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Migrating Authentication and Security Conceptsimprove this page | report issue
The IBM Mobile Foundation security framework was significantly modified in V8.0 to improve and simplify security development and administration tasks. These changes include the replacement of the V7.1 security building blocks: in V8.0, OAuth security scopes and security checks replace the security tests, realms, and login modules of previous versions.
This tutorial guides you through the required steps for migrating the security code of your application to V8.0. The tutorial outlines the complete process for transforming a sample MobileFirst V7.1 application into a V8.0 application with the same security protection. Both the sample V7.1 application and the migrated V8.0 application are available for download. See the Download migration sample link at the start of this tutorial.
The first part of the tutorial explains how to migrate the sample V7.1 application to V8.0. This includes migrating the resource adapter, replacing the form-based and adapter-based authentication realms with security checks, and migrating the client application and its challenge handlers.
The second part explains how to migrate to V8.0 other types of V7.1 authentication realms, which are not demonstrated in the sample application.
The third part explains how to migrate to V8.0 additional V7.1 security configurations. This includes configuration of application-level protection, access-token expiration, and user and device identities.
Note: Before you start the migration, you are advised to read the V8.0 migration cookbook.
To learn about the basic concepts of the new security framework, see Authentication and Security.
Migration of authentication realms using the migration assistance tool
Migration of the supported realms into security checks is made easier with migration assistance tool. See here, for more information.
Migrating the sample application
The starting point for this migration procedure is a sample V7.1 hybrid application. The application accesses a Java adapter that is protected with the V7.1 OAuth security model. The adapter has two methods:
getBalance, which is protected with a form-based authentication realm that implements a user-name and password login.
transferMoney, which is protected with an adapter-based authentication realm that implements a pin-code based user authorization.
Use the Download migration sample link at the start of this tutorial to download the source code of the V7.1 sample application and of its migrated V8.0 equivalent.
Follow these steps to migrate the sample V7.1 application to V8.0:
- Migrate the resource adapter, including the resource-protection logic.
- Migrate the client application.
- Migrate the authentication realms of the sample V7.1 application by replacing them with V8.0 security checks.
- Migrate the challenge handlers on the client side to use the new challenge-handler API.
Migrating the resource adapter
Start by migrating the resource adapter. In Mobile Foundation V8.0, adapters are developed as separate Maven projects, unlike in V7.1 where adapters are part of the application project. Thus, you can migrate the resource adapter, and build and deploy the migrated adapter, independently of the client application. The same is true for the V8.0 client application, and the V8.0 security checks (which are implemented within adapters). Therefore, you can migrate these artifacts in the order of your choice. The tutorial begins with instructions for migrating the resource adapter, including an introduction the OAuth security scope elements that are used for the V8.0 resource protection.
- The following instructions are for the migration of the sample
AccountAdapterresource adapter. You do not need to migrate the sample
PinCodeAdapterbecause the adapter-based authentication that it implements is no longer supported in V8.0. The Replacing the pin-code adapter-based authentication realm step explains how to replace the V7.1 pin-code adapter with a V8.0 security check that offers similar protection.
- For instructions on how to migrate adapters to V8.0, see the V8.0 migration cookbook.
AccountAdpter methods in the V7.1 sample are protected with the
@OAuthSecurity annotation, which defines the methods' protecting scopes (
UserLoginRealm and
PinCodeRealm). The same annotation is used in V8.0, but the scope elements have a different significance: in V7.1, scope elements refer to security realms that are defined in the authenticationConfig.xml file. In V8.0, scope elements are mapped to security checks that are defined in an adapter that is deployed to MobileFirst Server. You can select to keep the resource-protection code, including the scope-element names, unchanged. However, because the "realm" terminology is no longer used in Mobile Foundation V8.0, the scope elements in the V8.0 application are renamed to
UserLogin and
Updating the user-identity retrieval code
The sample resource adapter uses the server-side security API to obtain the identity of the authenticated user. This API changed in V8.0, so you need to modify the adapter code to use the updated API. In the migrated V8.0 application, remove the following V7.1 code:
WLServerAPI api = WLServerAPIProvider.getWLServerAPI();
And replace it with the following code, which uses the new V8.0 API:
// Inject the security context
AdapterSecurityContext securityContext;
// Get the authenticated user name
String userName = securityContext.getAuthenticatedUser().getDisplayName();
After you edit the adapter code, build the adapter and deploy it to the server by using either Maven or the MobileFirst CLI. For more information, see Build and Deploy Adapters.
Migrating the client application
Next, migrate the client application. For detailed client-application migration instructions, see the V8.0 migration cookbook. This tutorial focuses on the migration of the security code. At this stage, exclude the challenge-handler code by editing the application's main HTML file, index.html, to add a comment around the lines that import the challenge-handler code:
<script src="js/UserLoginChallengeHandler.js"></script>
<script src="js/PinCodeChallengeHandler.js"></script>
The sample application's challenge-handler code is modified later, in the Migrating the challenge handlers step.
Updating the client-side API calls
As part of the client migration, you need to adapt to V8.0 client-side API changes. For a list of Mobile Foundation V8.0 client-API changes, see Upgrading the WebView.
The sample application has one client-API change that is related to security, the logout API. The V7.1
WL.Client.logout method is not supported in V8.0. Instead, use the V8.0
WLAuthorizationManager.logout method, and pass to it the name of the security check that replaces the V7.1 authorization realm. The Logout button in the sample application logs the user out of both the
UserLogin and
PinCode security checks:
function logout() {
function () {
WLAuthorizationManager.logout('PinCode').then(function () {
$("#ResponseDiv").html("Logged out");
}, function (error) {
WL.Logger.debug("failure on logout from PinCode check: " +
function (error) {
WL.Logger.debug("failure on logout from UserLogin check: " +
When you complete the client-application migration steps, build the application, and then register it to your MobileFirst Server with the command
mfpdev app register. After you successfully register your application, you can see it listed in the Applications section of the MobileFirst Operations Console navigation sidebar.
Migrating the sample application's authentication realms
At this stage, you already have a migrated V8.0 client application and a deployed resource adapter. However, your migrated application cannot access the protected adapter resources. The reason is that the resource-adapter methods are protected by
UserLogin and
PinCode scope elements that are not yet mapped to any security checks. Therefore, the application cannot acquire the required access token for accessing the protected methods. To resolve this, you need to replace the V7.1 authentication realms with V8.0 security checks that map to the adapter methods' protecting scope elements.
Replacing the user-login form-based authentication realm
To replace the V7.1
UserLoginRealm form-based authentication realm, create a V8.0
UserLogin security check, which performs the same authentication steps as the V7.1 form-based authenticator and custom login module: the security check should send a challenge to the client, collect the login credentials from the challenge response, validate the credentials, and create a user identity. As demonstrated in the following instructions, creating the security check is not complicated. After you create the security check, you can copy the code for validating the login credentials from the V7.1 custom login module to the new security check.
In V8.0, security checks are implemented as adapters. In Mobile Foundation V8.0, a Java adapter can both serve resources and package security tests. However, in this migration procedure you maintain the migrated
AccountAdpter resource adapter, and you create a separate adapter for packaging your new security check. Therefore, start by creating a new Java adapter named
UserLogin. For detailed instructions, see creating a new Java adapter.
To define a
UserLogin security check in your new
UserLogin adapter, add a <securityCheckDefinition> XML element to the adapter's adapter.xml file, as demonstrated in the following code:
<securityCheckDefinition name="UserLogin" class="com.sample.UserLogin">
<property name="successStateExpirationSec" defaultValue="3600"/>
- The
nameattribute specifies the name of your security check ("UserLogin").
- The
classattribute specifies the Java class of the security-check implementation ("com.sample.UserLogin"). This class is created in the next step.
- The
successStateExpirationSecproperty is equivalent to the
expirationInSecondsproperty of the V7.1 login modules. It indicates the expiration period for the security-check's successful state (meaning, the interval, in seconds, during which a successful security-check login remains valid). The default value of both of these V7.1 and V8.0 properties is 3600 seconds. If you configured a different expiration period in your V7.1 login module, edit the value of the V8.0
successStateExpirationSecproperty to set the same value.
This tutorial explains how to define only the
successStateExpirationSec property, but you can do much more with security checks. For example, you can implement advanced features such as blocked state expiration, multiple login attempts, or a "remember me" login. You can change the default values of configuration properties, add custom properties, and modify property values at run time from the MobileFirst Operations Console or by using the MobileFirst CLI (mfpdev). For more information, see the V8.0 security-checks documentation, and in particular Configuring security checks.
Creating the user-login security-check Java class
In your
UserLogin adapter, create a
UserLogin Java class that extends the MobileFirst
UserAuthenticationSecurityCheck abstract base class (which in turn extends the MobileFirst
CredentialsValidationSecurityCheck abstract base class). Next, override the default implementations of the
validateCredentials, and
createUser base-class methods.
- The
createChallengemethod creates the challenge object (hash map) to be sent to the client. The implementation of this method can be modified to include a challenge phrase or another type of challenge object to be used for validating the client's response. However, for the purposes of the sample application, you only need to add to the challenge object the error message to display if an error occurs.
- The
validateCredentialsmethod contains the authentication logic. Copy the authentication code that validates the user name and password from your V7.1 login module to this V8.0 method. The sample implements a basic validation logic, which verifies that the password is identical to the user name.
- The
createUsermethod is the equivalent of the
createIdentitymethod of the V7.1 login module.
Following is the complete class-implementation code:
public class UserLogin extends UserAuthenticationSecurityCheck {
private String userId, displayName;
private String errorMsg;
protected boolean validateCredentials(Map<String, Object> credentials) {
if (credentials!=null && credentials.containsKey("username") &&
String username = credentials.get("username").toString();
String password = credentials.get("password").toString();
// the authentication logic, copied from the V7.1 login module
if (!username.isEmpty() && !password.isEmpty() && username.equals(password)) {
userId = username;
displayName = username;
errorMsg = null;
return true;
} else {
errorMsg = "Wrong Credentials";
} else {
errorMsg = "Credentials not set properly";
return false;
protected Map<String, Object> createChallenge() {
Map challenge = new HashMap();
challenge.put("errorMsg", errorMsg);
return challenge;
protected AuthenticatedUser createUser() {
return new AuthenticatedUser(userId, displayName, this.getName());
For more information about the
UserAuthenticationSecurityCheck class and its implementation, see Implementing the UserAuthenticationSecurityCheck Class.
To complete your changes, build the
UserLogin adapter and deploy it to the server by using either Maven or the MobileFirst CLI. For more information, see Build and Deploy Adapters. After you successfully deploy the adapter, you can see it listed in the Adapters section of the MobileFirst Operations Console navigation sidebar.
Replacing the pin-code adapter-based authentication realm
The V7.1 sample application's
PinCodeRealm realm is implemented with adapter-based authentication, which is no longer supported in V8.0. In place of this realm, create a new
PinCode Java adapter, and add to it a
PinCode Java class that extends the MobileFirst
CredentialsValidationSecurityCheck abstract base class.
- The steps for creating the
PinCodeadapter are similar to the steps for creating the
UserLoginadapter, as outlined in the Replacing the user-login form-based authentication realm step.
- The
PinCodesecurity check only needs to validate the login credentials (the pin code), and does not need to assign a user identity. Therefore, this security-check class extends the
CredentialsValidationSecurityCheckbase class and not the
UserAuthenticationSecurityCheckclass that is used for the
UserLoginsecurity check.
To create a security check that extends the
CredentialsValidationSecurityCheck base class, you need to implement the
createChallenge and
validateCredentials methods.
createChallengeimplementation is similar to that of the
UserLoginsecurity check. The
PinCodesecurity check does not have any special information to send to the client as part of the challenge. Therefore, you only need to add to the challenge object the error message to display if an error occurs.
@Override protected Map<String, Object> createChallenge() { Map challenge = new HashMap(); challenge.put("errorMsg",errorMsg); return challenge; }
validateCredentialsmethod validates the pin code. In the following example, the validation code consists of a single line, but you can also copy the validation code from the V7.1 authentication adapter into this
@Override protected boolean validateCredentials(Map<String, Object> credentials) { if (credentials!=null && credentials.containsKey("pin")){ String pinCode = credentials.get("pin").toString(); if (pinCode.equals("1234")) { return true; } else { errorMsg = "Pin code is not valid."; } } else { errorMsg = "Pin code was not provided"; } return false; }
When you complete the migration of the V7.1 authentication realms to security checks, build the adapter and deploy it to MobileFirst Server. For more information, see Build and Deploy Adapters.
Migrating the challenge handlers
At this stage, you already migrated the sample resource adapter and client application, and replaced the V7.1 authentication realms with V8.0 security checks. All that remains to complete the security migration of the sample application is to migrate the client-application's challenge handlers. The client application uses the challenge handlers to respond to security challenges and send the credentials that are received from the user to the security checks.
When you migrated the client application, you excluded the challenge-handler code by commenting out the relevant lines in the application's main HTML file, index.html. Now, add back the application's challenge-handler code, by removing the comment that you previously added around these lines:
<script src="js/UserLoginChallengeHandler.js"></script>
<script src="js/PinCodeChallengeHandler.js"></script>
Then, proceed to migrate the challenge-handler code to V8.0, as outlined in the following instructions. For more information about the V8.0 challenge-handler API, see Quick Review of Challenge Handlers in Mobile Foundation 8.0 and the
WL.Client and
WL.Client.AbstractChallengeHandler documentation in the V8.0 JavaScript Client-side API Reference.
Start with the user-login challenge handler (
userLoginChallengeHandler), which performs the same functions in V8.0 as it does in V7.1: this challenge handler is responsible for presenting the login form to the user upon arrival of a challenge, and for sending the user name and password to MobileFirst Server. However, because the client challenge-handler API in V8.0 is different and simpler than its V7.1 counterpart, you need to make the following changes:
Replace the code for creating the challenge handler with the following code, which calls the V8.0
var userLoginChallengeHandler = WL.Client.createSecurityCheckChallengeHandler('UserLogin');
WL.Client.createSecurityCheckChallengeHandlercreates a challenge handler that handles challenges from a MobileFirst security check. V8.0 also introduces a
WL.Client.createGatewayChallengeHandlermethod for handling challenges from a third-party gateway, which are known in V8.0 as gateway challenge handlers. When you migrate a V7.1 application to V8.0, replace calls to the
createChallengeHandlermethod with calls to the V8.0
WL.Clientchallenge-handler creation method that matches the expected challenge source. For example, if your resource is protected by a DataPower reverse proxy that sends a custom login form to the client, use
createGatewayChallengeHandlerto create a gateway challenge handler to handle the gateway challenges.
- Remove the call to the challenge-handler
isCustomResponsemethod. In V8.0, this method is no longer needed to handle security challenges.
- Replace the implementation of the
userLoginChallengeHandler.handleChallengemethod with implementations of the V8.0 challenge-handler
handleSuccess, and
handleFailuremethods. V7.1 has a single challenge-handler method that checks the response to determine whether it contains a challenge or returns success or an error. V8.0 has a separate method for each type of challenge-handler response, and the security framework determines the response type and calls the appropriate method.
- Remove the call to the
submitSuccessmethod. The V8.0 security framework handles the success response implicitly.
- Replace the call to the
submitFailuremethod with a call to the V8.0
cancelchallenge-handler method.
Replace the call to the
submitLoginFormmethod with a call to the V8.0
submitChallengeAnswerchallenge-handler method:
userLoginChallengeHandler.submitChallengeAnswer({'username':username, 'password':password})
The complete code of the challenge handler after you apply these changes is shown here:
function createUserLoginChallengeHandler() {
var userLoginChallengeHandler = WL.Client.createSecurityCheckChallengeHandler('UserLogin');
userLoginChallengeHandler.handleChallenge = function(challenge) {
var statusMsg = (challenge.errorMsg !== null) ? challenge.errorMsg : "";
userLoginChallengeHandler.handleSuccess = function(data) {
userLoginChallengeHandler.handleFailure = function(error) {
if (error.failure !== null) {
} else {
alert("Failed to login.");
$('#AuthSubmitButton').bind('click', function () {
var username = $('#AuthUsername').val();
var password = $('#AuthPassword').val();
if (username === "" || password === "") {
alert("Username and password are required");
{'username':username, 'password':password});});
$('#AuthCancelButton').bind('click', function () {
return userLoginChallengeHandler;
The migration of the pin-code challenge handler (
pinCodeChallengeHandler) is similar to the migration of the user-login challenge handler. Therefore, follow the
userLoginChallengeHandler migration instructions, and make the necessary adjustments for the pin-code challenge handler. See the full code of the migrated pin-code challenge handler in the sample V8.0 application.
You are now done with the migration of the sample V7.0 application to V8.0. Rebuild the application, deploy it to MobileFirst Server, test it, and verify that access to the adapter-method resources is protected as expected.
Migrating other types of authentication realms
So far, you learned how to migrate the form-base and adapter-based realms, which are part of the sample V7.1 application. However, your V7.1 application might include other types of authentication realms, including realms that are part of the application security test (
webSecurityTest, or
customSecurityTest). The following sections outline how to migrate these additional types of authentication realms to V8.0.
- Application authenticity
- LTPA realm
- Device provisioning
- Anti-cross site request forgery (anti-XSRF) realm
- Direct Update realm
- Remote-disable realm
- Custom authenticators and login modules
Application authenticity
In Mobile Foundation V8.0, application-authenticity validation is provided as a predefined security check,
appAuthenticity. By default, this security check is run during the application's runtime registration with MobileFirst Server, which occurs the first time an instance of the application attempts to connect to the server. However, as with any MobileFirst security check, you can also include this predefined check in custom security scopes. For more information, see Application Authenticity.
LTPA realm
To replace the V7.1 LTPA realm, use the Mobile Foundation V8.0 predefined LTPA-based SSO security check,
LtpaBasedSSO. For more information about this security check, see LTPA-based single sign-on (SSO) security check.
Device provisioning
The V7.1 device-provisioning realm (
wl_deviceAutoProvisioningRealm) does not require migration to V8.0. The Mobile Foundation V8.0 client-registration process replaces the V7.1 device provisioning. In V8.0, a client (an instance of an application) registers itself with MobileFirst Server on the first attempt to access the server. As part of the registration, the client provides a public key that will be used to authenticate its identity. This protection mechanism is always enabled, therefore there is no need for a security check to replace the V7.1 device-provisioning realm.
Anti-cross site request forgery (anti-XSRF) realm
The V7.1 anti-cross site request forgery (anti-XSRF) realm (
wl_antiXSRFRealm) does not require migration to V8.0. In V7.1.0, the authentication context is stored in the HTTP session and identified by a session cookie, which is sent by the browser in cross-site requests. The anti-XSRF realm in this version is used to protect the cookie transmission against XSRF attacks by using an additional header that is sent from the client to the server. In Mobile Foundation V8.0, the security context is no longer associated with an HTTP session and is not identified by a session cookie. Instead, the authorization is done by using an OAuth 2.0 access token that is passed in the Authorization header. Because the Authorization header is not sent by the browser in cross-site requests, there is no need to protect against XSRF attacks.
Direct Update realm
The V7.1 remote-disable realm (
wl_directUpdateRealm) does not require migration to V8.0. The Mobile Foundation V8.0 implementation of the Direct Update feature does not require a related security check, unlike the realm requirement in V7.1.
Note: The V8.0 steps for delivering updates with Direct Update are different from the V7.1 procedure. For more information, see Migrating Direct Update.
Remote-disable realm
The V7.1 remote-disable realm (
wl_remoteDisableRealm) does not require migration to V8.0. The Mobile Foundation V8.0 implementation of the remote-disable feature does not require a related security check, unlike the realm requirement in V7.1. For information about the remote-disable feature in V8.0, see Remotely disabling application access to protected resources.
Custom authenticators and login modules
To replace the custom V7.1 authenticators and login modules, create a new security check, according to instructions in the Creating the user-login security-check Java class sample-application migration step. Your security check can extend either the
UserAuthenticationSecurityCheck or
CredentialsValidationSecurityCheck Mobile Foundation V8.0 base class. Although you cannot migrate the V7.1 authenticator class or the login module class directly, you can copy relevant code pieces into your security check. This includes code for generating the security challenge, extracting login credentials from the challenge response, or validating the credentials.
Migrating other V7.1 security configurations
The application security test
In V7.1, the application descriptor (application-descriptor.xml) can define an application security test that is applied to the entire application environment, in addition to the protection that is applied to specific application resources. The default V7.1 mobile-application security test, which is applied when the application descriptor does not explicitly define a security test (such as in the sample V7.1 application), is
mobileSecurityTest. This security test consists of realms that are either not relevant in V8.0 (anti-XSRF) or do not require explicit migration (Direct Update and remote disable). Therefore, no specific migration is required for the sample application's application-environment protection.
If your V7.1 application has an application security test with checks (realms) that you want to keep at the application level after the migration to V8.0, you can configure a mandatory application scope. In V8.0, access to a protected resource requires passing both the security checks that are mapped to the mandatory application scope and the checks that are mapped to the resource's protecting scope. To define a mandatory application scope, in the V8.0 MobileFirst Operations Console, select your application from the Applications section of the navigation sidebar, and then select the Security tab. Under Mandatory Application Scope, select Add to Scope. You can include in the application scope any predefined or custom security checks, or mapped scope elements. For more information about configuration of a mandatory application scope in V8.0, see Mandatory application scope.
Access-token expiration
The default value of the maximum access-token expiation period in both V7.1 and V8.0 is 3600 seconds. Therefore, if your V7.1 application relies on this default value, no migration work is required to apply the value also in V8.0. However, if your V7.1 application-descriptor file (application-descriptor.xml) sets a different value for the
accessTokenExpiration property, you can configure the same value for the equivalent V8.0 property (
maxTokenExpiration). You can do this from the MobileFirst Operations Console by going to your application's Security tab, and editing the default value of the Maximum Token-Expiration Period (seconds) field in the Token Configuration section. If you select the application's Configuration Files console tab, you can see that the value of the
maxTokenExpiration property is set to your configured value.
User-identity realm
In V7.1, authentication realms can be configured as user-identity realms. Applications that use the authentication flow of the MobileFirst OAuth security model, use the
userIdentityRealms property in the application-descriptor file to define an ordered list of user-identity realms. In applications that use the authentication flow of the MobileFirst classic (non-OAuth) security model, the attribute
isInternalUserId signifies whether the realm is a user-identity realm. In V8.0, these user-identity configurations are no longer needed. In V8.0, the identity of the active user is set by the last security check that called the
setActiveUser method. If your security check extends the abstract
UserAuthenticationSecurityCheck base class, such as the sample V8.0
UserLogin check, you can rely on the base class to set the identity of the active user.
Device-identity realm
A V7.1 application must define a device-identity realm. In V8.0, this realm is no longer required. In V8.0, the device identity is not associated with a security check. Instead, the device information is registered as part of the client registration flow, which occurs the first time that the client attempts to access a protected resource.
What's next
This tutorial covers only the basic steps that are required for migrating to V8.0 the security artifacts of an existing application, developed with a previous version of Mobile Foundation. To take full advantage of the V8.0 security features, see the V8.0 security-framework documentation.▲
Inclusive terminology note: The Mobile First Platform team is making changes to support the IBM® initiative to replace racially biased and other discriminatory language in our code and content with more inclusive language. While IBM values the use of inclusive language, terms that are outside of IBM's direct influence are sometimes required for the sake of maintaining user understanding. As other industry leaders join IBM in embracing the use of inclusive language, IBM will continue to update the documentation to reflect those changes.


