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EMBARGOED FOR RELEASE | August 22, 2012
New era in camouflage makeup: Shielding soldiers from searing heat of bomb blasts
Note to journalists: Please report that this research was presented at a meeting of the American Chemical Society.
PHILADELPHIA, Aug. 22, 2012 — Camouflage face makeup for warfare is undergoing one of the most fundamental changes in thousands of years, as scientists today described a new face paint that both hides soldiers from the enemy and shields their faces from the searing heat of bomb blasts. Firefighters also could benefit from the new heat-resistant makeup, according to the report.
It was part of a broader symposium on innovations in ingredients for personal care products held during the 244th National Meeting & Exposition of the American Chemical Society, the world's largest scientific society. The meeting, which includes almost 8,600 reports on new discoveries in science and other topics, continues through Thursday. The other reports (abstracts appear below) included new hairsprays, mousses, denture adhesives, tartar-control toothpastes, mouthwashes and personal cleansing products.
Media Contact
During Aug. 17-23, the contacts can be reached at 215-418-2086.
Robert Lochhead, Ph.D., who presented the report, explained that soldiers have used face paint for centuries for one kind of protection ― to help their skin blend in with the natural environment and shield them from enemies. The new material continues that tradition, but also provides protection from the searing heat of roadside bomb blasts and other explosions that have claimed a terrible toll in Iraq, Afghanistan and other conflicts.
"The detonation of a roadside bomb or any other powerful explosive produces two dangerous blasts," Lochhead said. "First comes a blast wave of high pressure that spreads out at supersonic speeds and can cause devastating internal injuries. A thermal blast follows almost instantaneously. It is a wave of heat that exceeds 1,112 degrees Fahrenheit. That's as hot as a burning cigarette. The thermal blast lasts only two seconds, but it can literally cook the face, hands and other exposed skin."
In an effort to protect soldiers from this threat, the U.S. Department of Defense has been seeking a solution that Lochhead initially regarded as an impossibility: A material that soldiers could smear on their faces like suntan lotion, leaving a coating that although thinner than a sheet of paper, could protect against that intense heat. Dr. Paige Buchanan, Kelli Booth, Michelle McClusky, Laura Anderson and Lochhead were the team that tackled the challenge. Not only did they succeed, but they discovered a formulation that protects in laboratory experiments way beyond the 2-second heat-wave threat from improvised explosive devices and other bombs.
The new camouflage makeup protects the face and hands for up to 15 seconds before its own temperature rises to the point where a first-degree burn, which is a mild burn, might occur. In some tests, the new face paint can protect for up to 60 seconds, which could be important in giving soldiers time to move away from blast-related fires and also for use by civilian firefighters.
The makeup had to meet several key criteria: It had to reflect intense heat; have camouflage colors suitable for day and night use; be easy to apply and remove; be waterproof; and be non-irritating to the eyes, nose and mouth.
The trickiest part was that the University of Southern Mississippi team had to avoid the use of mineral oil, mineral spirits, fatty substances and other traditional hydrocarbon makeup ingredients. Hydrocarbons can burn in contact with intense heat in the flame spectrum. The team turned to silicones, which are not as flammable because they absorb radiation at wavelengths outside of the intense heat spectrum. Silicones have been replacing hydrocarbons in many commercial cosmetic makeup products as cosmetics companies improve products to confer better feel properties and transfer-resistance.
Another challenge was adding DEET, an insect repellent. The military mandates that all camouflage makeups contain 35 percent DEET. "DEET also is flammable, so when the Department of Defense asked us to incorporate it, we didn't think we could do it," Lochhead noted. But the team successfully included DEET by encapsulating it in a hydrogel substance, a water-rich material that prevented DEET from catching fire.
It already has passed the preliminary laboratory tests needed to determine whether development should continue. Lochhead's team also plans tests of the material on other surfaces to try to protect clothing, tents and other items from burning, and a colorless version is being developed for firefighters.


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Why the ocean matters...to Google
Adding a detailed 3D view of the ocean won't mean a Google revenue spike. But it help advance geographic browsing--and accompanying advertisements.
SAN FRANCISCO--The fact that you now can explore the ocean through Google Earth isn't going to make Google much money directly. But the move is nonetheless smart.
Google generated early-stage goodwill from being the best answer to the online search problem. But the company is large and getting larger, especially as it shows a better ability to withstand the recession than rivals, and that goodwill won't last forever.
Google Earth, though, gives the company a new way to bring its brand to the world, notably with students for whom the software will help supplant atlases and encyclopedias. And in the long run, as Google Earth and Maps--either as standalone software or used through a browser--will likely become a widely used virtual window on the real world. Google will control the technology and commercialization of that portal.
Will the visibility of the ocean depths on Google Earth make money directly? Not likely. But it adds incrementally to the overall utility of the software, which in the long run keeps it relevant.
"The near-term opportunity is in local search," for example people looking for restaurants or hotels, said John Hanke, director of Google Earth and Maps, in an interview.
Google has begun experimenting with advertisements on Google Maps and Google Earth, added Peter Birch, product manager of Google Earth, at the launch event. Since people often need to discover information about a place before going there, Google Earth and Maps could prove a lucrative endeavor. It may take years to get there, and it'll cost Google dearly in server hardware and network bandwidth, but Google has shown patience in subsidizing long-term projects.
Though Hanke wouldn't reveal the expense of Google's geographic services, some of the economics are in the company's favor. Just as Google's search engine takes advantage of innumerable information that others put on the Internet, Google Earth is a platform that houses information supplied by outsiders that Google doesn't have to pay. It's the Internet's user-generated content story, but this time it's data that can be overlaid on a map of the Earth.
And in the case of the ocean work, there are prestigious users generating high-quality content. Many ocean researchers gathered at the Google Earth 5.0 launch, and several showed there's pent-up demand for a way to conveniently display their data somewhere. And it's not just to share sea surface temperature data with fellow Ph.D.s, but also to try to educate the public.
Ken Peterson, communications director for the Monterey Bay Aquarium, was excited about his layer in Google Earth that shows the location of various types of fish--along with ratings for people about whether they should eat those varieties or substitute others. Barbara Block of Stanford University and Patrick Halpin of Duke University were eager to show the tracks of shark travels recorded by radio transmission to satellites. Ross Swick of the University of Colorado-Boulder showed a Google Earth animation of the gradually shrinking Arctic ice cap over the last 29 years. And Philip Renaud of the Living Oceans Foundation has supplied underwater video of the Red Sea as part of the foundation's mission to chronicle the state of coral reefs.
Hanke envisions much broader information, though, including consumer-oriented material such as the best dive spots and kite-surfing areas. Ultimately, he wants "every single location" on Earth, land or sea, to have information.
"We're trying to encourage our users to annotate all the places in the world. Part of what we're doing is seeding that ecosystem of spatial information," Hanke said. "That creates an opportunity for Google to provide location services on phones, mobile devices, in cars in the future, to guide people to the best places. Being a valued guide, the go-to source of information about the best places to go--that will be a powerful and valuable thing for Google."
Think of it as a second Internet in a way, only instead of using abstract names to locate information, you can use actual locations to locate information. Some refer to the idea as the "geographic Web."
The clearest illustration of the indirect benefits Google Earth can bring is the fact that the company could persuade former Vice President Al Gore, whose climate change documentary won him an Oscar and a Nobel Peace Prize, to bear the Google Earth standard. In effect, he provided an eco-halo that can offset the more down-to-earth capitalistic realities of Google's operation.
Google seems to share the altruistic, educational motivations of many researchers. But it's also got business in mind with Google Earth.
"We try to create products people love to use," Birch said. "We create value, then think of appropriate ways of monetization."
• Click here for more stories, and images, on Google Earth 5.0.

subset: commoncrawl


text: After earning his photography degree, at the prestigious Salisbury College of Art, in the UK, Daniel moved to New York City to pursue his career in photography. With an eye for design, he enjoys assignments capturing modern & historic architecture, as well as the latest automobiles, hot off the assembly line or weather beaten classics.His expressive images of modern buildings & structures, exotic automotives, captains of industry and sporting heros have appeared in many magazines, newspapers, brochures and online publications.The scope of his work is far from just being contained to editorial work, he regularly shoots PR work for manufacturers such as Audi of America, Bentley Motors, Hyundai Motor Company Australia, Mini USA, Volkswagen of America Inc.Most of the time you'll find him up a tall ladder, with his trusty 16' tripod, but varied assignments have seen him surviving frost bite, shooting Jaguars trekking to a sunless Arctic Circle, being stranded in Baja, Mexico (following the late Paul Newman motor racing), driving 3,000miles across the unpaved (& often flooded) 'Road of Bones', in Siberia and racing across the USA in a 1994 Chevy Caprice ex-Cop Car (with Cop tyres & Cop suspension & a hole in the drivers floor!).


