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Thursday, 30 May 2013
Incomplete Rainbow
"Red and yellow and pi......er...blue..."! I decided that , as the girl hasn't completed her rainbow painting, I'd just stick to the primary colours.
The image is by A Day For Daisies and I used scraps left from the book I made (previous post) and Promarkers.
I'd like to enter this for:
Crafty Boots Rainbows
Artistic Inspirations Paper piecing
Craft-room Challenge Use your scraps
Addicted to Stamps Make your mark
Wednesday, 29 May 2013
'Life is Beautiful' Book
At long last I have finished making a journal for my daughter - I started it months ago!!! She is a student midwife and it is customised to record information on her deliveries etc.
I used the entire collection of Cosmo Cricket 'Togetherness' (expect to see the scraps being used up), and, as I still needed more, I used other patterned papers that I felt went well with them. I bound it with my Bind-it-all.
|There are customised charts for info on deliveries
|Index page and inside front cover
|Pockets for letters etc
I'd like to enter:
Love to Create Challenge Bookmark, book or reading (I hope it's okay for the theme)
Make it Monday Linky Party
Kaboodle Doodles Anything goes
Use it Tuesday Anything goes (Big chunk of paper stash used!)
Simon Says Stamp Anything goes
Paper Creators Crafts Anything goes
Tuesday, 28 May 2013
{Pin}spirational Challenge 59 - Football
Here's my DT card for this week's Pinspirational Challenge, and here's the pinspirational photo:
As you can see (hopefully!) I took the colours from the photo to use with this great digi provided by our sponsors , Milk Coffee.
How does the photo inspire you? Come and join in at Pinspirational Challenges.
Monday, 27 May 2013
An Older Guy
CD Sunday is 'Aged to Perfection', so I thought I'd feature my favourite older man - and it's not my partner! (He,he..)
I used Papermania 'Christmas Past' CD. I made two copies of the Father Christmas image and I used the transparency button in Docrafts Digital Designer to make one of them lighter for the background.
I used a sketch from My Time to Craft .
I'd also like to enter Word Play Saturday Challenge, Magical.
I used Papermania 'Christmas Past' CD. I made two copies of the Father Christmas image and I used the transparency button in Docrafts Digital Designer to make one of them lighter for the background.
I used a sketch from My Time to Craft .
I'd also like to enter Word Play Saturday Challenge, Magical.
Saturday, 25 May 2013
Green and Glittery
Here I've used a combination of images from Linda Ravensdcroft's Fairyland CD , and some backing paper from the same CD . I've added glitter glue to the fairy's wings and Glossy Accents to the water on the leaves. I used green glitter paper and a flower border from Papermania; a die-cut flourish; and punched flowers with gem centres.
It's very greeen!!!
I'd like to enter:
CD Sunday Go Green
Melonheadz Friends Sparkle and shine
Di's Digi Designs Winged things
Wednesday, 22 May 2013
Inkspirational Challenge 21 - Sketch
This week we have a sketch for you at Inkspirational Challenges , and here it is:
For my DT card, I used an Inca stamp which is made up of 9 squares, each with an amusing cat! I coloured it in, cut out the squares and arranged them as diamonds.
What will you do with this sketch? Come over to Inkspirational Challenges and show us. This month we are sponsored by Tammy of Creatively Me.
Tuesday, 21 May 2013
{Pin}spirational Challenge 58 - Sporty
Here is this week's Pinspirational photo from Pinspirational Challenges:
For my DT card, I used part of a skateboarder digi provided by our sponsors , Stamping Chef. I coloured it in and paper-pieced the skateboard, with Basic Grey Obscure paper, whcih I also used for the background.
What inspires you in this picture? The colours? The sporty theme? The trophies? The cap? Please join us at Pinspirational Challenges and show us.
I'd like to enter:
Pause,Dream, Enjoy Happy .....
Love to Create Challenge Something for kids
Stamps and Fun +Creativity For a boy/man
That Craft Place Makes for men
Sunday, 19 May 2013
Scottie Dogs
We last finished decorating our front room just days before our son was born. He is now 6 and the room decor is showing the strain of his infant years! We are just about to redecorate, with new sofa covers in grey, and yellow curtains and cushions. So I suppose grey and yellow are my current fave colour combo - as requested by As You Like It Challenge.
The dogs are a Dovecraft punch and the banners are a Crafty Sentiments die. I stamped the baners with a Hampton stamp.
I'd also like to enter this for:
Dream Valley Challenges Animals
Crafty Creations Kiss
Less is More Cats or dogs
Saturday, 18 May 2013
EOTWE Inkspirational Challenge 20 - May CASE
Inkspirational Challenge is to CASE this beautiful card by Lee Conrey:
For my card I used a piece of patterned paper I've been hoarding for years. I coloured some yellow ribbon with a Promarker. layered it with lace and replaced the bow with an arrangement of cut and folded ribbon , flowers and a pink heart-head hatpin.
How would you CASE Lee's lovely card? Come to Inkspirational Challenges and join in. We are sponsored this month by Tammy of Creatively Me.
I'd also like to enter:
Use it Tuesday You can't touch this (the rose paper)
Use your Stuff Focused on flowers
Songbird Challenges Bloom and grow
Tuesday Throwdown Smell the Roses
How would you CASE Lee's lovely card? Come to Inkspirational Challenges and join in. We are sponsored this month by Tammy of Creatively Me.
I'd also like to enter:
Use it Tuesday You can't touch this (the rose paper)
Use your Stuff Focused on flowers
Songbird Challenges Bloom and grow
Tuesday Throwdown Smell the Roses
Friday, 17 May 2013
Blog Hop - Happy Birthday Mynette
Happy Birthday Mynette!
To celebrate , we have each chosen one of Mynette's cards to CASE. Here's my choice:
To see which card each of us chose, and to have a chance to win some BLOG CANDY, here is the blog list for you.
* Marina My Perfect Life (You are here)
* Nikki Nicole Stalker
* Meighan Stampin with Meighan
* Inkspirational
* Ellen In a World of Craft
* Shauna Creating with Paper
* Sandie London Days
* Ruth Flower Sparkle
* Yvonne Journey Into Artistry
* Kylie Kylie is Addicted to Stamps
* Want more? The Technique Time Tuesday DT is also hopping forMynnette's birthday!
In order to have a chance to win, you need to visit each blog and leave a
comment on each one, including this one. You will have until 5:00 PM EST on
Thursday May 16th to leave your comment. One of the sites will be randomly
chosen and we will randomly choose a winner from the comments on that site,
using Random.org. The winner will be posted Friday May 17th!
Tuesday, 14 May 2013
For this card I used an image from Joanna Sheen (Fashion Boutique) CD. I've used this CD a lot, yet I got it for a few quid on Ebay. The background paper is one I created previously, using a My Craft Studio image of blossom and the Docrafts Digital Designer papermaking facility. To these I added pearls, lace and a flower.
I'd like to enter this for:
CD Sunday Ornate blossom
Artistic Inspirations Flowers and lace
Bearly Mine Challenges Lucky dip - lace, flowers, pearls
The Cupboard Trilogy spring flowers
Sweet Stamps Challenge Blog spring
{Pin}spirational Challenge 57 - Dog
This is my DT card for this week's Pinspirational Challenge, and here's the inspiration picture:
For my card, I used a dog from a digi stamp provided by our sponsor , Bugaboo. The books are from my digital stash. It says 'reading record' as inside, are spaces for my little boy to fill in when he reads a book. He's a reluctant reader and I made one before and he did fill it up - so it worked!
How does this picture inspire you? Come over to Pinspirational Challenges and join in.
Shelly's Images Kid theme
Incy Wincy Designs Animal Antics
Make it Monday linky party
Monday, 13 May 2013
Garden Arch
This project just happened when I was playing about with a Tando Creative Gothic Arch and all my bits, and I quite like it (and I hope you do too!) .
Here's what I used : lots of different Distress Ink Pads ; Indigo Blue text stamp; spotty texture stamp (unknown) ; Kaisercraft flower stamps; Artemio Modern Grass stamp; black stickles (in the flower centres) ; clear embossing powder (on frame) ; and liquid pearls.
I'd like to enter:
Fashionable Stamping Challenges Anything goes
Artful Times Bloomng marvellous
Rogue Redhead Designs May Flowers
Sisterhood of Crafters May flowers
Saturday, 11 May 2013
Silhouettes on Silhouette
Here's my first project made using my new Silhouette Cameo , that I got for my birthday last week. I've been thinking of getting an electronic cutting machine for a while, but was worried it might make crafting too easy and take away the fun of the challenge. So far, though, I've found picking stray hairs off the super-sticky cutting mat challenging enough!
Although (if you want) you can get stuff that's just cut out and go, there's still plenty of scope for traditional crafting with the machine. Here I've used two seperate cutting files - the window with the cat and the Eiffel Tower together with some low tech inking, stamping (Hero Arts woodgrain, Non-Sequitur 'France') and the old post-it note moon trick.
I've just scratch the surface of the Silhouette's capabilities though - it's going to take a while to get to know it.
I'd like to enter:
Out of a Hat Creations A postcard from France
Just Add Ink Woodgrain
Craft-room Challenge Wish you were here.
Friday, 10 May 2013
Auld Lang Syne
Happy New Year! Okay, so it's mid-May but I was inspired by Drunken Stampers' Braveheart challenge, to think about men in kilts ! (Wahay!) I knew I had a bagpiper image somewhere and found him on Peerless Designs 12 Days of Christmas CD (He's a piper piping). Then I had a 3 hour search of paper packs, cds, digital images..to find the right tartan to paper-piece him with! Then I created the sentiment. It all took so long that I'm barely scraping in for the deadline.