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By Sudip Datta
Adopting the Cloud Computing paradigm enables service providers to maximize revenues while driving capital costs down through greater efficiencies of working capital and OPEX changes. In case of enterprise private cloud, corporate IT, which plays the role of the provider, may not be interested in revenues, but still care about providing differentiated service at lower cost. The efficiency and cost eventually makes the service profitable and sustainable. This basic tenet has to be satisfied irrespective of the type of service-infrastructure (IaaS), platform (PaaS) or software application (SaaS). In this blog, we specifically focus on the database layer and how its lifecycle gets managed by the Service Providers.
Any service provider needs to ensure that:
- Hardware and software population are in control. As new consumers come in and some consumers retire, there is a constant flux of resources in the data center. The flux has to be managed and controlled
- The platform for providing the service is standardized, so that operations can be conducted predictable and at scale across a pool of resources
- Mundane and repeatable tasks like backup, patching, etc are automated
- Customer attrition does not happen owing to heightened compliance risk
While the Database Lifecycle Management features of Enterprise Manager have been widely adopted, I feel that the applicability of the features with respect to service providers is yet well understood and hence appreciated. In this blog, let me try addressing how the lifecycle management features can be effective in addressing each of the above requirements.1. Controlling hardware and software population:
Enterprise Manager 12c provides a near real-time view of the assets in a data center. It comes with out-of-box inventory reports that show the current population and the growth trend within the data center. The inventory can be further sliced and diced based on cost center, owner, etc. In a cloud, whether private or public, the target properties of each asset can be appropriately populated, so that the provider can easily figure out the distribution of assets. For example, how many databases are owned by Marketing LOB can be easily answered. The flux within the data center is usually higher when virtualization techniques such as server virtualization and Oracle 12c multitenant option are used. These technologies make the provisioning process extremely nimble, potentially leading to a higher number of virtual machines (VMs) or pluggable databases (PDBs) within the data center and hence accentuating the need for such ongoing reporting. The inventory reports can be also created using BI Publisher and delivered to non-EM users, such as a CIO.
Now, not all reports can always be readily available. There can be situations where a data center manager can seek adhoc information, such as, how many databases owned by a particular customer is running on Exadata. This involves an adhoc query based upon an association, viz. database running on Exadata and target properties, viz. owner being the customer. Enterprise Manager 12c provides a sophisticated Configuration Search feature that lets administrators define such adhoc queries and save them for reuse.
The massive standardization of platform components is not merely a nice-to-have for a cloud service provider, it is rather a must-have. A provider may choose to offer various levels of services, tagged with levels such as gold, silver and bronze. However, for each such level, the platform components need to be standardized, not only for ease of manageability but also for ensuring consistency of QOS across all the tenants. So how can the platform be standardized? We can highlight two major Enterprise Manager 12c features here:
The ability to rollout gold images that can be version controlled within Enterprise Manager's Software Library. The inputs of the provisioning process can be "locked down" by the designer of the provisioning process, thereby ensuring that each deployment is a replica of the other.
The ability to compare the configuration of deployments (often referred to as the "Points of Delivery" of the services). This is a very powerful feature that supports 1-n comparisons across multiple tiers of the stack. For example, one can compare an entire database machine from storage cells, compute nodes to databases with one or more of those.
3. Automation of repeatable tasks:
A large portion of OPEX for a service provider is expended while executing mundane and repeatable tasks like backup, log file cleanup or patching. Enterprise Manager 12c comes with an automation framework comprising Jobs and Deployment Procedures that lets administrators define these repetitive actions and schedule them as needed. EMCC's task automation framework is scalable, carries functions such as ability to schedule, resume, retry which are of paramount importance in conducting mass operations in an enterprise scale cloud. The task automation verbs are also exposed through the EMCLI interface. Oracle Cloud administrators make extensive use of EMCLI for large scale operations on thousands of tenant services.
One of the most popular features of Enterprise Manager 12c is the out-of-box procedures for patch automation. The patching procedures can patch the Linux operating system, clusterware and the database. For minimizing the downtime involved in the patching process Enterprise Manager 12c also supports out-of-place patching that can prepare the patched software ahead of time and migrate the instances one by one as needed. This technique is widely adopted by the service providers to make sure the tenants' downtime related SLAs are respected and adhered to. The co-ordination of such downtime can be instrumented by Enterprise Manager 12c's blackout functionality.
4. Managing Compliance risks:
In a service driven model, the provider is liable in case of security breaches. The consumer and in turn, the customer of the consumer's apps need to be assured that their data is not breached into owing to platform level vulnerabilities. The security breaches often happen owing to faulty configuration such as default passwords, relaxed file permissions, or an open network port. The hardening of the platform therefore, has to be done at all levels-OS, network, database, etc. The security breaches often happen owing to faulty configuration such as default passwords, relaxed file permissions, or an open port. . To manage compliance, administrators can create baselines referred to as Compliance Standard. Any deviations from the baselines triggers compliance violation notifications, alerting administrators to resolve the issue before it creates risk in the environment.
We can therefore see how four major asks from a service provider can be satisfied with the Lifecycle Management features of Enterprise Manager 12c. As substantiated through several third party studies and customer testimonials, these result in higher efficiency with lower OPEX.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Emmy, the dreamy witch
This is the syory of a girl witch called Emmy who lives in Ciudadela Park, Barcelona, in a [...] See book
We present you the books of Children & Youth, Infants from 0 to 6 years in Paper in English tagged in friendship that match your search. In Bubok we have thousands of books that you can not find anywhere else, books by new authors that enrich your books with our works and that we offer you to enjoy.
Do you want to lear more on how to publish your work? Leave us your phone and we call you without obligation.