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Ruthless Swans end Bradford run.
Swansea City ended Bradford City's League Cup fairytale with a record-breaking 5-0 victory in the final at Wembley Stadium on Sunday to crown the club's centenary year with a first major trophy.
Bradford had accounted for Arsenal, Aston Villa and Wigan Athletic en route to the final, but they fell well short in their bid to become the first team from England's fourth division to lift one of the game's most coveted prizes.
Goals from Nathan Dyer and Michu gave Swansea a 2-0 half-time lead, with Dyer doubling his tally early in the second half before Jonathan de Guzman added a fourth with a penalty after Bradford goalkeeper Matt Duke was sent off.
De Guzman made it five in injury time as Swansea broke the victory margin record set by Manchester United against Wigan Athletic in the 2006 final.
"As a player, I had the luck to play in the biggest teams in different countries," Swansea manager Michael Laudrup told BBC radio.
"Swansea is not the biggest team in the Premier League, but we are here winning a trophy and that is fantastic. To win a trophy with a smaller club is outstanding."
Bradford mustered just one attempt at goal over the course of the 90 minutes, but their fans nonetheless revelled in the achievement of being the first English fourth-tier side to reach a major Wembley final.
"We will dust ourselves down," said Bradford coach Phil Parkinson.
"We have enjoyed the whole experience and we will go back up to Bradford and enjoy the last 15 league games. We have a chance of promotion (from League Two) so we will make a go of it."
Laudrup surprisingly fielded midfielder Ki Sung-yueng at centre-back in place of the injured Chico Flores, but the South Korean had a gentle introduction to the game as the Welsh club bossed possession.
Ben Davies was unable to convert Swansea's first chance of note, leaping well to head wide from Angel Rangel's high cross in the 14th minute, but two minutes later, Laudrup's men took the lead.
Bradford had ventured forward en masse for the first time, but when the move broke down mid-way inside the Swansea half, the minnows were exposed.
Wayne Routledge drove forward before slipping the ball wide to Michu, and when the Spaniard's low shot was palmed away by Duke, Dyer slid in to put Swansea ahead from close range.
The advantage procured, Swansea seemed in no hurry to extend their lead.
Leon Britton sliced a half-volley wide after a corner was half-cleared in the 31st minute, and Swansea did not have another attempt at goal until Michu doubled their advantage five minutes before half-time.
Pablo Hernandez threaded a pass into his countryman's feet and with Bradford's defenders standing off, Michu had time to turn and take a touch before prodding a left-foot shot into the bottom-right corner.
Shortly afterwards, Britton sent Routledge scampering down the inside-right channel, but his shot was pushed over the bar by Duke, who comfortably caught a subsequent shot from Hernandez.
Any hopes Bradford had of mounting a second-half comeback vanished in the 47th minute when Dyer sped down the right flank and exchanged passes with Routledge before lashing a shot inside the left-hand post.
Improbably, things went from bad to worse for Bradford in the 56th minute when Duke was shown a straight red card for felling Dyer in the penalty area.
De Guzman had to brush aside the claims of hat-trick-hunting Dyer to take the resulting spot-kick, but the Dutchman was unnerved, whipping a confident shot into the bottom-left corner following a short run-up.
Michu shot narrowly wide moments later, but the game was over as a contest and Bradford's fans resorted instead to waving their flags and shouting their love for their club into the London sky.
Swansea were not quite finished, however, and after Dwight Tiendalli hit the bar with a curling shot, De Guzman touched home Rangel's low cross in injury time to complete a record-breaking rout.


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§11-13-2e. Business of gas storage; effective date.
(a) Rate of tax. -- Upon every person engaging or continuing within this state in any gas storage business utilizing one or more gas storage reservoirs located within this state, the tax imposed by section two of this article shall be equal to 5¢ multiplied by the sum of either (1) the net number of dekatherms of gas injected into such a gas storage reservoir during a tax month or (2) the net number of dekatherms of gas withdrawn from such a gas storage reservoir during a tax month, whichever is applicable for that month, whether or not such gas is owned by, or is injected or withdrawn for, the storage operator or any other person. Fractional parts of dekatherms shall be included in the measure of tax as provided in regulations promulgated by the Tax Commissioner: Provided, That effective July 1, 1995, the net number of dekatherms of gas injected or the net number of dekatherms withdrawn shall not exceed the storage utilization index as defined in this subsection. For purposes of this section, the term "storage utilization index" means the utilization of storage reservoir, through the operation of existing and functional facilities available for storage use during the five year base period ending December 31, 1994, and the storage utilization index shall be the five year average of taxable dekatherms as determined for each taxable period of the stated base period.
(b) Effective date. -- The measure of tax under this section shall include gas injected into, or withdrawn from, a gas storage reservoir after February 28, 1989.
(c) Administration; installment payments. -- The tax due under this section shall be administered, collected and enforced as provided in this article and articles nine and ten of this chapter. The tax due under this section shall be remitted in periodic installments as provided in section four of this article, except that such periodic installment payments shall be remitted on or before the twentieth day of the month following the month or quarter in which the tax accrues.
(d) Notice of retirement from service. -- A taxpayer subject to the tax due under this section shall provide written notice to the Joint Committee on Government and Finance and the Department of Tax and Revenue eighteen months prior to the retirement from service of a storage reservoir.


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Interlocking circle pattern in several color optionsMade of 100% woolHand-woven, reversible designMade in IndiaComes in your choice of available colors and sizes Note: Due to individual computer monitor settings, actual colors may vary slightly from those you see on your screen. A decidedly modern way to dress your floors, the Surya Frontier Circle Pattern Area Rug runs rings around any other choice. A welcome addition to your casual setting, this rug is hand-woven of 100% wool for a luxurious feel underfoot. It comes in a variety of contemporary color and size options and is reversible for twice the life. About Surya Rugs Since 1976 Surya has established itself as one of India's leading producers of fine hand-knotted, hand-tufted, and flat-woven rugs. Their products are sold in the U.S.A. at respected department and specialty stores. The company is known for its quality, value, dedication, and innovation. This includes responsibility for the entire process - spinning, dyeing, weaving, and finishing. Surya prides itself on using the best raw material available for the production of their rugs. They are proud members of "Wools of New Zealand." From design concept through production, a Surya family member is involved, making sure that the highest standards are being met at each level. Surya works with top designers and constantly updates their designs and color palettes to match and set the trends in design and fashion for the home. Surya always means a fine choice in rugs.;
We will find the best price for you.


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Aries Music Inc. Modular advertisement from page 42 of Synapse Magazine November/December 1977.
This second Aries 1/2-page advertisement ran in a couple of Synapse issues starting in November/December, directly following the first 1/2-pager. It was an improvement over that first ad in some ways, and not in others.
First, the negative. And it is obvious. White text on a black and white image hardly every works - you really have to darken the image to make it readable. When my eyes glance quickly at this ad, they are immediately drawn to the knobs - not the logo or tag line. Both get lost in a sea of light grays. Aries tries to darken the photo behind the text, but for the most part it fails to make the text readable.
And it is a shame that the readability of the ad is compromised because that Aries logo (suspiciously absent in the first Synapse Aries ad) would look gorgeous against a darker background.
Also, the ad-copy is a significant improvement over the first ad. In fact, its almost perfect for the audience. Usually I don't copy out the full ad-copy, but I really want you to read it...
"Almost every synthesizer has a keyboard, but not every keyboard player is a synthesist.As you can see, this ad-copy is totally customized for a Synapse audience. Put this advertisement in Contemporary Keyboard magazine and you would only reach a fraction of that magazine's reading audience. But in Synapse, Aries can target with pin-point accuracy someone that is willing to take the time to plan and build their own personal modular synthesizer. That special breed of musician known as a 'synthesist'.
Aries makes modular systems for the musician who considers the synthesizer to be his primary instrument. Modular design allows complete control over pitching and normalled connections - thus each player can achieve a personalized repertoire of sounds.
Every Aries system is a custom design because every customer gets involved: choosing from our kits, modules and cabinets the kind of system he wants to use.
So if you play the synthesizer, and not just the keyboard, we think you've already made the connection."
Someone like Kevin Kissinger - a musician, composer, and recording artist from Kansas City, Mo. who chose to build his modular from Aries kits. He originally built his Aries modular back in the 70s and has a Web page on his site devoted to his Aries modular.
I contacted Kevin to ask him a few questions about his decision to build rather than buy a modular, choosing to go with Aries, and other stuff. Luckily for me, he was quick to reply a nd *very* generous with his answers.
As with most musicians, his decision to build a modular back in the 70s started off with a good dose of inspiration.
"Since I always admired the work of Wendy Carlos one of my goals was to do 'Switched-on' music on the synthesizer. While the Arp Odyssey, 2600 and Mini-Moogs were great for live performers, I wanted something flexible, expandable, and fully patchable."But inspiration can only get someone so far - eventually you have to sit down and do your homework and financial calculations. Some call it 'research', I call it 'the fun stuff' :o)
According to Kevin, cost-savings played a big role in his choice to go with an Aries kit, but that didn't mean that quality and performance features were pushed aside.
"The Moog and Arp modulars were too expensive for me and I spread the word among my friends that I wanted to build a synthesizer though I had never tackled such a project before.Once built, Kevin was definitely impressed with the quality and the sound of Aries, and was able to compare it to other big-name modulars.
A friend-of-a-friend gave me a brochure about Paia Electronics. I went as far as to select modules and draw up a mock-up control panel for the instrument. However, I felt the short keyboard would compromise my work, I was uncomfortable with linear tracking VCOs and had heard that the keyboards were hard to calibrate.
So, I held back and then the same friend-of-a-friend sent me an Aries brochure. The brochure touted the pure waveforms, the 61-note keyboard, and the use of precision 1% resistors in the keyboard and the VCO's. At the time, Aries did not have a demo recording however I felt confident about building it. As I recall, the Aries kits were about half the cost of a comparable Moog Modular."
"After I had built the Aries I had the opportunity to work with a large Moog Modular at the university -- at the time it had probably lost some of its original specs -- it was noisy, the VCO's drifted, and audio and control signals weren't compatible. As wonderful as the big Moog was (and is), it seemed outdated compared to the Aries. What the Moog had that the Aries didn't was a trigger-delay and a fixed-filter bank."Kevin definitely provides a unique historical perspective on Aries - more than any technical reference information you can pull off a piece of paper or Web page. A big thanks to Kevin for taking the time to answer my questions!
Check out Kevin's Web site for more information, including recent and upcoming performances.