The other inspiration that brought this card together is a new challenge, As You Like It - use your fave die or punch. I love this clock die by Sizzix/Tim Holtz - it fits so many themes and adds a bit of shape to the project.
I'd also like to enter:
Sentimental Sunday Paper piecing
Joanna Sheen Challenge Music and Lyrics
Delightful Challenges Stash it
Thursday, 9 May 2013
White Rose Wedding
The rose image is from My Craft Studio Enchanted Moments CD - I printed it onto vellum and stuck it behind a frame, which I popped un 3d foam to get some light behind the vellum. As you can see, I've used 2 different embossing folders and lots of pearls.
I'd like to enter this for:
CD Sunday Weddings
Craft Your Passion Floral delights
Card Crafter's Circle Buds, blooms and blossoms
Crafty Calendar Challenge Blooms and blossoms
Wednesday, 8 May 2013
Inkspirational Challenge 19 - Balloons
This week's challenge is at Inkspirational Challenges is a really easy one. Here's the inkspirational photo:
For my card I used an October Afternoon stamp of a girl with balloons. The sentiment is by Personal Impressions and the frame is by Stampin Up.
This month we are sponsored by Tammy of Creatively Me, and she's offering this great prize:
So come on over to Inkspirational Challenges and join in.
I'd also like to enter:
Clear it Out Challenge 2 or more patterned papers
Lexi's Creations Happy Birthday
Tuesday, 7 May 2013
{Pin}spirational Challenge 56 - Pocket Mouse
OMG the giant rat's kidnapped the teddy!!!! This is this week's pinspirational picture from Pinspirational Challenges.
For my DT card I was able to use a sponsor image (by Melonheadz) of a cute mouse in a pocket and here's what I did:
So....cute mouse or sinister rat.....come and join us at Pinspirational Challenges and show us your take on the picture.
I'd also like to enter:
Here come the Boys paper piecing
Cards for Men Animals
Paper Creators Challenge For the Boys
Saturday, 4 May 2013
End of the Week Encouragement - Inkspiration Challenge 18
This week's Inkspirational Challenge is a colour challenge:
Anyway, these lovely tree stamps are by Kaisercraft.
The Inkspirational Challenges this month are being sponsored by Tammy of Creatively Me and she is offering this great prize:
Inkspirational Challenges and join in.
Wednesday, 1 May 2013
Purple Wedding
I was asked to make a wedding card, so I thought I'd combine it with this week's CD Sunday challenge - Purple Paradise. The photo is from My Craft Studio Enchanted Moments Cd and I recoloured it to make the flowers purple. I embossed a long white card, using a Cuttlebug embossing folder. I also used some foiled card and some adhesive gems.
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Apple jumped ahead of Intel on Tuesday in launching the chipmaker's quad-core Xeon chips, announcing two workstations that carry the upcoming processors.
Intel hasn't officially announced the launch of the chips, but Apple has started taking orders for new Mac Pro workstations that are powered by Xeon 3500 and 5500 quad-core chips.
[ Among Intel's upcoming offerings is the eight-core Nehalem EX server chip | The Nehalem is on track to go mobile this year. ]
The chips are part of the Nehalem-EP line for dual-socket servers and workstations and are based on Intel's new Nehalem microarchitecture.
More server vendors may soon follow in Apple's footsteps by launching servers and workstations with the chips, said Richard Doherty, director at research firm Envisioneering Group.
It may be weeks before systems with the chips come from Hewlett-Packard and Dell, but Apple has routinely been an early adopter of Intel chips, Doherty said. Last year, Intel shrunk a processor specifically for Apple's ultraportable MacBook Air laptop, with the chip 60 percent smaller than standard-size Core 2 Duo processors. Apple was also among the first to put the Penryn-based Xeon chips made using the 45-nanometer process in its Xserve.
For its part, Intel has already started shipping the Xeon chips to computer makers, said Nick Knupffer, an Intel spokesman.
"We have been shipping them to customers since late 2008. There is a lot of excitement around Nehalem-EP, and you'll see this excitement build as we near launch," Knupffer said.
He could not provide an official launch date for the chips. However, Intel officials have said in the past that the chips would appear in systems during the first quarter.
The Nehalem architecture cuts out bottlenecks to improve system speed and power management. The chips integrate a memory controller and provide a faster pipe for the CPU to communicate with system components, such as graphics cards and other processors.
Each of the four cores is able to execute two software threads simultaneously, so a quad-core chip could run eight threads at the same time for quicker application performance.
Apple's decision to upgrade the Mac Pro falls in line with the growing adoption of high-definition video, Doherty said. Apple is delivering all the processing power it can get for users to edit real-time HD video through the upgraded Mac Pro workstations, Doherty said. Apple's Mac Pro refresh cycle also loosely coincided with Intel's possible launch of the new Xeon chips, he said.
The eight-core Mac Pro is powered by two quad-core Intel Xeon 5500 processors, with each chip running at 2.26GHz. It offers 8MB of shared L3 cache and 6GB of DDR3 memory, which is expandable to 32GB. It is priced at $3,299.
The quad-core Mac Pro is powered by a quad-core Intel Xeon 3500 processor running at 2.66GHz series processor with 8MB of L3 cache. It includes 3GB of memory, which is expandable up to 8GB. It is priced at $2,499.
The systems offer 640GB of storage, Nvidia GeForce GT 120 graphics cards, and rewriteable DVD drives. They also include multiple PCI, USB, and FireWire ports.
Early last month, online retailers started offering quad-core Xeon 5500 chips with speeds between 2.0GHz and 3.2GHz through their Web sites.

subset: commoncrawl


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|Einstein for Everyone
Back to main course page
John D. Norton
Department of History and Philosophy of Science
University of Pittsburgh
So far all our discussions in special relativity have involved the motion of bodies in space over time. If you haven't already noticed, these motions can become rather complicated to visualize. Take the simple case of a rod with a light signal bouncing back and forth between its ends.
Nowdescribe the same system from a different frame of reference.
Recall how tough it is to keep track of events at the ends of the rod. In one case, the events of the reflections of the signal are evenly spaced in time. In the other, they are staggered. The difference matters a great deal, since it is a manifestation of the key effect of the relativity of simultaneity. But you cannot just look at the figure and see the effect. You have to play out a little movie in your head.
|In 1907 the mathematician Hermann Minkowski explored a way of visualizing these processes that proved to be especially well suited to disentangling relativistic effects. This was their representation in spacetime. Quite puzzling relativistic effects could be comprehended with ease within the spacetime representation and work in the theory of relativity started to be transformed into work on the geometry of spacetime.
We build a spacetime by taking instantaneous snapshots of space at successive instants of time and stacking them up. It is easiest to imagine this if we start with a two dimensional space. The snapshots taken at different times are then stacked up to give us a three dimensional spacetime. In this spacetime, a small body at rest will be represented by a vertical line. To see why it is vertical, recall that it has to intersect each instantaneous space at the same spot. A vertical line will do this. If it is moving, it will intersect each instantaneous space at a different spot; a moving body is presented by a line inclined to the vertical.
|A standard convention (that I will usually use) is to
represent trajectories of light signals by lines at
45o to the vertical.
In the figure, a moving rod is represented by the trajectories in spacetime of its ends. The zig-zag line is a light signal bouncing back and forth between these two ends.
|A point that moves inertially, that is, a point that moves uniformly in a straight line in space is represented by a straight line in a spacetime. For such a motion covers the same distance in the same time.
Here's another example. Take snapshots of the earth orbiting the sun in the three dimensional space around the sun in the course of a year, which will look like:
|Now we stack them up
into the third dimension.
|When we clean things up a little,
we have a spacetime.
So far we have described how a two dimensional space is combined with the one extra dimension of time to generate a three dimensional spacetime, such as shown above in the figures. Our space is three dimensional. So when we add the extra dimension of time we generate a four dimensional spacetime.
There is no easy way to draw a picture of a four dimensional
spacetime. Visualizing it can be very hard. But
that does not make it mysterious. It is just another sort of space that happens
to transcend simple visualization. In physics, four dimensions are actually
quite modest. In statistical mechanics, we routinely deal with phase spaces of
6 x number of molecules in a gas sample. For even small samples of gas, that
can come to 1025--a space with 10000000000000000000000000
dimensions. So we should not be too awed by a mathematical space with only four
That the speed of light is a constant is one of the most important facts about space and time in special relativity. That fact gets expressed geometrically in spacetime geometry through the existence of light cones, or, as it is sometimes said, the "light cone structure" of spacetime.
To see that structure, we imagine an event at which there is an explosion. Light will propagate out from it in an expanding spherical shell. In a two dimensional space, it will look like an expanding circle, as shown below.
|To see that structure, we imagine an event at which there is an explosion. Light will propagate out from it in an expanding spherical shell. In a two dimensional space, it will look like an expanding circle.
|An animations makes the motion more visible.
Now stack up these spatial snapshots to make a spacetime. The spacetime diagram that corresponds to it looks like a cone. As we proceed up the cone, we look in each instantaneous space to see how far the light has propagated. Each intersection of the cone with the space will be a circle.
In the figure, the expanding circle of light is represented by the top half of the cone. It is customary to draw in the bottom half of the cone, although it is not part of the expansion of the light. In fact it represents the opposite. It depicts a circle of light collapsing in towards the original event at the apex of the cone. Here is that collapse, presented also as an animation.
