two sides of the same coin. Parker's voice as a wellknown and respected scientist and believer aids in dispelling this myth. Unfortunately, it also reinforces another: namely that a Christian cannot accept the findings of modern science without also stretching the bounds of scriptural interpretation to its utmost limit.


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Peasants' War, 1524-1525
1959 Article
The Peasants' War was a social revolution in Germany which, though preceded by a 100-year history of tension and occasional outbreaks, broke out in full bloody revolutionary form in June 1524, and was relatively suppressed by May 1525. Beginning at Stühlingen near Schaffhausen it spread northward and westward via the Black Forest and Alsace, as far as Westphalia, Hesse, and Thuringia, and eastward via the Allgäu and Tyrol as far as Hungary After early success, including considerable destruction of castles and monasteries, it was suppressed in pitched battles (Alsace, 17 May 1525; Württemberg, 12 May; Franconia, 2 and 4 June; Thuringia-Saxony at Frankenhausen, 15 May; around Salzburg as late as 1526). The confusion about the origin and character of the revolution, as well as its relation to Anabaptism and to men like Thomas Müntzer, has gradually been cleared. Müntzer joined the movement and was captured in the battle of Frankenhausen, but he was not the originator or even a major leader. Hubmaier has been blamed as the originator, and as the author of the Twelve Articles (October 1524) of the peasants, but both charges have been disproved by sound scholarship. The Anabaptists were nowhere implicated; in fact the origin of Anabaptism in 1525 at Zürich came months after the war began. Some of the disillusioned participants (Melchior Rinck) and fellow travelers (Hans Hut) later joined the Anabaptists (1526-1527), but this proves only that Anabaptist preachers found a hearing in the aftermath. Competent Lutheran historians have asserted that the outcome of the Peasants' War, with total failure of the peasants to win any of their otherwise very reasonable and moderate original demands (12 Articles), and the vicious attacks on the revolutionaries by Luther in which he strongly took the side of the nobles, led to the turning away of the mass of the peasantry from the Reformation. In this disillusioned mass it would be probable that some turned to Anabaptism, which was already critical of Luther and the state church system, and whose offer of the free church with local lay leadership would certainly find sympathy among the peasants, one of whose twelve articles had called for the local election of the pastor by the people and the administration of the tithe and church finances locally by those who paid them. Franz (p. 479) says flatly, "Many peasants went over (flüchteten) to the Anabaptists. The suppression of the remnants of the Peasants' War and the Anabaptists henceforth went hand in hand." That the Anabaptist concept of Christianity as earnest discipleship under the lordship of Christ, of the church as a free believers' church, and of the ethic of love and sharing had revolutionary implications for traditional European society and Christianity is clear. But nothing is clearer than that the Anabaptist ethic of love and nonresistance made it impossible for Anabaptism to be revolutionary in the sense of the Peasants' War. This does not deny the fact of fringe personalities or fellow travelers here and there who stepped over into radical or revolutionary attitudes, or even into such action as that of the Münsterite kingdom. -- Harold S. Bender
1990 Upate
This phrase is the traditional label for a social upheaval early in 1525 in wide areas of southern and central Germany and Austria. Called a "peasants' war" by its aristocratic enemies, it involved various estates of commoners in the regions it affected (peasants, rural artisans, miners and unprivileged townspeople) and it was led most often by non-peasants. In its time it was also, more accurately, referred to as "the rebellion of the common man in town and countryside," although contemporary illustrations show women among the participants. Although it was anticipated by a preliminary uprising in the Black Forest in the summer of 1524 and had a militant aftermath in the Tyrol and the bishopric of Salzburg stretching into 1526, the commoners' resistance extended mainly from late January to early June 1525. It affected Upper Swabia, the Upper Rhine, Franconia, Württemberg, Alsace, Thüringia, and the Tyrol. It can be divided into two ten-week periods. In the first period, until the end of March, the commoners' resistance was essentially an armed mass movement of protest aimed at achieving binding negotiations or legal redress or both. Only with the beginning of April is the label "war" war at all appropriate, and then it was a war by princes and their mercenary armies, led mainly by the Swabian League, to disperse or destroy the large bands of commoners. Even in this last period the commoners' military actions were hesitant and defensive, and most of the battles were one-sided slaughters. Only in the summer in the Austrian Alps were there some rebel victories. The rebel groups numbered 300,000 at their high point and 100,000 persons lost their lives.