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For those who missed last night's big news in the ongoing Penn State scandal, Joe Paterno was not allowed to retire at season's end, but instead was ousted immediately by the Penn State Board of Trusteees. Below the jump, you'll find the complete text from the school's statement.
The Board of Trustees of The Pennsylvania State University is outraged by the horrifying details contained in the Grand Jury Report. As parents, alumni and members of the Penn State Community, our hearts go out to all of those impacted by these terrible events, especially the tragedies involving children and their families. We cannot begin to express the combination of sorrow and anger that we feel about the allegations surrounding Jerry Sandusky. We hear those of you who feel betrayed and we want to assure all of you that the Board will take swift, decisive action.
At its regular meeting on Friday, November 11, 2011, the Board will appoint a Special Committee, members of which are currently being identified, to undertake a full and complete investigation of the circumstances that gave rise to the Grand Jury Report. This Special Committee will be commissioned to determine what failures occurred, who is responsible and what measures are necessary to insure that this never happens at our University again and that those responsible are held fully accountable. The Special Committee will have whatever resources are necessary to thoroughly fulfill its charge, including independent counsel and investigative teams, and there will be no restrictions placed on its scope or activities. Upon the completion of this investigation, a complete report will be presented at a future public session of the Board of Trustees.
Penn State has always strived for honesty, integrity and the highest moral standards in all of its programs. We will not tolerate any violation of these principles. We educate over 95,000 students every year and we take this responsibility very seriously. We are dedicated to protecting those who are placed in our care. We promise you that we are committed to restoring public trust in the University.


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Do you have an anti-virus app on your Android phone yet? If not, a new study conducted by security firm NQ Mobile suggests you're playing with fire: The number of malware threats to your Android phone has increased 163% over the past year alone.
The study, which looked at over 5.3 million apps available in 406 different online stores, identified 65,227 different pieces of potentially dangerous malware last year. A quick look at the trend suggests that malware is growing at an exponential rate – there were only 1,649 such malware discoveries in 2009.
In total, 32.8 million Android phones were infected with malware in 2012 – more than triple the number of the year before. The majority of these infections involve spyware or adware, while about a quarter are designed to steal and profit off of your personal data. A smaller minority is designed to make your phone permanently unusable, something we'd all no doubt like to avoid.
Earlier this year, NQ discovered a new type of Android threat: Malware that can spread from your phone to your computer via a USB cord. That particular attack only affected a small handful of Android users. Still, security experts warn that hackers will continue to find these new and inventive ways to steal data, even from the most cautious among us.
Android malware is a rapidly increasing threat, but there are some simple measures you can take to buff up your phone's security. Be sure to look at the Techlicious guide to mobile security, where we break down some of your best (free!) choices for smartphone anti-virus protection.


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"I would never want to live anywhere but Baltimore. You can look far and wide, but you'll never discover a stranger city with such extreme style. It's as if every eccentric in the South decided to move north, ran out of gas in Baltimore, and decided to stay." —John WatersRead More
View from Federal Hill towards M&T Bank Stadium
BaltimoreMarylandFederal HillRavensStreetMT Bank StadiumCityscapeCityUrban PurpleCharm City
Oriole Park at Camden Yards
baltimorecityurbanOriole Park at Camden YardsbaseballstadiumoriolesOriole ParkCamden Yardssports
Colorful Porches in Baltimore
Fallarchitectureauthorbaltimorecharles villagecityleavespainted ladiesrowhousesurban
S.S. Baltimore 1906 Steam Tugboat
Nightbaltimorebmicitydomino sugarsinner harborurbans.s. baltimoretugboatreflection
Super Moon over Baltimore.
Nightbaltimorecitycityscapeeveninginner harborlong exposuremoonpurpleskysuper moonmoonriselunar


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Added to Cart View Cart or Continue Shopping.
The Good Twin is owned and operated by Katie Wilson, in Los Angeles, California, with help from a small human team and her pug assistants, Peggy Day and Stevie (nappers-in-chief).
All illustration and type work is hand drawn with love, and our products are printed locally using high quality recycled materials.
‣ 2-3 inch die cut matte printed sticker
‣ made in the USA


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George Bush shamed our Nation today, calling for a constitutional amendment that writes discrimination into that sacred document (click for story). Bush is a total idiot. Why are we the last to realize this? That's the collective "we" — ProudLiberal has known this FOR YEARS.
But you really need to read the text of his message. He is lying up one side and down the other. His justification that gay marriage is bad for families IS A LIE. His justification that gay marriage is against religious law SHOWS that he does not understand the separation of church and state in our Constitution.
Bush is a miserable failure. This just proves it again. President Calls for Constitutional Amendment Protecting Marriage
Remarks by the President
The Roosevelt Room
THE PRESIDENT: Good morning. Eight years ago, Congress passed, and President Clinton signed, the Defense of Marriage Act, which defined marriage for purposes of federal law as the legal union between one man and one woman as husband and wife.
President George W. Bush delivers a statement regarding the sanctity of marriage in the Roosevelt Room Tuesday, Feb. 24, 2004. "Activist courts have left the people with one recourse," said the President. "If we are to prevent the meaning of marriage from being changed forever, our nation must enact a constitutional amendment to protect marriage in America." White House photo by Paul Morse. The Act passed the House of Representatives by a vote of 342 to 67, and the Senate by a vote of 85 to 14. Those congressional votes and the passage of similar defensive marriage laws in 38 states express an overwhelming consensus in our country for protecting the institution of marriage.
In recent months, however, some activist judges and local officials have made an aggressive attempt to redefine marriage. In Massachusetts, four judges on the highest court have indicated they will order the issuance of marriage licenses to applicants of the same gender in May of this year. In San Francisco, city officials have issued thousands of marriage licenses to people of the same gender, contrary to the California family code. That code, which clearly defines marriage as the union of a man and a woman, was approved overwhelmingly by the voters of California. A county in New Mexico has also issued marriage licenses to applicants of the same gender. And unless action is taken, we can expect more arbitrary court decisions, more litigation, more defiance of the law by local officials, all of which adds to uncertainty.
After more than two centuries of American jurisprudence, and millennia of human experience, a few judges and local authorities are presuming to change the most fundamental institution of civilization. Their actions have created confusion on an issue that requires clarity.
On a matter of such importance, the voice of the people must be heard. Activist courts have left the people with one recourse. If we are to prevent the meaning of marriage from being changed forever, our nation must enact a constitutional amendment to protect marriage in America. Decisive and democratic action is needed, because attempts to redefine marriage in a single state or city could have serious consequences throughout the country.
The Constitution says that full faith and credit shall be given in each state to the public acts and records and judicial proceedings of every other state. Those who want to change the meaning of marriage will claim that this provision requires all states and cities to recognize same-sex marriages performed anywhere in America. Congress attempted to address this problem in the Defense of Marriage Act, by declaring that no state must accept another state's definition of marriage. My administration will vigorously defend this act of Congress.
Yet there is no assurance that the Defense of Marriage Act will not, itself, be struck down by activist courts. In that event, every state would be forced to recognize any relationship that judges in Boston or officials in San Francisco choose to call a marriage. Furthermore, even if the Defense of Marriage Act is upheld, the law does not protect marriage within any state or city.
For all these reasons, the Defense of Marriage requires a constitutional amendment. An amendment to the Constitution is never to be undertaken lightly. The amendment process has addressed many serious matters of national concern. And the preservation of marriage rises to this level of national importance. The union of a man and woman is the most enduring human institution, honoring — honored and encouraged in all cultures and by every religious faith. Ages of experience have taught humanity that the commitment of a husband and wife to love and to serve one another promotes the welfare of children and the stability of society.
Marriage cannot be severed from its cultural, religious and natural roots without weakening the good influence of society. Government, by recognizing and protecting marriage, serves the interests of all. Today I call upon the Congress to promptly pass, and to send to the states for ratification, an amendment to our Constitution defining and protecting marriage as a union of man and woman as husband and wife. The amendment should fully protect marriage, while leaving the state legislatures free to make their own choices in defining legal arrangements other than marriage.
America is a free society, which limits the role of government in the lives of our citizens. This commitment of freedom, however, does not require the redefinition of one of our most basic social institutions. Our government should respect every person, and protect the institution of marriage. There is no contradiction between these responsibilities. We should also conduct this difficult debate in a manner worthy of our country, without bitterness or anger.
In all that lies ahead, let us match strong convictions with kindness and goodwill and decency.
Thank you very much.


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All eyes will be on Las Vegas later this week when the 2010 International Consumer Electronics Show (CES) kicks off, but major vendors seem anxious to one-up each other with early announcements preceding the event. Lenovo unveiled its new line of AMD-powered laptops, and Intel has released details of its latest Arrandale and Clarkdale processors.
Both the Arrandale and Clarkdale processors are based on Intel's new Westmere architecture. The array of Arrandale and Clarkdale processors is staggering. The chips come in dual-core Corei7, Corei5, and Corei3 models, which are then further diversified by clock speed and operating voltage.
The Clarkdale chips are aimed at desktop systems, while the Arrandales are targeted for mobile computers. The processors are designed around Intel's new architecture which incorporates graphics processing and memory controller functions into the CPU. This eliminates the need for a separate graphics processor, as well as the Northbridge component of traditional Intel motherboard chipsets.
Like the recently unveiled Atom processors built on the Pinetrail architecture, the Arrandale chips will enable OEM hardware vendors to build smaller mobile computers that consume less power and require less cooling than current mainstream notebooks.
The Arrandale processors improve performance by including a "Dynamic Frequency" feature that allows the processor to vary the clock speed of the GPU function as well as the CPU. For scenarios where you might be watching a Blu-ray disc or watching something in HD, the Arrandale processor can dynamically adjust resources in favor of the graphics processing function to optimize performance.
Intel has also upped the ante on mobile entertainment by including native Blu-ray dual-stream support as well as lossless 7.1 channel audio. The combination may not meet the needs of hardcore HD or audio enthusiasts, but should more than suffice for the needs of mainstream consumers.
Intel has already been producing and shipping these chips to OEM hardware vendors, so we can probably expect to see a wave of associated desktop and notebook product launches over the next week in conjunction with the 2010 CES event in Las Vegas.
Intel President Paul Ottelini is slated to present a keynote speech at the 2010 CES later this week. Now that the details have already been leaked on the Arrandale and Clarkdale processors, it will be interesting to see if that takes the wind out of Ottelini's sails, or if there are additional surprises up Intel's sleeve.
Tony Bradley tweets as @PCSecurityNews, and can be contacted at his Facebook page .