A final animation now shows the association between the different stages of the collapsing and expanding light shell and the cross-sections of the light cone.
To have a light cone, we do not need light to be present. The cones map out the trajectories light would take if light were to be present. Since it is just the possibilities that are mapped out, not necessarily the trajectories of actual light. Spacetime still has a light cone structure in the dark!
To describe the light cone just now, we picked an event in spactime and imagined all the possible trajectories that light could take in propagating through that event. We could have picked any event in the spacetime. We would have found lightcones at every one of them. That means that spacetime is completely filled with light cones. There is one at every event.
There is much potential for confusion in talking about
spacetimes. As a result a fairly precise vocabulary has been built up and it is
important to to use it correctly. Pay attention to
the following terms:
When we add the extra dimension of time to a space, we produce a
Minkowski spacetime There is nothing special about a spacetime. They can arise in classical physics. So if we mean a spacetime that also behaves the way special relativity demands, then we have a Minkowski spacetime. (Note for later: when we look at general relativity, we will meet spacetimes that are relativistic but not Minkowski spacetimes.)
Event These are the individual points of a spacetime. They represent points in space at a particular time.
Timelike Worldline This is the trajectory of a point moving less than the speed of light. These curves are contained within the light cone. They represent the trajectories of ordinary particles, like electron, protons and neutrons, but not photons.
Lightlike curve This is the trajectory of a point moving at the speed of light--a light signal or a photon. They lie on the surface of the light cone.
Spacelike curve This is a curve that lies outside the light cone. If an object is to make this curve its trajectory, it would need to travel faster than light.
Spacelike hypersurfaces These are the instantaneous spatial snapshots of spacetime. They are three dimensional in the case of a four dimensional spacetime.
Past and future light cones All the lightlike curves through an event form the light cone at that event. The part of the cone to the future of that event is the future light cone. The part to the past is the past light cone.
Light cone structure Since the speed of light is generally taken to be the fastest that causes can propagate their effects, once we know how the light cones are distributed in space we can say a great deal about what is possible and impossible causally in the spacetime. So this distribution is of great interest to us. It is called the light cone structure of the space.
Timelike geodesic These are curves that are the possible trajectories in spacetime of inertially moving points. They are straight lines that lie within the lightcone. This technical term "geodesic" will be explained later.
Knowing the light cone structure of a spactime tells us what connects with what. Its importance is comarable to what is represented on ordinary maps of countries. Here is a map of ancient Greece:
Greece at the beginning of the Peloponnesian war. p. 17 in W. S. Shepherd, Historical Atlas, New York: Henry Holt & Co., 1911.
We read from the map that, if we are in Greece, we can travel North and eventually arrive in Thrace. However we cannot get to Crete; or at least we cannot get to Crete by land. We would need to cross a sea.
|The light cone structure catalogs analogous "what connects with what" information for a spacetime. It reveals its most basic geography.
To see how this works, pick any event "O" in the spacetime. The future light cone at O contains all the events in the spacetime that can be reached from O by future directed timelike or lightlike curves. If we make the usual assumption that all causal processes propagate at or less than the speed of light, we conclude that these are all the events that we can causally affect from O.
More simply, if you are at O, the events in the forward light cone are just those events that you can reach with a physical signal, such as an ordinary particle or a light flash that you may emit.
|For that same event O, the past light cone contains all the events in spacetime from which one can reach event O by future directed timelike or lightlike curves.
Assuming again that all causal processes propagate at less than or equal to the speed of light, we conclude that this past light cone contains all the events that can causally affect event O.
More simply, if you are at any event in the past light cone of O, you can always send to O a physical signal consisting of an ordinary particle or a light flash.
|The remaining region of the spacetime is outside both past and future light cones. It is a new sort of region that does not appear in pre-relativistic spacetimes. It is an "elsewhere" region.
It collects all events that cannot be connected to event O by timelike or lightlike curves. Its events can only be connected to O by spacelike curves. That is, its events are "spacelike separated" from O.
If we assume that no causal processes propagate faster than light, these events are causally disconnected from O. If we are at O we cannot causally affect or be causally affected by an occurrence at an event in this "elsewhere" region. Correspondingly, we cannot exchange signals between the event at O and any spacelike separated event in this region.
There is no corresponding region in a pre-relativistic spacetime. In Newtonian theory, it is assumed that there are propagations that are arbitrarily fast and even instantaneous. An example of an instantaneus propagation is changes in the Newtonian gravitational field. If the sun were to disappear, we would know instantly on earth, according to Newtonian theory, for the sun would no longer exert a gravitational pull on us.
A Minkowski spacetime has a geometry in a sense that is analogous to the geometry of an ordinary Euclidean space. They are both "metrical" geometries. That means that they are geometries that deal with distances.
|Euclidean geometry is the familiar case. It consists of two things: a set of points, and an exhaustive inventory of the distances between all pairs of points. In principle, we would need to list all the distances between each point and every other point. In practice, the task is a lot easier. If we merely specify the distances between each point and its neighboring points, we can then determine all the remaining distances. I will leave the discussion here since we are enterring technical areas that we need not deal with now.
|One of the simplest constructions in a Euclidean geometry is a circle. A circle is just the locus of all points at the same distance from some designated central point. The figure shows two circles, of radius 1 and of radius 2. They are the loci of all points that are unit distant and 2 units distant from the central point.
Minkowski spacetime also has a metrical geometry. Instead of Euclidean points it is based on spacetime events. The geometry specifies the spacetime distance from each event to every other event in the spacetime. The specification is a little more complicated than that of Euclidean geometry. In the Euclidean case, there is just one type of distance, that measured by ordinary measuring rods. In a Minkowski spacetime, there are three types of distance, jointly known at "interval" or "spacetime interval."
The simplest is the distance from an event to another that is spacelike separated from it. That is, the second event lies outside the first event's lightcone. The distance is just the distance measured in the familiar way by measuring rods. It is often called "proper distance." (To get a clearer sense of how this measuring operation can be applied to all events spacelike separated from the initial event, we will need to see the spacetime representation of the relativity of simultaneity. That is the topic of the next chapter.)
In the next case, the second event is timelike separated from the first event. That is, it lies within the first event's light cone. This distance in spacetime is measured by a clock that moves inertially from the first event to the second. The time read on the clock gives us the spacetime interval between the two events. It is also called "proper time."
Finally, the second event may be lightlike separated from the first event. That is, it lies on the event's light cone. Then the interval to the event is zero; and it is zero no matter where that second event is on the lightcone.
|There is a construction in Minkowski spacetime geometry that is analogous to the circle of Euclidean geometry. Once again, we locate all the points that are one unit, two units, etc. separated in spacetime interval from our initial event. What results is the figure shown.
The dotted lines represent the light cone of the initial event. The curves within the light cone are the loci of points one unit and two units of proper time distant from it. They are hyperbolas that approach the light cone arbitrarily closely.
The curves outside the light cone are also hyperbolas. They are now the loci of all points one unit and two units of proper distance from the initial event.
Hypebolas are the analogs in Minkowski geometry of circles in Euclidean geometry.
|Why are the figures hyperbolas? The reason is easiest to see in the case of the locus of events separated by constant proper time from the initial event.
The situation physically corresponds to many clocks, as shown in the figure. The first is at rest; the second moves to the right; the third moves more quickly to the right; and so on. The first of these clocks runs the fastest; the second slower; the third slower still; and so on.
Hence, as we pass from clock to clock, the clocks will need to travel for successively longer (as measured in the time of the inertial frame) in order for the clocks to count off a unit of proper time.
When we draw a spacetime diagram, we recover the figure shown. The motion of the clock at rest in the frame is the shortest, vertical line. The motion of the fastest moving clock is the longest line at the right. They are all a unit proper time in length.
Their endpoints trace out the hyperbola shown.
The case of the hyperbolas of constant proper distance is harder to analyse. Seeing how the relativity of simultaneity is represented in spacetime in the next chapter is the starting point. It is left as an exercise for the reader.
These figures have a venerable history in relativity theory. Here is how they appeared in Minkowski's original publications.
Copyright John D. Norton. January 2001, September 2002; July 2006; February 3, 2007; January 23, September 24, 2008; February 3, 2012; February 9, 2013; January 27, February 9, 2015.


text:
"Why...Mr. Weiss!" she cried, whirling to meet his amused eyes. His presence was unexpected. But not unwelcome, to say the least.
"Is that really how you think of me?" he asked, his voice low. "Call me Herman."
She blushed.
"Herman, I—" she turned her flustered gaze to the pan of sizzling bacon. "This will burn..."
"We'll burn," he said fiercely. "But I don't care! I crave it!"
"I never knew —" she began. "All these years, I've longed for you to try it..."
"I knew," he said tenderly. "I always knew. Do you think it's been easy for me, smelling the bacon from next door, knowing my religious principles prohibited it, but craving it, imagining —"
"It's yours," she said simply. "All my bacon is yours. Take it."
"If my wife knew..." he began ruefully, glancing at the curtained window just visible across the lawn. "It would kill her, knowing I was eating it."
"She'll never know," she said, her gaze very steady on his. "This is our secret...ours alone." And she reached for a bottle of milk.
"Witch! Temptress!" he cried, and thrust the crispy strand into his mouth with a moan of pleasure.
1960 Swift's Premium Bacon [Vintage_Ads]


text:
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Herb told me he was not planning to retire any time soon, "I love my job," he said.