text:
Every champ has got to face a challenger at some point, and with that in mind, we're not about to just let someone steal the cyclocross throne from the Macho King. Back for a title match wrapped in a new yellow and black splatter colorway, the Macho King is flush with special touches destined to shine both on the course and atop the podium.
Designed to provide speed and agility between the tape, it's built from A.C.E tubing, All-City's proprietary air-hardened, custom-designed, extruded steel tubing. While excellent off-the-shelf tube offerings have their time and place, using A.C.E. here allows our engineers to go completely custom with the butting profiles and wall diameters—helping them produce a lighter, stronger, stiffer, and faster course crusher, unlike anything else out there.
Boasting contemporary race geometry, English-threaded bottom bracket shell, shortened chainstay, replaceable derailleur hanger, and substantial mud clearance, the Macho King now features a Columbus Futura carbon fork with adjustable rake, tapered head and steerer tubes, and clearance for 700c x 42mm tires.
It retains all the All-City custom touches you've come to expect, such as custom seat collar and dropouts, flat-mount brakes, and star reinforcements on the bottle bosses and fender mounts. This generation of the Macho King is the choice for steel lovers with a thirst for competition, so get out there, break some hearts, and separate the contenders from the pretenders.
- A.C.E steel tubing: All-City's proprietary air-hardened, extruded steel tubing, custom designed to be lighter and stronger for riding and racing
- Contemporary race geometry, raised bottom bracket, shortened chainstay, and increased mud clearance
- Columbus Futura carbon fork with adjustable rake
- Fits 700c x 42mm tires
WARNING: This product can expose you to chemicals known to the state of California to cause cancer and birth defects or other reproductive harm. For more information, go to www.P65Warnings.ca.gov.
Pedals sold separately
WARNING: Cycling can be dangerous. Bicycles and bicycle products should be assembled and serviced by a professional mechanic. Never modify your bicycle or accessories. Read and follow all product instructions and warnings including information on the manufacturer's website. Inspect your bicycle before every use. Always wear a helmet.
|All-City A.C.E. Air-Hardened, Custom, Extruded steel
|Columbus Futura carbon fork
|Cane Creek 40 Series
|WTB ST Light i23 28h
|All-City Go-Devil 28h
|WTB 14/15 black, Black Brass nipples
|WBT Cross Boss 700 x 35c TAN Sidewall DNA Compound, Lightweight Tubeless Casing, UST Aramid Bead
|SRAM Apex
|Bottom Bracket
|Rear Derailleur
|SRAM Rival 1, mid cage
|Cassette/Rear Cogs
|SunRace 11speed 11-36T
|SRAM Rival 1x11
|Whisky No. 7
|All-City Super-Cush w/ Locking Alloy All-City End Plugs
|Whisky No. 7
|TRP Spyre Flat Mount, 160/140mm TRP rotors
|All-City Gonzo
|Seat Post
|Whisky No. 7
* Subject to change without notice.