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Why Do You Need A Furnace Tune-Up?
Updated 2/27/19
A regular check-up for your furnace isn't always top of mind or convenient. However, as we approach the colder months, now is the best time to ensure your furnace is ready to provide you maximum comfort throughout the season.
Among the leading ways to prevent a breakdown and make sure it runs as it should is with yearly scheduled tune-ups on your furnace. Just like all mechanical equipment, the life of a furnace will be enhanced with preventive maintenance, by ensuring that all the elements of the unit are working efficiently. Plus, regular cleanings can help pinpoint concerns before they become big problems and you end up cashing out for emergency rates on a cold winter night. Also, because furnaces burn fuel to make it hot, it's important to take a look at all the various parts to ensure there aren't any cracks or leaks that could impact the safety of your family. Taking the time to schedule a tune-up, even if it looks like it's working just fine, will save you time, stress, and money throughout the heating season.
Among the leading ways to prevent a breakdown and make sure it runs as it should is with yearly scheduled tune-ups on your furnace. Just like all mechanical equipment, the life of a furnace will be enhanced with preventive maintenance, by ensuring that all the elements of the unit are working efficiently. Plus, regular cleanings can help pinpoint concerns before they become big problems and you end up cashing out for emergency rates on a cold winter night. Also, because furnaces burn fuel to make it hot, it's important to take a look at all the various parts to ensure there aren't any cracks or leaks that could impact the safety of your family. Taking the time to schedule a tune-up, even if it looks like it's working just fine, will save you time, stress, and money throughout the heating season.
Is it true my warranty is voided if I don't get my furnace serviced?
Most manufacturers' warranties call for annual equipment maintenance to remain valid, so neglecting your tune-ups can sometimes result in losing your heating system warranty, which can be major money if your equipment does ever malfunction in the middle of a cold snap. Always get all you can from your warranty by making sure it stays valid as long as possible with annual furnace system tune-ups from Church Services.
What can I do to troubleshoot my furnace before calling a tech for service?
Here are a couple troubleshooting tips we suggest checking out early on in the heating season:
1. Inspect your home's air filter
Air filters can easily be written off, but their importance to your home's furnace efficiency cannot be overstated. Dusty air filters can mean a host of comfort issues for homeowners, including:
- running
- Restricted airflow
- Reduced efficiency
- Bigger energy bills
2. Double check your thermostat.
- One of the easiest tasks that homeowners can do is take a look at the thermostat.
- Make sure it is set to Heat and not Cool, and that the temperature setting is greater than the current indoor temperature.
- If you can't remember the last time you replaced your thermostat's battery, now is the best time to do so.
- When first switching over to your heat setting, turn your thermostat up a few extra degrees to make certain that it is working correctly and heating your home's air.
There's a common misconception that you can save money by shutting the vents (supply registers) in rooms that aren't being utilized. Resist the urge to close them all, as doing so can actually increase the pressure in your furnace, making it work harder to heat your home. This can result in failed blower motors, mold or mildew in your air ducts, damage to the compressor, a cracked heat exchanger, and other problems.
- Full inspection. The service should include a full visual and point inspection to check all the working parts of your furnace and duct system. An experienced service technician should be able to identify any concerns or signs of excessive wear during this review.
- Lubrication. Mechanical equipment needs lubrication to prevent friction between the functioning parts. Your equipment tune-up should include a complete lubrication.
- Pilot and gas pressure evaluation. As part of your tune-up, changes may be made to the pilot and gas pressure as needed to restore these elements to manufacturer specifications.
- Filter replacement. A comprehensive furnace tune-up should include a common 1" filter replacement with your service. Most furnace filters need to be changed at least every 90 days, which can improve efficiency and prevent operational complications.
- Written assessment. Professional HVAC companies will also give you their analysis in writing or on the receipt with your tune-up, including their professional maintenance proposal for the next 12 months. This important information can help you determine the current condition of your furnace and how you can lower your energy bills.
4. Is your Furnace Receiving Electricity?
Switch the thermostat to "on" from "auto" to force the fan to function. If the fan comes on, power is working properly, but if it doesn't, your furnace may not be getting power.
5. Is the Furnace Switch Working Properly?
All furnaces have a power switch (that resembles a light switch) either on the furnace or on a nearby wall. Flip the switch and wait a few minutes to see if it turns the furnace on. Also check to see if all access panels and doors on the furnace are completely closed.
6. Condensate Drainage
High-efficiency furnaces can drain off several gallons of water each day. If the drain lines aren't clear and open, the furnace will shut down.
7. Check Vents for Blockage
If you have a furnace that vents out the side of the house, check to see if anything could be blocking the intake or exhaust. Make sure the area isn't obstructed by leaves, animal nests, or snow/ice.
What Should You Expect After a Furnace Tune-Up?
Improved Function
Your heating and air conditioning system naturally loses energy efficiency over time. This loss of efficiency is due to a variety of issues, including dust and dirt, natural wear and tear, and buildup in drains or on burners. Keeping your heating system maintained with annual professional tune-ups can control these factors. During your tune-up, your HVAC technician will clean and check over your unit, identifying areas of concern. They can identify failing parts in need of replacement before they become a larger problem. A tune-up alone may instantly improve energy efficiency by up to 30%. You'll also enjoy cleaner air and a cleaner residence because your HVAC equipment will be distributing clean air through a clean air filter. Perhaps one of the largest benefits you'll enjoy following a fall furnace or AC tune-up is decreased utility bills. A poorly-maintained HVAC system must work more to heat and cool your home, while a furnace or air conditioner that has been expertly tuned can take less energy to maintain indoor comfort. Because your heating system functions more efficiently, it will deliver superior heating at lower cost than you otherwise may have had during the coming months.
A Longer-Lasting HVAC System
Your HVAC system is a valuable investment with a limited lifetime. Depending on use, with regular maintenance you can expect your furnace and air conditioner to run between 8-18 years before you will need to consider replacement. However, poor maintenance is one of the primary reasons for early replacement HVAC systems prior to end of average life expectancy.
If you're wondering how much a furnace tune up costs, you can breathe a healthy sigh of relief knowing it's not going to cost a limb. Frequently we have special offers in your local area that you can use to justify your next Starbucks run.
It's preferable to take action now and be prepared than to regret it during the middle of winter when your furnace isn't working. If you would like to learn more about what a furnace tune-up includes, or how it benefits you—give our experts a call at 866-397-3787 or schedule an appointment online.


text: Ransomware authors are not the only cybercriminals who use extortion tactics to make money from users and companies. Data thieves are also increasingly resorting to intimidation.The FBI's Internet Crime Complaint Center (IC3) has received many reports from users whose data was stolen in various high-profile breaches and then received emails threatening to publicly disclose their personal information, including phone numbers, home addresses and credit card information.The ransom amount asked by the extortionists ranged from 2 to 5 bitcoins or approximately $250 to $1,200, IC3 said in an advisory Wednesday.In some cases, the attackers claim to have sensitive information about users' lives stolen from their online accounts and threaten to send it to their friends, employers and family.\u201cIf you would like to prevent me from sharing this information with your friends and family members (and perhaps even your employers too) then you need to send the specified bitcoin payment to the following address,\u201d one email shared by the IC3 reads. \u201cIf you think this amount is too high, consider how expensive a divorce lawyer is. If you are already divorced then I suggest you think about how this information may impact any ongoing court proceedings. If you are no longer in a committed relationship then think about how this information may affect your social standing amongst family and friends.\u201dIt's not clear if the attackers actually have the information that they claim to have, but the extortion emails are typically sent shortly after high-profile data breaches. It's not hard to imagine that some users of compromised adult dating services would be willing to pay in order to avoid being associated with those sites."The FBI does not condone the payment of extortion demands as the funds will facilitate continued criminal activity, including potential organized crime activity and associated violent crimes," IC3 said.In a separate report last week, security researchers from IBM warned that companies are also the target of extortion attempts by hackers who exploit vulnerabilities in their systems and steal data.The attackers try to pass themselves as ethical bug hunters, even though the victim companies don't have bug bounty programs, and ask significant amounts of money to disclose the vulnerabilities that they exploited to obtain the data."While the attacker doesn\u2019t explicitly threaten to release the data or attack the organization again, it leaves a lot of questions for the victims," the IBM researchers said.In addition to ransomware, other forms of online extortion observed over the past year include asking for money under the threat of distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks or stealing nude pictures, typically from women, and then asking them for more under the threat of making those pictures public -- an attack known as sextortion.