Two weeks ago I interviewed Mr. Moniz. I reported the interview in my San Ramon Observer Blog dated December 8, 2010. I asked him about his salary, his benefits, and his potential pension. At no point in this interview did Mr. Moniz hint that he was considering retiring.
Yesterday I saw stories in the Contra Costa Times and San Ramon Patch that Herb Moniz announced he would retire when his contract with the City comes up for renewal in March, 2011. I was shocked, and rather disappointed that Moniz and City staff gave this news to other media outlets and not me. So I emailed Herb yesterday asking why.
You didn't say anything about retiring in our interview a couple of weeks ago. This seems to have come on rather suddenly. What's the real story and how come you didn't let me know too?
He replied later that night,
"Merry Christmas!! It's a very personal decision and I have thought about it for 4 years. I just got up one morning and thought it was the right time so I did it. I let the CC know.... And that's all.
No big story, just another chapter coming to a close. Herb"
I knew he thought about it. He told me back in 2004 when he was rehired by the City that he planned to stay two years and then retire. He was waiting to get the City Center started. Since the City Center kept being delayed, he stayed, or so I thought.
Herb said, "No big story." Yes it is. It's a very big story for San Ramon. It's also a shame that Moniz is being so vilified for his salary and benefits. I suspect whoever is hired to replace him will have another employee promoted to Assistant City Manager, so the total budget for managing the City will be the same or more.
In one of the other blog threads I explained how the City Council majority elected in 2001 spent over $2,000,000 on plans for a Civic Center that would have cost over $160,000,000 to build and another $2,000,000 a year to maintain. This is the same majority that fired Moniz in 2002.
The new City Manager they hired, Gail Waiters, didn't have any experience as a City Manager. She was one of two or three Assistant City Managers for Oakland. When the economy took a brief dip during the dot-com bubble of 2002-2003, she crumbled under the pressure.
The Gang of Three, as the Contra Costa Times labeled the slow-growth majority on the City Council at that time, spent money without having a clue how to keep the City solvent, and the Interim Finance Director said the City was in a structural deficit that could lead to bankruptcy.
Two of the three, Nancy Tatarka and Donna Dickey, chose not to run for reelection in 2003, and Jerry Cambra resigned in early 2004. Carol Rowley and Scott Perkins were elected in 2003, and Jim Livingstone was appointed to fill Cambra's vacancy, which made up the Council we have today.
Gail Waiters did two things right before she was let go by the new City Council in 2004. She hired Greg Rogers as Finance Director and Cheryl Mitchell Wade as Personnel Manager. Both of these employees are still with the City and doing great jobs. Rogers is probably the most likely replacement for Moniz if someone is promoted from within.
Moniz was brought back by the newly elected City Council and brought the City expenses back under control. If the biggest expense is staff salaries, then that is more than made up for by the tight ship Moniz ran, maximizing revenues for services and cutting waste.
He built up reserves of $30M, but then reallocated $24M to accounts to keep the State from raiding our treasury. This lead some reports to say that San Ramon's reserves are much less than claimed, but I was at the meeting when these were reallocated, so I know exactly where they went and why.
In fact if you consider that Moniz saved the City the expense of building the Civic Center for $160M, it would take 450 years at $360K a year to equal the amount of money Herb saved the City. Even the $24M Herb tucked away for a financial rainy day would add up to more than 66 years at $360K, so Herb's salary is looking like a pittance by comparison.
The attacks on Moniz over the last six months are little more than jealousy and spitefulness. The people making these attacks know very little about how San Ramon is run and make some ridiculous assumption that all cities of the same size are identical, so San Ramon's salaries should be based entirely on comparisons to other cities. I suggest that those people move to those other cities, where they would be much happier and have nothing to complain about.


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Washington, DC – A spectacular diving catch by Washington center fielder Denard Span saved the game as the Nationals edged the San Francisco Giants, 6-5, in the middle test of a three-game set.
The Nationals had a 6-4 lead entering the ninth as Rafael Soriano took the mound, but a two-out RBI single by Brandon Belt brought the Giants within one. Soriano then gave up a single to Buster Posey, putting the winning run on first.
Hunter Pence was the next to bat and knocked an 0-1 slider deep into center field. Span went after the fly ball, slid down on one knee and caught it as he turned over on his back.
"I just put my head down and I looked up. I saw I was gaining ground on it and that's when I said I'd have a chance to reach for it," Span said. "Once I caught it, I just tried to hold onto it."
Span's catch helped keep the Nationals' momentum going, as they are now on a five-game winning streak. They are also one game shy of .500 and remain 8 1/2 games behind the Reds for the NL's second wild-card spot.
Nationals starter Jordan Zimmermann (14-6) allowed one run on six hits and a pair of walks over seven innings to pick up the win.
Tim Lincecum (6-12) got the start for San Francisco, but surrendered all six runs on seven hits and two walks over six frames.
The Giants have lost three straight and six of their last eight games.
San Francisco first got on the board in the second inning. Hunter Pence drew a one-out walk, stole second base, and scored on Roger Kieschnick's single to center.
However, Ian Desmond started the home half with a solo homer to left to tie the game at 1-1.
The Nationals then erupted for five runs in the fourth. Bryce Harper and Jayson Werth hit back-to-back singles to begin the frame. After Desmond grounded out, Adam LaRoche was intentionally walked to load the bases. Anthony Rendon ripped a two-RBI double to center and Kurt Suzuki's blooper to left plated LaRoche.
Following a sacrifice bunt by Zimmermann, Span was walked on a wild pitch that allowed Rendon to score. Ryan Zimmerman then brought Suzuki home with an infield single and Washington held a 6-1 lead.
"I was up to me to settle down that inning and limit the damage," Lincecum said.
However, the Giants came back with a three-run eighth. With one out, Belt crushed a 2-2 pitch from Ian Krol over the right-field wall for a solo homer. Krol was replaced by Ryan Mattheus, but he gave up back-to-back singles to Posey and Pence that was followed by a two-run double to right center by Pablo Sandoval.
Tyler Clippard stopped the rally by striking out Kieschnick and Gregor Blanco.
Game Notes
Soriano notched his 31st save ... Desmond has 51 extra-base hits, most in the league amongst shortstops ... Barry Zito tossed two innings of one-hit relief for San Francisco ... Belt is hitting .415 with four home runs, nine RBI and 12 runs scored in August ... Sandoval went 3-for-4 with two RBI. He entered the game 2-for-23 in his last seven games and 5-for-42 in his last 12 contests ... Washington's Dan Haren is scheduled to face San Francisco's Ryan Vogelsong in Thursday's series finale.


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Schreiner Peak Climber's Log
Nick Turtura - May 27, 2013 11:55 pm Date Climbed: May 27, 2013Satisfaction
I thought I was going to hit this with some snow on it, but unfortunately it was pretty clear. Instead, I got loads of rain, no views, and tons rhodies. Ah rhodies, let me count the way that I despise you. It was an awesome peak though and once the ridge is gained it's pretty smooth sailing. Thank you all who worked on this page,
Nick Turtura - Oct 25, 2012 2:01 am Date Climbed: Oct 24, 2012Screw this
That was my sentiments at about a 1000' into this one. It got the best of me. I was trying to get it done before the weather got too bad. I was a week too lake. I guess I'll come back in May and see if I can't hit this one with more snow on it.
Bob Bolton - Aug 21, 2007 8:12 pm Date Climbed: Aug 18, 2007East ridge
See Dean's entry below. This was my 66th peak in Oregon with over 2000 feet of prominence. 7 more to go. It amazed me that the clearcut we started up the hill in had easier bushwhacking than even some of the areas shaded by big trees higher up. Luckily there were rather long stretches of ridgeline where the brush was pretty tame. Too bad the views were muted by the cloud ceiling.
Dean - Aug 19, 2007 6:31 pm Date Climbed: Aug 18, 2007East ridge bushwhack
Bob Bolton and I got this one off our back and fortunately hit a fairly cool day to pull it off. Brush rules on this mountain and it is no walk in the park. Just two miles but it is the 2800 feet of elevation gain fighting brush that makes it a truly fun experience and a long day. A register is still present in the summit cairn.
Karl Helser - Sep 27, 2006 7:36 pm Date Climbed: Sep 17, 2006Tagged Schreiner...
Tagged Schreiner Peak via the long way. From the Pansy Basin Trailhead to the Lookout, down to the main ridge, past Big Slide Mountain and Knob Peak to the summit of Schreiner Peak. I descended down through Pansy Basin past Pansy Lake back to the car. 9-hours x 14-miles x 4900' cumulative elevation gain = tired. Beautiful day with awesome views.
cmc56789 - Jul 29, 2006 6:54 pm Date Climbed: Jul 20, 2006Southeast Ridge
Bushwacked up from Pine Cone Creek and took much longer than expected. I was the third person to sign the summit register this year. Not wanting to risk bushwacking through a bunch of brush at night, I made my way over to the trail on Big slide Mountain, tagging the summits of Knob Peak and Big Slide on the way. Descended by the Welcome Lakes trail, and had some confusion in the dark at an overgrown trail junction near lower Welcome Lake. Gotta love the amazing old growth of this area!