text:
When your Hawking HWABN2 router is not working correctly, it can cause connection loss and slow response time. You may also experience inconsistent performance issues. Normally the easiest solution is to Restart/reboot your router. If nothing works then you need to reset your router. To do any stuff you need your Hawking HWABN2's default IP and username and password.
In this article, you will learn
- Default logins information such as default IP, Username, and Password
- How to find default IP, login cardinals if you forgot it
- How to Reset your router using the reset button
- Router reset by 30-30-30 method
- How to find the Default WiFi Password of Hawking HWABN2.
Hawking HWABN2 Router Login Step by Step
- Open your internet browser (e.g. Chrome, Edge, Firefox or Opera)
- To access your router's web-based user interface, type 192.168.1.254 in the address bar of your browser and press enter to proceed.
- You will have two text fields where you can enter your username and password.
- The default username for your Hawking HWABN2 router is admin. The default password is 1234
- After entering username and password hit "Enter" to log in to your control panel.
Default login IPs for your Hawking HWABN2 Router
Virtually every household in the country has at least one router. If you're like me, and can't remember what IP address is assigned to my Hawking HWABN2 Wi-Fi Router. Most people don't know their router IP address. Most times you'll find your router's IP on the bottom or back of your router. But if you are not able to find this IP on your router or in the user manual then you can try some methods to get the router IP. You can also try Clicking Here to detect your router's IP address.
In the list below we listed all known router IPs for the Hawking HWABN2 .
|Default Router IP
Common Username & Password combinations for Hawking HWABN2 router
The following is a list of the most popular default usernames and passwords combinations used by Hawking HWABN2 router. Sometimes our first mentioned username and pass don't always work. Then you can try these username/password combinations below to get access to your Hawking HWABN2 wireless router.
How to reset Hawking HWABN2 router to factory defaults
Method 1: Hard reset/By pressing the RESET button
Step 1: First, find the reset button and press it for 10 seconds before starting the process with the Router powered on. When you reset the Hawking HWABN2 router, its default password is also reset. But make sure while you press the reset button, its LED lights should blink.
Step 2: Wait until the Hawking HWABN2 router restarts, once its default username password has reset.
Method 2: Using Hawking HWABN2 Router Web Control panel
if you have access to the router control panel, you can restore to default from settings.
How to reset Hawking HWABN2 Router by 30-30-30 reset method?
You have tried both options above, but you cannot reset the Hawking HWABN2 router to the default password. Now, the 30-30-30 reset method will help you to reset the default password.
Step 1: Turn on the Hawking HWABN2 router and press the "reset button" for 30 seconds.
Step 2: After 30 seconds, unplug the router from the switch/power but keep the "reset button" pressed. Do not spare the reset button for 30 seconds more even if the Hawking HWABN2 router is off.
Step 3: Keep button press and turn on the router; while starting, keep button press for 30 seconds more.
Step 4: After 30 seconds, free the reset button, you will see the password has been reset.
How to find my default Hawking HWABN2 Router WiFi password?
When you first turn on your router and set up the router you need to have access to the router. You will find the default SSID and Wifi password in the label under the router. Also, you will find the router model number on that label.
Nothing of the methods worked for me and I still do not get access to my Hawking HWABN2
If you don't have enough information, it is obviously recommended that you should get help from a person who has all the knowledge about this topic.


text:
Ralph Duncan James
Quick Info
Liverpool, England
Salt Spring Island, British Columbia, Canada
BiographyRalph James' father was John Herbert James (born in Micheldever, Hants about 1872) who was an elementary school teacher. His mother was Rose Annie Joabel James (born in Liverpool about 1872). He had a sister Nora Kathleen Rose (born in 1910).
Ralph James spent the early years of his life in England, then went to Vancouver in Canada when his parents emigrated. His school education was in Vancouver and after graduating from high school he remained in Vancouver studying mathematics at the University of British Columbia. After the award of his undergraduate degree, James had intended to train to become an actuary, but he was persuaded to continue his studies at the University of British Columbia, completing a Master's Degree in mathematics with Frederick S Nowlan. It was through Nowlan's advice, and also his help, that James then went to the University of Chicago where he studied for his doctorate under L E Dickson. James was awarded a doctorate from Chicago in 1932 for his thesis Analytical Investigations in Waring's Theorem on number theory.
James was awarded a National Research Council Fellowship to enable him to undertake postdoctoral study working with E T Bell at the California Institute of Technology during 1932-33 and also for a second year at the University of Cambridge in England working with G H Hardy. After the year 1933-34 spent in England, James returned to the United States where he was appointed to the University of California at Berkeley. He remained there from 1934 to 1939. He moved back to Canada in 1939 when he accepted the position of Professor and Head of the Department of Mathematics at the University of Saskatchewan. While there he published a number of papers such as Integers which are not represented by certain ternary quadratic forms (1939), Elementary note on prime number problems of Vinogradoff's type (1942), and On the sieve method of Viggo Brun (1943). In the second of these James applied Vinogradov's method of dealing with the problem of the number of representations of a large number as a sum of three primes to a some quite general problems. In the paper On the sieve method of Viggo Brun James takes the sieve method which had been used by Buchstab in 1940 to establish results on prime numbers, and applies it to obtain results about infinite subsets of primes, such as primes in arithmetic progression.
In 1943 James was invited to become a Professor of Mathematics at the University of British Columbia. His first paper published after his move to the University of British Columbia was A generalized integral (1946) written with Walter H Gage. Zygmund writes:-
In certain problems (for example, in the theory of uniqueness of trigonometric series) it is desirable to define a second integral of a given function without defining the first integral. In this paper the authors develop the theory of such a second integral which they call a second Perron integral.In 1948 James became Head of the Department of Mathematics at the University of British Columbia. He continued his interest in number theory and the Perron integral. He addressed the American Mathematical Society on Recent progress in the Goldbach problem and his lectures was published in the Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society in 1949. In the talk he described methods which he had used in his 1942 and 1943 paper we mentioned above. In 1950 he wrote, this time a single author paper, A generalized integral. II. Zygmund , who was much influenced by these ideas on the second Perron integral, wrote:-
The main result of the present paper is that the sum of an everywhere convergent trigonometric series is integrable in the proposed sense, and the series itself is the Fourier series of the sum.Some later papers continuing this theme were Generalized nth primitives (1954), Integrals and summable trigonometric series (1955), and Summable trigonometric series (1956). Papers continuing the number theory theme include (with I Niven) Unique factorization in multiplicative systems (1954), and The factors of a square-free integer (1968).
James contributed in a major way towards the development of mathematics in North America. He was Editor-in-Chief of the American Mathematical Monthly from 1957 to 1962. For many years he was on the Editorial Boards of the Canadian Journal of Mathematics and of the Pacific Journal of Mathematics. He also served as President of the Canadian Mathematical Society (then called the Canadian Mathematical Congress) from 1961 to 1963. In fact all the previous presidents had served terms of four years, but James felt that this was too long a period to hold the position so it was reduced to a two year term. He served two terms on the Council of the American Mathematical Society.
When James died, the Senate of the University of British Columbia made a tribute:-
In 1973, Ralph James retired as Head of the Mathematics Department at UBC after holding that position for 25 years, one year before his official retirement as Professor of Mathematics, to coordinate activities for the 1974 International Mathematics Congress held in Vancouver. He continued to teach at the University of British Columbia for two further years. ... Ralph James served his university very well in many capacities. He was on many important committees, and he was a member of Senate for 13 consecutive years. He represented the Faculty of Graduate Studies from 1950 to 1957, and the Faculty of Arts and Sciences from 1957 to 1963. He was well known in Faculty meetings where he was an articulate and forceful debater, a telling critic, and an aggressive proponent of his well thought-out views and principles. Underneath the facade, however, he was a humane and human being of gentleness, compassion, sensitivity, intelligence and integrity. Senate extends to his wife, Rose, and to the other members of his family its deepest sympathy.
References (show)
- R D James (1909-1979), Prominent People, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Saskatchewan.
- Ralph Duncan James (1909-1979), Coxeter-James Prize, Canadian Mathematical Society.
- Ralph Duncan James (1909-1979), Senate Tributes, University of British Columbia.
- Ralph James dies suddenly at Salt Spring Island home, Gulf Islands Driftwood (Wednesday, 23 May 1979), 3.
- G de B Robinson, Ralph D James: 1909-1979, Proc. Roy. Soc. Canada (4) 18 (1980), 93-97.
Additional Resources (show)
Other pages about Ralph James:
Other websites about Ralph James:
Honours (show)
Honours awarded to Ralph James
Cross-references (show)
Written by J J O'Connor and E F Robertson
Last Update November 2006
Last Update November 2006


