text:
No color line separated the thousands of Detroiters who joined hands as Americans in the city's mammoth March for Freedom., a photo by Pan-African News Wire File Photos on Flickr.
Roberts's cynical treatment of MLK in voting ruling
By Dana Milbank, Tuesday, June 25, 7:39 PM
The Roberts court chose a most cynical way to celebrate this summer's 50th anniversary of Martin Luther King Jr.'s March on Washington.
On Tuesday, the Supreme Court's penultimate day in session before the Aug. 28 semi-centenary of King's "I Have a Dream" speech, the court's conservative majority announced a 5 to 4 ruling that guts one of King's greatest triumphs, the Voting Rights Act of 1965. (The Roberts court weakened another of King's triumphs, the Civil Rights Act of 1964, in a pair of 5-to-4 rulings on Monday.)
Chief Justice John Roberts, who wrote Tuesday's opinion in Shelby County v. Holder, was 10 years old in 1965, when police officers beat and gassed citizens in Selma, Ala., demonstrating for the right to vote; that assault, and King's subsequent march from Selma to Montgomery, spurred passage of the very law Roberts and his colleagues undid on Tuesday by declaring a key provision outdated.
But if Roberts was ready to move on from that bit of civil rights history, 80-year-old Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg, who was a young law professor during the civil rights era, was not going to let Roberts and his colleagues in the majority ignore that they were invalidating years of bipartisan efforts in Congress toward "achieving what was once the subject of a dream: the equal citizenship stature of all in our polity, a voice to every voter in our democracy undiluted by race."
In her quietly spoken but powerfully worded dissent read from the bench, Ginsburg invoked "the great man who led the march from Selma to Montgomery, and there called for the passage of the Voting Rights Act . . . 'The arc of the moral universe is long,' he said, but 'it bends toward justice,' if there is a steadfast commitment to see the task through to completion. That commitment has been disserved by today's decision."
It was difficult to hear the tiny and frail Ginsburg in the chamber. But her dissent, joined by the other three liberal justices, was a sharp rebuke of the conservatives for the yawning gap between their frequent vows of judicial modesty and the "hubris" apparent in their "demolition" of the Voting Rights Act. "What has become of the court's usual restraint?" she asked the judicial activists of the right.
The 15th Amendment, which guarantees the right to vote, expressly gives Congress the "power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation." Congress used that power as recently as 2006, renewing the Voting Rights Act by a vote of 390 to 33 in the House and 98 to 0 in the Senate; then-President George W. Bush signed the legislation.
That renewal continued what had been the law's most important provision: subjecting states with histories of discrimination to extra scrutiny before they can change voting laws. Lawmakers concluded that "serious and widespread intentional discrimination persists" in the mostly Southern states covered by these "preclearance" requirements.
But Roberts said he had "no choice" but to invalidate that provision — because he disagreed with the lawmakers' policy conclusions. "Today's statistics tell a decidedly different story," the legislator-jurist said from the bench.
The case had been brought by an Alabama county, and Roberts, in his oral summary, referenced Bloody Sunday. The chief justice justified his intervention by citing improved voter-registration percentages and by pointing out that Selma and Montgomery now "are governed by African American mayors."
That was little comfort to the civil rights activists on the sidewalk in front of the court, who were stung not just by the ruling but also by its timing.
"This is the 50th anniversary of the March on Washington," protested Wade Henderson of the Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights.
Civil rights lawyer Gerald Hebert quoted King before tossing in a bit of "we shall overcome."
Inside the chamber, the justices had a late-session listlessness that seemed at odds with the significance of the moment. Stephen Breyer yawned. Anthony Kennedy stared at the ceiling. Sonia Sotomayor sipped a drink and Antonin Scalia rocked in his chair.
Ginsburg, though, was steely as she scolded the majority for their conservative activism. "It was the judgment of Congress [in 2006] that '40 years has not been a sufficient amount of time to eliminate the vestiges of discrimination following nearly 100 years of disregard for the dictates of the 15th Amendment,' " she said from the bench. In Alabama, she said, Congress found that "there were many" barriers to minority voting rights. "They were shocking and they were recent."
History may not be as ancient as Roberts supposes.
Twitter: @Milbank


text:
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text:
I always root for the underdog. Go eagles!
Made a bet with LipeJJ and HylianYoshi that the XB1 will reach 30 million before Wii U reaches 15 million. Loser has to get avatar picked by winner for 6 months (or if I lose, either 6 months avatar control for both Lipe and Hylian, or my patrick avatar comes back forever).


text:
SNOW HILL – A draft of the still
unfinished Worcester County comprehensive rezoning, an integral part of the new
Comprehensive Plan approved nearly two and a half years ago, will undergo
accelerated review to ensure end of the year deadlines are met.
Staff went before the Worcester
County Commissioners Tuesday to present elected officials with several options
for the rezoning and rewritten subdivision code and new maps.
"We need some definitive
guidance on these things before we finish up the zoning," said Ed Tudor,
director of Development Review and Permitting.
All but one section of the
rezoning draft is complete, Tudor said, and that should be finished up in the
next week.
Instead of getting all the
updated code and maps together and presenting them for Worcester County
Planning Commission review at once at the end of the year, Tudor suggested
sending sections of the work to the Planning Commission piecemeal, which could
accelerate the schedule by three months.
The Planning Commission has
already reviewed the Commercial Design Guidelines, which the County Commissioners
will review in mid-October.
The commissioners will receive
the next sections of the rezoning and other changes as the Planning Commission
and staff complete their reviews and revisions. The county will then hold at
least one public hearing on the rezoning draft before final approval.
Impact fees, the most
controversial subject on the rezoning report agenda, were strongly discouraged
by county staff, although they are called for in the Comprehensive Plan.
"I don't want to belabor the
work you're doing, but I would like to see at some point in time a work session
on the issue," said Commissioner Linda Busick. "I am a proponent of growth
paying for itself. I am a proponent of impact fees…state funding will be less
and less. I truly believe we need impact fees to support the impact that new
development will have on our schools and other needed public facilities."
Commissioner Judy Boggs said
that she is personally in favor of impact fees but that the County Commissioners
have been down this road before. "I see no support on the Board of County
Commissioners," Boggs said.
"I agree. I'm definitely against
impact fees and will continue to vote that way at this particular moment," said
Commissioner Louise Gulyas.
Impact fees would drive up the
cost of development, Commissioner Bobby Cowger said, including workforce
Property under a certain cost is
exempt from impact fees, Busick explained later, and local governments can
create their own exemptions for lower cost housing.
The County Commissioners
voted to pass on impact fees despite their inclusion in the Comprehensive Plan,
approved by most of the sitting commissioners, voting 5 to 1 against including
impact fees in the comprehensive rezoning. Busick was the lone nay vote.
Commissioner Bud Church was absent.
An adequate public facilities
policy was also not popular with the commissioners.
Tudor said he sees the adequate
public facilities policy as a separate issue from the comprehensive plan.
"I am in favor of the adequate
public facilities ordinance, but I don't think this is the time to pursue any
of it," Gulyas said.
Worcester elected officials also agreed
with Tudor's suggestion to create a third commercial zone to deal with the
"perceived oversupply of commercial zoning," as Tudor characterized it.
According to the approved 2006
Comprehensive Plan, Worcester
County has four times as
much commercial zoning as it needs.
"That redistribution may bring
things into better balance," Tudor said.
Other options would not be
popular, according to a memo from Tudor, including down zoning property or
creating a commercial development rights transfer system.
This change would create a small
neighborhood business district zoning classification, in addition to the
current neighborhood business, and the general commercial zone, which could
allow for a general store in a mixed-use development.
The commissioners also agreed to
set aside nutrient budgets and trading, and the new zoning code will not
include even suggestions on environmentally sensitive design.
Estate zoning will be phased
out, the commissioners agreed. No new land has been created as estate zoning
for years. None of the existing estate-zoned land will be down zoned, despite
discussions to that effect earlier in the process.
"We don't want them charging
through the door screaming," Gulyas said.


text:
OTTAWA, CANADA, November, 17, 2006—In-the-know parent of four,
and world-wide celebrity Rosie O'Donnell, was positively gushing about the award winning 20Q handheld game on ABC's "The View–Hot Holiday Toys" episode. The segment was viewed by an estimated 2.9 million people.
As a toy expert gave an overview of her recommendations for best-bet toys for this holiday season, Ms. O'Donnell picked up a 20Q handheld game and said: "This is my pick. I think this is the best toy I've seen in five years! Buy
this toy! 20Q!"
Here at 20Q, we were thrilled to hear about Ms. O'Donnell's laudatory recommendation. Next, we'd like to introduce Ms. O'Donnell to the new 20Q Junior.
20Q Junior is poised to delight the early reader crowd with its kid-friendly design, cheeky banter, and eye-popping graphic cards that help youngsters choose something to think about.
We hope that Rosie will join our fan club.
20Q is an artificial intelligence, a website, a company and a phenomenon that speaks for itself online at http://20q.net. Players think of
an animal, vegetable, mineral or other item, and 20Q guesses what they are thinking in twenty questions, or less.
Each time the online game is played it "learns" a little more. After more than 48
million games played, 20Q has evolved from an experiment in artificial intelligence into a software development firm that licenses games built on the capabilities of the 20Q A.I. Robin Burgener, the inventor, has been nurturing the technology
since 1988.
The future is promising for 20Q.net Inc., located in Ottawa, Canada. 20Q has been translated into 21 languages, and the specialty versions of the handheld electronic game, 20Q Rock & Pop, 20Q Sports and
20Q Junior are in stores now. 20Q Mobile for the cell phone is licensed to I–play.
If it doesn't say 20Q, how can it read your mind? privacy, contact, license, sitemap ©1988-2017.
20Q.net Inc. All rights reserved. (070511) link to this page