Brian Jenkins - May 1, 2006 5:43 am Date Climbed: Apr 30, 2006Schreiner Peak
4/30/06 Went not sure if I would have a legitimate chance to summit since I only had a couple of hours in the morning. At 4200 feet in a clearing, the summit looked so far away, I thought I was just on a recon trip. Kept going and skirting rocks until I found some snowy slopes up the south side. I looked at my altimeter and saw I was only a few hundred feet below the summit so I just kept going and tagged this one in 2 hours and 15 minutes. Saw the summit register in the cairn on top and was surprised to see only three names signed in the last 3 years. The most recent was SP's own Dennis Poulin who I have climbed with in the past. Boogied down quickly after using the GPS and was back in Portland in time to go to a dinner party where I ate entirely too much. :- )
6/8/14 Did this one with no snow. Don't do it. Worst bushwhack ever. Donated a lot of blood and skin from my legs on the way up. Tagged Knob Peak too. Quads were cramping on the way down. Do you know how hard it is to hike with stiff Frankenstein legs through thick rhodie bushwhackiness. Do this one when it's covered in snow. It's manageable then. It's just crazy when melted out.


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From April 1, to September 27, 2017, 1,212,351 hectares (2,995,784. acres) of forest in the province of British Columbia was in flames. Clear cut forestry and mono culture has enabled wildfires to spread that would normally have been relatively contained in a sustainably managed forest with robust, mixed vegetation resistant to pests and disease, and rich aerated humus helping to retain moisture on the forest floor.
While the forests burned and the air throughout the province was thick with smoke, I spent three weeks camping in a small tent on Vancouver Island at Wildwood, an eco-forest that has been sustainably harvested since the 1930's by the legendary Merv Wilkinson - now deceased - who received the Order of Canada for his pioneering work in forestry.
Most of us have never experienced the wonders of the primal old growth forest; to stand amongst giant Douglas Fir, Cedar and Spruce that have lived not just decades but many centuries - some more than a thousand years of age - to contemplate the countless creatures that thrive within a grandparent tree's roots, trunk, and leaves - all an integral and vital part of a healthy ecosystem.
This series explores first growth forest families and second growth forest left to regenerate on Vancouver, and Malcolm Islands and an island in Clayoquot Sound off of Canada's West Coast in the province of British Columbia. Sadly, there is just .03% of primal forest remaining on Vancouver Island. Malcolm Island was completely logged, and the island in Clayoquot Sound remains a primal forest in private hands. That there is any first growth at all is due to the environmental activism, and vigilance of ordinary citizens, environmentalists and First Nations on the West Coast and beyond.


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10. Paul's Final Words (1 Thessalonians 5:23-28)Related Media
23 Now may the God of peace himself make you completely holy and may your spirit and soul and body be kept entirely blameless at the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ.
24 He who calls you is trustworthy, and he will in fact do this.
25 Brothers and sisters, pray for us too.
26 Greet all the brothers and sisters with a holy kiss.
27 I call on you solemnly in the Lord to have this letter read to all the brothers and sisters.
28 The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with you (1 Thessalonians 5:23-28).
One's final words are often important. I decided to look on the Internet to see if I could find some interesting final words. Here are a few that I found on one interesting website:1
English Statesman and co-conspirator of the selling out of Eastern Europe at Yalta to Russia & Communism, together with fellow Freemasons Roosevelt and Stalin, who wrote in his autobiography: "I could have prevented the war!" (W.W. II) He said at his death bed: "What a fool I have been!"
William Somerset Maugham:
British author, died in 1965: "Dying is a very dull and dreary affair. And my advice to you is to have nothing whatever to do with it."
James Rodges
Murderer, on being asked for a final request before a firing squad:
"Why, yes! A bulletproof vest. . . ."
Gen. John Sedgewick:
Union commander in the American Civil War, shot at the Battle of Spotsylvania Court House in 1864 while looking over a parapet at the enemy lines: "They couldn't hit an elephant at this dist. . ."
Paul's words in our text are not his dying words, but they are the concluding words to his First Epistle to the Thessalonians. These words are significant because they make it clear to the reader just what 1 Thessalonians was all about. Many people will look at the final chapter of a book to decide whether it is one they really want to read. If the last chapter is not inviting, they will set the book down and replace it with another. Paul's final words are both inviting and challenging, and they remind us of what it was that motivated him to write this epistle to the Thessalonian saints.
One might be tempted to think that Paul is sort of "winding down" in these last verses, but I believe that just the opposite is true. In verse 27 (the next to the last verse of this epistle), Paul issues a command by using the strongest possible language, stronger than any language he has used up to this point in this epistle. What he has to say to these saints (and to us) is obviously important to Paul, and so it should be important to us as well. Let us listen well, then, to what God is saying to us through Paul's final words in 1 Thessalonians.
1 Thessalonians 5:23-25
23 Now may the God of peace himself make you completely holy and may your spirit and soul and body be kept entirely blameless at the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ. 24 He who calls you is trustworthy, and he will in fact do this. 25 Brothers and sisters, pray for us too (1 Thessalonians 5:23-25, emphasis mine).
Is Paul a trichotomist? This is the subject of a rather substantial debate among some Christians. Some would say that Paul's words provide us with the key to understanding the nature of man – that he has three essential parts: body, soul,2 and spirit. I have some objections to this view, and the debate that still continues related to it.
First, this debate (no matter which side one takes) distracts our attention from the purpose of Paul's words. Paul did not write these words with the primary goal of telling us the key to understanding the nature of man. He wrote them to express the importance of our sanctification, especially as it relates to the Second Coming of our Lord.
Second, Paul's words here are not the words we would normally expect to find in the Scriptures. Here are some of the most frequent expressions found in the Bible related to man's nature:
· Heart, soul, might (Deuteronomy 6:5)
· Heart and soul (Deuteronomy 10:12; 11:13, etc.)
· Heart, soul, mind (Matthew 22:37)
· Heart, soul, mind, and strength (Mark 12:30)
· Soul and body (Psalm 31:9; Isaiah 10:18; Matthew 10:28)
· Soul and spirit (Hebrews 4:12; Job 7:11; Isaiah 26:9).
Suffice it to say that there is no standard way of referring to the nature of man. Frankly, there is no agreement as to the definitions of the terms "soul" and "spirit." In Hebrews 4:12, the writer indicates that the distinction between "soul" and "spirit" is so difficult that only God's Word can divide the two. I am therefore inclined to think of man in terms of his material and immaterial dimensions.
Third, I believe the key to understanding verse 23 is to be found elsewhere:
Now may the God of peace himself
make you completely holy
and may your spirit and soul and body be kept entirely blameless
at the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ (emphasis mine).
Let's begin by focusing on Paul's reference to "the God of peace." This is a fairly common expression, found elsewhere in Romans 15:33; 16:20; Philippians 4:9; and Hebrews 13:20. The Greek term for "peace" (eirene) is the word that would normally translate the Hebrew word shalom. The word shalom is most often translated "peace" but it conveys a kind of "wholeness" or "completeness."3 Being at peace is thus being complete, lacking nothing.4 Paul prays to the "God of completeness" to sanctify the Thessalonian saints.
The sanctification for which Paul prays is further described in terms of completeness by the two parallel statements which follow in verse 23.
(That God will. . .)
Make you completely holy
May your spirit and soul and body be kept entirely blameless. . . ."
As I understand Paul, the second (longer) parallel statement spells out or explains what being "completely holy" means in the previous statement. Being "completely holy" means being blameless in every aspect of one's being. Paul thus employs three of the terms commonly employed (in one combination or another – usually another) for one's being: body, soul, and spirit. This is consistent with the conclusion reached by Gordon Fee:
"To make this clear he expresses that 'wholeness' by referring to some ways of understanding the individual 'parts' that make up the human person: 'spirit, soul, and body.' Unfortunately, what Paul most likely intended simply as a way of throwing the net wide in terms of being human has generated an enormous amount of energy and literature, not to mention theological groupings. But this was most likely a somewhat off-handed moment in Paul. Indeed, it is highly doubtful whether he was trying to be precise, or even whether he himself could easily distinguish between 'spirit' and 'soul.' His concern is with the adjective-turned-adverb 'in entirely'; and to make that point he includes the terms that he uses elsewhere to speak of the human person."5
And so Paul is praying here, asking God to sanctify the Thessalonian saints completely. While these believers need to cooperate with God's work in them, Paul makes it clear that in the final analysis sanctification, like salvation, is the work of God. This is consistent with what Paul writes elsewhere:
For I am sure of this very thing, that the one who began a good work in you will perfect it until the day of Christ Jesus (Philippians 1:6).
12 So then, my dear friends, just as you have always obeyed, not only in my presence but even more in my absence, continue working out your salvation with awe and reverence, 13 for the one bringing forth in you both the desire and the effort – for the sake of his good pleasure – is God (Philippians 2:12-13).
Therefore, just as you received Christ Jesus as Lord, continue to live your lives in him (Colossians 2:6).
Knowing that sanctification is ultimately God's work, and that He will complete this work, motivates the Christian to pursue sanctification, for it is God's will and work.
Note finally from verse 23 that Paul links sanctification with the Second Coming. The goal of sanctification is to prepare a "bride" for the Lord Jesus who has been purified and prepared for His coming:
1 I wish that you would be patient with me in a little foolishness, but indeed you are being patient with me! 2 For I am jealous for you with godly jealousy, because I promised you in marriage to one husband, to present you as a pure virgin to Christ (2 Corinthians 11:1-2).
25 Husbands, love your wives just as Christ loved the church and gave himself for her 26 to sanctify her by cleansing her with the washing of the water by the word, 27 so that he may present the church to himself as glorious – not having a stain or wrinkle, or any such blemish, but holy and blameless (Ephesians 5:25-27).