In the first, relatively nonviolent, period of the commoners' resistance, the grievances were directed more against the clergy, particularly monasteries and cathedral chapters, than against the aristocracy. Economic anticlericalism protesting against serfdom, labor services, and landlords' exploitation of forests, waters, and common meadows was linked with demands by villagers to administer their own tithes and to choose pastors who would preach the Word of God "without human adulteration." The overwhelming majority of commoners in the movement of 1525 thought of it as part of the Reformation and took for granted that it was appropriate to apply God's law to economic, political, and social abuses. Despite Luther's well-known disavowal of the rebels, they were, by intention, part of the Reformation. Their political programs sought to remove the clergy, but not the aristocracy, from positions of worldly authority. They sought greater autonomy for village self-government and greater power for all urban and rural commoners in the representative assemblies of the territorial states. There were also attempts among resisters in southwestern Germany to copy the model of the neighboring Swiss Confederation. Such programs were modeled on contemporary working political institutions (e.g. peasant estates in Scandinavian representative assemblies) and were practicable and realizable, not "utopian."
Early Anabaptism intersected with the commoners' movement of 1525 in many instances, although deficient source materials prevent us from knowing the extent of the connection of the two movements. Early Anabaptist preachers of 1525, Hans Krüsi in the rural environs of St. Gall, Johannes Brötli and Wilhelm Reublin in Hallau, and Balthasar Hubmaier in Waldshut, were involved, as Anabaptists, with the rebels. It is probable that Hubmaier authored or edited two Black Forest peasant programs, the "Letter of Articles" and the "Draft of a Constitution." Major Anabaptist leaders in south and central Germany, Hans Hut and Melchior Rinck, not only were themselves involved in the uprising before becoming Anabaptists but turned to fellow rebels to make their first Anabaptist converts. Hans Hut assigned the rebellion of 1525 apocalyptic significance as the starting point of the three-and-a-half year period immediately preceding the second coming of Christ. The Christian idealism that the commoners of 1525 turned against social inequality and property continued in another form in the Moravian Hutterites' community of life and goods. -- James M. Stayer
See also Historiography; Müntzer, Thomas; Pamphleteering.
Blickle, Peter. The Revolution of 1525: The German Peasants War from a New Perspective. Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins, 1981.
Böhmer, H. Urkunden zur Geschichte des Bauernkriegs und der Wiedertaufer. Bonn, 1910, and Berlin, 1933.
Buszello, Horst. Der deutsche Bauernkrieg als politische Bewegung. Berlin: Colloquium, 1969.
Cohn, Henry J. "Anticlericalism in the German Peasants' War 1525." Past and Present 83 (1979): 3-31.
Franz, Günther. Der deutsche Bauernkrieg. Munich and Berlin, 1933.
Franz, Gunther. Der deutsche Bauernkrieg. 9th ed. Darmstadt, 1969.
Hege, Christian and Christian Neff. Mennonitisches Lexikon, 4 vols. Frankfurt & Weierhof: Hege; Karlsruhe: Schneider, 1913-1967: v. I, 137.39.
Ramaker, A. J. "Hubmaier's Participation in the Peasants' Uprising and in the Authorship of the Peasants' Articles of 1525." Colgate-Rochester Divinity School Bulletin 3 (1930-1931): 277-285.
Scott, Tom. "The Peasants War: A Historiographical Review." Historical Journal 22 (1979): 693-720, 953-974.
Scribner, Robert W. and Gerhard Benecke, eds. The German Peasant War 1525: New Viewpoints. London: Allen and Unwin, 1979.
Seebaß, Gottfried "Bauernkrieg und Täufertum in Franken." Zeitschrift für Kirchengeschichte 85 (1974): 284-300.
Stayer, James M. "Radikaler Frühzwinglianismus: Balthasar Hubmaier, Fabers `Ursach' und die Programme der Bauern. Mennonitische Geschichtsblätter, Jg. 42, n.F. 37 (1985): 43-59.