text:
Guest Column: What does Common Core actually mean?
The term Common Core has been used in these pages and elsewhere to describe the new policies and practices schools are being asked to adopt by the State Education Department. However, Common Core is just one portion of these reforms and, based on what I read in Michael White's column and the overwhelming parent and teacher response at the education commissioner's forums and on social media sites, folks are using Common Core as a catch-all term for the entire program. People are actually concerned about the new state assessments, the new teacher evaluation system (called Annual Professional Performance Review, or APPR) and potential profiteering by private corporate interests related to these reforms.
Common Core, on its own, is a relatively benign list of things that a student should know and be able to do by the end of a given school year in a given course. You can review the standards themselves at corestandards.org. These standards were authored by the National Governors' Association, the Council of Chief State School Officers and the nonprofit Student Achievement Partners. Do these organizations have agendas? Of course they do. Every advocacy organization does. Are those agendas to steal money and autonomy from school districts? Hardly. Teachers will still be able to do good work in a Common Core classroom just like they were when the concept of standards was first introduced nationally in President George W. Bush's No Child Left Behind reform initiative.
Claims that major publishing corporations like Pearson Inc. "wrote the standards" have no merit outside the fantasyland of sites like Breitbart.com and its ilk. Any publisher worth its salt is aligning old materials and developing new materials to the Core, much as they did when the NCLB standards came out in the early 2000s, but they still must compete for district dollars to purchase those resources. New standards, same old publishing business. If you are interested in seeing a change in where schools spend their money, fighting Common Core is not where I'd spend your time or energy.
Ironically, the Common Core era, combined with the increased availability of inexpensive computer hardware like Chromebooks and tablets, has made it possible for teachers to implement inexpensive or free digital instructional resources, such as Khan Academy, Learnzillion and Brainpop. This movement has publishers like Pearson scrambling to hold on to their textbook and instructional materials revenues, as textbooks become dinosaurs and teachers are easily able to analyze results of a class quiz online and assign individualized activities to each student using a variety of free and open-source instructional programs.
Standards — Common Core or the old state standards — are goals, and teachers plan the path for getting students to the goals. If parents and teachers were only being asked to contemplate Common Core without the rest of the pieces that have come with it, we'd not have a rebellion on our hands. But, as they say, the horses are already out of the barn. Teachers are being given letter grades based on student test scores over which they may or may not have any control. Good teachers are getting disappointing grades and being told they must do better but, in some cases, doing better means magically removing a student's learning disability, changing a student's general motivation to take a multiple-choice test, or increasing the amount of exposure to literature and informational texts in a student's home and family life. The APPR system has few defenders statewide, even in Albany. APPR can easily be removed or revised without disrupting the state department's other initiatives, including Common Core.
The New York State Testing Program has been much maligned since it added the grades 3-8 assessments during the NCLB era. Pearson has the state testing contract, and there have been all sorts of problems and complications over the years, but Pearson has been making money by selling tests to districts and state departments since the invention of the test and will probably continue to do so throughout the next 100 years of rides on the educational reform roller coaster. In my work, I travel the country visiting with district leaders and educators and I can tell you pretty confidently that no state's assessment contractor is respected or loved. Swap Pearson for CTB or Riverside Publishing and we're probably having the same conversation here.
The movement against these reforms would be stronger if it divides and conquers. The State Education Department is not going to abandon its entire agenda, but it is conceivable to see them backing off from some of its components, particularly with such vocal and unanimous resistance across the state. Ask yourself: Would you be OK with a new set of learning goals for your children if the state department eased up on all the testing and if your child's teacher didn't feel as if she/he were under attack by the APPR system? Encourage your representatives in Albany to pick one component of the reform agenda and start there.
And give Common Core a second look. Without APPR and the new tests, it's just a suggested list of things to teach in a given grade level and subject area, not the diabolical evil force it's been depicted to be.
Doug Roberts is a consultant and entrepreneur in the educational technology sector who describes his work as standards- and publisher-agnostic. He lives in Greenport.


text:
Choosing a dermatologist doctor or a skin specialist? Information becomes the key whether for a reason of treating acne to a suspicious mole or injectables treatment like muscle relaxants and dermal fillers.
Dermatological concerns are not only associated with the skin surface but deeper as well. As we know that the skin is the largest organ of the body, it can help us understand overall wellbeing and health.
A Dermatologist is a doctor who has qualified from a government-recognized medical college and holds a post-graduate degree in dermatology venereology and leprosy.
A Skin Doctor undergoes 3 years of residency training after 5.5 years of MBBS and many choose to do 3 years of SR ship post-residency. In total, they undergo 12 years of medical school training to be licensed as a qualified dermatologist by the national medical council.
It is recommended that you always seek professional advice from a dermatologist with a minimum of 3 plus years of experience treating skin problems such as acne, acne scars, hair loss, skin pigmentation, and anti-aging treatments like wrinkles and folds.
Always choose a skin clinic that is equipped with the latest technology to treat all skin conditions. You may also find if the clinic provides laser treatments and perform surgical treatments like hair transplantation.
At SKINOS, Dr.Sandeep Kumar & Dr.Shruti Gupta MD, FAAD (USA), the best dermatologists in Gandhi Nagar offers world-class cosmetic dermatology skin care services and cosmetic procedures with advanced technologies and products like -
Dr.Shruti Gupta MD, FAAD (USA)- Best Skin Specialist alumni of Bangalore Medical College & Research Institute is the best skin specialist in Gandhi Nagar and follows the philosophy of treating every patient with the same compassion and commitment as she would her family and friends. With her, you can be fully assured of quality treatments and individualized tailored treatment plans. She brings a personalized, simplistic, and result-driven approach to her dermatology practice.
SKINOS offers a beautiful atmosphere, advanced technology, and holistic therapy to reward you with unmatched results. Dr.Shruti Gupta, the best skin doctor in Gandhi Nagar is one of the most admired professionals in the industry, she practices general dermatology, and cosmetic dermatology and helps in the diagnosis and treatment of all types of skin disorders such as -


text:
|The use of medicinal plants is also fundamental to Western society's pharmacologically based approach to medicine. The majority of medicinal drug groups were discovered or developed from the plant kingdom,
even if they are now manufactured synthetically. However, most modern health professionals view medicines as biochemical "magic bullets," which should be expected to provide instant results. This approach has been very
successful in certain areas, such as the treatment of acute illness, but has major limitations when comes to chronic or
degenerative disease.
BioSyntony 5 BioSyntony 6 Overview Biosyntony Table
Ayurvedic Medicine
Infratonic Pain Relief Rife Technology
Ayurvedic Medicine Breath of Life Mineral Infrared Therapy Theory
Acoustic Cardiograph
Common Cold Cure - At Home! Doctors Doctors II Health Health2
Herbal Medicine Herbal Medicine II
Index Pain Relief Masters and Millionaires
YOUR Medical Dollars Flower Essence Therapy
Naturopathic Medicine Naturopathy II
Oregano Alternative to Chiropractic
Endorsements (Patients, Doctors, Practitioners, etc)
Psychology of Longevity On Bodyscan
Make use of these healthiest websites on the planet,
Perhaps the most important point the Psychology of Longevity makes herein, even beyond interest in promoting herbal medicines,
(even as herbal medicines remain a cornerstone of the Psychology of Longevity as long as organic herbal medicines are available),
is the urgent need for each human being to individually adopt and adapt their own Psychology of Longevity, learning more and more.
The more you learn, the smarter your decisions tend to be, characteristically, at any rate, for most of us, and urgency is at a shrieking point.
A majority of people are living their last two to five decades in pain, with cabinets jammed with prescription medicines that harm more than help,
with upwards of a million and more people just in this one country alone dying each year from following instructions rather than participating,
knowledgeably arriving at decisions as a participant, not a slave to someone else's desire for as much of your money as they can get.
Learn more so that you can live more, living stronger for longer, at least somewhat naturally.
Grab on develop YOUR OWN Psychology of Longevity, customized.