This is why Paul looks forward to the Second Coming of our Lord with great anticipation and joy. He will see these saints, purified and sanctified, prepared to meet their Lord:
18 For we wanted to come to you (I, Paul, in fact tried again and again) but Satan thwarted us. 19 For who is our hope or joy or crown to boast of before our Lord Jesus at his coming? Is it not of course you? 20 For you are our glory and joy! (1 Thessalonians 2:18-20)
11 Now may God our Father himself and our Lord Jesus direct our way to you. 12 And may the Lord cause you to increase and abound in love for one another and for all, just as we do for you, 13 so that your hearts are strengthened in holiness to be blameless before our God and Father at the coming of our Lord Jesus with all his saints (1 Thessalonians 3:11-13).
He who calls6 you is trustworthy, and he will in fact do this (1 Thessalonians 5:24).
Note first of all that, knowing sanctification is God's work, Paul is certain (as the Thessalonians should be) that God will complete this work in them. Also note that Paul links salvation (one's calling) to his sanctification. That is because one's election, calling, and sanctification is God's work, a work that He will complete. That is the force of Paul's words in Romans 8:
28 And we know that all things work together for good for those who love God, who are called according to his purpose, 29 because those whom he foreknew he also predestined to be conformed to the image of his Son, that his Son would be the firstborn among many brothers and sisters. 30 And those he predestined, he also called; and those he called, he also justified; and those he justified, he also glorified (Romans 8:28-30).
Salvation, sanctification, and glorification are God's work from beginning to the end. As Paul puts it,
35 Or who has first given to God, that God needs to repay him? 36 For from him and through him and to him are all things. To him be glory forever! Amen (Romans 11:35-37).
Brothers and sisters, pray for us too (1 Thessalonians 5:25).
Let me first call your attention to the word "too" in verse 25. You will find it in the NET Bible as well as in the CSB ("also"). The other major translations omit this word. This is because some Greek manuscripts include the word "also" (kai) and others do not. I am inclined to agree with the NET Bible here, not only because of the textual evidence, but also because of the context. I believe that the word "too" precisely conveys the point Paul is seeking to make here. Does Paul pray for the sanctification of the Thessalonian saints? Yes. We know that he does because we have just read his prayer in verses 23 and 24. The point Paul now makes is that he and his colleagues need the prayers of the Thessalonians just as much as they need his.
Note also that Paul does not narrow his request for prayer to a particular problem, challenge, or opportunity. He asks for prayer in general. Now in the context we would assume that this must certainly include prayer for their ongoing sanctification. But as we see elsewhere, Paul and his associates are weak human beings ("clay pots" – 2 Corinthians 4:7), who are just as dependent upon God as we are. God even gave Paul a special reminder of his weakness (2 Corinthians 12:7-10).
Pucker Up? The Dilemma of the Holy Kiss
1 Thessalonians 5:26
Greet all the brothers and sisters with a holy kiss (1 Thessalonians 5:26).
We should begin by noting that this is a command, not a suggestion. More than that, it is a command that Paul repeats, and one with which Peter concurs:
All the brothers and sisters send greetings. Greet one another with a holy kiss (1 Corinthians 16:20).
Greet one another with a holy kiss. All the saints greet you (2 Corinthians 13:12).
Greet one another with a holy kiss. All the churches of Christ greet you (Romans 16:16).
Greet one another with a loving kiss. Peace to all of you who are in Christ (1 Peter 5:14).
We should further note that the "kiss" to which Paul refers is not just any kiss – much less a "Hollywood kiss" – it is a "holy kiss."7 Thus, it is not the kind of romantic kiss that a husband would give his wife. It is more like a grandmotherly kiss that grandma gives a 16 year-old grandson, or like a mother gives her 8 year-old son when she drops him off for school. In my travels abroad, I have observed what I call the "missed me" kiss. It is the kind of kiss that a woman in the church might give to a male believer that she knows and respects. It is more like a quick brushing against each cheek, with an "air kiss." There's no romance conveyed by such a kiss. Peter calls the "holy kiss" a "kiss of love" (1 Peter 5:14).
It is important for us to consider why Paul (and Peter) would make the "holy kiss" an obligation for all believers. I believe that Paul's previous statements in this letter, as well as his choice of words here, give us some very significant clues to the answer. Several times Paul has mentioned the persecution he and his associates and these saints have endured on account of the gospel.8 This command to greet with a holy kiss is a command addressed to all believers, without exception. I am reminded of just who Paul includes in this "all" as I read these words in Galatians:
26 For in Christ Jesus you are all sons of God through faith. 27 For all of you who were baptized into Christ have clothed yourselves with Christ. 28 There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither slave nor free, there is neither male nor female – for all of you are one in Christ Jesus (Galatians 3:26-28).
Paul has already pointed out that these (predominately Gentile9) believers at Thessalonica have found through the persecution they have suffered a kinship with their Jewish brethren in Judea.10 In dealing with the saints in Rome, Paul sought to promote unity and harmony among those brethren who strongly differed regarding their personal convictions. And here is what he said to them by way of application:
Therefore, accept one another, just as Christ also accepted us to the glory of God (Romans 15:7, NAU; emphasis mine).
Receive one another, then, just as Christ also received you, to God's glory (Romans 15:7, NET Bible; emphasis mine).
Therefore welcome one another as Christ has welcomed you, for the glory of God (Romans 15:7, ESV; emphasis mine).
The way in which these Roman believers greeted one another was to be symbolic of their unity as believers in Jesus. I believe that the instruction to "greet all the brothers with a holy kiss" is significant in this same regard. There is to be no discrimination in the way believers greet. Keep this in mind as you read these words in James:
1 My brothers and sisters, do not show prejudice if you possess faith in our glorious Lord Jesus Christ. 2 For if someone comes into your assembly wearing a gold ring and fine clothing, and a poor person enters in filthy clothes, 3 do you pay attention to the one who is finely dressed and say, "You sit here in a good place," and to the poor person, "You stand over there," or "Sit on the floor"? 4 If so, have you not made distinctions among yourselves and become judges with evil motives? (James 2:1-4)
Such greetings did not serve to unite the body of believers, but divided them.
The "holy kiss" is (according to Peter) a "kiss of love." The "holy kiss" is a symbol of the love and unity that every believer has with all who believe in Jesus. Thus, in a day when Christians were targeted for persecution by unbelievers, they should greet one another in a way that symbolized their unity and solidarity as believers. This way of understanding Paul's words implies that his instruction is not to be restricted to the way Christians greet one another when they come to church. Christians are also to show their unity with all other believers publicly, when they meet on the street or in the market place. If unbelievers are to know we are Christians "by our love,"11 then this makes all kinds of sense.
The "kiss of love" not only served to unify the church and to express that unity to others; it also served to set the church apart from the world. The "holy kiss" was a public act which conveyed that they "stood together" with all their brothers and sisters in Christ, and that the church "stood apart" from the world. That may not sound very significant to those of us who live in a country where we still have religious freedom, but it makes a lot of sense to those who may be arrested or persecuted for associating with Christians. After all, why do you think Peter denied knowing Jesus at the time He was standing trial for His life? The "holy kiss" is not to be taken lightly by the saints, and it won't be taken lightly by those who hate our Lord and His church. I might parenthetically add that understanding the significance of a holy kiss also helps us grasp the wickedness of that most "unholy" kiss that Judas gave our Lord, identifying Him as the one the soldiers should arrest.12
So, does this mean that we should all "pucker up" and start kissing one another? I know of a number of places in the world where this is a common practice among Christians. (In some places, it is a sort of "missed me" kiss, or an "air kiss" where actual contact with the lips does not occur. It is sort of a brushing of cheeks, with a kiss that doesn't connect.) In many places where a greeting involves some form of a kiss, it is often done only between members of the same sex. In our church, there are several men who greet with a holy kiss, and after the initial shock (years ago), I have come to greatly appreciate it.
I believe that this command is to be obeyed, like all of the commands of our Lord.13 For those who find this awkward or uncomfortable, I would make a few suggestions. First, let it be done between believers of the same sex. This is certainly a good starting point, and for some, it might end here. Second, let it be the kind of kiss which has no sexual connotations when exchanged with one of the opposite sex. Thirdly, if you find that any kind of kiss is too difficult to deal with, then find some other symbolic way of greeting folks which conveys both love and unity in Christ. Personally, I'm not sure a "holy handshake" is sufficient, because this is done casually between folks who are not closely bound together in a common faith in Jesus. It is, however, better than nothing.
Paul's Strongest Words
1 Thessalonians 5:27
I call on you solemnly in the Lord to have this letter read to all the brothers and sisters (1 Thessalonians 5:27).
This is hardly the place to be looking for Paul's strongest words, but here they are. They are translated differently as you can see for yourself:
"I adjure you by the Lord" (NASB, emphasis mine).
"I call on you solemnly in the Lord" (NET Bible, emphasis mine).
"I put you under oath before the Lord" (ESV, emphasis mine).
"I charge you by the Lord" (CSB, emphasis mine).
We also gain a sense of the intensity of the Greek word (enorkizo) variously rendered above by looking at how it is used in these New Testament texts:
6 When he saw Jesus from a distance, he ran and bowed down before him. 7 Then he cried out with a loud voice, "Leave me alone, Jesus, Son of the Most High God! I implore you by God – do not torment me!" (Mark 5:6-7, emphasis mine)
11 God was performing extraordinary miracles by Paul's hands, 12 so that when even handkerchiefs or aprons that had touched his body were brought to the sick, their diseases left them and the evil spirits went out of them. 13 But some itinerant Jewish exorcists tried to invoke the name of the Lord Jesus over those who were possessed by evil spirits, saying, "I sternly warn you by Jesus whom Paul preaches" (Acts 19:11-13, emphasis mine).