text:
C code · Everything · Lua code · Python code · Syntax highlighting · Vim scripts
Sort by: GitHub watchers · Vim Online rating · Last updated · Lines of code
I studied computer science at the Hanzehogeschool and now work at Paylogic as a system administrator and developer (what nowadays is called DevOps) because I love programming. Here you can find several of my more-or-less usable pet projects, which I've published in the hope that they can be useful to others and also to contribute back after learning to program computers using free resources on the internet.
This plug-in runs Exuberant Ctags in the background to keep a global tags file up to date without user intervention. It also uses this tags file to perform dynamic syntax highlighting of user-defined functions and other identifiers.
The notes.vim plug-in makes it easy to manage your notes in Vim by providing several (automatic) commands and an advanced syntax mode. Also included is a Python script that uses an SQLite full text index to accelerate keyword searching in hundreds of notes.
The session.vim plug-in improves upon Vim's built-in :mksession command by enabling you to easily and (if you want) automatically persist and restore your Vim editing sessions. It works by generating a Vim script that restores your current settings and the arrangement of tab pages and/or split windows and the files they contain.
This plug-in aims to improve the integration between Vim and its environment by providing functions to switch to full-screen (see the screenshots), open URLs in the user's default web browser and execute external commands in the background without opening a command prompt window. The
shell.dll library exists to perform these things on Windows, while on UNIX external commands are used.
This Lua file type plug-in for Vim makes it easier to work with Lua source code in Vim by providing features like a smart go to file mapping, automatic syntax checking, smart completion, help file searching, text objects, etc.
When you edit and save a Vim script this plug-in automatically reloads the script. Supports standard plug-ins, auto-load scripts, file-type plug-ins, syntax highlighting scripts, file-type indentation plug-ins and color scheme scripts.
Using the LuaInspect tool this plug-in performs (automatic) semantic highlighting of variables in Lua source code.
This plug-in maps
<F1> in Python files to search through the Python language reference and library reference documentation for the keyword or identifier at the current cursor position and open the first match in your web browser. When no GUI is available a command-line web browser like
lynx or
w3m will be used, otherwise the plug-in prefers a graphical web browser like Mozilla Firefox or Google Chrome. You can also use a local copy of the Python documentation (very handy when traveling without a reliable internet connection).
Open files and web pages in their associated programs from Vim.
This Vim plug-in has been abandoned! Most of its code has been absorbed into my miscellaneous scripts for Vim while the user interface part is still found in my vim-shell plug-in. I will no longer maintain the open.vim plug-in since I'm shifting focus to the miscellaneous scripts (because they're included in all of my Vim plug-ins and since I need the "open associated programs" functionality in several of my plug-ins, this makes most sense).
A collection of miscellaneous Vim script functions used by most of the Vim plug-ins I develop.
Vim's runtime includes the script syntax/2html.vim which can be used to convert Vim's syntax highlighting to HTML that, when viewed in a web browser, should look exactly the same. This plug-in enables you to run the
2html.vim script in batch-mode, to publish a whole tree of source code at once. It will also use tags files created by Exuberant Ctags to convert tags to hyper links, producing a tree of interlinked HTML documents. I've published the sources of all the plug-ins on this page as an example of the output produced.
Makes it easy to quickly switch between colorschemes in Vim
The vim-tlv-mode plug-in adds support for Transaction-Level Verilog (TLV for short) to the Vim text editor. The plug-in is intended to provide everything needed to efficiently develop TLV code in Vim:
A Music Player Daemon client that automatically fills your play list with tracks from similar artists based on data provided by Last.fm.
Compressing, deduplicating file system implemented in Python on top of FUSE. Comes with a basic LZO binding because I couldn't find any for Python.
A simply Python script to push your dotfiles from your workstation to your servers.
A binding to the Apache Portable Runtime for Lua which aims to bring an extended standard library to Lua that supports both Windows and POSIX systems.
A collection of lexers and highlighters written in Lua using the excellent pattern-matching library LPeg. The highlighters generate HTML designed to be easily embedded in web pages. Two programming languages are currently supported, these are Lua and C. The highlighters support three color schemes.
Python scripts that make it easier for me to publish my Vim plug-ins (a Markdown to Vim help file converter and a ZIP package generator)
Supports syntax based folding and automatic syntax checking using pyflakes.
Lots of Lua projects (including Lua itself and LuaJIT) only release source code archives and expect users to build the project. On UNIX this is not really a problem but on Windows this can pose a significant hurdle for potential users. My Lua build bot is an attempt to solve this problem.
Accelerator for pip, the Python package manager


text:
WASHINGTON (AP) - Nine years after the Supreme Court said colleges and universities can use race in their quest for diverse student bodies, the justices have put this divisive social issue back on their agenda in the middle of a presidential election campaign.
Nine years is a blink of the eye on a court where justices can look back two centuries for legal precedents. But with an ascendant conservative majority, the high court in arguments Wednesday will weigh whether to limit or even rule out taking race into account in college admissions.
The justices will be looking at the University of Texas program that is used to help fill the last quarter or so of its incoming freshman classes. Race is one of many factors considered by admissions officers. The rest of the roughly 7,100 freshman spots automatically go to Texans who graduated in the top 8 percent of their high school classes.
A white Texan, Abigail Fisher, sued the university after she was denied a spot in 2008.
The simplest explanation for why affirmative action is back on the court's calendar so soon after its 2003 decision in Grutter v. Bollinger is that the author of that opinion, Sandra Day O'Connor, has retired. Her successor, Justice Samuel Alito, has been highly skeptical of any use of racial preference.
Justice Anthony Kennedy, a dissenter in the 2003 decision, probably holds the deciding vote, and he, too, has never voted in favor of racial preference.
As a result, said Supreme Court lawyer Thomas Goldstein, "No matter what the court does, it is quite likely that the UT program is going to be in big trouble."
The challenge to the Texas plan has gained traction in part because the university has produced significant diversity by automatically offering about three-quarters of its spots to graduates in the top 10 percent of their Texas high schools, under a 1990s state law signed by then-Gov. George W. Bush. The admissions program has been changed so that now only the top 8 percent gain automatic admission.
More than eight in ten African-American and Latino students who enrolled at the flagship campus in Austin last year were automatically admitted, according to university statistics. Even among the rest, both sides acknowledge that the use of race is modest.
In all, black and Hispanic students made up more than a quarter of the incoming freshmen class. White students constituted less than half the entering class when students with Asian backgrounds and other minorites were added in.
"For decades, the defense of racial preferences was, 'We'd love to find a way to get diversity without using race, but it's just not possible. There's just no other way.' And Texas found another way," said Richard Kahlenburg, a senior fellow at the Century Foundation and prominent advocate of class-based affirmative action.
The university says the extra measure of diversity it gets from the slots outside automatic admission is crucial because too many of its classrooms have only token minority representation, at best. At the same time, Texas argues that race is one of many factors considered and that it "is impossible to tell whether an applicant's race was a tipping factor."
The Obama administration, 57 of the Fortune 100 companies and large numbers of public and private colleges that could be affected by the outcome are backing the Texas program. Among the benefits of affirmative action, the administration argues, is that it creates a pipeline for a diverse officer corps that it called "essential to the military's operational readiness." In 2003, the court cited the importance of a similar message from military leaders.
But lawyers for Fisher, of Sugar Land, Texas, said the race-blind method under which the university automatically admits most of its students has been successful. They say Fisher, who has since graduated from Louisiana State University, was excluded because of her race, and they point to a handful of African-American and Latino students who were admitted with lower scores than hers.
"If any state action should respect racial equality, it is university admission," Fisher's lawyers said in their written submission to the court.
The university says that a fuller picture of the process shows that white students with lower scores also were admitted, while many more minority students with higher scores than Fisher also were not offered admission.
The case also raises several contentious side issues, including whether affirmative-action programs hurt the very people they are supposed to be helping. A new book by law professor Richard Sander and journalist Stuart Taylor argues that "large preferences often place students in environments where they can neither learn nor compete effectively, even though these same students would thrive had they gone to less competitive but still quite good schools."
Their book, "Mismatch," says these students are set up to fail, getting lower grades and dropping out more often than white students with similar backgrounds.
Taylor and Sander, a law professor at the University of California at Los Angeles, point to statistics in California to support their argument. After voters changed the state constitution to outlaw racial preferences, UCLA saw significant declines in enrollment by black and Hispanic students.
But the number of African-American and Latino graduates was unchanged for the five classes after the ban when compared to the five years before the change in state law, they said.
The dozens of legal briefs in the Texas case also highlight a debate over whether racial preference programs actually limit the number of students from Asian backgrounds, who are disproportionately represented in student bodies relative to their share of the population.
The university says Asian-American enrollment has increased under the policy that is being challenged. The numbers would be even higher if Texas stopped factoring in race, Fisher and others say.