Vogler, Günther. Die Gewalt soll gegeben werden dem gemeinen Volk: Der deutsche Bauernkrieg 1525. Berlin: Dietz, 1983.
Wiswedel, W. Dr. Balthasar Hubmaier. Gunzenhausen, 1940.
|Harold S. Bender
|James M. Stayer
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Cite This Article
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Bender, Harold S. and James M. Stayer. "Peasants' War, 1524-1525." Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. 1987. Web. 23 Sep 2023. https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Peasants%27_War,_1524-1525&oldid=144557.
APA style
Bender, Harold S. and James M. Stayer. (1987). Peasants' War, 1524-1525. Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. Retrieved 23 September 2023, from https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Peasants%27_War,_1524-1525&oldid=144557.
Adapted by permission of Herald Press, Harrisonburg, Virginia, from Mennonite Encyclopedia, Vol. 4, p. 1114; vol 5, pp. 687-688. All rights reserved.
©1996-2023 by the Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. All rights reserved.


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White House Photographs
First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy and the Empress Farah Pahlavi, wife of the Shahanshah of Iran Mohammad Reza Pahlavi (center right, holding bouquet of daffodils), visit with John F. Kennedy, Jr. (in baby carriage), as they tour the White House grounds. Mrs. Kennedy holds the reins of Caroline Kennedy's pony Macaroni (standing between the Empress and the First Lady); an unidentified man stands at left. South Lawn, White House, Washington, D.C.


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- Details
Nylon-reinforced vinyl cover • Two handles • 5'' thick shock-foam core.
Please Note:
Black and Royal Blue pads (as shown) are in stock and available for immediate delivery. Please allow 2-3 weeks for delivery of custom colors. Available custom colors are Navy, Scarlet, Forrest Green, Kelly Green, White, Gold, Columbia Blue, Maroon, Grey, Purple Orange and Tan.
- Additional Information
Material FBDMCOLX SKU FBDMCOLXDS Pid 10835 Weight 4.0000 LB Brand N/A Ship Method Ships FedEx Manufacturer Part Number No
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Warranty : 1 Year
Every item is guaranteed to be free of defects in workmanship or materials for one year from the original date of delivery when installed and maintained properly. We agree to repair or replace without charge, at our choice, any product judged defective for either of these reasons and to return the item (or its replacement) freight prepaid. Products that do not have a special guarantee
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The 1865 and 1892 New York State Census Online
A Partial Index and Page Images of the 1865 and 1892 New York State Census Population Schedules are now Online at Family Search through the Pilot Program.
When I saw this announcement on one of the news group message boards I instantly went to the search forms and searched for some of my ancestors in Onondaga County, NY. I found nothing so looked closer at the Family Search collection description. Onondaga Co. has not been completed yet, however there is a very impressive quantity of other counties that have been made available for free online.
Here is a description of those counties that are now available.
1865 NYS Census:
Name index and images of 1865 New York state census. Counties included in this collection are: Albany, Allegany, Broome, Cattaraugus, Chautauqua, Chemung, Chenango, Cortland, Delaware, Dutchess, Erie, Fulton, Herkimer, Kings, Livingston, Monroe, Montgomery, Niagara, Otsego, Rensselaer, Rockland, Saratoga, Schenectady, Schoharie, Steuben, Tioga, Tompkins, Ulster, Washington, and Yates.
1892 NYS Census:
Name index and images of population schedule of the census of New York taken by that state in 1892. This 1892 New York State Census is an every-name index to the state's inhabitants as of February 16, 1892. The counties included are: Allegany, Cattaraugus, Cayuga, Chautauqua, Chemung, Chenango, Cortland, Delaware, Erie, Kings, Livingston, Monroe, Montgomery, Orleans, Otsego, Rensselaer, Rockland, Saratoga, Schoharie, Steuben, Tioga, Ulster, Washington, and Yates.
You can search by first name, last name, all events such as birth/christening, marriage, or death/burial, year range per event, location and either exact & close match, or by exact, close and partial. There is also an advanced search tab which will even present more optional search ideas. The images are not linked to the search results, but you can browse the actual census page images once you know the page from the index search.
Family Search is a service of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. Their main website is at www.familysearch.org.