62 So the high priest stood up and said to him, "Have you no answer? What is this that they are testifying against you?" 63 But Jesus was silent. The high priest said to him, "I charge you under oath by the living God, tell us if you are the Christ, the Son of God" (Matthew 26:62-63, emphasis mine).
I know of no stronger way of stating Paul's command to read this letter to all the brothers and sisters than the words Paul has chosen here in verse 27. The question must be asked, "Why is this so important to Paul that he would speak with such strong language?" I believe that we are expected to understand several things that help to explain the intensity of Paul's command.
First, we need to bear in mind that there were no printing presses in Paul's day. I have a good many Bibles within my reach here in my study. I have the Bible in leather bound, hardback, and electronic forms, and in a variety of translations. In Paul's day, they did not have computers, electronic devices, or even printing presses. Manuscripts were hand copied. If you wanted to read God's Word, you either had to be rich enough to purchase your own manuscript,14 or you needed to go to the synagogue or church and listen to God's Word being read aloud.15 If Paul's letter was not read to the entire church, how would the saints have known its contents?
Second, we need to understand the implications of illiteracy. Let's suppose that a disturbingly large percentage of the world's population is illiterate. If they are to hear God's Word, that is exactly what must happen – they must hear it read to them. I am confident that there would have been some in the church at Thessalonica who were illiterate. Reading this letter to the church when it gathered would enable the illiterate to hear what God was saying to His people through this epistle.
Third, Paul's strong words underscore the fact that He understood (and communicated) how important God's Word is for His people. This cannot only be seen from this text, but from other Scriptures as well:
Until I come, give attention to the public reading of scripture, to exhortation, to teaching (1 Timothy 4:13).
16 Every scripture is inspired by God and useful for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for training in righteousness, 17 that the person dedicated to God may be capable and equipped for every good work (2 Timothy 3:16-17).
12 For the word of God is living and active and sharper than any double-edged sword, piercing even to the point of dividing soul from spirit, and joints from marrow; it is able to judge the desires and thoughts of the heart. 13 And no creature is hidden from God, but everything is naked and exposed to the eyes of him to whom we must render an account (Hebrews 4:12-13).
1 So get rid of all evil and all deceit and hypocrisy and envy and all slander. 2 And yearn like newborn infants for pure, spiritual milk, so that by it you may grow up to salvation (1 Peter 2:1-2).
2 May grace and peace be lavished on you as you grow in the rich knowledge of God and of Jesus our Lord! 3 I can pray this because his divine power has bestowed on us everything necessary for life and godliness through the rich knowledge of the one who called us by his own glory and excellence. 4 Through these things he has bestowed on us his precious and most magnificent promises, so that by means of what was promised you may become partakers of the divine nature, after escaping the worldly corruption that is produced by evil desire (2 Peter 1:2-4).
16 For we did not follow cleverly concocted fables when we made known to you the power and return of our Lord Jesus Christ; no, we were eyewitnesses of his grandeur. 17 For he received honor and glory from God the Father, when that voice was conveyed to him by the Majestic Glory: "This is my dear Son, in whom I am delighted." 18 When this voice was conveyed from heaven, we ourselves heard it, for we were with him on the holy mountain. 19 Moreover, we possess the prophetic word as an altogether reliable thing. You do well if you pay attention to this as you would to a light shining in a murky place, until the day dawns and the morning star rises in your hearts. 20 Above all, you do well if you recognize this: No prophecy of scripture ever comes about by the prophet's own imagination, 21 for no prophecy was ever borne of human impulse; rather, men carried along by the Holy Spirit spoke from God (2 Peter 1:16-21).
Paul's words in our text reveal the importance of God's Word in the lives of His children. Paul's command was to assure that the Word of God (as contained in this epistle) was made available to all the Thessalonians. The availability of God's Word is a problem for a large number of people alive today. Some do not have the Bible in a language they know. Others live where possessing a copy of the Bible may be illegal or where Bibles are kept away from those who wish to read God's Word.
The availability of God's Word is not a problem in North America, Europe, and many other places in this world. The problem is getting people to read the Bible that is sitting on the shelf in front of them or on the table beside their bed. If this one epistle was so important that Paul needed to speak as strongly as he did to assure that every saint in Thessalonica heard it, what do you think Paul would say to us about reading the Bible that we have in our hands? We need to value God's Word as much as Paul did, and then faithfully study it and live it.
Grace to You
1 Thessalonians 5:28
The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with you (1 Thessalonians 5:28).
It would be easy for us to pass by this final verse (not unlike the way we ignore the greeting of this and other epistles) without giving it much notice. Those familiar with the letters circulated in Paul's day tell us that Paul (and the other apostles) follow a pretty normal pattern of introducing and concluding their epistles. But we dare not allow this knowledge to dampen our appreciation for the way Paul begins and ends his epistles, particularly this one.
A friend and I were recently discussing a particular ministry that we both support. We were trying to characterize that ministry in as few words as possible. It occurred to me that there was one word that really captured the essence of the ministry. That word was grace. I was reminded of our Lord's instructions to His disciples when He sent them out to minister in His name:
"Heal the sick, raise the dead, cleanse lepers, cast out demons. Freely you received, freely give" (Matthew 10:8).
Because the word rendered "freely" here means "without cost," some of the translations have made that very clear in their rendering of this verse:
"Heal the sick, raise the dead, cleanse lepers, cast out demons. You received without paying; give without pay" (Matthew 10:8, ESV).
"Heal the sick, raise the dead, cleanse those with skin diseases, drive out demons. You have received free of charge; give free of charge" (Matthew 10:8).
Our Lord is saying that because our salvation is by grace – God's free gift of salvation apart from our works – then our ministry should be characterized by this same grace.16
Some of us may fail to appreciate the freedom and liberty of grace. Those who have come out of a works-based religion best grasp the glorious nature of grace. Virtually every religion apart from biblical Christianity is based upon man's performance – his works or contribution to his salvation. These Thessalonians must have felt goose bumps on their skin with the mere mention of the word grace – something they had never known until they heard the gospel of Jesus Christ. The gospel message is a message of grace, as opposed to works:
9:30 What shall we say then? – that the Gentiles who did not pursue righteousness obtained it, that is, a righteousness that is by faith, 31 but Israel even though pursuing a law of righteousness did not attain it. 32 Why not? Because they pursued it not by faith but (as if it were possible) by works. They stumbled over the stumbling stone, 33 just as it is written, "Look, I am laying in Zion a stone that will cause people to stumble and a rock that will make them fall, yet the one who believes in him will not be put to shame." 10:1 Brothers and sisters, my heart's desire and prayer to God on behalf of my fellow Israelites is for their salvation. 2 For I can testify that they are zealous for God, but their zeal is not in line with the truth. 3 For ignoring the righteousness that comes from God, and seeking instead to establish their own righteousness, they did not submit to God's righteousness. 4 For Christ is the end of the law, with the result that there is righteousness for everyone who believes. 5 For Moses writes about the righteousness that is by the law: "The one who does these things will live by them." 6 But the righteousness that is by faith says: "Do not say in your heart, 'Who will ascend into heaven?'" (that is, to bring Christ down) 7 or "Who will descend into the abyss?" (that is, to bring Christ up from the dead). 8 But what does it say? "The word is near you, in your mouth and in your heart" (that is, the word of faith that we preach), 9 because if you confess with your mouth that Jesus is Lord and believe in your heart that God raised him from the dead, you will be saved. 10 For with the heart one believes and thus has righteousness and with the mouth one confesses and thus has salvation. 11 For the scripture says, "Everyone who believes in him will not be put to shame" (Romans 9:30-10:11).
8 For by grace you are saved through faith, and this is not from yourselves, it is the gift of God; 9 it is not from works, so that no one can boast (Ephesians 2:8-9).
4 But "when the kindness of God our Savior and his love for mankind appeared, 5 he saved us not by works of righteousness that we have done but on the basis of his mercy, through the washing of the new birth and the renewing of the Holy Spirit, 6 whom he poured out on us in full measure through Jesus Christ our Savior. 7 And so, since we have been justified by his grace, we become heirs with the confident expectation of eternal life" (Titus 3:4-7).17
I remember preaching in another church years ago. An older woman came up to me after the message, beaming with joy. She said something like this, "I love it; it's all of grace." And so it is. Salvation and sanctification are the result of God's marvelous grace, showered upon us bountifully in the person and work of Jesus Christ, and in the provision of the Holy Spirit. No wonder Jesus could offer those legalists who were (in the words of a country music song) "workin' like the devil, servin' the Lord."
28 "Come to me, all you who are weary and burdened, and I will give you rest. 29 Take my yoke on you and learn from me, because I am gentle and humble in heart, and you will find rest for your souls. 30 For my yoke is easy to bear, and my load is not hard to carry" (Matthew 11:28-30).
As we leave the Book of 1 Thessalonians, let us pause for a moment to reflect on some of the major areas of emphasis that we have seen.
Salvation is the result of divine election and is ultimately the work of God (1 Thessalonians 1:2-5). Here is the basis for our security.
Sanctification is the goal of our salvation. We were saved to become holy, and thus prepared for the Second Coming of our Lord Jesus Christ. Sanctification is a life-long process that involves the purification of every part of our humanity (see 1 Thessalonians 3:11-13; 4:1-12).