text:
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Morten Jerven. Poor Numbers: How We Are Misled by African Development Statistics and What to Do about It. Cornell Studies in Political Economy Series. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2013. 176 pp. $65.00 (cloth), ISBN 978-0-8014-5163-8; $22.95 (paper), ISBN 978-0-8014-7860-4.
Reviewed by Jennifer De Maio (California State University, Northridge)
Published on H-Diplo (October, 2013)
Commissioned by Seth Offenbach (Bronx Community College, The City University of New York)
Why Do We Need Better Numbers?
How reliable are the statistics we use to study the development of African countries and why does the reliability of these statistics matter? These are the central questions addressed by Morton Jerven, an economic historian, in his book Poor Numbers: How We Are Misled by African Development Statistics and What to Do about It. One of the most significant contributions of his work is the systematic way that he approaches the issue of how economic data is produced and consumed. The quality of numbers has important implications for the assumptions we make, the resources we seek, and the policies we advocate for political and economic development in sub-Saharan Africa.
Scholars of African economies have long known that much of the data coming from statistics offices in the region have been inaccurate. The extent and nature of those inaccuracies, however, and the subsequent impact that they have on the welfare of citizens in developing countries have not been sufficiently assessed. Jerven fills a gap in the literature by historicizing and contextualizing national income accounting in Africa. He examines how economic statistics in African countries are produced and considers how problems with the quality of data can lead to controversies and disagreements between policymakers, scholars, and nongovernmental organizations. Jerven supports his arguments with survey information and interviews conducted at various statistical offices in sub-Saharan Africa.
Jerven's book is clear, concise, and well reasoned. The analysis is based on four years of research looking at how African countries obtain and disseminate their data. He argues that the low quality of this data has an effect on the quality of the conclusions that the development community has reached based on these numbers. Jerven considers the gross domestic product (GDP) estimates in particular and argues that it has been difficult for African countries to provide accurate income measures because of the presence of large subsistence economies and unrecorded transactions. What these measurement problems imply is that estimates of GDP can be grossly under- or overestimated. Jerven also posits that statistics offices frequently do not update their reporting and so they may miss important changes in economic activity, such as increases in the relevance of the cell phone sector.
Jerven studies the nature of data sets and asserts that differences in how we calculate GDP can result in changes in how we use the data. He explores three commonly used data sets for GDP: World Development Indicators, the Penn World Table, and the Maddison Project. While these sources collect the same data, they calculate inflation and other variables differently. Thus, their economic rankings of countries can differ significantly. The numbers in these data sets matter for several reasons. Western determination of where and how much development assistance to allocate depends on an assessment of a country's economic health as signaled by GDP estimates. Because of variations in the data sets and because of problems obtaining accurate data, it may be difficult to get an accurate sense of whether a country's economy is growing or shrinking over a particular period. What these measurement variations imply is that it is hard to determine with any degree of certainty whether one country's GDP is lower than another's. Donors could be allocating resources to one country when its neighbor is in fact facing a far bleaker economic situation. In addition to the problems with allocating resources, we may be drawing the wrong conclusions about the types of economic policies that stimulate or hinder development.
Jerven quotes Albert Einstein and writes: "Not everything counts that can be counted; and not everything that can be counted, counts" (p. 111). How economists count and how they use what they count is the central theme of Jerven's book. One of the potential criticisms of his analysis is that in focusing on numbers, the development community may lose sight of other factors, like institutions. Is the poor quality of numbers that have been coming out of Africa that matters or is should the poor institutions that contribute to measurement problems be the primary concern for the development community? Jerven would argue that the two are not mutually exclusive. Institutions matter and are one cut at the problem. But what Jerven's research contributes to the debate is a careful examination of the limitations of the numbers that we rely on to justify policies. He is not making a choice between numbers and institutions; instead, he seeks to bridge the gap between scholars and policymakers who use quantitative and qualitative methods and posits that a better understanding of where statistics for African countries come from will improve the overall quality of the conclusions that we draw.
One of the policy implications of Jerven's work is that development resources need to be directed toward supporting national statistics offices across Africa so that they can produce better data about their economies. A potential counter argument could be made that instead of supporting the statistics offices, the development community should be focusing on the citizens themselves and devoting as much development assistance directly to them as possible. Getting the GDP numbers right, however, may be the necessary first step in determining who has the greatest need for investments in health and development.
The most important lesson that scholars and policymakers should take away from Poor Numbers is that academics and policymakers need to be more responsible in how we use statistics. We need to understand how the numbers we are using were generated and the limitations that the data may have. It is only with this awareness that we can increase confidence in our analyses and the policies that we advocate.
Jerven is an economic historian and o
that have been produced
that should
If there is additional discussion of this review, you may access it through the network, at: https://networks.h-net.org/h-diplo.
Jennifer De Maio. Review of Jerven, Morten, Poor Numbers: How We Are Misled by African Development Statistics and What to Do about It.
H-Diplo, H-Net Reviews.
October, 2013.
URL: http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=39084
|This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 United States License.


text:
Stings and Bites
Spoilsport! Now you have my human on High Bug Alert! And she is also wondering if Binga's undiagnosed digestive issues could be Physaloptera - we don't have so many this year, but usually we have a lot of crickets around.ReplyDelete
The dog I mentioned above had been doing the chronic vomiting without other signs that he was ill for quite a while. The doctors were out of ideas and options so they sent him over to a specialist. I loved that about these particular doctors. They were not afraid to get patients to specialists when they needed it.Delete
thanks for a great post! it came in time... today we had a bug-adventure... fortunately I was fast enough to get the bug before Easy used it like bubble gum....ReplyDelete
I agree that this IS a great post! I never knew that ladybugs are toxic...who would think that since they are so cute and pretty?
Cody is our resident bug-hunter (Dakota stands behind him and watches), I usually am able to catch Cody before he eats a bug but I am sure there were times I missed him eating a fly or something. Thankfully it is mostly flies and moths that he chases and moths are big enough for me to grab before he does (if I am around!)
I think most of the time, we're pretty safe with the bug eating. I know Callie likes to hunt bugs too... her previous people told me she does. Shiner will mouth at flies that buzz around her, but she's really not a great bug catcher.Delete
This is the second time I 've walked my dog at night and I brought him in and he s trembling and is kind of stand offish and skittish and last time he was panting really bad it lasted 2 to 3 hours. Any ideasDelete
Yikes! I didn't know all that. I never worried too much about bug eating, unless it was stinging bug like a hornet. We always get lady bugs in our house in the fall, but at least none of the animals seem to have any interest in that.
But Luke definitely likes to chase and eat grasshoppers, and our beagle Kobi used to as well. I didn't see them on your list, but I'm guessing it's best to discourage him from that too.
I haven't heard anything about grasshoppers before either. Some people eat them actually. (I read way too much about how to eat bugs when I got sidetracked on this blog post lol...) But supposedly, they are safe when you cook them. Which I'm sure Luke isn't going to cook his ;)Delete
I don't eat bugs anymore. I ate on once and foamed at the mouth because it was pure yuck!ReplyDelete
UGH! When I see my pets trying to eat a bug, I always stop them.
Reminds of this one time my husky Lexus turned my night into a horror movie. Ok, so I am terrified of spider.... TERRIFIED! And one night, she jumped off the couch, ran to a spot on the floor and I saw her put something in her mouth, I called her over to me to see what she had, and she literally walked over to me, and spit a very LARGE spider out of her, and it hit the floor, still alive and crawled under my couch!!!! AHHHHHHHHHHHHHH!!!!!!!!
ღ husky hugz ღ frum our pack at Love is being owned by a husky!
Bailie likes to hunt flying bugs with cat bro Bert, but hasn't had any success catching them. Mom never likes us to eat them.ReplyDelete
shiner...thiz iz a grate post.....we haza LOTTA cricketz round heer rite now & frank lee we dinna noe we could get that P werd ewe used.... frum em ~~~~~~ ♥♥♥ReplyDelete
There are a few things here I've never considered. Thanks.
Our dogs mostly kill flies. They don't eat them, just kill them and run to me for praise. Probably something I shouldn't be rewarding. Yikes.
Thanks for this info. We usually don't eat the bugs we find. We just play with them til they're deaded. 'Cept flies...we have been known to eat them.ReplyDelete
I had no idea that ladybugs were toxic. Thank you for this info.ReplyDelete
Taffy kept trying to eat Cicadas, even catching them in mid air with them buzzing in her mouth! Mom had a cat that got tapeworms from eating bugs, I only eat food. Love DollyReplyDelete
Bain will kill them, but he's learned that they don't taste good if you eat them. Lol!ReplyDelete
Lol - Shiner will *try* to kill them sometimes... but I guess she doesn't really care for them either. I used to know this dog that would have a buffet when June Bug season hit. They would fly into the garage with us and she would start catching and crunching them up as fast as she could (gross!).Delete
Great post! It's always good to know details about WHY something is bad for you. :)ReplyDelete
Sigh.... Mommy won't let us eat bugs. We get water bugs here which are related to cock roaches. We hunt them down and she flushes them down the toilet! We don't get the prize.ReplyDelete
I'm guilty of this. I get Bain to catch small moths and flies. He doesn't seem to eat them though, he likes the chase and shakes his head when he catches it.ReplyDelete
My cat hunts waterbugs, catches them in her mouth, calls me, drops thing in front of me so I can get rid of it. She's got nasty sores around her mouth and I cannot get her to stop hunting things. What can I do for the sores? She looks awful.ReplyDelete
I can't say that her waterbug hunting is the cause of the sores around her mouth. However, cats commonly get a condition called stomatitis which could be the cause. Many cats take antibiotics periodically for the condition and it's best to ask your vet about it. Hopefully it's nothing serious and she recovers quickly!Delete
2 of my dogsd eat bugs but the puppy 5 months old eats thrm constantly, we have alot of bettles. Hes had sever stomach paons in past, but tonight he came in the house foaming at the mouth. He had rabies shot, he is eating and drinking, after reading this i wonder kf it was a bug. Is there anything i can do to deter the bug eating? ThanksReplyDelete
My kittens love boxelders. Fireflies WILL kill cats I heard. Ps. Grapes and raisins are toxic to cats and dogs too, and cats are naturally lactose intolerant.ReplyDelete
My rat terrier is a pro cricket hunter. He eats them too.ReplyDelete