To readers of this Upstate New York Genealogy Blog, please bookmark this new web address url www.unyg.com/blog as we no longer publish this Blog on the old Google Blogger platform and have moved it here and attached it to our main website page.
14 Responses to "The 1865 and 1892 New York State Census Online"
Dick, I don`t think Livingston Co. is included in the 1892 census images even though it`s listed in the collection description. If you check the list of counties that are clickable, Livingston isn`t there. I`ve also tried a search using Smith & Livingston, New York as location & get nothing. Too bad because I really need that county! Pat R.
Dick, As far as I can tell Rensselaer was not enumerated in 1892. Too bad for me because that's where a large number of my relatives come from. But thanks for letting us know this site is available. I had not heard about it through any other channel. Bud
So the 1892 N.Y State census for Rensselaer County is non existant ?? To bad all my relatives are there.Bummer….
I am looking for information concerning Miles Wilson and his wife, Catherine Wilson in the 1892 census. They would be elderly and this may be the last time I can find them in a census. Any information would be appreciated, Thanks Joyce Benjamin
Is there a searchable 1892 Bronx/Manhattan census? Family Search does not have Manhattan/Bronx. Thanx
I have selected the URL given above—- http://pilot.familysearch.org — etc.,etc. but it appears to be a DEAD link?! 'All' that happens is that 'familysearch.org' comes up BUT THERE ARE NO LISTS FOR ANY of the counties listed above for either 1865 or for 1892. Do you have any ideas, or can you sort this out for me? Thanks. Rita
Ok. Thanks. Rita
I know the NYS 1892 Census for Rockland County is identical to the 1880 US Census. The 1892 Census for Kings County [in film] though is a new census; though for some reason I am not able to get the images to appear on my on my screen from the Family Search site; they are all black.
RE: black pages. I finally tried stopping the download of pages, and then refreshed. Seems to work much better, though I had to do it twice on one page today. Perhaps I am too impatient. 1865 is not indexed as far as I can tell, though you can browse the images. Am I missing something? Index would be so much easier.
Am I understanding correctly that the 1865 New York census has not been INDEXED? Am fairly certain my family was still in New York in'65 but they seemed to moved often. Thanks Dennis P


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Justice for Kurt Cobain
Kurt Cobain was murdered. But the Seattle Police Department, the media, and many others refuse to accept cold, hard facts that practically proves this. Here\'s some things you may want to know about the \"suicide\" verdict: 1. Kurt Cobain and his wife, Courtney Love, were about to get a divorce. (Motive) This fact is recorded in an interview with Courtney Love, and the couple\'s entertainment lawyer, Rosemary Carroll, can testify to this. 2. Kurt Cobain was about to sign a new will, which would exclude Courtney Love. (Motive) Unfortunately, he was murdered before he had a chance to sign it. 3. On March 4, 1994, Kurt went into a coma for 20 hours, because he was forced a combination of Rohypnol (also known as the \"date rape\" drug) and champagne. This date is known as the Rome Incident. 4. Dr. Galetta (the doctor who treated Kurt in Rome), several of Kurt\'s friends, his lawyer, and therapists at Exodus Rehab Center all voiced their opinions that Kurt did not look suicidal. Kurt himself told the police this fact. 5. Kurt bought a shotgun for his own defence. He feared for his life, so he purchased it. 6. Kurt was found with three times the lethal amount of heroin in his system, and he had supposedly also shot himself. Yet medical experts agree that Kurt would have been incapacitated from the heroin before he would have been able to take the needles from his arms, pull down his sleeves, put the syringes back into a cigar box, and shoot himself. They claim he was able to do all of this, just after an intravenous injection of THREE times the LETHAL amount of heroin. 7. There were no fingerprints found on the shotgun that Kurt supposedly shot himself with, nor were there any on the pen he supposedly wrote the \"suicide\" note with, nor on the shotgun bullets. Last time I checked, a person who has just shot themself can\'t wipe the gun clean, nor would he care, if he was as \"suicidal\" as Courtney Love claimed. 8. The \"suicide\" note was actually a retirement note from Kurt to his fans saying that he was quitting the music business. It was NOT addressed to his wife and daughter, as misinformed media sources have claimed. The last four lines of the note, which is the only piece that would imply it was suicidal, look like they are added by someone else, and they are questioned by several handwriting experts. 9. The SPD ruled suicide within four hours of finding the body. They conducted no forensics or toxicology tests. They stool they claimed was blocking the door from the inside was actually just sitting in front of it, and would not have been strong enough to block the door. 10. A man named Eldon Hoke passed a polygraph test conducted by one of the leading polygraph experts in the country, stating that Courtney Love offered him $50,000 to murder Kurt Cobain. 11. Tom Grant, the private investigator hired by Courtney Love to look for Kurt believes that the Rome Incident was an attempted murder. (Visit his website at www.cobaincase.com) This is only a small portion of the evidence that points to murder. Read the facts for yourself after you sign this petition - visit www.justiceforkurt.com, or www.indefenceofkurtcobain.com, or www.cobaincase.com All are informative and well-written.