The Second Coming of Jesus Christ is the "finish line" for people of faith in Jesus. It is also a shocking surprise for those who are lost.18 Christians should eagerly anticipate and watch for the Second Coming. It is then that the dead in Christ will be resurrected, to be eternally united with Christ and with fellow believers. The wicked do not see the end coming, and continue to live in a sort of "drunken" state of self-indulgence, feeling secure in their sin, because they believe that judgment is not coming.19
Suffering for the sake of Christ is part of the normal Christian life. Paul and his associates suffered in bringing the gospel to Thessalonica.20 They taught the Thessalonians that trusting in Jesus would bring persecution.21 Thus, the Thessalonian saints became kindred spirits with the Jewish brethren in Judea, because they both suffered persecution at the hands of their kinsmen.22
God has designed the church and designated its functions in a way that best equips it to withstand persecution and opposition in this life and also to prepare Christians for the glory of God's presence for all eternity. Multiple levels of (plural) church leadership and the decentralization of ministry (one-another ministry) best promotes sanctification and perseverance in the midst of opposition and persecution.
The Scriptures are essential for the spiritual health and growth of the church.23
Grace is the great common denominator of the Christian life. Our salvation and sanctification are, in the end, God's work. It is a work in which we participate; it is not a work in which we predominate. Our works are the result of His work.
I trust that you have become a part of the community of believers (the church) through faith in Jesus Christ and what He has done on your behalf. Put in Pauline terms, I pray that you have turned to God from those things (idols) in which you have trusted for eternal life. Jesus Christ bore our sins and the punishment we deserve, and He offers His righteousness to all who will trust in Him.
Copyright © 2010 by Robert L. Deffinbaugh. This is the edited manuscript of Lesson 10 in the series Paul's Epistles to the Thessalonians prepared by Robert L. Deffinbaugh on August 29, 2010. Anyone is at liberty to use this lesson for educational purposes only, with or without credit.
1 http://users.belgacom.net/gc674645/grave/lastword.htm
2 A friend of mine reminded me that this trichotomist (man has three parts) view provides the occasion for some psychologists and psychiatrists to find a dimension of man which fits into their model of counseling.
3 Strong's definition of peace: "<07965> shalom (1022d) Meaning: completeness, soundness, welfare, peace," (BibleWorks 7.0).
4 See James 1:4.
5 Gordon D. Fee, The First and Second Letters to the Thessalonians (Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2009), pp. 227-228.
6 I should call attention to the fact that "the one who calls" is a present tense participle. Paul is not merely pointing to God's calling as a work in the past, but is speaking of it in an ongoing way.
7 We would do well to keep Paul's words in 4:3-8 in mind here. In no way would Paul be suggesting the kind of kiss which would incline one toward sexual immorality.
8 See 1 Thessalonians 1:6; 2:2, 14-16; 3:3-4, 7. The matter will arise again in 2 Thessalonians 1.
9 1 Thessalonians 1:9-10.
10 1 Thessalonians 2:14-16.
11 John 13:35.
12 See Luke 22:47-48.
13 See Matthew 28:20.
14 See Acts 8:26-28.
15 See Luke 4:16-21.
16 This is not the time to explore the depths of Matthew 10:8, but let me caution those who are looking for a "free ride" at the expense of others. In this same text, Jesus tells His disciples not to take extra provisions because those who have been the recipients of grace should respond graciously as well, caring for the instruments of God's grace to them. Something similar is being taught in 2 Thessalonians 3.
17 I should point out that Ephesians 2:10 and Titus 3:8 go on to emphasize the importance of good works, not as our part in obtaining salvation, but as an outgrowth of the salvation we have received by grace alone.
18 See 1 Thessalonians 4:13—5:11.
19 See 2 Thessalonians 5:2-4; also 2 Peter 3:3-4ff.
20 1 Thessalonians 2:2.
21 1 Thessalonians 3:4.
22 1 Thessalonians 2:14-16.
23 1 Thessalonians 5:27.


text:
When it comes to making videos to promote your business—to engage your audience, to showcase your products—professional quality usually demands professional prices.
But sometimes you don't need Hollywood production values in your videos. Sometimes you just need good videos that you can turn around fast and for free (or at least fairly cheap).
If you haven't thought about incorporating video into your marketing strategy, you should consider it—video is an incredibly versatile format after all:
- Videos can live in several places: The same video can potentially be used on Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, YouTube, Tumblr, embedded on your website/blog, etc.
- Videos make for eye-catching social media posts/ads: Audiences can read, watch, and listen, so video can engage them in a different way than static imagery. Plus, videos play automatically on some channels like Facebook.
- Videos can be repurposed into new videos and from other content formats: Video content can be clipped down, expanded upon, or converted into new videos or GIFs. You can also take infographics, blog posts, photos, and other types of content, and turn them into videos.
Not only that, but video's share of total bandwidth is predicated to grow to encompass more than 80 percent of all consumer internet traffic by 2020, making it the content format of the future.
The best part is that just because you don't have the budget, doesn't mean you can't reap the benefits of video content.
How to Make Videos Without Hiring a Professional
While it definitely helps, you don't necessarily need expensive equipment or even your own original footage to produce videos.
All you need is a concept in mind and an idea of what you want to use the video for.
From there, it's a matter of:
- Creating a rough storyboard of how you plan for it to flow and writing a script if you need one.
- Finding or creating the footage or audio you need.
- Editing it together in one of the many apps in this post, depending on your needs.
- Packaging it up and uploading it as a social media post, ad, YouTube video, etc.
Where to Look For Free Stock Footage and Music
When you think about it, you don't really need a camera to make your own videos.
You can repurpose existing photography, get what you need from stock footage sites, and even shoot your own footage with your phone if you really need to.
There's a lot of places you can look for great free stock footage, fitting music and cool sound effects.
Depending on how the content is licensed, however, you might need to credit the creator of the footage you borrow or pay to use it for commercial purposes. For details on how and when to do this, check out the Creative Commons best practices for attribution and be sure to take a closer look at the conditions for use on each of the following sites.
Free Stock Videos
- Videvo: Completely free high quality HD footage and motion graphics.
- Pexels: Free photos and videos from around the world.
- Distil: 10 new high quality videos for commercial use every 10 days, delivered to your inbox.
- Pixabay: Tons of vibrant videos, photos, and animations you can use.
Public Domain (not subject to copyright)
- Pond5: Home to lots of historic footage.
- Archive.org: Footage of games, films, historic moments, etc.
- NASA: Footage and photos of space.
- Critical Past: Vintage videos.
Free Music and Audio
- Freesound.org: A variety of sounds you can use at no cost.
- Looperman: Acapella vocals, music, and sounds you can use if you credit the creator.
- Converse Sample Library: Plenty of cool music and rhythms for you to sample.
- YouTube Audio Library: A great resource for good quality music and sound effects meant for creators.
Paid Stock Music and Footage
While you do have to pay, Audio Jungle and Video Hive are popular places to find sounds, music, video effects and stock footage to use and sample. They also offer free music, video templates, and more every month if you subscribe.
Free Tools to Help You Make Your Own Videos
While you can record video natively in most video hosting platforms like Facebook, Instagram, and YouTube, there are plenty of apps for producing quick, good-looking videos for different occasions and in a short span of time.
I highly recommended giving the following tools a try, many of which are free and some of which come with their own library of stock imagery and other assets for you to use.
Quik by Go Pro: Produce Simple Product Videos
Go Pro is famous as a camera company for helping people capture awe-inspiring moments in action.
Quik is a video editing app by them that lets you easily import and rearrange images and footage, adding text and music as you like.
While it's meant for weaving together memories from your last vacation, it's also a great way to create simple product videos, especially if all you have is product photos.
With this app, you can create an engaging slideshow or a short video in no time at all.
Giphy: Turn Your Videos into GIFs
GIFs are (arguably) just videos without sound. And with Giphy you can either convert your existing videos into GIFs or edit/caption existing GIFs.
Giphy is also a great place to find cinemagraphs, which are essentially photos with a single isolated element in motion.
You should take advantage of the fact that GIFs loop endlessly and can be used to create engaging memes to complement your social media strategy.
Power Director: A Robust Video Editor For Your Phone
If you'd like to shoot and edit videos all on your phone, Power Director is an app that comes with a lot of the useful features.
The advantage of a mobile video editor like this is that you can record new footage and audio straight from your phone and directly import it into your work in your progress, making it easy to do things like voiceovers.
Tips for Making Engaging Videos
The assets and tools above make videos easier to create, but there's a lot more to know about using these videos effectively in your marketing.
For one, videos that provoke an emotional reaction tend to perform better and have more viral potential, especially on Facebook. Since social videos are often watched with the sound off, captions also go a long way in increasing viewership.
Thumbnails also matter a lot as they are essentially the "headline" of your video that entices people to watch. Use Canva to easily create eye-catching thumbnails for your videos if you're going to upload your videos to YouTube or another platform that pits you against other videos.
Finally, since it's not just how you create the videos but how you upload them too, you should be wary of the specifications for each channel, which I've linked to below:
Do It Yourself Video
Whether you're making videos or another type of content, quality is inevitably how you compete. But it doesn't necessarily have to cost you a lot.
Entrepreneurs and creators can always make up for what they lack in resources with resourcefulness.
So if you have a hunch that videos can take your marketing to the next level, don't let the perceived costs and amount of effort stop you. You can get started for free using these resources and work your way up from there.