text:
Dr.Samarendra Prasad Mishra
Writing a good Thesis or research paper with proper presentation & style in every respect definitely creates beautiful impression up on the M.D(Hom) / Research scholars. A Thesis or research paper is must having a number of segments & sub- segments. It is quite necessary to follow specific styles for different segments of the Thesis or research paper. In my previous article- " Basis of Writing a Model Homoeopathic Thesis in M.D", which was published in Vital Informer, October-2007 issue& homoeorizon.com, similima.com ,I was described some points about the skeleton of a model Homoeopathic Thesis in M.D.
Let us discuss in this issue on writing style in some important areas of Thesis/Research paper in Homoeopathy.
General considerations in thesis/ research paper
Typing of thesis
- Preferable with Computer.
- Type specifications:
- Double space typing is mandatory.
A plane type face is preferred for typing the Thesis rather than italic or any other style.
Paper: Good quality of bond paper, A4 size should preferably be used. All pages of a given copy of the Thesis should be identical in weight, colour and texture. To ensure uniformity the adequate amount of paper should be purchased before the start of typing a Thesis. Thesis should be typed only on one side of the paper.
(b)Margins: Margins should be one and one-half inches from the left and one inch from the right, the bottom and the top edges of the sheet.
If footnotes are to be included, adequate space must be provided to accommodate them. In no case they be permitted to include into the bottom margin.
(c) Pagination:
Page numbers should be provided inside the margin at the upper right corner of the page, one inch below the top edge and one inch to the left from the right edge of the page. Three spaces are to be left between the number and the first line of the typed text. No number is placed on the title page, though it is counted.
(d) Spacing: The Thesis is typed in double space, the first page of the Thesis begins not less than two inches and not more than three inches from the top of the page. Three spaces are provided between each heading or sub-heading and the text as well as between page number and text.
(e) Word Division: When it is essential to divide a word to avoid marginal unevenness, the break should come between two syllables. Name and surname should not be divided.
(f) Headings and Sub-headings:
Each chapter must begin on a new page. The heading 'Chapter' should be placed with capital letter.
Sub-headings: The chapter may be divided and sub-divided under a logical pattern of headings which represent levels of sub-division. The sub-headings are usually given titles and they are differentiated from one another by the typing style.
(g) Style of Writing: The work of the Research Scholar becomes a contribution to the field of knowledge only when it is adequately communicated to others. The Research Scholar must remember that the reader can understand his particular contribution only when they are properly presented and meaningfully communicated.
Accuracy and Clarity: The language of the Thesis must be precise and it must present the facts accurately. Thesis is made more meaningful through strong emphasis on important points. It should be presented with continuity and coherence and written in a lucid and flowing style.
(h) Mechanics of Expression: A Research Scholar should have an adequate mastery of such grammatical considerations as spellings, punctuation, capitalization and italicization.
Spellings: Each word used in the Thesis must be correctly spelled. It is recommended that in case of doubt, the Research Scholar should refer to a standard general/ medical dictionary. In case the word is not found in a dictionary, an accepted authority must be referred to.
Punctuation: The most common symbols of punctuation are the period, comma, question mark, semicolon, colon, quotation marks, brackets, hyphen and dash.
Period: It is used at the end of a complete sentence.
Question Mark: Question mark is used at the end of quarry or when uncertainty is shown.
Comma: This helps in case of reading and readily understanding a thought. It is used to indicate an interruption or pause in the continuity of thought.
Semicolon: It indicates a greater break of a sentence than that indicated by comma. This is to be used between the parts of a compound sentence when they are not connected by a conjunction.
Colon: The colon is used to introduce a clause that expands or clarifies the meaning of what precedes it.
Dash: It indicates a sudden break or pause in a sentence.
Brackets: The brackets are used to enclose alternate meaningful matter or explanation within the parenthesis.
Capitalization: Standard method in the capitalization of words should be followed. Important words, such as nouns, pronouns, adjectives, adverbs and verbs of titles are capitalized.
Italicization: Material that appears in Italics in printed matter is to be underlined or italics in typing Thesis/ Research paper.
(i) Other points of Style: There are certain additional points which fall in between the categories of style and mechanics; they are: (1) Choice of first, second or third person, (2) Verb tense, (3) Abbreviations and (4) Editing.
Person: The Thesis should be written in third person. The personal pronouns (I, me, we, us, our and you) and correct commands do not appear except in quotations.
Verb Tense: In Thesis the Research Scholar describes what has already been done; therefore, the manuscript should be written in past tense.
Abbreviations should not be used in the text of the Thesis except using Mr., Messrs., Mrs. and their foreign equivalents preceding proper nouns. This rule does not apply to material included in footnotes, appendices, bibliographies and tables.
Accepted abbreviations of measurement scales e.g. 2 mm., 10cc and 5 ft., 3 in. are permitted.
Editing: The draft of the thesis work has to be written, corrected and rewritten at least three or four times before it is finally typed. The proper reading and editing will enable avoiding mistakes in thesis.
*Reference from an anonymous book of anonymous author.
Dr.Samarendra Prasad Mishra,
B.H.M.S..(Hons), M.D.(Hom) Materia Medica
Reader- Dept. of Materia Medica,
Maharana Pratap Homoeopathic Medical College, New Rajendra Nagar, Raipur, Chhattisgarh.
Mob- 09827910737, Email- firstname.lastname@example.com


text:
Story highlights
Adult industry's .XXX websites set to roll out on Tuesday
The domain-name suffix is designed to make porn safer, easier to identify
Adult-industry leaders fear domain may become mandatory, used to shut them down
Proponents say .XXX will make porn sites safer from viruses and other malware
It's either a new, safer era for adult content on the Web or the first step in creating a digital porn ghetto, depending upon who you ask.
On Tuesday at 11 a.m. ET, more than 100,000 websites are expected to go live with the new .xxx domain.
The suffix was approved as a "top-level domain" address last year by ICANN, the international not-for-profit that coordinates Web addresses. The idea, they say, is to more safely organize content that has become, like it or not, common on the Web.
"The Internet is home to a wealth of content, suitable for a wide range of ages and values," reads a statement on the website of ICM Registry, which is responsible for handing out the new domain names. "The adult entertainment industry has, and always will, account for a large amount of this content and while it is enjoyed by some, it is not suitable, or of interest, to all Internet users.
"Regardless of your views on adult content, it's here to stay, so let's be adult about it."
The group says that creating the suffix will act much like .gov, .edu or .org, giving Web users a heads-up about what sort of site they are visiting based on its Web address alone.
In theory, that would help keep people from stumbling into porn by accident and make it easier for parents to keep their children away from the sites. It also would let users who want to view adult content know that they're visiting a safe, legitimate and legal site.
Porn, or the promise of porn, is frequently used online in suggestive links that mask viruses, phishing attempts and other harmful malware.
By applying for a .xxx site, webmasters, adult performers, studios and others become part of a "sponsored community," agreeing to operate legally and within agreed-upon business standards. Each .xxx site will be scanned daily with McAfee protection tools, which ICM says will help make them among the Web's safest destinations.
But as you might expect, not everyone is pleased with the move.
Some religious organizations have argued against the new .xxx names, saying that creating them amounts to an endorsement of porn.
"The establishment of a .xxx domain would increase, not decrease, the spread of pornography on the Internet, causing even more harm to children, families and communities," said Patrick Trueman, CEO of Morality in Media and former chief of the U.S. Department of Justice Child Exploitation and Obscenity Section, when ICANN was voting on the plan.
The new .xxx sites will be tagged in a way that will make it easy for parents, employers or others to block them on their networks. Parents can block adult sites via parental-controls settings on most computers' control panels or by installing parental-control software.
To protect their reputations against porn purveyors who might seek to capitalize on their name, some universities and businesses have bought .xxx domain names that correspond with their .edu or .com addresses. For example, Penn State in September paid $200 each for four .xxx domains: Penn State, PSU, Nittany Lions and The Pennsylvania State University, according to the university's student newspaper.
The proliferation of .xxx addresses doesn't mean porn will disappear from .com sites. Adult sites that buy a .xxx domain are free to keep their .com or other current URL as well.
Those who oppose the .xxx domains on moral or religious grounds are being joined by critics from the opposite end of the spectrum.
Some in the porn industry fear that creating the opt-in domain could just be a first step toward making it mandatory. Then, they say, it would make it all too easy for a government somewhere to censor adult content by simply blocking access to all .xxx sites.
Playboy had been leading the charge against the new branding.
Manwin, the Luxembourg-based company that runs Playboy.com and other adult sites, has filed suit in California to stop the implementation of .xxx and said last week that it won't do business with or allow its content to be used on any sites using the suffix.
"We oppose the .XXX domain and all it stands for," said Fabian Thylmann, managing partner of Manwin, in a news release. "It is my opinion that .XXX domain is an anticompetitive business practice that works a disservice to all companies that do business on the Internet."
But not all in the industry are lined up against it.
"We believe the future of adult entertainment online is in the .xxx top level domain," said Adam Osborn, head of digital at Paul Raymond Publications. "We see a huge benefit in the adult community having an online space dedicated to our content."
The cost of registering a .xxx domain name can vary dramatically, from a few hundred dollars to simply keep someone else from using an address to much more for sites that may direct hundreds of URLs to the same content.
ICANN has established rules to prevent the early-Internet phenomenon of "cybersquatting," when someone pays the fee and grabs a name apparently associated with someone else. For example, WhiteHouse.com was, for years, a porn site. (Like most U.S. agencies, the real White House uses .gov.)
The ICM has set up an arbitration system to resolve complaints when someone claims an address applicant has improperly taken a URL that should be theirs.
CNN.com's Brandon Griggs also contributed to this story.