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Learn About the Law
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[257 U.S. 216, 217] Messrs. Ernest Clewe and Frank W. Aitken, both of San Francisco, Cal., for appeallant.
[257 U.S. 216, 218] Mr. Christopher M. Bradley, of San Francisco, Cal., for appellee.
Mr. Justice DAY delivered the opinion of the Court.
This case is here solely upon the question of the jurisdiction of the District Court to entertain the suit. The bill was filed in the District Court by the North Pacific Steamship Company against the Industrial Accident Commission of California, William T. Soley, and H. I Mulcrevy, County Clerk of the City and County of San Francisco. The bill alleged that the complainant was engaged in the business of transportation in interstate commerce between various points on the Pacific coast, and operated the steamer Breakwater; that on or about the 12th of June, 1916, the said steamer, then in the navigable waters of the United States loading cargo, had in its [257 U.S. 216, 219] employ the respondent, Soley, as a stevedore, and that said Soley was injured by falling down a hatchway of the steamer; that on the 27th day of November, 1916, Soley filed an application with the Industrial Accident Commission for damages under the Compensation Act of California (St. Cal. 1913, p. 279); that, after a hearing the Commission made the following award:
Agnew Sanitarium $149.85 Dr. E. H. Crabtree 152.00 Dr. Maynard C. Harding 203.50 Dr. L. C. Kinney, for X-ray 10.00"
The bill averred that by virtue of the award the complainant had been ordered to pay Soley $3,015.35.
The bill further alleged that at the time of his injury Soley was engaged in the performance of a maritime contract aboard a vessel in the navigable waters of the United States engaged in interstate commerce; that his remedy was exclusively within the admiralty and maritime jurisdiction [257 U.S. 216, 220] of the courts of the United States; that under section 26 of the Compensation Act a certified copy of the findings and award may be filed with the clerk of the Superior Court, and, that upon filing the copy of the findings and the award, execution may be issued upon the judgment; that Soley had filed certified copies of the findings and the award with the clerk of the Superior Court, and unless restrained by injunction, would cause execution to be issued thereon for the purpose of making the amount of the award out of the property of the complainant. The bill prayed an injunction against any steps for the enforcement of the award.
Respondent, Soley, appeared and answered, and, among other things, set up:
In order that the District Court have jurisdiction of the cause it was necessary that the amount in controversy exceed exclusive of interest and costs the sum or value of $3,000. Judicial Code, 24 (Comp. St. 991 ). Section 37 of the Judicial Code (Comp. St. 1019) provides:
Section 37, with the substitution of District Court for Circuit Court, is a re-enactment of the Act of March 3, 1875, c. 137, 18 Stat. 470, 472.
The objection that jurisdiction to entertain the suit did not exist is one which may be taken by answer. Anderson v. Watt, 138 U.S. 694 , 11 Sup. Ct. 449. Indeed, under section 37 it is the duty of the court when it shall appear to its satisfaction that the suit does not really and substantially involve the necessary amount to give it jurisdiction, to dismiss the same, and this the court may do whether the parties raise the question or not. In the present case the issue was raised by answer, and, therefore, it became necessary for the court to determine the question of jurisdiction upon the facts presented, and when brought directly here, it is the duty of this Court to review the decision upon the testimony as one presenting a jurisdictional question. Wetmore v. Rymer, 169 U.S. 115 , 18 Sup. Ct. 293; Gilbert v. David, 235 U.S. 561 , 35 Sup. Ct. 164.
The award upon which the suit was brought provided for the payment of $ 11.25 per week in advance beginning on September 19, 1916, until the termination of Soley's disability or the further order of the Commission, the total period of payment not to exceed 240 weeks. Upon the hearing upon the question of jurisdiction a copy of the findings and award of the Commission was put in evidence. Soley was called, and testified among other things, that after his doctor told him that he was cured he went back to work on or about December 10, 1917, and had been working ever since, and had made no claim upon [257 U.S. 216, 222] his employer since that time. An order of the Commission, filed August 25, 1919, was introduced in evidence, from which the Commission found that the disability suffered by Solely terminated on the 10th day of December, 1917; that the disability indemnity payable to him up to and including December 10, 1917, amounted to $855, which together with the medical expenses theretofore awarded amounted to $515.35, making a total of $1,307.35, the total liability of the company to Soley by reason of his injury. It was also stipulated between the parties that the award in favor of Soley, a copy of which was in evidence, had been filed in the office of the clerk of the city and county of San Francisco, that a writ of execution had issued against the complainant on November 12, 1917, to satisfy said judgment to the extent of the amount which had accrued under such findings and award, which was less than $1,500; that said writ was returned unsatisfied; that the application of Soley for the termination of the award was made on August 20, 1919
A witness was called who testified that at the time of the injury to Soley the steamer Breakwater was engaged in interstate commerce between ports on the Pacific coast.
Upon these facts the District Court found that the jurisdictional amount was not involved. In our judgment it did not err in reaching that conclusion. The award provided for weekly payments until the termination of the disability or until the further order of the Commission. The testimony showed that Solely had been pronounced cured by his physician, and had returned to work on December 10, 1917, eight days before the action was brought. The order of the Commission, terminating the disability indemnity, found that the disability suffered by reason of the injury had terminated on December 10, 1917, and that the total liability of the defendant was $1,307.35. Under [257 U.S. 216, 223] these circumstances the court reached the conclusion that the jurisdictional amount was not involved. This conclusion, being sustained by the evidence, it was the duty of the court to proceed no further with the case.
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Mike Tyson's Punch-Out!!
"Does this video game really merit two exclamation points in the title?"
In Mike Tyson's Punch Out!! you control a boxer named Little Mac on his quest for boxing greatness. There is only one catch: you are very little. How little is up to debate, but there is no doubt that every other boxer in the game is about three times as big as you, even the guy who only outweighs you by 3 pounds. Why would someone want to join this boxing league you ask? Well, it is unclear. However, many studies have been done on this subject, the most notable being the Starr Report. But as they say, "Size does not matter" so you press on. But, no road is without its obstacles, and on your way to boxing glory, you must go through eleven fighters who are willing to do anything in order to beat you, including murder, whipping, teasing, and even juicing.
The Referee: Mario[edit]
Mario makes a cameo appearance in this video game as a referee. Because he is even shorter than Little Mac, it can be assumed he hasn't had his mushroom yet today. Seriously though, he's about 2 feet tall in his game. Mario spends most of his time crouching down, pointing his fingers at thin air and counting to ten whilst Little Mac or the opponent is down. This is because he had a serious hernia at the time while trying to direct a forklift to a pile of crates, which contained various boxing equipment and soda (Vodka?) bottles for Soda Popinkski.
see Mario for further information.
Human Punching Bag Gauntlet: Glass Joe[edit]
Your first obstacle in your boxing career is the fighter Glass Joe. You may not be able tell this by looking at him but this man is made entirely out of glass. One punch may shatter his very being. While many people may tell you that this fight is a cake walk, they are neglecting to tell you both sides of the argument. Glass is a very dangerous substances and when broken can have many sharp, jagged edges. Why would you want to punch it? Do you want to risk your entire boxing career on the large chance that you may get cut by glass? This is where the real difficulty lies. So, although Joe may be easy to beat physically, mentally he is a worthy opponent. Who wants to touch glass?
The German: Von Kaiser[edit]
Second only to meeting their Maker, the person a gamer most wants to meet is Von Kaiser. He has it all. Moustache, check. Personality: check. Aroma: check. Even gravitas. This guy could probably dance with the Devil and live to tell the tale. But, he boxes like a torso. Therefore victory should be easy...but wait, this is not the whole story. Von Kaiser may or may not be Little Mac's father. Would you hit your own father?