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FBI: No 'wider plot' suspected in Michigan airport stabbing
FLINT, Mich. — A Canadian man from Tunisia shouted in Arabic before stabbing a police officer in the neck at a Michigan airport, and made reference to people being killed overseas during the attack that's now being investigated as an act of terrorism, federal and court officials said.
June 22, 2017 By The Canadian Press
Amor Ftouhi, 49, of Montreal, was immediately taken into custody. A criminal complaint charging him with committing violence at an airport says Ftouhi asked an officer who subdued him why the officer didn't kill him.
The attack Wednesday at Bishop International Airport in Flint, Michigan, is being investigated as an act of terrorism, but authorities have no indication at this time that the suspect was involved in a "wider plot," said FBI Special Agent in Charge David Gelios.
"At this time we view him as a lone-wolf attacker," Gelios said. "We have no information to suggest any training."
The criminal complaint says Ftouhi stabbed airport police Lt. Jeff Neville with a large knife after yelling "Allahu akbar," the Arabic phrase for "God is great." According to the FBI, Ftouhi said something similar to "you have killed people in Syria, Iraq, and Afghanistan, and we are all going to die."
More charges against Ftouhi could be filed as prosecutors take the case to a grand jury seeking an indictment, Gelios said. The Flint Journal, citing court officials, said that Ftouhi is a dual citizen of Canada and Tunisia.
Neville was in satisfactory condition after initially being in critical condition, airport police Chief Chris Miller said at a Wednesday afternoon news conference where the charge against Ftouhi was announced.
Ftouhi appeared in federal court in Flint to hear the charge and will get a court-appointed attorney. A court spokesman says Ftouhi will remain in custody until a bond hearing next Wednesday.
The attack occurred just before 10 a.m., prompting officials to evacuate and shut down the airport and add security elsewhere in the Michigan city about 50 miles (80.46 kilometres) northwest of Detroit. White House press secretary Sean Spicer said President Donald Trump was briefed on the stabbing, and U.S. Attorney General Jeff Sessions said he was "proud of the swift response" by authorities from both the U.S. and Canada.
Police in Canada were searching a Montreal apartment. Montreal police spokesman Benoit Boiselle said officers with their department were assisting the Royal Canadian Mounted Police in the search on behalf of an FBI request.
Boiselle said three people staying at the residence had been taken in for questioning.
Luciano Piazza, the building landlord, said Ftouhi was not a difficult tenant and that he is married with children.
"I never had any problems with him," Piazza said. "I'm really surprised. I would see him at least once a month, when he paid his rent."
Gelios said Ftouhi legally entered the U.S. at Champlain, New York, on June 16 and made his way to the Flint airport on Wednesday morning.
Ftouhi spent some time in public, unsecured areas of the airport before going to a restroom where he dropped two bags before attacking the officer with a 12-inch knife that had an 8-inch serrated blade, Gelios said.
Ftouhi never went through any security screening, Gelios said. He described Ftouhi as "co-operative" and talking to investigators.
Witnesses described seeing the suspect being led away as Neville was bleeding, a knife on the ground.
"The cop was on his hands and knees bleeding from his neck," Ken Brown told The Flint Journal. "I said they need to get him a towel."
Cherie Carpenter, who was awaiting a flight to Texas to see her new grandchild, told Flint TV station WJRT she saw the attacker being led away in handcuffs. She described the man in custody as appearing "blank, just totally blank."
Miller, the airport chief, said Neville "fought him to the end," managing to stop the stabbing and bring Ftouhi to the ground as Miller and other officers arrived to help.
After the stabbing, officials stationed police officers at Flint City Hall a few miles away. Mayor Karen Weaver said in a release the situation was "under control" but that officials sought to take "extra precautions."
Genesee County Commissioner Mark Young, a friend of Neville's who retired from the county sheriff's office in 1997, said Neville left that department two years after him. He said Neville served in various capacities with the sheriff's office including in the jail, on road patrol and as a court officer.
Neville retired from the sheriff's office as a lieutenant.
– Jeff Karoub and Mike Householder
Karoub reported from Detroit. Associated Press writers Ed White and Corey Williams in Detroit, Rob Gillies in Toronto, Kenneth Thomas in Washington and Sadie Gurman in Phoenix, Arizona, contributed to this story.
News from © Canadian Press Enterprises Inc. 2017
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- N.S. avoids public scrutiny in high profile deaths:'How can we hope for change?'
- How attitude influences behaviour


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We are listed on The History Channelweb site
The Republican Revolution established principles of self government which Romans would nostalgically emulate even in the Augustan age. That the primary sources recording this important event are largely historical myth is frustrating to the modern scholar, they are more valuable for what they reveal towards the Roman idea of virtue, morality, and the Roman perception of the ideal woman, than actual events.
The royal princes sometimes spent their leisure hours in feasting and entertainments, and at a wine party given by Sextus Tarquinius at which Collatinus, the son of Egerius, was present, the conversation happened to turn upon their wives, and each began to speak of his own in terms of extraordinarily high praise. As the dispute became warm Collatinu said that there was no need of words, it could in a few hours be ascertained how far his Lucretia was superior to all the rest. Why do we not, he exclaimed, if we have any youthful vigour about us mount our horses and pay your wives a visit and find out their characters on the spot?
For detailed copyright information and bibliographic citation, click here
Provides a chronological index of the history of Ancient Rome with extensive links to internet resources. Emphasis is placed upon the use of primary source material, numismatics, and a focus upon the roles of women in ancient time.
Romes class divisions were clearly identifiable and institutionalized, yet attempting to fit them to a modern parallel only provides unsatisfactory anachronisms. The plebeians, as a class, were, in the beginning at least, the less wealthy, and fought for political rights, many of which they gained over time. The patricians were the aristocratic class whose leading families supplied Rome with its political and military leaders. Those families whose wealth allowed them to support and provide a horse in a military campaign, came to be called the equestrians, or equites. Beginning in 443 BCE these distinctions were recorded by two censors, upon the taking of the census. Ones status was an important factor in voting rights, as votes were not counted on an individual basis, but derived from from groups, usually called tribes. The censor determined the group to which one would belong.
Nevertheless, Lucretia could not bear to live with her honour forsaken.She had a knife concealed in her dress which she plunged into her, heart, and fell dying on the floor. Her father and husband raised the death-cry.
I am indebted to Rasiel Suarez author ofERIC V. I & II: The Encyclopedia of Roman Imperial Coins, for graciously allowing the use of his encyclopedia of Roman coins for the majority of Roman Imperial Coins that appear on this site.Visit him HERE.
The fact is that the origin for the name of the new settlement of Rome is as likely a woman as it is a man. Plutarch explains:
Another sacred role held by women was that of the Vestal Virgin. One of the Vestals sacred duties was to keep alive the vesta fire of Rome, for if it were to be extinguished, it was believed that great evil would befall Rome and its people.
The timeline is divided chronologically into eight sections:
Cicero said that:Lucretia having been ravished by force by the kings son, having invoked the citizens to revenge her, slew herself. And this indignation of hers was the cause of liberty to the state.
While other wives were found in various states of lewdness, Lucretia was:
471 BCE Lex Publilia Voleronis Recognizes Concilium of the Plebeians and Tribunes
This ancient law granted further political rights to the plebeians. In this year the number of Plebeian tribunes was raised from two to five.
494 BCE The protest of the plebeians and the establishment of the plebeian tribunate
For detailed copyright information and bibliographic citation, click here
Kindly report any suggestions, problems, errors, or dead links by emailing