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Faster, safer and more cost-effective
Ever shorter time frames for moves, adds and changes raise the question of how to carry out
installations even more quickly, more safely and more cost-effectively. Installation often has to take place during current operation and needs to be executed without costly on-site work and disruption, and as far as possible without any outside contractors. Neither the quality of the solution (maximum availability requirements) nor its performance should be forfeited in the process.
Datwyler's modular trunk solutions provide the perfect answer.
Pre-assembled trunk cables are fabricated using high-performance cable products which are supplied in combination with different leg lengths and modules or connectors. The products are delivered in the lengths requested by the customer, with customized imprints on the single cables, and have already been tested and certified in accordance with the latest standards.
This provides installers and operators, particularly in data centers, with products which make it possible to install even extensive systems to the highest quality in a very short time.


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If you're not loving like this, you're wasting BOTH of your time.
By Jordan Gray — Written on Apr 11, 2022
Photo: dekazigzag / Shutterstock
I believe in loving like you give a sh*t.
I believe in being overly affectionate in public. Even if it means that those who are envious label you as 'that couple' or tell you to get a room.
I believe in flirting with someone you've been with for years.
I believe in seeking out our barriers to intimacy and working our way through them.
I believe in forgiveness, acceptance, and our ability to move on when others have hurt us.
I believe in the healing power of listening. And empathy. And a well-timed, genuine "me too."
I believe in apologizing when we've done something wrong. And taking full ownership of our part of the relationship. And embracing total responsibility for ourselves and our behavior in our lives in general.
RELATED: How It Feels When You're In LOVE, According To Your Zodiac Sign
I believe in the sexiness of self-care because when we take care of ourselves, we can truly be there for others.
I believe in simple dates, extravagant dates, and playful dates that spawn inside jokes that last for decades.
I believe in verbal appreciation and lots of it.
I believe in investing in "Fuck yes!" relationships. And authentic connections. And the kind of coincidences that can only come from our twin-flame connections.
RELATED: 8 MAJOR Differences Between Being "In Lust" And "In Love"
I believe in leaning into tough conversations. And showing ourselves as we are. And letting people know when we're hurting.
I believe in accepting ourselves today as we are, and simultaneously striving for growth at a healthy pace.
I believe in head scratches and foot rubs… nose kisses and holding hands.
I believe that people who are meant to be together will always, with time, find a way to be together.
RELATED: If He Doesn't Have These 20 Qualities, He's NOT Your Soulmate
I believe in transparency, vulnerability, and deeply loving honesty.
I believe in relationships as a safe container for growth.
I believe in regular date nights, connecting on purpose, and romantic gestures.
I believe in nurturing the kind of love that brings you home to a more authentic version of yourself.
I believe that the people who put genuine work into themselves are the ones who end up with the kind of intimate relationships that most people only think exist in fairy tales.
I believe in long hugs and slow kisses.
I believe in loving someone who looks, smells, and feels at home.
I believe in multi-hour sexual play dates, quickies, and morning sex. Sometimes all on the same day.
I believe in saying, "Fuck you society. I'm going to have sex and I'm going to LOVE it."
I believe in kissing your partner passionately even when they're sick. Especially when they're sick.
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I believe in doubling down on the kind of love that expands you… develops you… bursts you wide open.
Whether you label it as intentionality, effort, loving on purpose, or any other phrase, it's really all the same thing.
It all comes down to loving like you give a shit.
Putting in the work. Showing your partner that you care. Creating the love you desire through your thoughts, words, and actions on a daily basis.
AKA… loving like you give a shit.
If you're someone who loves like they give a shit, I salute you.
The world needs more of you.
More for You:
Sex and relationship coach Jordan Gray helps people remove their emotional blocks and maintain thriving intimate relationships. You can see more of his writing at JordanGrayConsulting.com
This article was originally published at Jordan Gray Consulting. Reprinted with permission from the author.


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As a self-described "adventure junkie," Yanik Silver of Potomac, Md., has raced cars in Baja, run with the bulls in Pamplona and swum with great white sharks off the coast of South Africa.
Still to accomplish? A trip into suborbital space, a goal the founder of Maverick Business Adventures hopes to achieve as space tourist No. 144 on the Virgin Galactic passenger list when the company begins commercial service in the next 18 months to two years.
The experience won't be cheap — Silver has already put down a $175,000 deposit on the $200,000 trip — but he's convinced it will be worth it. "It'll be an incredible, once-in-a-lifetime experience," he told msnbc.com.
Seats for 'thrillionaires'
As fans of space travel are well aware, NASA's space shuttle program is on a glide path toward retirement. On Thursday, Discovery blasted off on its final trip to the International Space Station, to be followed by the final flights for Endeavour (April) and Atlantis (June).
In their stead, a handful of entrepreneurs are hoping to offer commercial space travel for the general public — or at least its most deep-pocketed members. Last month, Space Adventures, which has already taken seven "space tourists" to the space station, announced it would offer three similar trips on Russian Soyuz spacecraft starting in 2013. Factoring inflation, exchange rates and mission profile, the estimated tab for a seat on the 10- to 12-day trip is "probably close to $50 million," said company President Tom Shelley.
Meanwhile, halfway around the world from the Baikonur Cosmodrome, Virgin Galactic is moving forward with its plans to offer suborbital flights to about 68 miles above the Earth. The flights, which will have space for six passengers, will provide 1,000-mile views and four to five minutes of zero gravity.
At this point, the company won't commit to a launch date for commercial service, but executives suggest the first experimental flights could take place within the next year. Safety and regulatory issues, they say, will determine the first commercial launch, with Sir Richard Branson, Virgin Group founder, and members of his family filling the first seats.
Assuming all goes well, the other 400-plus people who have put down deposits with Virgin Galactic are expected to earn their space-tourist wings during the year after that. Add another 200 or so who have signed up for planned suborbital flights with Space Adventures — $110,000 to $120,000, depending on payment plan, in a two-person vehicle — and it would seem that space tourism is poised to take off.
Space: the final frontier
So who are these people who have both the will and the wherewithal? "They're people who want to be part of something because they believe that space is in the future of mankind," said Shelley. "The rich adventurer who's run out of places to go does account for some of the interest, but for others, it's their life savings."
As chief executive officer of Virtuoso Ltd., the upscale travel network that serves as the exclusive retail agent for Virgin Galactic in the Americas, Matthew Upchurch parses the market slightly differently: "Some are people who have a passion for aviation and have always dreamed of being an astronaut. For others, the essence of great travel experiences is all about getting themselves out of their comfort zone and seeing things from another perspective."
To serve that diverse clientele, Virtuoso created a network of Accredited Space Agents, or ASAs. To qualify, would-be ASAs had to apply, describe their expertise and clientele and attend a three-day training session at Cape Canaveral or the National AeroSpace Training and Research Center (NASTAR), outside Philadelphia. Currently, there are 72 Virtuoso ASAs and 125 worldwide.
The challenge, says Upchurch, is that there is simply no precedent for selling space travel. "It's not just basic dates, rates and available space," he said. "A big part of it is helping people understand what's going to happen and maintaining engagement with them regarding the milestones of the program."
And answering their questions. "People are curious about waivers, life insurance and the risks involved," said Shelley. "We want them to come into it with their eyes wide open." To ease the process, reservations with both Space Adventures and Virgin Galactic are refundable. "If people change their minds, they don't incur a big penalty," Shelley said.
From Kitty Hawk to commercial service
While it's easy to dismiss space tourism as the private domain of "thrillionaires," those involved — both providers and participants — insist there's more to it than that. "The people who are stepping up and supporting this young industry will allow a large percentage of the population to access space in the future," said Shelley. "We're going to be talking about thousands and thousands of people."
"It's like the Wright brothers," said Vicki Upchurch, a Colorado-based ASA (and Matthew Upchurch's sister-in-law). "Little did they know when they flew at Kitty Hawk that before long people would pay to get on an airplane. We're in the same position now with space travel."
If that sounds appealing, rest assured that both Virgin Galactic and Space Adventures are still taking reservations. With the former, paying in full in advance will get you an earlier spot (roughly between number 400 and 500); with the latter, an 8 percent discount off the installment plan. If that's too steep right now, both are accepting deposits of $20,000.
Agents are standing by.