The First Champ: Piston Honda[edit]
Piston Honda is your typical Japanese stereotype who sucked on a lemon and makes grumpy faces at you before the round starts. He's a cocky gook who specializes in dances involving side-hopping followed up with punching your face to the ground. He is known to act in a very odd manner, bulging his muscles and jumping around like a stout bully who is in a schoolyard fight for the very first time. He also suffers physical tourettes of the eyebrows. His force comes from the the almighty Asian powers of Bruce Lee, Jackie Chan, and Mickey Rooney. Secretly, he has a Tokyo camera pointed straight at his wee wee, further proving his "cock"iness.
The Dancer: Don Flamenco[edit]
A Spanish tobacco seller, who looks like Adam Sandler, is looking for his two favorite colors for pants. His arm pits can talk and he works in association with his older brother, Glass Joe. Don flamenco is not made of glass, he is made of obsidian that grants him the ability to dance with one foot. At the beginning of the fight, he reveals his obsidian claws that he stole from Wolverine and it magically disappears in his mouth. Before he lost the fight to Little Mac, he had a beautiful fiancee named Carmen. After he lost, Carmen became shallow and dumped him. Don quit dancing lessons and committed suicide in 1993. His apparent last words were "Carmen, my love. I danced so sweet for you."
The Fat Ass: King Hippo[edit]
Hippo is the long lost brother of Cartman and Jabba. He fights so his beloved Hippo Island, which he rules with an iron fist, can get cash. He punches really hard, and has mangled Don Flamenco's face beyond comparison with his punches. He is constantly taking off his pants slightly to show off his third X-shaped eye. He can only speak in strange beeps by opening his mouth as far as it can go and needs a translator that types words underneath his head in order for people to understand his robot-speak. For the record, he weighs 999 pounds, over 900 of which is pure fat. Who'd want to punch hippo fat?
The Furry: Great Tiger[edit]
A tiger fanatic who is a furry when he is on the internet. He acts like a total asswipe, calling you a kitten from time to time, and tends to pounce and bite his opponents while growling like the Miami Zombie. Despite being a pretender, he also has magical powers, inherited from his father, Magic Mike, which he uses his jeweled turban for. Either Mario is temporarily blinded by Great Tiger's wizardry, or he is too busy worrying about his oh-so-painful hernia to call Tiger out of the ring and make Little Mac win by default. Great Tiger's powers involve him crouching down and speeding around the room like a psychotic cat, which is why he uses it so much. It is suggested that you avoid it, lest you get yiffed.
The One Who Uses His Ugliness As A Strategy: Bald Bull[edit]
Bald Bull is really really ugly. Unlike Don Flamenco, he was born ugly. Even his body is unappealing to women, despite the fact that he's ripped. Occasionally his eyes swell up and a great glob of saliva crawls out of his mouth. At other times, he utters a laugh that sounds like a blabber-mouthed robot being strangled by two thousand marmosets. Both these symptoms are due to a birth defect, which is also responsible for his severe ugliness and the two odd tufts of hair sticking out the sides of his head. He can also be considered a furry, like most of the other boxers in this ring.(Hippo, Tiger, Bull, Flamenco is super close, cuz he's pink like a flamingo and dances on one foot) and he uses his own furry instinct, which is charging like a bull. Because furries and their moves are stupid, you can knock further I.Q. points at its lowest when he's charging you. That is a really useful tactic. Anyway, he's fighting to get plastic surgery. I don't blame him.
The Jap: Piston Honda[edit]
Piston Honda is back and instead of being the best of the worst, he's become the worst of the best, which is actually much better (for him as he is really annoying in this fight) and he fights like a piston, so yeah well I'll stop now.
The Drunk: Soda Popinski[edit]
Soda Popinski likes to show off his body with his speedo and spread communism while in the ring. Not as much as Super Macho Man, but still it's an eyesore, considering he's freakishly pink and showing his legs. So, anyway, his real name is Vodka Drunkenski, and he proves it because his quotes are all about alcohol. That explains his blue eyes, but what explains his pink eyes? When he was in Elementary school, where he still wore a speedo, some kids poured some pink paint on him and fed him glow sticks, which made him furious and become strong so he could beat them up. Today, he is a really annoying fighter to beat.
The Still F***ing Ugly: Bald Bull[edit]
He looks like Bluto from Popeye. Only uglier. So very, very, VERY much uglier.
The David: Don Flamenco[edit]
It's like a case of David and Goliath, because there are three strong guys behind this guy in the rankings. That's not a good sign for you. Well, David's doing more impressive than his brother.
The Harder than Final Opponent: Mr. Sandman[edit]
This is the guy in Fairy Tales who puts sand in your eyes to help you sleep. He doesn't want kids to know he looks like this, so he uses it as his "nickname," even though it's his real name. Make sure he doesn't flick sand in your eye. That's his most annoying move. His second most annoying move is singing "Enter Sandman" by Metallica, because he sounds like a mentally handicapped grizzly bear with a broken toy microphone shoved deep down his throat while a snot-nosed nine-year-old is poking him with one of the lightning rods from the Chicago Sears Tower. It's that bad. Other than that, be basically has the same moves as Bald Bull, because he used to be Mr. Sandman's gym buddy back in '83. Mr. Sandman's moves are a bit faster though, and once bald Bull found this out, he challenged Sandman to a fight. Unfortunately for Bald Bull, he became almost unbearable to look at after the fisticuffs. His tufts of hair became larger, his face became ungodly, and the top of his head grew taller.
The Eyesore: Super Macho Man[edit]
"In Soviet Russia, the bogus releases YOU!!"
I TOLD you that there is an opponent who looks weirder in a speedo than Popinski. And that can be explained by his weird hairdo. This person is the polar opposite of Soda Pop when it comes to habits, (I don't smoke, but tonight, I'm gonna smoke you!) his real name is Glenn, and he comes from California. But he is slightly questionable, and that's because of his most eyesore-ful feature, the fact that he can shake his man-boobs. He does this to hurt your eyes. It's an interactive function. Yeah, this game can feel so real sometimes. While he claims to be only 27, he has aged really badly and is 72 years old in the Nintendo Wii version - at least his face is 72. And, after all, who would want to hit an old man?
The Hardest One: Mike Tyson[edit]
Ah, Mike Tyson. The highest boxer of them all. The only way you can beat this sunofabitch is if you record the times when he punches you and dodge his attacks.(Of course, you could look up the times online, but trial-and-error is more fun.) Unfortunately, the clock is on some serious drugs and goes super fast. Luckily, he doesn't try to bite your ear off, because this game was made before he developed the tendency to bite off his opponent's appendages. You know, the good 'ol days. But beware, every once in a while, he winks at you. Don't be scared, for there is no rape scene in the game, but one of the developers suggested it in the early stages of programming. He was apparently fired the day after making that particular suggestion. If you win against him in the final round decision, prepare to witness his scary losing face.
The End All, Be All: Cthulhu[edit]
Cthulhu comes after Mr. Dream / Mike Tyson and is the champion of the secret "cosmic" circuit that comes after you beat Mr. Dream. However, he is completely impossible to beat as he uses his unstoppable "Hyperdimensional Matter Transmutation Punch", which scatters every atom in his opponents body across a thousand dimensions. You might as well stop trying to beat him, because it will never work, no matter what you do. The best thing you can do is to do nothing and hope that he'll get bored and return to his normal state, dead but dreaming.
The Ending[edit]
Upon beating the game, (which is impossible, rendering the remainder of this paragraph a moot point) you win the belt, and learn about Little Mac's true father, who is not who you thought it as, but surprisingly, Big Mac, the Burger King and inventor of McDonald's. Sadly, you do not find out about his past, though you can here. He reveals to you that now you must defend your title again and you are forced to beat up all your foes from before, only this time you can't use boxing gloves. And then, when you have finally triumphed with a hill of their bodies behind you, true victory will have been obtained. But at what cost?