According to numerous historians, as well as Roman notables such as Cicero, the spark which ignited the Republican Revolution was the indignation incited when Sextus Tarquin, the son of the reigning Etruscan monarch Tarquinius Superbus, raped the virtuous Lucretia, who Romans idolized as the perfect wife and ideal woman.
Copyright © David Neelin: All Rights Reserved
behind the events and characters portrayed in the movie Gladiator.
The early history of Rome is mythical and legendary, and our sources come centuries after the facts.
…Numa gave them significant honours, one of which is the right to make awill during their fathers lifetime and to conduct their other business affairswithout a guardian, like the mothers of three children… if theyaccidentally happen to meet a criminal being led to execution, his life is spared.The virgin must swear that the meeting was involuntary and accidental and notplanned. Anyone who goesunderneath a Vestals litter when she is beingcarried is put
The cause of the revolution is said to be the rape of Lucretia.
From the time of our earliest records, women were highly involved in adirect and important way with systems of worship. During Pagan times, before the rise of a male dominated Christian theological infrastructure, women played a leading role in spiritual activities.
Copyright © David Neelin: All Rights Reserved
509 BCE The Republican Revolution: The Etruscan monarchy is overthrown and the Republic is established
c. 2nd Millennium BCE Archeological Remains
A sedentary people who inhabited the Italian Peninsula prior to the Romans. They are often described as a mysterious people, as our sources for them are scarce. Many questions remain to be answered regarding the Etruscan culture, its origins, and its relation to the beginnings of Rome.[Coin of Caligula Augustus 37-41 CE] Reverse: VESTA SC Vesta seated left, holding patera and scepter.
The Virgins minor offences are punished by beating, which is administered bythe Pontifex, with the offender naked, and in a dark place with a curtain set upbetween them. A Virgin who is seduced is buried alive near what is known asthe Colline gate. …On more than one occasion, Vestals were found to be sexually active, and priests are known to have been responsible. These Vestals were buried alive.
Her husband and father at her side, they attempted to console her, philosophically explaining that:it is the mind that sins not the body, and where there has been no consent there is no guilt.
Click here to learn the real storybehind the events and characters portrayed in the movie.
The foundation of both the Republic and Empire was not based solely upon the forces of conquest, but also upon the forces of labour. Romes slaves played an enormous role in daily activities, and ultimately Romes success. Slaves themselves occupied a wide spectrum spanning class divisions from the Greek tutor who would initiate Patrician youth in the sophistications of Hellenism, to the gladiator whose life was at the mercy of the mob.
Superstition permeated the daily life of the ancient Roman. They believed, for instance, that present events could be observed and interpreted to reveal future events. This is called augury. Women were often involved with divination practices at temples.
LaterThey carried the body of Lucretia from her home down to the Forum, where, owing to the unheard-of atrocity of the crime, they at once collected a crowd. Each had his own complaint to make of the wickedness and violence of the royal house…
Her virtue only served to make her the target of Sextus Tarquin. Livy goes on to say that:
very differently employed from the kings daughters-in-law, whom they had seen passing their time in feasting and luxury with their acquaintances. She was sitting at her wool work in the hall, late at night, with her, maids busy round her. The palm in this competition of wifely virtue was awarded to Lucretia.[Coin of Titus Augustus 79-81] Reverse: ROMA SC Helmeted Roma standing left, holding Nike Goddess of Victory in right hand; spear in left.
In what the Roman annalists cited as the first of three organized class protests by the plebeians, their demands of establishing a political council, called the plebeian tribunate, led by two plebeian tribunes, was realized.
at the taking of Troy, some few that escaped and met with shipping, put to sea, and driven by winds, were carried upon the coasts of Tuscany, and came to anchor off the mouth of the river Tiber, where their women, out of heart and weary with the sea, on its being proposed by one of the highest birth and best understanding amongst them, whose name was Roma, burnt the ships. With which act the men at first were angry…
Diodorus recorded that Lucretiawho renounced life of her own will in order that later generations might emulate her deed we should judge to be fittingly worthy of immortal praise, in order that women who choose to maintain the purity of their persons altogether free from censure may compare themselves with an authentic example.
contact the author by emailing m(note: replace (at) with the @ symbol)
While most would have it that Rome was named for Romulus who outwitted his brother Remus for control of the new settlement, Plutarch is clear that:
At first they say that Gegania and Verenia were made priestesses by Numa, and next Canuleia and Tarpeia. Later Servius added two more… The king set the term of service for the holy virgins at thirty years; in the first decade they learn their duties, in the middle decade they do what they have learned, and in the third they teach others. .. After that a virgin is free to marry if she wishes to or to adopt another style of life…
Archeology reveals human remains, elk bones, bronze artifacts (rings, axes, etc.) The relationship, if any, of these people to the Romans is unclear.
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Livy explains how Roman men came to prove Lucretia as the ideal woman:
The historical record of the early kings of Rome is hostile, the early monarchy was overthrown and banished. The history of this period is a mixture of myth and fact, passed on as oral tradition until recorded centuries later by historians such as Livy and Diodorus. Apparently, Rome was ruled by seven kings from 753 BCE until 509 BCE, when Tarquinius Superbus was defeated in a popular rebellion. The idea of the Republic became an icon, the honour of which all future leaders would have to publicly ascribe.
Ridley ScottsGLADIATORis a great film.
Kindly report any suggestions, problems, errors, or dead links by emailing
Sextus Tarquinwent in the frenzy of his passion with a naked sword to the sleeping Lucretia, and placing his left hand on her breast, said,Silence, Lucretia! I am Sextus Tarquin, and I have a sword in my hand; if you utter a word, you shall die.When the woman, terrified out of her sleep, saw that no help was near, and instant death threatening her, Tarquin began to confess his passion, pleaded, used threats as well as entreaties, and employed every argument likely to influence a female heart…he threatened to disgrace her, declaring that he would lay the naked corpse of the slave by her dead body, so that it might be said that she had been slain in foul adultery. By this awful threat, his lust triumphed over her inflexible chastity, and Tarquin went off exulting in having successfully attacked her honour. Lucretia, overwhelmed with grief at such a frightful outrage, sent a messenger to her father at Rome and to her husband at Ardea, asking them to come to her…
from whom, and for what reason, the city of Rome, a name so great in glory, and famous in the mouths of all men, was so first called, authors do not agree…
Incited by the sight of the dead Lucretia, and spurned on by speeches advocating revolution, the crowd successfully overthrew Tarquinius Superbus, and established a republican government headed by two consuls.
Sextus Tarquin, inflamed by the beauty and exemplary purity of Lucretia, formed the vile project of effecting her dishonour.
It is important to note the systematic, sacred, and ritualized form of the interpretive process. While now understood as fallacy, the disciplined observation of data nevertheless laid roots for future arts and sciences. Augury was a form of scholarship.
things in a short while succeeded far better than they could hope, in that they found the country very good, and the people courteous, they not only did the lady Roma other honours, but added also this, of calling after her name the city which she had been the occasion of their founding….[Coin of Nero Augustus 54-68 CE] Reverse: VESTA Temple of Vesta, with six columns, Vesta within, holding patera and scepter.
There can be nobody so petty or so apathetic in his outlook that he has no desire to discover by what means and under what system of government the Romans succeeded in…bringing under their rule almost the whole of the inhabited world.Polybius Histories 1.1.5[Coin of Empress Julia Domna b. ca.170 – d.217] Reverse: VESTA Vesta standing left, holding palladium and scepter.
Etruscan HomeStone and SodEtruriac. 1000 BCE[Coin of Antoninus Pius Augustus 138-161] Reverse: TR POT COS III Wolf standing right, suckling Remus and Romulus; cave ceiling above