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Astronomers Discover the Most Distant Galaxy Yet
Its light blasted into space when the universe was only 700 million years old.
Astronomers have found a galaxy 13.1 billion light-years from Earth, making it officially the most distant object ever detected.
A faint, infrared speck of light from this ancient galaxy, called z8_GND_5296, was spotted using the Hubble Space Telescope and one of the world's largest ground-based telescopes, a ten-meter telescope at Keck Observatory at the summit of Mauna Kea, Hawaii.
Light from this baby galaxy began its journey when the universe was about 700 million years old and just emerging from the cosmic mist left over from its birth, said Casey Papovich, one of the lead authors of the study and an astronomer at Texas A&M University in College Station.
The former record holder is a fellow youngster, an ultra-faint galaxy about 100 million light-years closer to Earth.
Past claims of galaxies at these extreme distances were mined from deep field images taken by the Hubble Space Telescope. But many of these would-be candidates turned out to be much closer than previously thought, according to Papovich.
"Some of our candidates have turned out to be very cold stars—brown dwarfs—in our own galaxy," he explained.
Redshift Reveals
The only way to confirm a galaxy's true distance, however, is to do follow-up measurements analyzing the spectrum of light emitted. This can enable astronomers to determine a candidate's redshift—how far its light is shifted into the red part of the spectrum—and thereby its distance.
Redshift occurs because wavelengths of light stretch out as galaxies move away from observers on Earth. So the higher the redshift number, the more distant the object from Earth.
Papovich's team found this faint galaxy's redshift was 7.5, compared with the previous record holder's 7.2.
"Until you have a redshift, there is always some doubt about the exact nature of the galaxy," said Papovich.
"All the other objects out there with claimed 'most distant galaxy' in their titles are candidates selected using only imaging, and no spectroscopic confirmation like what we have done here."
The find, described in a study published this week in the journal Nature, is expected to help researchers better understand the so-called era of reionization, when newborn hot, massive stars and their galaxies transformed the opaque hydrogen fog—which filled the cosmos in the first billion years after the Big Bang—into the transparent intergalactic space we see today.
"The galaxies themselves [in this era of the universe] would be filled with the newly formed, massive stars, many of which could be a thousand times the mass of our own sun," Papovich explained.
"We have yet to identify any conclusive evidence that these 'first-generation' stars exist in even this distant galaxy."
How Far Back Can We Go?
Can we push the record back even further, closer to the Big Bang?
Richard Ellis, an astronomer not connected to the study, says it is definitely possible. But we do not yet have telescopes powerful enough to do the job.
"We have the capability, in principle, to push to redshifts of ten and beyond, corresponding to a time when the universe was only 350 million years old, or only 3 percent of its present age," said Ellis, an astronomer at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena.
The conundrum for researchers is that looking at larger distances means looking further back in time. That means galaxies become ever fainter as we push closer to the birth of the universe and the Big Bang.
"For most of the early galaxies being seen by Hubble, there's little hope of confirming their distances with spectroscopy until we get powerful new facilities such as the James Webb Space Telescope and the Thirty Meter Telescope," said Ellis.
"Ultimately, to chart the universe in detail at these early times, we need the next-generation facilities."
Follow Andrew Fazekas, the Night Sky Guy, on Twitter and Facebook.