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With summertime approaching, you may be planning on doing a lot of traveling and exploring. A huge key to success on any vacation is coordinating the perfect handbag and luggage situation. We love to bring our beloved handbags with us all over the world, but going through the hassle of airports and crowds with our prized possessions can be worrisome. Many of our readers have asked: "How can I travel safely and securely with my designer handbags?" Over the years, PurseBop has provided a fair amount of coverage on her travel methods from what handbags to pack all the way to how to get luxury goods home safely. Today, we're presenting you with the highlights of all our travel tips in one convenient reference guide. Read over the advice below and continue onto the full features for even more information. Happy Travels!
What to expect from "PurseBop's Handbag Travel Tips" reference guide:
I. Packing and Preparing
II. Carry it ALL – The Tote Bag
III. For Hermes Lovers
IV. Bringing Home the Goods
V. The Perks of Shopping Abroad – Prices, VAT Refund, Custom Duties
Packing and Preparing
Even if you're not an over-packer by nature, true handbag lovers can't resist the temptation to bring every handbag they own even on the shortest of trips (a girl needs options…right?!)
PurseBop is here to teach you how to maximize the space in your carry-on and bring all the bags your heart desires. When packing handbags, you have to think smart and consider the options that will be the most flexible. In order to cultivate a good crew of vacation bags, it might be a good idea to pre-arrange your outfit choices and pick bags that coordinate. If you like dressing up your bag, bring only a selective amount of bag charms and accessories. Keep occasion, purpose, and functionality in mind. Also be realistic about what you will actually bring yourself to carry. You may have a novelty bag that you want to rock with a really fun outfit. You may be out and about sightseeing and just need a neutral, secure bag to accompany you.
Packing your suitcase can be a bit of a puzzle. Utilize your space efficiently and play around with different arrangements of bags. You may be able to bring more than you think! "Nesting" your bags or placing one bag within another can save you a huge amount of space as well.
Keep your valuables in your carry-on. For an extra layer of security, consider buying luggage with a lock.
For more information read:
Bag Nesting
Carry it ALL - The Tote Bag
When traveling, a tote bag will be your best friend! Having a bag that you can effortlessly grab and go, and also stuff to capacity if need be, will ensure that your are prepared with your necessities at all times. Totes make the perfect personal, carry-on bags since they are spacious and lightweight. You can place items of value that you want to keep on your person at all times in your tote bag to minimize worry about theft. Even if you don't want to carry your tote on board or during your trip, it could prove beneficial to carry an empty tote in your suitcase in case you come back home with more things than you expected!
For more information read:
For the Hermes Lovers
Traveling with Hermes can be a cause of anxiety on its own, but it doesn't have to be! The best thing to do is have a cautious mindset and plan ahead for how to carry your Hermes bags in transit.
PurseBop has dedicated a good portion of her travel series to discussing Hermes bags and travel. We've taken packing and carrying H bags down to a science. Here are a few good tips below:
- Bring your dustbag or a bigger bag to cover your H bag in the TSA security zone and other places that it may accumulate dirt and damage.
- Carrying your H bag in another larger tote will protect your bag in crowded areas, but is also a good way to carry your bag inconscipcously and discreetly
- Lock your bag in your suitcase when not in use
- Avoid carrying cosmetic or liquid items that could damage the leather of your bag
- Buy a purse raincoat
- Insure your bag
For more information read:
You're also probably wondering what H bag to bring with you: the Birkin, the Kelly, the Jypsire, the Evelyne – maybe even something else? For now, PurseBop has compared the pros and cons of the Birkin and different Kelly bag styles to give you some guidance on the ideal Hermes Travel Bag.
For more information read:
Bringing Home the Goods
You left your exotic destination with an amazing loot, now what? After shopping a lot on vacation, you may run into two dilemmas: "I don't have enough space to get this home" and "I don't know the safest way to get this home." Again, the best thing to do is plan ahead. Bringing an extra suitcase/duffle bag or packing lightly in the first place will give you room to bring back items you score on vacation.
The other challenge is making sure your items actually arrive at your destination. Don't make yourself a target by carrying shopping bags with distinct logos. If you are walking through an airport or taking public transportation in an area you are unfamiliar with, it is probably best to carry something that is less recognizable in terms of brand and style.
For more information read:
The Perks of Shopping Abroad
Our whole Shopping in France series showed you the money saving magic of shopping abroad with the handbag math to prove it. If a big objective of your trip is shopping, luxury shopping in particular, make sure you do your research on prices! Become familiar with the currency of the country you are in and how to compares to your currency back home. Many brands have adjusted their pricing schemes by reducing prices outside of Europe or raising prices in Europe to compensate for the weakened state of the euro, which somewhat equalizes prices everywhere. Evaluate your priorities and budgets before shopping. If you are in search for good deals, do your homework and balance out the numbers to see if buying abroad is really saving you money. If you want to buy items that are rare and hard to find at home, make sure the places you visit have an adequate selection.
While shopping abroad, you may not be required to pay tax and could receive money back in what is called a VAT refund in European countries. Your goods also may be subject to custom duties, which is a tax you have to pay upon returning home. Learn the unique process for each country you are visiting to make sure you are following the rules.
For more information read:
Hopefully these tips help you plan out your packing a little more efficiently! Show us your handbag travel and luggage pictures by tagging us on @purseboppicks. Safe and Happy Travels!
Join some of the discussion already happening on BopTalk:
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Updated: May 27th, 2017


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In short, God (Morgan Freeman, who you know is God because his white linen shirts never wrinkle) tells anchor-turned-politician Evan Baxter (Carell) that if he builds it, they will come -- "it" being an ark, "they" being animals lined up two by two. And Evan's wife Joan (Lauren Graham, once more wasted in the movies after years of terrific TV) signs on for it, more or less, without asking why or what for. Joan Baxter is what one critic writing about Field of Dreams called "the Penthouse wife," the gorgeous, glassy-eyed yes-woman who'll go along with any of hubby's half-baked ideas.
And that's all Evan Almighty is: a half-baked idea from whimpering start to colossally insufferable finish (which doesn't even include the end-credit dance sequence featuring the cast rubbing all over director Tom Shadyac, as if to prove its undying love). The movie suggests, quite frankly, that God is nothing more than a son of a bitch who is willing to drown thousands of people just to prove that one character -- and you'll know who, like, twelve minutes in -- is up to no good, man. (Did I just give something away? My bad.) Rather than use Evan as a vessel to warn innocent people about impending disaster, God turns the poor guy into a Rogaine freak show with a messianic complex toward whom geese and pigeons flock and elephants and monkeys migrate.
And why does God choose Evan? Because he was played in the original by Steve Carell, on a roll till now with The Office and The 40-Year-Old Virgin, in which the former Daily Show correspondent proved he was willing to debase himself for a well-deserved laugh. Who better to build a sequel around than an actor for whom self-humiliation is considered an act of heroism? In the movie, God chooses Evan because, as a candidate, he pledged to "change the world," and the Almighty feels it's time to take him up on his promise. Why a former TV anchor from Buffalo above any number of do-gooder celebrities -- say, Angelina Jolie or Bono? Perhaps God watches only the one newscast.
But who cares about movie logic when Evan Almighty isn't really a movie -- just a sequel about being a sequel, like most every other sequel. It actually stoops repeatedly to remind you how much you like Carell, as though the producers are trying to validate your ticket purchase. There's a movie marquee advertising The 40-Year-Old Virgin Mary. The camera actually lingers on it for several seconds; you expect Carell himself to point to the title, in case we missed the joke. Jon Stewart appears twice from the Daily Show set, poking fun at Evan's transformation from suit-and-tie politician into robed messiah -- though in the film's holier-than-thou context, Stewart comes off like a godless heathen, which, blessedly, he is. And several of Carell's Office and Virgin cast mates make small cameos, among then Ed Helms and Jonah Hill. Sweet Lord, how they all try.
Shadyac, who early on made Ace Ventura, now fancies himself some kind of big-screen preacher -- a maker of do-good, be-good, feel-good films, chief among them the sickly sweet Patch Adams -- and now this. Bruce Almighty wasn't much fun, either, but at least it felt a little more honest and found room between the sermons for some naughty-boy ogling and potty-mouth humor. This is PG-rated proselytizing tinged with Al Gore self-righteousness (the bad guy in the movie, John Goodman's corrupt congressman, is out to rape and pillage a wildlife preserve), all with the narrative thrust of a film about the apocalypse starring Kirk Cameron.
Turns out the best way to get a busy daddy to stay at home with the kids is to turn him into Noah. Or Jesus. Or Moses. They all look the same to the heathens. And Carell? After he sprouts the white beard and dons the tattered tunic of a biblical hero, he's nothing more than a saint. And that's just a sin.


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On April 1, 1976, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak and Ronald Wayne established a small company to sell personal computer kits hand-built by Wozniak. That company, as you probably know, was Apple Computer.
Thirty-five years later, Apple is now the most valuable technology company in the world. Its market capitalization exceeds $317 billion, trumping longtime rival Microsoft by more than $100 billion. And Apple's iconic products sit on the desks and in the pockets of millions of people across the world.
Most people know bits and pieces of the Apple story, but the company has a complicated history. Some of us may not know, for example, that Apple had a third co-founder, Ronald Wayne, who got cold feet and sold his 10% stake in Apple less than two weeks later. Everybody knows Steve Jobs, but they may not know Mike Markkula, one of Apple's first angel investors and the company's second CEO.
In the 35 years of Apple's existence, the company has gone through hell and back. The launch of the Macintosh in 1984 and the coinciding "1984″ Super Bowl commercial remain symbols one of Apple's highest points, but only a year later, then-CEO John Sculley forced Steve Jobs out of the company. A decade later, in 1996, the company was on the brink of destruction when it acquired NeXT and brought Steve Jobs back. In 1997, Microsoft invested $150 million in Apple to keep it afloat (something it probably now regrets), and soon after came Apple's golden years with the iPod, iMac, MacBook, iPhone and now the iPad.
We don't necessarily want to dwell on Apple's past; you can visit Wikipedia if you want a lesson in Apple Inc.'s history. Instead, let's focus on what Apple might do in the next 35 years.
What's In Store For The Next 35 Years?
For the last 35 years, Apple has almost always been the underdog. While it languished, Microsoft flourished. In fact, Apple surpassed Microsoft in market cap for the first time last May.
For the next few decades, however, the technology titan will be incumbent. Apple has a giant target on its back, and it's not just Microsoft taking aim. Apple also faces challenges from Google, Amazon and a plethora of mobile device manufacturers. While Apple is handily beating its competition today, the status quo could change at any moment.
And while Apple fends off Android, PCs and competing tablets, it has its eye on creating a post-PC world. Rather than compete on hardware specs, it competes on design and user experience. Its a world of mobile devices that Apple intends to dominate for decades to come.
Leading the charge is Steve Jobs, not only the company's CEO but also its heart and soul. While he's currently on medical leave, he did show up for the unveiling of the iPad 2, demonstrating things aren't as dire as previously rumored.
Still, Apple will some day have to continue its quest to redefine technology without its iconic leader, and many question whether anybody can provide the design and product vision Jobs has imparted on the company he founded 35 years ago.
Even if you aren't a fan of Apple products, it's tough not to be impressed with what Apple has been able to accomplish since 1976. We wonder what products it will create and challenges it will face in the next 35 years. Right now though, the sun is definitely shining down on Cupertino.
More About: iMac, ipad, iPad 2, iphone, iphone 3g, iphone 3Gs, iphone 4, ipod, mac, macbook, Macbook Pro, macintosh, steve jobs, steve wozniak
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