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Dancing And Dreaming - green glow in the dark polish, glows aqua/green
All glow in the dark polishes are opaque in 2-3 coats or can be worn over a white base. Will need a good top coat, otherwise will dry down matte or slightly gritty/textured because of pigments used. Glow in the dark polishes will need a good shake or roll to redistribute pigments before use, because they are naturally heavier and will settle over time.
Glow time varies between each polish – the longer you charge your nails, the longer the glow will last. We strongly recommend a uv/blacklight for charging your glow polish once on your nails.
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Base Coat and Top Coat are both highly recommended for best results. Please roll or shake nail polish before use. If you would like to thin your polish for a thinner consistency please use a good quality thinner, acetone and polish remover will damage your polish. Store your nail polish in a cool, dry place out of the sun. Some separation of pigments may occur over time, it's best to give your polish a good shake or roll to redistribute the pigments evenly. All nail polish is hand blended in large batches so slight differences may occur from batch to batch.
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Can high strength bolts be hot-dip galvanized?
Some high strength bolts can be galvanized while others cannot. In the construction fastener industry, typically the phrase "high strength" refers to bolts that have been quenched and tempered (heat treated) to develop the proper strength requirements of a given specification. In many cases, low alloy steels like ASTM A572g50 or F1554g55 are called "high strength". There are no issues galvanizing those low alloy grades. However, for the purposes of this FAQ, we are only discussing quench and tempered fasteners. Two separate issues are involved in determining whether or not a high strength bolt can be galvanized.
Hydrogen Embrittlement Concerns
The first issue involves a phenomenon called hydrogen embrittlement which may occur when atomic hydrogen is absorbed by the steel during the acid pickling process that takes place prior to galvanizing. This embrittlement can potentially lead to the loss or partial loss of ductility in the steel and consequently result in the premature failure of the fastener in the field.
According to specification ASTM A143 – Safeguarding Against Embrittlement of Hot-Dip Galvanized Structural Steel Products and Procedure for Detecting Embrittlement:
"In practice hydrogen embrittlement of galvanized steel is usually of concern only if the steel exceeds approximately 150 ksi (1100 MPa) in ultimate tensile strength."
Additionally, section 7.2.2 of specification ASTM F2329 – Zinc Coating, Hot-Dip, Requirements for Application to Carbon and Alloy Steel Bolts, Screws, Washers, Nuts, and Special Threaded Fasteners reads as follows:
"For high strength fasteners (having a specified minimum product hardness of 33 HRC), there is a risk of internal hydrogen embrittlement."
By reviewing Table 1 below, it is clear that specifications ASTM A490, ASTM A354 grade BD, and SAE J429 grade 8 are all potentially susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement and should therefore not be hot-dip galvanized. This is further reinforced by specific references found in both the ASTM F3125/A490 specification and the ASTM A354 specification.
According to F3125 Annex A1 and Table A1.1 – Permitted Coatings, for grade A490 bolts both mechanical galvanizing per B695 and hot dip galvanizing per F2329 are "Not Qualified" meaning that those two coatings are currently prohibited on A490 grade fasteners.
Additionally, A354 in Section 4.3.5, Note 4 references ISO TR 20491, "Fundamentals of Hydrogen Embrittlement in Steel Fasteners". Although this is well short of a specific prohibition, it is clear that the authors of A354 want to make sure that the user fully understands the potential pitfalls of hot dip galvanizing bolts of this grade.
This information taken directly from the ASTM specifications supports our belief that hot-dip galvanizing of ASTM A354 grade BD and SAE J429 grade 8, whereas not specifically prohibited, should be avoided due to the risk of hydrogen embrittlement. Additionally, F3125/A490 bolts are specifically prohibited from being coated with any non approved metallic coating.
|Can I Galvanize?
|Raw material
|Nominal Size
|Minimum Yield Strength
|Minimum Tensile Strength
|Minimum Hardness
|ASTM F1554 Grade 55
|Low Alloy Steel
|1⁄2" - 4"
|Medium Carbon Steel,
Quenched and Tempered
|1⁄2" - 11⁄2"
|1⁄4" - 1"
11⁄8" - 11⁄2"
15⁄8" - 3"
|SAE J429 Grade 5
|1⁄4" - 1"
11⁄8" - 11⁄2"
|ASTM A193 Grade B7
|Medium Carbon Alloy Steel,
Quenched and Tempered
|1⁄4" - 21⁄2"
25⁄8" - 4"
|ASTM A354 Grade BC
|1⁄4" - 21⁄2"
25⁄8" - 4"
|ASTM F1554 Grade 105
|1⁄2" - 3"
|ASTM A320 Grade L7
|1⁄4" - 21⁄2"
|1⁄2" - 11⁄2"
|ASTM A354 Grade BD
|1⁄2" - 4"
|SAE J429 Grade 8
|1⁄4" - 11⁄2"
Effect of Heat on Quenched and Tempered Fasteners
The second issue of concern when considering hot-dip galvanizing high strength fasteners is potentially reducing the mechanical strengths due to the introduction of heat during the hot-dip galvanizing process. Portland Bolt operates its hot-dip galvanizing tank at 840° Fahrenheit. Is this enough heat to potentially alter the strength of a quenched and tempered fastener? In theory, the amount of heat that a high strength fastener is exposed to during the hot-dip galvanizing process should not alter its mechanical properties.
It is obvious that the application of heat to a bolt that develops its strength through a heat treating process could adversely affect the strength of the fastener. The question is, how much heat is necessary to potentially change the mechanical properties? On page 4-4 of the Ninth Edition of the AISC Manual (American Institute of Steel Construction), the following statement occurs:
"Anchor bolt material that is quenched and tempered (heat treated) should not be welded or heated."
However, it does not address the amount of heat that should be avoided. Welding obviously applies a tremendous amount of heat to the components being welded, whereas hot-dip galvanizing is performed at significantly lower temperatures. Another reference that addresses the heating of high strength bolts (which occurs during hot-dip galvanizing) can be found in the ASTM F1554 specification. Section 6.5.3 of the ASTM F1554 specification states:
"The maximum hot bending temperature for heat treated anchor bolts shall be less than….1000F for grade 105. Anchor bolts shall be allowed to air cool after bending."
Although this statement refers to hot bending, it implies that any process (including galvanizing) that applies heat approaching or exceeding the tempering temperature of a high strength bolt may potentially alter the mechanical properties of the fastener and should therefore be avoided. However, galvanized bolts only remain in the zinc tank for a few minutes and even though the surface temperature may approach 840°, it is unlikely that the entire fastener is heated to that temperature. The most relevant reference found in any ASTM specification addressing the possibility of the hot-dip galvanizing process altering the mechanical properties of a high strength fastener is found in section 188.8.131.52 of the new hot-dip galvanizing specification ASTM F2329 which states:
"Testing for mechanical properties is not necessary if the galvanizing process is carried out at a lower temperature than the stress relief or tempering temperature of the fasteners."
This implies that the mechanical properties have the potential to be altered only if high strength bolts are tempered at temperatures at or below the 840° temperature that the bolts are subjected to during hot-dip galvanizing. As Table 2 indicates below, the minimum tempering temperature for both ASTM A193 grade B7 and ASTM F1554 grade 105 is 1100° Fahrenheit. Therefore, it is not possible for the galvanizing temperatures to exceed the tempering temperature for these specifications. Although in theory it is possible for the other specifications to be tempered below the galvanizing temperature, recent records indicate that the minimum tempering temperature used for any of these grades listed in Table 2 that Portland Bolt has manufactured is 950°. Therefore, hot-dip galvanizing performed by Portland Bolt on any of the high strength bolt specifications listed in Table 2 will not adversely affect the strength of these fasteners.
Minimum Tempering Temperatures
|ASTM Grade
|Minimum Tempering Temperature, Fahrenheit
|A354 Grade BC
|A320 Grade L7
|No Requirement
|A193 Grade B7
|F1554 Grade 105
110 comments
Hi Dane,
So would you please tell , whats the difference between Hot Dip Galvanized Coating and Dacromet Coating?
As well as , is there any specific requirement for the Anchor Bolts of Grade 8.8 , that these should be HDG Coating, and the ones of the grade 10.9 should have a Dacromet coating ?
Is mechanical galvanizing per ASTM B695 permitted for ASTM F3125 Grade 1852 TC or is all galvanizing for ASTM F3125 Grade 1852 TC bolts not permitted?
Can ASTM F3125 Grade 1852 TC bolts be hot-dip galvanized?
Can anybody tell me if a 3/8″ x 3 1/2″ galvanized bolt will hold 1000 lbs? It is rated at Grade A.
Hello. What standard can be used for the duration of hot galvanized materials in the kettle in different grades?
Hello. We meet a problem when the bolt shaft diameter is shrinken by 0.2-0.4mm depended on sizes after HDG (compareed to black). Bolt is grade 8.8. Please let us know how it is possible for this case. Thanks a lots
I have question,for 8.8 grade HEX SOC HEAD CAP SCREW galvanizing and balcknening have same effect on the properties?
With grade 105 approaching 150ksi, do grade 105 and B7 rods need to be sandblasted prior to galvanizing?
Can I galvanizing ASTM A193 Grade B7 bolt?
ASTM A354 BD high strength cap screw are not to be hot dipped galvanized –
1) What coating option can be used on these high strength bolts? Plain / Black finish rust over time.
Can you please explain to me that the SAE J429 Grade 8 bolt is the same of SAE 5140 grade 8.8?
Is there any possibility to use SAE 5140 Grade 8.8 as anchor rod in the place of Grade A490?
please give me the guidance.
Will Hot dip galvanized 2h nuts have the same HRB as the Black finished Nuts?
We are unable to galvnize 8.8 grade bolt as we are facing problem of zinc flaking.
Tell me the exact process.
Temp range of zinc bath kettle,quenching water temp,
Nowdays,it is seen that Geomat coating are used on Gr 10.9 HSFG Bolt. What type of coating were done on Gr 10.9 HSFG Bolt in International major bridges made before 2005?
Could we use washer of 10.9 grade with ASTM A325 bolt? or there is compatibility issue and only washer of 8.8 grade with ASTM A325 bolt could be used?
Can you please explain me that the SAE J429 Grade 8 bolt is the same of SAE 5140 grade 8.8?
Is there any possibility to use SAE 5140 Grade 8.8 as anchor rod in the place of Bs 3692?
I aware portland bolt is not manufacturing thi SAE 5140 GRade 8.8. However, please give me the guidance.
Can Class 8.8, 10.9 and 12.9 steel bolts be hot dip galvanized?
urgent answer pleas :
I do not know whether the documents in accordance with the standard screws made of weathering steel ( a325 type 3 ) can be hot-dip galvanizing. with regard to the impact of high temperatures in hot-dip galvanizing process whereby the Embrittlement .
Dear Dane,
The ASTM A490 is on the project specification but this material is not available i can recommend to use the F10T .Are these two materials same characteristics for using to boiler structural beam?
Thank you
Wifredo Espino
May I know value torque bolt gr 8.8 ( JIS ) hotdip galvanized , because the nut must oversize, so the value torque can' t use same with bolt gr 8.8 black ( plain ), thx
Are there any changes to torque spec for galvanized B7 stud bolts? Thanks,
Dear Dane,
if hot dip galvanizing is not accepted by customer specification, which kind of coating is suggested for A193 Gr.B7 bolts at ambient temperature, indoor application but with occasional presence of water and/or petroleum?
Hi Dane,
Galvanized Bolts: Hot Dip vs. Mechanically galvanized.
Question: What is typically specified? Hot dip or Mechanically galvanized? What are the situations to use Mechanically galvanized. What are the precautions to use either of them. What is approximately the price difference.
If i use A490 ungalvanized as AISC, will it get Enviromental Hydrogent Embrittlement or not?
How to procure Dacromet in the bridge project.
I can use Bolt grade 8.8 or 10.9 instead of ASTM A193 Grade B7 or let me know equivalent grade for ASTM A193 Grade B7.
Hi Dane help……. Im quoting on a large quote for Studs & Nuts A193 grd B8M class 1 and 2 they want it Hot dip Galvanised the bolts are imperial sizes and S.A. dont stock the taps to clean out the threads after plating.. my ques is do these bolts need to be stree relieved after plating? and what is the implications of Hot dip galvanising this ?
Can high strength bolt F10T (JIS B1186) be hot dip galvanized or not?
Bolts F10T / Tensile strength : 1000 – 1200 N/mm2, HRC 27 – 38
Bolts F10T / Yield strength : 900 N/mm2 min.
Nut F10 : HRC 35 max.
Washer F35 : HRC 35 – 45
I want to obtain infromation about hydrogen embrittlement . First , in cleaning and pickling section of ISO 10684 : Unless otherwise agreed, parts heat treated or work hardened to a hardness of ≥ 320 HV shall be cleaning using an inhibited acid ,alkaline or mechanical process . Immersion time in the inhibited acid depends on the as –received surface condition and should be of minimum duration .