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Vandals' Farquhar, Walker named 1st Team All-WAC
Three University of Idaho football players earned all-Western Athletic Conference honors with seniors Trey Farquhar (kicker) and Gary Walker (safety) first-team selections.
They are joined by teammate Bobby Cowan, the Vandals' senior punter, who was a second-team choice.
Farquhar, a Lou Groza Award semifinalist as a senior and a Groza Award Watch list member as junior, leaves Idaho as the most successful field goal kicker in school history. His 11 field goals of 50 or more yards (long was 55) is a Vandal record. He also is the career record holder for field goal percentage (71.4), field goals attempted (84) and field goals made (60). He is second on the conversions attempted list (135) and also second on the conversions made list (132).
Walker, who was the Vandals' leading tackler in 2012 with 99 total stops, wraps up his Vandal career ranked 12 th on the all-time tackles list with a total 295. He was the No. 2 tackler in 2011 with 109. He had double-digit tackle outing in three games in 2012 – 13 vs. New Mexico State, 12 at Louisiana Tech and 10 at Bowling Green State.
Like Farquhar, Cowan etched his name in the Vandal record books and was a 2011 Football Writers Association of America All-American. He is the career punting average leader (44.7) as well as the record-holder for career punts (259) and career punting yards (11,570). He also has the single-season mark for punting yards (4,084 in 2011) after tying the record for single-season punts (88 in 2011).


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It's been close to a month since I've written to you my poor neglected blog.
While away, I have accomplished many, many good things.
My DAR Chapter placed an historical marker on the spot where Kit Carson - scout for the Fremont Expedition - made camp in 1843 right here in San Joaquin County.
I was elected to the Board for the Association of Professional Genealogists. I begin my 2 year term in January.
I was on a discussion panel about online resources at the Family History Day at the California State Archives in Sacramento.
I presented a little workshop at the California Genealogical Society in Oakland about different places to put your family tree online.
Speaking of online family trees, A recent article seems to have rubbed many a genealogist the wrong way. Amy Coffin of the WeTree Genealogy Blog and Debbie Mascot of Mascot Manor share their thoughts on said article. I have to agree with Amy and Debbie.
I understand where the author (who is a board certified genealogist) is coming from, but OUCH! There are many who already think that the BCG are snobby and this article just added fuel to that flame. The article does come across as snobby and condescending.
As you may remember, last April I submitted my preliminary application to the Board for Certification of Genealogists which "started the clock" giving me one year to submit a portfolio to be reviewed and judged by 3 board certified genealogists.
Validation - that's the name of my game, my reason for attempting for certification. If you ask any of the 246 people who have submitted successful portfolios why they did it, I think you'll get 246 different answers. But I certainly don't think I am a snob for wanting to be certified. But just in case anyone thinks I have maybe gone to the "dark side" by wanting certification, have a look below. I just can't help myself.


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Have you taken or drank tea that was made from Fenugreek seeds? If not then you must try it
Incase you are not aware; wintergreen and peppermint are perfect flavors that will help you to get rid of bad breath. These herbs should be chewed to get the needed result of fresh breath and bacterial removal.|A toothache is one of the mouth conditions that may lead to bad breath. Infections in the throat and gums and others. However, taking the herb known as commiphora molmol can eliminate the bacteria that cause these infections. The Latin nomenclature is Myrrh.
If you are having an intensive or chronic bad breath, then you need to eat some common fruits to reduce the effects. Incase you don't know of which particular fruit to take. You should select guava. It will help you to reduce bad breath.|The issue of bad breath is a universal issue and calls for joint concern. It was reported way back in 1997 that in the United States alone, the amount of money spent on bad breath cure products is more than $1 billion united States Dollars. It is outrageous isn't it?|If you utilize the services of a qualified dentist, your bad breath will be treated with ease. One of the ways that you will be treated is by ensuring that the diseases on your gum are treating very well so that infections will not cause bad breath. Consult a dentist for this today.