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Sanoj SUNEJA
Dr. Sanoj K. Suneja joined the National Institute on Aging (NIA) in 2006 as Research Program Analyst and currently serves the institute as DEA Deputy Director, Supervisory Health Scientist Administrator. Dr. Suneja is responsible for extramural research grants referral and analyses in the NIA Division of Extramural Activities (DEA). As a Supervisory Scientist in his academic career at the Univ. Conn. Health Center (UCONN) from 1988-2006, he had researched on neuro-biochemical behavior of the auditory system after hearing damage for managing the goals of the NIH-funded research project(s).
Before joining UCONN, Dr. Suneja was a Scientist with Government of India from 1986-1988. He received his Master (1982) and Doctorate (1986) degrees in Biochemistry from Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, India. Dr. Suneja has published over 40 peer reviewed scientific research articles. Dr. Suneja has served as a reviewer for various scientific journals in neurosciences such as European Journal of Neuroscience, Neurochemical Research, Brain Research, and Ear and Hearing.
Research Interests/Portfolio
- Referral Liaison
- New and Early stage investigator applications
- Extramural grants data
- DEA website contents


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4 Also excluded are the following persons who are not regarded as employees for the purposes of this survey:
5 The sample for AWE, like most Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) business surveys, is selected from the ABS Business Register which is primarily based on registrations to the Australian Taxation Office's (ATO) Pay As You Go Withholding (PAYGW) scheme (and prior to 1 June 2000 the Group Employer scheme). The population is updated quarterly to take account of:
6 The estimates include an allowance for the time it takes newly registered businesses to be added to the survey population.
7 Businesses which have ceased employing are identified when the ATO cancels their PAYGW registration. In addition businesses which do not remit under the PAYGW scheme for the previous five quarters are removed from the frame.
8 A sample of approximately 5,500 employer units is selected from the ABS Business Register to ensure adequate state and industry representation. The sample is updated each quarter to reflect changes in the ABS Business Register. These changes arise from the emergence of new businesses, takeovers and mergers, changes to industry classification, changes in the number of employees, and businesses which have ceased operations. Such updating of the register can contribute to changes in the estimates of average weekly earnings.
9 The statistical unit for the survey comprises all the activities of an employer in a particular state or territory based on the Australian Business Number (ABN) unit or Type of Activity Unit (TAU) (see paragraphs 13 and 17). Each statistical unit is classified to an industry which reflects the predominant activity of the business. The statistical units are stratified by state, sector, industry and employment size, and within each stratum, statistical units are selected with equal probability.
10 The introduction of The New Tax System in July 2000 had a number of significant implications for ABS business statistics, including changes to the populations for most business surveys. Refer to paragraphs 5 and 12. These implications are discussed in general terms in the information papers: ABS Statistics and The New Tax System (cat. no. 1358.0) and Improvements in ABS Economic Statistics [Arising from The New Tax System] (cat. no. 1372.0). In relation to the AWE survey, these changes caused a greater than normal rotation of businesses included in the sample for the May 2001 and August 2002 surveys.
11 The ABS uses an economic statistics units model on the ABS Business Register to describe the characteristics of businesses, and the structural relationships between related businesses. The units model is also used to break groups of related businesses into relatively homogeneous components that can provide data to the ABS.
12 In mid-2002, to better use the information available as a result of The New Tax System, the ABS changed its economic statistics units model. The new units model allocates businesses to one of two sub-populations. The vast majority of businesses are in what is called the ATO Maintained Population, while the remaining businesses are in the ABS Maintained Population. Together, these two sub-populations make up the ABS Business Register population.
ATO Maintained Population
13 Most businesses and organisations in Australia need to obtain an Australian Business Number, and are then included on the ATO Australian Business Register. Most of these businesses have simple structures; therefore the unit registered for an ABN will satisfy ABS statistical requirements. For these businesses, the ABS has aligned its statistical units structure with the ABN unit. The businesses with simple structures constitute the ATO Maintained Population, and the ABN unit is used as the economic statistics unit for all economic collections.
ABS Maintained Population
14 For the population of businesses where the ABN unit is not suitable for ABS statistical requirements, the ABS maintains its own units structure through direct contact with businesses. These businesses constitute the ABS Maintained Population. This population consists typically of large, complex and diverse businesses. The new statistical units model described below has been introduced to cover such businesses.
15 Enterprise Group: This is a unit covering all the operations in Australia of one or more legal entities under common ownership and/or control. It covers all the operations in Australia of legal entities which are related in terms of the current Corporations Law (as amended by the Corporations Legislation Amendment Act 1991), including legal entities such as companies, trusts, and partnerships. Majority ownership is not required for control to be exercised.
16 Enterprise: The enterprise is an institutional unit comprising (i) a single legal entity or business entity, or (ii) more than one legal entity or business entity within the same Enterprise Group and in the same institutional subsector (i.e. they are all classified to a single Standard Institutional Sector Classification of Australia subsector).
17 Type of Activity Unit (TAU): The TAU comprises one or more business entities, sub-entities or branches of a business entity within an Enterprise Group that can report production and employment data for similar economic activities. When a minimum set of data items is available, a TAU is created which covers all the operations within an industry subdivision (and the TAU is classified to the relevant subdivision of the Australian and New Zealand Standard Industrial Classification [ANZSIC]). Where a business cannot supply adequate data for each industry, a TAU is formed which contains activity in more than one industry subdivision.
18 For more information on the impacts of the introduction of the new economic statistics units model, refer to Information Paper: Improvements in ABS Economic Statistics [Arising from The New Tax System] (cat. no. 1372.0).
19 Average weekly earnings statistics represent average gross (before tax) earnings of employees and do not relate to average award rates nor to the earnings of the 'average person'. Estimates of average weekly earnings are derived by dividing estimates of weekly total earnings by estimates of number of employees. Changes in the averages may be affected not only by changes in the level of earnings of employees but also by changes in the overall composition of the wage and salary earner segment of the labour force.
20 There are several aspects which can contribute to compositional changes, including variations over time in the proportions of full-time, part-time, casual and junior employees; variations in the occupational distribution within and across industries; variations in the distribution of employment between industries; and variations in the proportion of male and female employees. Such effects may apply differently within different states and territories, and over time.
21 The definition of earnings currently used in the AWE survey is, broadly, current and regular payments in cash to employees for work done. Thus, earnings series from the AWE survey have historically excluded amounts salary sacrificed, as these have been considered conceptually as payments in kind. However, under the revised conceptual framework for measures of employee remuneration, as presented in Information Paper: Changes to ABS Measures of Employee Remuneration (cat. no. 6313.0), amounts salary sacrificed are now considered conceptually to be wages and salaries in cash. Accordingly, the AWE survey was redeveloped, and from August 2007, the collection of information on amounts salary sacrificed by employees commenced. However, the AWE series has continued to be published on the old conceptual basis (i.e. exclusive of amounts salary sacrificed) to maintain long term comparability of the time series.
22 Although the AWE survey has conceptually excluded amounts salary sacrificed, in practice, there is evidence that earnings series from the AWE survey have inadvertently included some amounts salary sacrificed. The ABS has been working closely with data providers to identify any instances of mis-reporting, and to amend their reporting practices where necessary.
23 As a result of the separate collection of salary sacrificed amounts from August 2007, and other analyses, the ABS is now able to quantify the extent of mis-reporting that had occurred in recent times, and to estimate the impact of this mis-reporting on the historical series. As a result, AWE data series for August 1996 through to May 2008 have been revised to exclude all amounts salary sacrificed. For further information see Information Paper: Revisions to the Average Weekly Earnings Series (cat. no. 6302.0.55.001) released 11 November 2008.
24 The current AWE series, based on information obtained from a sample survey of employers, was introduced in August 1981. Prior to August 1981 the AWE series was based principally on information from payroll tax returns. Revised estimates of average weekly earnings for the period August 1981 to November 1983 were included in Average Weekly Earnings, States and Australia, March Quarter 1984 (cat. no. 6302.0) published on 12 July 1984. Users who need a measure of the movement in earnings for a period which spans both the payroll tax based and employer survey series should refer to table 3 in that publication which presents both series linked to a common index base (August 1981 = 100.0).
25 Period-to-period movements for the Average Weekly Earnings (AWE) series are not comparable with those for the Wage Price Index (WPI) (previously known as the Wage Cost Index). It is important to recognise that the two series have different purposes and concepts and use different sample selection and estimation methodologies.
26 The AWE survey is designed to measure the level of average earnings in Australia at a point in time. It does this by collecting information from businesses on their number of employees and their total gross weekly earnings for a specific pay period each quarter. The WPI is a price index designed to measure the change over time in the price of labour. It does this by pricing specific jobs, in terms of wage and salary payments to employees occupying the jobs, and collecting information from businesses each quarter on price changes in those jobs. It is unaffected by changes in the quality and quantity of labour purchased by employers.
27 In addition to changes in the price of labour, AWE estimates are affected by changes in hours worked and by compositional changes in the employee workforce (see paragraphs 19 and 20). The WPI prices a fixed quantum of labour services for each job, and hence changes to base earnings resulting from increases in hours worked or from changes in the composition of the employee workforce will not be reflected in the index.
28 For further information on the WPI, please refer to the Explanatory Notes of Labour Price Index, Australia (cat. no. 6345.0) and Labour Price Index: Concepts, Sources and Methods (cat. no. 6351.0.55.001) which are available on the ABS web site.
29 Estimates of average weekly earnings are rounded to the nearest 10 cents.
30 Percentage changes are calculated on the actual values and may differ from calculations based on rounded estimates.
31 Seasonal adjustment is a means of removing the estimated effects of normal seasonal variation from the series so that the effects of other influences can be more clearly recognised. Seasonal adjustment does not aim to remove the irregular or non-seasonal influences which may be present in any particular series. Influences that are volatile or unsystematic can still make it difficult to interpret the movement of the series even after adjustment for seasonal variation. This means that quarter-to-quarter movements of seasonally adjusted estimates may not be reliable indicators of trend behaviour.
32 AWE uses the concurrent seasonal adjustment method to derive seasonal factors. Concurrent seasonal adjustment uses data up to and including the current quarter to estimate seasonal factors for the current and all previous quarters. This process can result in revisions each quarter to estimates for earlier periods. However, in most instances, the only noticeable revisions will be to the seasonally adjusted estimates for the previous quarter and one year prior to the current quarter.
33 AWE also uses Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) modelling, which generally results in a reduction in revisions to seasonally adjusted and trend estimates when subsequent data become available. For more information on ARIMA modelling see Feature article: Use of ARIMA modelling to reduce revisions in the October 2004 issue of Australian Economic Indicators (cat. no. 1350.0).
34 While seasonal factors for the complete time series are estimated each quarter, they will continue to be reviewed annually at a more detailed level to take into account each additional year's original data. The annual review is conducted on data up to and including November each year, with the results reflected in estimates released in the February issue of this publication. This annual review will not normally result in significant changes to published estimates.
35 Details about the method of seasonal adjustment of these series are available on request.
36 Seasonally adjusted estimates can be smoothed to reduce the impact of irregular or non-seasonal influences. Smoothed seasonally adjusted series are called trend estimates.
37 The ABS considers that trend estimates provide a more reliable guide to the underlying direction of the original estimates and are more suitable than either the seasonally adjusted or original estimates for most business decisions and policy advice.
38 The trend estimates in this publication, obtained by dampening out the irregular component from the seasonally adjusted series, are calculated using a centred 7-term Henderson moving average of the seasonally adjusted series. Estimates for the three most recent quarters cannot be calculated using this centred average method; instead an asymmetric average is used. This can lead to revisions in the trend estimates for the last three quarters when data become available for later quarters. Revisions of trend estimates will also occur with revisions to the original data and re-estimation of seasonal adjustment factors.
39 If a series is highly volatile then the trend estimates will be subject to greater revision for the latest few quarters as new data become available. However, it is important to note that this does not make the trend series inferior to the seasonally adjusted or original series.
40 For more information, refer to Information Paper: A Guide to Interpreting Time Series - Monitoring Trends (cat. no. 1349.0) which is available on the ABS web site.
41 Three feature articles which have appeared in the ABS monthly publication Australian Economic Indicators (cat. no. 1350.0) may also be of interest:
42 The privatisation of Telstra Corporation in November 2006 impacted on the private sector and public sector average weekly earnings series. For the purposes of ABS statistics this change from public sector to private sector was effective from March quarter 2007. The effect of this change was significant for both the private sector and public sector series. As a result, a trend break was applied to both series between November 2006 and February 2007. For more information please see Information Paper: Future Treatment of Telstra in ABS Statistics, 2007 (cat. no. 8102.0), released 26 February 2007.
43 The following publications contain related information:
44 As well as the statistics included in this and related publications, the ABS may have other relevant data available on request. Details of additional data available are shown in the Appendix on page 33 of this publication.
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From the Lighthouse: An Anthology
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Subtitle: To Look Upon Darkness Through Light Must Dispel It
"Each issue of our quarterly newsletter featured an article that covered different aspects of A Course in Miracles. Students have asked if we could make them more generally available. These requests echoed our own thoughts, and so we have decided to publish the articles in this book, not surprisingly called From the Lighthouse. We have grouped the articles into six different categories, reflecting the wide range over which our thoughts have traveled as we considered both the world of A Course in Miracles as well as the world at large through the lens of the Course's teachings on forgiveness. A seventh category was added by Gloria for this anthology: 'Tributes to Kenneth Wapnick: A Sharing of Gratitude' — from the final issue of The Lighthouse."
By Kenneth Wapnick, Ph.D. and Gloria Wapnick