So ,
– Does still increases the risk of hydrogen embrittlement, immersed of material in an acid bath established between 5 and 10 percent after mechanical blasting ?
– What should be phosphorus and silicon ratio of used steel ?
– Must we need to use low rigidity or high resistant alloys ?
– What should be our material selection ? (High and low alloy chrome molybdenum steel ??? )
– What do we need to pay attention during manufacturing process of bolts ? So What do the risks posed by forging process for hydrogen embrittlement ??
In brief , can you give to general information about the risks posed of manufacturing process ,heat treatment and hot dip galvanizing proces for hydrogen embrittlement ??
@Gulsum – I am sorry, but your questions are beyond the range of our expertise. You will need to contact an engineer or metallurgist who specializes in hydrogen embrittlement.
dear sir, astm a193 gr.b7m & a194 gr.2hm studs nuts are hot dip galvanised with a range 150 to 200 microns coating.
min requirement is 70 microns. Does it make any effect in workability of products? iS IT ACCEPTABLE TECHNICALLY?
@Raj – You are correct, there is no maximum coating thickness in the F2329 galvanizing standard. The only issue with the coating being too thick is if the nut will not mate to the bolt. Otherwise, if the nut threads on, there is no downside to having more zinc thickness.
thank u for this excellent website.
high strength bolt A490 shouldnot be galvanized because of pickling but if i make blasting cleaning in stead of pickling, in this case A490 can be galvanized?
Please confirm as per code whether Hot dip galvanizing of SA 193 Gr.B16 bolts and SA 194 Gr. 4 nuts is recommended or not.
Thank you very much for the information! I am looking to use an A490 blot nut assembly and protection the the bolt with another protection than the hot-dip galvanization. But, is the hot-dip galvanization of an A563DH nut could cause hydrogen embrittlement problems? Do the nuts have to be galvanized in accordance with the ASTM A143?
Thank you very much!
in the prep before galvanizing of A193 B7 is it better to acid etch the material or sandblast?
Hi, projects specs were referring to HDG A490 bolts which we already purchased; now site consultant has rejected those bolts for being HDG!
consultant requested us to perform tensile strength on the galvanized bolts and results were found satisfactory.
however; bolts are already installed, is there a way to get it approved?
Can we use 8.8 Grade instead of ASTM A193-B7 ? What is the differece between the two ?
Dear All,
Can we use A 193 B7 INSTEAD OF A 325.
Why bolts DIN933 DIN931 property class 10.9 can not be hot dip galvanized but bolts DIN6914 can?
I found this very informative page while researching bolts, the galvanizing process, and hydrogen embrittlement. Did anyone at CalTrans or working on the new SF Bay Bridge project even do this level of inquiry? From one taxpayer who doesn't trust the PR spin that CalTrans is putting out. No.
can we use Gr. 8.8 bolt in place of SA 193 Gr. B7
After galvanizing the ASTM A325 bolts, is the allowable tensile stress and allowable shear stress on bolts reduced?
Hi, Could you please give me some clarifications about the normal/common galvanizing thickness for bolts ? and what is the problems/risks of using high galvanization thickness ?
Thank you for response Dane.
I have one more question.What should to be cooling water temperature for quality 10.9 bolts after galvanizing process?
So Is there a standard about it??
1)What should temperature galvanizing of boron steels be for not decrease of hardness?
2)Is Grade 530 problem for temperature of galvanizing?
(Quality of bolt is 10.9 and diameter of bolt is 20 metric.)
ASTM A325 High Strength bolts can be galvanized by either the hot-dip (A153 Class C) or mechanical (B695 Class 50) process.
Thanks for an excellent and informative website.
We are an Australian firm engaged in design and manufacture of architectural tension fabric structures.
We have designed several large architectural structures in Australia and overseas, including the USA. We are currently engaging some local (USA) fabricators but designing and specifying the structuture here (down-under) to AISC specs (as best we can).
We commonly specify metric HD galvanised grade 8.8 bolts here in Aus but we are unsure of the specs for high strength galvanised bolts in the USA.
I've checked several references on your website but I'm still not perfectly clear on what is ok and what is not.
The client has queried the fact that we have specified HD gal finish (for outdoor corrosion protection) with ASTM A-325 bolts. The bolts are primarily in shear and friction grip type are not required, so the gal coating is not an issue in this regard.
Can you please clarify what is available or approved within the range of high strength bolts.
The client is suggesting the use of stainless steel as an alternative, but we'd like to be properly informed for future projects.
I am so thankful that I found you guys on Google. The table presented here has been instrumental in choosing the right steel to use for our project.
Thanks for providing accurate information regarding hydrogen embitterment. My boss is always concerned about that, and even though I am new to this, it is actually starting to make sense.
Sam Kinnis
Thanks for providing accurate information regarding hydrogen embrittlement. It's always the main concern when it comes to steel. This table would surely be a great help in choosing which steel to use for our project.
Peter Simmons
The tensile strentgth of ASTM A193 Gr. B7 studs is 125 KSI (860 Mpa) and not 155 KSI as mentioned above by Adam Oakley. Therefore, the upper threshold of 150 KSI for hot-dip galvanizing will not be applicable to ASTM A193 Gr. B7 studs.
I didn't see any comments regarding solid or liquid metal embrittlement concerns with coated A 193 B7 studs used at temperatures within the allowable range for the bolt material. ASTM A 193 Appendix X2 indicates that coatings are not recommended particularly at temperatures above 1/2 the melting temperature of the coating. Based on this, a coated A 193 B7 stud no longer meets the full range of temperatures that are associated with the bolt material alone.
For ASTM A193 B7 bolts we used to bake after galvanising, according to ASTM B633, that sends to B850
Follow link below…
Your chart is misleading with regard to the A193 B7 bolts in that it implies they can always be galvanized. As Adam Oakley pointed out, the tensile strength of this material can be well above the 150ksi range since there is no upper tensile limit in the specification. I am aware of one situation where a refinery galvanized some B7's for a pipr flange with difficult access, and they ended up on the ground. The F1554 Grade 105 places an upside limit on the tensile strength just for this reason.
@LZ – Thank you for your concern with regard to the accuracy of information on the topic of hydrogen embrittlement provided on our website. The information Adam provided previously is accurate, however his interpretation of the data may be a bit misleading. The fact that A193 grade B7 has no maximum tensile strength requirement provides no insurance that the actual strength of a given bolt (or lot of bolts) could exceed 150 ksi in ultimate tensile strength. However, the fact that the specification carries a maximum Rockwell C35 value in theory will limit the tensile strength to somewhere in the mid 150 ksi range. There is no magical line at 150 ksi tensile strength where if a bolt exceeds that value, it is automatically going to be susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement. On the contrary, you will see that based on a couple references I will present, the point at which hydrogen embrittlement may occur when a quenched and tempered medium carbon alloy fastener is galvanized appears to be at a much higher tensile strength than 150 ksi.
According to the National Physical Laboratory, in their Guide to Good Practice in Corrosion Control, they state the following:
"There is no hard-and-fast limit for the strength level above which problems will be experienced, as this will be a function of the amount of hydrogen in the steel, the applied stress, the severity of the stress concentration and the composition and microstructure of the steel. As a rough guide hydrogen embrittlement is unlikely for modern steels with yield strengths below 600 MPa (87ksi), and is likely to become a major problem above 1000 MPa (145ksi)."
I have converted the MPa values to relative ksi and added them above.
High strength alloy steels with a 1000 MPa yield strength would likely correlate to a tensile strength in the range of 165 ksi to 170 ksi. Therefore, it is the opinion of the National Physical Laboratory that hydrogen embrittlement may begin to occur at tensile strengths significantly higher than 150 ksi.
Another reference on this subject can be found in the Research Council on Structural Connections' Specification for Structural Joints Using ASTM A325 or A490 Bolts (June 30, 2004). This document states the following:
"Steels in the 200 ksi and higher tensile-strength range are subject to embrittlement if hydrogen is permitted to remain in the steel and the steel is subjected to high tensile stress. The minimum tensile strength of ASTM A325 bolts is 105 ksi or 120 ksi, depending upon the diameter, and maximum hardness limits result in production tensile strengths well below the critical range. The maximum tensile strength for ASTM A490 bolts was set at 170 ksi to provide a little more than a ten-percent margin below 200 ksi"
(Note: since 2004, the maximum tensile strength requirement for A490 bolts has been moved to 173 ksi).
This RCSC and National Physical Laboratory data both imply that embrittlement has the potential to occur at tensile strength levels significantly higher than 150 ksi.
The final argument backing our stance that A193 grade B7 bolts can indeed be galvanized is that ASTM does not restrict this practice within the specification. ASTM makes it very clear that hot-dip galvanizing should not be performed on A490 bolts and on A354 grade BD bolts, but does not restrict this practice on any other common ASTM fastener specification including A354 grade BC which has an identical minimum tensile strength as A193 grade B7 (125 ksi) but an even higher yield (109 ksi vs. 105 ksi) and a higher maximum Rockwell hardness requirement (C36 vs. C35).
In summary, these supporting documents combined with the fact that ASTM does not restrict the practice of hot-dip galvanizing within the A193 specification leads us to believe that there is no potential for hydrogen embrittlement when galvanizing A193 grade B7 bolts.
What is the safiest alternative (without modifying the strenth) to protect a A490 bolt from corrosion if those treatments (galvanazing and all)is not recommended?
See this FAQ for details on corrosion protection options for high strength bolts.
I agree with Adam on this issue. Grade 8 bolts should not be galvanized. I am not aware of anyone stocking galvanized grade 8 bolts. It may be possible the word "galvanize" used for grade 8 bolts actually refers to the older term "electro-galvanize", which is actually standard zinc plating, not hot-dip galvanize. Zinc plating is fine for Grade 8 bolts.
@Michael Nietch: Thanks for your input regarding this topic. Galvanizing high strength bolts is a complicated subject and the discussion helps to better clarify the issues.
1. Hardness is a rough estimate of tensile. Generally speaking a 34 Rockwell equals 150 ksi tensile. The chart above doesn't include A193 B7 hardness, since it has no minimum. There is slight overlap between the minimum Grade 8 hardness and maximum A193 B7 hardness. Technically a B7 bolt could have a tensile in the 155 ksi range. In that case, hot-dip galvanizing would not be recommended. The upper threshold for hot-dip galvanizing is material with 150 ksi tensile. B7 bolts will occasionally be above 150 ksi, but are typically well below it, whereas Grade 8 bolts have a minimum tensile of 150 ksi so are always above it. I'm not aware of a SAE standard that addresses hot-dip galvanizing, since they are fasteners designed for automotive and OEM applications. Neither ASTM A354 grade BD or A490, which are both 150 ksi minimum tensile bolts and are chemically and mechanically identical to SAE grade 8, allow galvanizing. It is best to analyze this issue based on tensile and tempering temperatures, rather than hardness.
2. I would question anyone supplying galvanized grade 8 bolts. Because of the reasons stated above the mechanical properties of these bolts are greatly compromised through the galvanizing preparation process. The reason galvanized B7 bolts are difficult to find is more application than function. They are typically used for high temperature-high pressure designs.
1. Have you excluded SAE J429 Grade 8 from "capable of galvanizing" list specifically because hardness minimum is >= 33 HRC and included A193 B7 because the specification doesn't have a minimum? If yes, I question the reasoning since the maximum hardness of A193 B7 is 35 HRC at less than 4″ and therefore a A193 B7 and SAE J429 Gr. 8 fastener may have identical hardness.
2. Why is it easy to find stock galvanized SAE J429 Grade 8 bolts (most suppliers) and impossible to find stock galvanized A193 B7 bolts?


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