The moment you start noticing plaques in between your teeth, you must know that bad breath is possibly going to be emanating from your mouth. Go to a dentist so that those crowns and old fillings in your teeth will be replaced.|You must ensure that on daily basis you practice how to get rid of bad breath. Among other things, you need to know how to effectively wash your mouth with effective mixtures in the form of mouthwashes. Also, you need to be able to floss, brush and scrape your tongue.
Plaque is a gum disease and this will definitely cause bad breath for you. In order for you to get rid of bad breath, you must treat this gum disease. Professional dentists will help you in this aspect.|You have been told to avoid certain foods that cause bad breath for you. Foods that have high fats, sugars, proteins and acidic fall into this category. Avoid them if you are interested in getting rid of bad breath.|If you want to know how to personally test if you have bad breath, then do this exercise – lick the back of your hand, allow the saliva to dry, then smell the portion. You will definitely know if your breath is bd. This self-test may not be the ultimate but it really works.


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Art Morrison Enterprises '69 Camaro
Making A Good Thing Better
Related Video
When it comes to aftermarket suspension systems, the guys at Art Morrison Enterprises (AME) are the wily veterans of the industry. Company namesake Art has been in the business since retiring from drag racing in the early '70s. Recently the company released its all-new '68-72 A-body chassis. But the guys at AME are never content to just let a design soldier on without constantly looking at ways of improving it as new technology provides.
For 2011, AME's popular GT-Sport front and rear suspension systems for first-gen Camaros saw a couple of improvements for better performance. The first was adding new sway bars front and rear. Previously both were non-adjustable, but now the front system features a tubular adjustable unit, while the rear is a solid adjustable bar.
The front GT-Sport suspension was designed using the superior geometry of the C6 Corvette, but optimized for a first-generation Camaro. The key improvements are in the roll center migration (how the car moves while turning then rebounding from the turn), and optimized camber gain to get the most from modern performance tires.
The rear GT-Sport suspension is a clean-slate design. For installation, the stock stamp-steel subframes are removed and the AME rear unit installed in their place. The three-link system was designed so the rear seat and related structure could be left in place, and a stock gas tank could be retained. When used with a 275-width tire, the AME rear suspension does not require minitubs, so you can keep a stealthy stock look while having modern handling prowess.
The big improvement for 2011 comes from the use of "Johnny Joints," a design pioneered by Currie Enterprises' own John Currie. Similar to a spherical bushing, this design uses a delrin cushion inside the joint to soften the ride while maintaining the superior function of a spherical joint. In the end, a great suspension was made even better.
The car benefitting from these improvements belongs to Matt Jones, one of the engineers at AME. Matt bought the car in 2001 during his first year of college. Its previous owner had started restoring the car 20 years earlier but never finished it. It has all N.O.S. replacement panels, and is one of those cars that's "never really finished" in the eyes of its owner. The LS1 currently between the fenders probably won't be there long, as Mike has eyes on an LS2 for some extra grunt.
Driving Impression--On the AutocrossIt's rare when you find that close-to-perfect car, and for me this was the Art Morrison Enterprises '69 Camaro. Sporting the AME GT-Sport front clip based largely from Corvette C6 underpinnings, the Camaro turned cornering into an artform and got me really, really excited to be a part of it all. Overall, this car felt light and nimble. It was extremely balanced--and very predictable, too. No surprises from this one.
My love affair with this Camaro started before the engine did. Settling myself behind the wheel, I fit ... period. The Camaro felt like it was built especially for me, as my seating and arm/hand position were absolutely spot on. Firing the engine, I felt the warmth of the LS powerplant and the potential it held. Leaving the line, the Camaro accepted power extremely well, and I immediately felt comfortable approaching and meeting traction limits.
Lightning-quick changes of direction? No problem. Need to brake later than you'd like to? Again, no problem. Totally getting things all out of sorts with the next step being one of "seeing God?" Yep, no problem, as this car will save your butt and do it with neither fuss nor fanfare. I found this last part out hauling the mail before the end turnaround, and was happy to be about a half-mile or so from any onlookers, because things got somewhat ... shall we say, interesting, with the potential of some "all hell breaking loose" moments. Enjoying a mad spurt of acceleration a little longer than I should have, I braked very, very late, and then turned in 'cause, uh, that's where the course went. The Camaro's front tires planted themselves against the tarmac and the rear started coming around. Transitioning back to throttle and opening up the steering wheel got the Camaro immediately settled. I've never, ever had a car reacquire a track so smoothly. Bonus points for Gryffindor!