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The United States said on Friday it was imposing its largest package of sanctions to pressure North Korea to give up its nuclear missile program, and President Donald Trump warned of a "phase two" that could be "very, very unfortunate for the world" if the steps did not work.
In addressing the Trump administration's biggest national security challenge, the U.S. Treasury sanctioned one person, 27 companies and 28 ships, according to a statement on the U.S. Treasury Department's website.
The United States also proposed a list of entities to be blacklisted under separate United Nations sanctions, a move "aimed at shutting down North Korea's illicit maritime smuggling activities to obtain oil and sell coal."
North Korea has been developing nuclear-tipped missiles capable of reaching the U.S. mainland and Trump and North Korean leader Kim Jong Un have exchanged taunts that have raised fears of war.
In August, Trump threatened to go beyond sanctions by bringing "fire and fury like the world has never seen," although his administration has repeatedly said it prefers a diplomatic solution to the crisis.
Speaking at a news conference with Australian Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull, Trump made apparent reference to military options his administration has repeatedly said remain on the table.
"If the sanctions don't work, we'll have to go phase two," Trump said. "Phase two may be a very rough thing, may be very, very unfortunate for the world. But hopefully the sanctions will work."
The sanctions' targets include a Taiwanese passport holder, as well as shipping and energy firms in mainland China, Hong Kong, Taiwan and Singapore. The actions block assets held by the firms and individuals in the United States and prohibit U.S. citizens from dealing with them.
The U.S. Treasury said the sanctions were designed to disrupt North Korean shipping and trading companies and vessels and further isolate Pyongyang. They also are aimed at ships located, registered or flagged in NorthKorea, China, Singapore, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Marshall Islands, Tanzania, Panama and the Comoros.
Last month three Western European intelligence sources told Reuters that North Korea shipped coal to Russia last year and that it was then delivered to South Korea and Japan in a likely violation of U.N. sanctions.
Frustrated Trump
Treasury Secretary Steve Mnuchin said the new sanctions would help prevent North Korea from skirting restrictions on trade in coal and other fuel through "evasive maritime activities."
"The president is clearly frustrated and rightly so over the efforts that have failed in the past and also over the uptick in testing and the advances we've seen in the North Korean program," a senior administration official told reporters.
At another briefing, Mnuchin stood next to enlarged photos he said showed December 2017 images that revealed ship-to-ship transfers of fuel and other products destined for North Korea in an attempt to evade sanctions.
He said he could not rule out the prospect of the United States boarding and inspecting North Korean ships.
Mnuchin said virtually all shipping currently being used by North Korea was now under sanction and the U.S. government had "issued an advisory alerting the public to the significant sanctions risks to those continuing to enable shipments of goods to and from North Korea."
Mnuchin said the number of sanctions steps taken by the United States against Pyongyang since 2005 was now 450 with approximately half imposed in the last year.
Christopher Ford, assistant secretary of state for international security and non-proliferation, told reporters sanctions already had affected North Korea's weapons programs and this was shown by the lengths NorthKorea was going to try to evade sanctions.
Jonathan Schanzer of the Washington think tank Foundation for the Defense of Democracies said Friday's move was "the largest tranche of DPRK (North Korea) sanctions" released by the Treasury Department.
"The only thing missing here today is action against Chinese banks," he said. "We know they continue to undermine our efforts to isolate North Korea."
Tougher sanctions may jeopardize the latest detente between the two Koreas, illustrated by the North's participation in the Winter Olympics in the South, amid preparations for talks about a possible summit between North Korea's Kim and South Korean President Moon Jae-in.
'Warm climate'
North Korea last year conducted dozens of missile launches and its sixth and largest nuclear test in defiance of U.N. Security Council resolutions. It defends the weapons programs as essential to deter U.S. aggression. It has been more than two months since North Korea's last missile test.
Kim said he wants to boost the "warm climate of reconciliation and dialogue" with South Korea, which hosts 28,500 U.S. troops, after a high-level delegation, including his sister, returned from the Olympics.
In an extension of that rapprochement, the North agreed on Friday to hold working-level talks on Tuesday for the Pyeongchang Winter Paralympics on the North's side of the border village of Panmunjom.
In December the United Nations approved U.S.-drafted limiting North Korea's access to refined petroleum products and crude oil, which the North Korean Foreign Ministry said amounted to an act of war. In January Washington announced a round of sanctions and urged China and Russia to expel North Koreans raising funds for the programs.
The U.N. Security Council banned North Korean exports of coal last Aug. 5 under sanctions intended to cut off an important source of the foreign currency Pyongyang needs to fund its nuclear weapons and missile programs.
The new U.S. sanctions were announced while Trump's daughter, Ivanka Trump, is visiting South Korea. At a dinner with Moon at Seoul's presidential Blue House, Ivanka Trump said the United States wanted to "reaffirm our commitment to our maximum pressure campaign to ensure that the Korean Peninsula is denuclearized."
Moon said North Korea's participation in the Olympics had "led to lowering of tensions on the peninsula and an improvement in inter-Korean relations" and were thanks to President Trump's "strong support for inter-Korean dialogue."
Ivanka Trump's visit to South Korea coincides with that of a sanctioned North Korean official, Kim Yong Chol, vice chairman of the North's ruling Workers' Party's Central Committee blamed for the 2010 sinking of a SouthKorean navy ship that killed 46 sailors. His delegation will attend the closing ceremony and also meet Moon.
The Blue House has said there are no official opportunities for U.S. and North Korean officials to meet.


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The Evolution of Open - Notes from Open Everything
Day 1 of Open Everything at Hollyhock has passed and I'm now up far too late blogging about it.
Numerous insights, but possibly the most interesting occurred during the spectrogram exericse where we asked participants to physically locate themselves along an axis (in our case a piece of tape along the floor) in response to questions we asked them.
The most interesting was a two dimensional spectrogram where we first asked people if "The Organization I work for is open." Then, after participants chose their spot along this first axis we asked them to migrate along a Y axis according to the question "I personally work in an open manner." Below is a re-creation of how the participants distributed themselves around the room.
Obviously definitions of "open" and "how open" one is was up to each participant - but then this is the point of a spectrogram!
At first blush it simply seemed that many people were personally open (or trying to act in an open manner) in their jobs and that there was pretty equal distribution between who was in an open vs. closed organization.
However, the distribution of people in the quadrants was not random. Those in the bottom right quadrant (quadrant 2) tended to be people who were in more conservative institutions like universities, governments and traditional companies. These people were the IT professionals, consultants, organizers, etc… but more importantly, they were rabble-rousers within their respective organization, trying to initiate change. In short, you had CHANGE MAKERS trying to shift their org into a more open space.
In the top right-hand quadrant (quadrant 3) were people in emerging open source projects and generally smaller organizations that were striving to be open. This was a group of people who's organizations were become increasingly open. These ACTIVISTS believed in the open idea and were excited about where they - and their organizations - were.
Finally, in the top left hand quadrant (quadrant 4) were the VETERANS of the open movement. Here were people who worked in well established open source or open projects. Their challenge was they were experiencing the limits and issues of being and acting consistently in an open manner. As they push about against the most extreme limits of open they saw the necessity and value of not always been completely and totally open (for example, there are only so many thinking processes, conversations, and discussion, I can take the time to share).
So the big ah-ha was realizing the growth curve that people and organizations go through as they engage in, and become, more open. First you have change makers who agitate and work to enable organizations to adopt open methodologies. Then as the organization becomes more open people become activists, celebrating the open idea and pushing it into all areas of the organizations. Then those within the organizations begin to run into the operational and practical limits of open and, importantly, recognize the importance and role of "private" or "closed" as essential and so guard it. Critically, I also think that those in quadrant 2 or 3 are often measuring open differently then those in quadrant 4 - who because of their boards and/or stakeholders, hold themselves to a very high bar.
The best part about this is that it means there are individual and organzations lessons to be drawn as one migrates through these stages. It also means thatt those passionate about open, but in radically different quadrants (say 2 vs 4) may have very different priorities and/or concerns. This doesn't mean that they aren't both equally committed to a common ideal, just that they are looking at it from very different places.
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NEMBA, a community of mountain bikers committed to creating epic riding experiences, preserving open space, and guiding the future of mountain biking in New England.
The New England Mountain Bike Association (NEMBA) has 33 chapters and more than 8000 members throughout New England. Our mission is to promote responsible mountain biking and to protect and preserve New England trails and open spaces. We lead about a thousand recreational rides a year, run hundreds of trail care events annually and host about a dozen mountain bike festivals across New England every year.