Hustling hard, the Camaro felt neutral throughout the slalom tour, and I absolutely loved the quality of steering as it provided me excellent feedback with good leverage. This perfect, precise steering made it easy for the Camaro to follow my hands, and with exceptional compliance, allowed the suspension to do its part in getting us in and out of the requisite course elements. Coming back through the offsets and into the Chicago Box found the car very easy to position, courtesy of my friend, rotation. If I had one teensy complaint, it would be about the brakes. I found them a tad bit hard to modulate. But they were workable, and I was able to slow the Camaro to achieve those perfect entry speeds. Through the hard right, short slalom, and lane changes to the end found trail-braking to be this car's ally, as I could move it about at will. Talk about a willing dance partner, I've got no idea what-rate springs this car had, nor the shock settings, but my recommendation is to change absolutely nothing. Just gotta say that Art Morrison Enterprises created an excellent bolt-in suspension package for not a lot of dollars. If you're serious about handling, take a good, long look at this one. --Mary Pozzi
Driving Impression--On the StreetFirst impressions mean so much, and the seats in the AME Camaro were righteous. They were not aftermarket, but out of a 2002 Mercury Cougar. The leather chairs probably didn't cost the owner much, but boy were they comfy and offer excellent support. The rest of this car followed that same path. It was friendly, comfortable, and inviting.
The dash was stuffed full of Auto Meter gauges, and the pedal placement was spot-on. While the steering might be too light for some, I found it just about perfect for a street car. Light, yes, but not numb. Around town, it was great--linear with excellent turn-in and lots of feedback.
As with any combination of street-oriented suspension parts, one thing you probably don't want is a lot of banging, squeaks, and rattles. Fear not, as you won't find any here. Our only complaint was a little bit of brake noise, but this was offset by the good pedal pressure and feel--a tradeoff we're willing to accept.
Ultimately, this was the kind of car you could drive every day. It was compliant under adverse conditions yet was definitely a willing dance partner when the music was turned up. Nearly 9 seconds faster through the autocross than a stock 2011 Camaro SS, you wonder what the compromise is going to be. And after driving it for a bit, you realize: There isn't one. It rides better than stock, sticks like Velcro, and makes you want to drive and drive and drive. And isn't that what the whole idea is? --Jim Campisano
Testing facility provided by AMCI at eltorofield.com
Art Morrison Enterprises '69 Camaro Specs
Engine Type LS1
Block GM iron
Fuel Delivery GM fuel injection
Transmission Tremec T56 six-speed
Clutch Centerforce 11-inch dual-friction
Rearend AME 9-inch, 4.30 gears, limited-slip differential
Chassis AME GT-Sport front clip, subframe connectors, and AME GT-Sport rear subframe
Front Suspension AME C6 suspension kit with forged-aluminum control arms
Steering Rack-and-pinion
Springs 550 lbs/in
Spindles '05-current Corvette
Shocks Strange single-adjustable
Sway Bar AME 1-inch solid
Brakes Wilwood 6-piston calipers and 14-inch rotors
Rear Suspension AME three-link with a Watt's link and Johnny Joints
Springs 200 lbs/in
Shocks Strange single-adjustable
Sway Bar 3/4-inch solid
Brakes Wilwood 4-piston calipers and 13-inch rotors
Cost of Suspension Total $14,840*
* Total includes suspension listed above along with brakes, axles, third-member, headers, and LS engine adapter kit.
Wheels & Tires
Wheels Intro Emotion, front -18x10 (7.25 b.s.), rear -18x11 (7 b.s.)
Tires Nitto Invo, front -275/35R18, rear - 295/35R18
Total 3,240 lbs
LF: 837 lbs, RF: 881 lbs
LR: 802 lbs, RR: 720 lbs
1969 Chevy Camaro
Slalom 45.50 mph (average of the best five runs)
Autocross 44.62 sec. (best lap)
2011 Chevy Camaro SS
Slalom 47.70 mph (average of the best five runs)
Autocross 53.28 sec. (best lap)
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