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RIO DE JANEIRO – Brazil's patent authority has taken a bite out of Apple with an announcement Wednesday that the iPhone name in Brazil belongs to a local company called Gradiente SA, not to the global computer giant.
The official publication of the verdict doesn't forbid Apple from using the name in Brazil. It only makes it clear the rights belong to the Brazilian company, said Marcelo Chimento, spokesman with the national patent office.
Stopping misuse of the name is beyond the patent office's purview, and would have to be decided in court. Another option is for the two companies to reach an agreement, he said.
Apple's Brazil office said the company had no comment. Calls and emails to IGB Eletronica, Gradiente's parent company, were not immediately returned. The decision was issued on Ash Wednesday, which is observed as a holiday in Brazil.
Gradiente filed its request to use the iPhone brand in 2000, believing that "there would be a technological revolution in the world of cellphones, with the convergence of transmission and reception of voice and data via mobile Internet," it said in a press release.
The company was the first to make cellphones in Brazil, and launched the first national smartphone in 2004. Their request to use the iphone trademark was granted in 2008, and the company started making 'iphones' -- with a lowercase `p' -- in December.
Their phones are entirely different from the Apple product. For starters, the Gradiente phones run on the Android operating system, developed by Apple rival Google Inc. They also have lower screen resolution, weigh more than the Apple phone, and sell for a fraction of the price.
The issue in Brazil is reminiscent of one that arose in the United States in 2007. Cisco Systems had owned the iPhone trademark since 2000, and had been using it for a line of Internet-connected phones.
Once Apple announced its intention to use the brand name, Cisco sued it in San Francisco federal court. The two companies settled out of court six weeks later, without disclosing the terms.
Brazil will likely see a similar solution, with Apple probably choosing to pay the Brazilian company for the right to use the iPhone brand in Latin America's largest country, a telecommunications analyst told the Associated Press in December.
This seems the best option for Apple, because it "doesn't want to stop selling its product in Brazil," Eduardo Tude, president of Brazilian telecommunications consultancy Teleco.


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DC's father was in Florida for the winter. He left in mid-November. DC did get to see him on the day after Christmas for dinner when DC, Doug and I were in Florida on vacation.
His dad came back from Florida in May for the summer. One of DC's first visits with his dad was on a Sunday. They went to his Aunt's house for DC's belated birthday party. His dad was not here for his birthday and his Aunt was ill at the time, so the party she planned to have for him right around his birthday had to be put on hold. They made up for it that Sunday though. DC was happy, he loves his birthday and nothing could be better than to be still celebrating his birthday two months later and let's not forget the cake! Cake is very important to DC!
His father asked to take him on the following Wednesday, so DC went to his father's house and came home in the morning in time for his transportation to take him to work. It was only a few days later on Sunday that DC had his seizure. He was supposed to go to his father's on the following Wednesday, but we decided to cancel since it had only been a few days since the seizure and I was not comfortable letting him out of my sight.
A week later, his dad took him to his Aunt's house again, this time to celebrate Father's Day with the rest of his family. DC came home happily listing everything he had to eat because that is what is important. (He did ask me about "cake" before he left that morning and I told him that there may not always be a cake every time he goes to his Aunt's house…..but yes, there was a cake).
When his dad returned him on that Sunday he asked if he could take him again on Wednesday. DC got frustrated and said "No! I don't want to!". He does this at times – he says no, without meaning to or without really listening to what he is saying "no" to. I told him not to worry, we had nothing scheduled on Wednesday and it would be fine for him to go to Dad's. After his dad left he continued to go on about not going. I thought that he might be confused so I brought him to the calendar to show him that there was nothing going on that day. I wrote "Dad's House" on the calendar. DC got angry and yelled "Cross Out! No!".
From the many years spent crawling around in DC's head trying desperately to figure things out, I had an idea about what was going on here, but I left it alone for a while. When I talked to him again a few hours later and got the same response, I decided I had to call his dad the next morning. As I said, I had an idea about what was going on but first I wanted to be sure that nothing happened, even something as small as the power going out for a split second, or the dog jumping on him, or a piece of furniture in different place, would be enough to cause this anxiety. There was nothing that he could think of.
I told him what I thought this was all about. DC hadn't seen him in over 6 months. He was now used to not seeing his dad and only talking to him on the phone. Even before he left for Florida, he had not taken DC twice a week for many years, it was always once a week – every other Sunday and every other Monday. Now he is home and DC, with his own agenda in his head, and also quite used to not seeing Dad, feels as if Dad is "cramping his style" for lack for a better term. That, combined with his seizure and probably not wanting to sleep anywhere but home was making him a bit anxious. He loves to see his dad, don't get me wrong, but he is used to what he is used to and it will take a little time for him to get used to something else. His dad suggested that I ask DC what day he would like to go to his house.
Later that day I did ask DC if he wanted to pick a day that hewanted to go. There was no fussing and no anxiety, it was his choice. He immediately wrote "Dad's House" on Sunday. I told him that I would call his father to see if he was available that day. As it turned out, he wasn't. I told DC that Dad had to work on Sunday (he didn't, but it was easier than trying to explain "other plans") I asked him if he wanted to make another choice. He chose Wednesday! The same day he was so adamant about not going!
Wednesday came and he was happy to go and he was still happy when he came home.
What have I taken away from all of this?
~ He needs time to get used to the fact that his father is going to be a part of his schedule again, at least until winter comes.
~ We need to make sure that DC is allowed to have some say in the matter and give him a choice of dates.
And….. you might think I am trying to be funny or making a joke, but I know my child…..
~ I am absolutely 100% certain that when I first gave him a choice and he opted for Sunday right away, it was only because he thought there would be cake……


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Albrecht, Duke of Prussia (1490-1568)
Albrecht (Albert) of Brandenburg-Ansbach, 37th Grand Master of the Teutonic Order and first Duke of Prussia (Herzog von Preußen), was born 16 May 1490 at Ansbach, Bavaria, the son of Friedrich (Frederick) V, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach (1460-1536) and Sofie of Poland (1464-1512), daughter of Casimir IV of Poland.
Albrecht was raised for a career in the church and was appointed canon of the Cologne Cathedral. In 1511 he was chosen to succeed Friedrich, Duke of Saxony (1473-1510) as Grand Master of the Teutonic Order. In 1525 Albrecht joined the Lutherans after a period of leaning toward Schwenckfeldianism. He secularized the Teutonic Order's remaining Prussian territories and assumed the hereditary rights to the duchy of Poland.
Albrecht offered domicile to the Anabaptists in his country (Prussia), which had been greatly impoverished in the Polish-Prussian war (1519-1521), and permitted them to settle in East Prussia near Bardeyn, not far from the town of Preussisch-Holland. But in an otherwise entirely orthodox Lutheran state, this colony was an object of annoyance to the clergy. The duke turned to Martin Luther in 1532 for an exposition of John 6, but received no reply for over a year. Luther finally advised against toleration. On 12 June 1533 he replied to Luther. Until 1535 the margrave followed a policy of toleration, but in 1535 exaggerated reports on Münster caused him to have the Anabaptists expelled by an order of 23 October 1535. But the officials, unwilling to weaken the depopulated land, did not carry out the orders very strictly. They persuaded the duke to permit a new settlement of Anabaptists in 1539 in the village of Schönberg in the same vicinity. However, the duke again yielded to the clergy and in 1543 ordered these settlers banished unless they recanted. Also the later immigrant Mennonites from Holland, who settled in Schönberg as early as 1545 and later (1556-1558) at Drausensee and Ellerwald, were repeatedly hit by edicts of expulsion, in consequence of which they may have settled in the adjacent Polish territory.
Albrecht died 20 March 1568 and was succeeded by his son Albrecht Friedrich.
Hege, Christian and Christian Neff. Mennonitisches Lexikon, 4 vols. Frankfurt & Weierhof: Hege; Karlsruhe: Schneider, 1913-1967: v. I, 19.
Kolde, Th. Analecta Lutherana: Briefe und Actenstücke zur Geschichte Luthers. Gotha, F.A. Perthes, 1883: 137-139.
Niederländische Ansiedlungen im Herzogtum Preussen z. Z. Herzog Albrechts. Leipzig, 1903.
Penner, Horst. Ansiedlung mennonitischer Niederländer im Weichselmündungsgebiet von der Mitte des 16. Jahrhunderts bis zum Beginn der preussischen Zeit. Weierhof: Mennonitischen Geschichtsverein, 1940.
Penner, Horst. "The Anabaptists and Mennonites of East Prussia," Mennonite Quarterly Review 22 (1948): 212-25.
Randt, Erich. Die Mennoniten in Ostpreussen und Litauen bis zum Jahre 1772. Königsberg: Otto Kümmel, 1912.
Schultz, S. G. Caspar Schwenckfeld von Ossig. Norristown, PA: 1948.
Thudichum, Friedrich von. Die Deutsche Reformation, 1517-1537. Leipzig : Max Sängerwald, 1907-1909: v. II, 540.
Tschackert, Paul. Urkundenbuch zur Reformationsgeschichte des herzogthums Preussen. 1890: v. II, 202 f., No. 994 and No. 999. Reprinted: Osnabrück : Zeller, 1965.
|Christian Hege
|Richard D. Thiessen
|Date Published
|May 2007
Cite This Article
MLA style
Hege, Christian and Richard D. Thiessen. "Albrecht, Duke of Prussia (1490-1568)." Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. May 2007. Web. 2 Oct 2023. https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Albrecht,_Duke_of_Prussia_(1490-1568)&oldid=144683.
APA style
Hege, Christian and Richard D. Thiessen. (May 2007). Albrecht, Duke of Prussia (1490-1568). Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. Retrieved 2 October 2023, from https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Albrecht,_Duke_of_Prussia_(1490-1568)&oldid=144683.
Adapted by permission of Herald Press, Harrisonburg, Virginia, from Mennonite Encyclopedia, Vol. 1, p. 35. All rights reserved.
©1996-2023 by the Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. All rights reserved.